Astrophysics

The Gravitomagnetic Vector Potential and the Gravitomagnetic Field of a Rotating Sphere

Authors: Jacob Biemond
Comments: 18 Pages, including 5 figures and 1 table

The gravitomagnetic vector potential and corresponding gravitomagnetic field generated by a rotating sphere with a homogeneous mass density are investigated. Outside the sphere both vector potential and field may coincide with the results from the ideal dipole model. For the axial gravitomagnetic field inside the sphere a new exact expression is derived. More general expressions for both vector potential and field inside the sphere are proposed and checked. Their validity is compared with series expansions for the equatorial gravitomagnetic vector potential and gravitomagnetic field. Application of Stokes’ theorem to the basic gravitomagnetic equation is compatible with the ideal dipole result for the gravitomagnetic field at the surface of the sphere. Starting from the basic gravitomagnetic equations, the validity of the general internal gravitomagnetic field is confirmed. Observations of two LAGEOS satellites, Gravity Probe B mission and planned ring-laser experiment are shortly discussed. Starting from the Maxwell equations, the present treatment can also be applied to the electromagnetic case. Analogous results are found for the electromagnetic vector potential and the electromagnetic field.
Category: Astrophysics

The Smallest Black Hole

Authors: Bassera Hamid
Comments: 3 Pages.

There must be a paradox if we consider black hole as singularity in space-time! Indeed, if all black hole mass is concentrated in one point (the alleged singularity) and its horizon consists in a sphere of radius R, then by definition of the black hole there must be no energy at all between the singularity and its horizon - for any energy inside the horizon must be absorbed by the so-called singularity! - this sphere must be absolutely empty. The question then is, by which means this singularity does communicate with the rest of the universe? It simply can’t! Unless we accept that the horizon of the black hole is exactly its surface, so the black hole can’t be a singularity but a macroscopic object .
Category: Astrophysics

Detection of Gravitational Waves II Cumulative Enhancement of Phase Difference

Authors: Dhananjay P. Mehendale
Comments: 4 pages. A new technique for cumulative enhancement of phase difference.

We propose novel technique for detecting gravitational waves using facilities at LIGO with certain easy changes in the process of detecting gravitational waves based upon a novel technique of adding up of the extremely small phase difference in two laser beams generated through passing of one wavelength of a gravitational wave. The change suggested in performing of the gravitational wave detection experiment that is carried out at present will be aimed at achieving adding up such phase difference that is produced through passing of each successive wavelength such that the cumulatively obtained phase difference through passing of sufficiently many wavelengths of gravitational wave automatically becomes detectable. The new suggested experiment in brief will proceed as given below. We begin with usual experiment using high energy well regulated pulsed laser source. When one pulse of laser beam will be emitted to move towards beam splitter we remove the source and replace it by a perfectly reflecting mirror kept orthogonally to the direction of laser beam incident on the beam splitter, and further this mirror can be moved in backward/forward direction as per requirement, by keeping it orthogonal to the direction of incident laser beam. Suppose there is squeezing along arm A and stretching along arm B of the interferometer producing the (very small) phase difference in the interfering light waves reaching back to beam splitter and let this phase difference is undetectably small so that almost all light is directed back to this new perfectly reflecting mirror, the one that replaced the source. Now, keep this mirror at such distance that the light that will reflect back from this newly kept mirror that replaced the source to act as source and to proceed again to fall upon the beam splitter and again will start running through two arms of interferometer for second round there will be again squeezing along arm A and stretching along arm B of the interferometer. Because of such arrangement the same amount of phase difference will result again and this will add up in the phase difference created in the first round. After sufficiently many bounces on newly introduced perfectly reflecting mirror replacing the laser source this phase difference will build up to a value so that now all light will no more be directed towards mirror that replaced the source but some light will go towards detector to offer a conclusive proof for the existence of gravitational waves!
Category: Astrophysics

Comments to Friedman, A. (1922). "Uber die Krummung des Raumes"

Authors: Gubin Veaceslav
Comments: 8 pages, 2 figures, English/Russian

This article is an attempt to understand the world in which we live. The interpretation and calculation of concrete (fixed) values for Big Bang time, the dark energy, dark matter, the lambda constant, Hubble constant, redshift
Category: Astrophysics

A Coherent Dual Vector Field Theory for Gravitation

Authors: Thierry DeMees
Comments: 14 Pages.

This publication concerns the fundamentals of the dynamics of masses interacting by gravitation. We start with the Maxwell analogy for gravitation or the Heaviside field, and we develop a model. This model ofdynamics, which we know takes in account the retardation of light, allow us to quantify the transfer of angularmovement point by point by the means of vectors, and to bring a simple, precise and detailed explanation to a largenumber of cosmic phenomena. And to all appearances, the theory completes gravitation into a wave theory.With this model the flatness of our solar system and our Milky way can be explained as being caused by an angularcollapse of the orbits, creating so a density increase of the disc. Also the halo is explained. The “missing mass” (darkmatter) problem is solved, and without harming the Keplerian motion law. The theory also explains the deviation of mass like in the Diabolo shape of rotary supernova having mass losses, and itdefines the angle of mass losses at 0° and at 35°16’.Some quantitative calculations describe in detail the relativistic attraction forces maintaining entire the fast rotatingstars, the tendency of distortion toward a toroid-like shape, and the description of the attraction fields outside of a rotaryblack hole. Qualitative considerations on the binary pulsars show the process of cannibalization, with the repulsion ofthe mass at the poles and to the equator, and this could also explain the origin of the spin-up and the spin-down process.The bursts of collapsing rotary stars are explained as well. The conditions for the repulsion of masses are alsoexplained, caused by important velocity differences between masses. Orbit chaos is better explained as well. Finally,the demonstration is made that gyrotation is related to the Relativity Theory.
Category: Astrophysics

On the Orbital Velocities Nearby Rotary Stars and Black Holes

Authors: Thierry DeMees
Comments: 5 Pages.

Observation of some huge spinning black holes in the centre of galaxies, and surrounded by orbiting stars, shows that stars close-by the black hole orbit at much higher speeds than normally expected, whereas the velocity of stars at higher distances suddenly falls down to normal values.In a former paper “On the shape of rotary stars and black holes” I found the analytic expressions for the forces on rotary stars and black holes, due to the gyrotation forces. These forces are generated by the second field of gravitation, based on the Maxwell Analogy for Gravitation (or historically more correctly: the Heaviside Analogy for Gravitation). In earlier papers, I showed the great workability of this analytical method, at the condition that the “local absolute velocity” is defined in relation to a major gravitational field instead of the “observer system” as with GRT. I found so the detailed explanation for the double-lobes explosions of supernova, and for the equator explosions. Here, I deduct the velocity distribution of orbital objects nearby or farther away from rotary stars or black holes.
Category: Astrophysics

Mass and Light-Horizons, Black Holes' Radii, the Schwartzschild Metric and the Kerr Metric

Authors: Thierry DeMees
Comments: 12 Pages.

Black holes generally are defined as stellar objects which do not release any light. The Schwarzschild radius, derivedfrom GRT, defines the horizon radius for non-rotating black holes. The Kerr metric is supposed to define the “eventhorizon” of rotating black holes, and this metric is derived from generally “acceptable” principles. The limit for theKerr metric's horizon for non-rotating black holes is the Schwarzschild radius.By analyzing the horizon outcome for rotating and non-rotating black holes, using the Maxwell Analogy for Gravitation(MAG) (or historically more correctly: the Heaviside Analogy for Gravitation, often called gravitomagnetism), Ifind that the Kerr metric must be incomplete in relation to the definition of “event” horizons of rotating black holes. Ifthe Maxwell Analogy for Gravitation (gravitomagnetism) is supposed to be “a good approach” of GRT, we may assumethat it is a valid analysis tool for the star horizon metrics.The Kerr metric only defines the horizons for light, but not the “mass-horizons”. I find both the “light-horizons” and thethe “mass-horizons” based on MAG. Moreover, I deduct the equatorial radii of rotating black holes. The probable originof the minutes-lasting gamma bursts near black holes is unveiled as well. Finally, I deduct the spin velocity of blackholes with a 'Critical Compression Radius'.The deductions are based on the findings of my papers “Did Einstein cheat?”, “On the geometry of rotary stars andblack holes” and “On the orbital velocities nearby rotary stars and black holes”.
Category: Astrophysics

Deduction of Orbital Velocities in Disk Galaxies, Or: “Dark Matter”: a Myth?

Authors: Thierry DeMees
Comments: 14 Pages.

In my paper “A coherent dual vector field theory for gravitation” is explained how simply the Gravitation Theory of Newton can be extended by transposing the Maxwell Electromagnetism into Gravitation. There exists indeed a second field, which can be called: co-gravitation-, Gyrotation- (which I prefer), gravito-magnetic field and so on. In this paper, I will call this global theory the Maxwell Analogy for Gravitation (MAG) “Gyro-Gravitation”. One of the many consequences of this Gyro-Gravitation Theory that I have written down, is that Dark Matter does not exist. At least far not in the quantities that some ones expect, but rather in marginalized quantities. Many researchers suppose that disk galaxies cannot subsist without missing mass that, apparently, is invisible, and which has to be taken into account in the classic Newton-Kepler model to better explain the disk galaxies' shapes. An remarkable point is that Gyro-gravitation Theory is not only very close to GRT, but more important, easy to calculate with, and coherent with Electromagnetism. It is no coincidence that nobody found the same result with GRT, not because GRT would obtain some other result, but because it is almost impossible to calculate with it. A demonstration is again given in this paper, where I deduce the general equations for the orbital velocities of stars in disk galaxies, based on the assumption of a simple mass distribution of the initial spherical galaxy.
Category: Astrophysics

Swivelling Time of Spherical Galaxies Towards Disk Galaxies

Authors: Thierry DeMees
Comments: 3 Pages.

This is the second paper dedicated to detailed calculations of disk galaxies. The first is “On orbital velocities in disk galaxies : “Dark Matter”, a myth?” [2] wherein I explain how to calculate the mass distribution of a disk galaxy and the orbital velocities of the stars, starting from a mass distribution of the originally spherical galaxy. This is based on the extended gravitation theory, called “Gyro-Gravitation” or gravitomagnetism. No existence of Dark Matter nor any other fancy supposition is needed at all in these calculations. The objective of this paper is to find the mathematical equations related to the time which is needed for the star's orbit to swivel down to the equator. The total diameter-change of the disk galaxy in the time can be found as well. Yet, these deductions are simplified by keeping constant the bulge's gyrogravitational properties during the process. I leave to the reader to experiment with time-dependent models of gyrogravitational fields in the bulge. An explanation for the very limited windings of our Milky Way's spirals is a direct consequence of this paper.
Category: Astrophysics

The Gyro-Gravitational Spin Vector Torque Dynamics of Main Belt Asteroids in Relationship with Their Tilt and Their Orbital Inclination

Authors: Thierry DeMees
Comments: 17 Pages.

Several observational studies of the main belt asteroids showed a direct link between the evolution of the spin vectors and the inclination of their orbit. A study wherein the evolution of 25 main belt asteroids and 125 synthetic objects was computed over 1Myr (E. Skoglöv, A. Erikson, 2002) clearly quantified this link. Verification of these results with the observation of 73 asteroids confirmed the results. Non-gravitational (YORP-/Yarkovsky-) torques are not considered here. Following observational conclusions have been made by E. Skoglöv and A. Erikson: - the spin oscillations' amplitude increases with increasing orbital inclination of the asteroid. - the largest spin oscillations' amplitudes are found if the initial spin vector lays in the orbital plane. - the spin obliquity differences are generally insensitive to the shape, composition and spin rate of the asteroids. - there is a significant majority of asteroids with a prograde spin vector compared to retrograde ones. - the spin vectors of prograde asteroids are more chaotic than the spin vectors of retrograde asteroids. - there are very few asteroids having a spin vector that lays in the vicinity of the orbital plane. - the heliocentric distance is relevant for the spin vector behaviour. In this paper it was found that the gyro-gravitation theory, which is the closest Euclid theory to the General Relativity Theory of Einstein, complies very well with these observations. We find that the asteroid's tilt swings continuously during a full orbit. The theoretical values of the cyclic tilt variations are calculated.
Category: Astrophysics

Cyclic Tilt Spin Vector Variations of Main Belt Asteroids Due to the Solar Gyro-Gravitation

Authors: Thierry DeMees
Comments: 8 Pages.

In the paper “The Gyro-Gravitational Spin Vector Torque Dynamics of Main Belt Asteroids in relationship with their Tilt and their Orbital Inclination” I found the excellent compliance between the observations and the extrapolations of E. Skoglöv and A. Erikson, 2002, and the theoretical deductions according the Maxwell Analogy for Gravitation. This implies namely the existence of the second gravitational field : Gyrotation (Co-gravitation). Six of the seven observations are directly explained by the theory. The seventh observation : “there is a significant majority of asteroids with a prograde spin vector compared to retrograde ones” is explainable by supposing that the asteroids are created, like most of the planets are, prograde. The theory found that the asteroids' spins are expected to end-up as retrograde. Two factors play a role : the speed of change of tilt due to gyrotation, and the other influences like the perturbations by Jupiter and Saturn or the gravitational librations. Here, mainly the gyrotation part is studied analytically and graphically, and commented.
Category: Astrophysics

How Really Massive Are the Super-Massive Rotating Black Holes in the Milky Way's Bulge?

Authors: Thierry DeMees
Comments: 9 Pages.

The centre of the Milky Way is populated with so-called super-massive black holes. In most of the papers and books about black holes at the centre of galaxies, the mass is said to be gigantic. In this paper, we will see how to calculate the mass of these super-massive black holes out of observational data,by using the Maxwell Analogy for Gravitation, and we see how to make the difference between real physical mass and apparent (fictive) mass. We discover that so-called 'super-massive black holes' do not have huge masses at all but that they have an apparent mass that can be thousands times the real mass. This suggests that the energy of such black-holes could decrease very fast in relative terms.
Category: Astrophysics

Quasar's Gyro-Gravity Behavior, Luminosity and Redshift

Authors: Thierry DeMees
Comments: 7 Pages.

The high redshift value of quasars is generally described by the Hubble constant, related to the Doppler-effect due to the expansion of the universe. In this paper, we look closer to the part of the redshift that is caused by gyro-gravitation, which is the analogue application of the electromagnetic Maxwell equations upon gravitation. The result of our analysis explains the possibility of a high value difference between the quasar redshift and the related galaxy redshift due to the quasar's rotation (spin). Moreover, we find results that are within the observed redshifts, based only on the expected quasar-radius of a few light-weeks, without the artifact of an expanding universe.
Category: Astrophysics

On the Structure of the Universe

Authors: hans schäfer
Comments: 27 Pages.

a new modell of the universe that removes the fundamental flaws of the big bang modell. it explains the nature of dark matter, dark energy and other phenomena not understood so far.
Category: Astrophysics

Comments on the Thermal Origin of the Pioneer Anomaly

Authors: Azzam Almosallami
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, I’ll introduce some comments regarded to the paper “support for the thermal origin of the Pioneer anomaly” Turyshev [3]. These comments introduce the lack of the thermal origin of the Pioneer anomaly, and may refute it. My comments also support the proposed explanations fall into new physics.
Category: Astrophysics

Beyond the Newtonian Gravitational Theory and Deny the Eintein Gravitational Theory

Authors: chun-xuan jiang
Comments: 5 Pages.

we deduce a new gravitational formula.This paper is the first human to a true description of gravitation.
Category: Astrophysics

Exact Solution for Photogravitational Restricted 3-Bodies Problem (a Case of Spiral Motion)

Authors: Sergey V. Ershkov
Comments: 12 Pages. Key Words: photogravitational restricted three body problem, Jacobian-type integral of motion, Yarkovsky effect, spiral motion

Here is presented a new type of exact solution for photogravitational restricted 3-bodies problem (a case of spiral motion). A key point is that from the Jacobian-type integral we obtain the appropriate specific case of spiral motion for photogravitational restricted 3-bodies problem (when orbit of small 3-rd body is assumed to be like a spiral). Besides, we should especially note that there is no analogue of Jacobian-type integral of motion in the case of photogravitational restricted 3-bodies problem if we take into consideration even a small Yarkovsky effect.
Category: Astrophysics

Modeling GW Generation at Start of the Electro Weak Regime and Its Tie in to the Machian Universe with Falsifiable Hij Values

Authors: Andrew Beckwith, Fangyu Li
Comments: 11 Pages. one of two proposals submitted to DICE 2012, as representing Chongqing university physics research work, and mathematical imaging technology for GW

The early Electro weak regime as of 10^-32 seconds after the big bang is where we could see the initial formation of gravitons, gravitinos and GW. What we intend to do is to look at if Machs principle, and a statement of overall quantized energy state behaviour of the universe can help us get hij , using initial conditions as initially presented by Mishra in 2012 we restate as (GM/RC^2 )~ constant . Mach’s principle was used by Mishra, and we use it to come up with conditions for a stable overall mass M of n particles, each of mass m contributing to GW generation / entropy of the universe. This allows us to state a variant of Machs principle for the Electro weak regime for gravitinos as equal to Machs principle for Gravitons in the present era, with both ratios ~ constant. This procedure will be extended to finding / setting electro weak entries for hij which will be used to estimate parameters for early universe GW generation.
Category: Astrophysics

Detection of Gravitational Waves Using High Energy Well Regulated Pulsed Laser, Photo Detectors, and a Counter

Authors: Dhananjay P. Mehendale
Comments: 4 Pages

We propose novel technique for detecting gravitational waves using facilities at LIGO with certain changes and additions in the present setup. We suggest replacing the perfectly reflecting mirrors fixed at the ends of the arms of interferometer by exactly identical photo detectors. We propose to use high energy laser to ensure well defined quantized form for the radiation. We make provision to determine maximality of incident intensity of light packet falling on the photo detector and further make provision to check whether this peak intensity is simultaneous in reaching both the detectors. Simultaneity of reaching of peak intensity is used to provide high inputs to something like logical AND gate. These provisions like logical AND gate will be sending high output if and when peak intensity will hit both the photo detectors simultaneously. This high output of logical AND will be used to operate a counter to go one count up. We suggest utilizing the simultaneous arrival of light packets with exactly equal peak intensity at detector to give an up count in the counter. These light packets are running in two orthogonal arms, originally emerged from a pulsed laser source and split into two beams by beam splitter, We propose to measure counts that will be shown by the counter after a sufficiently long interval of time. Now, if over this sufficiently long period any gravitational waves will pass through the apparatus they will cause stretching and squeezing of interferometer arms in a reciprocal way and the pulses directed towards photo detectors from beam splitter will not reach these detectors simultaneously with exactly equal peak intensity. This will be causing turning on of the logical AND lesser number of times leading in effect to lesser number of counts that will be recorded by the counter. From this record of lesser number of counts, less than the expected number when no gravitational waves reach the apparatus, we can conclusively infer that gravitational waves have certainly passed through the apparatus! Instead of laser one may consider using a well regulated uniform beam of particles, like electrons, to fall on beam splitters with relevant replacements in the detection apparatus in place of perfectly reflecting mirrors and again using same methodology for the detection.
Category: Astrophysics

The Main Paradox of Kam-Theory, Exact Solution of Arnold-Diffusion for Restricted 3-Bodies Problem (a Case of Archimedes Spiral)

Authors: Sergey V. Ershkov
Comments: 10 Pages. Key Words: KAM (Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser) theory, Hamilton formalism, Yarkovsky effect, photogravitational restricted three body problem, Jacobian-type integral of motion

Here are presented a key points of criticism of KAM (Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser) theory in the application of main results to the field of celestial mechanics, especially in the case of restricted 3-bodies problem. The main paradox of KAM-theory is that appropriate Hamilton formalism should be valid for the KAM dynamical systems, but Hamilton formalism could not be applied for restricted 3-bodies problem (which is proved to have only the Jacobian-type integral of motion, but the integrals of energy, momentum are not invariants). Finally, we obtain the Jacobian-type integral of motion in the specific case of Arnold-diffusion for restricted 3-bodies problem (orbit of 2-massive bodies is assumed to be like Archimedes spiral).
Category: Astrophysics

Tired Light and Type ia Supernovae Observations

Authors: Herman Holushko
Comments: 16 Pages.

The phenomenon known as “supernova timescale stretching” was discovered by measuring the observed light curve broadening and by measuring the rate of spectra evolution (aging) for Type Ia supernovae. In modern cosmology this phenomenon is widely considered as one that rules out the “tired light” hypothesis. The redefined “tired light” hypothesis presented in this paper not only agrees with the supernova timescale stretching but actually explains it without employing universe expansion. Using Type Ia supernova spectra template, I have conducted a computer simulation study of light propagation from supernova to observer based on the tired light assumptions. The results of the simulation for “at rest” UBVRIYJHK bands do not contradict the astronomical observations related to light curve broadening and spectra aging. The comparative analysis shows advantages of “tired light” over “accelerated Universe expansion” model.
Category: Astrophysics

Yarkovsky Effect in Modified Photogravitational 3-Bodies Problem

Authors: Sergey V. Ershkov
Comments: 10 Pages. AMS Subject Classification: 70F15, 70F07. Key Words: Yarkovsky effect, YORP-effect, photogravitational restricted three body problem, stability, equilibrium points, libration points, oblateness

Here is presented a generalization of photogravitational restricted 3-bodies problem to the case of influence of Yarkovsky effect (or more general, YORP-effect). Asteroid is supposed to move under the influence of gravitational forces from 2 massive bodies, as well under the influence of pressure of light from both the primaries. It is proved the existence of maximally 256 different non-planar equilibrium libration points when the 2-nd primary is non-oblate spheroid.
Category: Astrophysics

Space Doesn't Expand and New Proof of Hubble's Law

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 11 Pages.

