All Submission Categories

Chirality (Electroweak Interaction) Using Geometric (Real Clifford) Algebra Cl(3,0)

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 46 Pages.

In this paper, we obtain the left and the right-handed (chirality) representation of the wavefunction using Geometric (real Clifford) Algebra Cl 3,0. We will use both the Chiral representation and the Pauli/Dirac representation. Also, a summary of how all the interactions can be calculated and represented using Geometric (real Clifford) Algebra is shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Bootstrap Event of Existence

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper, I explore the concept of the bootstrap event of existence. I argue that the notion of "nothing" is purely an abstraction and that something must always exist. At the inception of recursive existence lies the bootstrapping event, characterized by a zero-dimensional object that evolves by following the principle of least resistance. This process initiates the emergence of a one-dimensional object, and through continuous application of the least resistance principle, the complexity of existence evolves, leading to the current state of the universe.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Application of Table based K Nearest Neighbor for Index Optimization

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a table as its input data and is applied tothe index optimization. The motivations of this research are the successful results from applying the table based algorithms to thetext categorizations in previous works and the index optimization is able to be viewed into a classification task where each word is classified into expansion, inclusion, and removal. In the proposed system, each word in the given text is classified into one of thethree categories by the proposed KNN algorithm, associates words are added to ones which are classified into expansion, and ones whichare classified into inclusion are kept by themselves without adding any word. The proposed KNN version is empirically validated as thebetter approach in deciding the importance level of words in news articles and opinions. In using the table based KNN algorithm, it is easier to trace results from categorizing words.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Specializing K Nearest Neighbor into String Vector based Version using String Vector Operation in Index Optimization

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a string vector as its input data and is applied to the index optimization. The results from applying the string vector based algorithms to the text categorizations were successful in previous works, and the index optimization is able to be viewed into a classification task where each word is classified into expansion, inclusion, and removal. In the proposed system, each word in the given text is classified into one of the three categories by the proposed KNN algorithm, associates words are added to ones which are classified into expansion, and ones which are classified into inclusion are kept by themselves without adding any word. The proposed KNN version is empirically validated as thebetter approach in deciding the importance level of words in news articles and opinions. We need to define and characterize mathematically more operations on string vectors for modifying moreadvanced machine learning algorithms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Table based K Nearest Neighbor for Text Classification

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a table as its input data and is applied tothe text categorization. The motivations of this research are the successful results from applying the table based algorithms to thetext categorizations in previous works and the expectation of synergy effect between the text categorization and the word categorization. In this research, we define the similarity metricbetween two tables representing texts, modify the KNN algorithm by replacing the exiting similarity metric by the proposed one, andapply it to the text categorization. The proposed KNN is empirically validated as the better approach in categorizing texts in newsarticles and opinions. In using the table based KNN algorithm, it is easier to trace results from categorizing texts.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Graph Similarity Metric for Modifying K Nearest Neighbor for Classifying Texts

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a graph as its input data and is applied tothe text categorization. The graph is more graphical for representing a word and the synergy effect between the text categorization and the word categorization is expected by combining them with each other. In this research, we propose the similaritymetric between two graphs representing words, modify the KNN algorithm by replacing the exiting similarity metric by the proposedone, and apply it to the text categorization. The proposed KNN is empirically validated as the better approach in categorizing texts in news articles and opinions. In this article, a word is encoded into a weighted and undirected graph and it is represented into a list of edges.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Gaps and Overlappings

Authors: Volker W. Thürey
Comments: 5 Pages.

In the first part, we investigate the tiling of the plane by convex polygons, andwe introduce many constants. At the end, we calculate one. We provide an example,where we cover the plane with convex 8-gons.In a second part, we take other curves and convex polygons.
Category: Geometry

Conjecture : The Theory of Everything is Embodied by Fundamental Replicators (Femes)

Authors: Thomas Bradley
Comments: 23 Pages.

This paper conjectures that fundamental reality, taken to be an interacting system composed of discrete information, embodies replicating information structures called femes. We therefore extend Universal Darwinism to propose the existence of four abstract replicators: femes, genes, memes, and temes. We firstly consider the problem of fine-tuning and problems with current solutions. A detailed background section outlines key principles from physics, computation, evolutionary theory, and constructor theory. The conjecture is then provided in detail, along with five falsifiable predictions.
Category: Physics of Biology

Sisp

Authors: Seth Genigma
Comments: 18 Pages.

Abstract: Before delving into the intricate concepts surrounding Solus Particula, it is crucial to recognize the speculative nature of this discourse. We are embarking on a journey through theoretical physics and cosmology, where we seek to unravel the mysteries of temporal dynamics within the cosmos. Key Concepts: Solus Particula: This term, translating to "A single Particle" in Latin, represents the fundamental essence from which the universe derives its existence. It is shrouded in mathematical paradoxes and gravitational forces, serving as the cornerstone of reality. Theoretical Framework: Our exploration focuses on the interplay between Solus Particula, energy, heat, and their impact on temporal perception. We introduce refined equations and concepts to shed light on these intricate dynamics. Implications and Speculations: We delve into the potential ramifications of energy and heat fluctuations, alongside Solus Particula, on temporal perception. This speculative inquiry offers intriguing insights into the nature of cosmic existence. Mathematical Proof: The proposition P/∞ = S introduces a captivating insight into fundamental particles, challenging traditional conceptions and offering a multifaceted perspective on cosmic existence. Sicut Inanis: This concept represents the antithesis of Solus Particula, embodying the idea of absolute nothingness. It invites contemplation on the nature of cosmic emptiness and its implications. This discourse aims to illuminate the profound significance of Solus Particula in shaping our understanding of temporal dynamics within the cosmos. While speculative in nature, it invites further inquiry into the mysteries of cosmic existence, guided by intellectual curiosity and rigor.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Text Mining; Text Clustering; Table Similarity; Table based AHC Algorithm

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 12 Pages. Text Mining; Text Clustering; Table Similarity; Table based AHC Algorithm

This article proposes the modified AHC (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering) algorithm which clusters tables, instead of numerical vectors, as the approach to the text clustering. The motivations of this research are the successful results from applying the tablebased algorithms to the text clustering tasks in previous works and the expectation of synergy effect between the text clustering andthe word clustering. In this research, we define the similarity metric between tables representing texts, and modify the AHCalgorithm by adopting the proposed similarity metric as the approach to the text clustering. The proposed AHC algorithm is empiricallyvalidated as the better approach in clustering texts in news articles and opinions. In using the table based AHC algorithm, it iseasier to trace results from clustering texts.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Beyond Gödel

Authors: Jim Rock
Comments: 2 Pages.

In 1930 Gödel wrote a landmark paper showing that in any formal system there will always bestatements that cannot be proven. But the deficiency of formal systems goes much deeper. The same logically valid statement can be used in conjunction with two different sets simultaneously proving a true statement and a false statement. This result is profound. It explains why people can use the same sound argument to prove two contradictory statements. It is no wonder the most lucid arguments still sometimes result in hung juries and earnest people can disagree on the most fundamental issues. Truth is a much deeper concept than logical validity.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

On the Gravitational Nature of Time

Authors: A.C. Mueller
Comments: 8 Pages.

A novel geometry is presented which yields several observed quantities that are not accounted for by classical relativistic models. Relative motion is re-examined under which a numerically equivalent function is applied. This function dictates that velocities should remain equivalent across reference frames, which in turn implies that it is not time alone that dilates, but rather the time elapsed between two points in space for a given velocity as space itself dilates.A peculiar velocity of $bar{v} approx 526.6 ~ text{km} ~ text{s}^{-1}$ is presented and briefly compared with studies carried out through direct observation via supernovae luminosity and CMB research. A velocity proportional spatial dilation of $frac{ds}{dx} = Phi approx 1.618$ is also presented with an error of $0.002%$. This model predicts a mechanism of gravity which can, with further research, offer an explanation for the bullet cluster's varied mass effects, the apparent lack of gravitational aberration, and potentially excess galactic rotation curves without the need for CDM.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Truncated Taylor Solvers for Simple First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 2 Pages.

Certain exact solutions of first-order ordinary differential equations naturally become corresponding solvers for simple first-order ordinary differential equations whose form is the equality of a twice continuously differentiable function of the dependent variable to the derivative with respect the independent variable of the dependent variable. When the twice continuously differentiable function of the dependent variable is replaced by its truncated Taylor expansions through second order about its initial value, the resulting first-order ordinary differential equations have exact solutions that naturally become corresponding solvers for those simple first-order ordinary differential equations.
Category: General Mathematics

A New Approach to the Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Jim Rock
Comments: 3 Pages.

In 1742 Christian Goldbach suggested that any even number four or greater is the sum of two primes.The Goldbach conjecture remains unproven to the present day, although it has been verified for all even numbers up to 4 × 10^18. Previously this problem has been attacked using deep analytical methods and with complicated integer sieves. This paper takes an entirely new approach to the Goldbach conjecture using pairs of composite integers (composite pairs) that are used to find pairs of prime numbers (prime airs) that sum to the same even natural number.
Category: Number Theory

Applying Table based AHC Algorithm to Semantic Word Clustering

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article proposes the modified AHC (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering) algorithm which clusters tables, instead of numerical vectors, as the approach to the word clustering. The motivations of this research are the successful results from applying the table based algorithms to the text clustering tasks in previous works and the expectation of synergy effect between the text clustering and the word clustering. In this research, we define the similarity metric between tables representing words, and modify the AHC algorithm by adopting the proposed similarity metric as the approach to the word clustering. The proposed AHC algorithm is empirically validated as the better approach in clustering words in news articles and opinions. In using the table based AHC algorithm, it is easier to trace results from clustering words.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

String Vector based AHC Algorithm for Clustering Words Semantically

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article proposes the modified AHC (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering) algorithm which clusters string vectors, instead of numerical vectors, as the approach to the word clustering. The results from applying the string vector based algorithms to the text clustering were successful in previous works and synergy effect between the text clustering and the word clustering is expected by combining them with each other; the two facts become motivations for this research. In this research, we define the operation on string vectors called semantic similarity, and modify the AHC algorithm by adopting the proposed similarity metric as the approach to the word clustering. The proposed AHC algorithm is empirically validated as the better approach in clustering words in news articles and opinions. We need to define and characterize mathematically more operations on string vectors for modifying more advanced machine learning algorithms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Clustering Words Semantically by Graph based Version of AHC Algorithm

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article proposes the modified AHC (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering) algorithm which clusters graphs, instead of numerical vectors, as the approach to the word clustering. The graph is more graphical for representing a word and the synergy effect between the text clustering and the word clustering is expected by combining them with each other. In this research, we propose the similarity metric between two graphs representing words, and modify the AHCalgorithm by adopting the proposed similarity metric as the approach to the word clustering. The proposed AHC algorithm is empiricallyvalidated as the better approach in clustering words in news articles and opinions. In this article, a word is encoded into a weighted and undirected graph and it is represented into a list of edges.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Extracting Keywords from Text by Feature Similarity based K Nearest Neighbor

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which considers the feature similarity and is applied to the keyword extraction. The texts which are given as features for encoding words into numerical vectors are semantic related entities, rather than independent ones, and the keyword extraction is able to be viewed into a binary classification where each word is classified into keyword or non-keyword. In the proposed system, a text which is given as the input is indexed into a list of words, each word isclassified by the proposed KNN version, and the words which are classified into keyword are extracted ad the output. The proposed KNN version is empirically validated as the better approach in deciding whether each word is a keyword or non-keyword in news articles and opinions. The significance of this research is to improve the classification performance by utilizing the feature similarities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Tired Light Hypothesis Got Second Direct Confirmation from Supernova Light Curve

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 7 Pages.

For the long time the idea of Big Bang and expanding Universe was predominant in physics community. While originally tired light idea was expressed by Hubble himself it was rejected by others due to mainly two factors: all existing mechanisms of photon scattering would lead to one-step light scattering, image blurring and thus even close galaxies are not possible to observe [1] and the dispersion of the red shift was exactly proportional to energy and the only mechanism known at that time with precisely that dependence was Doppler mechanism. Thus the idea of Big Bang was born and eventually lead to the present situation: James Webb Space Telescope discovered galaxies presumably very young (300 millions years from Big Bang point of view) but with stars at least as old as 2 billions years old (from well established theories of star ageing and metallicity laws well confirmed in close areas of Universe). Essentially very young galaxies consist from start as old as Sun or even older. This is the most striking contradiction in addition to the absence of Tolman effect and presence of what seems to be active galactic nuclei in the young galaxies, presence of already dead galaxies in "early" Universe, too high metallicity and other phenomena [1]. Recently the idea of scattering of photons being implemented in enormously small steps was proposed [1] and that lead to explanation which easily describes red shift with almost unnoticeable scattering for close galaxies (energy drain proportional to N number of interactions but change of angle proportional to sqrt(N) and for huge N light scattering is not easy to observe for close objects). However, despite very small, light scattering and image blurring should be present in images of very far objects and this phenomenon was indeed present in images made by James Webb Space Telescope [1]. The same scattering must be also visible for the closer but smaller objects like supernovas and indeed retro-analysis of supernova 1a light curves (standard candles) as function of distance confirms the model outlined in [1] to some extent.
Category: Astrophysics

Exploring Small-Scale LNG Opportunities in Nigeria: Meeting Local Energy Needs

Authors: Ikechukwu Stephen Nwamordi
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article in pdf only)

