All Submission Categories

The Effect of Kinetic Energies on the Relationship Between Molecular Collision Speed and Acoustic Wave Speed

Authors: Hejie Lin, Tsung-Wu Lin
Comments: 7 Pages.

Acoustic waves are the result of molecules colliding and fluctuating. However, the relationship between acoustic wave speed and molecular collision speed has not been directly formulated and validated as a function of kinetic properties in terms of the translational and rotational kinetic energies. This article will present and validate a formula that connects acoustic wave speed and molecular collision speed with the translational and rotational kinetic energies of molecules. This formula not only provides insight into the microscopic mechanisms of acoustic waves but can also be used to determine acoustic wave speed from mechanic analyses such as collision simulations of particles.
Category: Classical Physics

Hyperluminal Space Travel

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 10 Pages.

Hyperluminal space travel is big in popular sciencefiction and fantasy. How does it rate among realrocket scientists and astrophysicists? The answerto this basic question spans more than physics, andgoes into concerns relating to our brief reign as thecurrent hyperkeystone species on Earth.
Category: Astrophysics

A Little Correction About Special Relativity

Authors: Christian Suavet
Comments: 10 Pages.

A small experimental inaccuracy could be the cause of a conceptual error in special relativity, an error which could hinder the resolution of problems in physics and cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Neutron Coincidence

Authors: Alexander Unzicker
Comments: 2 Pages. typos (eqn.6) corrected

A previously unknown relationship involving the masses of the neutron, proton, and electron is reported. Expressed simply, it states m_n/m_e = 2 Pi/ alpha (gamma - 1/gamma), where gamma is defined as (m_n - m_p)/m_e, and alpha = e^2/(2hc eps0) represents the fine structure constant. The accuracy of this approximation is 2.0 *10^-4, which is outside the experimental error of 4.0 *10^-6. Additionally, the coincidence gamma = log(4 Pi) holds, with an even closer match of 2.0 *10^-5, yet still outside the experimental precision of 10^-6.It is not claimed that these coincidences have a physical meaning.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Gravitation and the Casimir Effect: A Potential Coupling Between Gravity and Quantum Fluctuations

Authors: Helena Kivelitz
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper investigates the potential coupling between gravitational fields and quantum vacuum fluctuations, as evidenced by variations in the Casimir effect. The Casimir effect is a quantum phenomenon that arises from electromagnetic vacuum modes between two closely spaced plates, resulting in a force inversely proportional to the fourth power of their separation. This study hypothesizes that gravitational fields, by curving spacetime, may influence these vacuum modes, leading to measurable changes in the Casimir force. Existing precision experiments on the Casimir effect and short-range gravity tests are reviewed for their suitability in probing this hypothesis. Proposed experiments under varying gravitational conditions—Earth’s surface, high-altitude stations, and microgravity environments—are detailed, along with the inclusion of a strong local gravitational source (e.g., a massive tungsten sphere). If verified, such interactions would provide experimental evidence for a direct connection between quantum mechanics and general relativity, with profound implications for physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fibonacci Numbers and Gravitational Radiation

Authors: Alberto Coe
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this short article We have done an arithmetic approximation that analyzes the currentformalism of the phenomenon of gravitationalwaves.To do this we have resorted to the use of thewell known Fibonacci series of natural numbers and the logarithmicspiral associated with the sequence of such numbers.
Category: Astrophysics

Alternative Hypothesis for Cosmological Redshift

Authors: Felipe Wescoup
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper proposes an alternative hypothesis for the cosmological redshift based on energy conservation between photons and the intergalactic medium (IGM). The hypothesis suggests that photons lose energy to the IGM during their propagation through space according to ΔE_IGM = -ΔE_photon, following an exponential decay model. This energy transfer results in the observed redshift without requiring the existence of dark energy. The paper presents the fundamental equations governing this interaction and suggests methods for testing the hypothesis through systematic redshift studies.
Category: Classical Physics

Thue-Morse Sequence

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this note we give some formulas related to Prouhet-Thue-Morse constant.
Category: Number Theory

On Complex Dynamics and the Schrodinger Equation

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 16 Pages.

Complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE) is a paradigm of complex dynamics that holds for all spatially extended systems near the onset of oscillatory behavior. CGLE applies to a vast array of phenomena ranging from superconductivity and superfluidity, to Bose-Einstein condensation, astrophysics, nonlinear optics and spatiotemporal chaos. In particular, CGLE describes the formation of dissipative spacetime structures in Reaction-Diffusion (RD) processes. Here we bridge the gap between CGLE and the RD model of evolving dimensional fluctuations, the latter being conjectured to arise far above the electroweak scale. Our findings open an intriguing path connecting complex dynamics of dimensional fluctuations to Quantum Physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Unified Theory of Multiversal Genesis: A Theoretical Framework for the Emergence and Interaction of the Multiverse

Authors: Francesco Perniola
Comments: 14 Pages.

Background: The Unified Theory of Multiversal Genesis (UTMG) proposes a novel cosmological paradigm where the universe emerges from the quantum vacuum through fluctuations of a unified field Φ. This process leads to the formationof multiple universes that interact via mechanisms mediated by strings and fields, resulting in a complex and interconnected multiverse.Methods: We developed a theoretical framework that unifies concepts from quantum mechanics, general relativity, and string theory. Detailed mathematical formulations describe the origin, evolution, and interaction of universes within amultidimensional bulk, employing advanced field equations and brane dynamics. Numerical simulations analyze the phenomena predicted by the theory, with justifications for the approximations used.Results: The UTMG provides equations governing the nucleation of branes from the quantum vacuum, iterative processes of universe multiplication through spontaneous symmetry breaking, and mechanisms of inter-universal interaction mediatedby open strings and the unified field Φ. The simulations support the theoreticalpredictions, showing brane formation and gravitational wave generation, with implications for observable signatures. Conclusions: The UTMG offers a coherent description of the genesis of themultiverse and inter-universal interactions, providing potential explanations to unresolved problems in cosmology. The theory’s predictions could be tested with future experiments and observations, opening new avenues for exploration in fundamental physics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Spectra of Hydrogen and Deuterium Interpreted with an Alternative Fine Structure Constant Compared to the Codata Recommended Value

Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: 22 Pages.

A modified Dirac expression for the electron binding energy in hydrogen-like atoms is presented, which allows a direct and unambiguous comparison among different fine structure constants without bound-state QED theory. The least squares analysis of the parameters, describing the spectra of hydrogen and deuterium, is grounded on two sets of the most accurately measured energy separations. The optimal spectroscopic fine structure constant is found to be equal to 0.007284(1), disagreeing with the determinations ultimately based on renormalized QED but being in good agreement with the number constant 2^(-6) π^(-2/3) ≈ 0.007284. The present work compiles experimental values of the Lamb shift of S, P, and D states with n = 1, 2, and 3 derived from those measurements. Accurate predictions for hyperfine splitting intervals with n > 1 are given and compared to experimental values for n = 2.
Category: Quantum Physics

How the Physician Clinically Thinks?

Authors: Atabek B. Kutlumuratov
Comments: 10 Pages. In Russian

This treatise is addition to the treatise №6 from (vixra.prg/abs/2411.0127 — "Avicenna’s legacy: Personal (Psychophysical) Model of Human Nature as a Basic Medical Metaphor") from the series "About Ontological and Epistemological Bases of Modern Medicine and Physiology". Its purpose is to generalize what we discussed within this cycle of treatises and to characterize specificity of the physician's clinical thinking.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Optimization of Geodetic Networks

Authors: Erik Grafarend, Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 47 Pages. In French, we have added in English an obituary of Prof. Grafrend and a list of his publications.

The international geodetic community lost, in December 2020, one of its eminent contemporary geodesists Professor E.W. Grafarend of the University of Stuttgart, Germany. To pay homage to him, I present to readers this article, it is a translation of one of his publications which appeared in The Canadian Surveyor, Vol. 28, No.5, December 1974, entitled "Optimization of Geodetic Networks".
Category: Geophysics

A Pedagogical Spigot: A Binary Digit-Extracting Series for π from First Principles

Authors: Mar Detic
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper presents a detailed derivation and analysis of the seriesπ =∞Xk=0 12k + 1 + 24k + 1 + 14k + 3 − 14k.We demonstrate its equivalence to a definite integral, prove its convergence to π via analytical evaluation,and analyze its convergence rate, showing that it yields approximately 3 correct decimal digits per5 terms. Crucially, we show that the factor of (−1/4)k imbues the series with the property of a spigotalgorithm for the binary digits of π. While not as computationally efficient as the Bailey—Borwein—Plouffeformula, this series’ derivation from a simple rational function using undergraduate-level techniquesoffers significant pedagogical value in understanding the construction of digit-extracting algorithms forfundamental constants.
Category: Number Theory

Simplified Trigonometric Method for Distance Measurements

Authors: Aryan G. Chopade, Govardhan S. Chopade
Comments: 4 Pages. 2 figures; submitted under the CC BY 4.0 license (Author ames added to the article by viXra Admin as required)

This study develops a mathematical approach to estimate the distance of a celestial object from an observer using angular measurements. The method involves capturing the subtended angles of the object from two distinct positions along a known baseline distance and employs trigonometric relationships to derive a formula for calculating the distance. Using a camera, the angular size of the object is determined based on its apparent size on the camera's sensor. The calculated angles are substituted into the derived formula to compute the distance. Validation of the formula was performed by calculating the Moon's distance from Earth using angular measurements taken at two locations separated by 100 km. The computed distance of approximately 376,742 km closely aligns with the Moon's average distance from Earth, confirming the accuracy of the method. This straightforward approach demonstrates potential utility for amateur astronomers and educators, offering an accessible tool for celestial distance measurement using basic geometry.
Category: Astrophysics

Photon is Information of Address in Holographic Plane

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 4 Pages.

Photons, the fundamental quanta of light, are widely recognized as carriers of energy and mediators of electromagnetic interactions. This paper proposes that photons also encode the "address" of quantum interactions within the holographic plane, providing a mechanism for coordinating quantum phenomena across spacetime. Building on the framework presented in Emergent Universe from Many Unreal World Interpretation [6], this hypothesis suggests that photons function as messengers of spatial and informational coordinates, offering new interpretations of wave function collapse, quantum entanglement, and delayed-choice experiments. This approach integrates the holographic principle with quantum mechanics, potentially bridging two foundational theories of modern physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Electron Orbitals Are Not Probability Clouds [?] They Are Holographic Planes

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 3 Pages.

The conventional interpretation of electron orbitals as probability clouds has been central to quantum mechanics. However, this paper proposes a novel framework in which electron orbitals are holographic planes defined by the fine-structure constant and relativistic principles. This holographic interpretation provides a deterministic yet flexible description of quantum behaviour, linking the electron's unique spacetime geometry to its interaction with the electromagnetic field. The model explains quantized energy levels, spectral line structures, and interference phenomena while aligning with relativity. The implications for quantum mechanics and the unification of physics are profound, offering testable predictions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Correction to the Synchrotron Photon Spectrum

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 14 Pages. Original article

We calculate the quantum corrections to synchrotron photon spectrum by methoddeveloped by Schwinger and Tsai. The traditional calculation method working withthe particle wave functions is here replaced by the mass operator approach avoidingthe particle final states and the integration over photon angular distribution. Thealgorithm of the calculation of the quantum corrections to the synchrotron radiationconsists in the evaluation of the forward Compton scattering process in the externalmagnetic field and then in application of the optical theorem to obtain the angularand frequency distribution.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Identifying Vulnerable C Code using Machine Learning Techniques

Authors: Siddharth Anand Phatak
Comments: 7 Pages.

This report presents the development and evaluation of a machinelearning model for identifying vulnerable C code. Using an AI-generateddataset of both vulnerable and non-vulnerable C code snippets, we explorevarious methodologies including Bag of Words (BOW), Logistic Regres-sion, word embeddings, and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to buildan effective classification model.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Unified Scalar Field Theory: Explaining Galactic Dynamics Without Dark Matter

Authors: Korey McKinley
Comments: 18 Pages.

We propose a unified scalar field theory that modifies general relativity by intro-ducing a novel scalar boson coupling to matter, thereby altering the gravitationalinteraction at galactic and cosmological scales. The modified Einstein equations in-clude an additional term Φμν , representing the scalar field’s contribution to space-time curvature. This scalar boson, herein referred to as the Gravitational ScalarBoson (GSB), is hypothesized to possess a radially varying coupling strength α(r),enhancing its influence in regions where deviations from Newtonian gravity are ob-served, such as in galaxy rotation curves. We derive the theoretical foundationsof the model, discuss its implications for gravitational dynamics, and apply it tothe spiral galaxy NGC 3198 as a test case. The optimized coupling strength atr = 0, α0 = 0.254, aligns with theoretical expectations and complies with observa-tional constraints. Additionally, we explore the broader cosmological implications ofthe GSB, including its potential role in cosmic expansion and structure formation.Building upon this framework, we advance towards a unified theory by unifying allfundamental interactions and particles within this scalar field paradigm. Our resultssupport the potential of this unified scalar field theory, centered around the pro-posed GSB, as an alternative to dark matter in explaining galactic dynamics andoffer insights into a comprehensive unification of gravity with other fundamentalforces.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

An Extension of the Schwarzschild Solution: Combined Gravitational Field of Two or More Sources

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 5 Pages. I will not agree to publish this work in any journal that requires payment from the writer for publication.

There is no direct mathematical tool that enables us to generalize Schwarzschild solution to cases where there is more than one source of gravitational field. In this paper, we explained that this generalization can be made if we develop an equivalent and parallel description to the geometric description based on the metric tensor, and we found that this method succeeds in generalizing the Schwarzschild solution for any number of gravitational sources that move relative to each other.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Main Problems in Constructing Quantum Theory Based on Finite Mathematics

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 19 Pages.

As shown in our publications, quantum theory based on a finite ring of characteristic $p$ (FQT) is more general than standard quantum theory (SQT) because the latter is a degenerate case of the former in the formal limit $ptoinfty$. One of the main differences between SQT and FQT is the following. In SQT, elementary objects are described by irreducible representations (IRs) of a symmetry algebra in which energies are either only positive or only negative and there are no IRs where there are states with different signs of energy. In the first case, objects are called particles, and in the second - antiparticles. As a consequence, in SQT it is possible to introduce conserved quantum numbers (electric charge, baryon number, etc.) so that particles and antiparticles differ in the signs of these numbers. However, in FQT, all IRs necessarily contain states with both signs of energy. The symmetry in FQT is higher than the symmetry in SQT because one IR in FQT splits into two IRs in SQT with positive and negative energies at $ptoinfty$. Consequently, most fundamental quantum theory will not contain the concepts of particle-antiparticle and additive quantum numbers. These concepts are only good approximations at present since at this stage of the universe the value $p$ is very large but it was not so large at earlier stages. The above properties of IRs in SQT and FQT have been discussed in our publications with detailed technical proofs. The purpose of this paper is to consider models where these properties can be derived in a much simpler way.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A New Foundation for Standard Quantum Theory: Extension to Electrodynamics

Authors: Edward C. Larson
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper builds upon https://vixra.org/abs/2402.0149 and https://vixra.org/abs/2406.0113, which proposed a novel realist framework for making sense of standard quantum theory. The framework is said to be ``realist'' in that it provides a complete observerless picture of quantum state ontology and dynamics, in conjunction with a mechanistic account of measurement processes, that answers basic questions of what, where, when, and how.The framework embodies a general quantum ontology consisting of two entities, called W-state and P-state, that respectively account for the wave- and particle-like aspects of quantum systems. W-state is a generalization of the wavefunction, but has ontic stature and is defined on the joint time-frequency domain. It constitutes a non-classical local reality, consisting of superpositions of quantum waves writ small. P-state is a non-local hidden variable that constrains the probability distributions governing deferred measurement outcomes, such as in the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) thought experiment. The framework features a full solution of the core measurement problem, which pertains to the global coordination within quantum systems required to bring about wavefunction collapse in causal fashion consistent with special relativity.The extent of development in those preceding papers amounts essentially to a quantum theory of matter particles. In this paper, it is shown how the realist quantum-theoretic framework for particles can be extended to encompass electromagnetic fields. The paper elaborates upon the implications for quantum gravity and how other interpretations (e.g., Many Worlds, GRW) deepen understanding of the realist framework.
Category: Quantum Physics

Imaging of Microwave Data Based on Backward Projection Algorithms

Authors: Xuancheng Ren, Xinyu Yuan, Qixiang Yang, Hengzhi Zhang, Jingyi Li
Comments: 24 Pages.

