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[73] viXra:2609.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-25 19:09:14
Authors: Bert Morrien
Comments: 15 Pages.
Standard cosmological models face severe theoretical crises: the Vacuum Catastrophe, the Black Hole Information Paradox, and the unresolved nature of Dark Matter. These issues stem from a foundational misalignment—treating the observable universe as an isolated, expanding single-universe system while applying continuous, non-quantized geometry at black hole horizons. This paper introduces the framework of Reality (R) as an absolute, eternal, non-egocentric, and gravitationally closed thermodynamic system. By resolving Hawking’s semiclassical continuum approximation through strict Planck-scale boundary discretization (Δx≥l_P), black holes are re-evaluated not as information sinks, but as quantized thermodynamic pumps that compress high-entropy matter into net-zero entropy fluxes. Furthermore, by accounting for the unshielded gravitational influence of external cosmic zones within an infinite expanse, the ambient background tension naturally accounts for dark matter phenomena without invoking hypothetical particles. Finally, by treating the zero-point energy baseline (0" Kelvin" ) as an active thermodynamic floor rather than a localized non-extractable vacuum, mass-energy equivalence (E=mc^2) satisfies the baseline energy density of the cosmos. Through strict adherence to the Law of Non-Contradiction and Ockham's Razor, this model unifies general relativity and quantum field operations into a continuous, self-sustaining thermodynamic engine.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[72] viXra:2609.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-25 19:07:34
Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this note, we analyze a binomial series established by R. Zurita in 2026.
Category: General Mathematics
[71] viXra:2609.0073 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-25 19:05:32
Authors: Mat Hunt
Comments: 17 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Claims of "scalar", "longitudinal" or "Tesla" electromagnetic waves often combine threedistinct phenomena: longitudinal electric-field components in anisotropic media, superluminalphase or group velocities, and an additional propagating scalar degree of freedom. Weseparate these questions and derive the relevant results from first principles. First, source-free Maxwell electrodynamics with tensor permittivity and permeability is reduced to itsplane-wave eigenvalue problem. The Gauss constraint is shown to make the displacementfield, rather than the electric field, transverse to the wave vector; an explicit anisotropicexample consequently has a predominantly longitudinal electric field and a phase velocityexceeding the vacuum light speed. The Poynting theorem is then derived for a dispersiveanisotropic medium, leading to the Brillouin energy density and energy velocity and showingwhy a superluminal phase velocity does not imply superluminal energy or signal propagation.Second, a genuine scalar degree of freedom is introduced through a Lorentz- and gauge-invariant dilaton-like action. All Euler—Lagrange equations are derived explicitly. Gauge,translation and Lorentz symmetries are treated with Noether’s theorem, yielding charge,energy—momentum and angular-momentum/boost conservation laws. Linearisation about astatic electric background gives the full mixed scalar—electromagnetic dispersion relation, itsnearly massless distinguished limit, and a scalar-associated branch which is purely longitudinalelectrically and has zero magnetic perturbation for propagation parallel to the backgroundfield. The same action gives a finite-electrode voltage-dependent capacitance; this predictionis derived using the Green function of the scalar equation. Existing scalar—photon andresonator searches already constrain the coupling strongly, making large effects in the minimalunscreened theory implausible. We finally formulate direct static and dynamical experimentaltests of the remaining longitudinal mode.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[70] viXra:2609.0072 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-25 18:54:17
Authors: Solomon Khmelnik
Comments: 15 Pages. In Russian
The device is designed to generate electricity without the use of mechanical energy. It was first proposed and registered in 2010, but its details were not published. Here, it is presented with additional explanations.
Category: Classical Physics
[69] viXra:2609.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-25 18:50:32
Authors: Marcin Barylski
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Prime numbers can be represented in many ways. This work focuses on representing them using other primes: p, q, and r as: p×q±r. The aim of this research is to explore interesting properties of such prime representation, including the smallest product of p, q, and r that can represent a given prime number and 4 related hypotheses that were formulated when exploring this topic.
Category: Number Theory
[68] viXra:2609.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-25 18:59:39
Authors: Dimiter Dobrev
Comments: 5 Pages. In Bulgarian
It is difficult to imagine a being with unlimited mental capabilities, because none of us have encountered anything like it in our lives. However, we live with the idea of an omnipotent and all-powerful being who cares for us. We call this being God. Each of us knows what God is, regardless of whether we believe in His existence. The superintelligence will be very similar to a god and will possess one of his main characteristics — omnipotence. As much as it will be similar, it will also be very different. We will probably feel sorry for the good old God who took care of us and forgave our sins. Now, before we take the final step, it's good to stop and think about whether we have a choice and what that choice is.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[67] viXra:2609.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-23 23:34:03
Authors: Volodymyr Krasnoholovets
Comments: 28 Pages.
This work briefly reviews the main achievements of theoretical particle physics obtained using approaches based on symmetry and topology, and then highlights the weighty errors present in these theories. Particle theories are very abstract and developed within the framework of physical mathematics, which has no solid physical basis. However, real particles and real physical processes require finding a real basis on which fundamental physics should stand, and this is very important. The primary mathematical structure must be such that it is possible to apply mathematical physics to describe the physical picture of the world in real parameters that are actually present in particles and their interactions. It is precisely such a mathematical theory that is described in this work, the suitable geometry and topology are revealed, and references are provided to the corresponding physical theories developed by the author within the framework of mathematical physics, which already have a number of reliable experimental confirmations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[66] viXra:2609.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-24 01:37:44
Authors: Deng Ke
Comments: 35 Pages.
Current research on the distribution of prime numbers either narrows down to counting due to a focus on applied fields, meaning it only counts without knowing which numbers are prime, or it explores patterns but, because of a cause-from-effect order, leads to unclear results and only approximate rather than definitive distribution patterns. This paper attempts to discuss a common type of multiplication—multiplication whose factors do not contain 1, called skip-multiplication—introducing skip-numbers and skip-products, to explain the essence of prime numbers as full-skip numbers and their distribution patterns, and to achieve a fundamental grasp of prime numbers in terms of identity rather than merely quantity through the method of reverse selection from the skip-product table. Furthermore, because tables rely on enumeration, their role in application is at most auxiliary rather than a replacement for any tool; thus, this paper mainly provides a new number-theoretic understanding of prime and composite numbers in the pure mathematical theory domain. The appendix supplements some patterns of the skip-multiplication theory tables and discussions on the oddness of primes and the Riemann Hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory
[65] viXra:2609.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-24 20:38:43
Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 69 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This study begins with the recognition that the Standard Model particle-antiparticle classification lacks a universal physical principle that determines the particle orientation of each charge-conjugate pair while grouping the proton, neutron, and electron into the same particle sector. Motivated by the weak-isospin doublet structure of weak fermion transitions, we introduce a new weak-isospin-based quantum number, N=2T_3L, where T_3L is the third component of left-handed weak isospin. States with N > 0 are assigned to the particle sector, states with N < 0 to the antiparticle sector, and states with N=0 to an N-neutral sector. In this classification, the proton and neutrino are particles, whereas the electron and neutron are antiparticles. The representative weak, hadronic, stellar, and early-Universe processes examined here consistently preserve the total additive N balance while redistributing N among different species. For fermion species defined by their left-handed weak-doublet orientation, the electroweak charge assignments give N=2Q−(B−L), where Q, B, and L denote electric charge, baryon number, and lepton number. Hence, for charge-conserving processes, exact additive N conservation requires ∆(B−L)=0. Accordingly, the same Universe that appears strongly particle-antiparticle asymmetric under the conventional classification is reinterpreted in the weak-isospin-based classification as a Universe in which positive-N and negative-N components cancel globally, yielding the global N-symmetry condition N_tot=0. This work further proposes a possible particle physics mechanism for the species-level particle-antiparticle and baryon asymmetry problems. A proposed N-conserving 1 → 3 decay process such as 'n̄ →p + e^− + ν_e' can generate, in a single decay event, the asymmetry direction required to account for the present cosmic particle abundance pattern, (δ∆p, δ∆n, δ∆e, δ∆ν) = (+1, +1, +1, +1). Related 2 → 2 scattering processes such as 'n̄ + e^+ → p +ν_e' and 'n̄ + v̄u2091 → p +e- ' produce the same asymmetry direction. Accordingly, this work recovers global particle-antiparticle symmetry through the N=2T_3L classification and proposes a possible solution to the species-level particle-antiparticle asymmetry through new N-conserving particle-conversion processes. The proposed mechanism can be tested directly through searches for N-conserving 1 → 3 decay and 2 → 2 scattering channels and their CP-conjugate rate asymmetries, while cosmic neutrino asymmetry, B−L violation, and the nature of neutrinos provide additional tests of the broader framework.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[64] viXra:2609.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-24 20:37:46
Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)
In standard quantum field theory, the Ward—Takahashi identity expresses the quantum version of Noether’s theorem and guarantees the decoupling of unphysical ghost states, preserving unitarity. In this paper we reformulate the Ward identity inside a mechanistic, vacuum—polarisation—driven QFT, where the fundamental ensemble weight is real (e.g. cos S rather than exp(iS)), and where gauge bosons arise as coherent waves of routing bias in a discrete spinor network associated with the real forms of SL(4, C). We show that the Ward identity emerges as a dynamical constraint: the vacuum couples only to conserved gauge currents, and the vacuum—polarisation energy functional is strictly gauge invariant. As a consequence, ghost—like, non—conserving excitations cannot couple to the vacuum and therefore have zero physical amplitude. This provides a physical, mechanistic implementation of the Ward identity compatible with discrete SL(4, R) spinor routing, finite subgroup quantisation (including Wilson’s H288), and the continuous SU(4) gauge structure arising in the coarse—grained limit.
Category: Quantum Physics
[63] viXra:2609.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-23 09:30:42
Authors: Naili Cui
Comments: 9 Pages.
This paper constructs the G-L integer-charge microstructure system and defines the G fundamental particle as the underlying fermionic unit of cosmic matter. Secondary composite L-quark structures are formed by the coupling of G fundamental particles. The standard L-quark configurations for proton and neutron are presented. The configuration evolution mechanisms for proton-neutron transformation in β^- decay, β^+ decay and electron capture are fully revealed. A self-consistent novel framework for hadron microstructure is established without ad-hoc assumptions. Based on the microscopic mechanism of the 1022 keV threshold in proton β^+ decay, the Cui Charge Symmetry Threshold Conservation Law for β^+ Decay under Weak Interaction (CZ Law) is derived. Observations from deep inelastic scattering experiments can be interpreted as regional average charge effects inside nucleons, which are highly consistent with the G-L integer-charge model. Based on the G-L model, it is predicted that the X(2370) resonance discovered by BESIII is a brand-new hadronic state formed by many-body direct condensation of G fundamental particles. It opens a new theoretical paradigm for hadron spectroscopy and glueball physics.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[62] viXra:2609.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-23 10:19:08
Authors: Payam Danesh, Raoul Bianchetti
Comments: 15 Pages.
In this paper, we develop an observation into a precise operator-theoretic program. For a zero written as ρ=σ+it, the imaginary part of the energy is t(1-2σ). Hence, for every non-real zero in the critical strip, E_ρis real precisely on the critical line. The result shows the Riemann hypothesis is the assertion that all quadratic zeta energies are real. This paper then formulates the Hamiltonian structure required to turn this equivalence into a proof. The proposed operator is not a finite spectral fit, instead, it is a modular-arithmetic Hamiltonian built on logarithmic space, prime translations, an arithmetic boundary domain, a prime-power trace formula and determinant closure with the completed zeta function. The main theorem is conditional since if such a self-adjoint operator has determinant ξ(s) in the spectral coordinate s(1-s), then all non-trivial zeros lie on critical line.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[61] viXra:2609.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-23 20:05:33
Authors: Renato Vieira dos Santos
Comments: 17 Pages. 10.1016/j.chaos.2026.119179
The prevalence of sexual reproduction in nature remains an evolutionary paradox, given its substantial costs compared to asexual alternatives. While genetic explanations such as the Red Queen hypothesis emphasize coevolution with parasites, the role of spatiotemporal discreteness and population structure has been underexplored. Spatial structure matters because real populations are finite, interact locally, and are subject to demographic noise, factors that can fundamentally alter evolutionary outcomes. Here, we show that the discrete, nonlinear character of interactions between hosts and pathogens, when combined with spatial diffusion in low-dimensional habitats, naturally favors sexual reproduction. Using stochastic reaction—diffusion models and renormalization group analysis, we demonstrate that asexual populations face certain extinction in dimensions d≤2 due to discreteness-induced extinction (DIE), whereas sexual populations can persist and form stabilizing clusters. The mechanism hinges on the recurrence of random walks in low dimensions, which ensures pathogen-host encounters for asexuals but promotes protective clustering for sexuals. Our results suggest that the advantage of sex may emerge from purely physical and demographic constraints, independent of genetic mechanisms, thereby offering a new perspective on this classic evolutionary puzzle.
Category: Quantitative Biology
[60] viXra:2609.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-23 20:26:27
Authors: Renato Vieira dos Santos
Comments: 10 Pages.
The time-dependent electric Aharonov-Bohm effect, where shielded potentials vary while electrons are in transit, offers a unique test of the Lorenz condition $partial_mu A^mu=0$. We introduce a phenomenological coupling $kappa$ between the scalar $partial_mu A^mu$ and the electron. In the field-free interior of shielded cylinders, $partial_mu A^mu = dot{Phi}/c^2$, giving an additional phase $Deltaphi_{lorenzScalar} = -kappa[Delta V(T)-Delta V(0)]$. For sinusoidal modulation this yields a $1-cos(omega T)$ term orthogonal to the standard $sin(omega T)$ Aharonov-Bohm phase. We propose a realistic electron interferometer, analyse fringe-field systematics, and project a sensitivity $|kappa|sim10^{-6},text{V}^{-1}$, the first such probe. A null result would confirm the scalar mode's decoupling from matter; a positive signal would uncover a new electromagnetic degree of freedom.
Category: Quantum Physics
[59] viXra:2609.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-22 01:05:53
Authors: A. E. Mammadov
Comments: 22 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Lattice Tension Theory (LTT) is a theoretical framework that explores the possibility that observable space is composed of discrete quantum-scale cells whose structural response gives rise to gravitational phenomena. Matter is modeled as persistent configurations of quantum energy packets occupying this cellular network, while occupation modifies the elastic state of the surrounding structure.A central feature of LTT is the distinction between an empty cell, an occupied cell, and a missing or non-operative cell. Under sufficiently strong and sustained loading, the cellular structure may undergo fracture and lose its ability to support ordinary three-dimensional propagation. Such a persistent cell-free region is proposed as a spatial rupture, with black holes interpreted as spatial ruptures surrounded by an active, gravitating boundary.The paper develops both discrete and continuum descriptions of the framework. A variational scalar action leads to a nonlinear gravitational field equation with a load-dependent elastic coefficient, while a corresponding discrete lattice energy provides a microscopic counterpart. The formulation reproduces the Newtonian weak-field limit and admits an exact spherical exterior solution. A surface-source formulation demonstrates how an attractive exterior gravitational field can arise around an excised region without requiring an ordinary matter source in its interior.The study also introduces candidate mechanisms for lattice fracture and repair, higher-dimensional energy exchange, boundary radiation, area-scaling entropy, and a universal ordering parameter distinct from physical clock readings.This work is intended as a foundational formulation rather than a completed alternative to general relativity. Its purpose is to define the physical assumptions and mathematical structure of LTT clearly enough for subsequent numerical simulations, compact-object studies, galaxy-scale tests, propagation analyses, and comparison with observational constraints.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[58] viXra:2609.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-22 01:02:37
Authors: Maodong Ye
Comments: 16 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper proposes a new representation of integers, revealing significant information regarding their divisibility. Based on this novel integer representation, it provides necessary and sufficient conditions for numbers of the form $n^2+1$ to be prime. Meanwhile, the Goldbach's conjecture has been proven.
Category: Number Theory
[57] viXra:2609.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-22 00:49:04
Authors: Hamid Simon
Comments: 41 Pages. In French
[T]he spatial "x-field" which exerts no influence on electromagnetic waves and has no effect on living matter, regardless of its intensity—is [theorized as] a reality. For it is through this field, acting in conjunction with the gravitational field, that celestial bodies and groups of celestial bodies move along their equilibrium orbits and rotate on their axes. In other words, the movement of celestial bodies along their equilibrium orbits and their rotation on their axes are analogous to the rotation of an electric motor's rotor under the influence of a magnetic field combined with an electric field. This study also demonstrates that without the spatial x-field, the Universe could not exist.
Category: Astrophysics
[56] viXra:2609.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-20 13:00:18
Authors: Marko V. Jankovic
Comments: 8 Pages.
In this paper, entropy of natural numbers is going to be introduced. It will be shown that every natural number canbe associated with a family of discrete probability distributions and their entropies. After an introduction of a new Tesla'sentropy measure, a usefulness of the concept is going to be demonstrated by a short proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, basedon a simplified ABC theorem for prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory
[55] viXra:2609.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-21 01:31:40
Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 23 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Classical and relativistic physics treat gravitational interaction either as action at a distance between static masses, or as a geometric property of curved spacetime. However, the nature of inertia, the equality of inertial and gravitational mass, the mechanisms of momentum transfer in vacuum, and the origin of quantum and gauge structures remain dualistic postulates.The present work proposes the Local Energy Deficit Model (LEDM) — a deductive mechanical approach based on the concept of a dynamic elastic energy medium (vacuum substrate) in a state of elastic thermodynamic equilibrium. Developing the ontological principle of the objective reality of space and time, the author transitions from a purely geometric description of trajectories to the physics of spatial pressure gradients in a real medium. This allows for a consistent mechanical interpretation of action at a distance, unification of macroscopic gravity with optical phenomena, and extension of the model to quantum and gauge dynamics.Part I. Classical Mechanics of the Elastic Substrate1.Derivation of Newton's law. The gravitational force is derived from the pressure gradient of the elastic medium, created by the superposition of energy deficit fields of individual bodies. It is shown that the background energy density of vacuum ρu2080 completely cancels out in the final expression for weak fields. The absorption coefficient is fixed as σ = 16πGρu2080, ensuring dimensional and quantitative consistency.2.Orbital precession. In the nonlinear synergistic regime of the medium, an additional cubic force (1/r³) arises, leading to secular pericenter shift. The precession formula coincides with empirical data for Mercury (43u2033 per century). The normalization of the nonlinear modulus γ/ρu2080 = 1 receives microscopic justification.3.Optical and cosmological consequences. Gravitational lensing, the Shapiro effect, and cosmological redshift are interpreted as consequences of changes in optical density and interaction of photon wave packets with the elastic medium. The broadening (stretching) of Type Ia supernova light curves is explained without invoking geometric expansion of empty space.4.Casimir effect. The mechanism of the Casimir force is interpreted as a result of pressure difference between the external medium and the shielded gap; an explicit regularization transition is provided.Part II. Quantum and Gauge Extension5.Derivation of the Schrödinger equation. It is shown that the Schrödinger equation can be obtained from the stochastic wave equation of MLDE as its non-relativistic limit via the envelope approximation procedure. Energy quantization in bounded regions arises as a consequence of boundary conditions for waves in the elastic medium.6.Hierarchy of gauge structures. A three-level scheme for introducing charge has been developed:Level 1 — minimal gauge coupling (charge as an external sink parameter);Level 2 — complex field δu with U(1) symmetry; charge as a Noether current; relation of |ψ|² to the density of conserved charge in the envelope approximation;Level 3 — SU(3) color generalization; structural analogies with confinement and limitations of the envelope approximation applicability.7.Fundamental limitations of the model. It is emphasized that MLDE remains a local theory and, according to Bell's theorem, does not explain the violation of Bell inequalities. This fundamental limitation of the model clearly delineates its applicability boundaries.Keywords: Model of Local Energy Deficit (MLDE); vacuum elasticity; strain tensor; orbital precession; Shapiro effect; Casimir effect; gravitational lensing; cosmological redshift; stationary Universe; Schrödinger equation; envelope approximation; U(1); SU(3); Bell's theorem. IntroductionIn the absence of material objects, physical space represents an elastic energy medium in elastic thermodynamic equilibrium: points of the continuum exchange equal momenta, and the average vacuum pressure remains constant. This equilibrium is maintained through background isotropic elastic oscillations of the medium — an analogue of quantum zero-point oscillations.The model proposed in this work differs fundamentally from historical predecessors (Descartes, Euler, Le Sage). In it, the energy medium is considered not as viscous, but as ideally elastic, in dynamic thermodynamic equilibrium. It is the elasticity of the medium, not its viscosity, that is the source of the pressure gradient, and therefore of the attractive force. This allows not only to strictly derive Newton's law, but also to explain the secular precession of orbits as a nonlinear effect in the elastic substrate — without violating the stability of trajectories.The methodological foundation of MLDE rests on four principles:1.Logical deduction of dynamic forces from kinematics.2.Objective reality of the medium and dynamic nature of mass.3.Formation of radial energy deficit (gravitational wells).4.Sub-nuclear additivity of quantized forces and the equivalence principle.Structure of the work. This article consists of two parts. Part I develops the classical mechanics of the elastic vacuum substrate: derivation of Newton's law, orbital precession, optical and cosmological effects, Casimir effect. Part II extends the model to quantum and gauge dynamics: derivation of the Schrödinger equation, hierarchy of U(1) and SU(3) gauge structures, discussion of fundamental limitations (Bell's theorem).
Category: Classical Physics
[54] viXra:2609.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-19 09:25:12
Authors: Vitaly V. Chaban
Comments: 30 Pages.
The rapid evolution of energy storage technology has necessitated the exploration of alternatives to conventional Li-ion batteries. It is driven by the limitations of resource scarcity, safety concerns, and sustainability challenges. This chapter critically discusses the technical, economic, and environmental aspects of emerging battery technologies. While Li-ion batteries are instrumental in powering electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems, their reliance on limited lithium and cobalt deposits, flammability risks, and recycling hurdles necessitate the development of next-generation solutions. A compelling alternative is solid-state batteries based on non-flammable ceramic, polymer, and glasses. These batteries feature enhanced safety, higher energy density, and improved thermal stability. These parameters satisfy applications in vehicles. Yet, challenges related to manufacturing scalability, interfacial resistance, and cheap production persist. Na-ion batteries gain researchers’ attention due to the low cost of sodium. Despite their lower energy density compared to Li-ion, recent advancements in cathode and anode materials can decrease the performance gap. Another promising avenue is lithium-oxygen and zinc-air systems. The latter offer theoretical energy densities surpassing the ones of Li-ion systems. Oxygen management, electrolyte degradation, and limited cycle life remain limiting barriers. Redox flow batteries, particularly vanadium and organic redox flow systems, provide scalable solutions for long-duration performance, though their bulkiness and lower energy density eliminate their compatibility with tablets and smartphones. Mg , Ca , and Al ions are cheap and offer high theoretical capacities. A slow-ion kinetics must be dealt with in the future. Organic and biodegradable batteries leverage eco-friendly materials and designs, while their current performance limitations restrict them to niche applications. Presently, Li-ion remains the dominant player due to its established infrastructure and cost-effectiveness. Therefore, recycling and sustainability efforts, such as closed-loop recovery systems and ethical sourcing initiatives, are critical in minimizing the ecological footprint of Li. Technological optimizations and machine-learning optimizations are essential for the future of energy storage and portable devices.
Category: Chemistry
[53] viXra:2609.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-19 23:04:30
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted))
By combining the quark model and the atom-like structure of baryons described in the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) we have described the solar neutrino problem and generations of quarks. According to SST, there is a similarity of shapes and equality of mass ratios of the components of the three fundamental cores, i.e. of the core of lightest neutrinos, core of baryons, and the core of the Protoworld that was composed of dark matter. Within such a similarity we described the origin of the large mixing angle 33.089 degrees and the origin of the mass-squared splitting that define the solar neutrino oscillations. In our description, there appears imaginary mass and activation of the solar neutrino oscillations that can be damped. We showed that survival probability for the solar electron-neutrinos decreases from 1/2 at low energies of the electron-neutrinos (it is a mean value) to 1/3 for electron-neutrino energy equal to or higher than 9.345 MeV. We also described the atmospheric neutrino oscillations. SST leads to a minimum in the curve describing the dependence of the survival probability on neutrino energy for the atmospheric muon-like neutrinos for ∼500 km/GeV — it is consistent with experimental data. From SST follows that there are three generations of leptons and four generations of quarks and that the eight quarks combine into four pairs, i.e. d and u, s and c, b and t, and b’ ≈ 2.68 TeV and t’ ≈ 14.76 TeV. We described also the dark-matter (DM) field.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[52] viXra:2609.0054 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-19 13:11:33
Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 4 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction is the physical phenomenon where an object becomes contracted along the axis of motion. We will test this hypothesis by observing the movement of the Earth relative to the CMB rest frame.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[51] viXra:2609.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-19 22:56:11
Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 38 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Modern positional numeral systems suffer from zero code redundancy, making internal data verification impossible. While the classical Fibonacci numeral system features natural redundancy, its level varies drastically across different numbers. To optimize and stabilize this mathematical framework, this paper formulates the Parity Constraint Rule to restrict code redundancy. Based on this rule, we develop a New Fibonacci Numeral System (NFNS) with a dual basis designed specifically for fault-tolerant computing environments.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[50] viXra:2609.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-19 01:18:08
Authors: Henning Thielemann
Comments: 26 Pages. In German
We calculate the number of ways to arrange the ships in the game "Battleship." The answer: On a 10 × 10 grid, there are 26,509,655,816,984 (approximately 26.5 trillion) ways to place one ship of length 5, two ships of length 4, three ships of length 3, and four ships of length 2, with spaces between them. Rotations and reflections are not excluded from this count.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[49] viXra:2609.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-18 16:30:53
Authors: V. V. Chaban
Comments: 31 Pages.
Electrolytes are pivotal components of Li-ion batteries. Electrolytes enable ion transport between electrodes. The chemical composition and thermodynamic phase of an electrolyte directly influence performance, safety, and longevity. This chapter discusses challenges and advancements in liquid and solid electrolytes with an accent on their roles in shaping next-generation energy storage systems. Liquid electrolytes, composed of lithium salts dissolved in organic solvents remain the present industry standard, thanks to their desirable ionic conductivity and mature manufacturing infrastructure. Flammability, toxicity, and chemical reactivity under extreme conditions pose risks, such as thermal runaway and fire hazards. In turn, solid electrolytes offer non-flammable alternatives. They exhibit enhanced thermal stability and compatibility with highly energy-dense anodes like lithium metal. Ceramic electrolytes boast promising conductivity and electrochemical stability. Thus far, high production costs and processing challenges hinder the scalability of ceramic alternatives. Polymeric Li-ion electrolytes are flexible and easy to process, yet face limitations, such as relatively low ionic conductivity. Liquid Li-ion electrolytes dominate due to established supply chains and cost-effectiveness. Alternatively, solid electrolytes steadily gain traction amid modern demand for safer and higher-capacity batteries. The synthesis of solid Li-ion electrolytes involves costly processes and requires rare materials. Safety represents a critical driver for solid electrolytes, as they eliminate flammability risks and mitigate lithium dendrite formation. Sustainability and recyclability limitations are common challenges across both electrolyte types. Ionic liquids dissolving lithium salts can be considered to represent the third type of Li-ion electrolyte due to their non-volatility and broad voltage tolerance. Liquid Li-ion electrolytes contribute harshly to environmental pollution due to toxic solvent leakage, whereas solid electrolytes face obvious hurdles in material recovery.
Category: Chemistry
[48] viXra:2609.0050 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-18 17:34:11
Authors: Uri Lachish
Comments: 3 Pages.
Scattered light polarization, which is generally conserved on dark surfaces, provides evidence for single-event scattering. The conservation observed in dark terrestrial stones extrapolates to single-event scattering of moonlight. Single-event scattering offers a natural explanation for both the uniform appearance of the full Moon and the opposition effect, which are two manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Comparable near-uniformity is observed in full images of all the planets and their moons, as well as in terrestrial images of similar geometry. There are no real images that are consistent with Lambert’s cosine law of scattering.
Category: Classical Physics
[47] viXra:2609.0049 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-18 19:25:40
Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 12 Pages.
It is demonstrated that gravitational and inertial masses are correlated by an electromagnetic factor. Some theoretical consequences of the correlation are: incorporation of Mach's principle into Gravitation Theory; new relativistic expression for the mass ; the generalization of Newton’s second law for the motion; the deduction of the differential equation for entropy directly from the Gravitation Theory. Another fundamental consequence of the mentioned correlation is that , in specific ultra-high energy conditions, the gravitational and electromagnetic fields can be described by the same Hamiltonian , i.e., in these circumstances, they are unified Such conditions can have occurred inclusive in the Initial Universe , before the first spontaneous breaking of symmetry.
Category: Quantum Physics
[46] viXra:2609.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-17 23:07:23
Authors: Gordon Stewart Watson
Comments: 1 Page.
Taking all elements of physical reality to be beables (things that exist), our local-realistic study of Bell (1964) rests on two core principles: Einstein-locality (no beable travels superluminally) and Bohr-realism (some beables change interactively). This note (with expectation E, probabilities P, spin-half particles p), exposes the physical laws that correct Bell's error and refute his theorem.
Category: Quantum Physics
[45] viXra:2609.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-17 23:02:29
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 23 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
An addition chain of length $h$ that leads to a number $n$ is a sequence of positive integers $s_0=1,s_1=2,ldots,s_h=n$ such that $s_i=s_j+s_k$~($i>jgeq k$) for each $1leq ileq h$. We introduce a matrix-theoretic framework for studying the properties of arbitrary addition chains that lead to a target integer $ngeq 2$ by associating each chain and the sequence of dominant and lower weight summands that calculate each term in the chain an adjacency matrix that encodes the internal geometry. In this linear-algebraic and matrix theoretic framework, we investigate how rank, rank profiles, singular values, eigenvalues, matrix norms, predecessor depths, and track-interaction terms encode the combinatorial and arithmetic structure of addition chains.
Category: Algebra
[44] viXra:2609.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-17 08:10:08
Authors: Florian Michael Schmitt
Comments: 9 Pages.
The Hafele—Keating experiment and GPS technology exhibit a time-dilation effect that has traditionally been explained in terms of special and general relativity. We show, based on a Newtonian concept of a gravitationally entrained ether, that atomic clocks intrinsically exhibit this time-dilation effect when moving relative to gravitational fields. To this end, we develop a mathematical framework that reproduces the values observed in the aforementioned experiments for the apparent time dilation within a Newtonian-physics framework.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43] viXra:2609.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-16 20:51:40
Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 57 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Black Hole Cosmology has traditionally been challenged by the apparent incompatibility between black hole interiors and cosmic expansion. However, because classical general relativity, on which this criticism is based, is itself incomplete in black hole interiors, the criticism rests on an incomplete premise. We reformulate this problem using total gravitational self-energy (GSE). The total GSE functional U_{gs−T}(R) = − (βGM_fr^2/R)[1 − (5β/7 )GM_fr/ Rc^2] contains a negative GSE term and a positive matter-GSE interaction term responsible for the repulsive radial response, where β denotes the structural coefficient of the GSE functional. For a matter-filled black hole interior, this energy landscape yields finite radii, including R_gs=(5β/7)R_S, R_{min,BH} = 5βR_S/(14−5β), and R_{min,E}=(5β/14)R_S. Thus, the point singularity is replaced by a finite-radius structure, allowing sufficiently massive black holes to contain macroscopic nonsingular interiors. This supports the possibility of closed black hole universes whose interiors exhibit weak local curvature and small tidal gradients. For our observable universe, the relevant configuration is not an isolated vacuum black hole, but a cosmological black hole embedded in a much larger, nearly homogeneous matter distribution. The matter-sector mass enclosed within the present particle horizon gives a Schwarzschild-equivalent event horizon radius R_S≃150.4 Gly, whereas the causal radius is R_U≃46.5Gly, giving R_S/R_U≃3.23 > 1. In this compactness sense, the observable universe lies within its own Schwarzschild-equivalent radius. The cosmological application of total GSE yields the dark energy density ρ_{Λ_m}= (βρ_m/2)(R_S/R_U)[(5β/14)R_S/R_U − 1]. Under the matter-dominated background approximation with w_{Λ_m}≃−1, the condition for accelerated expansion is ρ_{Λ_m} > ρ_m/2, or equivalently, R_U< R_{crit,U}≃0.279 βR_S. The framework provides a three-stage interpretation of cosmic history: early accelerated expansion driven by total GSE, a decelerating phase during the radiation era and the matter era, and late-time accelerated expansion driven by total GSE dark energy. Thus, accelerated cosmic expansion is not evidence against Black Hole Cosmology, but rather a central signature of a cosmological black hole. The predicted dark energy density provides a direct observational test of this interpretation of the observable universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42] viXra:2609.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-16 20:49:48
Authors: Enrico Stretti
Comments: 20 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This work introduces a discrete geometric model for the construction of a circle, basedon the hypothesis of a quantized space and the strict exclusion of the analytical continuum. The circular domain does not emerge as the limit of regular polygons, but rather from the progressive development of elementary circular sectors of increasing angular width associated with a step-by-step elongation of discrete radius; these sectors extend from the vertical axis of the circle, structuring their evolution into a numerical staircase pattern. A rectification procedure for the profile of thisstaircase is defined by means of a cutting line passing through the midpoints of the individual steps, thereby isolating right-trapezoid-shaped sections equivalent to the circular sectors of the discrete circle. The ordered accumulation of these elements reduces the measurement of the enclosed area to that of a corresponding equivalent isosceles right triangle. Under specific conditions of structural proportionality—and using a geometric equivalence constant (γ = 5/2) derived from the intrinsic properties of the configuration—it is demonstrated that the construction of this specific discrete model is governed by the exact dimensionless constant k = 25/8, which operates independently of the traditional analytical value of π.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[41] viXra:2609.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-14 20:41:36
Authors: David Adam, Guillaume Estienne
Comments: 10 Pages. In French
Chang introduced Carlitz multiple polylogarithms (CMPs), generalizing in positive characteristic the Carlitz polylogarithms of Anderson and Thakur, and established a linear independence result for their ∞-adic algebraic values, from which follows the function field analogue of Goncharov's direct sum conjecture for multiple zeta values u200bu200b(MZV). Chen showed the analogue of this result in the v-adic setting, under the assumption that the place v is of degree one. The aim of this article is to show that Chen's result is valid for any finite place.
Category: Number Theory
[40] viXra:2609.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-14 20:34:47
Authors: Izzie Boxen
Comments: Pages.
A model is presented here to help explain quantum wave-particle duality and two-slit one-at-a-time interference in a classical way and without resorting to the complex mathematics that is used in quantum field theory and even classical wave theory. This model avoids wave function collapse during measurement, the measurement problem.
Category: Quantum Physics
[39] viXra:2609.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-15 13:12:18
Authors: Andrej Liptaj
Comments: 33 Pages.
The usual power series sumalpha_{n}x^{n} are generalized by the substitution xto g(x) to power series built from a function sum a_{n}g^{n}(x). The key feature of our approach consists in using functions g with free parameters g(x)=g({p_{i}},x); the resulting expansions thus keep the Taylor—like behavior (i.e., they match derivatives at the expansion point), but can also be tuned to adjust the far—away behavior. We present six specific cases g_{X}, Xin{A,dots,F}, each containing five free parameters. We use examples to demonstrate that the generalization can improve the convergence (rate and domain), mimic branch points and branch cuts and have other interesting properties. Because the partial Bell polynomials are a necessary ingredient in our method, our results can be interpreted as new formulas for specific values of the Bell polynomials.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[38] viXra:2609.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-15 20:48:48
Authors: Mauro Alfonso Montenegro
Comments: 73 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Spacetime is conventionally treated as a four-dimensional background within which matter and gravitational phenomena occur. Space-Clock Field Theory (SCFT-A) advances a field-first alternative: the Lorentzian metric is the gravitational field, and physical space is the clock-orthogonal spatial state of that field, rather than an independent background container in which gravity resides. A dynamical scalar clock T selects the physical foliation and distinguishes cosmological clock-field time T from matter proper time t, the invariant time measured along material worldlines. Along homogeneous clock-comoving trajectories, the two physical times satisfy dT= Q dt, so that NT → dt/dT= Q→1 and HT = H/Q. Because T carries stress, conjugate momentum, conserved charge, and gravitational backreaction, this distinction changes relational observables and cannot be removed by a coordinate transformation. The theory’s central reciprocal statement is: As physical space expands, cosmological time contracts or moves slower; as physical space contracts, cosmological time expands or moves faster. The expanding branch obeys the on-shell response dNT /dH < 0. An explicit unbraided contracting branch has˙ Q > 0; this clock-rate statement has a different response sign and is proved only on its stated branch. This gravitational—clock architecture motivates the proposed extended equivalence principle, gravity= proper acceleration= physical space= relativistic aether= vacuum, where= denotes identity of physical sector rather than mathematical equality among curvature, acceleration, spatial geometry, causal structure, and vacuum states. SCFT-A realizes these principles using one universally coupled metric and one shift-symmetric scalar clock. The same operator family admits specified approximately matter-like regimes, a late self-accelerating endpoint, and a controlled local stationary MOND/AQUAL operator limit, without a separate cold-dark-matter action, dark-energy fluid, bare cosmological constant, or second matter metric. These are classical branch results, rather than a completed dark-sector unification theorem. A convex kinetic interpolation and positive spatial derivative operators define a deliberately constructed classical example. An explicit revised coe"cient point, ωm/H2 d = 1030 , ε = 10→140 and ϑ = 10→6, replaces uncertified numerical extrema by proved su"cient bounds. It preserves all-momentum local scalar positivity and a positive tensor spectrum. A generalized endpoint polynomial proves positive scalar kinetic and restoring coe"cients, and an exact decreasing energy controls every endpoint scalar mode despite redshifting momentum. The revised stationary correction ratio is strictly below 10→14 at a declared subhorizon scale. (Truncated to < 400 words by viXra Admin)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[37] viXra:2609.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-13 09:32:25
Authors: Volodymyr Krasnoholovets
Comments: 24 Pages.
In this paper, the submicroscopic deterministic concept developed by the authoris applied to the problem of the neutrino mass. A particle appears from spaceconsidered as a mathematical lattice of primary topological balls, and induces adeformation coat in its surrounding. The principles of the interaction of particleswith space and through space between themselves are considered in detail. Theapproach states that real quarks possess only an integer charge (±e) and whenmoving they periodically change to the monopole state (⇄g) and hence, canonicalparticles are dynamic dyons. A neutrino emerges as a squeezed quark when it isin a monopole state, or in other words, the quark monopole state (a bubble in thetessellattice) is transferred to the appropriate lepton monopole state (a speck in thetessellattice). The self-mass (a ‘rest’ mass) for each neutrino flavour is calculated.The calculated value of the self-mass for the electron anti-neutrino is 1.222874 × 10^{−36} kg = 0.69893 eV/c^2. The concept of neutrino oscillations is revised, and another postulation is proposed, namely, that the transition from lighter to heavier flavours is due to the inelastic scattering of neutrinos on oncoming scatterers. As a result, the neutrino captures the mass defect, becomes heavier, and therefore the transitions ν_e → ν_µ and ν_µ → ν_τ occur; thus, the number of light neutrinos decreases in the neutrino flux studied.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[36] viXra:2609.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-13 09:59:31
Authors: Volodymyr Krasnoholovets
Comments: 22 Pages.
Real physical space, as a purely mathematical structure built according tothe rules of set theory, topology, and fractal geometry, was proposed by MichelBounias (1943-2003) and the author. It emerges as a mathematical lattice ofprimary topological balls, which was named a tessellattice, and the size of acell/ball in the tessellattice is comparative with the Planck length, ∼ 10^{−35} m.Discrete fractal properties of the lattice allow the prediction of scales at whichsubmicroscopic to cosmic structures should occur. This approach allows thedevelopment of a submicroscopic concept of physics, which describes Natureat a much deeper level than offered by the quantum-mechanical formalismdeveloped at the atom scale, ∼ 10^{−10} m. In addition, the approach makesit possible to define such fundamental physical notions as mass and chargefrom first submicroscopic principles, and this actually means that fundamentalmathematics lays down the basic concepts of physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[35] viXra:2609.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-13 10:01:01
Authors: Haruto Aoki
Comments: 5 Pages.
This paper examines moral responsibility for mistranslations of technical terms by large language models (LLMs) in light of expert contributions to public lexical resources. It argues that providing normatively appropriate translations in Wikipedia and Wiktionary may improve translation by LLMs that use these resources, and proposes the notion of deferentialism on terminological translation. It also questions the exclusive attribution of moral responsibility for mistranslation to model developers.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[34] viXra:2609.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-13 13:03:32
Authors: Johann Albers
Comments: 8 Pages.
As early as 1687, Isaac Newton published the law of gravitation named after him. This law includes the so-called ‘universal gravitational constant’, also named after him. With the help of this law, it was possible, amongst other things, to calculate the orbital paths of the planets in our solar system with such precision that perturbations in the orbit of Uranus were detected. These perturbations led to the prediction of the existence of another planet. In 1883, the new planet Neptune was indeed discovered at the predicted position, with a deviation of barely 1 degree.In recent decades, many new measurement results with ever-decreasing errors have been published. Unfortunately, the results often differed by more than the sum of their uncertainties. The results often do not merely represent a fixed value, but also time-varying components. Of particular interest are, for example, short-term variations, as their exact date is helpful in the search for their cause. Even more interesting, however, are periodic variations, as knowledge of the period length greatly narrows the search for the cause. One such variation with a period length of 5.9 years is well established. Based on the ‘Alternative Reflections on Gravitation’ (ARG), the search quickly leads to the suspected polluter: Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system. Perhaps this planet is involved also in a non-gravitational effect, the Solar Cycle with a period of about 11 years.
Category: Astrophysics
[33] viXra:2609.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-13 18:18:25
Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 3 Pages.
The controversy surrounding the existence of a non-accelerating universe—contrasting with the prevailing view of recent decades that we inhabit an accelerating, expanding universe—has resurfaced following recent discoveries by South Korean and Indian scientists. At the same time, the position held by U.S. scientists regarding an accelerating universe has been reaffirmed; the debate is likely to persist until more reliable data on dark energy become available in the coming years, ultimately settling the matter. The new Nancy Grace Roman Telescope, launched into orbit just weeks ago, is poised to resolve the issue in the near future. For now, new studies and opinions continue to emerge, supporting one position or the other. The work presented here is a theoretical study arguing for the existence of a non-accelerating universe; to this end, it examines the solutions to the Friedmann equations in detail. This study analyzes the expansion of the universe using a mathematical approach that leads to the following conclusion: the only valid solutions to the Friedmann equations are those describing non-accelerating universes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[32] viXra:2609.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-13 15:42:12
Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 15 Pages.
This article presents a proposed unified description of physical interactions within the framework of the special theory of relativity. The starting point is the principle of minimum potential energy, interpreted equivalently as the principle of minimum rest mass. According to this approach, every interaction can be described by a general force formula containing the charges of the given interaction, an interaction constant, and a dimensionless function of distance. The commonly used inverse-square dependence is treated here as an experimentally established approximation valid only within a limited range of distances, rather than as a universal law extending from zero to infinity.After the finite propagation speed of interactions is taken into account, interactions become one-sided: the force exerted by a source charge on another charge is determined by the state of the source at the point from which its interaction ray reaches the affected object. Therefore, the interaction must first be described in the rest frame of the source charge and then transformed to other inertial frames by means of Lorentz transformations. Using general vectorial Lorentz transformation formulas for U-spaces of arbitrary dimension, together with a relativistic form of Newton's second law of motion, unified vector formulas are derived for the acceleration and force acting on a point object carrying an arbitrary interaction charge. The appendix presents the derivation of the rest-mass derivative used in these formulas and provides numerical checks confirming the consistency of the transformations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[31] viXra:2609.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-12 00:50:54
Authors: Richard D. Lockyer
Comments: 32 pages plus 8 appendices
Attempts to apply Octonion Algebra to the Standard Model have involved creating a matrix algebra representing Octonion Algebra operating on itself, an adjacent algebra. Each used only one of sixteen Octonion division algebra orientations, and favored left application. This manuscript first demonstrates how proper use of Octonion Algebra for mathematical physics must give consideration to all sixteen in an algebraic orientation covariant fashion if one is to avoid pathological outcomes when the same analysis is repeated using another orientation.Properly constructed 8x8 adjacent algebra matrices generate an algebraic orientation covariant left/right application inclusive group also closed for all Octonion algebraic orientation changes. Orientation closed pairs of conjugacy classes lead to sixteen class equivalence partitions. Eight bracket/orientation closed Lie algebras are created from them, which demonstrate the orientation of each 8x8 adjacent algebra matrix position is fixed. Seven Lie algebras have four ideals in 4x4 submatrices that pair up to occupied rows/columns directly related to the seven Quaternion subalgebra indexes or their basic quad index set. From these, fourteen unique skew-Hermitian Dirac gamma matrix bases for su(4) are created, and within each six skew-Hermitian Pauli matrix su(2) bases. 28 unique su(2) bases span the 8x8 matrix format with a bracket/orientation closed Lie algebra. Skew-Hermitian bases for adjacent algebra su(n: 2-8) Lie algebras can be placed in any nxn submatrix position using linear combinations of su(2) Lie algebras. Two distinct representations of su(2) ⨁ su(3) are presented that combine into the direct sum su(2) ⨁ su(3) ⨁ su(3).
Category: Mathematical Physics
[30] viXra:2609.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-12 06:56:25
Authors: Carl Littmann
Comments: 9 Pages.
In his book, ‘Opticks’, 1700, Newton made a respectable estimate for both ether’s pressure and density — the best up to about 1905, after which interest in ether sadly waned. Ether pressure is, in fact, the energy per volume in space, and thus is very fundamentally important. But this paper explains, sadly, how the scientists of the 1800’s largely failed to address ether’s pressure. I.e., not even appreciating ether’s causing the high-pressures near the center of the earth and inside more massive bodies. So, Einstein’s great (mc^2) was welcomed even more than otherwise. ((I also give my reasons for my own rough estimate of ether pressure of (10^+34) N/sq.m., (coincidentally, same as scientists use for inside neutron stars.) [1] And for my ether density estimate of (10^-20) Kg/cu.m., (consistent with the highest-to-lowest densities in Nature — roughly equaling the highest-to-lowest forces found in Nature).)) Some 1800’s scientists made good estimate of ether’s density. ((It is said of Einstein’s gravitational theory that "two adjacent bodies bend space more than otherwise". But my view is that the available space for ether flow is naturally more constricted between two close bodies, so ether’s flows must speed-up there to maintain flow continuity. And that causes the well-known ‘Venturi flow effect’ -- reduced pressure, a suction effect, ‘attraction’, i.e., known as ‘gravity’.))
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[29] viXra:2609.0031 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-12 07:04:58
Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 8 Pages.
It is recommended joining together existing models for the structure of the electron to an elegant geometric relativistic wave-manifold model by support of artificial intelligence. The final model should reproduce the experimentally verified fundamental properties of the electron with high accuracy, including Sommerfeld’s omnipresent structure constant and the anomalous gyromagnetic factor of the electron, where the properties are generated by the internal geometric or topological constraints of the object itself. We will then better understand how electron pairing or pairing of holes works and how it does not.
Category: Classical Physics
[28] viXra:2609.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-12 18:08:50
Authors: Piren Mo
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
A constructive refinement of prime-type classification via nested primorial sievematrices. We introduce a primorial-based additive representation of integers (Mo numbers)and prove a residue separation property: for any prime q, primes in the arithmetic progressionq mod ps# cannot lie outside the nested Mo-type MTq. The Mo-types form a strictly descendinghierarchy MT2 ⊃ MT3 ⊃ MT5 ⊃ MT11 ⊃ ···, and we prove each deepest-type class containsinfinitely many primes (a constructive refinement of Dirichlet’s theorem without analytic densityestimates).We further classify twin prime candidates into coupled types such as MT(5,7) and MT(11,13),showing that the Twin Prime Conjecture is equivalent to the divergence of true twin pairs withinMT(5,7). As a rigorous corollary, Zhang’s bounded-gap theorem admits a Mo-type formulation:some even gap N ≤ 246 yields infinitely many prime pairs in a coupled Mo-type progression.The framework reframes classical distribution problems as explicit sieve-matrix counting,leaving open the quantitative density of twin pairs for future work
Category: Number Theory
[27] viXra:2609.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-12 12:27:30
Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 10 Pages.
This essay traces the history of impedance matching as an overlooked core organizing principle in quantum physics. Impedance matching governs amplitude and phase of the flow of energy, of information transmission, in both classical and quantum mechanics. Although quantum mechanics retained the associated phenomena of amplitude, phase, reflection, transmission, resonance, tunneling, and scattering, it did not assimilate the organizing principle of impedance matching. Convergence with particle physics phenomenology and geometric algebra illustrates how ideas arising in separate traditions can unexpectedly meet. The essay reveals how a physical organizing principle can remain present in the phenomena while becoming largely invisible in the language used to describe them.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[26] viXra:2609.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-11 02:47:58
Authors: Xiao Lin Li
Comments: 9 Pages.
Particles in quantum mechanics have the property of quantum wave entropy. Similar to stretching a spring, under the specific conditions of cosmic expansion, particle wave entropy exhibits a negative entropy force that resists expansion. This negative entropy force provides particles with an attractive effect different from gravity. Like a spring constant, the negative entropy force has a proportional factor. The negative entropy force is proportional to the Hubble constant and also proportional to gravitational rotational speed. The effect of this negative entropy force is roughly the same as that of dark matter, serving as the physical origin of dark matter effects. Negative entropy force leads to a result where the rotation speed of a galaxy is proportional to the fourth root of the distance, showing an approximately flat and slowly rising curve. Negative entropy force also can explain the Tully-Fisher relation. Galaxies have properties of a flat radius and a cutoff radius. Galaxies only show noticeable dark matter effects within a limited range. The dark matter effect becomes noticeable starting from the flat radius and begins to decline noticeably from the cutoff radius. The flat radius and cutoff radius of a galaxy are determined by its mass. Galaxies of different masses and sizes will show different behaviors of dark matter. Negative entropy force also applies to photons and can explain the dark matter effects in gravitational lensing. Therefore, without assuming the existence of dark matter or modifying gravity theory, we can still normally explain the observed dark matter phenomena in galaxies. Dark matter doesn't exist, and MOND isn't needed.
Category: Astrophysics
[25] viXra:2609.0027 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-11 20:47:48
Authors: Agum Abdillah
Comments: 40 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This work develops a theta-geometric framework for studying the Hankel positivity problem associated with the Riemann Hypothesis.Starting from the centered Riemann xi-function, the framework exploits the even spectral symmetry to introduce a folded spectral coordinate and a meromorphic resolvent whose poles encode the squared centered zeros. Passing to reciprocal spectral variables leads to a canonical moment sequence whose Stieltjes moment property is characterized by the positivity of two associated families of Hankel matrices.The framework then connects this spectral-moment structure with the theta-function representation of the xi-function. A tilted theta measure is introduced, yielding an exact expectation representation for the folded resolvent and a differential hierarchy governing its derivatives. The resulting analysis leads to an adjoint differential operator and a two-variable kernel representation, together with an exact inhomogeneous differential identity in which boundary contributions are retained explicitly.The central outcome is an exact reduction of the spectral question to an all-orders Hankel positivity problem. The work distinguishes rigorously established identities and equivalences from numerical diagnostics and does not claim a proof of the Riemann Hypothesis. Instead, it provides a structured theta-geometric and moment-theoretic framework for investigating the remaining positivity problem.
Category: Number Theory
[24] viXra:2609.0026 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-11 20:43:44
Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 11 Pages.
Modern physics is caught in a profound conceptual schism between deterministic, continuous classical frameworks and probabilistic, discrete quantum mechanics. While recent advancements—such as Nicolas Gisin’s application of intuitionistic mathematics to classical mechanics [1] — might have provided some bridging of this gap by exposing classical physics as fundamentally probabilistic, they continue to rely on the static assumption of a fundamental, singular space-time background. This paper argues that space-time might not be a primary entity. Instead, this paper argues that what Humans perceive as space-time might only be an emergent cognitive interface used to interpret and explain energy interactions. To break the logical paradox of using a brain embedded in space-time to disprove space-time, this paper proposes that science must look for an internal algorithmic "bug" in the existing frameworks. This paper proposes a Charged Lense-Thirring Effect Experiment, which is designed to observe a possible anomaly in the spin-precession of a charged particle beam orbiting a rapidly rotating charge distribution, which, if this anomaly is detected, might also support the assumption that space-time might be a secondary property of localized energy interactions and a cognitive construct stemming from energetic interactions. This paper does not present that a successful implementation of the proposed experiment, will, by itself, assert that the space-time is not a primary entity. But this paper argues that a successful implementation of the proposed experiment, with possible successful implementations of additional properly proposed experiments, might support the already ongoing research endeavors to present the space-time as an emerging entity, which might conclude in a more reasonable view of the universe, and also resolve issues related to the existing view of the space-time as a primary entity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[23] viXra:2609.0025 [pdf] replaced on 2026-09-21 10:42:15
Authors: Volker W. Thürey
Comments: 6 Pages.
Many people dream of establishing a settlement on the planet Mars, especially the American entrepreneur Elon Musk. However, I believe this is nearly impossible because of the planet's extremely harsh environmental conditions. Compared with Mars, Earth is far more hospitable to human life.
Category: Astrophysics
[22] viXra:2609.0024 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-11 20:36:06
Authors: Pawel Jan Piskorz
Comments: 4 Pages.
We propose a procedure which allows to determine the only admissible exponents in Diophantineequations of three kinds: Fermat, Markov and Catalan. First, we use a set of rewriting rules for each Diophantine equation. Second, we obtain the parametrized versions of the Diophantine equations. Next, we differentiate each of parametrized equations obtaining the identities for Fermat, Markov and Catalan equations.
Category: Number Theory
[21] viXra:2609.0023 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-10 02:12:16
Authors: Peter Shushmaruk
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper presents a reverse-engineered model of the Great Pyramid of Giza and proposes how each of the internal components functioned as part of a cohesive acoustic-resonant cavity circuit. It begins in the King’s Chamber, driving a continuous acoustic pressure wave that is filtered and amplified before ultimately being used to activate a metallic transmitter at the apex. This paper focuses on the function of each internal component and the progression of acoustic responses between them.
Category: Classical Physics
[20] viXra:2609.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-08 06:47:50
Authors: Yong Zhao
Comments: 4 Pages.
For any integer n greater than 1 such that 2n+1 is prime, we construct interval (n,2n). By synthesizing the prime number theorem, the Bertrand—Chebyshev theorem and Euler's proof to analyze the gap between 2n+1 and primes in the interval (n,2n), we prove the Polignac's Conjecture.For any integer greater than 1, we construct intervals (n,2n) and (2n,4n). By synthesizing the Bertrand—Chebyshev theorem and the prime number theorem to analyze the gap of primes between the consecutive intervals, we prove the Polignac's Conjecture.
Category: Number Theory
[19] viXra:2609.0021 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-09 00:10:19
Authors: Joshua Dizon
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and listed scientific references!)
We show that the decay of the energy envelope in a damped harmonic oscillator can be explicitly connected to the increase of entropy in the surroundings. The result is a simple, pedagogical bridge between mechanics and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy
[18] viXra:2609.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-08 23:35:02
Authors: Francesco Prandel
Comments: 12 Pages.
If interpretation is a metacognitive process, interpreting a physical theory means identifying the metaphysical concepts suitable for representing its theoretical terms. From this perspective, given the linearity of the formalism of quantum mechanics, its natural interpretation is the one suggested by W. Heisenberg, according to whom quantum mechanics governs the potential level of physical reality, not its actual level.
Category: Quantum Physics
[17] viXra:2609.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-09 00:20:40
Authors: Xiaodong Liu, Qichang Liang, Yu Liang
Comments: 1 Page.
In this study, we found that a cathode-ray tube can drive a circuit containing a capacitor to generate a direct current. Furthermore, the system requires no external power input.
Category: Classical Physics
[16] viXra:2609.0017 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-07 05:26:48
Authors: Harris V. Georgiou
Comments: 21 Pages.
In Urban Search & Rescue (USAR) operations after large-scale earthquakes, time is of essence for the survival of trapped victims. There are too many parameters that define the conditions, severity and survivability window for each victim entombed under debris. Hence, worksite assessment and triage is primarily an empirical procedure that is based on incomplete and mostly qualitative information. On the other hand, if statistical rescue data from previous USAR missions are available, appropriate probabilistic models can be developed for estimated rescue counts and live victims remaining over time. This study explores the availability of such historic data and, based on these, several probabilistic models are designed. These include Exponential and Weibull for inter-rescue times, non-homogenous Poisson for rescue counts and Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) for the tails of the underlying data distributions. All the models converge to very similar results for survival windows and in accordance to real rescue data. Namely, the 95% and 99% quantiles point to 115-118 hours (4.8-4.9 days) and 177-181 hours (7.4-7.5 days), respectively. A mixed-model approach is proposed for more accurate approximations, selecting GEV for the beginning (up to day 2) and ending phases (days 5-8), Weibull for the middle (days 3-4) and non-homogenous Poisson everywhere else (days 2-3, 4-5), with a relative approximation error no more than 4.5% compared to real rescue data throughout the typical USAR operational period of eight days. Finally, the GEV model is also used for investigating the effect of under-reporting live rescues during the first 24-hour window of USAR operations, providing hints of a factor at the order of 1-in-5 to 1-in-8 or more, especially during the first six hours. These results provide valuable insights for better planning and team deployment in such USAR missions after large-scale earthquakes.
Category: Statistics
[15] viXra:2609.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-07 18:15:38
Authors: Min Min Oo
Comments: 19 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and listed scientific references!)
This paper develops a Prime Pair Framework for studying twin primes using structured sequences of odd composites. The base sequenceO_1=9+6r_1, r_1≠((1+2x)^2-13)/6 " or" ((1+2x)^2-7)/6 provides intervals containing two odd integers, which may form twin primes if both are prime. When the general sequencesO_a=(2a+1)^2+(2+4a) r_a (a={2ⓜ,3ⓜ,4ⓜ,u2026ⓜ,k})and O_1are in proper alliance, the conditions are formed through lower, upper and double twin prime formation mechanisms.
Category: Number Theory
[14] viXra:2609.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-07 18:09:48
Authors: Hadrijan Crnčić Jurasić
Comments: 14 Pages. hadrijan.crncic-jurasic@skole.hr
In this paper we formally construct (mathbb{M}), a number system that contains three dimensions and forms a bridge between the complex numbers and the quaternions. In this system we define the operation of division by zero (1/0=infty). The third dimension of the system is the scalar infinity (s), which does not mix with real or complex numbers.Historically, a system with exactly three dimensions was impossible because of the multiplication of two new axes. In the quaternions these are (i) and (j), whose product must give (k), creating a new dimension because (ij) cannot be displayed in those three dimensions. Historically, taking the square root of (-1) was not allowed. This was solved by the new number (i), which introduced the complex numbers and achieved the transition from (mathbb{R}) to (mathbb{C}) by adding the new number (i) such that (i^2 = -1). (mathbb{R}) is one-dimensional, and (mathbb{C}) is a two-dimensional number system, so the question arises whether there are number systems above (mathbb{C}).The answer was first found by William Rowan Hamilton when he tried to construct a three-dimensional number system. By adding one new axis (j) such that (j^2 = i^2 = -1), he encountered the problem of what the product of (i) and (j) would give. He realized that it would give (k), a new spatial axis, and so he constructed a four-dimensional number system with axes (1,i,j,k) such that (k^2 = j^2 = i^2 = -1). Thus the three-dimensional algebra was skipped because no matter which axis we add, the product of two axes must always give something new, namely a fourth dimension.Later Frobenius and Hurwitz formalized this and proved that number systems are possible only in dimensions (2^n), where (n) is a natural number: namely 1 ((mathbb{R})), 2 ((mathbb{C})), 4 ((mathbb{H})), 8 ((mathbb{O})), and so on, up to 256 dimensions and beyond. This is the Cayley-Dickson construction, and the number systems obtained after the sedenions are no longer particularly interesting or useful for study because they lose critical properties such as associativity, alternativity, and commutativity.All these systems do not solve the problems for which new systems are introduced, namely the definition of undefined numbers. Just as the complex numbers define the square root of (-1), which was undefined in the real numbers, so the definition of (n/0) brings with it the definitions of other undefined numbers, such as the zeroth root and zero to the zeroth power.
Category: General Mathematics
[13] viXra:2609.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-07 18:34:15
Authors: Ayush Samanta
Comments: 37 Pages.
Finite-time transport in the circular restricted three-body problem (CR3BP) can change qualitatively under perturbations to initial conditions, making robustness difficult to characterize using smooth trajectory sensitivities alone. This work investigates whether geometric distance to an outcome-change boundary can provide a usefulmeasure of transport robustness for a two dimensional family of invariant-manifold seeds generated from planar L1 Lyapunov orbits in the Earth—Moon CR3BP. A 160 × 33 parameter atlas comprising 5280 initial conditions was classified by first-passage outcome, and adaptive refinement produced 484 numerical samples of the resultingoutcome boundaries. To avoid arbitrary Euclidean distance in the family parameters, the seed-state map was used to induce a local pullback metric, defining a family-constrained boundary-distance diagnostic ρη. The metric construction was numerically consistent, and ρη revealed strongly nonuniform proximity to the resolved transportinterfaces. Its ordering, however, depended on the prescribed state weighting, with Spearman correlations ranging from approximately 0.794 to 0.999 across the tested metrics. Direct perturbation tests also rejected a guaranteed-radius interpretation: one outcome change occurred at approximately 0.5ρη, while finite directional searches at five representative points recovered no independent minimum flip distance. These results support ρη as a family- constrained geometric diagnostic of proximity to resolved finite-time outcome boundaries, but not as a certifiedoutcome-preserving radius or validated transport condition number. A stronger robustness measure requires converged boundary resolution, physically specified uncertainty geometry, and direct computation of minimum outcome-changing perturbations.
Category: Astrophysics
[12] viXra:2609.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-08 00:52:38
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 3 Pages.
The recent Phase 3 trial of a customized Moderna mRNA cancer vaccine, along with Merck’s Keytruda, to fight melanoma skin cancer, points to possible long-term remission, if not yet a permanent cure. The hope is that future mRNA vaccines can work similarly for other types of cancer, along with Keytruda. This 2026 medical news points toward the general promise of AI in other medical areas, and for understanding cellular life itself. This essay points to emerging synergies between human and AI research tools.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[11] viXra:2609.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-06 09:13:25
Authors: Jacqueline Fernandes
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper explores the transition boundary where classical escape velocity thresholds intersectwith relativistic coordinate transformations. Using observational mass configurations from Sagittarius A*, we analyze how super luminal escape velocities (ve > c) force a geometric inversion ofthe local Minkowski metric tensor. We demonstrate that the information loss paradox is fundamentally a consequence of the future light cone compressing and tilting past the vertical axis, renderingoutward spatial paths geometrically non-existent to an external observer.
Category: Astrophysics
[10] viXra:2609.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-06 14:39:55
Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 10 Pages.
We report the detection of continuous microhertz waves originating from Jupiter, recovered from two decades of atmospheric pressure measurements across Germany. Barometers act as largeu2011aperture antennas for lowu2011frequency signals, allowing coherent recovery of a carrier near 55.97 $mu$Hz, which corresponds to twice the rotation frequency of Jupiter’s solid core. A directu2011conversion receiver iteratively compensates all known phase modulations caused by Earth’s orbit and the four Galilean moons, concentrating the wave’s energy into a narrow spectral line with a signalu2011tou2011noise ratio of 100. We measure the longu2011term frequency drift of Jupiter’s core and determine the modulation indices associated with each moon. The phaseu2011modulation pattern is stable across 318 independent realizations. Additional spectral features indicate that Jupiter hosts multiple internal oscillators with distinct frequencies. These results demonstrate that Earth’s atmosphere responds coherently to microhertz waves generated by nearby planets.
Category: Astrophysics
[9] viXra:2609.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-06 21:45:10
Authors: Volodymyr Krasnoholovets
Comments: 49 Pages. Journal of Advanced Physics 5, No. 2, 145—167 (2016). DOI: 10.1166/jap.2016.1232
This paper reviews major approaches to the description of subatomic particles, suchas leptons, quarks, hadrons and nucleons. Among these approaches are quantum chromodynamics, soliton models, bag models and others. The main accent is on a theory of thereal physical space that acts as a scene on which all high-energy events take place. Wediscuss how a lepton and quark appear in the space constituted as a tessellation lattice ofprimary topological balls — the only structure that mathematics (i.e. set theory, topologyand fractal geometry) offers to the constitution of ordinary physical space. Since leptonsand quarks emerge in the tessellattice from a topological ball, they must interact withthis substrate. The principles of the interaction of subatomic particles with space andthrough space between themselves are considered in detail. The approach: i) states thatreal quarks possess the integer charge ±e and they periodically change to the monopolestate (hence, canonical particles are dynamic dyons); ii) naturally solves the problem ofconfinement of quarks; iii) reveals the dynamics of quarks in hadrons; iv) discloses an innerstructure of the proton and neutron; v) calculates the radius of the proton; and vi) derivesthe nuclear forces as the result of both direct coalescence of surfaces of the nucleons andthe overlapping of spatial excitations (named inertons) generated by the nucleons at theirmotion through the tessellattice. Experimental results showing nuclear transformationsin samples affected by artificially generated inerton fields are demonstrated.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[8] viXra:2609.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-06 22:07:09
Authors: Teo Banica
Comments: 400 Pages.
This is an advanced introduction to the various types of normal random variables, with most of the needed preliminaries included. We first discuss the probability basics, standard central limits, and the theory of the usual, real normal variables, with examples, illustrations and numerous formulae. Then we go on a similar discussion regarding the complex normal variables, and the Rayleigh variables too. We then move to arbitrary dimensions, with a discussion regarding the Gaussian vectors, and related probability laws, featuring some functional analysis, and geometry and physics too. Finally, we provide an introduction to the quantum versions of the normal variables, and notably to those coming from free probability and random matrices.
Category: Statistics
[7] viXra:2609.0008 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-05 08:44:33
Authors: Anatoly V. Belyakov
Comments: 10 Pages. 4 Fig.
Physical models based on J. Wheeler’s geometrodynamics, when applied to planetarysystems and pulsars, agree well with modern observational results and predict new ones.The current geometrodynamic model explains the appearance of the "hot Neptunian desert"region, the existence of an "airy super-Earth", the construction of compiled pulsar spectra,the calculation of their "death line", the calculation of braking indices for various pulsarpopulations, and much more.
Category: Astrophysics
[6] viXra:2609.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-06 00:56:45
Authors: Edward Larson
Comments: 24 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future submission of AI assisted article will not be accepted)
Gödel's intuition accurately zeroed in on a core truth: that the expressiveness of non-trivial mathematical theories outpaces the efficacy of any inference engine. His paradoxical form of argumentation, however, begat immense confusion and pessimism, which this essay examines critically and aims to undo. His actual technical analysis exposed a historic oversight in classical set theory: the lack of internal structural variation within the Cantor sets $aleph_{0}$, $aleph_{1}$, etc. The paradoxical argumentation amounts to an indirect proof (reductio ad absurdum) of internal differentiation within $aleph_{0}$.This paper introduces a new concept of structural grade separation (SGS) within the Cantor sets and examines their foundational role and implications within formal mathematical frameworks, challenging the traditional conception of coarse set cardinality. By introducing a comprehensive SGS scheme, we demonstrate how structural stratification illuminates transfinite set theory without sacrificing logical consistency. The theoretical bounds of this construction against established axioms of arithmetic and set theory are analyzed, illustrating how explicit structural hierarchy resolves ambiguities inherent in standard set theory and cardinal assignments. The broader mathematical significance of graded set structures for decision algorithms and formal reasoning engines are explored.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[5] viXra:2609.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-03 04:06:45
Authors: Dave E. Dunstan
Comments: 4 pages. 3 Figures.
The Pantheon + SHOES data is interpreted using transformed coordinates with distances that have origin at the beginning of the Universe. Distances (R) taken from the beginning of the Universe (R~0 and t~0) increase toward Earth and reveal a Newtonian Gravitational redshift (z<0.1). Distances determined in this way are the inverse of the luminosity distances measured from Earth. The revised coordinate frame yields a 1/R dependence of the redshift consistent with a Newtonian gravitational redshift. An alternative to the Hubble-Lemaitre expanding Universe is presented. The alternative Universe suggested is determined by Gravity, is static in size and contains Galaxies that show a Gaussian distribution of velocities. This is the model of the Universe first considered by Einstein.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2609.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-03 15:49:44
Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 9 Pages.
According to a recently proposed vibrational interpretation of the Schrödinger equation for hydrogen-like atoms, stationary single-electron wave functions describe vibrations that are driven by phase waves associated with a bound electron moving on precessing orbits similar to orbits of the old quantum theory by Bohr and Sommerfeld. Based on this interpretation, the objective of this work is to provide insights into the structure of these wave functions by constructing similar wave functions from the corresponding electronic orbits and their associated phase waves without explicitly solving the three-dimensional Schrödinger equation. The proposed construction extends solutions of the two-dimensional Schrödinger equation into three dimensions and takes precession of the orbital angular momentum into account by a weighted average over all rotations about the quantization axis. The constructed wave functions are structurally similar to the standard wave functions of hydrogen-like atoms in spherical coordinates; thus, the proposed construction provides a new way of understanding the structure of these wave functions.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[3] viXra:2609.0003 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-04 00:18:43
Authors: Antoine Khai Nguyen
Comments: 17 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time please cite and list scientific references!)
The Cosmic wavefunction model that governs the cosmic world, and the Nuclear wavefunction model that governs the quantum world.These two discovery-postulated Quantum wavefunction models are separated by their action realms but very similar in their ingrained structural mechanisms.The core element of this Quantum wavefunction model set is the concept of orbital/motion frequencies for both cosmic and quantum objects, and the quantization principle of the ingrained feature determination mechanisms for these objects.Each wavefunction model can demonstrate that the orbital positions (from the captor out) of all the captives inside their system are not random, but are coordinated according to the model's mechanism which uses the orbital/motion frequencies as the shared factor.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2] viXra:2609.0002 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-01 20:46:50
Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 5 Pages.
Reference 1 shows that when multipath interference is treated correctly, the imaginary term, i sin S, is unnecessary; the real term cos S suffices, therefore Euler’s exp(iS) = i sin S + cos S reduces to exp(iS) → cos S. Can this same principle be applied to complex phase amplitudes in gauge theory phase ransformations? Gauge invariance only requires a continuous group action in real space, not the complex phase structure suggested by textbooks. The complex exponential hides the physics. The conversion of gauge theory to real space phase changes makes explicit the physical mechanism of gauge theory.
Category: Quantum Physics
[1] viXra:2609.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-02 11:37:02
Authors: Aleksandr Nikitin
Comments: 4 Pages.
My theoretical developments of the new scientific paradigm lead to the conclusion that any movement of matter, including gravity and low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR), occur as matter-neutrino induction.Any fundamental prime mover (sail, water wheel, steam engine, internal combustion engine, gas turbine, jet engine, nuclear reactor, electric current generator) is a nuclear fusion generator.The motion of matter, i.e. any change, including gravitational, electromagnetic and low-energy nuclear reactions LENR, the description of which is the task of science, can be further cognized solely on the basis of a new scientific paradigm:
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
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