Nigeria stands at a crossroads in its energy landscape, grappling with the twin challenges of energy access and sustainability. Despite its status as one of Africa's largest oil and gas producers, millions of Nigerians still lack reliable access to electricity, particularly in rural and remote areas. The traditional grid infrastructure, plagued by inefficiencies and limitations, often fails to reach not only these underserved communities, but the so-called urban areas experience interrupted power supply, hampering socio-economic development and constraining opportunities for progress.In this context, small-scale liquefied natural gas (LNG) emerges as a beacon of hope, offering a transformative solution to Nigeria's energy woes. This article delves into the promising realm of small-scale LNG projects and their potential to revolutionize Nigeria's energy landscape while meeting local energy needs and driving economic development. The allure of small-scale LNG lies in its ability to decentralize energy production and distribution, bringing power generation closer to communities currently underserved by the centralized grid. By establishing compact LNG facilities in strategic locations across the country, energy can be generated locally and efficiently distributed to areas where traditional infrastructure falls short. This proximity not only reduces transmission losses and costs but also enhances energy reliability and affordability for residents and businesses alike. Moreover, small-scale LNG projects offer a versatile solution that can be tailored to the specific energy needs of diverse communities. From powering residential electrification initiatives to supporting small-scale industries and commercial ventures, LNG-powered mini-grids and standalone systems provide a customizable approach to energy provision. These systems can seamlessly integrate with renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, offering a reliable and environmentally sustainable energy solution for both off-grid and urban communities requiring alternative sources of energy supply.Beyond addressing energy access challenges, small-scale LNG projects hold the key to unlocking economic opportunities and empowering communities to thrive. By leveraging local resources, expertise, and talent, these projects stimulate economic growth, create employment opportunities, and foster skills development at both the local and national levels. Moreover, they contribute to Nigeria's broader goals of economic development, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability, driving progress towards a brighter and more prosperous future for all.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Keyword Selection from Textual Data using Table based K Nearest Neighbor

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a table as its input data and is applied tothe keyword extraction. The table based algorithms worked successfully in text mining tasks such as text categorization andtext clustering in previous works, and the keyword extraction is able to be mapped into the binary classification where each word isclassified into keyword or non-keyword. In the proposed system, a text which is given as the input is indexed into a list of words, each word is classified by the proposed KNN version, and the words which are classified into keyword are extracted ad the output. The proposed KNN version is empirically validated as the better approach in deciding whether each word is a keyword or non-keyword in news articles and opinions. In using the table based KNN algorithm, it is easier to trace results from categorizing words.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

K Nearest Neghbor Modified Into String Vector Based Version for Keyword Extraction

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a string vector as its input data and is applied to the keyword extraction. The results from applying the string vector based algorithms to the text categorizations were successful in previous works and the keyword extraction is able to be mapped into the binary classification where each word is classified into keyword or non-keyword. In the proposed system, a text which is given as the input is indexed into a list of words, each word is classified by the proposed KNN version, and the words which are classified into keyword are extracted ad the output. The proposed KNN version is empirically validated as the better approach in deciding whether each word is a keyword or non-keyword in news articles and opinions. We need to define and characterize mathematically more operations on string vectors for modifying more advanced machine learning algorithms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Modification of K Nearest Neighbor by Graph Similarity Metric for Keyword Extraction

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a graph as its input data and is applied tothe keyword extraction. The graph is more graphical for representing a word and the keyword extraction is able to be mapped into thebinary classification where each word is classified into keyword or non-keyword. In the proposed system, a text which is given as theinput is indexed into a list of words, each word is classified by the proposed KNN version, and the words which are classified into keyword are extracted ad the output. The proposed KNN version is empirically validated as the better approach in deciding whether each word is a keyword or non-keyword in news articles and opinions.In this article, a word is encoded into a weighted and undirectedgraph and it is represented into a list of edges.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Feature Similarity based K Nearest Neighbor for Optimizing of Text Indexes

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which considers the feature similarity and is applied to the index optimization. The texts which are given as features for encoding words into numerical vectors are semantic related entities, rather than independent ones, and the index optimization is able to be viewed into a classification task where each word is classified into expansion, inclusion, and removal. In the proposed system, each word in the given text is classified into one of the three categories by the proposed KNN algorithm, associates words are added to ones which are classified into expansion, and ones which areclassified into inclusion are kept by themselves without adding any word. The proposed KNN version is empirically validated as the better approach in deciding the importance level of words in news articles and opinions. The significance of this research is to improve the classification performance by utilizing the feature similarities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Nuclear Fusion Enhanced by Negative Mass: A Proposed Method and Device (Part 1)

Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please remove/don't use cover page!)

The neutron, which is a proton-electron bond, contributes to electricity generation. Radiation emitted by nuclei and single charges can also generate electric energy. There is no nuclear strong or weak force, only an electrodynamic force. The example of protons fusion demonstrates that the Universal Force provides precise information about interactions without empirical approximations. The radiation power increases to theoretical infinity as the relative velocity approaches the speed of light.Is nuclear fusion enhanced with negative mass nuclei and particles?Can negative mass nuclear fusion be made efficient?Can negative mass nuclear fusion offer better safety?Does negative mass nuclear fusion rely on statistical processes?Does negative mass nuclear fusion offer a simpler and cheaper method to generate energy?In the development of this study, you’ll find comprehensible answers to the above questions, which are backed by the experimentally proven laws of electrodynamics through the Universal Electrodynamic Force and the New Atomic Model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Nuclear Fusion Enhanced by Negative Mass - A Proposed Method and Device (Part 2)

Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 16 Pages.

The Universal Force provides a superior method for calculating total energy for a system of charges, including kinetic variables like velocity and acceleration. This formula is absent in Relativity Theory and other theories. The relationship between force and total energy is demonstrated for zero-force, zero-energy, maximum force, and maximum energy. The interaction distance between single charges, nuclei, atoms, or molecules is dynamic and depends on system kinetics, contradicting the "Van Der Waals radii" assigned to elements in the periodic table.u2022Is nuclear fusion enhanced with negative mass nuclei and particles?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion be made efficient?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion offer better safety?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion rely on statistical processes?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion offer a simpler and cheaper method to generate energy?In the development of this study, you’ll find comprehensible answers to the above questions, which are backed by the experimentally proven laws of electrodynamics through the Universal Electrodynamic Force and the New Atomic Model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Nuclear Fusion Enhanced by Negative Mass - A Proposed Method and Device (Part 3)

Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 29 Pages.

A method for modifying particle decay rate is proposed, potentially enabling charge harvesting. Nuclear structure and total energy calculations for various nuclei are demonstrated, revealing the "neutron" as an electron-proton bound in some fusion calculations. Deficient results from Classical Mechanics and Einstein's mass defect/excess calculation are emphasized, along with the risks associated with insufficient energy calculations. Real released energy and single product energy, including radiation energy, are calculated, and the real energy amount released in a fusion matches the total energy equation from the Universal Electrodynamic Force.u2022Is nuclear fusion enhanced with negative mass nuclei and particles?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion be made efficient?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion offer better safety?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion rely on statistical processes?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion offer a simpler and cheaper method to generate energy?In the development of this study, you’ll find comprehensible answers to the above questions, which are backed by the experimentally proven laws of electrodynamics through the Universal Electrodynamic Force and the New Atomic Model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Nuclear Fusion Enhanced by Negative Mass - A Proposed Method and Device (Part 4)

Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 17 Pages.

The study reveals the attraction force between charges of equal sign in a negative mass regime, offering advantages over current nuclear fusion projects. It analyzes the mass behavior of reactants and shows the negative mass operating region. New reactions are calculated under this regime, potentially increasing the standard released energy. A proposed "negative mass nuclear fusion cell" is suggested as a simple and affordable alternative for electricity generation.u2022Is nuclear fusion enhanced with negative mass nuclei and particles?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion be made efficient?u2022Can negative mass nuclear fusion offer better safety?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion rely on statistical processes?u2022Does negative mass nuclear fusion offer a simpler and cheaper method to generate energy?In the development of this study, you’ll find comprehensible answers to the above questions, which are backed by the experimentally proven laws of electrodynamics through the Universal Electrodynamic Force and the New Atomic Model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Content based Word Clustering using Feature Similarity based AHC Algorithm

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article proposes the modified AHC (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering) algorithm which considers the feature similarity and is applied to the word clustering. The texts which are given as features for encoding words into numerical vectors are semantic related entities, rather than independent ones, and the synergy effect between the word clustering and the text clustering is expected by combining both of them with each other. In this research, we define the similarity metric between numerical vectors considering the feature similarity, and modify the AHC algorithm byadopting the proposed similarity metric as the approach to the word clustering. The proposed AHC algorithm is empirically validated asthe better approach in clustering words in news articles and opinions. The significance of this research is to improve the clustering performance by utilizing the feature similarities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

About Countability Sets

Authors: Tomasz Soltysiak
Comments: 8 Pages.

Undermining Cantor’s theorem about power sets for infinite sets. Proof of equal number elements of sets of natural and real numbers. Proof of equal number elements of an infinite set and its power set.Theorem about countability of all sets.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Simple Results of 1/0=0/0= 0 by Elementary Figures

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this note, we would like to show the simple results $1/0= 0/0=0$ based on the elementary figures that are well-known and simple results on the complex plane. The logic and results are all reasonable and exceptionally pleasant lookings for undergraduate students.
Category: General Mathematics

Space (Multidimensional Model)

Authors: Alexander P. Klimets
Comments: 6 Pages.

The article constructs a visual model of a multidimensional space that displays the properties of intersections of multidimensional spaces. The model reveals some unusual aspects of multidimensional spaces.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Using Table based Version of K Nearest Neighbor for Classifying Words Semantically

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K earest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a table as its input data and is applied to the word categorization. The motivations of this research are the successful results from applying the table based algorithms to the text categorizations in previous works and the expectation of synergy effect between the text categorization and the word categorization. In this research, we define the similarity metricbetween two tables representing words, modify the KNN algorithm by replacing the exiting similarity metric by the proposed one, andapply it to the word categorization. The proposed KNN is empirically validated as the better approach in categorizing words in newsarticles and opinions. In using the table based KNN algorithm, it is easier to trace results from categorizing words.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Electrogravity: on a Scalar Field of Time and Electrogmagnetism

Authors: Eytan Suchard
Comments: 112 Pages.

It is possible to describe a universal scalar field of time but not a universal coordinate of time and to attribute its non-geodesic alignment to the electromagnetic phenomena. A very surprising outcome is that not only mass generates gravity, but also electric charge does. Charge is, however, coupled to a non-geodesic vector field and thus is not totally equivalent to inertial mass. Only the entire "Energy-Momentum" tensor has a vanishing divergence. The model can be seen as misalignment of physically accessible events in an observer spacetime and of gravity as a controlling response by volumetric contraction of the observer spacetime in the direction where events bend or accelerate to. This non geodesic acceleration is described by a generalization of the Reeb class vector. Misalignment of events can be described by 1, 2, and 3 such vectors. The paper presents a term with 4 vectors but does not discuss its physical meaning. The paper also discusses particle mass ratios and the Fine Structure Constant where added or subtracted area in relation to a disk does not involve a ratio 1/24 but 1/96 due to the physical meaning of the orientation of a space foliation which is perpendicular to a time-like vector α and due to the orientation of a plane which is perpendicular to a time-like vector α and its Reeb class vector η where α is mapped to a 1-Form, dα=±η^α. This forgotten definition of the Reeb class vector η is not limited to contact manifolds. These two orientations mean that only one side of a 3-dimensional foliation has a physical meaning and only one side of a sub-plane of that foliation has a physical meaning then 1/2 1/2 1/24=1/96. Another interpretation of the factor 1/4 is the Bekenstein - Hawking entropy to area constant. An additional coefficient 4/π describes an acceleration field strength and has a compelling source in mainstream physics. Other two field strength coefficients have compelling explanations, these are 95/96 and a critical value due to an imbalance equation between gravity and anti-gravity ~1.556198537190348396563877031439915299.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Application of String Vector based K Nearest Neighbor to Semantic Word Classification

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article proposes the modified KNN (K Nearest Neighbor) algorithm which receives a string vector as its input data and isapplied to the word categorization. The results from applying the string vector based algorithms to the text categorizations were successful in previous works and synergy effect between the text categorization and the word categorization is expected by combining them with each other; the two facts become motivations for this research. In this research, we define the operation on string vectors called semantic similarity, modify the KNN algorithm by replacing the exiting similarity metric by the proposed one, and apply it to the word categorization. The proposed KNN is empiricallyvalidated as the better approach in categorizing words in news articles and opinions. We need to define and characterize mathematically more operations on string vectors for modifying moreadvanced machine learning algorithms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Modifying K Nearest Neighbor for Content based Word Classification by Graph Similarity Metric

Authors: Taeho Jo
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article proposes the modified AHC (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering) algorithm which considers the feature similarity and is applied to the word clustering. The texts which are given as features for encoding words into numerical vectors are semantic related entities, rather than independent ones, and the synergy effect between the word clustering and the text clustering is expected by combining both of them with each other. In thisresearch, we define the similarity metric between numerical vectors considering the feature similarity, and modify the AHC algorithm by adopting the proposed similarity metric as the approach to the word clustering. The proposed AHC algorithm is empirically validated as the better approach in clustering words in news articles and opinions. The significance of this research is to improve the clustering performance by utilizing the feature similarities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Since Nothing Can’t Exist, Something Does

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 2 Pages.

The formalization presented provides a rigorous foundation for the philosophical argument that "nothing" cannot exist and therefore "something" must exist. By utilizing set theory and logical quantification, I establish a clear mathematical framework supporting this thesis. This foundational understanding has significant implications for various fields, including metaphysics, ontology, and cosmology.
Category: General Mathematics

Clarification of the Theory of Superconductivity and Superfluidity Based on Scientific Philosophy

Authors: Алтаев Намаз Карабалаевич
Comments: 5 Pages.

The development of the results of the theory of superconductivity (BCW) is based on the idea of a deep analogy between some ideas of quantum electrodynamics and quantum hydrodynamics. On the other hand, there are reasons to doubt the basic results of quantum electrodynamics. The reason is that in order to complete the development of quantum electrodynamics, it is necessary to supplement it with the results of reassignment operations. The founder of quantum electrodynamics, Dirac, believed that such a necessity arose because of the defects in this doctrine. In this article, the main results of quantum electrodynamics and quantum hydrodynamics are obtained quite correctly on the way, where the basic ideas of scientific philosophy are taken as a basis.
Category: Quantum Physics

Rectangle is Also a Parallelogram, and Square Too Has Parallel Sides

Authors: Arjun Dahal, Bipeen Singh Kunwar
Comments: 2 Pages.