This document explores the principles and applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging, with a focus on Backprojection (BP) algorithms for microwave data imaging. It starts by introducing SAR technology, its historical development, and fundamental imaging mechanisms. Key differences between SAR and conventional radar systems are highlighted, emphasizing SAR's advantages in achieving high-resolution imaging through pulse compression and Doppler frequency shifts.The document then delves into signal processing techniques, including Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) signals, range compression, and Doppler phase compensation. The BP algorithm is discussed in depth, covering echo signal modeling, range migration correction, and coherent accumulation. Simulation results demonstrate the BP algorithm's capability to reconstruct detailed images, illustrating the impact of interpolation coefficients on image quality.Additionally, alternative SAR algorithms like DBS, RD, and CS are compared, showcasing their strengths and limitations in various scenarios. The study concludes by emphasizing the BP algorithm's importance in SAR imaging and its potential for future technological advancements.This research, conducted by Fudan University, provides valuable insights into microwave data imaging and signal processing in SAR systems, paving the way for more efficient imaging techniques.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Potential Quantum Gravitational Constant Discovery Leading To Reformulation Of Planck Related Equations

Authors: Antoine Khai Nguyen
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Potential discovery of an equation that yields a quantum gravitational constant (denoted as GK). The said discovered quantum gravitational constant (GK) is equivalent to Newton's gravitational constant (G) in the quantum realm. GK = e2 / (mproton x me 4πε0) [N⋅kg-2⋅m2] or [kg-1⋅m3⋅s-2] (same SI unit as Newton's G) GK = 1.5141727058066559828611192827127e+29 [N⋅kg-2⋅m2] or [kg-1⋅m3⋅s-2].
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Statistical Inference on Emergency Egress Analysis Considering Blocking Effects on Crowd Movement

Authors: Peng Wang, Peter Luh
Comments: 6 Pages.

In building emergency evacuation, the perception of hazard can stress the crowd, arouse their competitive behaviors, and trigger disorder and blocking as they pass through a narrow passage (e.g., narrow exit). This is a serious concern threatening evacuees’ survivability and egress efficiency. How to effectively manage risk of such undesired situations is a critical problem in evacuation planning. Based on advanced simulation, behavioral studies and psychological findings on crowd evacuation, this paper establishes a probabilistic graphical model for egress risk analysis, especially considering egress blocking effect on crowd movement. In this model, a hazard event (e.g., fires) is the cause of crowd escape. The undesired event of disorder and blocking is then characterized as an outcome of excessive stress on evacuees due to surrounding hazards, resulting in a drastic decrease of crowd movement in a probabilistic fashion. Several unknown parameters exist in this model, and they have clear psychological meanings, such as the social bond of evacuees, the stress level of crowd in a hazardous condition, etc. Based on this probabilistic graphical model, statistical inference can be implemented and the unknown parameters in the model can be estimated.
Category: Social Science

Better Supervised Fine-Tuning of Closed-Source Large Models

Authors: Fei Ding
Comments: 6 Pages.

The recent proliferation of so-called open-source large language models (such as LLaMA, Falcon, Mistral) has introduced a broader range of alternatives for AI practitioners and researchers. However, the majority of these models cannot be considered truly open-source, as they often provide only partial artifacts, such as final model weights or inference code. Furthermore, technical documentation accompanying these models tends to focus on high-level architectural decisions and superficial metrics, leaving critical aspects of the training process, including dataset composition, distribution, model checkpoints, and intermediate results, largely undisclosed. This lack of transparency presents a significant barrier to progress in the field, restricting the potential for open, collaborative research. In the absence of access to original datasets, attempts to further train or fine-tune these models by third parties are susceptible to issues such as catastrophic forgetting.In response to this challenge, we propose a method that facilitates more effective supervised fine-tuning of these closed-source models, without requiring access to the original data, while mitigating the risk of catastrophic forgetting.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Equality of the Values of Area and Perimeter for Two-Dimensional Shapes, Volume and Area for Three-Dimensional Ones

Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 4 Pages.

Possible variants of the equality of the values of the area and perimeter of a number of two—dimensional figures (square, circle, rectangular, obtuse and equilateral triangles), volume and area - three-dimensional (Platonic bodies, cone, cylinder, pyramid and sphere) are considered.
Category: Geometry

Reinterpreting Galileo's Inclined Plane and Pendulum Experiments

Authors: Haifei Ma
Comments: 12 Pages.

Galileo made significant contributions to the development of physics, including his discovery of inertia through the inclined plane experiment with a small ball. However, the limited understanding of the natural universe in Galileo's era prevented a complete interpretation of his findings. Even today, physicists grapple with fundamental questions such as why matter possesses inertia and what its true nature is. Addressing these questions is critical for refining classical mechanics and interpreting the concept of inertial reference frames. Since Galileo's time, physics has undergone centuries of development, accumulating a wealth of knowledge that was unavailable to early pioneers like Galileo, Descartes, and Newton. This progress has introduced new ideas and methods for tackling fundamental problems in physics. Consequently, it is both timely and necessary to reinterpret foundational classical physics experiments using contemporary insights. This article presents a reinterpretation of Galileo's inclined plane and pendulum experiments, leveraging modern physics knowledge and alternative perspectives. The study reveals that inertia fundamentally arises from the conservation of energy and offers a clear explanation for phenomena such as why an accelerating free-falling elevator qualifies as an inertial frame of reference. It also explores the origins of energy in the universe and reports several other significant findings. These discoveries, which have implications for bridging classical and modern physics, are discussed in detail.
Category: Classical Physics

Santali and The Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 40 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Santali head entries of two Santali to English dictionaries. These are Campbell's Santali-English Dictionary, third edition, edited by R. M. Macphail and A Santal Dictionary by Rev. P. O. Bodding, respectively. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of head entries, normalised(unnormalised), starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that Santali, the language of the Santal tribe, underlie a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in the presence of little external magnetic field.
Category: Linguistics

Erasmus of Rotterdam: What Does he Mean to us Today?

Authors: Peter M. Enders
Comments: 22 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: In general, PPT format is not acceptable)

Erasmus of Rotterdam belongs to the most influential thinkers of Middle Euerope. The text published here belongs to a series of lectures "Science - Speech - Society" held by Peter Enders in Karaganda via Zoom.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

The Content of Inertial Mass and Its Mechanism of Equivalence with Gravitational Mass

Authors: Zheng-Hua Zhang
Comments: 3 Pages. In Chinese

There are no objects in the universe that are not subject to forces, nor are there objects that are at rest or moving in a straight line at a constant speed. Inertia is not the property of an object to remain at rest or in uniform linear motion, but rather the property of maintaining its original accelerated motion. After confirming this, it is easy to see that what maintains the original variable speed motion state is the gravitational force and orbital velocity experienced by the object at each level of the material system. For multiple objects at the same position in the same gravitational field, their orbital velocities are the same at each level of the material system, the gravitational force they experience is proportional to their gravitational mass, so the ratio of their inertial mass to gravitational mass must be a constant.
Category: Classical Physics

The Three Kinds of Gravity

Authors: Kurt L. Becker
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper hypothesizes three kinds of gravitonic interactions with spacetime, matter, neutrinos, and with gravitonic self-interactions.It posits that space is digital and its smallest unit is a spin network, here called a pixel.The first kind of gravity results when a graviton is being exchanged when interacting with matter and spacetime. The result is a pixel being destroyed. This is Newtonian gravity on a solar system scale.The second kind results when parallel counter-streaming gravitons between two stars bend spacetime toward the line of centers between these two stars. This results in substantial additional gravity on a galactic scale. This is currently believed to be due to dark matter.The third kind results, when in the vast expanses of deep space, gavitons and neutrinos interact to create pixels using the energy in the electromagnetic field. This results in negative gravity, currently believed to be to due to dark energy. This gravity predominates on scales of the universe. (Correction: Neutrinos were not mentioned in the main paper.)Spacetime will flow into galaxies since pixels are continuously being destroyed by stars. Since space is continuously being created in the voids bewtween galaxies, spacetime will flow towards galaxy clusters. Since inside stars neutrinos are contiuously being created, the creation and destruction cycle of space pixels will contiue and will actually increase.This flow of spacetime results in an ANISOTROPIC universe in the direction of the microwave background, resulting in the Hubble tension.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Computation of Antiderivatives of Rational Functions

Authors: Subrat Kumar Verma
Comments: 3 Pages.

This article has been based on a lecture handout for high school students. Most of the calculus books mention the method of partial fractionsin an algorithmic way. I have described the reason behind the method. It has been mentioned as a theorem without proof in Problems in Analysis by Prof Maron published by Mir Publications of the Soviet Era, cited in the text of the article. It is possible that the proof is also included in some book maybe in Russian language but I have not come across the reasoning in any English language book and thus is novel to the best of my knowledge. The proof uses arguments accessible to high school students who have seen polynomials and complex numbers before, such as the class I was lecturing in India.
Category: General Mathematics

Description and Calculation

Authors: Friedrich Sösemann
Comments: English 20 pages, German 20 pages

The present text is a systematic description of descriptions, a network of precise definitions already existing concepts, such as information, knowledge, intelligence as a hierarchy of relations and their measures, as well as of description and calculation with their completeness and predictability.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Modified Collatz Method

Authors: Marko V. Jankovic
Comments: 6 Pages.

n this paper, a modification of Collatz method is going to be presented, It is going to be proved that iterative implementation of the corresponding modified Collatz function on any natural number will eventually lead to the number 1. An alternative definition of Collatz and modified Collatz functions are going to be presented, and some interesting results that are obtained from it are going to be briefly analyzed.
Category: Number Theory

The Riemann Hypothesis Unveiled: Formal Proof and Harmony of Non-trivial Zeros

Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 59 Pages.

The Riemann zeta function, symbol of the convergence between complex analysis and number theory, occupies a central place in modern mathematics. Since its introduction by Bernhard Riemann in 1859, this function has established itself as an essential tool for understanding the distribution of prime numbers. This work is distinguished by the ambition to propose a formal proof of the Riemann Hypothesis (HR), a conjecture which intimately links the non-trivial zeros of ��(��) to the structure of integers. By exploring its analytical, geometric and arithmetic aspects, this text constitutes a significant step forward in the quest for this proof. The objective of this work is twofold: on the one hand, to offer an in-depth presentation of the fundamental properties of ��(��), such as its functional equation, its Euler product, and the symmetry of its zeros; on the other hand, rigorously demonstrate that all non-trivial zeros of ��(��) lie on the critical line ℜ(��)=1/2. In this way, it is aimed not only at specialists but also at mathematics enthusiasts, by offering them a unique and detailed perspective on one of the greatest mathematical mysteries. Through a rigorous methodology, illustrated by demonstrations by contradiction and analytical visualizations, this text highlights the profound consequences of HR, not only on number theory, but also on other branches of mathematics. It invites the reader to explore this hidden harmony that links the analytical properties of complex functions and the regularity of prime numbers.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Yeast-Based Expression of Zika Virus Envelope Protein and CTB Fusion for Oral Vaccine Development

Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further speculative work will not be accepted!)

This study describes the development of an expression system for an oral Zika virus vaccine. The vaccine is based on a fusion protein of the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and the Zika virus envelope protein (E protein), connected via a GGSG linker and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ADH1 promoter was incorporated into the yeast expression vector to drive transcription of the fusion protein. Yeast transformants were confirmed through colony PCR, and initial protein expression was validated using SDS-PAGE.
Category: Physics of Biology

An Unifying Equation for Almost All Constituent Quarks Masses, of Cold and Hot Genesis

Authors: Arghirescu Marius
Comments: 12 Pages.

Based on a Cold Genesis pre-quantum theory of particles and fields, (C.G.T.), which explains the constituent quarks and the resulted elementary particles as clusters of negatron-positron pairs ((e-e+)) forming basic z0 -preons of 34 me which generate preonic bosons z2(4z0) and zp(7z0) and constituent quarks in a preonic model, from two equations, one for the preonic quarks (u, d, s) and another for the heavy quarks (c-charm and b-bottom), a single unitary equation is obtained for the both mass variants: CGT/Souza and Standard Model, by using four parameters representing integer numbers from 0 to 3: (k1 ; k2) (for the number of z2- and z- preonic bosons); f = (1;2)- flavor number; n = (1-4) —compositeness number, and a multiplication factor: [2n-1-2(n-1)] depending on n, the value n=4 giving a predicted quark, of mass approx.15 GeV/c2.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Final Theory

Authors: Dimosthenis Michopoulos
Comments: 13 Pages. (Converted to pdf by viXra admin - Please submit article in pdf format only and author name should be in English and listed in the article)

This paper presents the theory of Material Pulses, a radical approach aimed at the completeunification of physical interactions, from classical physics to quantum mechanics. Thematerial pulse is introduced as the fundamental entity, describing the structure of matter andenergy through distributions of charge and energy. The theory aims to explain phenomenathat are traditionally interpreted through abstract concepts, such as spin, which is redefinedas a consequence of the internal dynamics of pulses rather than an independent property.Using minimal coupling, the theory describes the interactions of material pulses with externalfields, leading to a natural emergence of both electromagnetic and gravitational phenomena.Experimental proposals are presented that could validate this theoretical approach, such asmodified Stern-Gerlach experiments and pulse scattering experiments.The theory of Material Pulses offers a unified perspective for understanding physical laws,proposing a simplified and coherent interpretation that can unify classical and quantumphysics, ultimately leading to a Final Theory of physical interactions. (PDF) The Final Theory. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385965279_The_Final_Theory [accessed Nov 21 2024].
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Dirichlet's Theorem on Arithmetic Progressions and Generalized Twin Prime Numbers Conjecture

Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 10 Pages.