After the expansion of space was observed in the 1920s, physicists and astronomers introduced the concept of "space expands" into physics and many observations and research results were used based on this. However, we can't explain why space expands and why it has a specific velocity and is no observations of expansion of space. This study proves that the expansion of the universe and Hubble's law doesn't result from the expansion of space, but is a dynamical result from the movement of galaxies in space. We could confirm that Hubble's law was always valid when the effect of acceleration was smaller than initial velocity. Also, this shows that cosmological red shift comes out from the Doppler effect of light. Expansion of space was explained that it was related to red shift and scale factor. Therefore, it is influencing many areas of astronomy and cosmology. Therefore, if this discovery is true, all matters related to red shift and scale factor should be reviewed.
Category: Astrophysics

The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 9 Pages.

Stars cool to become smaller, cooler stars called planets, moons, exo-planets and large asteroids. The material that is kept inside and has not exited via coronal mass ejection during flare stages or ripped away via photo-erosion will combine and form molecules, differentiated interiors and layered surfaces. We can measure the cooling rates and rates of molecular combination of all stars as they go through this metamorphosis process. This process more than likely takes into the hundreds of billions or even trillions of years.
Category: Astrophysics

Thoughts Occasioned by Two Recent Announcements

Authors: Jeremy Dunning-Davies
Comments: 5 Pages.

Fairly recently, two announcements concerning astrophysical observations appeared. The first from NASA mentioned the fact that the Voyager 1 spacecraft had detected a 100-fold increase in the intensity of high-energy electrons from elsewhere in the galaxy diffusing into our solar system from outside; the other revealed that a new all-sky map showed the magnetic fields of the Milky Way with the highest precision and proceeded to point out that the origin of galactic magnetic fields remains unknown despite intensive research, although it seemingly assumed that they are constructed via dynamo processes, such as are said to occur in the interiors of the Earth and the Sun. Here it is pointed out that plasma cosmology/electric universe theory can, and does, offer viable solutions to these and other supposed problems faced by orthodox cosmology.
Category: Astrophysics

Spectral Energy Distribution of a Body in Hydrostatic Equilibrium

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 10 Pages. A follow up paper in on the way.

The Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) measurements of Sunlight indicate that the Sun's SED is approximately that of a black body at a temperature of about 5777K. This fact has been known for quite some time now. What is surprising is that this fact has not been interpreted correctly to mean that the Sun's temperature is constant throughout its profile i.e. the temperature of the core right up to the Surface must be the same i.e. if Tsun(r) the temperature of the Sun at any radial point r, then Tsun(r)=5777K. From the fundamental principles of statistical thermodynamics, a blackbody is a body whose constituents are all at a constant temperature and such a body will exhibit a Planckian SED. For a body that has a nearly blackbody SED like the Sun (and the stars), this means the constituents of this body must, at a reasonable degree of approximation, be at the same temperature i.e. its temperature must be constant throughout. If the Sun is approximately a blackbody as experience indicates, then, the Standard Solar Model (SSM) can not be a correct description of physical and natural reality for the one simple reason, that the Solar core must be at same temperature as the Solar surface. Simple, the Sun is not hot enough to ignite thermonuclear fission at its nimbus. If this is the case, then how does the Sun (and the stars) generate its luminosity. A suggestion to this problem is made in a future reading that is at an advanced stage of preparation; therein, it is proposed that the Sun is in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium -- i.e., in a state of uniform temperature and further a proposal (hypothesis or conjecture) is set-forth that the Sun may very well be powered by the 104.17 micro-Hz gravitational oscillations first detected by Brookes el al. (1976), Severny et al. (1976). Herein, we verily prove that the SED of a body in hydrostatic equilibrium can not, in general be Planckian in nature, thus ruling out the SSM in its current constitution. Only in the case were the density index is \alpha_{\varrho}=2 (which implies a zero temperature index i.e. \alpha_{T}=0$), will the SED of such a body be Planckian.
Category: Astrophysics

Ulianov Sphere Network a Digital Model for Representation of Non-Euclidean Spaces

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 15 Pages.

This article introduces a new model for the non-Euclidean spaces’ representation, in which the coordinates and distances are considered as digital nature. This model, called Ulianov Sphere Network (USN), presents a new way for visualizing the curved spaces, such as those defined in the context of the General Relativity Theory (GRT). USN model has the potential to facilitate the calculation procedures concerning the problems handled by GRT, since it relies on a very simple mathematical formulation, which can be easily implemented in numerical computing systems. The proposed model is a mathematical tool that facilitates the manipulation of non-Euclidean spaces, for the simple expedient of constructing over a continuous plain space, a network of hyperspheres that behaves as a non-Euclidean digital space. Initially, the USN model has no real connection with the observed physics in our universe, being basically a theoretical abstraction. However, as will be shown in this article, the application of the UNS model allows inferring some formulas related to GRT and also with the Newton’s Law of Gravitation. Thus, the hypothesis that the USN model is actually somehow related to the physical basis of operation of our universe is not discarded.
Category: Astrophysics

Black Hole (According to 'hypothesis on Matter')

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 16 Pages.

Physical parameters of stable galaxies produce sufficient repulsion to overcome gravitational attraction between them [6]. However, those very large gatherings of 3D matter bodies and debris in space, which do not develop into stable galaxies (or which constitute central parts of stable galaxies, with lower centrifugal actions) succumb to gravitational attraction between constituent matter bodies and form very large single macro bodies of very high matter-density. Huge size and very large matter content of these macro bodies give them certain logical properties, one of which is to reduce/prevent outward radiation (of light) from the zone of their existence, to reach outside observers. This phenomenon makes them invisible and hence the name, ‘Black Hole’. This article briefly describes their development, properties and their role in maintaining a ‘steady state’ of universe, as envisaged in ‘Hypothesis on MATTER”.
Category: Astrophysics

The Obscure Precession of Mercury's Perihelion

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Sun’s orbital motion around the Solar System barycentre contributes a small quadrupole moment to the gravitational binding energy of Mercury. This moment has until now gone undiscovered, but it actually generates 7arcsec/cy precession of Mercury’s perihelion. Consequently, the residual 43arcsec/cy allocated previously to general relativity must in reality account for this new component and only 36arcsec/cy for general relativity. This means that the orbit of Mercury is grossly incompatible with the vacuum solution of GR.
Category: Astrophysics

Quantization and Discretization at Large Scales

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto, Pavel Pintr
Comments: 182 Pages.

The ongoing search of extrasolar planets is one of the most attractive fields of research in astrophysics and astronomy. Up to now, 360 extrasolar planets have been discovered near stars with similar mass as the Sun. With regards to these discoveries, one intriguing question is whether there is relationship between the distance of the planets and their stars. Various formulas have been suggested since 1980s, and they suggest that there may be reason to accept quantization of distances of those planets both in our solar system and also in extrasolar systems as well. This book discusses this issue (Rubcic & Rubcic), along with other interesting issues such as protoplanetary formation of solar system (Pintr, Perinova, Luks), precession in solar system (Pitkanen) and other topics. Another line of thought explored herein is the correspondence between cosmology and condensed matter systems, and therefore we can think that the quantization of orbits distances can be caused by superfluid helium quantization. This issue is explored by F. Smarandache and V. Christianto. Moreover, F. Smarandache also discusses possible new era of research, that is pertaining to superluminal physics and instantaneous physics. This book is published after our previous book: Quantization in astrophyisics, Brownian motion, and supersymmetry which was released about five years ago. We hope that this volume will add a new chapter in our understanding of the Universe, from the viewpoint of quantization and discretization at large scales.
Category: Astrophysics

Modified Newtonian Dynamics and Dark Matter from a Generalized Gravitational Theory

Authors: Juan Ramón González Álvarez
Comments: 9 Pages.

Vast amounts of data clearly demonstrate discrepancies between the observed dynamics, in large astronomical systems, and the predicted dynamics by Newtonian gravity and general relativity. The appearance of these discrepancies has two possible explanations: either these systems contain large quantities of a new kind of unseen matter −the Dark Matter (DM)− or the gravitational law has to be modified at this scale −as in MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND)−. This dichotomy is not entirely new in the history of physics, with DM playing now the role of the old non-existent Vulcan planet.

We have shown how both (i) the MONDian form and (ii) Milgrom acceleration follow from an extended theory of gravity −characterized by a new kind of gravitational potentials h_μν(R(t))−, which (iii) was initially aimed to solve those deficiencies of general relativity shared with classical electrodynamics −and that were previously solved with new electromagnetic potentials Φ(R(t)) and A(R(t))−. We also show (iv) how the modified equation of motion can be cast into ordinary form, when an fictitious distribution of DM matter is added to the real mass. From our definition of DM, we obtain (v) the main properties traditionally attributed to it, in excellent agreement with the DM literature. Finally, (vi) we discuss further avenues of research opened by this new paradigm.

Classical and Quantum Limits in Unified GTR

Authors: U.V.S.Seshavatharam
Comments: 16 Pages. U. V. S. Seshavatharam and S. Lakshminarayana. Unied model of universe and the atom. Book. ISBN: 9783843393966, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG, Germany, 2011 March.

It is noticed that $\frac{c^4}{G}$ is the classical limit of force and ($\frac{c^5}{G}$ is the classical limit of power. With these two limits, mathematical complexity involved in GTR can be simplified. Planck mass can be derived very easily. Light speed rotating black hole’s formation can be understood. Force $\frac{c^4}{G}$ keeps the light speed rotating black hole stable. It is noticed that, any elementary particle can escape from the light speed rotating black hole’s equator. Origin of cosmic ray can be understood in this view. GTR and quantum mechanics can be coupled in a unified manner. Rotating black hole temperature formula can be derived very easily. Finally a rotating model of ’black hole cosmology’ can be developed.
Category: Astrophysics

An Alternative Model for the Rotation of Spiral Galaxies: the Connections Among Shape, Kinematics and Evolution

Authors: Mario E. de Souza
Comments: 26 Pages. Paper presented in a plenary talk in the San Marino Worshop on Cosmology and Astrophysics for Matter and Antimatter, 5-9 September 2011, San Marino; to be published in the Open Hadronic Journal, Vol. 34, No.4, 2011

It is proposed that the arms of spiral galaxies are formed by the continuous outflow of matter from their centers. It is then shown that the ratio between the radial and tangential velocities of the outflow is the parameter responsible for the logarithmic spiral structure of spiral galaxies. The fitting of some spiral galaxies to the model allows the calculation of the radial velocities of matter in these galaxies and such values completely agree with the observational data. An approximate general equation is proposed for the description of the arms of spiral galaxies with or without bars. Some important consequences are discussed with respect to dark matter, galactic evolution and cosmology. It is concluded that a quantitative representation of the dynamics of the spiral galaxies can be entirely represented with data on their formation without any need to use the far-reaching conjecture of dark matter. We finally indicate that this conclusion is fully in agreement with the absence of dark matter inferred from Santilli's IsoRedShift within the inhomogeneous and anisotropic inner galactic medium that light has to traverse before reaching intergalactic spaces, as well as with the recent demise of symmetries and other recent advances.
Category: Astrophysics

Reconciliation of QM and GR and the Need for a Pulsating Entangled CPT Symmetric Raspberry Shaped Multiverse.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 14 Pages.

In (Q-FFF) Quantum Function Follows Form theory, the Higgs particle is interpreted as a massless but energetic oscillating transformer particle, equipped with a complex internal structure and able to create the universe by transformation of its shape, after real mechanical collision and merging with other transformed Higgs particles into knots called Quarks and Leptons. The best place to create Higgs particle based plasma out of the “nothingness” of the oscillating super dense Higgs vacuum lattice, seems to be not only direct after the Black hole splitting Big Bang Multiverse, but even more at the event horizon of smaller “new paradigm” black holes proliferated through the multiverse. This multiverse seems to have a raspberry shape equipped with a restricted number of CPT (Charge Parity Time) symmetrical universes as berries or lobes. One of these lobes is supposed to be OUR material universe which is supposed to be entangled down to the Planck scale (thus even at the human scale) with at least one opposing anti-material mirror universe of the raspberry. The raspberry multiverse is supposed to be pulsating. due to the existence of a process of evaporation of the vacuum Higgs vacuum particles (Dark Energy) during the big bang inflation process and in succession, by the consumption of the same Higgs vacuum by individual black holes (Dark Matter) created at all scales from Super Nova black holes down to Sunspots, Comets, Micro Comets and even Ball Lightning.
Category: Astrophysics

On Artificially Creating Solar Eclipses

Authors: Dhananjay P. Mehendale
Comments: 12 pages

In this paper we inform about the partial solar eclipse we created artificially. It aims at inviting those who are interested in the study of solar eclipses to set up their own laboratory to artificially create and study solar eclipses at any time of the day and at any convenient spot on the earth. Anybody interested in the study of solar eclipses can setup his laboratory without much expenditure. What essentially required is a small piece of land exposed to sunlight to arrange the equipment and equipment consists of a telescope, some spherical objects of appropriate size, a mechanical arrangement to hold and move a chosen spherical object at hand, appropriate filters to protect eyes, and a good camera to take photographs of artificially eclipsed sun We report here about our initial efforts done regarding artificially creating solar eclipse of any kind. We provide towards the end of the paper two sample photographs of artificially created partial solar eclipse taken using orange fruit in the role of moon and a photograph of naturally occurred partial solar eclipse for the sake of demonstrating their similarity. We propose here a way to artificially create eclipses of all types, namely, total, partial, or annular in the laboratory at our will. We discuss how to create solar eclipses at any location on earth at any daytime and at any location of the sun on its daytime trajectory. These eclipses formed artificially will be same in every respect to naturally occurring eclipses due to perfect alignment of earth, moon, and sun along a straight line. The only difference in naturally occurring solar eclipses and artificially created solar eclipses lies in replacing the moon by any spherical body of appropriate size to work as artificial moon to obstruct sunrays to form solar eclipses artificially. We may use any spherical body in place of moon, which has diameter matching with the diameter of parallel sun beam entering the telescope, to hide the real image of the sun by this artificial moon.
Category: Astrophysics

Do We Really Understand the Solar System?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 16 pages

The recent experimental findings have shown that our understanding of the solar system is surprisingly fragmentary. As a matter fact, so fragmentary that even new physics might find place in the description of phenomena like the precession of equinoxes and the recent discoveries about the bullet like shape of heliosphere and strong magnetic fields near its boundary bringing in mind incompressible fluid flow around obstacle. TGD inspired model is based on the heuristic idea that stars are like pearls in a necklace defined by long magnetic flux tubes carrying dark matter and strong magnetic field responsible for dark energy and possibly accompanied by the analog of solar wind. Heliosphere would be like bubble in the flow defined by the magnetic field inside the flux tube inducing its local thickening. A possible interpretation is as a bubble of ordinary and dark matter in the flux tube containing dark energy. This would provide a beautiful overall view about the emergence of stars and their helio-spheres as a phase transition transforming dark energy to dark and visible matter. Among other things the magnetic walls surrounding the solar system would shield the solar system from cosmic rays.
Category: Astrophysics

Black Hole Horizon Curvature Dependent Balance Between Plasma Creation and e-e+ Annihilation in Quantum FFF Theory.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 39 pages

In particle physics it is an interesting challenge to postulate that the FORM and structure of elementary particles is the origin of different FUNCTIONS of these particles. In former papers we presented possible solutions based on complex 3-D ring shaped particles, which are equipped with three point like hinges and one splitting point, all four points divided equally over the ring surface. The 3-D ring itself is postulated to represent the "Virgin Mother" of all other particles and is coined Higgs particle, supplied with the 3-hinges coded (OOO), which gives the particle the opportunity to transform after some sort of mechanical collision with other particles into a different shape, with a different function. Thus in the (Q-FFF) Quantum Function Follows Form theory, the Higgs is interpreted as a massless transformer particle able to create the universe by transformation of its shape after real mechanical collision and merge with other shaped particles into complex and compound knots like Quarks. The best place to create such plasma out of the "nothingness" of the Higgs vacuum seems to be not only direct after the Black hole splitting big bang, but even more at the event horizon of new paradigm black holes. However the balance between e- e+ annihilation and plasma creation seems to depend on the curvature of the black hole event horizon or better the size of the black hole. Smaller black holes have stronger horizon curvature related to the vacuum Higgs vacuum structure (or Planck scale) and as a result a better balance between Quark production and e-e+ annihilation. The Tarantula- and Eagle nebula seem to show us this difference.
Category: Astrophysics

The Turn-up in the Differential GCR Proton Energy Spectrum Below 100 Mev

Authors: Henry D. May
Comments: 6 pages

The high energy portion of galactic cosmic ray proton spectrum in the vicinity of Earth, above about 500 MeV per nucleon, can be well approximated by the "force field" model, whose only formal parameter is the modulation potential. Here I show that the entire spectrum can be well approximated by the force field model, when the force field is treated as an electric field. The analysis also explains the origin of the anomalously energetic ions in the solar wind.
Category: Astrophysics

Explanation for Observed Evidence of Geologically Recent Volatile-Related Activity on Mercury's Surface

Authors: J. Marvin Herndon
Comments: 6 pages

High resolution images of Mercury's surface, from the MESSENGER spacecraft, reveal many bright deposits associated with irregular, shallow, rimless depressions whose origins were attributed to volatile-related activity, but absent information on the nature and origin of that volatile matter. I describe planetary formation, unlike the cited models, and show that primordial condensation from an atmosphere of solar composition at pressures of one atmosphere or above will lead to iron condensing as a liquid and dissolving copious amounts of hydrogen, which is subsequently released as Mercury's core solidifies and escapes from the surface, yielding the observed pit-like features with associated highly-reflecting matter. The exiting hydrogen chemically reduces some iron compound, probably iron sulfide, to the metal, which accounts for the bright deposits.
Category: Astrophysics

A New Mechanism to Account for Acceleration of the Solar Wind

Authors: Henry D. May
Comments: 5 pages.

An enormous amount of effort has been expended over the past sixty years in attempts to understand the cause of the solar wind, with virtually no progress toward developing an understanding of the precise processes involved in the acceleration process. Here I show how the solar wind can be accounted for simply as a consequence of the acceleration of thermal protons and ions by electrodynamic forces from an electric field which pervades the heliosphere.
Category: Astrophysics

New Solar and Galaxy Formation Knowledge

Authors: Ivar Nielsen
Comments: 10 pages.

Standing cosmology theories and hypothesis are largely based on the modern "single points of views" and on some older theories that doesn't fit the later modern discoveries. The 3 basic electromagnetic forces do not come to their right in the cosmological research and they are by large suppressed by the old Newtonian theories and the newer Einsteinan theories and hypothesis. - It is very odd that traditional modern physicists and cosmologists don't take offspring in the well known facts from the 3 basic electric forces instead of working with the supposed 4.th force of gravity, which is far from understood. The existent theories seem to lack both dynamic and cyclic descriptions instead of the static point of view. The conventional explanation for the formation of our solar system and galaxies, etc. are that gravity collapse gas and matter together, and where gases become stars that later explode and create planets in a solar system, but there may be another explanation? More facts and a thorough analysis of these theories suggest that it may behave even much different. The purpose of this article is to see if there may be existing facts which should be reviewed by the discovery of significant new indications of the formation is our solar system is formed by a process inside the center of our galaxy, as well as a new hypothesis for galaxy formation and the formative movements in the 2 basic types, Spiral Galaxies and Barred Galaxies.
Category: Astrophysics

New Exact Solution of 3-Bodies Problem

Authors: Sergey V. Ershkov
Comments: 11 pages.

Here is presented a system of equations of 3-bodies problem in well-known Lagrange's form (describing a relative motions of 3-bodies). Analyzing of such a system, we obtain an exact solution in special case of constant ratios of relative distances between the bodies.
Category: Astrophysics

Flyby Anomaly (According to "Hypothesis on Matter")

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 9 pages

'Flyby anomaly' is a significant but unaccounted apparent increase or reduction in the velocity of a spacecraft during Earth-flybys. These phenomena could not be explained by current physical laws. This article attempts to show that the noticed discrepancies are apparent and they are produced by faulty geometry used in contemporary laws of planetary motion. In reality, the spacecrafts and external efforts on them behave normally. There are no causes or actions, which vary a spacecraft's linear velocity during Earth-flybys. There is no basis for assumption of strange 'forces' or mysterious effects on or about these spacecrafts.
Category: Astrophysics

Statistics of One: What Earth Can and Can't Tell us About Life in the Universe.