We present a short theoretical proof to show that rectangle is also a parallelogram, and square too has parallel sides.
Category: Geometry

The Unified Theory

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Existence Principle is a novel theoretical framework that unifies ontological principles, the principle of least action, the bootstrap mechanism, Turing's universal machine, and von Neumann's architecture. By merging these concepts, I propose a comprehensive mathematical structure that demonstrates the self-consistent nature of reality, governed by physical laws and computational principles. This framework provides groundbreaking insights into the fundamental nature of existence, life, and the universe.
Category: General Mathematics

In Support of the Expedited Development of Artificial General Intelligence

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 9 Pages. final version

A short essay suggesting that humanity should expedite the creation of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). A psychological arc or meta-history analysis of modern human history is noted suggesting that the creation of Artificial General Intelligence, beyond a technological advancement, is a profound leap that is an ultimate taming of mankind’s primordial psychological drives and not an existential threat to human existence. Global political events, actual existential threats like climate and nuclear weapon disasters, and cyclical trends against science and toward warfare like the rise of fascists leaders, often driven by excess economic inequality, drive the recommended expediting in research and development. The stages and risks of an advanced Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) are also noted.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Navigating Autonomy: Legal Dynamics and Challenges in Italian Public Administration

Authors: Silvio Lombardi, Filomena Morgese
Comments: 8 Pages.

Outsourcing of external assignments and new autonomous collaborations within the Public Administration (P.A.) represent crucial topics in human resource management and the organization of public services within the Italian legal system. This study examines the legislative and jurisprudential evolution in this area, focusing on the Autonomous Work Jobs Act (Law 81/2017) and recent case law that has redefined the boundaries between subordinate and autonomous work within the Italian legal framework. The distinction between a work contract and subordinate work is explored, with particular attention to the essential characteristics of autonomous work, such as the absence of subordination constraints and organizational autonomy. Furthermore, the impact of the Jobs Act on human resource management within the P.A. is analyzed, emphasizing its relevance to Italian operators and those working within the Italian legal system.
Category: Economics and Finance

The abc Conjecture Is True

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 5 Pages. Submitted to the Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal. Comments welcome.

In this paper, we consider the abc conjecture. Assuming the conjecture c1. For the case epsilon in ]0,1[, we consider that the abc conjecture is false, from the proof, we arrive in a contradiction.
Category: Number Theory

Algebraic Orientation, Invariance and Variance Within the Family ℋ of Hypercomplex Algebras

Authors: Richard D. Lockyer
Comments: 11 Pages.

It was brought to my attention that in previous papers I put in the public domain (references [1] through [8]), I did a rather piecemeal presentation of the critical concepts of algebraic orientation, algebraic invariance and algebraic variance, as well as the generalization of Cayley-Dickson algebras I referred to as Cayley-Dickson without emphasizing the more general nature of the presentation, which was done for reader familiarity purposes. I will attempt to remedy this within this document starting at the beginning: the basic definition of an algebra, carried through to a full definition and discussion of the general family of hypercomplex algebras I call ℋ which subsumes all division algebras and traditional Cayley-Dickson doubled forms. Taking into account all structural and algebraic orientation options exposes beautiful structure revealed through group theoretical aspects of ℋ construction. The concepts presented are essential to Octonion Algebra mathematical physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Sieve of Eratosthenes as Generating Algorithm and Riemann Zeta Function as Generating Function in Quantum Field Theory, Riemann Hypothesis, Polignac's and Twin Prime Conjectures

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 35 Pages. Finalized Preprint Version for submission to journal.

Relevant to Quantum field theory, Sieve of Eratosthenes (as generating algorithm for all prime numbers) and Dirichlet eta function (proxy function for Riemann zeta function as generating function for all nontrivial zeros) are essentially infinite series. We apply infinitesimals to their outputs. We ignore even prime number 2. The complete set with its derived subsets of Odd Primes all contain arbitrarily large number of elements while satisfying Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions, Generic Squeeze theorem and Theorem of Divergent-to-Convergent series conversion for Prime numbers. Having these theorems satisfied by all Odd Primes, Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are proven to be true when usefully regarded as Incompletely Predictable Problems. Riemann hypothesis proposes complete set of all nontrivial zeros in Riemann zeta function is located on its critical line. It is separately proven to be true when usefully regarded as an Incompletely Predictable Problem.
Category: Quantum Physics

Knot in Weak Field of Gravitation with Dual Ricci Tensor

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose that there exists the topological object, a gravitational knot, in weak field of gravitation formulated using dual Ricci tensor in Chern-Simons theory. The Chern-Simons action is interpreted as such a knot.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A note on Hubble's law

Authors: Jo Ke
Comments: 9 Pages.

Hubble's Law, with its linear relationship between velocity and distance, is often used to support the idea of an isotropic homogeneous Universe. However, a non-isotropic non-homogeneous Universe, made up of regions having random sizes and random expansion speeds, will also show a Hubble-type Law, with a linear relationship between velocity and distance.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculation of the Wavelength of Diffracted Waves in the Blockage Theory of the Double-Slit Experiment

Authors: Jiankun Lai
Comments: 2 Pages.

In the paper "A New Theory of the Double-Slit Experiment," we introduced a new theory for the double-slit experiment—Blockage Theory, which redefines the double-slit experiment. This article mainly discusses the calculation of the wavelength of diffracted waves in the Blockage Theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Optimization Problem

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

[This paper consider] [w]hat the maximum value of f(x)=arctan(exp(-exp(x-2)))-arctan(exp(-exp(x+2)))[is].
Category: General Mathematics

The Electron Radius and the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

Authors: Joseph Catania Jr.
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper presents a summary of calculations in a revamped system of electrodynamics, which the author calls Ether Electrodynamics. The results relate to a newly introduced fundamental principle, a rigorously deduced formalism for the electric fieldof a spinning and precessing electron, the rejection of the magnetic field, the true formal cause of line radiation, a formalism describing how electron spin is quantized, theextension of spin quantization to quantization of precession, the inevitable identity ofquantized precession frequency with the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) frequency, the subsequent calculation of the electron radius and the relation to the mass ofthe proton. Ether Electrodynamics promises to rigorously restructure numerous fieldsof scientific endeavor.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Simple Approximation of pi

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 1 Page.

To approximate pi, the area of a circle segment is extrapolated to the full circle area and divided by the square radius.
Category: Geometry

Current Physics Concepts Compared Individually with Those of a Pre-Fermion Model

Authors: Michael Lawrence
Comments: 31 Pages.

The pre-fermion model is a comprehensive explanation for most of the observations made of the universe, from the smallest to the largest scales. Previous papers have covered each different aspect by concentrating on how the model reinterprets that aspect. There has been nothing before which compared current physics concepts to pre-fermion interpretations across all aspects individually within one paper. This paper fills that gap, although in doing so it has to cover some of the content of previous papers.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Expansion of the Gravitational Potential of the Prolate Homogeneous Ellipsoid in Spherical Multipoles

Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 5 Pages.

In 1956 Schmidt represented the gravitational potential of a spheroid filled with a mass of homogeneous density by integrating the Newtonion potential over the entire spheroid. The drawback of this representation is that it depends on an angular parameter which satisfies an implicitequation in cylindrical coordinates. Using Maple as a concurrent tool to re-expand the terms in spherical coordinates, we derive the multipoleexpansion of these potentials up to 26th order in the inverse distance to the center.
Category: Astrophysics

Notes About Prime Numbers in Different Number Basis and the Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 2 Pages.

I share some thoughts about prime number and the use of basis in number theory.
Category: Number Theory

Universal Relativity

Authors: Juno Ryu
Comments: 10 Pages.

We overview the physical aspect of canvas theory and universal relativity.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Beautiful Geometric Property of the Complex Numbers: Statement and Proof in 6 Sentences

Authors: Lance Horner
Comments: 1 Page.

We relate the product of the vertices of a regular n-gon in the complex plane to the nth powers of the n-gon's center and complex radii.
Category: Number Theory

Valence Quark-Based Theory of the Quantum Vacuum Structure and Matter

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 25 Pages.

According to the Standard Model (SM) the quantum vacuum is not empty. However, General Relativity (GR) and the SM do not describe the vacuum structure. We propose a valence quark-based theory of the quantum vacuum structure and matter based on pion tetraquarks that fill space with varying density. We assume that the valence quarks and antiquarks, u ,d ,u ̃ ,d ̃ that form the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedron lattice are also the building blocks of the protons, neutrons, electrons, and positrons. Motion of particles made of quarks on the vacuum pion tetrahedron lattice is performed by quark exchange reactions by quantum tunneling through a double well potential barrier and motion of massless particles are performed by internal degrees of freedom motion of the pion tetrahedron lattice. Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) systems may be Carnot engines working between cold BH and hot accretion disk reservoirs. The proposed AGN system Carnot cycle based on the theory of the quantum vacuum and matter structures creates and emits pion tetrahedrons, protons and electrons to space in pulses by the AGN jets that may lead to the observed expansion of the universe.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Medical Judgement in Data-lacking Contexts

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 7 Pages.

Medical judgements require doctor’s belief based on the solid scientific evidence provided by empiric inductive experience. Yet, it is not infrequent that scientific data are unavailable, unreliable or controversial, such that the empirical evidence is not solid enough to allow doctors to build their own belief and make a final choice. Here we ask whether it is feasible to achieve a real and justified belief in medical affairs when scientific data are missing. We suggest a novel procedure to reach a quantifiable degree of belief which ultimately leads to medical judgement. To describe the state of medical affair under examination, we draw a sentence in the logical form "if x, then y" with just two possible answers: yes or no. Then, we examine five sources leading to doctor’s belief, namely 1) Evidence-Based Medicine levels, 2) individual experience, 3) collective knowledge, 4) logical reasoning and 5) confounding factors like chance, emotivity, cognitive bias. Every one of the five factors contributing to formulate a medical judgement is supplied with a given value of belief, so that negative values stand for negative answers and vice versa. A single number is accomplished, such that a total value of belief below zero is counted as negative, above zero as positive. In conclusion, we provide a quantitative approach to cope with the frequent medical cases where qualitative factors like emotional issues, personal beliefs, wisdom of the crowds, confirmation bias, narrative fallacy are more influential than scientific evidence in driving doctors to gain belief and formulate judgements.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Most Holy Bible

Authors: Rommel Nana Dutchou
Comments: 858 Pages.

The Hebrew Bible and The Testament of Jesus Christ and My Biblical Commentary.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Why Cosmic Inflation is of Loops not Space, Equal for Charge Families Although Different Individually

Authors: Michael Lawrence
Comments: 12 Pages.

The current standard model of cosmology considers that space inflates and subsequently expands. The pre-fermion model proposes that instead it is the loops, which are the only directly observable objects in the universe, that expand in radius during inflation and which are then locked-in at the size that they attained after that inflation ended. Subsequent expansion is the physical motion of those inflated loops. The paper explains the model in some detail and concludes by comparing the calculations made in the Koide mass formula for the charged lepton loops with the same result using the inverse area of those same loops, implying that the loop structure is consistent with the mass observed. Also shown is that the total inflation across each charge family of loops, once adjusted for the ‘missing charge’ factor, is the same, at 1.44x〖10〗^23 ±10%, despite the inflation of each loop along each of the three spatial axes being different.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Riemann Sums of Sin X and Cos X

Authors: Pawel Piskorz
Comments: 4 Pages.

Riemann integrals of the trigonometric functions sin x and cos x have been computed directly from the appropriate Riemann sums.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Through the Wormhole on Spacetime Surface: Early History and Main Concepts of Topological Geometrodynamics Theory (TGD)

Authors: Marko T. Manninen
Comments: 152 Pages.

The relationship between geometry and physics is one of the most fruitful and fascinating topics in the history of science. From ancient Mediterranean civilizations to the modern era, geometry has served as a source of insight for metaphysical contemplation and the discovery of natural phenomena. In this essay, I will explore some of the major developments in geometry and physics, with a special focus on the work of Dr. Matti Pitkänen, the founder of Topological Geometrodynamics (TGD). This novel theory employs mathematical concepts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity with the Standard Model of particle physics. In the first section, I will review historical milestones in geometry and physics relevant to the key issues in TGD theory. These epochs have led us to relativity, quantum mechanics, the Standard Model, string models, and various unification attempts. I will also introduce the concept of topology, which is the study of continuous deformations. Topology plays a vital role in many areas of physics and mathematics, as well as in TGD. In the central section, I will present an interview with Dr. Pitkänen, in which he shares his personal and professional journey in developing TGD. He explains how he, a) was initially motivated by the global energy definition problem in general relativity, b) was influenced by John Wheeler's ideas on geometrodynamics, c) discovered a higher-dimensional embedding hyperspace suitable for unifying the Standard Model, quantum mechanics, and relativity, d) faced challenges in achieving path integrals for the required 4-D general coordinate invariance, e) incorporated twistors into his theory, f) introduced the notions of the World of Classical Worlds and Zero Energy Ontology to address problems related to quantum TGD and time, and g) found a dual aspect for the geometrization of physics from number theory, p-adic physics, and Adelic physics, which also forms a theory of cognition and consciousness within the same framework. This segment particularly emphasizes explaining the fundamentals of general relativity and its conservation laws with related symmetries, underscoring their relevance to the inception of TGD, which was sparked by questions within this domain. Noether's theorems play a central role in this excursion. In the last section, I will provide additional information on TGD, such as its main publications, websites, blogs, videos, podcasts, and other resources. I have also given a section about the research methodology I am pursuing (Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words).
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Method of Layered Separation of N-Cubes Along the Main Diagonal and Its Application in Geometry

Authors: Vladislav Koshchakov
Comments: 9 Pages. In Russian

The non-obvious possibility of decomposing any n-cube consisting of n-cubes (includingvisually perceptible 2D and 3D) into layers of these cubes sequentially placed along the maindiagonal of this n-cube is presented. At the same time, the number of n-cubes in each layerturned out to be closely related to the numbers of Pascal's triangle. The coefficients of cutting each n-cube from the last (n-1) layers of them with a section of dimension (n-1)D are calculated. Examples are given that allow us to outline some ways to further explore this possibility. In Addition, the possibility of using this method to prove the tetrahedron volume formula without using infinitesimal methods is shown.
Category: Geometry

On Topological Defects and High-Energy Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 14 Pages.