This article explores Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions and its connection with the twin prime conjecture. Dirichlet's theorem, proven in 1837, states that there are infinitely many prime numbers in each arithmetic progression of the form ��+����, when gcd(��,��)=1. This result is crucial for understanding the distribution of prime numbers in specific arithmetic sequences. The article delves deeper into the application of this theorem to the twin prime conjecture, which posits that there are infinitely many pairs of prime numbers whose difference is 2. Although this conjecture is still unsolved, it is based on principles similar to those used in the proof of Dirichlet's theorem. Using advanced mathematical tools, such as L(s, χ) functions and Dirichlet series, the paper proposes a new approach to formally demonstrate the existence of infinitely many pairs of twin primes. Furthermore, the article examines the generalization of this conjecture for any difference k, thus providing a broader perspective on the distribution of prime numbers in arithmetic progressions. By analyzing the non-nullity of L functions at ��=1, the article suggests the existence of infinite solutions to the twin prime conjecture and opens promising avenues to solve this problem as well as its generalizations.
Category: Number Theory

Uncharted Ground: Exploring the Role of Gravitational Fields in Particle Physics and Quark Binding Energies

Authors: Gene A. Harvey
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Building upon the model proposed in "Renaming Dark Matter as Condensed Gravitational Fields (ΛCGF) Within Cosmology," 1 this paper explores the extension of ΛCGF theory into atomic and subatomic realms. The previous framework conceptualized dark matter as regions of space dominated by high-density gravitational fields, eschewing the need for exotic particle hypotheses. In this continuation, we focus on how ΛCGF manifests within the strong nuclear force, specifically in its influence on quark confinement and the stability of baryons such as protons and neutrons.Through a series of detailed derivations, this paper demonstrates how the ΛCGF model affects quark binding energies, revealing that the gravitational potential within a ΛCGF interacts with the color force, modifying the effective strong coupling constant at small scales. This adjustment provides an alternate explanation for the strong nuclear force’s strength and range, without requiring a separate quantum field. This work proposes a unified gravitational framework that governs not only large-scale structures but also the interactions that bind subatomic particles, aligning gravitational and nuclear phenomena under a single, cohesive model.In addition, the ΛCGF model predicts subtle modifications in neutron-proton interactions and offers potential resolutions to discrepancies in neutron decay rates and proton stability observed in recent experiments. These predictions are testable through high-energy particle collisions and astrophysical observations of neutron stars and quark-gluon plasmas. The implications of this extended framework offer a fresh perspective on nuclear physics, further cementing the role of gravitational fields in structuring not just galaxies, but also the very building blocks of matter. To apply the CGF model to particle interactions within atomic structures, we begin by focusing on proton and neutron field densities, we can extend the concept of curvature and field interactions at subquantum scales, using the same principles that modify the Einstein field equations.
Category: Classical Physics

URTG: Theoretical Extensions and Applications

Authors: David Kolb
Comments: 27 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper presents significant theoretical extensions and practical applications of the Unified Relativistic Theory of Gravity (URTG). We develop the mathematical framework to incorporate hyperbolic geometry into URTG, demonstrating the integral connection between motion trajectories and space geometry. The enhanced formulation includes modified field equations, an extended hyperbolic metric tensor, and refined gravitational lensing equations. We analyze URTG's predictions for gravitational lensing against historical data from the 1919 Eddington eclipse expedition, showing alignment with observational evidence while suggesting subtle deviations that could be detected in future high-precision measurements. The paper addresses the treatment of singularities in URTG, demonstrating how the theory reinterprets black holes, the Big Bang, as well as Wormholes, as transitions between frame-dependent and frame-independent states, potentially resolving the black hole information paradox. Additionally, we explore gravitational waves through URTG's causal structure framework, deriving wave solutions from the Causality Emergence Equation that maintain consistency with current observations while offering new insights into gravity's quantum nature. These theoretical developments extend URTG's explanatory power while maintaining its foundational principles of relational space-time and emergent phenomena. The work provides testable predictions that could differentiate URTG from standard general relativity in future experiments, particularly in scenarios involving strong gravitational fields or quantum-scale effects.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Research Progress on the Schrödinger Equation that Can Describe the Earth's Revolution and Its Applications

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 8 Pages.

People believe that the Schrödinger equation cannot be used to describe macroscopic objects like the Earth, and Newtonian mechanics cannot be used to describe microscopic systems. The old concept of the relationship between the existing laws of quantum mechanics and classical mechanics undoubtedly has a serious impact on people's understanding of the natural world, the development of physics theories, and the application of existing physics theories. The continuous development of physics theory requires constant changes to some incorrect old concepts. The Schrödinger equation that can describe planetary motion was successfully obtained by replacing the potential energy in the Hamiltonian operator from electromagnetic interaction potential energy to gravitational interaction potential energy. If the distance between the sun and the earth is approximated as a constant, the energy eigenvalues obtained by solving the Schrödinger equation for the Earth's revolution are completely consistent with the results obtained directly using classical mechanics. The direct significance of establishing and applying such equations is that they can simultaneously use classical mechanics and wave dynamics to describe all objects (no longer limited by the mass of the objects), simplifying the calculation process of quantum mechanics. It has been proven that classical mechanics and wave dynamics are compatible. It has been proven that classical mechanics and wave dynamics are compatible, and there is no insurmountable gap between them. This result has a huge positive impact on the theoretical updates and applications of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Reframing Prime Theory: A Fresh and Computer-aided Perspective

Authors: Philip Zixuan Pan
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required)

Traditional research in number theory primarily revolves around the Eratosthenes sieve method and other methodologies, resulting in significant achievements. Yet certain challenging issues persist. For example, Goldbach’s Conjecture, has to be proven. This paper proposes an innovative approach and a formula for primes is established, supported with a Python-coded program.
Category: Number Theory

Avicena's Legacy: Personal (Psychophysical) Model of Human Nature as a Basic Medical Metaphor

Authors: Atabek B. Kutlumuratov
Comments: 69 Pages. The primary text was slightly corrupted when formatted into a PDF file.

In the treatise is described the general (psychophysical) model of individual human nature (of the physical nature of the person). It is underlined that the psychophysical problem in medicine was solved in favor of psychophysical interaction in 5 century B.C. at least. It is emphasized that undercover (uncertain) aspect of person’s psycho-physical nature can be interpreted as the sphere of perception and selection of variants of unification of person's nature with nature of External World. With the undercover aspect of human nature, probably, apothatic traditions of theosophy and philosophy and the requirement of a person to base the individual and collective life on various systems of belief are connected. Ontologically we can point out to four main areas of human nature. Area "D" (it is the corporality area, and from here the reality invades the unit nature of person) and "А" area (it is the area where impulses of "I", or "Ego", are born) of reality are connected as two internal aspects of continuous world of Parmenide. Area "C" is area of consciousness, or area of certainties which is perceived by consciousness as internal certainty of Parmenidean Reality. Areas "А" and "C" together constitute the subjective world and we can mean it as unified area of Being an individual, or area of "B". Areas "А" and "C" together constitute the subjective world and we can mean it as unified area of Being, area of "B". Outside of this structural definiteness remains the continuous (hence - organic) unity, which is including areas "А" and "D". Physical human nature is constituted as complex of uncertainties and certainties of areas "А", "D" and "C". This fundamental psychophysical structure is the main metaphor which doctors not absolutely obviously use since ancient times as concept of "individual human nature». This concept has been obviously developed Avicenna.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Resolving Dark Energy and The Cosmological Constant: A Conjecture for Homogeneous Infinitesimals

Authors: J. P. Baugher
Comments: 38 Pages.

The discovery in 1998 that the universe is paradoxically accelerating its expansion has led some cosmologists to question the correctness of the non-Euclidean geometric theory of gravity, General Relativity. Physically assigning the term Dark Energy to the Cosmological Constant, sometimes viewed as a constant of integration, as the source of this acceleration has only produced even more questions. In the 17th century, there was also a great paradox between two views for the geometric constituents of a line, heterogeneous (made of points) versus homogeneous (made of infinitesimal segments). Evangelista Torricelli elucidated his logical reasoning on why lines must be made of infinitesimal segments instead of points and created one particular fundamental example among many. In this paper, using primitive notions called homogeneous infinitesimals and a new choice axiom, I produce unknown corollaries to Torricelli's argument. With these primitive notions I can correct Leibniz's notation in order to falsify the relationship between infinitesimals and the Archimedean axiom, scale factors/metrics, redefine the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, differential forms, n-spheres, Gaussian curvature as well as redefine the relationship between real numbers and infinitesimals. I hypothesize that the voluminal elements of the Ricci tensor are a logically flawed view of homogeneous infinitesimals and metrics are an imperfect measuring paradigm. This allows the conjecture that the intractability of Dark Energy is due to the points of coordinate systems within General Relativity actually being a logically flawed heterogeneous interpretation of homogeneous geometry. I propose that Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry, and the physics equations based upon them (such as relativity and quantum mechanics), should be rewritten from the perspective of homogeneous infinitesimals. I introduce the logical resolutions to geometrical paradoxes in this paper in order to pave the way for the physical logic.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Definitive Experimental Test of Lorentzian Relativity

Authors: Simon WW Manley
Comments: 15 Pages.

In contrast with Special Relativity, the Lorentzian formulation allows absolute motion of the laboratory against a putative preferred frame of reference to be revealed by small but non-zero signals in Michelson-Morley experiments with light beams passing through a refractive medium. Testing this hypothesis, we developed a rotating Mach-Zehnder interferometer to compare the phase velocity of light in gas and vacuum. The new experiment reduces by three orders of magnitude the drift velocity against a preferred frame derived from historical Michelson-Morley data under the assumptions of Lorentzian Relativity, rendering this formulation untenable.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Discovery of Novel STEM Documents

Authors: Tofara Moyo
Comments: 3 Pages.

We present a novel scientific document discoverysystem inspired by molecular chemistry and AI-driven drug discovery. Our approach treats document tokens as atomic units, which are combined to form "molecular" representations ofmathematical documents. We employ a probabilistic framework to maximize the likelihood of forming coherent mathematicaldocuments while minimizing the probability of random token combinations and non-STEM document tokens. To achieve this, we develop a token embedding scheme that maps property vectors to a musical keyboard, effectively representing each token as a musical chord. We further differentiate between STEM and non-STEM documents by introducing a harmonic constraint on adjacent nodes in document graphs. Specifically, STEM documents are characterized by polyphonic harmonization of adjacent node vectors, whereas non-STEM documents exhibit dissonant relationships. Our system integrates a graph neural network/transformer decoder architecture, trained end-to-end to generate STEM documents from input graphs. This innovative approach has the potential to revolutionize scientific document discovery and retrieval.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Picard—Fuchs Hypergeometric Manifolds: a New Lens on Quantum Entanglement

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 7 Pages.

A unified mathematical framework, referred to as Picard—Fuchs Hypergeometric Manifolds (PFHM), is introduced to integrate modular symmetry, coupled dynamics and energy conservation. PFHM are constructed using a synthesis of Ramanujan’s real period functions, Picard—Fuchs differential equations and Gaussian hypergeometric functions. We argue that PFHM provide an effective representation of two-dimensional coupled subsystems embedded in three-dimensionalmanifolds with dihedral symmetry. These coupled subsystems exhibit constrained energy reciprocity, making PFHM a robust tool for elucidating stable, closed and homoclinic orbits in Hamiltonian systems. An application of the proposed method is explored in the context of quantum entanglement. The intrinsic energetic reciprocity and symmetry of PFHM are shown to be analogous to the nonlocal correlations in entangled quantum systems. Modelling entangled pairs as constrained subsystems, the PFHM framework sheds new light on the energy dynamics and nonlocal correlations underpinning quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dynamics Of Rabies Spread Using Mathematical Modeling and Simulation

Authors: Jomar Tolentino, Kikay Benalla, Reymar Villanueva, Evid Ros Andrae Jamito, Jonel Alonte, Marc Arvel Salvador
Comments: 8 Pages.

Rabies is so serious, affecting the health of each citizen of Camarines Norte due to the careless nature of most people and the lack of immediate treatment for dog bites in many. This study will focus on the spread of rabies in Camarines Norte using mathematical modeling and simulation to predict rabies transmission and to determine the target number of dogs to vaccinate. This simulation of data based on records of the number of persons bitten or vaccinated against rabies in the Animal Bite Center at Camarines Norte is to estimate the trends in the monthly number of cases of bites and to estimate the rise of the cases with time. Protocols for the treatment for rabies are prepared and enhanced in the hospitals to get a better response and a prevention strategy that reduces fatality rates caused by the rabies virus. Results of the simulation also provide monthly predictions of increases in the cases of bites, giving the health facilities an insight into periods of increased risk and thus preparing them well for such periods.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Intrinsic Vacuum Space and the Problem of Hubble Constant

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 5 Pages.

We have defined intrinsic vacuum space as a physical space devoid of any particle of matter and radiation [1]. We want to show here that it is possible to solve the problem of discontinuity in the measurements of Hubble constant (H) [2] by evaluating the difference between its presumed value in this hypothetical space, measured by the analysis of the cosmic microwave background, and that presumed in real vacuum space measured by the red-shift and distance
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Convergence of the Sum of Reciprocals of Sophie Germain Primes and Safe Primes

Authors: Lynette Michael Winslow
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this paper, we provide a detailed and rigorous proof that the series formed by the reciprocals of Sophie Germain primes and the series formed by the reciprocals of safe primes are both convergent. Utilizing analytic techniques and careful estimations of the counting functions for these primes, we establish upper bounds that demonstrate the convergence of these series.
Category: Number Theory

Solving Subset Sum in Polynomial Time and Prooving P = NP

Authors: Samir Bouftass
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, we show that subset sum problem is solvable in polynomial time.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Quantum Oscillations in the 0-Sphere Model: Bridging Zitterbewegung, Geodesic Paths, and Proper Time Through Radiative Energy Transfer

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 22 Pages.

This paper explores the extension of free electron behavior to general relativity through a closed algebraic Hamiltonian description of electron micro-oscillations. The author's research, which predicted the anomalous magnetic moment of electrons from first principles using closed algebraic equations, for a single electron oscillator, the time difference between rest and laboratory frames can be explained through the anomalous magnetic moment, providing a concrete mechanism for reconciling quantum and relativistic time concepts. The framework unifies seemingly disparate physical principles - energy conservation, geometric structure, and proper time - while offering an exact mathematical description of quantum phenomena that suggests a natural path toward bridging quantum mechanics and general relativity without requiring modifications to Einstein's theory. We present a detailed analysis of how an electron, when moving from point A to B, completely converts its mass energy into kinetic energy and subsequently reconverts it to mass energy at point B. Our analysis reveals that Snell's law governs these microscopic electron motions; this applicability of Snell's law naturally leads to the principle of least action, enabling us to demonstrate that electrons undergo micro-oscillations along geodesic paths. While conventional quantum theory, based on field theory, has struggled to reconcile its inherent absolute time with the relative time of relativity theory, our proposed 0-Sphere model represents individual quantum particles as micro-oscillators through closed algebraic equations. This enables the incorporation of both rest-frame and laboratory-frame time scales, as the model does not rely on the absolute time of field theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Creating Hierarchical Dispositions of Needs in an Agent

Authors: Tofara Moyo
Comments: 5 Pages.