Authors: Eric J. Korpela
Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures.

Recent studies have attempted to extrapolate the abundance of life in the universe and the properties of such life from the history of life on Earth. A common "reasonable" assumption in such studies is that the history of life on earth is typical of life in the universe.(1) In this poster we examine the question of whether life on Earth is likely to be typical of life in the universe. In determining this we must consider that, as observers, we are biased by having only one example of life: the example that led to our evolution on a 4.5 billion year old earth. This "anthropic principle," is more accurately described as an anthropic bias, which alters the relationship between measured quanities such as evolutionary timescales and the distribution of values these quantities may have in reality. In some instances this bias can be quantified. We apply a statistical approach to quantifying this bias in the case of the timescales involved in abiogenesis and evolution of intelligent species.
Category: Astrophysics

An Intriguing Correlation Between the Distribution of Star Multiples and American Adults

Authors: Alon Retter
Comments: 4 pages

It is a known fact that like people, many stars are single while most others tend to couple in binaries, yet the two distributions have not been compared so far. The distribution of 4559 brightest nearby stars was matched with that of American adults at the age of 18-65 years. It was found that the mean values of the distributions of star multiples and US households are almost identical (2.04 vs. 2.03). Moreover, a strong resemblance between the two curves is evident. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that this result is significant at a confidence level higher than 97%. Apparently, there should be no connection between the two populations, thus this striking result may supply some clues about the way Nature works.
Category: Astrophysics

Identification of Nature's Rationality Via Galaxy NGC 5921

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 12 Pages

Weakly interacted galaxies present very simple body structure. They are either three-dimensional objects resembling ellipsoids or flat-shaped disks showing spiral disturbance. Elliptical galaxies present little dust and gas but spiral galaxies demonstrate arms and rings which are characterized by containing a huge amount of dust and gas. Since arms and rings are linear-shaped, the body structure of spiral galaxies may be a textured one as earth-bound materials always are. This led to the concept of rational structure which is based on proportion curves. The proportion curves for normal spiral galaxies are all equiangular spirals which trace or cut through arms consistently. This paper demonstrates the spider-shaped proportion curves for barred spiral galaxies. It shows for the seventh galaxy (NGC 5921) that the curves do trace or cut through arms or rings consistently. More examples of barred galaxies will be studied for the testification of Nature's rationality.
Category: Astrophysics

Identification of Nature's Rationality Through Galaxy NGC 5701

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 12 Pages

Weakly interacted galaxies present very simple body structure. They are either three-dimensional objects resembling ellipsoids or flat-shaped disks showing spiral disturbance. Elliptical galaxies present little dust and gas but spiral galaxies demonstrate arms and rings which are characterized by containing a huge amount of dust and gas. Since arms and rings are linear-shaped, the body structure of spiral galaxies may be a textured one as earth-bound materials always are. This led to the concept of rational structure which is based on proportion curves. The proportion curves for normal spiral galaxies are all equiangular spirals which trace or cut through arms consistently. This paper demonstrates the spider-shaped proportion curves for barred spiral galaxies. It shows for the sixth galaxy (NGC 5701) that the curves do trace or cut through arms or rings consistently. More examples of barred galaxies will be studied for the testification of Nature's rationality.
Category: Astrophysics

Identification of Nature's Rationality with Galaxy NGC 4930

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 12 Pages

Weakly interacted galaxies present very simple body structure. They are either three-dimensional objects resembling ellipsoids or flat-shaped disks showing spiral disturbance. Elliptical galaxies present little dust and gas but spiral galaxies demonstrate arms and rings which are characterized by containing a huge amount of dust and gas. Since arms and rings are linear-shaped, the body structure of spiral galaxies may be a textured one as earth-bound materials always are. This led to the concept of rational structure which is based on proportion curves. The proportion curves for normal spiral galaxies are all equiangular spirals which trace or cut through arms consistently. This paper demonstrates the spider-shaped proportion curves for barred spiral galaxies. It shows for the fifth galaxy (NGC 4930) that the curves do trace or cut through arms or rings consistently. More examples of barred galaxies will be studied for the testification of Nature's rationality.
Category: Astrophysics

Identify the Nature's Rationality Through Galaxy NGC 6782

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 12 pages.

Weakly interacted galaxies present very simple body structure. They are either three-dimensional objects resembling ellipsoids or flat-shaped disks showing spiral disturbance. Elliptical galaxies present little dust and gas but spiral galaxies demonstrate arms and rings which are characterized by containing a huge amount of dust and gas. Since arms and rings are linear-shaped, the body structure of spiral galaxies may be a textured one as earth-bound materials always are. This led to the concept of rational structure which is based on proportion curves. The proportion curves for normal spiral galaxies are all equiangular spirals which trace or cut through arms consistently. This paper demonstrates the spider-shaped proportion curves for barred spiral galaxies. It shows for the third galaxy NGC 6782 that the curves do trace or cut through arms or rings consistently. More examples of barred galaxies will be studied for the testification of Nature's rationality.
Category: Astrophysics

Identify the Nature's Rationality Via Galaxy NGC 4665

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 12 pages.

Weakly interacted galaxies present very simple body structure. They are either three-dimensional objects resembling ellipsoids or flat-shaped disks showing spiral disturbance. Elliptical galaxies present little dust and gas but spiral galaxies demonstrate arms and rings which are characterized by containing a huge amount of dust and gas. Since arms and rings are linear-shaped, the body structure of spiral galaxies may be a textured one as earth-bound materials always are. This led to the concept of rational structure which is based on proportion curves. The proportion curves for normal spiral galaxies are all equiangular spirals which trace or cut through arms consistently. This paper demonstrates the spider-shaped proportion curves for barred spiral galaxies. It shows for the fourth galaxy NGC 4665 that the curves do trace or cut through arms or rings consistently. More examples of barred galaxies will be studied for the testification of Nature's rationality.
Category: Astrophysics

Identify the Nature's Rationality with Galaxy NGC 4548

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 12 pages.

Weakly interacted galaxies present very simple body structure. They are either three-dimensional objects resembling ellipsoids or flat-shaped disks showing spiral disturbance. Elliptical galaxies present little dust and gas but spiral galaxies demonstrate arms and rings which are characterized by containing a huge amount of dust and gas. Since arms and rings are linear-shaped, the body structure of spiral galaxies may be a textured one as earth-bound materials always are. This led to the concept of rational structure which is based on proportion curves. The proportion curves for normal spiral galaxies are all equiangular spirals which trace or cut through arms consistently. This paper demonstrates the spider-shaped proportion curves for barred spiral galaxies. It shows for the second galaxy NGC 4548 that the curves do trace or cut through arms or rings consistently. More examples of barred galaxies will be studied for the testification of Nature's rationality.
Category: Astrophysics

Identifying the Nature's Rationality with Galaxy NGC 3275

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 24 pages. (the final 12 pages are c++ program source file)

Weakly interacted galaxies present very simple body structure. They are either three-dimensional objects resembling ellipsoids or flat-shaped disks showing spiral disturbance. Elliptical galaxies present little dust and gas but spiral galaxies demonstrate arms and rings which are characterized by containing a huge amount of dust and gas. Since arms and rings are linear-shaped, the body structure of spiral galaxies may be a textured one as earth-bound materials always do. This led to the concept of rational structure which is based on proportion curves. The proportion curves for normal spiral galaxies are all equiangular spirals which trace or cut through arms consistently. This paper demonstrates the spider-shaped proportion curves for barred spiral galaxies. It shows for the galaxy NGC 3275 that the curves do trace or cut through arms or rings consistently. More examples of barred galaxies will be studied for the testification of Nature's rationality.
Category: Astrophysics

New Patterns in Gauquelin Data

Authors: James Gunasekera
Comments: 11 pages.

We discuss the seven-object criterion and the Quaoar Criterion, and test the hypothesis proposed during discussion on the web forum: the percentage of persons satisfying the Quaoar Criterion must be significantly lower than the expected value for the military men. We discuss the difference between single-bit criteria and summing criteria and then introduce the improved summing seven-object criterion. The Quaoar Criterion, the ISSO Criterion, and 54 similar criteria are applied to all four Gauquelin data sets; we test the hypothesis which is quite similar to Gauquelin's own findings: every planet introduces a unique influence (or correlation), therefore similar criteria containing different planets can be used to distinguish between professional groups (three groups in this study: sportsmen, military men, scientists plus medical doctors). We try to explore thoroughly all cases with deviation outside the range [-3, +3] standard deviations.
Category: Astrophysics

Pioneer Anomaly (According to "hypothesis on Matter")

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 7 pages.

Observed locations of pioneer 10 and 11 spacecrafts, after they left the solar system, are displaced from their predicted positions in space and the discrepancy, which could not be explained by current physical laws, is termed as 'pioneer anomaly'. This article attempts to show that noticed discrepancy is an apparent phenomenon, produced by faulty geometry used in contemporary laws of planetary motion. In reality, the space crafts and external efforts on them behave normally. There is no cause for assumption of strange forces or mysterious effects on these space crafts.
Category: Astrophysics

A Note on the Dark Matter

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 3 pages.

The constancy of the rotational velocity curves of the spiral galaxies from large distances from their galactic centers could be due to their geometries in form of arms.
Category: Astrophysics

Gamma-Ray Lines of X-Class Solar Flare of July 23rd, 2002 Provide Direct Evidence for New Tired Light

Authors: Lyndon Ashmore
Comments: 11 pages. Paper accepted for the 18th NPA conference in maryland USA July 2011.

The solar flare of July 23rd, 2002 was the first γ - ray flare to be observed in high resolution by the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). The observations showed unexpectedly high redshifts in the γ - rays detected, but with no 'apparent pattern'. The shifts appear to be intrinsic as they occur along a direct line of sight and not perpendicular to the solar surface as expected by Doppler effects. This paper looks at the wavelengths of the observed photons and, in particular, the shift in each wavelength suffered by the six nuclear de-excitation lines of 12C, 56Fe, 24Mg, 20Ne, 16O, 26Si. What is found is that the data falls into two distinct sets. Each set has the shift in wavelength D? directly proportional to the wavelength λ as predicted by 'New Tired Light (NTL)'. It is proposed that Si and Fe are at a different levels in the solar atmosphere than the others and so photons from these interactions travel shorter distances through the solar plasma and thus undergo smaller redshifts. There also appears to be a quantisation in the shifts of the lines with five of the six lines showing shifts in wavelengths in multiples of 2.0x10-16 m. These results are an anomaly in the mainstream 'expansion' theories of redshift but are consistent with the NTL theory. Here, collision cross-sections (and hence shifts in wavelength) are proportional to the wavelength of the photon and redshifts are caused by discrete shifts in wavelength when photons interact with electrons in the plasma through which they travel. That is, as the photons escape the solar plasma they undergo one, two, three, four (and so on) interactions where they experience a shift in wavelength of 2.0x10^-16 m each time. Importantly, line widths also provide direct evidence for NTL which predicts that the line widths should experience a statistical broadening that increases as N - where N is the number of interactions suffered by the photons. For large shifts in wavelength the data shows a linear relation between FWHM (Full line Width at Half Maximum) and N as predicted by NTL where mainstream theories predict no variation. These results are compared to the measurements of the solar flare of October 2003 and are in good agreement..
Category: Astrophysics

Comment on the Recent ETI Paper Arxiv:1104.4462

Authors: Elemér E Rosinger
Comments: 5 pages.

Two highly consequential limitations in ETI studies are brie y mentioned.
Category: Astrophysics

Intrinsic Plasma Redshifts Now Reproduced in the Laboratory - a Discussion in Terms of New Tired Light.

Authors: Lyndon Ashmore
Comments: 4 pages. Accepted for presentation and publication in the proceedings at the 18th NPA conference in maryland USA

Recent developments in laser induced plasma have shown that the characteristic recombination lines from atoms within the plasma itself are redshifted. Importantly, the experimental results show that the redshift of these lines increases with the free electron density of the plasma. Long predicted by exponents of alternative theories to the Big Bang, these intrinsic redshifts produced by plasma in the laboratory give credence to such theories. This paper gives an overview of the laboratory results of Chen et al and relates them to the predictions previously made by the New Tired Light Theory. The plasma induced redshift, line broadening are all as predicted by New Tired Light. A further laboratory test is suggested whereby New Tired Light predicts the wavelength of the secondary radiation ( λ = 0.1mm) emitted by the plasma - should New Tired Light be responsible for the redshifts. If this relatively easy and inexpensive test is carried out then it could settle the matter once and for all. Regardless of this, now that it has been shown in the laboratory that plasma induce intrinsic redshifts, will this be incorporated into the Big Bang theory? The Universe is a big place filled with plasma and these laboratory results show that this plasma induces redshifts. Experience tells me that mainstream science will ignore good science.
Category: Astrophysics

A Note on the Antimatter

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 1 page.

The antimatter has not disappeared; it could be anywhere in the universe and in the same proportion as the matter.
Category: Astrophysics

Ball Lightning, Micro Comets, Sprite-Fireballs and X-Ray/gamma Flashes According to Quantum FFF Theory

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 9 pages.

FUNCTION FOLLOWS FORM in Quantum FFF THEORY. The FORM and MICROSTRUCTURE of elementary particles, is supposed to be the origin of FUNCTIONAL differences between Higgs- Graviton- Photon- and Fermion particles. As a consequence, a NEW splitting, accelerating and pairing MASSLESS BLACK HOLE, able to convert vacuum energy (ZPE) into real energy by entropy decrease, seems to be able to explain quick Galaxy- and Star formation, down to Sunspots, (Micro) Comets, Lightning bolts, Sprite Fireballs and Ball Lightning. (In posters)
Category: Astrophysics

A Newtonian Model for Spiral Galaxy Rotation Curves

Authors: Geoffrey M. Williams
Comments: 20 pages.

A spiral galaxy is modeled as a thin, flat, axisymmetric disk comprising a series of concentric, coplanar rings. Using conventional Newtonian gravitation kinematics, it is shown that relatively flat velocity curves are produced by a variety of possible mass distributions in the disk. No halo of "dark matter" is needed to produce these rotation curves. Compared with a point mass at the center, the disk gravitational force grows with increasing distance from the disk center, crests and then slowly subsides beyond the disk perimeter. The model is applied to the NGC 3198, M31 and NGC 4736 galaxies, with ring masses adjusted to match the respective velocity profiles. Gravitational force fields in the disk are calculated, leading to direct estimates of enclosed galaxy mass.
Category: Astrophysics

Stellar Anchor Black Holes as the Remnants of Former Herbig Haro Objects

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 5 pages.

FUNCTION FOLLOWS FORM in Quantum FFF Theory. The FORM and MICROSTRUCTURE of elementary particles, is supposed to be the origin of FUNCTIONAL differences between Higgs- Graviton- Photon- and Fermion particles. As a consequence, a NEW splitting, accelerating and pairing MASSLESS Black Hole, able to convert vacuum energy (ZPE) into real energy by entropy decrease, seems to be able to explain quick Galaxy- and Star formation, by so called Stellar Anchor Black Holes (SABHs), Herbig Haro Objects, down to Sunspots, Comets and even Ball Lightning.
Category: Astrophysics

The Structuring Force of Galaxies

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 14 pages

The assumption that the mass distribution of spiral galaxies is rational was suggested 11 years ago. The rationality means that on any spiral galaxy disk plane there exists a special net of orthogonal curves. The ratio of mass density at one side of a curve (from the net) to the one at the other side is constant along the curve. Such curve is called a proportion curve. Such net of curves is called an orthogonal net of proportion curves. I also suggested that arms and rings are the disturbance to the rational structure. To achieve the minimal disturbance, the disturbing waves trace the orthogonal or non-orthogonal proportion curves. I proved 6 years ago that exponential disks and dual-handle structures are rational. Recently, I have also found out that rational structure satisfies a cubic algebraic equation. Based on these results, this paper ultimately demonstrates visually how the orthogonal net of proportion curves go if the superposition of a disk and several dual-handle structures is still rational. That is, based on the natural root of the algebraic equation, the rate of variance along the 'radial' direction of the logarithmic mass distribution is obtained. Its image is called the 'basket graph'. The mystery of galaxy structure should be resolved based on further study of the 'basket graphs'.
Category: Astrophysics

Astrophysics at Home. Further Hunting for Possible Micrometeorites.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 11 pages. In English

This paper follows "Astrophysics at home. Micrometeorites" posted in Vixra on 15 Feb 2011. As Jon Larsen says: "Up until now splendid research on MMs has been executed at secure localities (the South Pole well, prehistoric layers beneath the Indian Ocean, at the Greenland ice cap, etc), but consistent research in order to identify the similar objects found for instance in our populated areas, is practically absent". I present here a lot of new specimens found in a city environment, photos, a lot of questions and few answers.
Category: Astrophysics

The Structuring Force of Natural World

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 13 pages. In chinese

The assumption that the mass distribution of spiral galaxies is rational was suggested 11 years ago. The rationality means that on any spiral galaxy disk plane there exists a special net of orthogonal curves. The ratio of mass density at one side of a curve (from the net) to the one at the other side is constant along the curve. Such curve is called a proportion curve. Such net of curves is called an orthogonal net of proportion curves. I also suggested that the arms and rings are the disturbance to the rational structure. To achieve the minimal disturbance, the disturbing waves trace the orthogonal or non-orthogonal proportion curves. I proved 6 years ago that exponential disks and dual-handle structures are rational. Recently, I have also proved that rational structure satisfies a cubic algebraic equation. Based on these results, this paper ultimately demonstrates visually what the orthogonal net of proportion curves looks like if the superposition of a disk and dual-handle structures is still rational. That is, based on the natural solution of the equation, the rate of variance along the 'radial' direction of the logarithmic mass density is obtained. Its image is called the 'basket graph'. The myth of galaxy structure will possibly be resolved based the further study of 'basket graphs'.
Category: Astrophysics

"Aspin Bubbles" and the Force of Gravity

Authors: Yoël Lana-Renault
Comments: 9 pages

Based on the "Aspin Bubbles" theory, we will demonstrate that the force of gravity between two neutral matters is always a residue of the electrical forces that act among their elementary particles.
Category: Astrophysics

"Aspin Bubbles" and Gravitational Deflection

Authors: Yoël Lana-Renault
Comments: 10 pages with 4 figures

Based on the "Aspin Bubbles" theory, we propose a velocity function v(r) for light that is exclusively dependent on the gravity g(r) that exists at each point P(r) of space, and with which, by applying the laws of refraction, the gravitational deflections of light measured up to this point are obtained .
Category: Astrophysics

A Possible Alternative to Dark Matter

Authors: I. V. Grossu
Comments: 2 pages.

Inspired by existing theories that consider modifications of Newton's law for extragalactic systems, I propose, as an alternative to dark matter, the existence of a new force, constructed in an analog way with the magnetic field. In this context, an encouraging qualitative agreement with the rotation curves of disk galaxies was obtained. It is important to emphasis on the very basic level of the treatment presented in this paper. Further analyses along those lines are currently in progress.
Category: Astrophysics

Two Gravitational Singularities

Authors: Javier Bootello
Comments: 3 pages.

This article presents a virtual gravitational potential, which could explain some recent astronomical singularities: the secular increase of the eccentricity of the orbit of the Moon and the increase of the Astronomical Unit. Anyway, it is a theoretical potential without any proof of its physical reality.
Category: Astrophysics

The Nature's Selection of Cubic Roots

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 10 Pages.

The English naturalist Charles Darwin established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection. In fact, Darwin theory dealt with the evolutional phenomena of the biosphere, not its origins. Further more, there exist the natural worlds other than our beloved one. Compared to the large-scale structure of galaxies, the biosphere is "microscopic". The electromagnetic and nuclear forces which rule the world disappear in the formation of large-scale galaxy structure. Similarly they disappear in the formation of the solar system. My previous papers showed that large-scale galaxy structure originates rationally from an algebraic cubic equation. This paper presents the nature's selection of the cubic roots and its application to the galaxy NGC 3275.
Category: Astrophysics

Astrophysics at Home. Micrometeorites.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 11 pages.