The Kibble-Zurek mechanism (KZM) describes the universal formation of topological defects in systems undergoing continuous phase transitions. KZM is traditionally applied to the study of defects in the early Universe and condensed matter phenomena. The goal of this brief report is to uncover the remarkable analogy between KZM and the flavor composition of particle physics. Our findings suggest that structure formation in particle physics and cosmology is rooted in the multifractal topology of the early Universe.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Unification of Quantum Mechanics and Gravitation Theory

Authors: Edward L. Molishever
Comments: 25 Pages.

Quantum mechanics and gravitation theory are unified here, when the unnormalized Schroedinger wave function of an isolated typical elementary particle, is given dimensions of potential energy, and is assumed to represent part of the particle's gravitational self potential energy, as well as representing the particle itself. This assumption is shown to be consistent with the normalization of the particle's wave function and its probabilistic interpretation. It leads directly to the derivation of a set of covariant partial differential equations which couple quantum mechanics, general relativity and electroweak and strong physics, and explains how particle rest mass arises quantum mechanically. The point of view taken here is that a necessary condition that a theory of elementary particle physics be fundamental, is that its defining equations be differential equations, exclusively. (For instance the electroweak field equations are the Bianchi identities satisfied by the gravitational field equations and lack parity invariant solutions). Gravitation theory is thereby inserted into quantum mechanics, and gravitation theory(including general relativity) and quantum mechanics are shown to be compatible theories. Interacting particle systems of arbitrary complexity are represented here as the states occupied by a single gravitationally self interacting particle. If this single gravitationally self interacting particle is composed of matter and not antimatter, then a consequence of the theory is matter/antimatter asymmetry. Since the theory involves the gravitational self interaction of a single particle, any multiparticle system, can be represented in a background space which is ordinary four dimensional space time. This contrasts with conventional Schroedinger theory where the background space has 3N spatial dimensions and time, where N is the number of particles in the system. This simplification may lead to the numerical solution of complex molecular interactions useful in drug, materials and energy research. Solutions of the aforementioned covariant equations are shown to represent the following five categories of elementary particle states: 1. 3 spin 1/2 lepton states, 2. 3 spin 1/2 lepton states representing the antiparticles of the particles in category 1, 3.6 spin 1/2 quarks, 4. 3 spin 1 bosons, and 5. 1 spin 0 boson. The strength of the gravitational self interaction at short range for leptons is shown to be proportional to 1/(r squared) and to be 1/(r to the fourth) for quarks, where r is the distance from the particle. The rotational stability of the galaxy based on elementary particle gravitational self interaction is shown.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Theory of the Quiescent Proton

Authors: Robert T. Longo
Comments: 6 Pages.

A quiescent proton is a proton that is not involved in high-energy interactions. As is well known, the baryons in which the Proton is the most stable are described in the quantum mechanics system by a theory of QuantumChromoDynamics (QCD). QCD describes the details of interactions due to the scattering of protons with protons and other particles. In these energetic states, it works well. How is the internal structure of the proton described when it is in a passive state, not interacting energetically with other particles? In the passive, or quiescent state after year of effort using QCD has not yielded a solution. The passive state is the subject of this paper. Protons, as well as neutrons, are the heaviest stable particles and are largely responsible for contributing mass that generates the global gravitation of the large Universe, leaving out dark matter and dark energy momentarily. This paper will explore how GR gravitation theory and the basic foundation of quantum mechanics can be used to describe the proton in the quiescent state. Due to the stability of the at-rest proton, this paper studies the proton in this quiet state. The Neutron is known to be stable when part of a more complex atomic nucleus but decays, when free, into a proton, electron, and electron-antineutrino. Due to this instability, neutrons will not be included in this study.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Applicability Operator Approach to Mathematical Proofs

Authors: Jason Kodish
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Teaching proofs of theorems and encouraging students to both comprehend written proofs and originate their own can at times be a difficult undertaking. This is due in part to the lack of a single unifying process by which one can approach mathematical proofs. In this paper a method using set theory as a foundation is presented.
Category: General Mathematics

On an Identity Leading to the Fermat’s Last Theorem in a Short Computation

Authors: Pawel Piskorz
Comments: 3 Pages.

We propose a procedure which allows to compute the only acceptable natural exponents of the positive integers X, Y, Z in the equation of the Fermat’s Last Theorem. We use the approach similar to the one applied in computing of the expected value and the standard deviation of number of successes in Bernoulli trials presented by Kenneth S. Miller.
Category: Number Theory

Why Just One Big Bang? Chance, Causality and c2-Inertia

Authors: Milan D. Nešić
Comments: 24 Pages.

In science history the conflict between Einstein and the Copenhagen school (quantum mechanics) is well known. On the one hand, Einstein's strict determinism, on the other, Heisenberg's uncertainty relations, the collapse of the wave function and the chance at the micro level, regardless of the macroscopic explanations of the postulate cmax = const, regardless of the initial mass. At the time when our Galaxy was the whole world and the mutual velocities in it were negligible according to the speed of light, Einstein held that the mass of the world was one and unique. In 1985, in a lecture on quantum electrodynamics—QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter—Feynman says that he only describes how nature behaves without being able to explain why it behaves like that because no one understands this; and Laughlin in 2005 says, already with the title of his book—A DIFFERENT UNIVERSE: Reinventing Physics From The Bottom Down—that an effort on understanding this fact to humanity is yet to come. This article shows that one should start from the very postulate cmax = const, rethinking this experimental fact—because Einstein's explanation from 1916 is insufficient and in fact wrong: he tacitly takes the coordinate system of the railway embankment as absolute, and to the train speed adds to or subtracts the light speed. And rethinking will lead us to the necessary Heisenberg relations of uncertainty, c2-inertia and new insights into the property of relativity and symmetry of the vacuum itself, to the explanation of the EPR paradox and the so-called the twin paradox. And all together to one Universe, really different from how we imagine it today with a Big Bang.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Method of Predicting Earthquakes in Advance

Authors: Xia Cao
Comments: 19 Pages.

The internal collision movement of the earth in the early stage of geological disasters will be different from the ordinary, and the generated signals are also unusual. The possibility of geological disasters such as earthquakes can be monitored and predicted by utilizing the changes caused by the continuous collision movement deep inside the earth. This new system based on the Collision Electro-Magnetic Theory was first proposed for monitoring geological disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, avalanches, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and debris flows. The system mainly consists of a collision-based power generator and a receiver. The collision-based power generator can be made from a single material or a composite of several materials. The receiver can be composed of one or more types of semiconductors, conductors, or composite materials that are resistant to high temperatures and have excellent mechanical properties. It is simple and effective, and can greatly improve the accuracy and timeliness of disaster warnings. Recognizing precursors to longitudinal waves is crucial for predicting earthquakes and minimizing both human and economic losses, and seismometers that are exempt from regular power source replacement and performance degradation under humid conditions are highly anticipated. This work draws inspiration from the three-dimensional microstructure of the superhydrophobic lotus leaf surface and transfers the microstructure from nano-SiO2 to Ecoflex surface. A self-powered, low-cost, highly durable, and stable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) was thus developed for earthquake warning based on the superhydrophobic, self-cleaning, and flame retardant film. The as-prepared TENG can convert the tiny vibration in the earth into electricity with a peak power density of 15.4 mW/m². In addition, there is a strong linear correlation (The R2 value is 0.98 and 0.99.) between peak current and vibration acceleration and vibration when the EW-TENG is applied to different vibration intensities. It is possible to analyze the peak current to calculate the vibration intensity. Then, the real-time monitoring capability of the EW-TENG is verified in a more realistic simulated geological disaster scenario. Considering the self-power feature, it may contribute to fast earthquake response and rescue efforts, as well as research in reducing the risk of seismic hazards.
Category: Geophysics

Bridging the Boundary of Applied and Pure Mathematics: A Philosophic Argument for Expanding Mathematics and Scientific Disciplines via a New Numeric System

Authors: Donald G. Palmer
Comments: 11 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required)

This presentation is about new directions of study and discovery in both Mathematics and Science. Over the last several centuries, science has discovered objects in the world along a continuum of scale. In one direction, we have found planets and stars, galaxies and galaxy clusters. In the other direction we have found cells and proteins, atoms and neutrinos. In order to locate and model this world, we use the 3 traditional directions of length, width and height. However inherent in all our measurements is the scale of the objects we are measuring — a continuum we do not directly see with our eyes. A key reason we do not include this direction as part of our scientific models is that we do not have the appropriate mathematical tools to take measurements along this continuum. New mathematical tools may require a numeric representational system with more power than our traditional decimal or positional based numerals. Such a more powerful system may provide a single value for complex numbers able to measure across scale and adds to its structure the reversing operations of integration and differentiation. The ability to calculate integration and differentiation results would be a powerful mechanism for applied and for pure mathematics. The author presents some opening remarks on what is anticipated to be a much larger discussion, looking at a model of reality where objects at all levels of scale can be located and considers directions for generating more powerful mathematical tools than we have today.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Heuristic Challenges for Science and Mathematics to Modeling Nature

Authors: Donald G. Palmer
Comments: 8 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted)

Science is about developing theories of nature based upon evidence, in particular experimental evidence. Scientific theories use mathematical tools to measure, explain, and predict natural and human-made processes. Over the last few centuries, we have begun to perceive objects across many levels of scale. We have come to understand that we live on a spinning earth, which is circling a sun, which is moving within the Milky Way galaxy, which is moving in a cluster of galaxies. And we have come to understand that we are comprised of organs and blood vessels that continually pump blood, which moves cells made of proteins that supply oxygen and nutrients to other cells. And all these cells and proteins are made up of molecules and atoms and particles that are constantly moving on their levels. Scientific theories and disciplines tend to address one or another level of scale e.g., quantum physics, molecular chemistry, human medicine, planetary ecology, stellar systems, galaxy clusters. Some address multiple levels of scale. However, nature includes all these levels operating together, in some interconnected fashion.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Unified Quantum Gravitational Corrections in General Relativity

Authors: Atman Bharadwaj
Comments: 22 Pages.

This paper presents a comprehensive framework that integrates quantum gravitational corrections derived from string theory, loop quantum gravity (LQG), and non-commutative geometry into the Einstein-Hilbert action. By combining these three approaches, we derive modified field equations that encapsulate quantum effects in spacetime curvature. The unified corrections are formulated as higher-order curvature terms and modifications arising from the discrete structure of spacetime and non-commutative coordinates. Our results demonstrate that these corrections can resolve classical singularities, leading to a finite Ricci scalar even at small radii, thus providing a non-singular description of black hole interiors. Additionally, the framework predicts alterations in the effective potential near black holes, which could manifest as observable deviations in gravitational wave signals and other astrophysical phenomena. This work not only bridges the gap between general relativity and quantum mechanics but also opens new avenues for both theoretical exploration and observational verification of quantum gravitational effects.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Hydrodynamics as U(1) Gauge Theory

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 1 Page.

We propose that hydrodynamics could be treated as $U(1)$ gauge theory where the velocity field written using Clebsch variables and the related vorticity are identical to the gauge potential and the field strength tensor, respectively.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Theory of Solar Anti-Neutrinos Stimulating Clumped 13C in Biomolecules for Causing Cancer

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 3 Pages.

A mechanism for 13C causing cancer is further evidenced on basis of solar antineutrinos selectively stimulating 13C relative to 12C due to years of eating foods enriched in 13C like from C4 plants and years of exposure to solar antineutrinos with 5 MeV anti neutrinos selectively stimulating 13C for gamma emission and damage to surrounding DNA and proteins for cancer genesis. The cumulative effects of the enrichment of 13C in tissue from diet of the host and the years of bombardment with solar anti-neutrinos and low cross-sections of anti-neutrino interactions manifest logical patterns and rhythms for cancer genesis with aging in humans.
Category: Physics of Biology

Magnetoelectric, Dielectric, and Magnetic Investigations of Multiferroic NixCo1−xFe2O4−SryBa1−yNb2O6 Composites

Authors: R. Köferstein, M. S. Wartmann, S. G. Ebbinghaus
Comments: 48 Pages.

Magnetoelectric (NixCo1-xFe2O4)0.3-(SryBa1-yNb2O6)0.7 composites with a 0-3 connectivity and different cation stoichiometries were synthesized via a classical mixed-oxide method. XRD patterns of all ceramics show reflections of the target phases SryBa1-yNb2O6 and NixCo1-xFe2O4. The influence of stoichiometry of the ferrimagnetic and ferroelectric phase on the magnetoelectric behavior was studied on composites with composition of (NixCo1-xFe2O4)0.3-(Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6)0.7 and (NiFe2O4)0.3-(SryBa1-yNb2O6)0.7. The magnetic Curie temperature increases with nickel content. However, the saturation magnetizations as well as the Curie temperatures of the composites are always lower than the ones of bulk NixCo1-xFe2O4 samples. The maximum magnetoelectric coefficient (αME) rises with increasing nickel content from 40 (x = 0) to 180 µV Oe-1 cm-1 (x = 1) in accordance with the dynamic magnetostriction coefficient. The evolution of αME of (NiFe2O4)0.3-(SryBa1-yNb2O6)0.7 composites shows an increase with strontium content up to y 0.5. Higher strontium content leads to a significant reducing of αME.
Category: Chemistry

Intelligent Description and the Principle of Free Energy

Authors: Friedrich Sösemann
Comments: 38 Pages.

Information measures the dependency between states, knowledge that between object and subject states and intelligence that between subject states. Descriptions store object states. Friston's free energy principle is intelligent, combining physics, computer science and biology, but is not new.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Solitons in a 3D Lattice: A Model for the Underlying Structure of Reality

Authors: Peter C. M. Hahn
Comments: 16 Pages.