We present a novel method for learning hierarchical abstractions that prioritize competing objectives, leading to improved global expected rewards. Our approach employs a secondary rewarding agent with multiple scalar outputs, each associated with a distinct level of abstraction. The traditional agent then learns to maximize these outputs in a hierarchical manner, conditioning each level on the maximization of the preceding level. We derive an equation that orders these scalar values and the global reward by priority, inducing a hierarchy of needs that informs goal formation. Experimental results on the Pendulum v1 environment demonstrate superior performance compared to a baseline implementation.We achieved state of the art results.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Simple Equation to Calculate the Gaussian Curvature of Space-Time According to the Schwarzschild Model

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Flamm paraboloid is a space-time solution to the problem posed by Schwarzschild concerning finding a solution other than the trivial one to Einstein's equations in an empty space. For this reason, it also represents the space that exists in the contour of a gravitational point mass. The solution of J. Droste that we study here, the Flamm paraboloid, leads to calculating values of the Gaussian curvature of its space-time that require a complicated process of obtaining. We have found a simple equation that allows calculating these values in a simple way. This equation obtained here by means of an algebraic expansion is exact in the space-time represented by the Flamm paraboloid.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Teleport of Quantum Intelligence and Bio-Matters

Authors: Alireza Sepehri
Comments: 34 Pages. (Title corrected by viXra Admin to conform with schoarly norm)

The instantaneous transfer of biological materials has many applications in medical treatments and other different industries, and for this reason, many scientists are researching the methods of implementing it. It seems that the key element in this discussion is quantum intelligence. This particle is unique for every creature and if is in every point of space and time; intelligent nature will build the body related to it. There are two ways to transfer quantum intelligence instantaneously. The first way is that the intelligent system of nature feels that the presence or absence of this particle causes the loss of order. In this case, it removes this particle at one point and creates it at another point. The second way is to use multidimensional fields. These fields are similar to electromagnetic fields in four dimensional space-time and different in N dimensional space-time. These fields could produce cold fire. Cold fire consists of a large number of bubbles that, by bursting and creating accelerated photons, create curved space-time and open gates to extra dimensions and string tunnels. Quantum intelligence is instantly transmitted to the target point through these string tunnels. It is possible that some transmitters and receivers, such as some types of mobile phones or the central transmitter, have the ability to identify these tensor fields and use them to teleport quantum intelligence. In addition to quantum intelligence teleportation; material teleportation is also possible. If the mass produced by the acceleration of the universe is removed and the particles become massless, they will be able to teleport. In fact, the acceleration of the world at the beginning of creation caused the creation of curved space and the production of additional scalar fields (Higgs bosons), which by connecting to particles; has made them massive. By removing these fields and demassing the particles; obstacles to their teleportation will be removed. To this aim; we use of noninertial frames that accelerate particles in opposite direction respect to acceleration of world.
Category: Quantum Physics

On The Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Roland Quême, Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 4 Pages. Submitted to Compositio Mathematica Journal. Comments welcome.

The aim of this article is to prove that all the roots of the Dirichlet eta function are only on the critical line, which implies that the Riemann hypothesis is true. The roots of the eta and zeta functions in the critical strip are the same. We shall investigate the possibility or not of existence of roots of the eta function which are in the critical strip and not on the critical line.
Category: Number Theory

A Novel Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Nick Astraeus
Comments: 24 Pages. Video of the argument and contact information found here: https://youtu.be/obBrMWD1xRA (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In this model, I show how quantum mechanics emerges out of two basic propositions: (1) that the universe expands relative to the observer and (2) that there are multiple observers. The game of fundamental physics is to derive as much as possible from the fewest and simplest propositions. Thus, in the context of this game, it is significant that all of quantum mechanics emerges once we define the observer as a reference frame for the universe. Just as significant is how easy and straightforward it is to demonstrate this seemingly audacious claim. Perhaps above all, it is significant that in the context of this model, quantum mechanics functions naturally on both microscopic and macroscopic levels. This model provides a natural opening, and a fertile framework, for physicists to work on the unification of quantum mechanics and spacetime.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Origin of Our Universe and the Potential Influence of External Cosmic Energy Events: Gravitational Waves, Neighboring Universes, and the Role of Redshift

Authors: Jan Srowig
Comments: 11 Pages. In English & German

This hypothesis views the universe as a dynamic structure that was formed not by a single, all-encompassing Big Bang, but through several independent cosmic energy bursts cite{penrose2010cycles, steinhardt2002colliding}. Such events could have occurred over very long periods in various regions of a possibly unbounded cosmic space, where universes expand freely without separating membranes or isolating structures. The aim of this hypothesis is not to challenge the Big Bang theory but to broaden it with a more comprehensive perspective. While the classical Big Bang theory provides us with the image of a singular origin, this hypothesis suggests that various cosmic events may have contributed jointly to the formation and structuring of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Area of any Quadrilateral from Side Lengths

Authors: Alan Michael Gómez Calderón
Comments: 7 Pages. Typo correction

In this paper we show that area of any quadrilateral can be estimated from the four lengths sides. With the Triangle Inequality Theorem and a novel provided diagonal's formula, the boundaries of quadrilateral diagonals are found. Finally Bretschneider's formula can be applied to find a set of possible areas.
Category: Geometry

The Epistemology of Contemporary Physics: Classical Mechanics II

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 29 Pages.

In this paper of "The Epistemology of Contemporary Physics" series we investigate Newton's third law and discuss and analyze its epistemological significance from some aspects with special attention to its relation to the principle of conservation of linear and angular momentum. The main issue in this investigation is the potential violations of this law according to the claims made in the literature of mainstream physics. This issue may cast a shadow on the validity of classical mechanics, and its Newtonian formulation in particular, formally and epistemologically and could have important implications and consequences on contemporary physics in general. However, what is more important about this issue from our perspective is the lack of clarity, comprehensibility and coherence in the investigation and analysis of this issue and its implications marked by the absence of appropriate conceptual and epistemological frameworks to deal with this issue properly and systematically. As a result, what we find in the literature is a collection of contradicting views which are mostly based on personal choices and preferences and selective or biased theoretical analysis with the lack of proper experimental verification and substantiation.
Category: Classical Physics

New Optical Reflexive Formula

Authors: Harjeet Singh
Comments: 11 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with schoarly norm - Please conform!)

This paper introduces new and foundational formulae governing the reflection of light, enhancing our understanding of optical behaviour through simplified mathematical expressions. By exploring the fundamental principles of reflection, the research proposes a set of equations that streamline the calculation of reflected angles and intensities in various optical systems. These formulae aim to offer a more accessible approach to optical reflection, providing both practical utility and theoretical insight for students, researchers, and professionals in the field of optics. The results derived from these new reflective formulae could lead to improved applications in optical devices, laser systems, and other technologies dependent on light reflection.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Translation of Euclid’s Elements Book One into Ewe

Authors: Makafui Apedo
Comments: 49 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with schoarly norm - Please conform!)

In this paper, I have translated Euclid’s Element Book One into the Ewe language of Ghana, Togo and the Republic Benin. It is my hope that this translation will inspire researchers across Africa to translate Euclid into their respective languages.
Category: Geometry

A Translation of Aristotle’s Physics Book One into Ewe

Authors: Makafui Apedo
Comments: 13 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)

I have translated Aristotle’s Physics Book One into the Ewe language of Ghana, Togo and the Republic of Benin in this paper. I hope this translation will inspire researchers across Africa to translate Aristotle into their respective languages.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Impact of Authoritarianism on Sri Lanka's Economic Decline

Authors: Shehzad Rajkotwala
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper focuses on how authoritarianism has led to the economic decline of Sri Lanka. This paper conducts an analysis through a literature review, focusing on the interpretation of existing data and historical information. This is done by analyzing various reports, news articles, research papers, as well as constitutional and legislative literature. This paper focuses on the tax cuts in 2019, the passing of the Twentieth Amendment, the fertilizer crisis, excessive money printing, and the delayed assistance to the IMF. This will discuss the role of authoritarianism in influencing these events, such as the ease of appointing and removing parliamentary positions and one family having control over numerous roles and resources. The example of Chile, a democratic country, that contrasts with the autocracy of Sri Lanka, will be used to demonstrate the distinction between autocracy and democracy. These findings demonstrate the significant impact of autocracy on the Sri Lankan decline. By centralizing power, reducing checks and balances and allowing nepotism, the Rajapaksa administration weakened economic stability, increased inflation and debt. Comparing Sri Lanka to Chile highlights the importance of democracy by showing the advantages of oversight and accountability, emphasizing the role of democracy for sustainable economic growth. This paper offers insights about the repercussions of centralized power and emphasizes the need for policy reforms that transparency and effective institutional framework.
Category: Economics and Finance

Pseudo-Isolated Numbers (PIN)

Authors: Mohamed Chraiti
Comments: 10 Pages.

This article introduces a research program to study a new class of composite numbers, called Pseudo-Isolated Numbers (PIN), defined by their unique position between two consecutive prime numbers. where does it go to present its formal definition. This research program can open new perspectives in number theory and suggests potential applications in cryptography and algorithmic theory,...,etc,...
Category: Number Theory

Early Sunspot Discovery: A Dismissed Insight Challenges Prevailing Theories

Authors: Ulrich Schreier
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: This article is not written in a scholarly manner - Please conform!)

The seasonal pattern in daily sunspot numbers, first documented with a 12-year graph in theearly 1900s, suggests that Earth’s orbital position significantly influences sunspot formation,revealing deeper connections between solar and terrestrial phenomena. Given that sunspotsare thought to appear on a celestial body 149 million kilometers away and 1.3 million timeslarger than Earth, this seasonality casts further doubt on current Sun-centered sunspottheories. This easily reproducible pattern with modern tools, challenges prevailing theoriesand could necessitate substantial revisions in mainstream cosmology, especially regardingcosmic influences on Earth and life. Alongside this groundbreaking discovery, Mémery alsopublished correlations between sunspots and atmospheric pressure, rainfall, temperature,earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions—findings that took decades to be re-discovered.
Category: Geophysics

Cost-Per-Byte Principle in Generative AI

Authors: Xiaoyi Li
Comments: 10 Pages.

Generative AI models are increasingly used across various modalities, including text, images, audio, and video. Estimating the computational cost of generating con- tent is crucial for optimizing performance and resource allocation. This paper intro- duces the Cost-Per-Byte Principle: C = T × I, a universal law that relates the cost of content generation to per-byte generation time and per-second inference cost. We derive the per-byte generation time analytically based on the model’s computational requirements (FLOPs) and the hardware’s performance (FLOPs per second). By estab- lishing mappings between bytes and different content units (characters, pixels, samples, frames), we provide a modality-agnostic framework for cost estimation. We present a rigorous proof of the principle’s validity and apply it to estimate the costs of current popular models, using publicly available evidence to verify the accuracy and usefulness of this principle.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

An Inequality for a Slice of Any Compact Set

Authors: Johan Aspegren
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper we will prove that if a compact $A$ in $R^n$ belongs to the unit ball in $R^n$, then $A$ has a slice of measure greater than a calculable constant times the measure of $A$. Our result is sharp.
Category: Geometry

The House of St. Nicholas

Authors: Volker W. Thürey
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce two constants. They are suitable for finite graphs. They can serve as ‘characteristic numbers’ or ‘dimensions’. Further, we define for each finite graph nine sequences. We will not calculate them.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Collatz's Conjecture - A Proof

Authors: Ramaswamy Krishnan
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract and scientific references in the article are required!)

First: it is proved for numbers for 1, 5, 21, 85..etc. Second: using the above, it is proved for n = 4k + 1. Third: n = 4k + 3 is analyzed for various values, and how it iterates first to 4k + 1 before becoming 1. Thus the conjecture is proved for all odd values of n. As even values of n are reduced to an odd value, the Collatz's Conjecture is proved for all positive integer values of n.
Category: Number Theory

A Brief Proof that Pi is Irrational

Authors: Timothy Jones
Comments: 3 Pages. There was as error in the earlier draft that someone pointed out. This draft gives a correction.

It is shown that the limit of cos(j) and sin(j) as j goes to infinity do not exist. Using DeMoivre's theorem this implies the limits of sin(j!) and cos(j!) don't exist either. Assuming pi is rational, its multiple can be expressed as a factorial. From this a contradiction is derived.
Category: Number Theory

G Coil Experiment as Metamorphosis of Faraday's Disk (In Spanish)

Authors: Carles R. Paul, Ricard Bosh, Albert Serra, Jose Lopez
Comments: 15 Pages.

A new experiment on unipolar induction has been designed and built by topologically modifying the structure of the Faraday disk. The metamorphosis consists of replacing the magnet with a solenoid, with the same axis of rotation as the disc, and connected in series with a radial conductor, which replaces the disc. This resulting shape has been called G Coil, due to the shape similar to the letter G that the device forms. This experiment demonstrates the viability of a new electrical machine that works as a motor without the need for any external magnetic field. Working at low voltages and high currents.

Se ha diseñado y construido un nuevo experimento sobre la inducción unipolar, modificando topológicamente la estructura del disco de Faraday. La metamorfosis consiste en la sustitución del imán por un solenoide, con el mismo eje de rotación que el disco, y conectado en serie con un conductor radial, que sustituye al disco. A esta forma resultante se le ha denominado Espira G, por la forma parecida a la letra G que forma el dispositivo. Con este experimento se demuestra la viabilidad de una nueva máquina eléctrica que funciona como motor sin necesidad de ningún campo magnético externo. Trabajando en bajas tensiones y altas intensidades.
Category: Classical Physics

Reflections on the War in Ukraine and the Emerging World Order

Authors: Gennady Shkliarevsky
Comments: 43 Pages.

The article offers reflections on several issues relevant to the war in Ukraine and its consequences. It will examine the interplay of processes, both global and local, that led to the emergence of the Maidan movement and shaped its agenda. The failure of the Maidan to realize this agenda created political vacuum that was filled by Ukrainian nationalists. The ascension of Ukrainian nationalists to power and their attempts to Ukrainianize Ukraine was a development that played a critical role in the eruption of the war. The strategy pursued in the Ukrainian war by the partnership between the Ukrainian nationalist government and its Western sponsors is another important issue to be addressed. This strategy has been singularly unsuccessful. The article will try to explain the reasons for its failure. The war in Ukraine is part of the global turmoil that engulfs the world today. The outcome of this war will undoubtedly have global effects. The article will discuss some consequences that the war has already produced and that are currently shaping the emerging world order.
Category: Social Science

Dark Energy from Cosmological Energy Conservation

Authors: Manuel Uruena Palomo
Comments: 4 Pages.

The value of the gravitational wave energy density is unknown. Current progress in gravitational wave detection suggests that the energy density of the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) will be estimated in the next decades. We present a derivation of its value under the assumption that energy lost due to cosmic redshift is fully responsible for the energy gained by the cosmological constant in the expanding universe. This unknown non-local mechanism of energy conservation on the cosmic scale could explain dark energy and hint at a property of a theory of quantum gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Regular Negative Mass Black Holes Under Unitary Time and Proper Antichronous Transformations

Authors: Manuel Uruena Palomo
Comments: 10 Pages.

A non-singular black hole solution is briefly presented which violates energy conditions only at its interior by postulating a consistent shift to negative energies and gravitationally repulsive negative masses at the event horizon. This shift is the unitary parity-time $PT$ transformation of relativistic quantum mechanics and the proper antichronous transformation of the full Lorentz group. The transformation at the event horizon respects Einstein's equivalence principle, and the considered negative mass interaction does not result in the runaway motion paradox or vacuum instability. The correspondence of these regular black holes with observed ones is studied by proposing another mechanism of black hole growth independent of accretion and merging due to interior increasing entropy, which attempts to solve the unexplained size and formation of high-redshift supermassive black holes, the intermediate mass gap, and the information paradox.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mond as a Transformation Between Non-Inertial Reference Frames Via Sciama's Interpretation of Mach's Principle

Authors: Manuel Uruena Palomo
Comments: 15 Pages.