As stated in P. Rochette et al., "Micrometeorites from the transantarctic mountains", micrometeorites constitute the main part of the flux of extraterrestrial matter accreting on Earth. They are very important to understanding the composition of the solar system. Micrometeorites have been recovered from a variety of terrestrial surfaces (desert, beach sands etc.), showing that their deposition can be evidenced on any surface, provided that the accumulation time is sufficient, and discrimination from terrestrial particles is feasible. I present here my amateur activity of micrometeorite collector in the backyard and in desert sand. Sahara desert sand brought to me by my friend Silvia Calamity.
Category: Astrophysics

Bipolar Outflows as a Repulsive Gravitational Phenomenon (Ii) on the ASTG-Model's λ-Parameters

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: submitted to Astronomy and Astrophysics, 12 pages, 1 table, 1 figure

In Newtonian gravitational physics, as currently understood, the spin of a gravitating body has no effect on the nature of the gravitational field emergent from this gravitating body. This position has been questioned by the Azimuthally Symmetric Theory of Gravitation (ASTG). From the ASTG-model - which is a theory resulting from the consideration of the azimuthally symmetric solutions of the well known and well accepted Poisson-Laplace equation for gravitation, it has been argued that it is possible to explain the unexpected perihelion shift of Solar planetary orbits. However, as it stands in the present, the ASTG-model suffers from the apparent diabolic defect that there are unknown parameters (λ_l) in the theory that up to now have not been able to be adequately deduced from theory. If this defect is not taken care of, it would consume the theory altogether, bringing it to a complete standstill, to nothing but an obsolete theory. Effort in resolving this defect has been made, but we do not feel this is convincing enough. In this short reading, we present what we believe is a robust and more convincing argument that leads to the resolution of this problem. If this effort proves itself correct, then the ASTGmodel is set on a sure pedal to make predictions without having to relay on observations to deduce these unknown parameters. Other than resolving the λ-parameter problem, this reading is designed to serve as an exposition of the ASTG-model as it currently stands.
Category: Astrophysics

New Human Civilization Glittering Under Galaxy "snowflakes"

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 24 pages

What is human life? From the material sense, it is a material structure composed of oxygen, carbon and other atoms. From the biological point of view, it is a kind of advanced animal that understands the natural world, recognizes and creates products. In the last tens of thousands of years, human beings created languages and tools, and achieved a near-perfect understanding of the microscopic world of elementary particles. However, in the 21st century, mankind has experienced irreversible crises such as environmental pollution, erratic weather, food shortage, and population explosion. However, the crisis is also an opportunity. In the complexity of this world, a Chinese scientist opened a window for the understanding of human beings ourselves as well as the universe. The Earth is the direct environment for the survival of human life, but the root cause of human creation is Milky Way. Surprisingly enough, the life of galaxies is determined by a cubic algebraic equation. Therefore, the general public all have the potential to understand the lives of galaxies. Coincidentally, with human invention of computers, the general public has the potential to run the simple computer program (See Appendix of this paper) to generate and study galaxy snowflake chart (a simple graph expressing the internal structure of galaxies). Therefore, we see the hope of mankind: A harmonic general-public administrated society of new civilization rather than controlled by a few elites, will inevitably be born!
Category: Astrophysics

On the Origin of Macroquantization in Astrophysics and Celestial Motion

Authors: V. Christianto
Comments: 13 pages

Despite the use of Bohr radius formula to predict celestial quantization has led to numerous verified observations, the cosmological origin of this macroquantization remains an open question. In this article various plausible approaches are discussed. Further observation to verify or refute this proposition is recommended, in particular for exoplanets.
Category: Astrophysics

On the Periodic Redshifts of Galaxies and Associated Qsos

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 19 pages

The observed periodicity of intrinsic-redshift in galaxies and associated QSOs has been explained by using the previous theory of a gravito-cordic field for galaxies. The quantisation period is a function of the atomic fine structure constant and it depends upon an action principle operating around galactic orbits and QSOs, or between field galaxies. The calculated separations of many QSO-galaxy pairs have been found to fit a diffusion law distribution, which suggests that associated QSOs were ejected from parent galaxies.
Category: Astrophysics

Quantisation of the Auxiliary Gravitational Field in Astronomical Systems

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 19 pages

A quantisation-field model has been developed to explain the general dependence of angular momentum on mass squared of astronomical bodies. The gravito-cordic field is proposed as a real controlling force acting azimuthally, in harmony with normal gravity acting radially, to encourage long-term stability of astronomical systems. The quantisation of the field involves a gravitational de Broglie wavelength and associated force, which organises material into stable orbits. Optimum coupling between the field and orbiting material occurs for a specific velocity and spatial dimensions, as derived by way of electromagnetic theory. For every system, the atomic fine structure constant (α ~ 1/137) has appeared as the major factor.
Category: Astrophysics

Explanation of the Pioneer Anomaly Based on Euclidean Relativity

Authors: Frédéric Lassiaille
Comments: 31 pages

The study of this article suggests an explanation for the "Pioneer anomaly". This explanation is based on a modification of Newton's law. This modification is conducted from an Euclidean vision of relativity. This modification is thoroughly explained in [2].
Category: Astrophysics

Galactic Repulsion (According to 'hypothesis on Matter')

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 11 pages, Originally published in 'General Science Journal'

Matter bodies seem to exist everywhere in space, more or less evenly distributed. Discovery of gravitation necessitated a search for the cause for distribution of matter bodies throughout universe. Mutual attraction between matter bodies defies possibility of their even distribution in space unless it is counteracted by a repulsive action between matter bodies, at least in large scale-matter bodies. So far, none of various concepts proposed to overcome gravitational attraction between matter bodies on a large scale, has not supplied a rational theory. 'Hypothesis on MATTER' proposes a logical explanation that describes how neighbouring galaxies overcome gravitational attraction, to settle at a stable distance from each other. Same mechanism describes how formation and disbursal of galaxies are determined by their spin motion. Outer periphery (halo) of a spinning galaxy is formed by independent primary particles. They orient their primary electric fields to create sufficient magnetic repulsion between galaxies, to neutralize gravitational attraction between them. This is a natural process originating from the universal medium, which encompasses entire universe. Other macro bodies, smaller or different in structure from stable spinning galaxies, do not have this protection from gravitational attraction. Since galaxies are able to maintain their relative positions in space, universe (as a whole) is able to have a perpetual steady state of existence, except for local recycling of matter.
Category: Astrophysics

Omnès Revisited

Authors: Jeremy Dunning-Davies
Comments: 6 pages, this note has been submitted for consideration by the Hadronic Journal

Attention is drawn to a newly suggested modification to the matter/antimatter theory advanced by Omnès in 1969. The new suggestion is dependent on the existence of supermassive black holes and is an attempt to invalidate the major objections to that earlier version of the theory. Here it is noted that many of the results derived apply equally well if the massive body involved is a Michell dark body. Mention is also made of the alternative theory advanced in 2006 by Santilli.
Category: Astrophysics

Redeployment Options for the International Space Station

Authors: Gary V. Stephenson
Comments: 53 pages

With the assumption that the current mission of the International Space Station (ISS) will draw to a close by 2020, redeployment options are explored and contrasted for ISS components in the post-2020 timeframe. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) redeployment options explored include a depot assembly facility and a refueling facility. Beyond LEO redeployment options explored include an assembly and refueling facility at the Earth-Moon L1 Lagrange point, a solar observing and / or energy collection facility at the Earth-Sun L1 Lagrange point, an astronomical observation facility at the Earth-Sun L2 Lagrange point, a lunar orbiting facility, and a Martian orbiting facility. The cost of boosting ISS components to new orbits is considered as part of the study of these latter options, as is any retrofit or modification of components required by these new missions. Logistics requirements are also included in the cost of each option. All architectural options are analyzed using Living Systems Theory [Miller, 1978] and the Hatley-Pirbhai context diagram template. Technical risk and maturity is analyzed, and a parametric cost model is developed. Cost benefit analyses are performed for each of the selected redeployment missions using Pugh matrix and quality functional deployment (QFD) methodologies for an overall recommendation based on the currently enunciated goals as described by the 2009 Augustine Commission on human space flight (HSF).
Category: Astrophysics

A Cantorian Superfluid Vortex and the Quantization of Planetary Motion

Authors: V. Christianto
Comments: 41 pages

This article suggests a preliminary version of a Cantorian superfluid vortex hypothesis as a plausible model of nonlinear cosmology. Though some parts of the proposed theory resemble several elements of what have been proposed by Consoli (2000, 2002), Gibson (1999), Nottale (1996, 1997, 2001, 2002a), and Winterberg (2002b), it seems such a Cantorian superfluid vortex model instead of superfluid or vortex theory alone has never been proposed before. Implications of the proposed theory will be discussed subsequently, including prediction of some new outer planets in solar system beyond Pluto orbit. Therefore further observational data is recommended to falsify or verify these predictions. If the proposed hypothesis corresponds to the observed facts, then it could be used to solve certain unsolved problems, such as gravitation instability, clustering, vorticity and void formation in galaxies, and the distribution of planet orbits both in solar system and also exoplanets.
Category: Astrophysics

The Age and Size of the Universe.

Authors: J. Dunning-Davies
Comments: 3 pages.

The possible implications of some reported high-valued red-shifts for both the age and size of the Universe are examined on the basis of presently accepted theory.
Category: Astrophysics

Is an Algebraic Cubic Equation the Primitive Instinct Beyond Electromagnetic and Nuclear World?

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 15 pages

Everyone lives his or her life instinctively. Does the instinct originate from the natural world? If the instinct is a rational process, is the natural world rational? Unfortunately, people have not found any rational principle behind the natural world. Because human activities are realized directly through electromagnetic and nuclear forces, people are difficult to recognize the principle. Compared to the large-scale structure of galaxies, human bodies and their immediate environment are the "microscopic" world. The electromagnetic and nuclear forces which rule the world, however, disappear in the formation of large-scale galaxy structures. Similarly they disappear in the formation of the solar system. My previous papers found many evidences that galaxies are rational. This paper shows that large-scale galaxy structure should originate from an algebraic cubic equation.
Category: Astrophysics

Cosmological and Intrinsic Redshifts

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 5 pages

In a recent article, a single tired light mechanism, based in the interaction between electromagnetic waves, has been proposed for explaining both redshifts: cosmological (without expansion of the universe) and intrinsic. A second paper specifies that said interaction would be the scattering. This article is to reinforce and clarify the whole idea.
Category: Astrophysics

The Tetron Model as a Lattice Structure: Applications to Astrophysics

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 14 pages

The tetron model is reinterpreted as an inner symmetry lattice model where quarks, leptons and gauge fields arise as lattice excitations. On this basis a modification of the standard Big Bang scenario is proposed, where the advent of a spacetime manifold is connected to the appearance of a permutation lattice. The metric tensor is constructed from lattice excitations and a possible reason for cosmic inflation is elucidated. Furthermore, there are natural dark matter candidates in the tetron model. The ratio of ordinary to dark matter in the universe is estimated to be 1:5.
Category: Astrophysics

Space's Nuclear Air-Conditioner

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 2 pages

We established in a previous paper that an atom entering the extreme cold regions of space has to come to thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. It does this by ingesting its extranuclear electrons into the nucleus. At that point the nucleus evaporates. Since nuclei of atoms lower than iron on the periodic table released heat in the process of their formation, heat has to be absorbed when those nuclei disrupt. Thus the extreme cold of space is maintained by nuclear evaporation.
Category: Astrophysics

The Olbers Conjecture ("paradox"), Revisited

Authors: John Michael Williams
Comments: 10 pages

The Olbers conjecture, that under reasonable assumptions, light from the stars should sum at the Earth to make the sky bright at night, has been a subject of study since the early 19th century. It has been incorporated into some of modern cosmology. After confirming Olbers's reasoning analytically, we solve the problem using a new calculation modelled as a projecture in the form of an imaginary, constant-area star probe. We find that there are not enough of stars to make the sky bright at night.
Category: Astrophysics

From Kepler Problem to Skyrmions

Authors: Nicolae Mazilu
Comments: 15 pages

The classical treatment of the Kepler problem leaves room for the description of the space region of the central body by a hyperbolic geometry. If the correspondence between the empty space and the space filled with matter is taken to be a harmonic mapping, then the region of atomic nucleus, like the one of the Sun for the planetary system proper, is described by hyperbolic skyrmions. This fact makes possible the description of the nuclear matter within framework of general relativity. The classical "hedgehog" solution for skyrmions can then be classically interpreted in terms of the characterizations of intra-nuclear forces.
Category: Astrophysics

Grand Design, Intelligent Designer, or Simply God: Stephen Hawking and His Hoax

Authors: V. Christianto
Comments: 5 pages

There are a number of good reasons to say that big bang support evolution theory's idea of creation by pure statistical chance alone. And that is why: some people do think that big bang can happen out of nothing. That standpoint of view, albeit not new, are reiterated by stephen hawking from Cambridge, in his latest book: the grand design. Another middle-point of view, if you are believer of middle-viewpoint, is that there is a substantial amount of complexity which is irreducible in nature, sufficient enough to say that there must be the Grand Intelligent Designer, according to Behe and a host of other proponents of ID.
Category: Astrophysics

Tides ( According to "Hypothesis on MATTER" )

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 24 pages, Originally published in General Science Journal

Present explanations on mechanism of tides are based either on centrifugal action or on gravitational attraction. Centrifugal force (due to motion of a body in circular path), used in analytical solutions, is an imaginary effort. Explanations, based on actions by an imaginary effort, cannot be factually correct. One of the fundamental assumptions used to derive the equation for gravitational attraction is that whole matter content (mass) of each body is concentrated at its centre. This makes it illogical to assume that different parts of same body have different magnitudes of gravitational attraction towards another body. Therefore, explanations on tides, based on differences in gravitational attractions on different parts of bodies, are perversions of present theory on gravitational attraction. Apparent orbital motion of a body about epicentre of a system is also used in some explanations. In nature, no free body can orbit around another moving body [3] in geometrically closed path. Orbital path of earth about the sun (or that of moon about earth) is not circular or elliptical around a central body but it zigzags about sun's (earth's) median path in space. Hence, an explanation based on revolution of earth around an epicentre is pure imagination. According to current rules of dynamics, more than one external linear effort on a rigid body can produce only one resultant linear motion. Yet, earth experiences distinctly separate sets of tides from central forces towards moon and sun. Only logical reason for lunar tides to be greater than solar tides is that the central force between earth and moon is greater than that between earth and sun. This cannot be substantiated by current gravitational laws. This article attempts to give a simple and logical explanation to tidal mechanism, based on a radically different dynamics, put forward in 'Hypothesis on MATTER [1]. Tides are caused by (accelerating) actions of external efforts on a linearly moving spinning-body. Each external effort alters shape of the spinning body, separately, to produce its own set of tides. Change in the shape of a spinning body, rather than displacement of its parts, cause tides. Absolute linear motion of the spinning body shifts zenith points of tides from local meridians facing the sun (or moon) and on opposite side. Orbital motion of a spinning body enhances deflection of tides from local meridian. Displacement of ocean water in the direction of moving tide is superficial and it cannot produce tidal drag on earth's solid core body.
Category: Astrophysics

A Note on Astrometric Data and Time Varying Sun-Earth Distance in the Light of Carmeli Metric

Authors: V. Christianto
Comments: 7 Pages

In this note, we describe shortly time varying Sun-Earth distance in the light of Carmeli metric and compare the result with recent astrometric data. The graphical plot suggests that there should be linear-linear correspondence between Sun-planets distances and their time variation.
Category: Astrophysics

An Explanation of Redshift in a Static Universe

Authors: Lyndon Ashmore
Comments: 7 Pages

A review of the literature on the Lyman alpha forest gives direct evidence on the dynamics of the universe. In an expanding universe one would expect the average temperature of the universe to fall as it expands - but a review of the Doppler parameters of the Hydrogen clouds in Quasar spectra shows that contrary to this, they are increasing in temperature (or at least, becoming increasingly disturbed) as the universe ages. Addition-ally, in an expanding universe, hydrogen clouds must become further apart with time, so, as redshift increases, the clouds would be closer together. Instead, the evidence is that, on average, they are evenly spaced up to a redshift of one - if not beyond. How can this be so if the universe is expanding? Especially since this range of redshifts includes the supernovae data used to show 'acceleration' and so called 'time dilation.' Taking these results in isolation implies that the universe has been static for at least the last billion years or so and therefore a new model of redshift is needed to explain redshifts in a static universe. The model proposed here is that in a static universe, photons of light from distant galaxies are absorbed and reemitted by electrons in the plasma of intergalactic space and on each interaction the electron recoils. Energy is lost to the recoiling electron (New Tired Light theory) and thus the reemitted photon has less energy, a reduced frequency and therefore an increased wavelength. It has been redshifted. The Hubble relationship be-comes 'photons of light from a galaxy twice as far away, make twice as many interactions with the electrons in the plasma of IG space, lose twice as much energy and undergo twice the redshift.' A relationship between redshift and distance is found and, using published values of collision cross-sections and number density of electrons in IG space, a value for the Hubble constant is derived which is in good agreement with measured values. Assuming that the energy transferred to the recoiling electron is emitted as secondary radiation; the wavelength is calculated and found to be consistent with the wavelengths of the CMB. On the basis that plasma clouds result in periodicity or 'quantised' galaxy redshifts it is shown that the average spacing between hydrogen clouds (z = 0.026) compares favourably with an average spacing between galaxy clusters (z = 0.023). A test of this theory in the laboratory is proposed whereby a high powered laser could be fired through sparse cold plasma and the theories predicted increase in emission of microwave radiation of a particular frequency determined.
Category: Astrophysics

A Proposed Recoil Interaction Between Photons and the Electrons in the Plasma of Intergalactic Space Leading to the Hubble Constant and CMB

Authors: Lyndon Ashmore
Comments: 8 Pages

The Hubble diagram for type Ia Supernovae gives the value of the Hubble constant, H as 64±3 km/s Mpc^-1 which, in SI units, is equal to 'hr_e/m_e per unit volume of space' (2.1x10^-18 s^-1). This coincidence could suggest a relationship between H and the electrons in the plasma of intergalactic space that act collectively and oscillate if displaced. The possibility that light from distant galaxies is absorbed and reemitted by the electrons is considered with the electron recoiling on both occasions. A double Mössbauer effect leads to a redshift in the transmitted light. Introduction of the photoabsorption cross section 2r_eλ leads to the relationship H = 2n_ehr_e/m_e giving H = 12 km/s Mpc^-1 when ne has the reported value of n_e ~ 10^-7cm^-3. The small amount of energy transferred to the electron by recoil is radiated as bremstrahlung with a wavelength in the microwave region.
Category: Astrophysics

Planetary Spin ( According to "Hypothesis on MATTER" )

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 17 pages, Originally published in General Science Journal

A part of central force between planetary and central bodies cause their spin motions. All bodies in planetary systems develop mean accelerating spin motion. Depending on their orbital parameters, planets and central bodies may spin in forward direction, rearward direction or, in rare cases, may have no spin motion at all. All bodies in a planetary system tend to spin in their common orbital plane. Angular accelerations of orbiting bodies continue indefinitely until their high spin speeds cause disintegration of planets and planetary system. In a planetary system, consistency of body-matter and radial size of a body determine relative spin speeds at different parts of its body. Equatorial region of all very large bodies spin faster than their polar region or regions towards their spin-axes. Lengthening of (terrestrial) solar days, presently misinterpreted as slowing down of earth's spin motion, is the result of insufficient compensation to earth's apparent spin motion about the sun.
Category: Astrophysics

Planetary Orbits ( According to "Hypothesis on MATTER" )

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 28 pages, Originally published in General Science Journal

In any system of bodies, relativistic considerations can provide only those parameters of the constituent bodies, which are related to their relative positions. Use of a reference frame, related to a static central body, causes a planetary orbit to appear as closed geometrical figure around the central body. As the central body, itself is a moving body, this does not reflect physical reality. Although they help to explain apparent phenomena, all properties attributed to elliptical/circular planetary orbital path are unreal. Real physical actions are restricted to real entities and they have to be understood with reference to an absolute reference. Since, elliptical shape of a planetary orbit is an imaginary aspect; it has its limitations to explain real actions in nature. Due to constant motions of free bodies in space, it is practically impossible for a free body to orbit around another. However, they may orbit about each other and follow a common median path in space. Mechanism of orbit-formation and the limitations of orbiting bodies, described in this article, are based on a radically different dynamics from an alternative concept put forward in 'Hypothesis on MATTER'. A planet's parameters, during initial entry into its datum orbit, determine size and eccentricity of its apparent orbit. Only those bodies, which approach the central body from the rear, on the outer side of its curved path, through a small window in space can form stable orbits. Hence, it is imperative that all bodies of a planetary system orbit in the same sense and are (almost) in the same plane. Perihelion/aphelion of an orbital path could be anywhere in the orbit, but the point at which the orbiting body has its highest/lowest linear speeds are fixed in relation to the central body's path. All natural planets, whose perihelion are in front of their point of entry; arrive from outside the planetary system.
Category: Astrophysics

A Note of Widening on the Redshift Mechanism

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 5 Pages.