This article introduces Foamy Ether Theory (FET) [1], which is a physical model that describes the underlying structure of reality at its most fundamental, quantum level. FET is based on a 3D nonlinear lattice model [2], which replaces the current paradigm of particles existing in space with a model containing solitons that move in a tightly stretched 3D lattice. A foamy ether, with its various activities and structures, offers alternate explanations for phenomena such as gravity, electromagnetic waves, and gravitational waves. FET negates the need for metaphors or analogies, like the frequently used one describing bowling balls on a stretched sheet of rubber. FET offers an actual physical model of reality. It provides a framework for the development of a unified quantum theory of gravity which will negate the need for explanations, such as wave-particle duality, and will eliminate the need for dark matter. A series of images and snapshots, taken from simulations, demonstrate how this model works.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

MACLOF-Chaining (Introduction to the Elementary Mathematics and Designs of GOD)

Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 79 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

I have used a variety of 4×4 matrix factor pairs while using Helmholtzian operator factorizationsin analyzing fermion architecture and interactions; some commutative, others not.The following is a generalization to a set of 4×4 associative-commutative matrix factor pairs of general linear/differential operators to establish as a baseline foundation to begin operating from. Because the operators are associative-commutative, the factors lend themselves to chaining - and thus, to chaining of mesons, hadrons, and to chemical compound chaining - amino acid chains, proteins, nucleic acids , and so on. Much is known, but MACLOF chains may provide a mathematical foundation to chemical compound chaining. Note also, that since MACLOF factoring may be extended to higher dimensions, so too MACLOF chaining, and resulting expansion of understanding.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On Causality in EPR Experiments

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 22 Pages.

This article points out that in the EPR experiment, there is no causal connection between the two sides. If a causal model wants to comply with the principle of common cause, it will lead to faster-than-light information propagation. Even if non-local latent variables are used as common factors, it does not mean that the measurement results on both sides can influence each other. They are only related to each other, but not corresponding causal relationships.The "statistical correlation" in the EPR experiment does not have a controllable effect, because the results measured on either side are completely random. The experimenter cannot control the other side to produce the results he wants to transmit by manipulating the instrument. The two experimenters can only discover the correlation between each other's data when comparing them afterwards, and they cannot use this correlation to transmit information, otherwise the incommunicability theorem will be violated.This article draws a causal model diagram to analyze the EPR experiment, and uses the Everett interpretation and the quantum circuit diagram to demonstrate. It shows that the causal paradox in the EPR experiment is actually caused by a misunderstanding of "measurement" and "collapse" in the Copenhagen interpretation. If the Everett interpretation without the concept of "collapse" is adopted, it can be avoided when interpreting the EPR experiment. Paradox of cause and effect.In Everett's interpretation, the physical meaning of "measuring" a particle is to entangle the particle with the measuring instrument. When the local particle is measured, it will only be entangled with the local instrument, so there is no non-local interaction. The state of the particle does not change in any way because the particle on the other side is measured. No matter who measures first on the left or right, there will be no influence on each other. There will be no effect of the result of the first measurement on the result of the later measurement through superluminal action, and there will be no paradox that overturns the order of cause and effect.
Category: Quantum Physics

Is General Relativity Machian

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 9 Pages. In Chinese

Mach proposed a question, "Try to fix Newton's bucket and rotate the heaven of fixed stars and then prove the absence of centrifugal forces." The Lense-Thirring effect answered Mach's question, which meant that a rotating object would affect the space-time near it. If an object itself did not rotate, but the entire universe revolved around it in the opposite direction, the same effect cannot be produced. Is general relativity Machian? There were divergent opinions on this issue, and the two sides had roughly divided opinions. The existing research on Mach principle was mostly about the slow rotation of small mass objects, or considering the object was not a singularity and did not form an event horizon. Therefore, this article proposed the fact that: Kerr metric cannot be transformed into Schwarzschild metric by the conversion of the coordinate system. This fact overthrew Mach's thought, so the structure of space-time cannot be connected by simply transforming the rotation perspective.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unlocking Decarbonization: Mini and Micro LNG Solutions Revolutionizing the Energy Industry

Authors: Ikechukwu Stephen Nwamordi
Comments: 11 Pages. (Converted to pdf by viXra admin - Please only submist article in pdf format)

The global energy landscape is undergoing a profound transformation driven by the urgent need to decarbonize the energy industry and mitigate climate change. In this context, the emergence of Mini and Micro LNG solutions represents a paradigm shift, offering innovative approaches to liquefied natural gas (LNG) production and distribution. These compact LNG solutions, characterized by modular, decentralized infrastructure, cater to regional markets and niche applications, presenting scalable alternatives to traditional large-scale LNG facilities. This article explores the significance, potential, challenges, and best practices associated with Mini and Micro LNG solutions in decarbonizing the energy industry and advancing sustainable development goals. Mini LNG facilities, typically ranging from 0.1 to 1 million tons per annum (MTPA), and Micro LNG installations, serving even smaller scales, offer flexibility, scalability, and rapid deployment advantages. By displacing carbon-intensive fuels such as coal and oil, LNG contributes to substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter. Additionally, the use of LNG as a transitional fuel facilitates the integration of renewable energy sources, enhancing grid stability and reliability. Moreover, Mini and Micro LNG solutions stimulate economic growth, improve living standards, and enhance energy security, particularly in remote or off-grid communities. These solutions find diverse applications across various sectors, including power generation, industrial processes, transportation, and marine bunkering, thereby diversifying the energy mix and reducing dependency on fossil fuels.However, the widespread adoption of Mini and Micro LNG solutions faces challenges related to economic viability, logistical complexities, safety considerations, regulatory compliance, and market uncertainties. By examining successful case studies and identifying best practices, stakeholders can gain valuable insights into overcoming these challenges and maximizing the benefits of Mini and Micro LNG projects. Overall, Mini and Micro LNG solutions offer a transformative pathway towards a cleaner, more sustainable energy future. By fostering innovation, collaboration, and strategic investment, stakeholders can harness the power of LNG to accelerate the global transition towards a low-carbon economy, while promoting economic development and energy security worldwide.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

On the Possible Zero Value of the Spatial Curvature Constant

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 5 Pages.

The value of curvature k that appears in the Friedman's equation of the FLRW metric is the subject of controversy. Of its three possible values (+1, -1, 0), determining whether it is zero or not is an important problem in physics. The experimental results existing today do not allow us to resolve it. In this report we have studied this problem by carrying out a theoretical calculation of the parameters, curvature density Ωk and matter density Ωm. To do this we have obtained an equation that relates the spatial curvature constant to the energy density and through it and the Friedman's equation we have calculated Ωk and Ωm. The ratio between the two will determine whether the curvature k is zero or non-zero. The result obtained in this report leads us to think that the curvature constant that appears in the Friedman's equation is zero.
Category: Astrophysics

A String Theory Flavor Model of Baryon Nodes and Lepto-Mesonic Links

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 13 Pages.

Quantum systems are built of Elements of Quantum Circuits: baryons as nodes and lepto-mesonic links as channels / connectors. Various levels of connection lines, 1,2 or 3-quark lines, leadto a hierarchy of interactions. The Hopf fibration, as a local model of a Gauge Theory approach to Quantum Physics, is investigated in parallel with the modern experimental data about the structure of nucleons and nuclei. Complex quantum systems, like molecules, nuclei etc. are modeled using Riemann Surfaces and Belyi morphisms, "borrowed" from the String Theory approach. This work continues a series of articles regarding the foundations of Physics, with input from Chemistry and Biology.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Reformulation of Classical Mechanics ( III & IV )

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 29 Pages.

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces and which establishes the existence of new universal forces of interaction, called kinetic forces. Additionally, in this paper, we assume that all forces can obey or disobey Newton's third law.
Category: Classical Physics

Mathematical Formulas [Based on] the Koide-Formula [] and the Connection of the Results [After Inputing Data]

Authors: Andreas Ball
Comments: 15 Pages. (Title modified by viXra admin to conform with scholarly norm)

In this report formulas are presented, which are based on the Koide-Formula and at which the input data are chosen from different fields of natural sciences. The Input data can be data of our celestial bodies, values of Physical Constants or just mathematical figures.Besides the Koide-Formula with a result very close to the term "2/3", also many other Formulas deliver unexpected results and connections, which also partly lead to the term "2/3". By that the assumption arises, that an unknown system might exist behind these astonishing results.
Category: Mathematical Physics

How Time, Space, and Gravity Emerge From Microscopic Quantum Waves: A New Interpretation of Relativity

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 11 Pages. Essay written for Gravity Research Foundation 2024 Awards for Essays on Gravitation

Einstein explained special and general relativity in terms of abstract four-dimensional spacetime, and that interpretation remains universally accepted. I suggest that on the microscopic level, both relativity and gravity can be understood as emerging from oscillating quantum wave-packets of elementary particles. These localized quantum oscillators act as clocks and rulers, reproducing the standard relations for time dilation and length contraction due to both speed and gravity. Gravity can be regarded as a frequency-modulation of quantum oscillators by everyother quantum oscillator in the universe. Gravitational trajectories can be computed using a quasi-classical Hamiltonian formalism. This interpretation suggests a simple unified picture of relativity and quantum mechanics, which has been missing for the past 100 years. This also has implications for the structure of black holes and the early universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Behavior of Non-trivial Zeros and Prime Numbers in Reimann Hypothesis

Authors: Ricardo Gil
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Riemann Hypothesis proposes a specific location (the critical line) for the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function. This paper argues that the aperiodicity observed in the distribution of these non-trivial zeros and the distribution of primes numbers is a fundamental property. A periodic zeta function would significantly alter its behavior, rendering it irrelevant to studying prime number distribution. Conversely, a periodic pattern in prime numbers or a deviation of non-trivial zeros from the critical line would disprove the Riemann Hypothesis. The observed aperiodicity in both prime number distribution and the zeta function's non-trivial zeros strengthens the case for the Hypothesis' validity. This aperiodicity suggests a deeper connection between prime numbers and the zeta function, one that wouldn't exist with a periodic structure.
Category: Number Theory

New Economic System Based on 2D Money.

Authors: Madgazin Vadim Rimovich
Comments: 29 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with schoarly norm)

This work proposes a New Economic System (NES), which includes the best aspects of planned and market economies and adds to them the economy of merit, sharing economy and others. The operating unit of the NES is two-dimensional money (2 D money),consisting of two components, D1 and D2, which have a physical dimension and are not subject to fluctuations and drift.The money component D1 describes the average amount of social labor required to create goods (goods and services). The unit of measurement D1 is time. D1 money is used for the profit-free purchase and sale of goods, and the credit interest on D1 is always zero. The market in the NES is based on the money component D2, and this money is created "out of nothing" upon the delivery of one or another benefit, proportional to the corresponding useful work of the goods, and becomes the property of persons involved in the production, ownership and consumption of these goods. The physical meaning of money D2 coincides with useful work in mechanics. The unit of measurement D2 is time to the second power. D2 money is used for the competitive purchase and sale of rights to purchase scarce goods, including public resources for creating and developing a business, and profit and credit interest on D2 are arbitrary.
Category: Economics and Finance

A Heuristic Analysis of Global Warming Leading to a New Understanding of Climate Change

Authors: David M. Bower
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In this paper I present a heuristic approach to understanding the temperature of aplanet in orbit around a star. To simplify the discussion, I begin by introducing theconcept of the planet’s mean temperature. I proceed to discuss the effect of any atmosphere that might be present and also consider the effect of so- called "greenhousegases" present in this atmosphere. In contrast to the usual discussion of the importance of the effect of the "trapping" of electromagnetic radiation by the greenhousegases, I present the opposing idea that it is the reflection of electromagnetic radiationfrom the sun that is of overwhelming importance. No concepts more advanced thanthose of basic thermodynamics as presented in a high school physics class are used.While the conclusions pertain to any planet in a radiation flux from a star, the obviousapplication is to the so-called global warming experienced by the earth. The conclusions in this brief analysis are not presented as final, but rather open to debate. It ishoped that this analysis will serve as the basis for a detailed understanding of the climate change — if any — that the earth is experiencing. Comments and corrections arewelcomed.
Category: Climate Research

Software Development Tool with Petri Net and Object-Oriented Programming Language: Net Oriented System Description Language

Authors: Han Yong Gil, Min Hyok, Kim Song Hyok, Choe Yong Su, Song Kwang Hyok, Choe Tae Hyok, Kim Jing Yong
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper aims to describe the development and application of Net-oriented System Description Language (NSDL), a new and independent tool of software development combined with advantages of Petri net and object-oriented programming language VB. Unlike previous tools, the transitions of custom controls such as Textbox, Table, Graph, Button and Checkbox, etc. and the extension (or restriction) of place, transition and arc were introduced to improve modeling capability of Petri net. NSDL was enhanced the flexibility, convenience and extensibility of the software development by Visual Basic(VB) language support based on Microsoft Net Framework 4.0 library that is easy to use and learning. Approximation of BP neural net was carried out to validate NSDL’s effectiveness in three manners. NSDL can be used in the development of software or modelling of complex information systems with its great modeling capability.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Orbital Dynamics of Timespace: Deriving Einstein’s Mass-Energy and Field Equations

Authors: Benjamin Lesel
Comments: 7 Pages.

While General Relativity has strong mathematical underpinnings that predict much of our spacetime observations, convincing physical understandings of these principles are vague and unconvincing. Herein we explore the physical assumption that the primary element of relativity is an orbit, which can take place either in time (space-time) or outside of time (time-space) and we use this assumption to derive Einstein’s most famous relativity equations from this first principle. Herein we explore the origin of mass, and how gravity, time and light are intimately connected aspects of a universal orbit.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Simple Alternative Explanation for Dark Matter in Physical Cosmology

Authors: Jo Ke
Comments: 28 Pages.

We show that neither dark matter nor dark energy is needed for physical cosmology. We use our previous conjecture that, for a distribution of normal baryonic matter, the dynamical mass can be different from the baryonic mass. This simple idea enables us to explain the main results of physical cosmology: the expansion of the Universe; the cosmic microwave background (CMB); the acoustic peaks in the CMB power spectrum; the formation of structure; the apparent accelerated expansion. We suggest the Universe is not accelerating but rather moving from one decelerating track with a low Hubble parameter to its current decelerating track with a higher Hubble parameter. This also provides us with a solution to the Hubble tension. Our explanations make no use of cold dark matter (CDM) and no use of the cosmological constant (?), and we conclude neither exists.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Research Needed on Monopolar Pulsed High Voltage Levitation

Authors: Brian Fraser
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper is a short review of Samuel Piggott’s experiments in electrogravitation circa 1903. Conclusions and recommendations are also given at the end of this paper.
Category: Classical Physics

An Attempted Simple Proof Fermat’s Last Theorem

Authors: Geon Cho
Comments: 2 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted)

This paper attempts a simple proof for the Fermat’s Last Theorem.
Category: Number Theory

Monster Symmetry: CODATA Invariants in a Symmetry Operation

Authors: Mark A. Thomas
Comments: 7 Pages.

Mathematica programs utilizing the NIST 2022 are presented in a format whereby the reader may directly relate the LaTex math relations to its Mathematica program. This enables the reader to verify with precision and accuracy the veracity of the presented math symmetry relations. Hopefully, the reader will take away from this peculiar workshop a sense of Beauty and Mystery.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Quadrature of the Circle with Compass and Straightedge and a Surprising Result for the Value of π in π R^2

Authors: Sigrid Obenland
Comments: 3 Pages.

It is general believe and deemd to be proven that the value of π in the formula for calculating the area of a circle; i.e. π r^2, is identical to the value of π in theformula for calculating the circumference of a circle; i.e. 2π r, which is irrational.Therefore, quadrature (or squaring) of the circle with compass and straightedge (or ruler) has been deemed to be impossible. We show that this was a prejudice and proof that quadrature is possible and clearly delivers π = 3 in the formula π r2 for calculating the area of the circle. We also show a physical experiment thatunambiguously proofs this result.
Category: Geometry

Transformation of a Singular "Event Horizon" to any Radius Value: Reductio Ad Absurdum of Transformation Covariance Being More than a Dynamic Symmetry

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 3 Pages.

Due to David Hilbert's 1918 promotional efforts, J. Droste's May 27, 1916 metric solution of the Einstein equation for a static point mass fixed to the origin is universally featured by gravity textbooks, but is seriously misrepresented by those textbooks as the work of Karl Schwarzschild: Droste's metric solution has a well-known singular "event horizon" at the Schwarzschild radius, but Schwarzschild's January 13, 1916 metric solution is singular only at the origin. Here we present a simple family of transformations of Droste's singular "event horizon" to any radius value whatsoever. The blatant absurdity of, say, the earth's gravitational field having a singular "event horizon" at some arbitrary height above the earth's surface establishes beyond all doubt that gravitational general coordinate transformation covariance is, exactly like electromagnetic gauge transformation covariance, merely a dynamic symmetry which is unavoidably broken by the unique physical metric solution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Two States of Spin Determined by Magnetic Field (Not a Property of Elementary Particles)

Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 4 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted)

Stern-Gerlach's experiments revealed that electrons have two states of spin, in addition to their orbital magnetic moment. However, I question the interpretation of this result. In this experiment, the electron beam that passed through the inhomogeneous magnetic field split neatly into upper and lower parts, I think that this was not because the electrons had two states of spin, up spin, and down spin, but because of the relationship with the inhomogeneous magnetic field. This became clearer through experiments conducted by the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK). KEK is unaware of this. However, if we use the electron model of energy body theory, it becomes clear. In addition, the electron model of the energy body theory also explains the reason and mechanism why the spin angular momentum is ±1/2.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Very Simple Proof of the Bloch's Theorem

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 6 Pages.

We prove the famous Bloch's Theorem using the symmetry for discrete translationsin Dirac notation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Great Precursors, Creators and Propagators of Relativity

Authors: Zbigniew Osiak, Margaret Osiak
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this poster, measuring 140 cm by 100 cm, we have included, in chronological order, 126 portraits of the great precursors, creators and propagators of the theory of relativity. The poster was first presented in 2005 on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of the Theory of Relativity. The portraits were made by Margaret Osiak.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Creators of Relativity

Authors: Zbigniew Osiak, Margaret Osiak
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this poster, measuring 140 cm by 100 cm, we included 143 portraits of famous relativists in chronological order. The poster was first presented in 2005 on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of the Theory of Relativity. The portraits were made by Margaret Osiak.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Function for Prime Numbers: Searching for Consecutive Prime Numbers with Billions of Digits

Authors: Massimo Russo
Comments: 10 Pages.

With the right equipment and a specially developed algorithm, I believe that my function could potentially find the largest prime number ever, even one with billions of digits. It might even be possible to find two or more consecutive prime numbers each with billions of digits.
Category: Number Theory

About Dark Energy

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 4 Pages.

We have considered the physical space filled by a quantum fluid made up of discrete elements organized into several coexisting phases. In this model, what we call "dark energy" appears as main phase of the Vacuum, we propose here that it is the phase associated with the fundamental level of this quantum fluid. After an examination of its main properties, we show that the refractive index of the real vacuum, which is consisting largely of dark energy and fossil radiation, has an "abnormal" value compared to it. We thus verify that the inverse of the fine structure constant associated with the dark energy is indeed the integer 137.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Rational Formal Power Series

Authors: Jānis Buls, Aigars Valainis
Comments: 35 Pages.

We are following Bini G., Flamini F. and Hou X—D., Lopez—Permouth S. R., Parra—Avila B. R. Nevertheless, we are interested only inthe clarification of proofs.
Category: Algebra

Ramanujan-derived Hypergeometric Functions Describe Hidden Coupled Dynamics in Physical and Biological Systems

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 13 Pages.

Ramanujan’s real period functions plus Picard—Fuchs differential equations and Gaussian hypergeometric functions generate a wide range of simple hypergeometric manifolds (henceforward PFHM) consisting of two-dimensional coupled subsystems combined in a single three-dimensional system with dihedral symmetry. We argue that PFHM could be used to elucidate the homoclinic paths equipped with stable, closed and constrained orbits that characterize the dynamical behavior of a large number of physical and biological systems. Since PFHM encompasses coupled subsystems with Hamiltonian interactions that are reciprocal in nature, the options for the total system’s energetic conformation are restrained. Therefore, energetic changes in a subsystem are inversely correlated with energetic changes in another subsystem. This balanced, inverse energetic reciprocity could be used to elucidate the unusual behavior of quantum entangled particles and the thermodynamic constraints dictating the final shape of frustrated proteins. Also, the thermodynamic paths of apparently isolated systems can be influenced by feedback mechanisms from hidden subsystems that exert their influence and can be quantified, even without full knowledge of every control parameter. PHFM can be methodologically treated in terms of cycle attractors, shedding new light on well-known physical phenomena like the dynamical behavior of monostatic bodies. Yet, the possibility to analyze two-dimensional paths in terms of three-dimensional routes could be useful to assess the ubiquitous occurrence of the Turing’s reaction-diffusion model in biological systems. We suggest that PFHM might stand for a general mathematical apparatus shaping the phase space of various real dynamical paths, with applications in digital imaging, cryptography and memory storing.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Investigation of a Modified Alcubierre Warp Drive: Considerations on the Use of an Analytic or Discrete Function

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

A solution of general relativity is presented that describes an Alcubierre propulsion system. Computation of the density energy and energy case discrete.In addition, in the conclusion, the consequences and comparison of two types of solutions have been discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Key to Leibnizian Mathematics

Authors: Adriaan van der Walt
Comments: 11 Pages.

This document states the relevant basic assumptions of Mathematics that lead to some of the salient features of Abstract Mathematics. These features are then deduced from these assumptions in a fundamental way. Infinitesimals and Infinitesimal Numbers are introduced and then used in an example of a Riemann sum to create a contradiction that motivates the introduction of Leibnizian Mathematics as a model for Mathematics that is supplemental to Abstract Mathematics. Leibnizian Mathematics is then introduced by stating its basic assumptions. Lastly a list of the meanings of some words that are common to both models, but describe properties that differ between the models, is given. The reader is then referred to the document LEIBNIZIAN MATHEMATICS, posted on the link stated in the Comments below, where this model is developed.
Category: General Mathematics

A Reformulation of Classical Mechanics ( I & II )

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 28 Pages.

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces and which establishes the existence of a new universal force of interaction, called kinetic force. In addition to the above, in this paper, we assume that all forces always obey Newton's third law.
Category: Classical Physics

Discussions on the Decomposition of Deformed Vector Products

Authors: Thierry L. A. Periat
Comments: 40 Pages. In French (Translation made by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted)

This paper is part of a series of explorations exposing methods for dividing distorted tensor products by number cubes. Here, the discussion focuses on three-dimensional spaces and anti-symmetric cubes on their low indices; i.e. actually on distorted vector products. The method only delivers the main parts of the divisions. They are divided into two classes. The other documents in the collection complete this investigation.

Ce document fait partie d'une série d'explorations exposant des méthodes permettant de diviser les produits tensoriels déformés par des cubes de nombres. Ici, la discussion se focalise sur les espaces de dimension trois et les cubes antisymétriques sur leurs indices bas ; c'est-à-dire en fait sur des produits vectoriels déformés. La méthode livre seulement les parties principales des divisions. Elles se répartissent en deux classes. Les autres documents de la collection complètent cette investigation.
Category: General Mathematics

Maxwell Voids and Cosmic Strings

Authors: Thierry L. A. Periat
Comments: 13 Pages. In French (Translation made by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted)

This paper offers a simple mathematical foundation for the existence of cosmic filaments observed since the mid-seventies (nineteen hundred).

Ce document offre un fondement mathématique simple à l'existence des filaments cosmiques observés dès le milieu des années soixante-dix (mille neuf cent).
Category: Astrophysics

Energies of Vacuum: Energy-Moment Pseudotensor and the Lamda

Authors: Tibor Grajczki
Comments: 21 Pages.

Since the formation of the general theory of relativity, there are disputed questions. Levi-Civita and Schrödinger also criticized the non covariant energy-moment pseudotensor. The cosmological constant was known as a beauty flaw in theory. In both case the empty space contents energy. The origin and role of these concepts and quantities are not well known and are the source of many misconceptions. Through a few simple examples, we can see why.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics on Philosophy

Authors: Giovanni Lostumbo
Comments: 3 Pages.

Wigner's 1960 paper "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences" is a classical resource fordeveloping new experimental hypotheses. Unlike science, writing is considered a discovery process in itself. Measuring writing as amathematical process would require the most precise of instruments. This paper will instead examine the thought processes of the identityof a writer as a whole, and beliefs or claims such as "writer's block." This paper is not about writer's block for myself, but exploring ameta-analysis of writers' block and identity, and how that might one day be observed using scientific instruments. The paper will alsotheorize the mathematical representation of Sartre's concept of freedom, or "being for-itself", as a curve in a function. Sartre's influence by Husserl's "Cartesian Meditations" and by Descartes are also considered formative.
Category: Mind Science

Heat Flux Measurements in the Hall Thruster Plume

Authors: G. Makrinich, A. Fruchtman, S. Shitrit, G. Appelbaum, J. Ashkenazy
Comments: 7 Pages.

A heat flux probe has been developed for the purpose of measuring the heat flux density in the plume of the Hall thruster. The measurement is based on comparing the rates of heating and cooling of the probe during its exposure to and isolation from the plasma flow. In the case of a helicon plasma source this is accomplished easily by turning on and off the plasma flow. The measured heat flux into the negatively-biased probe is in a very good agreement with the calculated heat flux carried by the impinging plasma ions, indicating that there are no energetic neutrals. This method will be employed for the plume of the Hall thruster and is expected to provide an estimate of the heat flux carried by energetic neutrals.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Hypersonic Flow Computations by Using an Equivalent Gas Model

Authors: S. Shitrit, E. Arad
Comments: 39 Pages.

The aerodynamics of hypersonic vehicles is highly affected by enthalpy or "real gas" effects. The purpose of the current study is to assess the proper formulation of computational fluid dynamics required for simulation of high-enthalpy flows. Under the assumption of chemical and thermal equilibrium, a functional representation has been employed for specific heat at constant pressure, thermal conductivity, and viscosity coefficients for air at 500 to 30,000 K and pressure range of 10−4 to 100 atm. The proposed approach is evaluated using double-cone configuration at hypersonic flow. It is shown that the equivalent gas model is capable of capturing the main features of these flow fields and compares well with experiments.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Both the 1-Dimensional Line from Sieve of Eratosthenes and 2-Dimensional Trajectory from Riemann Zeta Function Have Centroids as Perfect Point Symmetry

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 31 Pages. Finalized Preprint Version for submission to JNT dated July 7, 2024.

From perspective of Number theory, Dirichlet eta function (proxy function for Riemann zeta function as generating function for all nontrivial zeros) and Sieve of Eratosthenes (as generating algorithm for all prime numbers) are essentially infinite series. We apply infinitesimals to their outputs. Riemann hypothesis asserts the complete set of all nontrivial zeros from Riemann zeta function is located on its critical line. It is proven to be true when usefully regarded as an Incompletely Predictable Problem. We ignore even prime number 2. The complete set with derived subsets of Odd Primes all contain arbitrarily large number of elements while satisfying Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions, Generic Squeeze theorem and Theorem of Divergent-to-Convergent series conversion for Prime numbers. Having these theorems satisfied by all Odd Primes, Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are separately proven to be true when usefully regarded as Incompletely Predictable Problems.
Category: Number Theory

The Concept of a Field as the Basis for the Model of a Quantum Object

Authors: Georgii Khantarzhiev
Comments: 18 Pages.

The model of a quantum object, based on the conception of a field, is presented in this research work. The way suggested allows to construct the model of a quantum object, which owns wave and particle properties simultaneously. The model is developed for the non-relativistic case and applied to three canonical experiments of quantum mechanics. This model describes successfully physical processes, happening at the quantum level, in these experiments. The analysis of some consequences of this model for the relativistic case is made. This model of a quantum object can be verified experimentally and a corresponding experiment is suggested for this goal.
Category: Quantum Physics

Reasoning AI (RAI), Large Language Models (LLMs) and Cognition

Authors: Victor Senkevich
Comments: 4 Pages.

Do Large Language Models have cognitive abilities? Do Large Language Models haveunderstanding? Is the correct recognition of verbal contexts or visual objects, based onpre-learning on a large training dataset, a manifestation of the ability to solve cognitivetasks? Or is any LLM just a statistical approximator that compiles averaged texts fromits huge dataset close to the specified prompts?The answers to these questions require rigorous formal definitions of the cognitive concepts of "knowledge", "understanding" and related terms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Knot in Weak Velocity of Fluid Flow

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 1 Page.

We propose there exists a knot in the weak velocity of fluid flow.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Observations in the C-Radiation Spectrum Revealed Hybrid Threats to the Safety of Mankind, Astronauts and the Origin of the Pandemic

Authors: Vasil Korniienko
Comments: 6 Pages.

From Einstein's special theory of relativity, it follows that any matter consists of energies, the interaction of which forms a quantum electromagnetic field (QEF) in matter. Therefore, loads on matter cause perturbation of its QEF in the form of waves of quantum electromagnetic energy (S-radiation), which is confirmed by our experiments. Therefore, all celestial bodies and equipment generate S-radiation, in the spectrum of which we observed how in the summer of 2003 an energy information field (EIF) arrived from Space. Since then, this EIF has been sucking quantum energies from the Sun, technology and people. This reduced the activity of the Sun and caused the death of 80,000 people in Europe and the USA in August 2003, as well as the appearance of high-temperature solar heat in solar S radiation, which accelerates global climate warming, causes forest fires and floods. A comparative analysis showed that EIFs are hybrid weapons of a different civilization, and solar S-radiation can also carry viruses, including Covid-19. In addition, the total impact of EIF and all varieties of S-radiation causes diseases in the population, including coronavirus infection. Spacecraft are not protected from S-radiation and EIF, so when flying to Mars and the moon, the health of astronauts is at risk. But we have developed innovations, equipping with which world technology will reduce the EIF of sucking energy from the Sun and eliminate high-temperature heat in solar S-radiations, which will stop global climate warming, forest fires and floods. We have also developed innovations that are able to protect people in buildings and transport will protect people from viruses that carry cosmic S-radiation and EIF. However, for these innovations to find practical application, science must first master the spectrum of S-radiation for observations of hybrid threats from Space.
Category: Climate Research

Investor Satisfaction Through the Service Quality Dimensions of Brokerage Firms of Pokhara

Authors: Bidhan Adhikari, Bhumika Gurung, Subash Khatri
Comments: 4 Pages.

The brokerage industry plays a crucial role in the capital market, acting as an intermediary for the buying and selling of securities. This study examines the service quality dimensions provided by brokerage firms in Pokhara, Nepal, and their impact on investor satisfaction. The study focuses on three independent variables: reliability, responsiveness, and assurance, and their relationship with the dependent variable, investor satisfaction.The study utilized primary data collected through a survey of 105 respondents from various age groups, academic qualifications, occupations, and levels of experience. The responses were measured on a five-point Likert scale, and statistical analyses, including mean, standard deviation, correlation, and regression, were conducted using SPSS software.The descriptive analysis revealed that all the independent variables, except for the statement "The service is not delayed," had a mean value greater than 3, indicating that they are strong predictors of investor satisfaction. The correlation analysis showed a positive relationship between reliability, responsiveness, and assurance of service delivery with investor satisfaction in Pokhara valley.The findings suggest that service quality and investor satisfaction are interrelated, with higher service quality leading to higher investor satisfaction. The study also identified assurance of service delivery as the most important predictor of investor satisfaction in this context.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Geometrical Attack Resistant Watermarking Algorithm Using the Invariability of the Histogram

Authors: Song-Chun Pang, Jong-Pil Sim, Son-Myong Hwang
Comments: 11 Pages.

With the rapid development of the Internet, multimedia communication and authorization become more and more important. In order to avoid geometric distortions in watermark embedding, this paper proposes a geometrical attack resistant image watermarking algorithm based on histogram modification. The watermark information is embedded into the original image by modifying the number of the gray samples of the image histogram. One bit of the watermark is embedded by changing the number of samples of the three adjacent grey levels in the histograms and the same watermark repeatedly embedded into each of the four histograms. Watermark detection is an inverse process of watermark embedding. Watermark information is detected based on the relationship of the number of samples of the three successive gray levels. The experimental results show that our algorithm is robust to both geometrical attacks and those conventional signal processing attacks and achieves high detection rate.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Histological Image Transformer

Authors: Kum Song Ju, Ok Chol Choe, Ok Chol Ri
Comments: 9 Pages.

Image Transformer has recently achieved significant progress for natural image understanding, either using supervised (ViT, DeiT, etc.) or self-supervised (BEiT, MAE, etc.) pre-training techniques. In this paper, we propose HiT, a self-supervised pre-trained Histological Image Transformer model using large-scale unlabeled histological images for medical image processing tasks, which is essential since no supervised counterparts ever exist due to the lack of human-labeled histological images. We leverage HiT as the backbone network in a variety of vision-based histological image processing tasks. Experiment results have illustrated that the self-supervised pre-trained HiT model the new state-of-the-art results on these downstream tasks, e.g. histological image classification on SIPaKMeD database achieved an accuracy of 97.45% and 99.29% for 5-class and 2-class classifications, respectively.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Speedup Genetic Algorithm Using Parallel Processing Method

Authors: Hak Kun Ri, Chol Hun Pak, Nam Song An
Comments: 7 Pages.

Genetic Algorithm (GA) is one of most popular swarm based evolutionary search algorithms that involve multiple data independent computations. Such computations can be made in parallel processing method on GPU cores using Compute Unified Design Architecture (CUDA) platform. In this paper, various operations of GA such as fitness evaluation, selection, crossover and mutation, etc. are implemented in parallel on GPU cores and then performance is compared with its serial implementation. Result shows that the overall computational time can substantially be decreased by parallel implementation on GPU cores. The proposed implementations resulted in 1.18 to 3.68 times faster than the corresponding serial implementation on CPU.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

On the Geometrization of Quantum Mechanics, Frozen Stars, the Bohm-Poisson and Nonlinear Klein-Gordon Equations

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 14 Pages.

We revisit the nonlinear Klein-Gordon-like equation that was proposed by us which capture how quantum mechanical probability densities curve spacetime, and find an exact solution that may appear to be ``trivial" but with important physical implications related to the physics of frozen stars and with Mach's principle. The nonlinear Klein-Gordon-like equation is essentially the static spherically symmetric relativistic analog of the Newton-Schr"{o}dinger equation. We finalize by studying the higher dimensional generalizations of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon-like equation and examine the relativistic Bohm-Poisson equation as yet another equation capturing the interplay between quantum mechanical probability densities and gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Cosmological Structure Formation and Fractal Spacetime

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

Matter structures in cosmology include large-scale objects such as galaxies, galaxy clusters and Dark Matter halos. It is widely accepted that the formation of cosmic structures in the early Universe follows from the gravitational collapse of density perturbations. Here we argue that the genesis of cosmic structures is tied to the fractaltopology of spacetime near the Big Bang singularity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Large Language Model for Automobile

Authors: Fei Ding
Comments: 6 Pages.

With the introduction of ChatGPT (OpenAI, 2022) from OpenAI, the power of these models to generate human-like text has captured widespread public attention. The scale of language models has burgeoned, progressing from modest multi-million-parameter architectures like ELMo (Peters et al., 2018) and GPT-1 (Radford et al., 2018), to behemoths boasting billions, even trillions of parameters, exemplified by the monumental GPT-3 (Brown et al., 2020), Switch Transformers (Fedus et al., 2022) , GPT-4 (OpenAI, 2023), PaLM-2 (Anil et al., 2023), and Claude (Claude, 2023) and Vicuna (Chiang et al., 2023). The expansion in scale has significantly raised hardware requirements, making it exceedingly challenging to deploy models on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.To deploy on cars , we trained a 7-billion-parameter automobile model, which outperformsGPT-3.5 in the automotive domain. Surpassing all models in areas such as automotive.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

People and Food Animals

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Even though people are animals, we like to think ofourselves as separate from and superior to all other animals, and to all sources of food. For millennia this separation has been the formula for human prosperity, too often against the better needs of our innocent domesticated relatives. What can wisdom add to this global dietary and behavioral monolith?
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Riemann Hypothesis Has Three Types of Non Trivial Zeros

Authors: Zhiyang Zhang
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper classifies non trivial zeros based on the Riemann Zeta function. Through this operation, we can clearly understand the distribution pattern of non trivial zeros and predict the position of the next zero point. You can know that the Riemann hypothesis has three types of non trivial zeros, and the first type of non trivial zeros is located on the critical line, while the second and third types of zeros are not. Meanwhile, through a series of equation derivations, we can also understand why it is so difficult to find counterexamples of the Riemann hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

Creative Communication: Language and Reality in Indian Tradition

Authors: Sunil Sondhi
Comments: 21 Pages.

The unifying vision of reason and intuition in Indian linguistic tradition as established in the Vedas, Upanishads, and the works of scholars and sages like Panini, Patanjali, Bharatmuni, Bhartrihari, and Abhinavagupta, embraces levels and structure of language, objective reality, and the absolute reality. The search for general rules underlying the diversity of languages is ultimately an exploration of the very nature of human mind and its relation with reality. It reveals the interconnections between language, thought and reality. Panini’s grammar, Bharatmuni’s view of dramatic performance as an integrated entity, and Bhartrihari’s view of sentence as a meaningful unit reveals the unifying relationship of the parts and the whole, between the objective reality of the world and the Absolute Reality, and between reason and intuition. The essential message of Indian classical texts with regard to language and communication is that there are different levels of language between the two extremes termed as Vaikhari and Pasyanti, which correspond to different levels of consciousness of the Absolute Reality. The Absolute Reality lies outside human perceptions of space and time and is, therefore, is not expressible in ordinary language. The experience of that reality can only be indicated by words that try to go beyond words. Meaningful thought and communication requires constant interplay of lower and higher levels of speech, symbolizing constant interplay of the relative and Absolute Reality, and reason and intuition.
Category: Linguistics

N-Dimensional Representation of the Set of Prime Numbers

Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 6 Pages. (Converted to pdf and author name added by viXra admin - Please only submist article in pdf format)

This paper reveals/discusses the connection between the difference of prime numbers and the remainder of division by 6, the periodicity of the remainder.
Category: Number Theory

Motzkin Numbers

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 5 Pages.

Motzkin numbers have many combinatorial interpretations. In particular, M(n) is the total number of ways in which it is possible to draw non-intersecting chords between n points on a circle.
Category: Number Theory

Fundamental Role of Dirac Supersingletons in Particle Theory

Authors: Flex M. Lev
Comments: 17 Pages.

As shown in the famous Dyson’s paper "Missed Opportunities", even from purely mathematical considerations (without any physics) it follows that Poincare quantum symmetry is a special degenerate case of de Sitter quantum symmetries. Then the question arises why in particle physics Poincare symmetry works with a very high accuracy. The usual answer to this question is that a theory in de Sitter space becomes a theory in Minkowski space in the formal limit when the radius of de Sitter space tends to infinity. However, de Sitter and Minkowski spaces are purely classical concepts, and in quantum theory the answer to this question must be given only in terms of quantum concepts. At the quantum level, Poincare symmetry is a good approximate symmetry if the eigenvalues of the representation operators $M_{4mu}$ of the anti-de Sitter algebra are much greater than the eigenvalues of the operators $M_{muu}$ ($mu,u=0,1,2,3$).We show that explicit solutions with such properties exist within the framework of the approach proposed by Flato and Fronsdal where elementary particles in the standard theory are bound states of two Dirac singletons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Sigmoid Fictionization of Magnetization in the Spin-Glass Ising Model

Authors: Akira Saito
Comments: 4 Pages.

The magnetization of the spin-glass Ising model can be expressed using a sigmoid function. In the ground state, the magnetization is determined by solving a set of nonlinear simultaneous equations, each corresponding to a magnetization. As the magnetization of the ground state in the spin-glass Ising model constitutes an NP-complete problem, the P=NP problem can be reformulated as solving these nonlinear simultaneous equations. If practical computation yields result that are feasible, it can be essentially considered as P=NP. Furthermore, all interacting systems in nature can be represented by sigmoid functions, and the ground state can be obtained by solving nonlinear simultaneous equations.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Deriving Curves from Points in the Cartesian Plane

Authors: Kohji Suzuki
Comments: 20 Pages.

We derive curves from predetermined points in the Cartesian plane and obtain the elliptic.
Category: Geometry

The Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron for Pedestrians

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 6 Pages.

The causal arrangement of the two extended emission and detection sources and the photon source is considered. The emission source emitts the charged particle (electron) and photon. The photon source which is located betwen emission and detection sources is capable of the transmitting of space-like momenta. The photon propagates undisturbed between emission and detection sources, while the charged particle is reflected by the extended photon source. The result of such process is the modification of the vacumm-to-vacuum amplitude in form of the additional term which can beinterpreted as the additional magnetic moment of electron. The derivation is realized with the mathemathical simplicity and the Schwinger pedagogical clarity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Unlocking Customer Sentiments: A Sentiment Analysis of Amazon Product Reviews for Unlocked Mobile Phones

Authors: Apurba Poudel
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this study, I conducted sentiment analysis on product reviews of unlocked mobile phones sold on Amazon to explore customer’s opinions and sentiments towards these devices. I classified the sentiment according to the given rating by user and according to the written reviews by the users respectively. This study collected a total of 400000 reviews from the Amazon website, focusing on unlocked mobile phones from various brands. The reviews were pre-processed and analyzed using Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, Bag of Words (BoW) model, LinearSVC, Word2Vec model and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network. My analysis revealed that the majority of the reviews (approximately 70%) were positive. The positive reviews highlighted features such as the device's camera quality, battery life, display, and user interface. On the other hand, some negative reviews were found, mainly related to issues with the device's software and hardware. The negative reviews highlighted problems such as slow performance, freezing, and device malfunctioning.Moreover, the study found that some ratings does not corresponds to actual sentiment of review. Some users gave ratings higher or lower compared to the calculated sentiment of then reviews.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Proof of Twin Prime Conjecture by Clement’s Theorem

Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 6 Pages.

I proved the Twin Prime Conjecture by using Clement’s theorem. I was able to transform below. (n is positive integer) 4×(6n − 2)! + 6n + 3 ≡ 0 (mod (6n − 1)(6n + 1)). Even if the number(n) reaches the limit, use n=x+1,n=x+2...n=x+18 from n=x. By n=x+18, new twin prime numbers are found.In this way, even larger twin primes are born.Repeat this. That is, Twin Primes exist forever.
Category: Number Theory

Conservation Laws of Stress-Energy Tensor in Yang-Mills Theory

Authors: Chie B. Wang
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper we present a new identity to associate the conservation laws of stress-energy tensor with the field equations in Yang-Millstheory. The Lorentz force is included with a consistent formulation as in Maxwell theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Multi-folds, Non-Commutative Spacetime, Spin, and All That

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 26 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In the original multi-fold paper, we provided a review of lesser known details on spin, leading to the insights that spin is not a relativistic concept, even if naturally best modeled with relativity and Poincaré symmetries, and that it could also be seen as a rotation of energy, plausibly associated to rotations of the wave function. A toy multi-fold mechanism for these rotations was suggested, as food for thoughts. The multi-fold W-type hypothesis can be added to the picture as an additional source for angular momentum to potentially explains why the rotation f the wave function carries angular momentum..In the present paper, we revisit these results and concepts. Then we discuss additional little known insights about spin. In particular, how fermions imply non-commutative spacetime, and conversely; while bosons do not. Then, we show that any theory with fermions, e.g., quantum theory, implies a non-commutative spacetime in a range of small spatial scales. Then we discuss how one can see that quantum Physics, considered fermionic, and gravity or general relativity, considered bosonic, conventionally and in multi-fold universes. In particular we link spacetime non-commutativity, zitterbewegung with the notion of fermions and bosons, and the spin statistic theorem; providing a new derivation of the latter. Accordingly, massive fermions have sizes that feels the spacetime non-commutativity which results into zitterbewegung at energies where they are massive and transversal momentum uncertainties when massless. On the other hand, bosons, massive or massless, have sizes that hide the spacetime non-commutative effects. In multi-fold universe, spacetime is non-commutative in a spatial scale range, and this interpretation directly aligns with the toy multi-fold spin model. The paper introduces new, but equivalent definitions for fermions and bosons, and a versions of the Weinberg-Witten theorem, that now more explicitly hints at unphysicality of gravitons.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Model of Nuclear Structure

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 31 Pages.

The structure of nuclei begins with lower-order nuclei, such as deuterium, tritium, and helium He−3, which evolve into the helium nucleus He−4, and then the first upper-order oxygen nucleus O−16 that has four helium nuclei He−4 in a column of strong negative electric field. Furthermore, the second upper-order calcium nucleus Ca is based on the fundamental natural phenomenon of mirror symmetry, by repeating the structure of the first upper-order oxygen nucleus and its half, i.e., at a 2.5 factor. The same principle applies to the third upper-order tin nucleus Sn, which emerges from the second upper-order calcium nucleus Ca, according to mirror symmetry and the same 2.5 factor. It is noted that the tin nucleus Sn will further form the basis for the structure of all heavy nuclei up to the radioactive uranium nucleus U − 235. This is the simple and elegant structure model, according to which nuclei consist of fixed helium nuclei He − 4 (plus deuterium, tritium, and helium He − 3, all evolving into helium He − 4), while the bonding neutrons rotate around them.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

New Relations Between Oscillation Symmetry Periods

Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Oscillation Symmetry is applied with success to several meson and baryon data containing some new mass (and or width) data since our previous similar study. The extracted periods display again a "like quantification behaviour". The W boson and fermion "mass data" are fairly well aligned indicating a new property between these particles. Thus contrary to the generally accepted belief that the paericle masses have no relationship with each other, this work seems to suggest that they do through the Oscillation Symmetry.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

On the Velocity Decomposition in Hydrodynamics

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 1 Page.

We assume that velocity in hydrodynamics is an identical form of the gauge potential in electromagnetism where the vorticity is identical to the field strength tensor. Because the gauge potential can be decomposed into local and global parts, the velocity in hydrodynamics could also be decomposed into local and global parts.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Eigenvalue Density in Hermitian Matrix Models by the Lax Pair Method

Authors: J. B. McLeod, C. B. Wang
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this paper, a new method is discussed to derive the eigenvalue density in Hermitian matrix model with a general potential. The density is considered on one interval or multiple disjoint intervals. The method is based on Lax pair theory and Cayley-Hamilton theorem by studying the orthogonal polynomials associated with the Hermitian matrix model. It is obtained that the restriction conditions for the parameters in the density are connected to the discrete Painleve I equation, and the results are related to the scalar Riemann-Hilbert problem. Some special density functions are also discussed in association with the known results in this subject.
Category: Quantum Physics

Comment on Alan Macdonald’s Articles About the "World’s Fastest Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation"

Authors: Peter M. Enders, Romano Rupp
Comments: 3 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required)

In his 1981 till today papers about the "World’s Fastest Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation", Alan Macdonald has published ingenious thoughts on the Lorentz transformation. However, contrary to his explicit statement in footnote 3, he implicitly does assume that the transformation sought for is linear. For this, we propose a small addition to his text.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Preon Model for Particles and Forces, based on Modified Electric Charge

Authors: Ronald Agius
Comments: 80 Pages.

A simple model is proposed in which quarks and leptons are composed of preons that carry only electric charge. But electric charge is modified so that it comes in three varieties. All short-range forces are transmitted through exchange of massive bosons that are themselves composed of preons. The massless bosons that mediate the long-range forces are not composed of preons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Completed Quantum Mechanical Theory

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 24 Pages.

Quantum mechanics is one of the most important theories in modern physics, despite of their predictability and accuracy; it is facing with crucial philosophic problems. Indeed the problems could be solved, and the theory could be improved by using "Vacuum Mechanics" i.e. the mechanism of vacuum medium concept.
Category: Quantum Physics

Thought Experiments that [Critically Explore the Theory of Relativity]

Authors: Lars Frølund Jensen
Comments: 12 Pages.

Special and general relativity are apparently both extremely well proven — by their 'consistent' mathematics, and by many physical experiments and astronomical observations! But the theory of relativity contains several inconsistencies, and furthermore it predicts a physical reality that is impossible, which I will show several examples of in this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why there is no Baryon Asymmetry Differentiating Matter from Anti-Matter

Authors: Michael Lawrence
Comments: 7 Pages.

The baryon asymmetry problem is resolved using a model where the difference between normal matter and anti-matter is defined within a pre-fermion loop-based system. Also explained is where anti-matter is hiding in plain sight. Within the loop system only the sign of net loop charge differentiates matter from anti-matter. If a proton, as a stack of two positively charged quark loops and one negatively charged quark loop, is defined to be matter then a negatively charged electron loop is anti-matter. A charge-neutral neutron, as a stack of two negatively charged quark loops and one positively charged quark loop, is also anti-matter. Stable nuclei are built with equal numbers of matter and anti-matter nucleon components. The neutrino could be defined as matter or anti-matter, however, with the difference between a neutrino and an anti-neutrino of at least 60 degrees of loop rotation, it is not a Majorana fermion. The overall charge-neutral universe has a balance of matter and anti-matter and therefore baryon symmetry overall, although some volumes may be composed primarily of matter or of anti-matter charged nucleons. The combination of matter and anti-matter does not annihilate on contact — no loops or loop components are ever destroyed. The historic inconsistencies of definitions and treatments of negative energy, negative matter and anti-matter are shown to derive from a limited point-like model of particles and the loose definition of energy.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Completed Einstein General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 24 Pages.

Einstein general theory of relativity (GTR) has been criticized for their philosophic problems (both which came from STR and its own problems), despite of their predictability and accuracy. Indeed all the problems could be eliminated by using "Vacuum Mechanics" i.e. the mechanism of vacuum medium!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proteomic Dynamics in Arabidopsis Seedlings in Response to Heat Stress

Authors: Kai-Ting Fan, Yuan Xu
Comments: 31 Pages.

The urgency of developing thermotolerant crops is highlighted by the threat of global warming to plant survival and its detrimental impact on growth and agricultural productivity. Achieving this objective requires a deep understanding of plant responses to heat stress at the molecular level. In pursuit of this understanding, we conducted an investigation into proteome dynamics in Ara-bidopsis thaliana seedlings exposed to moderate heat stress (30°C). By employing a novel approach that integrates 15N-stable isotope labeling and the ProteinTurnover algorithm, we conducted a thorough examination of proteomic changes across various cellular fractions. Our study revealed significant alterations in the turnover rates of 571 proteins, with a median increase of 1.4-fold, in-dicating heightened protein dynamics in response to heat stress. Interestingly, soluble proteins in the roots displayed minor changes, suggesting the presence of tissue-specific adaptive mechanisms. Additionally, our analysis identified substantial turnover variations in proteins associated with redox signaling, stress response, and metabolism, highlighting the complexity of the response network. Conversely, proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism and mitochondrial ATP syn-thesis showed minimal turnover fluctuations, underscoring their inherent stability. This compre-hensive assessment provides insights into the proteomic adaptations of Arabidopsis seedlings to moderate heat stress, elucidating the delicate balance between proteome stability and adaptability. These findings enhance our understanding of plant thermal resilience and provide valuable support for the development of crops with enhanced thermotolerance.
Category: Biochemistry

Completed Einstein Special Theory of Relativity

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 18 Pages.

Einstein special theory of relativity (STR) has been criticized for lacking of its philosophical idea (mechanism which explain how the theory works), despite of their predictability and accuracy. Indeed the problems could be eliminated by using a new concept of "Vacuum Mechanics".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Constructive QFT: a Condensed Math Point of View III

Authors: Juno Ryu
Comments: 11 Pages. References added.

In this article, we remind the procedure of construction of path integral formalism.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Mystery of Syracuse: Exploration of a Fascinating Mathematical Conjecture

Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 24 Pages. In French

Delve into the fascinating depths of conjectureof Syracuse through this captivating work. Of its humble beginnings with complex ramifications, explore a mathematical problem that captured the imagination of researchers for decades. Discover the first empirical observations which led to the formulation ofthe conjecture, as well as the various attempts to solve, from classical approaches to modern methods. But the Syracuse conjecture is not limited to its mathematical aspects. Explore his connections with others fields of science, from cryptography to the theory of information, through musical analogy and geometric representations. At each step, discovernew ways this simple conjecture can illuminate complex concepts in other areas. This book offers an in-depth exploration of theSyracuse conjecture, combining mathematical rigor and creative imagination. It also offers aformal demonstration of convergence towards 1 for all initial value, thus consolidating our understanding of this intriguing phenomenon. Whether you are a researcher seasoned or passionate about mathematics, let yourselfinspire and challenge through this journey through a problem that continues to captivate the minds of the world's entire mathematicians.
Category: Number Theory

Canvas Theory

Authors: Juno Ryu
Comments: 10 Pages. typo corrected

For categorical construction of QFT, we introduce the mathematical language called canvas theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

SCQ Two Cycles of Links High Horizons

Authors: Rolando Zucchini
Comments: 11 Pages.

With reference to the Syracuse Conjecture Quadrature (SCQ), this article contains two links of high main horizons and their corresponding lower horizons such that Ꝋ(l) < Ꝋ(m), calculated by Theorem of Independence. A further confirmation that cycles of links can be managed to our liking. Moreover the procedure explains show the beauty and the magical harmony of odd numbers. At the same time it’s confirmed that SC (or CC) is not fully verifiable as additional highlighted by the four illustrative patterns. There are no doubts: it’s a particular sort of the Circle Quadrature, but its initial statement is true. In other words: BIG CRUNCH (go back to 1) is always possible but BIG BANG (to move on) has no End.
Category: Number Theory

Completed Maxwell Electromagnetic Field Theory

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 16 Pages.

Maxwell electromagnetic field theory originally was born with a mechanical model of the aether. After Einstein special theory of relativity was accepted, the aether was rule out. Only Maxwell equations are being used until now. Since then many important problems in electromagnetic field theory were started, and they still can not be solved until today. Modification using "Vacuum mechanics" will solve all the problems and lead to a more completed theory of electromagnetic field.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part 5: Stable Vacuum Formations

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 55 Pages.

This article is the fifth part of a scientific project under the general title "Geometrized vacuum physics based on the Algebra of Signatures". In this article, Einstein's vacuum equations are used as conservation laws, and their solutions as metric-dynamic models of stable vacuum formations. Sets of metrics-solutions of vacuum equations are considered, and methods of extracting information from these metrics based on Algebra of Signature are proposed. For con-venience of perception of intra-vacuum processes, a change in the interpretation of the zero components of the metric tensor was used. Instead of curved space-time continua, "colored" elastoplastic continuous pseudo-mediums are introduced into consideration. In this case, the zero components of the metric tensor determine not the change in the rate of flow of local time, but the speed of flow of intra-vacuum current in the local region of the elastoplastic pseu-do-medium. At the end of the article, an extended (third) Einstein vacuum equation is proposed, which allows us to consider metric-dynamic models of a variety of stable corpuscular vacuum formations. Alsigna's infinitely deepening intertwined fabric of space-time continuum, taking into account all 16 signatures (i.e. 16 types of topologies), is in many ways similar to the spin network of loop quantum gravity and to 6-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifolds. In this sense, the Algebra of Signatures can serve as a link that unites different directions in the development of quantum gravity.
Category: Classical Physics