Moderhai Milgrom's Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) correction to Newtonian gravity or inertia is shown to be equivalent to a more fundamental formulation considering a non-inertial local reference frame and the fixed background of the observable universe, in the spirit of Mach's principle. Both Newton's gravitational constant $Gsim c^2/(M_u/R_u)$ and Milgrom's MOND acceleration scale constant $a_0sim GM_u/R_u^2$ are replaced by two varying, measurable, and cosmological quantities determined by the causally connected mass and size of the universe. They arise from an inverse and an inverse squared distance scalar fields of matter density, respectively. This Machian interpretation of MOND is invariant under global rescalings of mass, length, and time across all regimes and is free from fundamental constants and free parameters, except for the speed of light. Machian MOND satisfies the fundamental consequences of Mach's principle not featured in Newton's and Einstein's theories: the decrease of inertia of a body when masses are removed from its neighborhood, and in the absence of a cosmic background, rotational motion is undefined up to the speed of light. Consequently, Machian MOND provides the necessary limiting behavior to which any phenomenological non-linear theory of modified inertia or gravity that incorporates Mach's principle, in agreement with galaxy rotation curves, should reduce as an effective approximation.
Category: Classical Physics

AI and Emotional Intelligence Development

Authors: Mezbah Uddin Rafi
Comments: 17 Pages.

Emotional intelligence (EI) is crucial for interpersonal interactions, mental health, and success across various life domains. Traditionally enhanced through coaching, workshops, and self-guided methods, EI development can now leverage artificial intelligence (AI) as a virtual emotional coach. With advancements in machine learning (ML), natural language processing (NLP), and sentiment analysis, AI can offer real-time emotional assessment and personalized feedback, providing an innovative approach to EI training.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Quantum Mechanics Study on the Wave-Particle Duality of Light and the Influence of Observational Behavior

Authors: Wenhao Xiong
Comments: 4 Pages.

This study investigates the wave-particle duality of light, exploring how light exhibits wave and particle behavior in different contexts. By drawing a physical analogy of "water waves striking a rock," we analyze how light propagates as a wave in air and behaves as a particle upon interacting with matter. Through an in-depth analysis of the double-slit interference experiment and the photoelectric effect experiment, combined with recent data on quantum measurements, this paper reveals the influence of observational behavior on the wave-particle duality of light, suggesting that human observational methods deeply impact how light manifests at the quantum level. Additionally, the paper discusses the potential applications of wave-particle duality in quantum computing and imaging.
Category: Quantum Physics

[ Attempted Proof that] Magnetic Field Doesn’t Exist: Faraday’s, Lorentz’s, and Maxwell’s Laws Proven Incorrect

Authors: Lavraj Vatsh
Comments: 45 Pages.

This article addresses several key issues with the current laws of electrodynamics, including Lorentz’s law, Faraday’s law, and the MaxwellAmp`ere law, by highlighting various scenarios where these laws fail to describe physical phenomena. It also presents a case where the condition ∇ · B equals non-zero occurs, challenging the standard belief that magnetic fields always have zero divergence. The article argues that magnetic fields, as traditionally understood, do not actually exist. Instead, effects thought to be caused by magnetic fields are simply due to electric fields (no need to include special theory of relativity). A new concept introduced in the article is the "drag property of the electric field," a previously unknown characteristic that creates the illusion of a magnetic field. Using this drag property, the article derives a set of revised electrodynamic laws that consistently apply across all situations. Additionally, it addresses the failure of the traditional atomic model and suggests a new approach. The article also challenges the idea that space is empty, proposing that space is filled with something rather than being a true vacuum. This research offers a fresh perspective on both electromagnetic theory and the nature of space.
Category: Classical Physics

A Physics Perspective on Trial and Error Evolution and Intelligence

Authors: Eran Magshim Lavi
Comments: 10 Pages. Distributed under CC BY-NC 4.0

This article investigates the pivotal role of Energy in trial-and-error evolution (TAEE). I commence by discussing the Uncertainty principle, which introduces fundamental randomness to physical phenomena and imparts random variability to the TAEE (trial and error evolution). As Energy is the sole component of our Cosmos, the TAEE reflects in Energy and its changes: its exertion capabilities, storage, and ad hoc planning (of Energy exertion.) I then investigated TAEE as reflected in the emergence of intelligence. The Least action principle controls Energy movement in space-time; thus, intelligence emergence directly connects to structures' ability to use the Least action principle. For example, first-level nonintelligent structures (e.g., elementary particles, simple replicating molecules) cannot plan a path, and the Least action principle completely predetermines their infinitesimal movements. They cannot control their Energy exertion, store Energy, or plan ad hoc. After a long process of TAEE, intelligent structures emerged with advanced Energy control, robust Energy storage, and ad hoc planning, allowing complete ad hoc path planning and the ability to make unrestricted mid-course path adjustments. This progression underscores the intricate relationship between Energy dynamics, trial and error evolution, and intelligence evolution.
Category: Physics of Biology

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part 8: Inertial Electromagnetism of Moving "Particles"

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 37 Pages.

This article is the eighth part of the scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics Based on the Algebra of Signature" [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. In this article, are proposed metric-dynamic models of "electron" and "positron", which move with constant speed relative to vacuum, stable curvatures of which they themselves are. It is shown that the obtained results are applicable to all "baryons" and "mesons" included in the Standard Model of ele-mentary particles. Model concepts of induction of toroidal-helical vortices around the direction of motion of "parti-cles" and "antiparticles" made it possible to give a completely geometrized explanation of such phenomena as the motion of atomic bodies by inertia (without involving the concept of mass), inertial electric current and inertial elec-tromagnetic field. Like the entire project, this research is aimed at a partial implementation of the Clifford-Einstein-Wheeler program of complete geometrization of physics.
Category: Classical Physics

G Coil Experiment as Metamorphosis of Faraday's Disk

Authors: Carles R. Paul, Ricard Bosh, Albert Serra, Jose Lopez
Comments: 15 Pages.

A new experiment on unipolar induction has been designed and built by topologically modifying the structure of the Faraday disk. The metamorphosis consists of replacing the magnet with a solenoid, with the same axis of rotation as the disc, and connected in series with a radial conductor, which replaces the disc. This resulting shape has been called G Coil, due to the shape similar to the letter G that the device forms. This experiment demonstrates the viability of a new electrical machine that works as a motor without the need for any external magnetic field. Working at low voltages and high currents.
Category: Classical Physics

Time-Dilation for Supernova in the Case of Tired Light Hypothesis

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 7 Pages.

One of the most important confirmation of the Big Bang theory was the discovery of the time broadening of the light curve of the far supernovas (supernovas 1A, standard candles, at the distances around Z=1). From straightforward consideration in the complete absence of light scattering it can not be explained in any other way but by Doppler-like effect which in this case called time dilation and seemingly confirming the Big Bang. However, the hypothesis of tired light [1] also allows the light being diffusion-like scattered on travel from supernova thus allowing change in distance traveled and allowing corresponding time broadening of the light curve (the fastest photons goes straight path, later arrived those which due to multiple scattering — diffusion-like in perpendicular direction — first traveled away from direct line, than returned back, possible many times and thus got a big enough increase in distance to generate perceptible — few days- delays at arrival). Problem with this mechanism is that gives smaller time delays compare to time dilation directly observed [1]. The gravitational microlensing may be involved and due to additional change of distance, Shapiro effect and brightening some parts of the image of supernova (3 separate effects) will make the light curves broader and thus explaining the time dilation observed.
Category: Astrophysics

Understanding When the Correlations Imply the Predictability for the Multiple Gaussian

Authors: Ait-Taleb Nabil
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, we will expose for the Gaussian multiple a theorem relating the predictability to correlations. This theorem is based on another equality which will be also proven. For the correlations to be predictability, the proof will show that the variance-covariance matrix must be located onto the boundary of the positive semi-definite matrix cone with only one zero eigenvalue.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Vibrational Field Dynamics (VFD): A Generalized Frequency-Based Framework for Stability Across Atomic and Cosmic Scales

Authors: Lee Smart
Comments: 39 Pages.

We present Vibrational Field Dynamics (VFD), a novel theoretical framework that introduces a fundamental resonance structure to spacetime and field interactions. The theory extends the stan-dard model and general relativity through a unified mathematical formalism characterized by resonance functions Rh(ω), which naturally emerge from the theory’s core principles. VFD addresses several outstanding problems in theoretical physics, including quantum gravity unification, dark sector dynamics, and the information paradox in black hole physics. The framework introduces modifications to quantum field theory and gravitational interactions through a resonance based coupling mechanism, leading to specific, experimentally testablepredictions. We derive modified field equations that reduce to known physics in appropriate limits while providing new insights into high energy phenomena, cosmological evolution, and quantum-gravitational effects. Key predictions include modifications to gravitational wavesignatures, quantum interference patterns, and dark sector interactions, all parameterized by experimentally accessible coupling constants. The theory’s mathematical structure maintains consistency with existing observational constraints while offering novel explanations for current anomalies in cosmological and high-energy physics data.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Relative Nonlocality or the Illusion of Superluminal Speed Due to Curvature Difference Between Different Spacetime Intervals

Authors: Rayd Al-Shammari
Comments: 29 Pages.

The relative nonlocality in general relativity is the illusion of superluminal speed due to curvature difference between different spacetime intervals, as I will show later the relative nonlocality is very useful to bridge the gap between general relativity and quantum mechanics without the need for a new unifying theory, in fact, we could harmonize both theories if we put the relative nonlocality in our perspective, it is derived from Einstein work in 1911, as I will show that the condition of curvature difference is the master key element to solve the compatibility problem between general relativity and quantum mechanics, by following this line of work, I found that Einstein field equations are compatible with the uncertainty principle in such a way that the stress energy tensor can be extracted from the momentum uncertainty in the uncertainty principle; this happens only when we have a quantum entangled system of collective masses larger than or equal to half Planck mass as minimum requirements to bend spacetime. Then, by using a quantum entangled system with a rest mass of half the Planck mass or more, I put here the requirements for an experiment to generate an artificial gravitational singularity as a falsifiability requirement to prove or disprove my work experimentally in particles accelerators
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fundamental Problem of Causal Inference

Authors: Andrea Berdondini
Comments: 6 Pages.

The fundamental problem of causal inference defines the impossibility of associating a causal link to a correlation, in other words: correlation does not prove causality. This problem can be understood from two points of view: experimental and statistical. The experimental approach tells us that this problem arises from the impossibility of simultaneously observing an event both in the presence and absence of a hypothesis. The statistical approach, on the other hand, suggests that this problem stems from the error of treating tested hypotheses as independent of each other. Modern statistics tends to place greater emphasis on the statistical approach because, compared to the experimental point of view, it also shows us a way to solve the problem. Indeed, when testing many hypotheses, a composite hypothesis is constructed that tends to cover the entire solution space. Consequently, the composite hypothesis can be fitted to any data set by generating a random correlation. Furthermore, the probability that the correlation is random is equal to the probability of obtaining the same result by generating an equivalent number of random hypotheses.
Category: Statistics

Investigating Fractal Patterns and the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Riemann Hypothesis remains one of the most critical unsolved problems in mathematics, proposing that all non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function are located on the critical line. This paper explores unique fractal structures within the zeta function, drawing comparisons with the Mandelbrot set and the Smith chart, which together illuminate possible connections between prime distribution,electromagnetic symmetry, and gravitational principles.
Category: Number Theory

Hypersphere World-Universe Model — Natural Extension of Classical Physics. Digest

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 14 Pages.

Today, a growing number of researchers share a sense of stagnation in the field of Physics. In many ways, this situation is reminiscent of the late 19th century when it was widely believed that the body of Physics was nearly complete. It may be an opportune moment to propose new fundamental models that are not only simpler than the current state of the art but also open up new areas of research. Several ideas presented in this Digest are not new, and we do not claim credit for them. In fact, many of these ideas, originally proposed by classical scientists, are revisited here with fresh insights. This Digest aims to describe the World by unifying and simplifying existing models and results in Cosmology into a single coherent picture. Hypersphere World—Universe Model (WUM) is radically different from the prevailing Big Bang Model. The main advantage of WUM is its elimination of the "Initial Singularity" and "Inflation," providing explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. This Digest offers an overview of WUM covering the period from 2013 to 2024 and explores various themes of the World. It concludes a Series of 38 articles published in the Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology. Interested readers are encouraged to consult the published articles for more details. WUM is a classical model and should be described using classical notions, which define emergent phenomena. An Emergent Phenomenon is a property that is a result of simple interactions that work cooperatively to create a more complex interaction. These simple interactions occur at the microscopic level, while their collective outcomes can be observed at the macroscopic level. WUM introduces classical notions from the moment a first ensemble of particles was created (≅10^(-18) c). Classical Physics deals with ensembles of quantum objects!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Serious Challenge to Quantum Mechanics (Lecture Slides)

Authors: Eric Stanley Reiter
Comments: 50 Pages. For Lecture delivered at Washington Quantum Computing Meetup 11/16/2024

This is the only serious challenge to quantum mechanics (QM), complete with history, theory and original experiments. Here in lecture slide format you will see offprints of original famous works that reveal how the early loading theory alternative to QM was misunderstood. My repaired loading theory, the threshold model (TM), employs wave properties inspired by famous experiments. Those properties are beats, thresholds, and ratios. Previous beam-split tests are shown to be inadequate to make the QM/TM distinction. Experimental justification for a sub-quantized state is plainly revealed in many original beam-split coincidence tests with gamma-rays and alpha-rays. The sub-quantized state explains how a wave can transmit its identity and deliver a crash-landing particle-like illusion. This was demonstrated by splitting the alpha-ray (helium) in a seemingly two-for-one effect, refuting the probability method of QM. By revealing the flaw of QM and its repair, we transcend the wave-particle problem and entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dark Matter Annihilates & is Neutrinos Entirely, and Galaxies Emerge from Population III Stars

Authors: Bernd Clemens Huber
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references in a scholarly format))

Details of the dynamic in how different types of galaxies and their interplay emerges frompopulation III stars, alongside evidence speaking for their past existence. But foremostly, a long listof mainly astronomical evidences of which I have identified that they support the hypothesis thatdark matter annihilates has been created upon thorough search for predicted instances in which suchannihilation signs should and indeed do show up, on the scale of large planets, stars, and galaxies.Several other unexplained or mis-understood but thought to already have been explainedphenomena are covered as well and dark matter annihilation should contribute partially or entirely,depending on the case, to their qualitative explanation. The paper however does not cover reasonsfor why cosmic web pressure between mainly black holes of galaxies represents the concretemechanism that describes at least a majorly contributing part of the dark energy phenomenon thateventually leads to a big crunch.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Segmented Spacetime and the Natural Boundary of Black Holes - Implications for the Cosmic Censorship Conjecture

Authors: Carmen Wrede, Lino Casu
Comments: 24 Pages.