A single tired light mechanism has been proposed for explaining the cosmological redshift without expansion of the universe and also the intrinsic redshift, that is, the excess of redshift of the radio sources. In this note of widening, we show that the mechanism would be similar to the discharge of an electric capacitor, to the radiation loss by fast electrons and to the radioactive nuclei decay.
Category: Astrophysics

Searching for Life on Habitable Planets and Moons

Authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
Comments: 16 pages, 2 figures, published in 'Journal of Cosmology',2010, vol.5, pp.801-810 ; also archived at ARXIV as arXiv: 0912.1040

Earth is the only known inhabited planet in the universe to date. However, advancements in the fields of astrobiology and observational astronomy, as also discovery of large varieties of extremophiles with extraordinary capability to thrive in harshest environments on Earth, have led to speculation that life may possibly be thriving on many of the extraterrestrial bodies in the universe. Coupled with the growing number of exoplanets detected over the past decade, the search for the possibility of life on other planets and satellites within the solar system and beyond has become a passion as well as a challenge for scientists in a variety of fields. This paper examines such possibility in the light of findings of the numerous space probes and theoretical research undertaken in this field over the past few decades.
Category: Astrophysics

Origin of Life

Authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
Comments: 44 pages, 7 figures, invited review article, published in 'Astrophysics & Space Science' (2008), 317, 267-278; also archived at ARXIV as arXiv:0907.3552

The evolution of life has been a big enigma despite rapid advancements in the fields of biochemistry, astrobiology, and astrophysics in recent years. The answer to this puzzle has been as mind-boggling as the riddle relating to evolution of Universe itself. Despite the fact that panspermia has gained considerable support as a viable explanation for origin of life on the Earth and elsewhere in the Universe, the issue remains far from a tangible solution. This paper examines the various prevailing hypotheses regarding origin of life like abiogenesis, RNA World, iron-sulphur world, and panspermia; and concludes that delivery of life-bearing organic molecules by the comets in the early epoch of the Earth alone possibly was not responsible for kick-starting the process of evolution of life on our planet.
Category: Astrophysics

A Brief and Elementary Note on Redshift

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 5 Pages.

A reasonable explanation of both redshifts: cosmological (without expansion of the universe) and intrinsic, is given using a single tired light mechanism. In the first case, the redshift is produced because the light interacts with microwaves. In the second, the interaction is with radio waves. And all this is compatible with a static universe with a space temperature of 2.7 ^oK.
Category: Astrophysics

A Theory of Unified Gravitation

Authors: Gil Raviv
Comments: 255 Pages.

The theory presented here, entitled the theory of unified gravitation, holds that the nuclear strong interaction and gravitation are one and the same force. Detailed and relatively simple mathematics are shown to lead to an explicit strong/gravitational force equation that relies on only three independent parameters, identical to the parameters used in Newton's gravitational theory. The theory is applied on various distance scales to explain a broad range of phenomena, and is shown to provide an unparalleled level of agreement with observations, without requiring an assumption of dark matter, dark energy or inflation. Most notable is its ability to reproduce the morphologies of various types of galaxies and nebulae, as well as the complex structure of Saturn's main body of rings. Additional large-scale phenomena explained by unified gravitation include

• The constant rotation curve observed in spiral galaxies
• The nature of density waves in spiral galaxies
• The mechanism underlying star formation and fragmentation
• The parameters that determine galactic (or nebular) morphology and classification
• The clustering of nearby galaxies, repulsion between distant galaxies, and the creation of galactic voids
• The accelerated expansion of the universe
• The cause of the observed redshift periodicity
• The mechanism responsible for the creation of galactic and stellar wind
• The sudden expansion of gas and matter observed in novae and supernovae
• The formation of planetary ring systems and the composition of planets
• The mechanism responsible for the creation of the planetary and galactic magnetic fields
• A possible mechanism for the creation of the solar corona
• The process of ionization that produces the vast amount of plasma in the universe.

Another Explanation of the Redshifts of the Pair Quasar-Galaxy NGC 7319

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 2 Pages.

The excess of redshift of the quasar might be produced in its interior by the transference of heat from the light waves to the radio waves.
Category: Astrophysics

The Meaning of the Singularity: 2. Astro-Sociology: Predicting the Presence of Twin Planets (Extended Version)

Authors: Alon Retter
Comments: 17 pages.

This paper presents a remarkable analogy between the human society and Astronomy. Please keep an open mind as the resemblance is not only qualitative but also quantitative. We point out many similarities between stars and people, such as properties of grouping - single stars vs. singles, binary stars vs. couples, cities vs. clusters, countries vs. galaxies, etc. Men and women are linked with cool and hot stars. We match planets with children and attribute the two genders to gas and solid planets. Moons are related with pets or grandchildren, asteroids with germs / viruses, accretion disks with bellies and jets with pukes. Suicide attempts in people are associated with supernovae in stars. Inflation is connected with the rapid growth of the embryo, and the time the universe became transparent to light is linked with the human birth. A simple analogue to the cosmic background radiation is the bellybutton, and the universe acceleration is coupled with the pace increase in modern life. The mean values of the distributions of star multiples and the number of US households are almost identical (2.04 and 2.03). Moreover, an amazing resemblance between the two curves is evident (Fig. 1). The distribution of gas (or solid) planets is similar to that of boys (or girls) as well, and the fit could improve once selection effects are considered. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that our results are significant at a confidence level higher of ~99.9%! The surprising linkage between humanity and stars can lead to many predictions. It is proposed that about a third of stars harbor planets. We predict that stars are equally divided between hot and cool stars and planets between gas and solid planets. The presence of four gas and four solid planets in the solar system supports our prediction. We also forecast that the mean number of planets around host stars should be near two, larger around binaries than in single stars and higher in hot stars than in cool stars. We vision the presence of twin planets that share the same orbit. The wealth of known extra-solar planets should already contain a few such systems. We forecast the presence of a new astronomical phenomenon, which we alias 'planova' - an eruption in a planet that may destroy it, and speculate about the presence of planet jets. The ideas and results of this paper are clearly unusual and unbelievable. A brief explanation to our findings is presented in the discussion and further developed in forthcoming papers.
Category: Astrophysics

The Meaning of the Singularity: 2. Astro-Sociology: Predicting the Presence of Twin Planets (Short Version)

Authors: Alon Retter
Comments: 7 pages.

We present a remarkable analogy between the human society and Astronomy. Please keep an open mind as the resemblance is both qualitative and quantitative. We link stars and children with persons and planets. The two genders are matched with cool and hot stars and with gas and solid planets. The mean values of the distributions of star multiples and US households are almost identical. Moreover, an amazing resemblance between the two curves is evident. In addition, the distribution of gas / solid planets is similar to that of boys / girls as well, and the fit could improve once selection effects are considered. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that our results are significant at a confidence level of 99.9%! We thus predict that about a third of stars harbor planets and that stars are equally divided between hot and cool stars and planets between gas and solid planets. The presence of 4 gas and 4 solid planets in the solar system supports our prediction. We forecast that the mean number of planets around host stars should be near two, and vision the presence of twin planets that share the same orbit. The wealth of known extra-solar planets should already contain a few such systems.
Category: Astrophysics

On Recent Discovery of New Planetoids in the Solar System and Quantization of Celestial System

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 8 pages

The present note revised the preceding article discussing new discovery of a new planetoid in the solar system. Some recent discoveries have been included, and its implications in the context of quantization of celestial system are discussed, in particular from the viewpoint of superfluid dynamics. In effect, it seems that there are reasons to argue in favor of gravitation-related phenomena from boson condensation.
Category: Astrophysics

Some Results Due to a Possible Cosmic Quantum Mechanics in Astrophysics

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Comments: 6 pages, Publisher Journal of Theoretics, vol. 4, no. 1, 2001.

Recent observations confirm quantized galactic redshifts and hint a possible new form of quantum mechanics, which could probably explain these observed properties of the galaxies. This brief contribution investigates a possible relation between the new cosmic Planck constant h_g and other fundamental constants of physics.
Category: Astrophysics

A Different Derivation of the Calogero Conjecture

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Comments: 5 pages, Publisher Journal of Theoretics, vol. 4, no. 1, 2001.

In a study by F. Calogero [1] entitled "Cosmic origin of quantization" an expression was derived for the variability of h with time, and its consequences if any, of such an idea in cosmology were examined. In this paper we will offer a different derivation of the Calogero conjecture based on a postulate concerning a variable speed of light, [2] in conjuction with Weinberg's relationship for the mass of an elementary particle.
Category: Astrophysics

Reply to "Notes on Pioneer Anomaly Explanation by Satellite-Shift Formula of Quaternion Relativity"

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 3 pages

In the present article we would like to make a few comments on a recent paper by A. Yefremov in this journal [1]. It is interesting to note here that he concludes his analysis by pointing out that using full machinery of Quaternion Relativity it is possible to explain Pioneer XI anomaly with excellent agreement compared with observed data, and explain around 45% of Pioneer X anomalous acceleration. We argue that perhaps it will be necessary to consider extension of Lorentz transformation to Finsler-Berwald metric, as discussed by a number of authors in the past few years. In this regard, it would be interesting to see if the use of extended Lorentz transformation could also elucidate the long-lasting problem known as Ehrenfest paradox. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.
Category: Astrophysics

Numerical Solution of Time-Dependent Gravitational Schrödinger Equation

Authors: V. Christianto, Diego L. Rapoport, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 pages

In recent years, there are attempts to describe quantization of planetary distance based on time-independent gravitational Schrödinger equation, including Rubcic & Rubcic's method and also Nottale's Scale Relativity method. Nonetheless, there is no solution yet for time-dependent gravitational Schrödinger equation (TDGSE). In the present paper, a numerical solution of time-dependent gravitational Schrödinger equation is presented, apparently for the first time. This numerical solution leads to gravitational Bohr-radius, as expected. In the subsequent section, we also discuss plausible extension of this gravitational Schrödinger equation to include the effect of phion condensate via Gross-Pitaevskii equation, as described recently by Moffat. Alternatively one can consider this condensate from the viewpoint of Bogoliubov-deGennes theory, which can be approximated with coupled time-independent gravitational Schrödinger equation. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.
Category: Astrophysics

Less Mundane Explanation of Pioneer Anomaly from Q-Relativity

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 4 pages

There have been various explanations of Pioneer blueshift anomaly in the past few years; nonetheless no explanation has been offered from the viewpoint of Q-relativity physics. In the present paper it is argued that Pioneer anomalous blueshift may be caused by Pioneer spacecraft experiencing angular shift induced by similar Qrelativity effect which may also affect Jupiter satellites. By taking into consideration "aether drift" effect, the proposed method as described herein could explain Pioneer blueshift anomaly within ~ 0.26% error range, which speaks for itself. Another new proposition of redshift quantization is also proposed from gravitational Bohr-radius which is consistent with Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.
Category: Astrophysics

Pressure Calculation of a Constant Density Star in the Dynamic Theory of Gravity

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Comments: 12 pages. Published Romanian Astronomical Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 95-105, 2005

In a new theory called Dynamic Theory of Gravity, the gravitational potential is is derived from gauge relations and has a different form than the classical Newtonian potential. In the same theory an analytical expression for the pressure is derived from the equation of the hydronamic equilibrium which is solved for a star of constant density and the results are compared with those of Newtonian gravity. Changes then in the central pressure and radius are also calculated and finally a redshift calculation is performed so that the dynamic gravity effects if any might be shown to be of some detectabe magnitude.
Category: Astrophysics

Derivation of Weinberg's Relation in a Inflationary Universe

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Comments: 7 pages. Published Romanian Astronomical Journal, Vo. 13 No. 2, pp.111-117

We propose a derivation of the empirical Weinberg relation for the mass of an elementary particle and in an inflationary type of universe. Our derivation produces the standard well known Weinberg relation for the mass of an elementary particle, along with an extra term which depends on the inflationary potential, as well as Hubble's constant. The derivation is based on Zeldovich's result for the cosmological constant Λ, in the context of quantum field theory. The extra term can be understood as a small correction to the mass of the elementary particle due to inflation. This term also enables us to calculate, the initial value of the field φ_O for two kinds of potentials chosen, which makes Weinberg's relation possible. Closed and flat and open universes give the mass of the particles close to the mass of a pion, 140 MeV/c₂ or as the one also predicted by Weinberg's relation.
Category: Astrophysics

Variable Model of the Fine-Structure Constant

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Comments: 8 pages, Romanian Astronomical Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1 pp. 25-30, 2003

Recent evidence suggests that the fine-structure constant α=e²/h bar*c, a measure of the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between photons and electrons, is slowly increasing over cosmological timescales. High-resolution measurements of quasar spectra suggest that there has been a variation Δα/α =-0.72 ± 0.18x10^-5 over the past 6-10 Gyr.To model this, we propose variability in the speed of light that produces a cosmological time |αdot/α| = 10^-15 and 10^-16 yr^-1 at z = 3 which also agrees with the observational spectral data.
Category: Astrophysics

Are Flyby Anomalies and the Pioneer Effect an ASTG Phenomenon?

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 5 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables, Submitted as a letter to MNRAS (MN-10-0299-L.)

This reading expounds with expediency on the recently proposed Azimuthally Symmetric Theory of Gravitation (ASTG) set-up earlier. There-in, the ASTG was set up and it was demonstrated that it is capable (amongst others solar anomalies) of explaining the precession of the perihelion of solar planets. In the second reading, it was shown that this theory is capable - in principle; of explaining outflows as a repulsive gravitational phenomenon. In the present, we show that the ASTG is capable of explaining the puzzling observations of flyby anomalies vis, anomalous asymptotic speed increases at the perigee and the speed changes occurring to the osculating hyperbolic speed excess. It is shown that these flyby anomalies are a natural occurrence in the ASTG. We derive a modified formula of the empirical formula proposed by Anderson et al., which up to now has no foundational basis except that experience suggest it. It is seen that the ASTG can in principle explain the Pioneer Anomaly. To say for sure the ASTG is the reason for the Pioneer Anomaly, there is need to obtain the complete set of the Pioneer ephemerides.
Category: Astrophysics

The Mass of the Universe and Other Relations in the Idea of a Possible Cosmic Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas, Michael Harney
Comments: 2 pages, Published: Progress in Physics, vol. 3, pp. 3-8 , 2008.

General Relativity predicts the existence of relativistic corrections to the static Newtonian potential which can be calculated and verified experimentally. The idea leading to quantum corrections at large distances is that of the interactions of massless particles which only involve their coupling energies at low energies. In this short paper we attempt to propose the Sagnac intrerferometric technique as a way of detecting the relativistic correction suggested for the Newtonian potential, and thus obtaining an estimate for phase difference using a satellite orbiting at an altitude of 250 km above the surface.
Category: Astrophysics

An Auxiliary Gravitational Field Operating in Galaxies

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 22 pages, Submitted to PMC Physics A

A theory has been developed of an auxiliary relativistic gravitational field, which operates in conjunction with General Relativity gravity and accounts for the empirical success of Milgrom's modified Newtonian dynamics theory. Remarkable links between this astronomical theory and atomic physics have been discovered. Resonant, standing-wave properties of the field encourage the formation of flat rotation curves, bar or spiral structures and quantised galactic rings. Gravitational lensing due to this field is also significant. The angular momentum proportional to mass-squared relationship observed in galaxies is attributed to this field selecting a preferred galactic rotation velocity.
Category: Astrophysics

Evidence for Quantisation in Planetary Ring Systems

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 23 pages, Submitted to PMC Physics A

Absolute radial positions of the main features in Saturn's ring system have been calculated by adapting the quantum theory of atomic spectra. Fine rings superimposed upon broad rings are found to be covered by a harmonic series of the form N α A(r)1/2, where N and A are integers. Fourier analysis of the ring system shows that the spectral amplitude fits a response profile which is characteristic of a resonant system. Rings of Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune also obey the same rules. Involvement of the atomic fine structure constant throughout implies the existence of a real quantisation force linking gravitation and atomic theories.
Category: Astrophysics

Do Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays Form a Part of Dark Matter?

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 2 Pages.

It is considered whether or not recent ultra high energy cosmic ray observations hint at the possibility that the unaccounted for higher energy rays have become dark matter.
Category: Astrophysics

Is Magnetic Moment Variant or Invariant in a Plasma?

Authors: Leonard Freeman
Comments: 7 pages

For many years one of the basic tenets of plasma physics has been the invariance, or constancy, of the magnetic moment of a charged particle in a magnetic field that varies slowly in time or space. However it is proposed here that this is invalid and that the magnetic moment is not constant: it is a function of the magnetic flux density. It is shown that there are contradictions within the conventional theory, and that this is due to a missing term in the derivation. A new equation for the variation of the magnetic moment in a collision free plasma is derived. The implication of this new equation for the loss cone in magnetic mirrors is considered.
Category: Astrophysics

Quasi-Periodic Oscillations, Mass and Jets of Black Holes: XTE J1550-564 and Sgr A*

Authors: Jacob Biemond
Comments: 32 pages, including 5 figures and 5 tables.

In this paper the recently proposed three tori model for the explanation of three high frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) has been applied to black holes. The circular tori are: an outer torus with charge Q_o, a torus with mass m_m in the middle and an inner torus with charge Q_i, whereas the star bears a charge Q_s. Especially, the gravitational interaction between the torus with mass m_m and the masses of the other two tori has been taken into account in this work. For the explanation of four low frequency QPOs a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic theory has again been applied. Predictions of the new model are compatible with deduced high and low frequency QPOs of the stellar black hole XTE J1550-564 and the supermassive black hole Sgr A*. Moreover, the Lense-Thirring precession frequency for black holes is discussed. Furthermore, it is shown, that a massive torus around Sgr A* may lead to a higher and anisotropic observed mass for the black hole. Finally, the origin of jets is investigated by studying the radial motion of charge in the Kerr-Newman space-time. It is shown that charge may be bound on a shell slightly outside the ergosphere.
Category: Astrophysics

The Causes of Variations When Making Dowsable Measurements Part 3 Monthly and Annual Variations Caused by Gravity

Authors: Jeffrey S. Keen
Comments: 9 pages

Comprehension of the structure of the universe requires a theory of quantum gravity. Attempting to link quantum physics with general relativity is one current approach. Many researchers, including the author, believes that the solution lies not just in physics, but involves consciousness and cognitive neuroscience together with understanding the nature and perception of information. This paper combines these latter factors in a non-orthodox approach linked by geometry. This is the third of a 5 part complementary series of papers examining several local and non-local factors which affect dowsing measurements, (and hence perception and consciousness), on a daily, monthly, annual, or ad hoc basis. Part 2 of this series of papers identified gravity (via its influence on tides) to have a significant effect on dowsed measurements. This avenue of research into gravity is now further developed, by making a start in quantifying the involvement of gravity:- 1. on consciousness, 2. with information, 3. with subtle energies that may be the same as dark energy, 4. in the structure of the universe, and 5. in triggering well known biological events in animals and plants. Via the use of a standard yardstick, significant variations in length have been measured during the course of a 28-day lunar cycle (caused by the Moon orbiting the Earth), and a 365-day annual cycle (caused by the Earth's orbit around the Sun). Gravity is shown to be the main cause. Other perturbations may be present. But are these repeatable periodic patterns of changing length caused by gravity's biological effects on the dowser, or in the information obtained by the dowser? In other words, is gravity acting directly on the dowser's brain and body, or is gravity causing changes in consciousness via the Information Field? The latter is the "front runner" in the theory of dowsing.
Category: Astrophysics

Lensing and Galactic Mass Anomaly Solution from DFM Shock Model

Authors: Peter Jackson
Comments: 14 Pages.

Lensing of cluster MACSJ1149.5+2223 repeats anomalies found in other clusters. Extended Shapiro delays indicate central gravitational mass concentrations significantly higher than prediction. The continued problem lead Evalyn Gates to comment[1]; "This implies that we're either missing some physics in our simulations, or we may need to modify our cosmological model." A conceptual model of wave particle interaction at the Earth's bow shock and galactic halo's is tested using data from particle accelerators, and the Voyagers interactions with the heliopause termination shock. The potential, implications and possible quantum mechanical spin derived solution for Doppler shifting of EM waves by FM is explored, and identified as key to resolving the anomalies, also shedding new light on Dark Matter The model also derives an explanation of apparent superluminal motion within the postulates of STR. Historical background to the 'Discrete Field Model' (DFM) proposed here is identified, predictions are derived, and wider implications considered.
Category: Astrophysics

A New Quantum Gravity Framework Based on the Twintori Model of Cosmology. (Part 1)

Authors: Chris Forbes, Dan Visser
Comments: 18 pages

In this, the final paper in the recent series on the new twin-tori model of cosmology, the model is developed in a logical way. Its historical development is included, and what follows is a statement of the central axioms of the theory. The reasons for them are described and their use in the theory is shown. What then follows is a brief description of the cosmological side of the theory, and its application to large scale structures and astrophysics. The paper then begins to develop the opposite length scale of the model, that on the order of the nuclear scale and ranging down to planck scale physics and Quantum Gravity. The theory is developed by laying theoretical foundations and mathematical idea's and structures and building on these using phenomenology and statistical techniques to fit parameters for the theory, including the dark energy - dark matter coupling constants. Many basic simplified models are then set out in various dimensions and with varying degrees of physical relevance. The models are also tested against current theory using observations of various physical systems ranging from nuclear physics, both earth-bound and stellar, to galactic dynamics and rotations. Historical deatils are included to increase readability from a variety of backgrounds.
Category: Astrophysics

Massive Star Formation and the Radiation Problem

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 8 pages, 1 figure. Accepted to Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Central to the on-going debate on how massive stars come into being is the so-called Radiation Problem. It has been argued that for stars of mass greater than ~ 10M_☉, the radiation field emanating from these objects is high enough to cause a global reversal of direct radial in-fall of the material onto the nascent star. We argue here (1) that this accepted argument applies only to an isolated star, i.e., a star in a vacuum - a star without any circumstellar material around it (2) further that, this argument is applicable only for a spherically symmetric gravitation. Correcting the former, i.e., taking into consideration the circumstellar material, we find that at ~ 10M_☉, the radiation field will begin to create a cavity and, if and only if, the accretion disk is (1) not destroyed and (2) it acts up as the channel via which the star's mass grows; then, the circumstellar material is pushed away gradually until a point is reached when the cavity is the size of the core itself, at which point complete in-fall reversal is attained. If the star is forming inside a gravitationally bound core of mass Mcore, then according to our findings, complete global reversal of in-fall will occur when M_star = (M_core/10M_☉)^1/3. This picture is very different from the common picture that is accepted in the literature that at ~ 10M_☉, all the material - from the surface of the star right up to the edge of the core; is expected to be swept away by the radiation field.
Category: Astrophysics

Azimuthally Symmetric Theory of Gravitation I

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 12 pages, 2 figures, 3 tables, Published: MNRAS, Vol. 403, Issue 3, pp.1381-1392 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16196.x

From a purely none-general relativistic standpoint, we solve the empty space Poisson equation, i.e. ∇²Φ = 0, for an azimuthally symmetric setting, i.e., for a spinning gravitational system like the Sun. We seek the general solution of the form Φ = Φ(r, θ). This general solution is constrained such that in the zeroth order approximation it reduces to Newton's well known inverse square law of gravitation. For this general solution, it is seen that it has implications on the orbits of test bodies in the gravitational field of this spinning body.We show that to second order approximation, this azimuthally symmetric gravitational field is capable of explaining at least two things (1) the observed perihelion shift of solar planets (2) that the Astronomical Unit must be increasing - this resonates with the observations of two independent groups of astronomers (Krasinsky & Brumberg 2004; Standish 2005) who have measured that the Astronomical Unit must be increasing at a rate of about 7.0±0.2m/cy (Standish 2005) to 15.0±0.3m/cy (Krasinsky & Brumberg 2004). In-principle, we are able to explain this result as a consequence of loss of orbital angular momentum - this loss of orbital angular momentum is a direct prediction of the theory. Further, we show that the theory is able to explain at a satisfactory level the observed secular increase Earth Year (1.70±0.05ms/yr;Miura et al. 2009). Furthermore, we show that the theory makes a significant and testable prediction to the effect that the period of the solar spin must be decreasing at a rate of at least 8.00 ± 2.00 s/cy.
Category: Astrophysics

Pending Problems in Qsos

Authors: Martín López-Corredoira
Comments: 15 pages, Invited paper in the special issue on "Novel Ideas in Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics", Carlos Castro, Ed., to be published in the "Invertis Journal of Science and Technology".

Quasars (Quasi Stellar Objects, abbreviated as QSOs) are still nowadays, close to half a century after their discovery, objects which are not completely understood. In this brief review a description of the pending problems, inconsistencies and caveats in the QSO's research is presented. The standard paradigm model based on the existence of very massive black holes that are responsible for the QSO's huge luminosities, resulting from to their cosmological redshifts, leaves many facts without explanation. There are several observations which lack a clear explanation, for instance: the absence of bright QSOs at low redshifts, a mysterious evolution not properly understood; the inconsistencies of the absorption lines, such as the different structure of the clouds along the QSO's line of sight and their tangential directions; the correlation of redshifts between QSOs and galaxies; and many others.
Category: Astrophysics

Cosmological Redshift, Compton Effect and Age of the Stars

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 2 Pages.

The Compton effect, in conjunction with the age of the stars, might explain any case of light redshift.
Category: Astrophysics

Dark Matter Planets

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 3 Pages.

The experimental scattering evidence is that electrons and quarks are truly point-like showing no extended spatial structure. A finite charge at a point has infinite energy and would create a black hole. If the charge is extended in, for example, a spherical shell, then what glues the charge together? Niels Bohr evaded this by renouncing the ontological space-time world lines that was so useful to Feynman in the creation of his diagrams. David Bohm's ontological interpretation shows that Bohr was wrong about not being able to have well defined particle trajectories and classical field configurations under the influence of nonlocal entangled quantum potentials that encode all of quantum weirdness including the double slit experiment that Feynman called the "central mystery" of the elusive quantum principle. I proposed back in 1974 that electrons and quarks are quasi-Kerr type black holes with "hair" (internal electroweak-strong charges) in which the space warp is so large that they appear as point particles to the outside observer whilst being large to the inside observer. Indeed, the virtual plasma of fermion-antifermion pairs is the strong shortrange attractive "glue" that holds the repulsive electric charge together. There appears to be a fractal scale invariance that shows a similar "geon" (J. A. Wheeler) effect at planetary and galactic scales. In this first part of a series, I only consider stable dark matter spheres of planetary size.
Category: Astrophysics

Nature of Planetary Matter and Magnetic Field Generation in the Solar System

Authors: J. Marvin Herndon
Comments: 8 Pages. Published in Current Science, Vol. 96, 25 April 2009

Understanding the nature of matter comprising the solar system is crucial for understanding the mechanism that generates the earth's geomagnetic field and magnetic fields of other planets and satellites. The commonality of matter in the solar system like that inside of earth, together with common nuclear reactor operating conditions, form the basis for generalizing the author's concept of nuclear georeactor geomagnetic field generation to planetary magnetic field generation by natural planetocentric nuclear fission reactors.
Category: Astrophysics

Internal Heat Production in Hot Jupiter Exo-Planets, Thermonuclear Ignition of Dark Galaxies, and the Basis for Galactic Luminous Star Distributions

Authors: J. Marvin Herndon
Comments: 4 Pages. Published in Current Science, Vol. 96, 10 June 2009

Geophysical and Astrophysical implications stemming from the discovery of nuclear fission just seventy years ago are only now becoming appreciated. The author's contributions are reviewed as background for his presentation here of fundamental, new concepts related to internal heat production in exo-planets, thermonuclear nuclear ignition of dark galaxies, and a basis for understanding the varied and heretofore inexplicable luminous star distributions observed in galaxies.
Category: Astrophysics

Observations of "Wisps" in Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of the Crab Nebula

Authors: N. F. Camus, S. S. Komissarov, N. Bucciantini, P. A. Hughes
Comments: 6 pages, Accepted as a paper in MNRAS

In this letter, we describe results of new high-resolution axisymmetric relativistic MHD simulations of Pulsar Wind Nebulae. The simulations reveal strong breakdown of the equatorial symmetry and highly variable structure of the pulsar wind termination shock. The synthetic synchrotron maps, constructed using a new more accurate approach, show striking similarity with the well known images of the Crab Nebula obtained by Chandra, and the Hubble Space Telescope. In addition to the jet-torus structure, these maps reproduce the Crab's famous moving wisps whose speed and rate of production agree with the observations. The variability is then analyzed using various statistical methods, including the method of structure function and wavelet transform. The results point towards the quasi-periodic behaviour with the periods of 1.5 - 3 yr and MHD turbulence on scales below 1 yr. The full account of this study will be presented in a follow up paper.
Category: Astrophysics

Quantum Signatures of Solar System Dynamics

Authors: Arkady L. Kholodenko
Comments: 61 pages.

Let ω(i) be period of rotation of the i-th planet around the Sun (or ω_j(i) be period of rotation of j-th satellite around the i-th planet). From empirical observations it is known that within margins of experimental errors Σ_i n_iω(i) = 0 (or Σ_j n_jω_j(i) = 0) for some integers n_i (or n_j ), different for different satellite systems. These conditions, known as resonance conditions, make uses of theories such as KAM difficult to implement. The resonances in Solar System are similar to those encountered in old quantum mechanics where applications of methods of celestial mechanics to atomic and molecular physics were highly successful. With such a successes, the birth of new quantum mechanics is difficult to understand. In short, the rationale for its birth lies in simplicity with which the same type of calculations can be done using methods of quantum mechanics capable of taking care of resonances. The solution of quantization puzzle was found by Heisenberg. In this paper new uses of Heisenberg?s ideas are found. When superimposed with the equivalence principle of general relativity, they lead to quantum mechanical treatment of observed resonances in the Solar System. To test correctness of theoretical predictions the number of allowed stable orbits for planets and for equatorial stable orbits of satellites of heavy planets is calculated resulting in good agreement with observational data. In addition, the paper briefl?y discusses quantum mechanical nature of rings of heavy planets and potential usefulness of the obtained results for cosmology.
Category: Astrophysics

Formation of Galaxies and Stars

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 9 pages

In the article some features of formation of galaxies and stars are considered
Category: Astrophysics

Optical Deviation of Stars Light by Sun

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 9 pages

We consider the sun and its atmosphere as a spherical lens causing deviation of stars light and also decrease of its speed in the lens. Such a lens can probably make a multiple image of a star. It is also shown that the sun, because of its atmosphere, is in fact smaller than what an observer measures. We show that the above-mentioned spherical lens is non-dispersive practically.
Category: Astrophysics

Multiple Stars and Problem of Jupiter

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 4 pages

In the article is shown, than the largest planet can threaten to mankind.
Category: Astrophysics

The Corona Effect

Authors: André Michaud
Comments: 17 pages

It can be shown that the extreme temperatures in the corona could be due to the genesis of nucleons within the corona and that all heavier elements present in the planetary system could be indigenous to our system and could have been produced in the corona by nucleosynthesis.
Category: Astrophysics

The Theory of Capture of Space Bodies

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 11 pages

In the article the theory of capture of space bodies is given, which one does not exist in a modern physics.
Category: Astrophysics

Planetary Systems

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 13 pages

The satellites of planets in the majority are grasped bodily and clear demonstrate the exited state caused by continuous growth at the expense of a space material.
Category: Astrophysics

The Pioneer Effect: a New Physics with a New Principle

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Radio metric data from the Pioneer 10/11, Galileo and Ulysses spacecraft indicated an anomalous, constant acceleration acting on them, directed toward the Sun, and a gradual growth of the radio signal frequency emitted by the receding transmitter. The reported odd acceleration of Pioneer 10 with a magnitude ~8.5 x 10^-10 m/s² can be explained by an induced gravitational interaction on the S-band signals traveling between the probe and the Earth, arising from the electromagnetic properties of the outer Solar System vacuum zero-point radiation interacting with matter. Their nature is of quantum vacuum origin, and these induced forces act in addition to ordinary gravitational forces, violating the principle of Equivalence. We suggest a new physical theory based on a new principle called Compensation as a thinkable explanation for the non-conventional Pioneer effect. The theory of Relation, which is an alternative to the inflationist model, postulates that our Universe is made of two antagonistic but complementary structures. The principle of Compensation contradicts Relativity theory, predicts such acceleration and is for the electromagnetic spacetime metric what the principle of Equivalence is for the gravific spacetime metric.
Category: Astrophysics

Formation of Extrasolar Systems and Moons of Large Planets in Clusters

Authors: P. Pintr, P. Kalenda, V. Mikula
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

TTwo models the membrane model and the equivalent model were used for the solution of some of the questions related to formation of the Solar System. Both models show that the planets create clusters in which lies a higher probability of origination of large masses. The rings and belt of asteroids between Mars and Jupiter and the belt of asteroids behind the Neptune track are the beginnings of these clusters. According to the equivalent model, the Solar System went through a different development than other extrasolar systems. Both models show the wave principle, which is the same for other planetary systems and systems of moons of large planets [1].
Category: Astrophysics

A Simple Note on the Pair Quasar-Galaxy NGC 7319

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

A few years ago was discovered [1] a pair quasar-galaxy NGC 7319 with different redshifts, this fact, which is contrary to the law of Hubble and therefore to the Bing Bang model, could be explained by the gravitational redshift.
Category: Astrophysics

Analysis of the Anomalous Orbital-Energy Changes Observed in Spacecraft Flybys of Earth

Authors: Roger Ellman
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

In March 2008 anomalous behavior in spacecraft flybys of Earth was reported in Physical Review Letters, Volume 100, Issue 9, March 7, 2008, in an article entitled "Anomalous Orbital-Energy Changes Observed during Spacecraft Flybys of Earth". The data indicate unaccounted for changes in spacecraft speed, both increases and decreases, for six different spacecraft involved in Earth flybys from December 8, 1990 to August 2, 2005. The article states that, "All ... potential sources of systematic error .... [have been] modeled. None can account for the observed anomalies.... Like the Pioneer anomaly ... the Earth flybys anomaly is a real effect .... Its source is unknown." In this article it is shown that the Earth flybys anomaly is caused by a very small centrally directed acceleration, [in addition to that of natural gravitation], the same effect as that which produces the Pioneer anomaly. How that effect operates to produce the observed results is analyzed. A common cause of the centrally directed accelerations is presented.
Category: Astrophysics

Our Universe Milky Way Galaxy

Authors: Cao Junfeng
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Our universe Milky Way Galaxy produced the Solar System, the Solar System produced the Earth. In my viewpoint, The nature is composed by the majority of Cold Quantum and the minority of Hot Quantum, the combination of Cold Quantum and the Hot Quantum forms the material, the aggregation of the material forms celestial bodies, Cold Quantum pushes the movement of celestial bodies, please watch my web: www.coldpressure.com.cn, my web can explain this for you. Today, I'd like to say some thing about how the Milky Way Galaxy is producing fixed star unceasingly, how fixed star is producing the planet such as the Earth, and how the fixed star and planets are disappearing unceasingly
Category: Astrophysics

Distribution of Distances in the Solar System

Authors: V. Perinova, A. Luks, P. Pintr
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

The recently published application of a diffusion equation to prediction of distances of planets in the solar system has been identified as a two-dimensional Coulomb problem. A different assignment of quantum numbers in the solar system has been proposed. This method has been applied to the moons of Jupiter on rescaling.
Category: Astrophysics

Questioning Astrophysics and Revealing Connections Between Stellar Ignition, Luminous Galactic Structures, Dark Matter, Galactic Jets, and the Origin of Heavy Elements

Authors: J. Marvin Herndon
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Ours is a time of unparalleled richness in astronomical observations, but understanding seems to be absent throughout broad areas of astrophysics. Among some groups of astrophysicists there appears to be measured degrees of consensus, as indicated by the prevalence of so-called "standard models", but in science consensus is nonsense; science is a logical process, not a democratic process, and logical connections in many instances seem to be lacking. So the question astrophysicists should ask is this: "What's wrong with astrophysics?" Finding out what's wrong is not only the necessary precursor to righting what's wrong, but will open the way to new advances in astrophysics. Toward that end, one may question the basic assumptions upon which astrophysics is founded, as well as question the approaches astrophysicists currently employ. Here I describe one methodology and provide specific examples, the details of which are set forth elsewhere [1-3]. In doing so, I place into a logical sequence seemingly unrelated astronomical observations, including certain Hubble Space Telescope images, so that causal relationships become evident and understanding becomes possible; as a consequence, profound new implications follow, for example bearing on the origin of diverse galactic structures and the origin of the heavy elements.
Category: Astrophysics

Jiang Number Theory (JNT)

Authors: Laurent Schadeck
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Jiang Chun-Xuan2 is a Chinese mathematician who claims to have developed new number theoretic tools consisting mostly in the Jiang function Jn (s #) where s # 2.3.5...p, p n denotes the primorial function to solve fundamental problems in Number Theory such as the Goldbach Conjecture, the Twin Prime Conjecture, the k-tuple Conjecture, and some other 600 basic prime number theorems. The fundamental motivation of Jiang to develop a number theory different from the one we are familiar with (we, number theorists) comes from his recent claim (1997) that the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) which lies at the foundations of all prime number theories, is false, that all calculations done to improve it are misunderstood, and that the entire speculative theory done through it (see Connes, Bombieri, Zagier et al.) are eventually uncertain.3 Our goal in this paper will be to review Jiang's achievements from his disproof of RH to his establishment of the new number theory.
Category: Astrophysics

Beyond the Newtonian Gravitational Theory and Deny the Einstein Gravitational Theory

Authors: chun-xuan jiang
Comments: 6 Pages.

We deduce the new gravitational formula.This paper is the first human to a true description of gravitation. Anyone can understand gravity.
Category: Astrophysics

Detection of Gravitational Waves Using High Energy Well Regulated Pulsed Laser, Photo Detectors, and a Counter

Authors: Dhananjay P. Mehendale
Comments: 5 pages

We propose novel technique for detecting gravitational waves using facilities at LIGO with certain changes and additions in the present setup. We suggest replacing the perfectly reflecting mirrors fixed at the ends of the arms of interferometer by exactly identical photo detectors. We propose to use high energy laser to ensure well defined quantized form for the radiation. We make provision to determine maximality of incident intensity of light packet falling on the photo detector and further make provision to check whether this peak intensity is simultaneous in reaching both the detectors. Simultaneity of reaching of peak intensity is used to provide high inputs to something like logical AND gate. These provisions like logical AND gate will be sending high output if and when peak intensity will hit both the photo detectors simultaneously. This high output of logical AND will be used to operate a counter to go one count up. We suggest utilizing the simultaneous arrival of light packets with exactly equal peak intensity at detector to give an up count in the counter. These light packets are running in two orthogonal arms, originally emerged from a pulsed laser source and split into two beams by beam splitter, We propose to measure counts that will be shown by the counter after a sufficiently long interval of time. Now, if over this sufficiently long period any gravitational waves will pass through the apparatus they will cause stretching and squeezing of interferometer arms in a reciprocal way and the pulses directed towards photo detectors from beam splitter will not reach these detectors simultaneously with exactly equal peak intensity. This will be causing turning on of the logical AND lesser number of times leading in effect to lesser number of counts that will be recorded by the counter. From this record of lesser number of counts, less than the expected number when no gravitational waves reach the apparatus, we can conclusively infer that gravitational waves have certainly passed through the apparatus! Instead of laser one may consider using a well regulated uniform beam of particles, like electrons, to fall on beam splitters with relevant replacements in the detection apparatus in place of perfectly reflecting mirrors and again using same methodology for the detection.
Category: Astrophysics

The Calculated Values of the Ratio of Vacuum Energy (Dark Energy) and Unobservable Matter (Dark Matter)

Authors: Gubin Veaceslav
Comments: 2 pages

ABSTRACT The calculated values of the ratio of vacuum energy (dark energy - 0.7160) and unobservable matter (dark matter - 0.2140) in a combined FRW metric ( static de Sitter and anti-de Sitter spacetimes with equal values of curvature radius – Friedman, A.A. periodical from minus to plus infinity time un-static Universe )
Category: Astrophysics

Tired Light and Type ia Supernovae Observations

Authors: Herman Holushko
Comments: 16 Pages.

The phenomenon known as “supernova timescale stretching” was discovered by measuring the observed light curve broadening and by measuring the rate of spectra evolution (aging) for Type Ia supernovae. In modern cosmology this phenomenon is widely considered as one that rules out the “tired light” hypothesis. The redefined “tired light” hypothesis presented in this paper not only agrees with the supernova timescale stretching but actually explains it without employing universe expansion. Using Type Ia supernova spectra template, I have conducted a computer simulation study of light propagation from supernova to observer based on the tired light assumptions. The results of the simulation for “at rest” UBVRIYJHK bands do not contradict the astronomical observations related to light curve broadening and spectra aging. The comparative analysis shows advantages of “tired light” over “accelerated Universe expansion” model.
Category: Astrophysics

Space Doesn't Expand and New Proof of Hubble's Law

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 8 Pages.

After the expansion of universe was observed in the 1920s, physicists and astronomers introduced the concept of "space expands" into physics and many observations and research results were used based on this. However, we can't explain why space expands and why it has a specific velocity and is no observations of expansion of space. This study proves that the expansion of the universe and Hubble's law doesn't result from the expansion of space, but is a dynamical result from the movement of galaxies in space. We could confirm that Hubble's law was always valid when the effect of acceleration was smaller than initial velocity. We can define the center of the universe and find it. Also, this shows that cosmological red shift comes out from the Doppler effect of light. Expansion of space was explained that it was related to red shift and scale factor. Therefore, it is influencing many areas of astronomy and cosmology. Therefore, if this discovery is true, all matters related to red shift and scale factor should be reviewed.
Category: Astrophysics

The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 49 Pages. 38 figures, still very much work to be done.

A large majority of stars cool to become smaller, cooler stars called planets, moons, exo-planets and large asteroids. Some stars keep their mass and shrink to become white dwarfs. The material that is kept inside stars that do not become white dwarfs and has not exited via coronal mass ejection during flare stages or ripped away via photo-erosion will combine and form molecules, differentiated interiors and layered surfaces. Some stars that do not lose their mass become white dwarfs, which then more than likely explode into what are called supernovas. We can measure the cooling rates and rates of molecular combination of all stars as they go through this metamorphosis process, which more than likely takes many tens of billions of years. In other words, the process of stellar metamorphosis takes longer than dogma version of Big Bang has allowed the universe to exist. The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis (GTSM) stands to make vast corrections regarding the most basic human questions as to where life came from, and what the Earth really is. For the purposes of accurately elaborating on what GTSM is, all references to “planet/moon/exo-planet/asteroid” for all intents and purposes are to relate interpretation of star to cooling or dead star. Additionally, GTSM requires that the orbits of cooling stars and stellar cores to be in constant flux. All the cooling stars in our system all came from other places in the galaxy and are all vastly different ages and stages of metamorphosis, or if you prefer, death.
Category: Astrophysics

The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 33 Pages. 31 figures

Stars cool to become smaller, cooler stars called planets, moons, exo-planets and large asteroids. Some stars keep their mass and shrink to become white dwarfs. The material that is kept inside stars that do not become white dwarfs and has not exited via coronal mass ejection during flare stages or ripped away via photo-erosion will combine and form molecules, differentiated interiors and layered surfaces. We can measure the cooling rates and rates of molecular combination of all stars as they go through this metamorphosis process. This process more than likely takes into the hundreds of billions or even trillions of years. If stars do not lose their mass they become white dwarfs, which then more than likely explode into what are called supernovas. The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis (GTSM) stands to make vast corrections regarding the most basic human questions as to where life came from, and what the Earth really is. For the purposes of accurately elaborating on what GTSM is, all references to “planet/moon/exo-planet/asteroid” for all intents and purposes are to relate the incorrect interpretation of star to cooling star. Additionally, GTSM requires that the orbits of cooling star and stellar cores to be in constant flux. All the cooling stars in our system all came from other places in the galaxy and are all vastly different ages and stages of metamorphosis, or if you prefer, evolution.
Category: Astrophysics

The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 28 pages, 26 figures

Stars cool to become smaller, cooler stars called planets, moons, exo-planets and large asteroids. The stars that do not cool still shrink and keep their mass becoming white dwarfs. The material that is kept inside and has not exited via coronal mass ejection during flare stages or ripped away via photo-erosion will combine and form molecules, differentiated interiors and layered surfaces. We can measure the cooling rates and rates of molecular combination of all stars as they go through this metamorphosis process. This process more than likely takes into the hundreds of billions or even trillions of years. If stars do not lose their mass they become white dwarfs, which then more than likely explode into what are called supernovas. The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis (GTSM) stands to make vast corrections regarding the most basic human questions as to where life came from, and what the Earth really is. For the purposes of accurately elaborating on what GTSM is, all references to “planet/moon/exoplanet/asteroid” for all intents and purposes is to relate the incorrect interpretation of star to cooling star.
Category: Astrophysics

The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 23 Pages. 16 figures

Stars cool to become smaller, cooler stars called planets, moons, exo-planets and large asteroids. The material that is kept inside and has not exited via coronal mass ejection during flare stages or ripped away via photo-erosion will combine and form molecules, differentiated interiors and layered surfaces. We can measure the cooling rates and rates of molecular combination of all stars as they go through this metamorphosis process. This process more than likely takes into the hundreds of billions or even trillions of years. If stars do not lose their mass they become white dwarfs, which then more than likely explode. The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis (GTSM) stands to make vast corrections regarding the most basic human questions as to where life came from, and what the Earth really is. For the purposes of accurately elaborating on what GTSM is, all references to “planet/moon/exoplanet/asteroid” for all intents and purposes is to relate the incorrect interpretation of star to cooling star.
Category: Astrophysics

The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 19 Pages. Many more illustrations.

Stars cool to become smaller, cooler stars called planets, moons, exo-planets and large asteroids. The material that is kept inside and has not exited via coronal mass ejection during flare stages or ripped away via photo-erosion will combine and form molecules, differentiated interiors and layered surfaces. We can measure the cooling rates and rates of molecular combination of all stars as they go through this metamorphosis process. This process more than likely takes into the hundreds of billions or even trillions of years. If stars do not lose their mass they become white dwarfs, which then more than likely explode. The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis (GTSM) stands to make vast corrections regarding the most basic human questions as to where life came from, and what the Earth really is.
Category: Astrophysics

The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 16 Pages.

Stars cool to become smaller, cooler stars called planets, moons, exo-planets and large asteroids. The material that is kept inside and has not exited via coronal mass ejection during flare stages or ripped away via photo-erosion will combine and form molecules, differentiated interiors and layered surfaces. We can measure the cooling rates and rates of molecular combination of all stars as they go through this metamorphosis process. This process more than likely takes into the hundreds of billions or even trillions of years.
Category: Astrophysics

The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 16 Pages.

Stars cool to become smaller, cooler stars called planets, moons, exo-planets and large asteroids. The material that is kept inside and has not exited via coronal mass ejection during flare stages or ripped away via photo-erosion will combine and form molecules, differentiated interiors and layered surfaces. We can measure the cooling rates and rates of molecular combination of all stars as they go through this metamorphosis process. This process more than likely takes into the hundreds of billions or even trillions of years. The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis (GTSM) stands to make vast corrections regarding the most basic human questions as to where life came from, and what the Earth really is.
Category: Astrophysics

The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 15 Pages.

Stars cool to become smaller, cooler stars called planets, moons, exo-planets and large asteroids. The material that is kept inside and has not exited via coronal mass ejection during flare stages or ripped away via photo-erosion will combine and form molecules, differentiated interiors and layered surfaces. We can measure the cooling rates and rates of molecular combination of all stars as they go through this metamorphosis process. This process more than likely takes into the hundreds of billions or even trillions of years. The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis (GTSM) stands to make vast corrections regarding the most basic human questions as to where life came from, and what the Earth really is.
Category: Astrophysics

The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 13 Pages.

Stars cool to become smaller, cooler stars called planets, moons, exo-planets and large asteroids. The material that is kept inside and has not exited via coronal mass ejection during flare stages or ripped away via photo-erosion will combine and form molecules, differentiated interiors and layered surfaces. We can measure the cooling rates and rates of molecular combination of all stars as they go through this metamorphosis process. This process more than likely takes into the hundreds of billions or even trillions of years.
Category: Astrophysics

The General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 9 Pages.

Stars cool to become smaller, cooler stars called planets, moons, exo-planets and large asteroids. The material that is kept inside and has not exited via coronal mass ejection during flare stages or ripped away via photo-erosion will combine and form molecules, differentiated interiors and layered surfaces. We can measure the cooling rates and rates of molecular combination of all stars as they go through this metamorphosis process. This process more than likely takes into the hundreds of billions or even trillions of years.
Category: Astrophysics

Quantization and Discretization at Large Scales

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto, Pavel Pintr
Comments: 224 Pages.

The ongoing search of extrasolar planets is one of the most attractive fields of research in astrophysics and astronomy nowadays. Up to now, 360 extrasolar planets have been discovered near stars with similar mass as the Sun. There is also discovery related to the so-called Earth-like planets. With regards to these discoveries, one intriguing question is whether there is relationship between orbit distance of the planets and their stars. Various formulas have been suggested since 1990s, and they suggest that there may be reason to accept quantization of distances of those planets both in our solar system and also in extrasolar systems as well. This book discusses this issue (Rubcic & Rubcic), along with other interesting issues such as protoplanetary formation of solar system (Pintr, prof. Per\inova% , & dr. Luks\), precession in solar system (Pitkanen) and other topics. Another line of thought explored herein is the correspondence between cosmological phenomena and condensed matter physics, and therefore we can think that the quantization of orbit distances can be caused by superfluid helium quantization. This issue is explored by F. Smarandache and V. Christianto. Moreover, F. Smarandache also discusses possible new era of research that is pertaining to superluminal physics and instantaneous physics. Ion Patrascu and D. Rabounski discuss superluminality from their perspectives. And M. Pereira discusses his Hypergeometrical Universe model. This book is published after our previous book: Quantization in astrophyisics, Brownian motion, and Supersymmetry which was released about five years ago. Perhaps the ideas presented herein will have impact on discussions concerning quantum cosmology, which so far it cannot be observed. On the contrary, quantization at large scales can be observed. We hope that this volume will add a new chapter in our understanding of the Universe, from the viewpoint of quantization and discretization at large scales.
Category: Astrophysics

Do We Really Understand the Solar System?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 20 Pages.

The recent experimental findings have shown that our understanding of the solar system is surprisingly fragmentary. As a matter fact, so fragmentary that even new physics might find place in the description of phenomena like the precession of equinoxes and the recent discoveries about the bullet like shape of heliosphere and strong magnetic fields near its boundary bringing in mind incompressible fluid flow around obstacle. TGD inspired model is based on the heuristic idea that stars are like pearls in a necklace defined by long magnetic flux tubes carrying dark matter and strong magnetic field responsible for dark energy and possibly accompanied by the analog of solar wind. Heliosphere would be like bubble in the flow defined by the magnetic field inside the flux tube inducing its local thickening. A possible interpretation is as a bubble of ordinary and dark matter in the flux tube containing dark energy. This would provide a beautiful overall view about the emergence of stars and their helio-spheres as a phase transition transforming dark energy to dark and visible matter. Among other things the magnetic walls surrounding the solar system would shield the solar system from cosmic rays.
Category: Astrophysics

The Turn-up in the Differential GCR Proton Energy Spectrum Below 100 Mev

Authors: Henry D. May
Comments: 6 Pages. Deleted first term from Eqs. 1 and 2 because it is zero.

The high energy portion of galactic cosmic ray proton spectrum in the vicinity of Earth, above about 500 MeV per nucleon, can be well approximated by the “force field” model, whose only formal parameter is the modulation potential. Here I show that the entire spectrum can be well approximated by the force field model, when the force field is treated as an electric field. The analysis also explains the origin of the anomalously energetic ions in the low energy tail of the solar wind.
Category: Astrophysics

Triangle Exact Solution of 3-Bodies Problem

Authors: Sergey V. Ershkov
Comments: 9 pages.

Here is presented a system of equations of 3-bodies problem in well-known Lagrange's form (describing a relative motions of 3-bodies). Analyzing of such a system, we obtain an exact solution in special case of constant ratios of relative distances between the bodies. Above simplifying assumption reduces all equations of initial system to a proper similar form, which leads us to a final solution: initial triangle of bodies m₁ , m₂, m₃ is moving as entire construction, simultaneously rotating over the common center of masses as well as increasing or decreasing of it's size proportionally.
Category: Astrophysics

Triangle Exact Solution of 3-Bodies Problem

Authors: Sergey V. Ershkov
Comments: 9 pages.

Here is presented a system of equations of 3-bodies problem in well-known Lagrange's form (describing a relative motions of 3-bodies). Analyzing of such a system, we obtain an exact solution in special case of constant ratios of relative distances between the bodies.
Category: Astrophysics

Saturn’s B Ring Spokes from the Shadows of Clouds

Authors: Yongfeng Yang
Comments: 11 Pages. 4 figures

Saturn’s B ring mysterious spokes are widely thought to be plasma clouds suspended over the ring plane, but recent work and theoretical analysis don’t agree with this understanding. Here we propose that the spokes could be the shadows of clouds. Numerical simulation reveals that the migration of shadows partially walking in and out B ring during day and the geometry between sunlight, observer, and ring system together constraint the characteristics of seen preferentially on the morning ansa, longitudinal distortion, and short-lived active history. A cloud and rain process would have been seasonally taking place in the ring system.
Category: Astrophysics

Identify the Nature's Rationality Through Galaxy NGC 6782

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 12 pages.

Weakly interacted galaxies present very simple body structure. They are either three-dimensional objects resembling ellipsoids or flat-shaped disks showing spiral disturbance. Elliptical galaxies present little dust and gas but spiral galaxies demonstrate arms and rings which are characterized by containing a huge amount of dust and gas. Since arms and rings are linear-shaped, the body structure of spiral galaxies may be a textured one as earth-bound materials always are. This led to the concept of rational structure which is based on proportion curves. The proportion curves for normal spiral galaxies are all equiangular spirals which trace or cut through arms consistently. This paper demonstrates the spider-shaped proportion curves for barred spiral galaxies. It shows for the third galaxy NGC 6782 that the curves do trace or cut through arms or rings consistently. More examples of barred galaxies will be studied for the testification of Nature's rationality.
Category: Astrophysics

A Note on the Dark Matter

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 3 pages.

The constancy of the rotational velocity curves of the spiral galaxies from large distances from their galactic centers could be due to their geometries in form of arms.
Category: Astrophysics

A Newtonian Model for Spiral Galaxy Rotation Curves

Authors: Geoffrey M. Williams
Comments: 29 pages.

A spiral galaxy is modeled as a thin, flat, axisymmetric disk comprising a series of concentric, coplanar rings. Using conventional Newtonian gravitation kinematics, it is shown that relatively flat velocity curves are produced by a variety of possible mass distributions in the disk. No halo of "dark matter" is needed to produce these rotation curves. Compared with a point mass at the center, the disk gravitational force grows with increasing distance from the disk center, crests and then slowly subsides beyond the disk perimeter. The model is applied to the NGC 3198, M31 and NGC 4736 galaxies, with ring masses adjusted to match the respective velocity profiles. Gravitational force fields in the disk are calculated, leading to direct estimates of enclosed galaxy mass. The mass distributions of several other spiral galaxies are analyzed, and their basic characteristics are charted in Appendix 2.
Category: Astrophysics

The Structuring Force of Galaxies

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 45 pages (the final 28 pages are c++ program source file)

The concept of rational structure was suggested in 2000. A flat material distribution is called the rational structure if there exists a special net of orthogonal curves on the plane, and the ratio of mass density at one side of a curve (from the net) to the one at the other side is constant along the curve. Such curve is called a proportion curve. Such net of curves is called an orthogonal net of proportion curves. Eleven years have passed and a rational sufficient condition for given material distribution is finally obtained. This completes the mathematical basis for the study of rational structure and its galaxy application. People can fit the stellar distribution of a barred spiral galaxy with exponential disk and dual-hand structure by varying their parameter values. If the conjecture is proved that barred galaxies satisfy a rational suffcient condition then the assumption of galaxy rational origin will be established.
Category: Astrophysics

The Structuring Force of Galaxies

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 45 pages (the final 28 pages are c++ program source file)

The concept of rational structure was suggested in 2000. A flat material distribution is called the rational structure if there exists a special net of orthogonal curves on the plane, and the ratio of mass density at one side of a curve (from the net) to the one at the other side is constant along the curve. Such curve is called a proportion curve. Such net of curves is called an orthogonal net of proportion curves. Eleven years have passed and a rational sufficient condition for given material distribution is finally obtained. This completes the mathematical basis for the study of rational structure and its galaxy application. People can fit the stellar distribution of a barred spiral galaxy with exponential disk and dual-hand structure by varying their parameter values. If the conjecture is proved that barred galaxies satisfy a rational suffcient condition then the assumption of galaxy rational origin will be established.
Category: Astrophysics

The Structuring Force of Galaxies

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 15 pages

The assumption that the mass distribution of spiral galaxies is rational was suggested 11 years ago. The rationality means that on any spiral galaxy disk plane there exists a special net of orthogonal curves. The ratio of mass density at one side of a curve (from the net) to the one at the other side is constant along the curve. Such curve is called a proportion curve. Such net of curves is called an orthogonal net of proportion curves. I also suggested that arms and rings are the disturbance to the rational structure. To achieve the minimal disturbance, the disturbing waves trace the orthogonal or non-orthogonal proportion curves. I proved 6 years ago that exponential disks and dual-handle structures are rational. Recently, I have also found out that rational structure satisfies a cubic algebraic equation. Based on these results, this paper ultimately demonstrates visually how the orthogonal net of proportion curves go if the superposition of a disk and several dual-handle structures is still rational. That is, based on the natural root of the algebraic equation, the rate of variance along the `radial' direction of the logarithmic mass distribution is obtained. Its image is called the `basket graph'. The mystery of galaxy structure may possibly be resolved based on further study of the `basket graphs'.
Category: Astrophysics

On the Resolution \textit{of} the Azimuthally Symmetric Theory of Gravitation's $\lambda$-Parameters

Authors: G. G. Nyambuya
Comments: 16 Pages. This paper solves the Lambda-Parameter problem of the the theory laid MNRAS, 403, 1381-1391

In Newtonian gravitational physics, as currently understood, the spin of a gravitating body has no effect on the nature of the gravitational field emergent from this gravitating body. This position has been questioned by the Azimuthally Symmetric Theory of Gravitation (ASTG-model; in Nyambuya $2010$). From the ASTG-model -- which is a theory resulting from the consideration of the azimuthally symmetric solutions of the well known and well accepted Poisson-Laplace equation for gravitation, it has been argued that it is possible to explain the unexpected perihelion shift of Solar planetary orbits. However, as it stands in the present, the ASTG-model suffers from the apparent diabolic defect that there are unknown parameters ($\lambda$'s) in the theory that up to now have not been able to be adequately deduced from theory. If this defect is not taken care of, it would consume the theory altogether, bringing it to a complete standstill, to nothing but an obsolete theory. Effort in resolving this defect has been made in the genesis reading of the theory \textit{i.e.} in \cite{nyambuya10a}. This initial effort in trying to resolve this problem is not complete. In this short reading, we present what we believe is a significant improvement to the resolution of this problem. If this effort proves itself correct, then the ASTG-model is set on a sure pedal to make predictions without having to relay on observations to deduce these unknown parameters. Other than resolving the $\lambda$-parameter problem, this reading is designed to serve as an exposition of the ASTG-model as it currently stands.
Category: Astrophysics

Explanation of the Pioneer Anomaly Based on Euclidean Relativity

Authors: Frédéric Lassiaille
Comments: 135 Pages.

The study of this article suggests an explanation for the "Pioneer anomaly". This explanation is based on a modification of Newton's law. This modification is conducted from an Euclidean vision of relativity. This modification is thoroughly explained in [12]. Along with this explanation, in this document the results of this Newton's law modification are calculated, for the following issues: Pioneer anomaly before the location of Saturn, the earth flyby anomalies, the predicted Saturn flyby anomaly of the Pioneer11 probe trajectory, the "missing asteroids" mystery in solar system, the advance or precession of the perihelion of Mercury and Saturn, the PPN formalism, Tully-Ficher relation, and the disparity of the measurements of the gravitational constant
Category: Astrophysics

Explanation of the Pioneer Anomaly Based on Euclidean Relativity

Authors: Frédéric Lassiaille
Comments: 118 pages

The study of this article suggests an explanation for the "Pioneer anomaly". This explanation is based on a modification of Newton's law. This modification is conducted from an Euclidean vision of relativity. This modification is thoroughly explained in [12]. Along with this explanation, in this document the results of this Newton's law modification are calculated, for the following issues: Pioneer anomaly before the location of Saturn, the earth flyby anomalies, the predicted Saturn flyby anomaly of the Pioneer11 probe trajectory, the "missing asteroids" mystery in solar system, the advance or precession of the perihelion of Mercury and Saturn, the PPN formalism, Tully-Ficher relation, and the disparity of the measurements of the gravitational constant
Category: Astrophysics

Explanation of the Pioneer Anomaly Based on Euclidean Relativity

Authors: Frédéric Lassiaille
Comments: 113 pages

The study of this article suggests an explanation for the "Pioneer anomaly". This explanation is based on a modification of Newton's law. This modification is conducted from an Euclidean vision of relativity. This modification is thoroughly explained in [12]. Along with this explanation, in this document the results of this Newton's law modification are calculated, for the following issues: Pioneer anomaly before the location of Saturn, the earth flyby anomalies, the predicted Saturn flyby anomaly of the Pioneer11 probe trajectory, the "missing asteroids" mystery in solar system, the advance or precession of the perihelion of Mercury and Saturn, the PPN formalism, Tully-Ficher relation, and the disparity of the measurements of the gravitational constant
Category: Astrophysics

Galactic Repulsion

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 12 Pages.

Matter bodies seem to exist everywhere in space, more or less evenly distributed. Discovery of gravitation necessitated a search for the cause for distribution of matter bodies throughout universe. Mutual gravitational attraction between matter bodies defies possibility of their even distribution in space unless it is counteracted by a repulsive action between them, at least in case of large-scale groups of matter bodies. So far, none of various concepts proposed to overcome gravitational attraction between matter bodies on a large scale, has not supplied a rational theory. ‘Hypothesis on MATTER’ proposes a logical explanation that describes how neighbouring galaxies overcome gravitational attraction, to settle at a stable distance from each other, during major part of their life. Same mechanism describes how formation and disbursal of galaxies are determined by their spin motion. Outer periphery (halo) of a spinning galaxy is formed by independent primary matter-particles. Their primary electric fields are mechanically oriented to create sufficient electromagnetic repulsion between neighbouring galaxies, to neutralize gravitational attraction between them. This is a natural process originating from the universal medium, which encompasses entire universe. Other macro bodies, smaller or different in structure from stable spinning galaxies, do not have this protection from gravitational attraction. Since galaxies are able to maintain their relative positions in space, universe (as a whole) is able to have a perpetual steady state of existence, except for local recycling of matter.
Category: Astrophysics

Redeployment Options for the International Space Station

Authors: Gary V. Stephenson
Comments: 90 pages

With the assumption that the current mission of the International Space Station (ISS) will draw to a close by 2020, redeployment options are explored and contrasted for ISS components in the post-2020 timeframe. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) redeployment options explored include a depot assembly facility and a refueling facility. Beyond LEO redeployment options explored include an assembly and refueling facility at the Earth-Moon L1 Lagrange point, a solar observing and / or energy collection facility at the Earth-Sun L1 Lagrange point, an astronomical observation facility at the Earth-Sun L2 Lagrange point, a lunar orbiting facility, and a Martian orbiting facility. The cost of boosting ISS components to new orbits is considered as part of the study of these latter options, as is any retrofit or modification of components required by these new missions. Logistics requirements are also included in the cost of each option. All architectural options are analyzed using Living Systems Theory [Miller, 1978] and the Hatley-Pirbhai context diagram template. Technical risk and maturity is analyzed, and a parametric cost model is developed. Cost benefit analyses are performed for each of the selected redeployment missions using Pugh matrix and quality functional deployment (QFD) methodologies for an overall recommendation based on the currently enunciated goals as described by the 2009 Augustine Commission on human space flight (HSF).
Category: Astrophysics

Is an Algebraic Cubic Equation the Primitive Instinct Beyond Electromagnetic and Nuclear World?

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 16 pages

Everyone lives his or her life instinctively. Does the instinct originate from the natural world? If the instinct is a rational process, is the natural world rational? Unfortunately, people have not found any rational principle behind the natural world. Because human activities are realized directly through electromagnetic and nuclear forces of entropy-increase, people are difficult to recognize the principle. Compared to the large-scale structure of galaxies, human bodies and their immediate environment are the "microscopic" world. The electromagnetic and nuclear forces which rule the world, however, disappear in the formation of large-scale galaxy structures. Similarly they disappear in the formation of the solar system. My previous papers found many evidences that galaxies are rational. This paper shows that large-scale galaxy structure must originate from an algebraic cubic equation.
Category: Astrophysics

Is an Algebraic Cubic Equation the Primitive Instinct Beyond Electromagnetic and Nuclear World?

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 15 pages

Everyone lives his or her life instinctively. Does the instinct originate from the natural world? If the instinct is a rational process, is the natural world rational? Unfortunately, people have not found any rational principle behind the natural world. Because human activities are realized directly through electromagnetic and nuclear forces, people are difficult to recognize the principle. Compared to the large-scale structure of galaxies, human bodies and their immediate environment are the "microscopic" world. The electromagnetic and nuclear forces which rule the world, however, disappear in the formation of large-scale galaxy structures. Similarly they disappear in the formation of the solar system. My previous papers found many evidences that galaxies are rational. This paper shows that large-scale galaxy structure should originate from an algebraic cubic equation.
Category: Astrophysics

Cosmological and Intrinsic Redshifts

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 5 pages

In a recent article, a single tired light mechanism, based in the interaction between electromagnetic waves, has been proposed for explaining both redshifts: cosmological (without expansion of the universe) and intrinsic. A second paper specifies that said interaction would be the scattering. This article is to reinforce and clarify the whole idea.
Category: Astrophysics

A Note on Astrometric Data and Time Varying Sun-Earth Distance in the Light of Carmeli Metric

Authors: V. Christianto
Comments: 7 Pages

In this note, we describe shortly time varying Sun-Earth distance in the light of Carmeli metric and compare the result with recent astrometric data. The graphical plot suggests that there should be linear-linear correspondence between Sun-planets distances and their time variation.
Category: Astrophysics

Searching for Life on Habitable Planets and Moons

Authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
Comments: 16 pages, 2 figures, published in 'Journal of Cosmology', 2010, vol.5, pp.801-810 ; also archived at ARXIV as arXiv: 0912.1040

Earth is the only known inhabited planet in the universe to date. However, advancements in the fields of astrobiology and observational astronomy, as also discovery of large varieties of extremophiles with extraordinary capability to thrive in harshest environments on Earth, have led to speculation that life may possibly be thriving on many of the extraterrestrial bodies in the universe. Coupled with the growing number of exoplanets detected over the past decade, the search for the possibility of life on other planets and satellites within the solar system and beyond has become a passion as well as a challenge for scientists in a variety of fields. This paper examines such possibility in the light of findings of the numerous space probes and theoretical research undertaken in this field over the past few decades.
Category: Astrophysics

Origin of Life

Authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
Comments: 32 pages, 8 figures, invited review article (published in Astrophysics & Space Science, 2008, volume 317, issue 3-4, pp.267-278), minor addition

The evolution of life has been a big enigma despite rapid advancements in the fields of biochemistry, astrobiology, and astrophysics in recent years. The answer to this puzzle has been as mind-boggling as the riddle relating to evolution of Universe itself. Despite the fact that panspermia has gained considerable support as a viable explanation for origin of life on the Earth and elsewhere in the Universe, the issue remains far from a tangible solution. This paper examines the various prevailing hypotheses regarding origin of life like abiogenesis, RNA world,iron-sulphur world, and panspermia; and concludes that delivery of life-bearing organic molecules by the comets in the early epoch of the Earth alone possibly was not responsible for kick-starting the process of evolution of life on our planet.
Category: Astrophysics

Origin of Life

Authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
Comments: 32 pages, 8 figures, invited review article (published in Astrophysics & Space Science, 2008, volume 317, issue 3-4, pp.267-278), minor addition with references

The evolution of life has been a big enigma despite rapid advancements in the fields of biochemistry, astrobiology, and astrophysics in recent years. The answer to this puzzle has been as mind-boggling as the riddle relating to evolution of Universe itself. Despite the fact that panspermia has gained considerable support as a viable explanation for origin of life on the Earth and elsewhere in the Universe, the issue remains far from a tangible solution. This paper examines the various prevailing hypotheses regarding origin of life like abiogenesis, RNA World, iron-sulphur world, and panspermia; and concludes that delivery of life-bearing organic molecules by the comets in the early epoch of the Earth alone possibly was not responsible for kick-starting the process of evolution of life on our planet.
Category: Astrophysics

Origin of Life

Authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
Comments: 32 pages, 7 figures, invited review article, published in 'Astrophysics & Space Science' (2008), 317, 267-278; also archived at ARXIV as arXiv:0907.3552

The evolution of life has been a big enigma despite rapid advancements in the fields of biochemistry, astrobiology, and astrophysics in recent years. The answer to this puzzle has been as mind-boggling as the riddle relating to evolution of Universe itself. Despite the fact that panspermia has gained considerable support as a viable explanation for origin of life on the Earth and elsewhere in the Universe, the issue remains far from a tangible solution. This paper examines the various prevailing hypotheses regarding origin of life like abiogenesis, RNA World, iron-sulphur world, and panspermia; and concludes that delivery of life-bearing organic molecules by the comets in the early epoch of the Earth alone possibly was not responsible for kick-starting the process of evolution of life on our planet.
Category: Astrophysics

A Brief and Elementary Note on Redshift

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 5 Pages.

A reasonable explanation of both redshifts: cosmological (without expansion of the universe) and intrinsic, is given using a single tired light mechanism. In the first case, the redshift is produced because the light interacts with microwaves. In the second, the interaction is with radio waves. And all this is compatible with a static universe with a space temperature of 2.7 ^oK.
Category: Astrophysics

A Pervasive Electric Field in the Heliosphere (Part II)

Authors: Henry D. May
Comments: 7 pages

In Part I of this paper [1] it was proposed that a static electric potential of about +800 MV is present in the heliosphere, sustained by the continual inflow of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) protons. Charge neutralization cannot occur because the solar wind and magnetic fields allow more protons than electrons to pass through the termination shock (TS) deeply into the heliosphere. The result is a quasi-static electric field, at dynamic equilibrium, inside the heliosphere. This paper adds some important details that were not included in Part I, and makes some clarifications. The presence of the heliospheric electric field opens up the possibility of accounting for the Pioneer Anomaly, and also the anomalous cosmic rays, as caused by electric fields.
Category: Astrophysics

On Planetary Electromagnetism and Gravity

Authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
Comments: 10 pages, 2 figures, new hypothesis for gravitation ; 'Published in International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics (USA) , 2011, vol.1, no. 2, pp. 62-66'

Study of the interiors of the various terrestrial planets, as presented in the paper, leads to the possibility of planetary gravity being linked to the electromagnetism generated in the planetary interiors. Findings of the study undertaken suggest that Earth's gravitational attraction may be attributed to magnetic coupling experienced between Earth's electromagnetism and all the earthly objects - electrically charged or uncharged. More precisely, terrestrial gravity is deemed to be outcome of the bound state of the planetary electromagnetism.
Category: Astrophysics

On Planetary Electromagnetism and Gravity

Authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
Comments: 10 pages, 2 figures, new hypothesis for gravitation ; 'Published in International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics (USA) , 2011, vol.1, no. 2, pp. 61-65'

Study of the interiors of the various terrestrial planets, as presented in the paper, leads to the possibility of planetary gravity being linked to the electromagnetism generated in the planetary interiors. Findings of the study undertaken suggest that Earth's gravitational attraction may be attributed to magnetic coupling experienced between Earth's electromagnetism and all the earthly objects - electrically charged or uncharged. More precisely, terrestrial gravity is deemed to be outcome of the bound state of the planetary electromagnetism.
Category: Astrophysics

On Planetary Electromagnetism and Gravity

Authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
Comments: new hypothesis for gravitation, 10 pages, 2 figures

Study of the interiors of the various terrestrial planets, as presented in the paper, leads to the possibility of planetary gravity being linked to the electromagnetism generated in the planetary interiors. Findings of the study undertaken suggest that Earth's gravitational attraction may be attributed to magnetic coupling experienced between Earth's electromagnetism and all the earthly objects - electrically charged or uncharged. More precisely, terrestrial gravity is deemed to be outcome of the bound state of the planetary electromagnetism.
Category: Astrophysics

Antimatter in Voids Might Explain Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Authors: Scott S Neal
Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures

Traditional theories on cosmology require a sufficient amount of CP violation, undiscovered matter particles and missing energy to explain what is observed in our universe today. Traditional theories on antimatter assume that if antimatter atoms existed, they would distort space-time in the same way as normal matter. However, gravitational forces between antimatter atoms have not yet been experimentally measured. This paper speculates on what might happen if antimatter distorts space-time opposite to normal matter. The repulsive force of the anti-hydrogen atoms in the voids between galaxies would cause those voids to expand and would exert additional forces pressing inward on the galaxies. Simulations of this model produce galaxy rotation curves which match what is observed today without the need for any Dark Matter. An explanation of the MOND paradigm is also provided.
Category: Astrophysics

Lensing and Galactic Mass Anomaly Solution from DFM Shock Model

Authors: Peter Jackson
Comments: 17 Pages.

Lensing at cluster MACSJ1149.5+2223 extends previous anomalous lensing delays to over three years, indicating gravitational mass concentrations significantly higher than expectation. This continued problem has lead a leading astronomer to comment[1]; "This implies that we're either missing some physics in our simulations, or we may need to modify our cosmological model." A conceptual model of wave particle interaction at the Earth's plasmaspheric bow shock, the heliosheath and the galactic halo is postulated and tested, considering effects on Pioneer and Voyager, and within particle accelerators. A conceptual quantum mechanical resolution for this via Doppler shifting of EM waves by scattering is proposed, with implications for Dark Matter, consistent with Maxwell-Einstein's weak field equivalence. This also derives a fuller explanation of apparent superluminal motion within astrophysical jets using the postulates of Special Relativity. The historical background to this 'Discrete Field' model (DFM) is identified, further predictions are derived, and wider implications considered.
Category: Astrophysics

Further Research on the Quaoar Criterion

Authors: James Gunasekera
Comments: All databases and the source code are available. Abstract: Percentage of persons satisfying the criterion is higher than expected not only for Nobel Prize laureates, but also for winners of similar awards in similar categories: Ramon Magsaysay Award, Wolf Prize, Pulitzer Prize.

The main purpose of this study is to test the criterion and methods described in the article about Nobel Prize laureates[1] on other data. It was shown that the moments of birth of Nobel Prize laureates satisfy the so-called Quaoar criterion much more often than other moments. A random moment of time satisfies the criterion with probability around 0.245, but among the Nobel laureates 33.47% satisfy the criterion. Because there are 726 persons in five categories, this is a statistically significant deviation: 243 of them satisfy, while the mean value is 177.352, and the standard deviation is 11.535. Shape of the distribution is "bell curve". It was observed that deviation is higher if all laureates in Chemistry and Physics are excluded. +6.145 stdev if only 391 laureates in the remaining three categories are considered: Literature, Physiology/Medicine, Peace prize.
Category: Astrophysics

On the Radiation Problem of High Mass Stars

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 14 pages, 1 figure. Published: Research in Astron. Astrophys. 2010 Vol. 10 No. 11, pp.1137-1150

A massive star is defined to be one with mass greater than ~ 8-10M_☉. Central to the on-going debate on how these objects [massive stars] come into being is the socalled Radiation Problem. For nearly forty years, it has been argued that the radiation field emanating from massive stars is high enough to cause a global reversal of direct radial in-fall of material onto the nascent star. We argue that only in the case of a non-spinning isolated star does the gravitational field of the nascent star overcome the radiation field. An isolated non-spinning star is a non-spinning star without any circumstellar material around it, and the gravitational field beyond its surface is described exactly by Newton's inverse square law. The supposed fact that massive stars have a gravitational field that is much stronger than their radiation field is drawn from the analysis of an isolated massive star. In this case the gravitational field is much stronger than the radiation field. This conclusion has been erroneously extended to the case of massive stars enshrouded in gas & dust. We find that, for the case of a non-spinning gravitating body where we take into consideration the circumstellar material, that at ~ 8 - 10M_☉, the radiation field will not reverse the radial in-fall of matter, but rather a stalemate between the radiation and gravitational field will be achieved, i.e. in-fall is halted but not reversed. This picture is very different from the common picture that is projected and accepted in the popular literature that at ~ 8-10M_☉, all the circumstellar material, from the surface of the star right up to the edge of the molecular core, is expected to be swept away by the radiation field. We argue that massive stars should be able to start their normal stellar processes if the molecular core from which they form has some rotation, because a rotating core exhibits an Azimuthally Symmetric Gravitational Field which causes there to be an accretion disk and along this disk. The radiation field cannot be much stronger than the gravitational field, hence this equatorial accretion disk becomes the channel via which the nascent massive star accretes all of its material.
Category: Astrophysics

Bipolar Outflows as a Repulsive Gravitational Phenomenon Azimuthally Symmetric Theory of Gravitation (Ii)

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 26 pages, 2 Figures, Published in Research in Astron. Astrophys. 2010 Vol. 10 No. 11, 1151-1176

Abstract This reading is part in a series on the Azimuthally Symmetric Theory of Gravitation (ASTG) set-out in Nyambuya (2010a). This theory is built on Laplace-Poisson's well known equation and it has been shown therein (Nyambuya 2010a) that the ASTG is capable of explaining - from a purely classical physics standpoint; the precession of the perihelion of solar planets as being a consequence of the azimuthal symmetry emerging from the spin of the Sun. This symmetry has and must have an influence on the emergent gravitational field. We show herein that the emergent equations from the ASTG - under some critical conditions determined by the spin - do possess repulsive gravitational fields in the polar regions of the gravitating body in question. This places the ASTG on an interesting pedal to infer the origins of outflows as a repulsive gravitational phenomena. Outflows are an ubiquitous phenomena found in star forming systems and their true origins is a question yet to be settled. Given the current thinking on their origins, the direction that the present reading takes is nothing short of an asymptotic break from conventional wisdom; at the very least, it is a complete paradigm shift as gravitation is not at all associated; let alone considered to have anything to do with the out-pour of matter but is thought to be an all-attractive force that tries only to squash matter together into a single point. Additionally, we show that the emergent Azimuthally Symmetric Gravitational Field from the ASTG strongly suggests a solution to the supposed Radiation Problem that is thought to be faced by massive stars in their process of formation. That is, at ~ 8 - 10M_☉, radiation from the nascent star is expected to halt the accretion of matter onto the nascent star. We show that in-falling material will fall onto the equatorial disk and from there, this material will be channelled onto the forming star via the equatorial plane thus accretion of mass continues well past the curtain value of ~ 8-10M_☉ albeit via the disk. Along the equatorial plane, the net force (with the radiation force included) on any material there-on right up-till the surface of the star, is directed toward the forming star, hence accretion of mass by the nascent star is un-hampered.
Category: Astrophysics

Bipolar Outflows as a Repulsive Gravitational Phenomenon Azimuthally Symmetric Theory of Gravitation (Ii)

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 14 pages, submitted to MNRAS

This reading is part in a series on the Azimuthally Symmetric Theory of Gravitation (ASTG) set-out in Nyambuya (2010a). This theory is built on Laplace-Poisson's well known equation and it has been shown therein (Nyambuya 2010a) that the ASTG is capable of explaining - from a purely classical physics standpoint; the precession of the perihelion of solar planets as being a consequence of the azimuthal symmetry emerging from the spin of the Sun. This symmetry has and must have an influence on the emergent gravitational field. We show herein that the emergent equations from the ASTG - under some critical conditions determined by the spin - do possess repulsive gravitational fields in the polar regions of the gravitating body in question. This places the ASTG on an interesting pedal to infer the origins of outflows as a repulsive gravitational phenomena. Outflows are an ubiquitous phenomena found in star forming systems and their true origins is a question yet to be settled. Given the current thinking on their origins, the direction that the present reading takes is nothing short of an asymptotic break from conventional wisdom; at the very least, it is a complete paradigm shift as gravitation is not at all associated; let alone considered to have anything to do with the out-pour of matter but is thought to be an all-attractive force that tries only to squash matter together into a single point. Additionally, we show that the emergent Azimuthally Symmetric Gravitational Field from the ASTG strongly suggests a solution to the supposed Radiation Problem that is thought to be faced by massive stars in their process of formation. That is, at ~ 8 - 10M_☉, radiation from the nascent star is expected to halt the accretion of matter onto the nascent star. We show that in-falling material will fall onto the equatorial disk and from there, this material will be channeled onto the forming star via the equatorial plane thus accretion of mass continues well past the curtain value of ~ 8-10M_☉ albeit via the disk. Along the equatorial plane, the net force (with the radiation force included) on any material there-on right up-till the surface of the star, is directed toward the forming star, hence accretion of mass by the nascent star is un-hampered.
Category: Astrophysics

Another Explanation of the Cosmological Redshift

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 6 Pages.

The loss of energy of the photon with the time by emission of heat to the intergalactic space might explain the cosmological redshift.
Category: Astrophysics

Pending Problems in Qsos

Authors: Martín López-Corredoira
Comments: 15 pages, version published in Int. J. Astr. Astrophys, 1, 73. (previously it had been accepted by Invertis J. Sci. Techn. for a special issue, but finally the edition of that special issue was cancelled)

Quasars (Quasi Stellar Objects, abbreviated as QSOs) are still nowadays, close to half a century after their discovery, objects which are not completely understood. In this brief review a description of the pending problems, inconsistencies and caveats in the QSO's research is presented. The standard paradigm model based on the existence of very massive black holes that are responsible for the QSO's huge luminosities, resulting from to their cosmological redshifts, leaves many facts without explanation. There are several observations which lack a clear explanation, for instance: the absence of bright QSOs at low redshifts, a mysterious evolution not properly understood; the inconsistencies of the absorption lines, such as the different structure of the clouds along the QSO's line of sight and their tangential directions; the spatial correlation between QSOs and galaxies; and many others.
Category: Astrophysics

Pending Problems in Qsos

Authors: Martín López-Corredoira
Comments: 15 pages, Invited paper in the special issue on "Novel Ideas in Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics", Carlos Castro, Ed., to be published in the "Invertis Journal of Science and Technology".

Quasars (Quasi Stellar Objects, abbreviated as QSOs) are still nowadays, close to half a century after their discovery, objects which are not completely understood. In this brief review a description of the pending problems, inconsistencies and caveats in the QSO's research is presented. The standard paradigm model based on the existence of very massive black holes that are responsible for the QSO's huge luminosities, resulting from to their cosmological redshifts, leaves many facts without explanation. There are several observations which lack a clear explanation, for instance: the absence of bright QSOs at low redshifts, a mysterious evolution not properly understood; the inconsistencies of the absorption lines, such as the different structure of the clouds along the QSO's line of sight and their tangential directions; the correlation of redshifts between QSOs and galaxies; and many others.
Category: Astrophysics

Nobel Prize Laureates and Inexplicable Statistical Variations

Authors: James Gunasekera
Comments: all databases and the source code are included

Some inexplicable statistical variations in Nobel Prize laureates natal data are reported and discussed, with additional data examined afterwards. If observed on other similar data, the effect can be considered as astrobiological or astroanthropological. The observed strong correlation with Quaoar position is probably caused by the fact that Quaoar's cycle correlates with a non-trivial solar, lunar or terrestrial cycle. It is well known that some astronomical conditions influence human health, but the possibility of influence on long-term physiological and/or psychological characteristics since birth is still under question.
Category: Astrophysics

The Corona Effect

Authors: André Michaud
Comments: 20 pages

It can be shown that positron production and nucleosynthesis in the corona could be much more extensive than assumed from current theories. It can be shown also that there is a possibility that the extreme temperatures observed in the corona may be due to nucleon genesis within the corona and that most heavy elements in the planetary system could be indigenous to our system and could have been produced in the corona by nucleosynthesis.
Category: Astrophysics