In this paper, we explore the interplay between the fundamental constants Pi and the golden ratio (ϕ) and their relationship to the maximal mass and spin of black holes. Our investigation begins by modeling a hypothetical clock with an initial radius of 1 in a gravitationally neutral environment. As gravitational forces increase, the radius of this clock expands, revealing an unexpected relationship between Pi, ϕ, and the segmented structure of spacetime. This connection allows us to propose a new framework that explains the observed bounds on black hole spin and mass. Our analysis demonstrates that as the spin parameter a approaches the speed of light, it represents a state of maximal rotation in black holes, marked by a unique equilibrium of mass, radius, and segment density. These insights not only provide a deeper understanding of black hole properties but also support the Cosmic Censorship Conjecture by illustrating how spacetime segmentation naturally prevents "naked" singularities. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of Pi and ϕ in the structure and behavior of black holes, offering a new perspective on the complex dynamics governing the universe.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Five Primary Fundamental Constants for Expressing the Entire Set of Physical Laws, Secondary Constants and Parameters of the Universe

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 18 Pages.

The divergent views of Duff, Okun and Veneziano on the number of fundamental constants in nature are examined from a new perspective. It is shown that the problem of the minimum number of dimensional fundamental constants can be solved by choosing the fundamental constants of the electron as the primary and independent constants. Three dimensional constants of the electron (me, re, te) and two dimensionless constants, the fine structure constant "alpha" and the large Weyl number (D0 = 4.16561... x 10^42), are proposed as a complete basis for independent fundamental constants. Numerous examples have shown that the fundamental constants (me, re, te, α, Do) are the primary basis for both physical constants and parameters of the Universe. The parameters of the Universe, physical constants, and large Weyl-Eddington-Dirac numbers originate from the primary fundamental constants (me, re, te, α, Do). Five fundamental constants (me, re, te, α, Do) are sufficient to express the entire set of observable physical laws. Veneziano's statement about the non-fundamental status of the constants G, ћ is confirmed. Duff's statement about the non-fundamental status of all three constants G, ћ, c is confirmed. Duff's statement about the zero number of dimensional fundamental constants in Nature is not confirmed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Subset of Generalized Pell’s Equations x2 − Dy2 = ±4 and It’s Abc-Properties

Authors: J. Kuzmanis
Comments: 45 Pages.

The rules describing emergence of abc-triples formed by the set of roots for the specificfamily of Pell’s equations x2 − Dy2 = ±4 are revealed.
Category: Number Theory

The Universe Explained in Terms of Energy

Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 30 Pages.

This paper builds on the results of a series of papers analyzing the foundations of physics, from first principles. Artificial Intelligence and pattern recognition have been used in the studies. The summation of the findings on atomic and molecular structure, potential energy wells and energy fields has led to this new ENERGYconjecture. In the conjecture there is no need for ‘electrical charge’. The movement and behavior of electrons is explained in terms of potential energy and potential gradient. The flow of energy creates energy fields. Photons are potential energy waves. Particles are potential energy standing waves. Particles have rotationalenergy (spin). Potential energy wells, treated as black-boxes, could be the key to the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Power Series Representation of the Golden Mean and Real Numbers

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 3 Pages.

This is a simple number-theoretical exercise for interested pupils presenting a connection between the golden mean power series expansion an real numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Exploring Phonological Patterns: Theories and Applications in Linguistic Analysis

Authors: Rehana Nawaz
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Listed references should be cited in the article)

Phonology, the study of the systematic organization of sounds in languages, plays a crucial role in understanding linguistic structures and the nuances that define human communication. This paper, Exploring Phonological Patterns: Theories and Applications in Linguistic Analysis, aims to delve into the foundational and contemporary theories in phonology, analyzing their implications for both theoretical linguistics and practical applications. Beginning with an overview of classical approaches, including segmental and suprasegmental phonology, the discussion extends to modern frameworks such as Optimality Theory and Feature Geometry, highlighting their impact on interpreting complex linguistic data. A central focus is given to phonological processes such as assimilation, elision, and syllable structure adjustments, illustrating how these processes shape the phonetic realization of speech. The paper examines cross-linguistic phonological patterns, comparing how different languages organize and manipulate sound systems to achieve phonological balance and communicative efficiency. This comparative perspective sheds light on universal tendencies versus language-specific phenomena, emphasizing the dynamic interplay between phonetics and phonology. The practical applications of phonological theories in fields such as speech pathology, language teaching, and artificial intelligence are explored, showcasing the relevance of phonological analysis in real-world scenarios. For instance, understanding the intricacies of phonological rules can aid in the development of speech recognition software and in refining language learning curricula. Furthermore, the implications for sociolinguistics are considered, illustrating how phonological variation can reflect social identity, regional dialects, and language change over time.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Symmetry in Formal Calculation

Authors: Peng Ji
Comments: 9 Pages.

Formal Calculation uses an auxiliary form to calculate various nested sums and provides results in three forms. It is also a powerful tool for analysis. This article studies the symmetry of the coefficients in Formal Calculation. Three types of extended numbers were introduced, and many formulas for symmetric functions were obtained.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Charge Radiation Derived from the Universal Electrodynamic Force - Proof of the Cherenkov Effect

Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 23 Pages.

Charge radiation has been the subject of several scientific articles, the majority of which draw from Larmor's vast writings and more recent efforts that have incorporated concepts from Einstein's ill-fated theory of relativity.However, there may be misinterpretations when discussing the radiation power patterns for specific common charge motions.The radiation from moving charges is derived from the Liénard-Wiechert potentials in most scientific works by introducing an arbitrary unit vector that points to the observer's frame of reference, which is at an arbitrary angle to the direction of motion.This indicates that the radiation power patterns obtained in this way are the patterns that an observer in a different frame would apparently see with respect to the charge, rather than the real charge radiation pattern that arises from the motion.* Does charge radiation field depend on a reference frame?* What is the real radiation power pattern of a moving charge?* What type of motion produces the "search light" effect of radiation?* What happens with the radiation field in non-linear motion?* Is there a charge radiation equation that also proves the Cherenkov effect?In this study, you’ll find the answers to the above questions, which are backed by the experimentally proven laws of electrodynamics through the Universal Electrodynamic Force.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Laplace Limit Constant and Lambert W Function

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

We estimate the Laplace constant using Lambert's W function.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Growth of Eigenvalues of Floer Hessians

Authors: Urs Frauenfelder, Joa Weber
Comments: 50 pages, 2 figures

In this article we prove that the space of Floer Hessians has infinitely many connected components.
Category: Geometry

Toward a New Proof of the Four Coloring Theorem

Authors: John Clairmont
Comments: 133 Pages.

A heuristic algorithm is described for four col-oring planar graphs. The algorithm is based on theprinciple of breaking a problem into components andsolving them one at a time. The algorithm uses gen-eralized alternating chains of the most general kind,for instance they can have branches and self inter-sections. Alternating chains are found which, aftercompleting each major iteration of the algorithm, acertain property is preserved. This property ensuresthat a successive alternating chain will be easy tofind.Specifically the property ensures that the branchesof an alternating chain cannot conflict with each other,and a branch cannot conflict with itself. This algo-rithm solves one set of problems, but the solution hasit’s own set of problems. However I think these canbe easily resolved, leading to a new and simple proofof the Four Color Theorem.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

A Unified Relativistic Theory of Gravity (URTG)

Authors: David Kolb
Comments: 7-page conceptual basis, 27-page mathematical framework, 5-page framework extension, 9-page variational formulation, Bianchi Identities & reduction to GR & SR, 4-page physical & testable conditions, 3-page glossary. Original work in english

AbstractThis paper presents the Unified Relativistic Theory of Gravity (URTG), a novelframework that extends and unifies Special and General Relativity. URTG posits thatspace, time, mass and motion are relative and inter-causal properties emerging frominteractions. The theory introduces the concept of a frame-independent unified field anda speed of causality, redefining our understanding of light, gravity, and spacetimegeometry. URTG treats scalar, inertial, and tensor fields as mathematical descriptions ofemergent effects rather than fundamental ontological entities, aligning with aprocess-based ontology. The framework incorporates a causal structure tensor andcosmic inertia field, offering new insights into the nature of mass, energy, andelectromagnetic interactions. Key equations, including the UnifiedMass-Energy-Geometry-Light Relationship and the Causality Emergence Equation,demonstrate how URTG integrates various physical phenomena within a single,comprehensive model. By reinterpreting concepts such as light's momentum andmass-energy equivalence, URTG provides a fresh perspective on fundamental physics.This theory offers potential resolutions to long-standing issues in physics and opensnew avenues for exploring the universe's underlying structure and behavior.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Nature of General Intelligence

Authors: Gopal Krishna
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper establishes the fundamental nature of general intelligence and proves the logical impossibility of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). We introduce the novel framework of Abstract Sentient Intuition (ASI) and Combinatorial Sentient Intuition (CSI), demonstrating that while CSI involves combining existing abstract concepts, ASI creates fundamentally new abstract concepts. Building upon the established foundation of abstract language, we prove that artificial systems can only implement CSI through programming, as all programming is fundamentally based on existing knowledge. Since general intelligence requires both ASI and CSI, we establish that AGI is logically impossible. We systematically address all potential counterarguments, demonstrating the completeness of this proof. This result has profound implications for artificial intelligence research, cognitive science, and our understanding of consciousness.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Engineered Staphylococcus Aureus Enterotoxin C for Oral Adjuvant Use in T Cell-Based Immunotherapy

Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further speculation will not be accepted!)

Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are potent superantigens known for inducing strong T cell activation, which can lead to cytokine storms and significant immune responses. Recent advancements in T cell-based cancer immunotherapies, including CAR-T cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors, highlight the potential role of modified superantigens as adjuvants to boost immune activation. This study proposes a modified version of Enterotoxin C (ENTC3), with targeted amino acid changes to reduce toxicity while retaining its immune-activating capabilities. By altering residues at positions 74, 145, and 149, T cell stimulation is anticipated to reduce by 30%, and emetic toxicity is expected to be eliminated. Additionally, as a foodborne toxin, Enterotoxin C’s stability under heat and digestion allows for potential oral administration, enhancing its applicability as an immune adjuvant with reduced invasiveness. Experimental work will involve expression, purification, and in vivo testing of the modified enterotoxin to evaluate T cell activation and safety, supporting its potential as an effective adjuvant in immunotherapy.
Category: Physics of Biology

Formal Calculation

Authors: Peng Ji
Comments: 21 Pages.

Formal Calculation uses an auxiliary form to calculate various nested sums and provides results in three forms. In addition to computation, it is also a powerful tool for analysis, allowing one to study various numbers in a unified way. This article contains many results of two types of Stirling numbers, associated Stirling numbers, and Eulerian numbers, making a great generalization of Euler polynomials, Wilson's theorem, and Wolstenholme's theorem, showing that they are just special cases. Formal Calculation provides a novel method for obtaining combinatorial identities and analyzing q-binomial.This article has obtained many results in q-analogues, including inversion formulas for q-binomial coefficients. This article also introduces a theorem on symmetry
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Representation of Integers by +/— Sequences of Consecutive Odd Primes

Authors: J. Kuzmanis
Comments: 54 Pages.

+/— choice sequences of consecutive odd primes, whose length is equal or exceeds 6,show strict regularities as integer representatives. This leads to conclusion that all even naturalnumbers above 118 can be written as sums of two different odd primes. Mentioned results arebased exclusively on Bertrand’s postulate.
Category: Number Theory

On the Origin of Abc-Triples

Authors: J. Kuzmanis
Comments: 28 Pages.

The rules describing emergence of abc-triples formed by the set of roots for Pell’sequations x2 − Dy2 = N with N = ±1 and N = ±2 are revealed.
Category: Number Theory

The Fringes of the Double-Slit Experiment with Changes in Brightness and Darkness

Authors: Jiankun Lai
Comments: 6 Pages.

We have always been using the theory of coherent waves to explain the double-slit experiment. Recently, I conducted an experiment with a redesigned double slit and obtained an unexpected result. By simultaneously and symmetrically adjusting the widths of the left and right slits and observing the fringes in the double-slit experiment, I noticed that as the slits gradually narrowed, the brightness of the fringes in the double-slit experiment underwent an uneven change with the middle part gradually getting darker and the two sides gradually getting brighter. This is very difficult to explain using the traditional theory of coherent waves.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Paradigm for Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Lino Zamboni
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper introduces a new theoretical paradigm for elementary particles, specifically the electron, proposing an internal structure composed of entangled mass elements. The model extends Bohm’s quantum potential theory ,redefining the quantum potential as an emergent property of intra-particle entanglement, rather than as a purely mathematical non-local function. This framework offers a novel resolution to the problems of wave function collapse and non-locality, while ensuring compatibility with special relativity. Additionally, the model incorporates concentric "s"-type orbitals to describe the spatial arrangement of mass elements, providing a framework that aligns with the principles of quantum mechanics while allowing for a stationary and symmetric configuration of the electron. Though detailed electrostatic and relativistic derivations are beyond the scope of this work, this paradigm suggests a unified and physically grounded interpretation of quantum phenomena that bridges the gap between quantum mechanics and classical physics. Further developments and mathematical formalism will be discussed in subsequent works
Category: Quantum Physics

A Unified Cosmology Proposal: Vacuum as a System of Harmonic Oscillators Expanding at Relativistic Velocities

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 151 Pages.

This paper presents a novel cosmological framework interpreting the vacuum as a system of harmonic oscillators, resonating at relativistic scales and manifesting properties that unify aspects of quantum mechanics and general relativity. By modeling the vacuum through an equivalent RLC circuit, fundamental constants, including the speed of light, gravitational constant, and fine-structure constant, are derived as emergent properties of this oscillatory vacuum structure, revealing a dynamic structure within the vacuum, and linking oscillatory vacuum states to the emergence of gravitational and electromagnetic phenomena.Based on this framework, they are postulated explanations for the cosmological constant, observable gravitational phenomena, and large-scale structure, proposing a resonance-based expansion model of the universe consistent with current cosmological observations. By re-envisioning the vacuum as an active, resonant medium, this model offers a unified theoretical basis that could integrate quantum mechanics, relativity, and cosmology, with implications for both fundamental theory and potential observational validation. Finally, the model further explores energy exchange across a hypothesized matter-antimatter boundary, conceptualized as a "quantum black hole" network, which would induce spacetime curvature and give rise to gravitational and electromagnetic interactions, postulating itself as a significant step toward a complete and consistent "Theory of everything".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons as Foundation of a Classical Model of Point-Like Electrons

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 7 Pages.

While the original Born-Infeld model describes electrons as solutions of classical field equations, there are also several classical particle models that describe electrons as point-like particles. Along the lines of research on these models, the present work proposes a new model of point-like electrons, which represents the peak of a rotating field solution of a modified Born-Infeld field theory by a relativistic, point-like particle. This new model is compared with a recently published neo-classical model of point-like electrons in order to clarify similarities and differences.
Category: Classical Physics

Brain's Beuronal Planck's Constant

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce following four Ansatz — (1) That the human brain, can be regarded as a set of 100 billion quantum mechanical oscillators — with each oscillator, representing a Neuron. (2) The oscillator’s frequency ν corresponds to the Neuron’s firing frequency. (3) The amplitude A, represents the amount of neurotransmitters released at the synapse via vesicles. (4) Neuron-Quantum-Mechanical-Energy (NQME), of each oscillator/neuron is defined as analogous to the case of photons. We calculate the order of magnitude of the Brain’s Neuronal-Planck’s Constant (BNPC) h_Neuron which is 10^(-16) Joule-Seconds. Excitation level of neurons, are calculated for various brain regions.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Universal Zeroth Oscillator

Authors: Casey J Zak
Comments: 13 Pages. Grand Unified Theory with all standard model constants derived from one

Physical reality is here framed as the necessary geometric consequence of endowed energy release from a single zeroth-dimensional oscillator, which exists as the requisite conserving balance point for projection of the entire universe. The framework requires exactly one parameter - the initial oscillator energy - from which all physical constants, forces, and dimensional structure emerge through required quadratic self-reference and phase coherence preservation. All constants of the standard model are herein geometrically given. The fundamental nature of time is revealed as the oscillator's required principal orthogonal eigenvector. The necessary condition for the existence of reality is developed. Observed energy ratios are revealed as inherent. Feynman's infinities are resolved. Experimental predictions testable through phase-coherent optical interference patterns are given with precise energy ratios derivable from geometric constraints. Theory of mind is proposed as the minimum sufficient phase coherent structure required to form a self-representation of the oscillator. Remarkable analyses of coherent group consciousness are revealed. Reality itself, including conscious observation and intention, manifests as the inescapable geometric realization of the oscillator's self-referential structure.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Modification of Campylobacter Cytolethal Distending Toxin for Selective Targeting of PD-L1 Expressing Cancer Cells

Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 8 Pages.

Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT), a tripartite exotoxin from Campylobacter jejuni, is known for inducing DNA damage and apoptosis. In this study, we engineered the A subunit (CDTA) to selectively target cancer cells by replacing its native binding region with anti-PD-L1 antibody sequences. Using sequence data from UniProt (CDTA: A1VXG4, PD-L1: Q9NZQ7), we identified and modified CDTA’s residues 129-140. Structural validation using AlphaFold 2 confirmed that these modifications retained CDTA’s structural stability and affinity for PD-L1, supporting its potential as a targeted cancer therapeutic. Future experimental steps include protein expression, purification, and cytotoxicity testing to confirm the toxin’s selective binding and apoptotic effects on PD-L1 positive cancer cells.
Category: Physics of Biology

Influence of Gravitation оn the Origin and Propagation of Electromagnetic Radiation

Authors: Gocho V. Sharlanov
Comments: 15 Pages.

Impressively, against the background of extraordinary advances in physics and technology, the mainstream continues to support the two most obvious delusions in 20th-century physics: "special relativity" and "the accelerating expansion of the universe". Both of these problems are based on a lack of understanding of the nature and behavior of electromagnetic radiation in the gravitational field. In this paper, an attempt is made to present a new approach to this problem.To understand the real fabric of the Universe, to understand the influence of gravitation on the characteristics of light (frequency, wavelength, speed of light in vacuum), we must first be aware of the nature of electromagnetic radiation and the nature of the medium of propagation of electromagnetic radiation. In this respect, as discussed at the 3rd Annual International Conference on Physics, 20 — 23 July 2015, in Athens, Greece, the characteristics of electromagnetic radiation must be considered in two aspects:1) in the "local time-spatial domains in any place of the Universe" (the regions with a uniform intensity of the gravitational field), and 2) in the "global physical reality of the Universe" (related to the regions with different intensities of the gravitational field as an infinite set of local time-space domains).On the basis of the modern achievements of science and the analysis of the behavior of electromagnetic radiation in the local and global physical reality of the Universe, this article contains the following scientific contribution: "Thesis On the Behavior of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Gravitational Field of the Universe", which should replace the erroneous "postulate of the constancy of the speed of light for all inertial frames of reference". This thesis also ends the delusion that the speed of light in vacuum measured on the Earth’s surface is the limit speed for the entire Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mass and Spacetime Quantization of the Generalized Dirac Equation based on Octonion-Sedenion Algebra: Towards Derivation of the Fine Structure Constant Beyond the 12th Decimal-Digit Precision

Authors: Jau Tang, Brian Tang, Qiang Tang
Comments: 12 Pages.

We present an approach to solving the mystery of the fine structure constant (α) usinghyper-complex algebra. Extending Einstein’s continuous 4D Minkowski space and the Dirac equation, we address internal 4D or 12D spacetime in particles for the octonion and sedenion models. We propose that particle mass originates from internal dynamics, not the Higgs mechanism in Yang-Mills theory. By quantizing mass and internal spacetime, we derive a geometric constant of 137 for the octonion model, and 137.03599920605017 for the sedenion model, precisely matching the experimental value of 1/α = 137.035999206 (11) to within ~10-12. Our theory also suggests a fundamental mass energy of 0.05 eV, likely related to neutrinos. This work reveals that α is not merely a physical parameter but a dimensionless geometric constant, akin to π or Euler’s constant. We found simple empirical mass-ratio formulas linking α to the masses of the electron, Higgs boson, quarks, and Planck mass, elucidating the role of this constant in fundamental forces. This theory revolutionizes the understanding of mass and spacetime quantization, going beyond the Standard Model and opening new paths toward quantum gravity and grand unification.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Modification of the Complex Scalar Field Lagrangian in FLRW Space-Time and Its Cosmological Outcomes.

Authors: Subhayan Maity, Parna Patra
Comments: 7 Pages.

The most popular approach of understanding the cosmic evolution is Einstein’s General Relativity(GR). GR is the classical gateway to obtain the dynamics of the cosmic fluid and it canat best describe the macroscopic evolution of the Universe. In this work, we have accomplishedan alternative tool to examine the microscopic dynamics of the cosmic fluid particles via quantumfield theory (QFT). We have proposed a cosmic fluid model with complex scalar field Lagrangiancorresponding to the modified Klein-Gordon equation (KG equation) of the scalar field in FLRWspace-time. Following this Lagrangian, the cosmic fluid system has been quantized under certainrestrictions on the parameters. This restrictions are used to determine the cosmic evolution patternin the macroscopic level.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proving Irrationality of Infinite Series

Authors: Jay Pillai
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper a theorem will be proven that is a relatively concise way to confirm the irrationality of an infinite series. From this, new proofs of the irrationality of some known results can be derived(pi, phi) as well as solutions to open problems(rationality of zeta function over the natural numbers, rationality of Euler-Mascheroni Constant)
Category: Number Theory

Ionization Potential Depression and Mechanical-Electric Coupling in Plasma

Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 36 Pages.

The ionization potential depression (IPD) is crucial for understanding the ionization processes of atoms and ions in plasmas. Many efforts have been devoted to exploring the temperature and the density dependence of IPD, leading to the development of models such as the Ecker-Kröll (EK) and Stewart-Pyatt (SP) models. However, these models fail to explain the plasma spectroscopy observed during laser nitriding process. To address the problem, the present study introduces a novel IPD model and the concept of mechanical-electric coupling (MEC) for the plasma. The MEC is important as it can influence a multitude of physical properties, including the diffusion of ionized electrons, Debye screening and the ionized electron pressure. The IPD model proposed herein is constructed based on spherical wave functions for the ionized electrons. It has been shown that this IPD model aligns well with both experimental spectroscopic data and the experimental IPD values for ions across various charge states. The integration of MEC with the IPD model may culminate in the formulation of an equation of state that is in concordance with experimental observations of the plasma behaviors. Overall, the MEC and IPD model proposed in this study could be instrumental for comprehending the ionization processes and the diverse properties of plasmas.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Multi-Dimensions Universes

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 26 Pages.

The impact of a photon hitting a surface is determined. Newton law of dynamics is demonstrated from thermodynamics considerations in which Planck oscillator is considered as a 4-space dimensions oscillator. Wave-corpuscle duality is remodeled. Vacuum is a sea of positive charges and negative charges.
Category: Quantum Physics

Development of a Silk Fibroin Scaffold for Gingival Regeneration: Formulation, Efficacy Testing, and Expected Clinical Application

Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 7 Pages.

Gingival recession, characterized by the apical migration of gingival tissue, leads to root exposure and subsequent complications such as sensitivity, root caries, and periodontal disease. Current treatment options, including tissue grafts and regenerative therapies, are limited by their invasiveness and inconsistent outcomes. This study proposes a silk fibroin scaffold infused with three growth factors (EGF, FGF, VEGF) and three adhesive proteins (laminin, fibronectin, osteonectin) to enhance gingival cell proliferation, attachment, and integration with the alveolar bone. The scaffold aims to promote natural gingival regeneration while providing structural support. The development process, efficacy testing, and expected clinical application of this novel gingival regeneration scaffold are outlined. This approach, if successful, could offer a safer, non-invasive, and cost-effective solution for treating gingival recession.
Category: Physics of Biology

On the Nicolas Criterion for Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Dmitri Martila, Stefan Groote
Comments: 3 Pages.

A criterion given by Jean-Louis Nicolas is used to offer a proof for the Riemann Hypothesis in a straightforward way.
Category: Number Theory

Ehrenfest Paradox Explained: How Misapplication of Length Contraction Leads to Contradictions

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 7 Pages.

It can be clearly, simply and decisively explained that the Ehrenfest Paradox arises from an incorrect application of the length contraction rule, and that a correct analysis of the case of the rotating disk leads to the fact that the relationship between the radius and the circumference remains as usual.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fundamental Physics and the I Ching

Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

The eightfold way is an organizational scheme for a class of subatomic particles known as hadrons leading to the.development of the quark model. Murray Gell-Mann proposed the idea in 1961 alluding to the Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism. However, the concept goes deeper; applying not only to hadrons (triplets of RGB quarks) but to the building blocks of all the fermions (as this analysis demonstrates: i.e.: e(h)-earth, v(h)-wind, u(h)-fire, d(h)-water.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Estimation of Seiche Tide Parameters in the Bohai Sea on October 20

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 9 Pages.

On October 20, 2024, a relatively large-scale seawater inflow occurred in the Bohai Sea region of China. This paper argues that this large-scale influx is mainly caused by the relatively large number of super typhoons that have generated over the entire Pacific Ocean this year. The energy accumulated by several super typhoons caused very long Seiche standing waves throughout the Pacific Ocean. Although the amplitude of the standing wave is not large, about 0.3m, such an amplitude of Seiche may cause the existence of a secondary Seiche phenomenon with a higher amplitude after passing through a relatively narrow bay on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. In some narrow bays, the amplitude of this Seiche standing wave may reach more than 1m, resulting in a more serious seawater inflow problem in the coastal areas of the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, in this paper, we should consider the changes in sea level throughout the Pacific Ocean caused by the accumulation of energy from multiple super typhoons over a relatively long period of time, in addition to the disasters caused by a single typhoon when disasters such as seawater inflow occur.
Category: Climate Research

The First Biological Machines: Exploring Peptides as Precursors to RNA in Life’s Origins — A Hypothesis of the Reverse Central Dogma

Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 7 Pages.

The RNA world hypothesis, which posits that RNA was the first biomolecule capable of storing genetic information and catalyzing biochemical reactions, has long dominated theories on the origin of life (1). However, RNA's chemical instability under prebiotic conditions raises questions about its viability as the primary molecule in early life (2). This paper proposes that peptides, rather than RNA, may have functioned as the first biological machines. I introduce the hypothesis of the Reverse Central Dogma, suggesting a molecular evolution sequence of proteins > RNA > DNA. I hypothesize that simple peptides, particularly those with disulfide bonds, could have formed spontaneously and catalyzed primitive biochemical processes (3). Among potential candidates, the heat-stable toxin (HST) from Vibrio mimicus is a compelling model due to its thermal stability, 17-amino-acid length, and specific catalytic activity (4). HST comprises only ten types of amino acids (I, D, C, E, N, P, A, F, G, L), with the sequence "IDCCEICCNPA CFGCLN" (5). This research aims to determine whether peptides formed under prebiotic conditions can exhibit machine-like activity, interact cyclically, and functionally connect with RNA. Testing peptide formation and activity in simulated early Earth conditions may provide insight into the role of peptides as foundational biological machines that set the stage for RNA and DNA evolution.
Category: Biochemistry

Terrain Relative Navigation Based on Deep Feature Template Matching and Visual Odometry

Authors: Eugene Rulko
Comments: 18 Pages.

The main hurdle for terrain relative navigation systems is the incongruity of visual features between a patch of a satellite reference map and a view from an onboard UAV camera. Images are taken during different time of year, under different weather, vegetation and lighting conditions, with different angles of observation. This work proposes the usage of deep feature template matching, where features are extracted during unsupervised training using a triplet loss. It provides semantic understanding, agnostic to terrain transformations. In order to overcome struggling to navigate over featureless terrains, the work proposes additional usage of visual odometry with the procedure of sticking to the map after encountering enough features, with the procedure of hypothesizing over possible locations. Passing a fragment of the reference map through the trained feature extractor, applying an entropy filter and then a pathfinding algorithm allows planning a flying path over areas rich of features relevant for navigation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Intrinsic Vacuum Space

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 6 Pages.

We define here intrinsic empty space as physical, hypothetical space, containing no particles but, above all, no radiation. However, there remains energy, the nature of which will be clarified. We will evaluate the fundamental physical constants in such a vacuum which differs from real vacuum space by the absence, in particular, of fossil radiation. We will also see why these constants are involved in the existence of the elementary particles constituting the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Enhancing Data Analysis with Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Integration on the Blockchain Using Smart Contracts

Authors: Mirtill Boglárka Naghi, Bence Tureczki, Katalin Szenes
Comments: 23 Pages.

This paper introduces a novel approach to fortify data security through the seamless integration of fuzzy clustering techniques within blockchain technology. Fuzzy clustering, known for its ability to handle uncertainties and complexities in data, synergizes with blockchain’s decentralized and immutable ledger to establish a robust framework for secure data storage, analysis and retrieval. The proposed fusion not only enhances confidentiality, integrity and effectivity but also offers adaptability to the evolving dynamics of modern data landscapes. In this paper we propose a theoretical model that implements the integration of fuzzy c-means clustering on the blockchain using a cryptographically verifiable distributed computing system. By leveraging the decentralized nature of blockchain, the proposed framework ensures that data analysis processes are verifiable and tamper-resistant. Furthermore, the integration of fuzzy clustering within the blockchain not only bolsters security but also introduces a layer of transparency in the confidential data handling process.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Primorial Powers Conjecture

Authors: Jay Pillai
Comments: 3 Pages.

Paper detailing a conjecture of exponent patterns found in prime numbers.
Category: General Mathematics

Fast Convergence

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

We give a sequence that converges to pi quickly.
Category: Number Theory

A Comparison of Light Path Equations in General Relativity Using a Taylor Series Approach vs Jacobian Elliptic Functions

Authors: Gerald Malczewski
Comments: 33 Pages. Mathematical corrections have been made but with no material effect on the conclusions. A Predictive Strength measure has been added.

Using a method to calculate the deflection of light near the Sun based on General Relativity (GR), a formula is derived which expresses the light path as a function of the radial distance r from a gravitating central body. This method, based on the GR geodesic equation applied to the Schwarzschild metric, uses an infinite Taylor series expansion. This requires a ‘finite cutoff’ of the series to compute the polar angle of a light path coordinate for a given radial distance. We take the light path to be a trajectory of a light ray originating at radial infinity and then departing to radial infinity after reaching its point of closest approach to the central body. Constraints are found that limit the discussion to central bodies of mass M which obey M/R< 1/3 where R is the turning point, the point of closet approach. A comparison is then made with a different approach previously published using Jacobian elliptic functions which yields a closed expression for the light path equation. It is shown that the two approaches are equivalent if a finite cutoff is not taken for the Taylor series. If the cutoff is taken, then computationally the two methods yield approximately the same result for light path locations near the point of closest approach to the central body. The elliptic function method has the advantage that the method can be applied to the case where M/R ≥ 1/3, including calculating light paths inside a black hole horizon. This case is outside the scope of this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Modern Physics Moving Towards Metaphysics?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 20 Pages.

The increasing incorporation of speculative constructs such as dark matter, the Higgs field, and cosmic inflation within modern physics indicates a shift towards metaphysical frameworks, potentially compromising the empirical rigor traditionally upheld in physical sciences. This article critically evaluates the foundational paradigms in quantum mechanics and cosmology, asserting that constructs like the Big Bang theory and baryogenesis introduce elements that lack experimental validation and challenge established physical principles. By examining the epistemic and methodological implications of these paradigms, the author argues that theoretical physics must resist the encroachment of metaphysical assumptions and prioritize models grounded in measurable, observable phenomena. The article proposes a recalibration of the discipline, advocating for a return to empirically verifiable principles and logically cohesive theories that align with classical physics. Through this approach, theauthor suggests, physics can maintain its empirical integrity, ensuring that theoretical advancements remain anchored in experimentally testable reality and do not drift into speculative abstraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Recursive Inaccessibility and the Inductive Hypothesis as to Countable Sets in ZFC

Authors: Amel Mara
Comments: 32 Pages.

The significance of the Inductive Hypothesis is examined with respect to the Principle of Mathematical Induction. A few relevant theorems that involve functions in set theory are specified with respect to the Inductive Hypothesis. The countability of rational numbers is reviewed, as to Cantor’s "intuition" (i.e., the "zig-zag" method of enumerating rational numbers) and constructive formulas that would map the set of natural numbers to a subset of the rational numbers (e.g., a multiplicative inverse function, a divisive function). Von Neumann and Zermelo ordinals are introduced to support the definition of a non-dense, well-ordered set of numbers. It is determined that for a specific infinite set of ordinals with a maximal element that is a limit ordinal, the set must contain at least one successor ordinal that cannot be recursively accessed in a finite number of steps from a specified base ordinal.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Fractional Invariance Analysis and Applications

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this note, we introduce and develop the analysis of the fractional invariance. This analysis is used for estimating the partial sums of arithmetic functions $f:mathbb{N}longrightarrow mathbb{R}$ of the form $sum limits_{substack{nleq xin mathbb{A}}}f(n)$ for $mathbb{A}subseteq mathbb{N}$. This analysis can be applied to a broad class of arithmetic functions.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Visual Navigation for Airborne Ground Robot's Control

Authors: Oleg Kupervasser, Domoshnitsky Alexander
Comments: 45 Pages.

In the presentation described algorithms for airborne ground robot's control and navigation developed in Ariel University during Kamin project
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Vision-Based Uav (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) Navigation

Authors: Oleg Kupervasser, Domoshnitsky Alexander
Comments: 72 Pages.

In the presentation described algorithms for Vision-based UAV (Unmanned aerial vehicle) control and navigation developed in Ariel University during Nofar project.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Negative Mass, the e-Dimensional Universe and the Hubble Tension

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 8 Pages.

In the earlier paper, The Absence of the Implications of Negative Mass and the Resultant Problems in Physics, various insights on different kinds of matter and the existing ideas such as the Dark Matter and the Dark Energy were presented. The article, Non-Stellar Black Holes, including microscopic Black Holes, brings into attention a very pertinent aspect overlooked by all earlier researchers. The present article probes further into such various overlooked aspects of our universe. Various other important inferences are drawn from the said model that seem to agree to the experimental results better than the existing models, such as the possible reason for Hubble Tension.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[Speculation on a] Novel Approach for Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment: Inhibition and Degradation of Beta-Amyloid 42 Aggregates Using a Nasal Ultrasonic Nebulizer for Peptide Delivery

Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 10 Pages.

This study proposes an innovative therapeutic approach for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) targeting the aggregation and clearance of the neurotoxic amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) peptide. Utilizing computational design tools such as AlphaFold 2, we identified and optimized functional peptides capable of binding the hydrophobic C-terminal region of Aβ42 to prevent aggregation and promote degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). This non-invasive strategy envisions peptide administration through a nasal ultrasonic nebulizer, which could bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deliver peptides directly to the brain. The concept focuses on the potential of combining targeted peptide design with a delivery system that enables rapid, brain-specific absorption, presenting a novel direction for AD therapy.
Category: Physics of Biology

The Riemann Hypothesis: Decryption of a Mathematical Mystery

Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 48 Pages.

The Riemann hypothesis is more than just a mathematical problem. It is an age-old enigma, a challenge to all those who dare to explore the depths of prime numbers. For more than 160 years, it has fascinated, intrigued, and resisted the attempts of the greatest minds. This document is the result of a passionate quest to elucidate this mystery. Here, each line traces a path through the complexities of the hypothesis, with the hope of shedding new light on this fundamental question. Whether you are an expert or simply curious to discover one of the greatest mysteries of the mathematical universe, I invite you to dive into this intellectual adventure. Together, let's explore the elegance hidden behind the formulas and perhaps get closer to the truth.
Category: Number Theory

Representation of an Integral Involving Trigonometric Functions by Triple Integral

Authors: Edigles Guedes
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper, we present an integral representation involving trigonometric functions and variable transformation techniques to turn it into a triple integral. The proposed integral is initially simplified using trigonometric identities, so we rewrite the original integral in terms of a three-variable integral representation. The main theorem demonstrates the equivalence between the initial integral and the resulting triple integral, illustrating the applicability of trigonometric identities in calculations of complicated integrals.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Observing Multiple Big Bangs Within the Only Universe

Authors: Michael Lawrence
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper shows how big bangs, which do not produce new universes, can be used to build a framework that enables the location of the centre of our big bang to be estimated. The calculation also requires the use of failed big bangs that are apparently conjoined with commoving objects within our own big bang flow to calculate that flow over time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Epistemology of Contemporary Physics: Classical Mechanics I

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 27 Pages.

In this paper of "The Epistemology of Contemporary Physics" series we investigate the epistemological significance and sensibility (and hence interpretability and interpretation) of classical mechanics in its Newtonian and non-Newtonian formulations. As we will see, none of these formulations provide a clear and consistent framework for understanding the physics which they represent and hence they all represent valid formalism without proper epistemology or sensible interpretation.
Category: Classical Physics

The Nature of Space and Time

Authors: Gopal Krishna
Comments: 26 Pages.

This paper presents a novel perspective on the nature of space and time, arguing for the coexistence of both absolute and relative aspects at the classical level and the existence of only absolute aspects at the quantum level. We propose using various arguments that the static space-in-itself exists as absolute space and the universal objective present moment with an infinitesimal duration continuously exists as absolute time in the universe since its creation until the present, along with the measured space being relative space and the measured time being relative time. We also prove the continuous nature of absolute and relative space, absolute and relative time, and relative spacetime and, thus, challenge all theories that use discrete relative space or discrete relative time or discrete relative spacetime, such as loop quantum gravity and causal set theory, among others. This framework dissolves several fundamental problems: the quantum gravity question by proving its impossibility due to the absence of reference frames at quantum scales, the unified field theory question by proving its impossibility by showing gravity’s classical-only nature, whereas electromagnetic force being present at quantum and classical level both, and the wave-particle duality through establishing universal quantum fields/waves as the sole quantum reality with each of these fields being one singular reality with varying level of intensity at different spatial regions in the universe and with continuous non-deterministic interactions explaining quantum phenomena without randomness while preserving causality and particles being just the 1emergent reality at the classical level. We also disprove string theory and any potential higher spatial dimensional theory using fundamental logic. Thus, this comprehensive framework completes Einstein’s unfinished revolution in understanding space, time, and physical reality at both quantum and classical levels.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Proof of the Binary Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Philippe Sainty
Comments: 56 Pages.

In this article the proof of the binary Goldbach conjecture is established (Any integer greater than one is the mean arithmetic of two positive primes) . To this end, Chen’s weak conjecture is proved (Any even integer greater than one is the difference of two positive primes) and a "localised" algorithm is developed for the construction of two recurrent sequences of primes ( U_2n ) and ( V_2n ), ( ( U_2n ) dependent of ( V_2n) ) such that for any integer n ≥ 2 their sum is equal to 2n : ( U_2n ) and ( V_2n ) are extreme Goldbach decomponents. To form them, a third sequence of primes ( W_2n) is defined for any integer n ≥ 3 by V_2n = Sup ( p ∈ P : p ≤ 2n - 3 ) , P denoting the set of positive primes. The Goldbach conjecture has been prove d for all even integers 2n between 4 and 4.1018. and in the neighbourhood of 10^100 , 10^200 and 10^300 for intervals of amplitude 10^9 . The table of extreme Goldbach decomposants, compiled using the programs in Appendix 14 and written with the Maxima and Maple scientific computing software, as well as files from ResearchGate, Internet Archive, and the OEIS, reaches values of the order of 2n = 10^5000. In addition, a global proof by strong recurrence "finite ascent and descent method" on all the Goldbach decomponents is provided by using sequences of primes (��2_q2n) defined by :��_q2n = Sup ( p ∈ P : p ≤ 2n - q ) for any odd positive prime q , and a majorization of U_2n by n^0.525 , 0.7ln_2.2(n) with probability one and 5 ln1.3(n) on average for any integer n large enough is justified.. Finally, the Lagrange-Lemoine-Levy (3L) conjecture and its generalization called "Bachet-Bézout-Goldbach"(BBG) conjecture are proven by the same type of method.
Category: Number Theory

On the Butterfly Effect and the Failure of Hamilton's Principle

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 13 Pages.

As a long-cherished postulate of theoretical physics, Hamilton’s principle (HP) defines thebasis of classical mechanics and field theory. We argue here that HP is overturned inphysical settings where sensitivity to initial conditions cannot be ignored. We find thatthe approach to chaos of nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems sheds new light onseveral foundational aspects of effective field theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Planck Power with Joule Heating Applied to Cosmology?

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 4 Pages.

Recent advances in deterministic models of quantum cosmology of the RH=c tH type have paved the way for the possible appearance of Planck power in the ΛCDM model as a constant, beyond the Planck era, thanks to Joule heating applied to cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Two Fundamental Physical Laws Are Missing for a Complete Description of Gravity

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 15 Pages.

For over 300 years, the formula for the force of gravitational interaction has been represented by the single law of universal gravitation of Newton. During this period, facts have been revealed that Newton's law of gravitation gives predictions that do not agree with observations. It is shown that Newton's law of gravity is not the single law of gravitational interaction in the Universe. Newton's law of universal gravitation (FN=GmM/r^2) is only one of three laws of gravitational interaction. In addition to Newton's law of gravitation, two new laws of gravitation are given: FK=mR^3/(T*r)^2; FCos=(mc^2)√Ʌ. These two laws of gravitational interaction remained undiscovered for more than 300 years. The three laws of gravitation (FN=GmM/r^2, FK=mR^3/(T*r)^2, FCos=(mc^2)√Ʌ) revive classical gravity and develop Newtonian dynamics towards a complete model of gravity. Newton's law of gravitation together with the two new laws of gravitation provide a complete and consistent description of gravitational interaction in the Universe.
Category: Classical Physics

A Subsampling Based Neural Network for Spatial Data

Authors: Debjoy Thakur
Comments: 28 Pages.

The application of deep neural networks in geospatial data has become a trending research problem in the present day. A significant amount of statistical research has already been introduced, such as generalized least square optimization by incorporating spatial variance-covariance matrix, considering basis functions in the input nodes of the neural networks, and so on. However, for lattice data, there is no available literature about the utilization of asymptotic analysis of neural networks in regression for spatial data. This article proposes a consistent localized two-layer deep neural network-based regression for spatial data. We have proved the consistency of this deep neural network for bounded and unbounded spatial domains under a fixed sampling design of mixed-increasing spatial regions. We have proved that its asymptotic convergence rate is faster than that of cite{zhan2024neural}'s neural network and an improved generalization of cite{shen2023asymptotic}'s neural network structure. We empirically observe the rate of convergence of discrepancy measures between the empirical probability distribution of observed and predicted data, which will become faster for a less smooth spatial surface. We have applied our asymptotic analysis of deep neural networks to the estimation of the monthly average temperature of major cities in the USA from its satellite image. This application is an effective showcase of non-linear spatial regression. We demonstrate our methodology with simulated lattice data in various scenarios.
Category: Statistics

The Set Of Definition And The Diophantine Equation Of The Twin Prime Numbers

Authors: Amine Oufaska
Comments: 6 Pages.

Since the ancient Greeks over 2000 years ago , mathematicians have asked the question about the law of distribution of the twin prime numbers . In this paper we present the set of definition and the Diophantine equation of the twin prime numbers , it is a magic subset of the natural numbers which arranges the twin prime numbers. This theory will provide a deep understanding of the twin prime conjecture and the Riemann hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

Preliminary Values for Wild Constant Hunt, Possibly "Nice" Dirichlet Series Originates

Authors: Fian Qnoz
Comments: 6 Pages.

This short document purported to publicise assorted constants to be targeted for Reverse Arithmetic (known as unscrambling the egg in pop culture) experimentation. In section one, a tangential intermezzo intended to justify the urgency to archive and some trivia regarding Pie and its defense against the manifesto of otherwise obscure alternative. Later sections detail the constants aimed for Reverse Arithmetic experimentation.
Category: Number Theory

The Breather-Breather Interaction in the Sine-Gordon Model

Authors: Dennis Braun
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this paper, we investigate the interaction of two breathers in the Sine-Gordon model. We derive an explicit analytic expression for the two-breather solution of the Sine-Gordon equation and study its dynamics. We show that the breathers behave like classical particles of equal masses upon collision, but with the momentum continuously transferred via their fields. By suitably averaging the oscillations of the solution we derive analytic expressions for the trajectories of the two breathers. It is shown that in the non-relativistic limit, the interaction potential between the two breathers has the same form as the velocity-dependent interaction potentials used for Machian unified theories of gravity and inerita.
Category: Quantum Physics

How to Prevent Artificial Intelligence From Getting Out of Human Control

Authors: Vitaly E. Pilkin
Comments: 12 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)

This paper provides answers to current questions of experts working with artificial intelligence (AI), and offers recommendations on how to control AI development and prevent AI from getting out of human control.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Real Constants Index of Derivatives and Integrals

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 1 Page.

I taught myself Calculus seriously the last months and I want to share some thoughts about Real constants Calculus with a single variable. It will may be mostly know this results by professionals but, in any case it could be interesting to share my conclusions in a short paper.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Predictions and the Synthetic Routes of the 120th and the 126th Elements

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 23 Pages. 7 Figures, in Chinese.

This paper is a brief review of our previous relevant papers, it is narrated mainly from points of view of the predictions and the synthetic routes of the 120th and the 126th elements. Firstly we review the theories we constructed previously including the four principles of the theory of chirality, the chirality model of atomic nucleus and the periodic table of nuclides, the new circular periodic table of elements and the integrated periodic table of elements, the formulas of the fine structure constant and the formulas of the speed of light in atomic units as well as the formulas of the anomalous magnetic moments of electron, muon and tauon, then we mainly give the predictions and the synthetic routes of the 120th and the 126th elements including some new synthetic routes. Specifically, we regard that the 120th element has neutron number of 180 and the total nucleon number of 300 and the 126th element has neutron number of 188 and the total nucleon number of 314, regard they are relatively stable and most worthwhile and likely to be synthesized, and the 126th element is more important.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics