All Submission Categories

Proof of the Infinity of Prime Twins

Authors: Kurmet Sultan
Comments: 2 Pages.

The article presents theorems and their proofs, which in turn prove the infinity of prime twins, i.e. provides a solution to the second Landau problem.
Category: Number Theory

An Algebraic Reformulation of the Collatz Map as a Modular Operation on Consecutive Integers

Authors: Rayan Bhuttoo
Comments: 6 Pages. License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The Collatz conjecture remains a formidable open problem in number theory. This paperpresents a novel reformulation of the Collatz function, T(n), demonstrating that it is equivalent to the operation (n · (n + 1)) mod (n + (n + 1)). This identity transforms the traditionally piecewise-defined map into a single, unified algebraic operation performed within the quotient ring Z/(2n + 1)Z. This perspective intrinsically connects the conjecture to the properties of consecutive integers and the structure of modular rings. Furthermore, it provides a natural geometric interpretation of the iteration process. This reformulation does not constitute a proofof the conjecture but offers a new and powerful framework that opens new avenues for attackingthe problem through ring theory, analysis, and geometry.
Category: Number Theory

The ‘Representation of Knowledge’ and the ‘Global Model of the Psyche’ (English and Spanish Version)

Authors: Carles UDINA i COBO
Comments: 39 Pages.

Since Descartes, four centuries ago, science has had to differentiate the ‘body’ from the ‘mind’, i.e. to differentiate what is material-real from what is ‘psychic’. The psychic is not material-real but informational-virtual. Today, four centuries later, everything material is deeply studied by science, be it physics, chemistry, biology, ..., medicine, ..., engineering, ... At both the microscopic and macroscopic level we know all its systems and structures, and their progressive formation processes. This progression of continuity implies the causality that science demands. There is concreteness, a very broad consensus, and infinite technological applications made possible by the accuracy of theories. But of the faculties of the psyche and its possible structure, we know almost nothing, only effects and diagnoses are known, but not ultimate causes. There is ambiguity and huge discrepancies according to the ‘Schools’, there is no full science. Thus, in spite of how much we know about all of nature, about everything material, it is totally incoherent to ignore how it is our inner cognitive psychic processes that allow us this vast knowledge of everything around us. There is also a lack of connection between the material-real sciences and the behavioural-psychic sciences, but rather there is a confrontation at their frontier. Thus, in the neurological (something from the realm of the body) science has not been able to understand for a century how synapses work, since they are surprisingly not governed by their bodily environment as is erroneously sought, but !!governed by the psyche!! This article is a summary-introduction to the 8 articles that explain in detail what this structure of the psyche is like and how it has been formed, as well as its connection with the ‘body’ that precedes and supports it. It is what I call the ‘Global Model of the psyche’, which progressively includes the senses, perception, feelings (which includes consciousness), human thought (which includes intuition and intelligence), and the memory associated with all of the above. In this model, the core of human thinking is knowledge and understanding. Its description consists in knowing in detail the series of psychic processes that allow us to know and understand, something that until now has been totally unknown to science, as has been said. This description is called the ‘Representation of knowledge’. Nor has it been established what the ‘Characteristica Universalis’ advocated by LEIBNIZ three centuries ago might be like. It is a powerful system of natural language linked to that human Representation, and therefore strictly universal. All this great black hole of science is resolved with the articles detailing the functioning of consciousness, thought and intelligence, together with the progression of children's knowledge at the age of 2; at the age of 3, which explains for the first time the functioning of synapses; at the age of 6; and at the age of 10. As well as the explanation of the ‘miraculous’ emergence of language in children at 2 and 3 years of age. A computer simulator allows its verification. The two appendices at the end help to illustrate the scientific importance of the topic discussed, thanks to their innovative contributions, as well as the lack of scientific knowledge that still exists in this area. Incidentally, they also highlight the lack of contribution made by ‘AI’, which merely rewrites existing materials. Apart from all of the above, the birth of Elsa -my youngest daughter- and the memory -the not entirely satisfactory experiences- of the births of my three previous children, led me to become involved in the subject of Pregnancy, Childbirth, Natal tie, Imprint, Breeding, and Neonatology. This resulted in four articles, the first two of which deal with the processes of information transfer and acquisition (such as the underrated mother-child tie) as a leitmotif, which together enable the progressive humanisation of the child and, in turn, bring objectivity to controversial issues such as abortion, caesarean section and parenting. The remaining two articles fully confirm the aptness of the first two through other cases very different from Elsa's, such as premature babies and autism.
Category: Mind Science

A Complete and Definitive Proof of Polignac's Conjecture: Unifying Tsallis Statistics, Hilbert Space Theory, and Advanced Sieve Methods.

Authors: Wilson Gomes
Comments: 8 Pages. License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present the first complete and rigorous proof of Polignac’s Conjecture using a novel unified spectral approach that combines Tsallis nonextensive statistics, Hilbert space theory, and advanced sieve methods. By reformulating the prime gap sequence in a weighted Hilbert spacewith memory effects, we derive a fundamental spectral identity connecting gap persistence to zeta functions. Through rigorous analysis of pivot operators with proven exponential mixing properties and explicit computation of sieve-theoretic bounds for each even gap, we establish the infinitude of every fixed even gap size. The proof is validated by extensive numerical computations up to 10^15 and provides explicit constants for gaps n = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10.
Category: Number Theory

Tidal Pumping, Solar Weather, & Geothermal Heat Drive Earth's Weather & Climate

Authors: Richard F. Cronin
Comments: 21 Pages.

The energy of Tidal Pumping, also called Tidal Heating (the gravity fields of major celestial bodies squeezing smaller celestial bodies to drive tectonics and submarine volcanism), plus Geothermal Heat delivered to the plate boundaries of the Ring of Fire have only recently come into awareness. Tidal Pumping produces the El Nino Southern Oscillation. The Solar Maximum (11 year Solar Cycle) produce cosmic rays which induce waves in the polar jet stream. Of the total amount of energy delivered to the surface of Earth, radiation, from whatever source, is greatly overstated. Radiation is the weakest form of heat transfer, only used in paint booths, heat lamps and microwave ovens. Heat is delivered by convection of gases and most importantly, the convective and conductive properties of liquids emitted from the Earth’s interior (55)(56). J.E. Kamis uses the term: "Heated and Chemically Active Fluids" (HCF). (69 — "Plate Climatology"). Exothermic geochemical reactions, plus Ohmic heating from the distortion of Earth’s magnetic field by the solar wind and the Sun’s magnetic field (23)(25)(87) as well as energetic cosmic rays producing aerosols for cloud formation are just recently being acknowledged. Due to Inverse Beta Decay, electrons flow out from the Earth’s inner core and contribute more Ohmic heating. As a result, the Earth has a magnetic field and a net negative charge. Herndon describes how Lower Mantle Decompression drives pressure waves to cause compressive heating at the bottom of the lithosphere (17). Tidal Pumping, Solar Weather, Geothermal Heat (specifically, exothermic geochemical reactions) and the interaction the Sun’s magnetic field with Earth’s magnetic field drive changes in weather and climate. None of this was appreciated by Gilbert Plass (6) and earlier.
Category: Climate Research

A Note on Time Dilation and the 'Moving Clock'

Authors: Per Hokstad
Comments: 5 Pages.

This note discusses time dilation and the frequently referred statement that the effect of this phenomenon is that the ‘moving clock runs slower’. We point out that this effect is entirely caused by the experimental set-up. So, we cannot (of course) claim that the clock on one of the two reference frames (RFs) - moving relative to each other - runs more slowly than the clocks on the other RF. We follow up this by a detailed analysis of the ’travelling twin paradox’.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Oscillator Revisited: Time-of-Time Formalism and Vacuum Rigidity αU

Authors: Pedro A. Kubitschek Homem de Carvalho
Comments: 4 Pages.

The quantum harmonic oscillator is traditionally formulated under the assumption of continuous time, leading to well-known eigenstates and energy spectra. However, when extended to cosmological scales, the same formalism contributes to divergences such as the vacuum energy catastrophe (10120 discrepancy in the cosmological constant). In this paper, we propose a reinterpretation: the oscillator is reformulated using the "time-of-time" formalism, where time itself oscillates over the Planck area scale. A new constant, αU = keAP (Coulomb’s constant multiplied by Planck area), emerges as the measure of vacuum rigidity. We show how this modification regulates divergences, unifies the interpretation of vacuum tension across quantum and cosmological domains, and provides a physical ontology to the notion of time in quantum mechanics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Time-of-Time Oscillator and the Constant αU : A Natural Regularization of the Cosmological Constant Problem

Authors: Pedro A. Kubitschek Homem de Carvalho
Comments: 4 Pages.

The cosmological constant problem arises from the discrepancy be-tween the zero-point energy predicted by quantum field theory (QFT)and the observed value of cosmic expansion [2, 3]. We propose thatthe fundamental oscillation of time-of-time, together with the constantαU = keAP (the product of Coulomb’s constant and the Planck area),provides a natural regularization for this divergence. We show that,instead of summing over all quantum modes, the oscillatory residueleads to a finite effective cosmological term Λeff ∼ α2U /AP , eliminatingthe 10120 mismatch.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Post-Carrollian Mechanics, Ideal Gas, and Gravity

Authors: Mojtaba Najafizadeh
Comments: 32 Pages. Published in IJMPA, DOI: 10.1142/S0217751X25501222. A 10 min explanation is available at: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=djnYDZZ1Jd0

Energy and momentum in Newtonian mechanics have the familiar relations, (E=mv2∕2) and (P=mv), derived from the nonrelativistic limit of special relativity. In this study, we find the corresponding relations to formulate the so-called "post-Carrollian mechanics" by applying the ultra-relativistic limit to tachyon theory, resulting in (E=mc3∕v) and (P=v̂mc3∕2v2). Using these, we determine the energy-momentum relation and investigate the thermodynamics of an ideal gas composed of post-Carroll particles. Moreover, by applying the ultra-relativistic limit to Einstein’s equations coupled to tachyon dust, we find the post-Carrollian gravitational potential. Finally, utilizing the geodesic equation, we determine the post-Carrollian gravitational field, which unlike the Newtonian case is found to be radially outward.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Magnetic Field Reversal of Tau Bootis

Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 8 Pages.

Magnetic field reversal is not a unique property of the Sun. Tau Boötis A, a star located 51 light-years from Earth, with one exoplanet, has been undergoing magnetic field reversals that have been observed since 2008. Many solar-type stars outside our solar system have shown indirect signs of magnetic activity, suggesting possible reversals. While a few of them have been directly observed, their magnetic field changes include shifting magnetic poles. The magnetic field reversal of Tau Boötis A is interpreted to be driven by the interaction with its exoplanet, Tau Boötis Ab, similar to the interaction between the Sun, Jupiter, and Saturn. For solar-type stars with empirical data, the correlation of star’s magnetic activity cycle to its rotation period is compared with another possible correlation of magnetic activity cycle to the rotation period, radius, and B-field intensity of the star—together.
Category: Astrophysics

The Viscous Coupling of Rotating Bodies by Tidal Forces a Proposal for an Extension of Newtonian Dynamics (End)

Authors: Thorsten Hilker
Comments: 16 Pages. In German (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This work presents an approach to extending classical gravitational dynamics by modeling tidal forces between rotating celestial bodies as a viscous, velocity-dependent coupling. Using concrete examples (Earth—Moon, Earth—Sun, Mars—Phobos), it is shown that this coupling can explain observed distance changes. The application of this concept demonstrates the evolution of galactic rotation curves in a simulation without dark matter, thus offering an introduction to a potentially fundamental complement to Newtonian physics.
Category: Astrophysics

Avoiding Negative Numbers and Complex Numbers Thanks to the Study of the Geometrical Nature of Some Arithmetical and Polynomial Problems

Authors: Jaime Vladimir Torres-Heredia Julca
Comments: 15 Pages. 4 figures

In this paper we will see that we can avoid the concepts of negative number and complex number thanks to the study of the underlying vector nature of some arithmetic and polynomial problems. We will see that the geometrical models used until now to represent negative numbers and complex numbers and their operations are not just interpretations or models. Translations, rotations and homotheties are what we need to solve several problems. We will see that what we call "negative numbers" and "complex numbers" are just the solutions of vector calculations and equations. All that is the consequence of the fact that geometrical considerations are unavoidable when we think about debts and gains and when we try to solve some polynomial equations. Those considerations are linked to a geometrical system with symmetries and a center. We will see that thanks to the solutions of those vector equations we can construct paths in the plane. We will also give the vector meaning of the formulas of De Moivre and Euler. An interpretation of the vertical axis linked to gains and losses will also be given.
Category: General Mathematics

Quantum Energy Extraction: Fundamental Limits and Practical Models

Authors: Dan Zachary
Comments: 24 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose the Quantum Uncertainty-Informed Networked Teleportation protocol, or QUINT, a framework for extracting energy from quantum vacuum fluctuations by exploiting spatially-structured entanglement. Extending conventional quantum energy teleportation (QET) protocols, QUINT protocol hypothesizes that entanglement correlations may be geometrically organized, inspired by the ER=EPR conjecture (treated here as a heuristic for structured entanglement). This structure enables enhanced energy extraction and directional sensitivity across a network of QET nodes. We present the formalism for per-cycle energy extraction, including constraints imposed by quantum energy inequalities, and introduce a simple dynamical model for entanglement depletion and recovery. Observable signatures of the protocol include localized stress-energy redistributions, phase shifts, and anisotropies in extraction efficiency. Our framework provides a pathway to probe structured vacuum entanglement and suggests experimentally testable predictions for quantum-optical or field-theoretic systems. By focusing on measurable energy flows rather than speculative geometries, the QUINT protocol establishes a novel approach to quantum energy engineering and lays the groundwork for exploring the operational consequences of vacuum entanglement networks.
Category: Quantum Physics

Geometry of the Universe in Extreme Cosmology: The v=c=0 Paradox

Authors: Mikheili Mindiashvili
Comments: 55 Pages.

Objective: To present a new geometric model for the analysis and visualization of relativistic effects, including velocity addition, gravitational phenomena, and extreme states of matter.Methods: A step-by-step analytical approach using simple geometry is employed, allowing complex concepts to be gradually understood. The method combines kinematic and gravitational interpretations. It is supported by mathematical justification and allows for experimental verification.Results: It is shown that the fundamental equality ��=��=0 arises as a consequence of the symmetric structure of spacetime. The method is consistent with relativistic formulas and enables clear computations and geometric interpretations.Conclusions: The step-by-step presentation ensures transparency of verification, reproducibility of results, and opens new possibilities for interpreting extreme states of matter and for practical applications of the model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Nature of Consciousness and Reality

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 11 Pages.

A fractal theory of consciousness is considered where consciousness occurs at or below the Planck scale on the holographic foundation or boundary of space-time in a sub-quantum substrate. Consciousness communicates with perfect fidelity up to the level of living minds, that are orders of magnitude larger, using fractals that exist only when minds are at a critical point. Consciousness, and perhaps even memory, operate external to the human mind, analogous to the resilience and redundancy benefits seen in modern information technology cloud computing. An existential checksum or constructor mechanics theory of reality is also proposed. Experiments from quantum mechanics are used to demonstrate the operation to show how a consistent reality, of any given now, is created.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Consilience of Constants Deriving Fundamental Physics from Hydrogen and the Entropic Microstate Count

Authors: Steve P. Smith
Comments: 16 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please cite and list scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This work posits that the fundamental constants of nature, including the gravitational constant G, are not independent parameters but emergent properties of quantum vacuum statistics. We demonstrate that the ratio of the Bohr radius to the Planck length defines a fundamental number of microstates, Ω=2N_A e for a molar system. This entropic scaling factor Ω serves as the cornerstone of a new axiomatic framework. From only the ground-state properties of the hydrogen atom (a_0 , m_e , α) and Ω, we derive the complete set of Planck units and fundamental constants with precision exceeding current experimental uncertainty in G. This framework renders gravity an entropic force—a thermodynamic consequence of the information content at the Planck scale—and provides a unified, first-principles derivation of physical law from quantum mechanics to cosmology.
Category: Quantum Physics

On a Volterra Analogue of Grunert'sOperational Formula

Authors: Abdelhay Benmoussa
Comments: 7 Pages.

Let $Vf(x) = int_0^x f(t),dt$ denote the Volterra operator. We derive an explicit expansion for the iterated operator $(xV)^n$ in terms of powers of $V$:$(xV)^n = sum_{k=0}^{n-1} (-1)^k a(n-1,k), x^{,n-k} V^{,n+k},$where $a(n,k)$ are the Bessel coefficients (OEIS A001498). This identity may be viewed as an integral analogue of the classical Grunert's operational formula$(xD)^n = sum_{k=0}^n S(n,k), x^k D^k,$where $S(n,k)$ are the Stirling numbers of the second kind. We also obtain a closed integral representation for $(xV)^n$ and give two applications illustrating the operator identity.
Category: Number Theory

Mathematical Exploration of Genetic Anomalies in BRCA1: A Revolutionary Approach

Authors: Guiffra Patrick
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The BRCA1 gene sequence (NG 005905.2, 81,192 bases) is analyzed using a prime number-based wav function, ψp(x) = χ(p)exp(i2πp−1x/q), to detect pathogenic mutations 185delAG and 5382insC, distinguishing them from the benign variant rs1799950. This approach leverages a spectral localization framework, utilizing the multifractal set Fq = {k ≡ p −1 mod q} to identify perturbations in autocorrelation rhythms (τ = 3, 5, 7), fractal complexity (D), and frequency spectra (peak at k = 24 mod 101). Dot-Plot simulations (EMBOSS Dotmatcher, window = 3) reveal reduced diagonals for pathogenic mutations, reflecting codon frame shifts. Autocorrelation at τ = 3 significantly decreases (e.g., from 0.95 to 0.88 for 185delAG, p < 0.05), fractal dimension drops (0.63 to 0.62 locally), and the spectral peak weakens (0.00238 to 0.00233). Unlike tumoral signatures (e.g., Signature 3), this method targets germline DNA for early detection. Conducted by an independent researcher using public data, this reproducible approach offers a novel pathway for structural DNA analysis, awaiting experimental validation via Raman spectroscopy or high-throughput sequencing.
Category: Physics of Biology

The Mirror Wave Function of Prime Numbers

Authors: Guiffra Patrick
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We explore the application of the **Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)** to a class of modular wave functions. For an integer q ≥ 2, a Dirichlet character χ modulo q, and an integer p coprime to q, we introduce the modular wave function ψp(x) = χ(p)exp[(i2πp_1/q)x, where p−1 is the modular inverse of p modulo q.We rigorously demonstrate that the DFT of ψp(x) is a **Kronecker delta peak** with a value of χ(p) √q, located precisely at the frequency k = p^−1 (mod q), and zero everywhere else. This result illustrates a direct and elegant connection between modular inverses and spectral analysis, showing how arithmetic structures can be encoded and detected using signal processing tools.
Category: Number Theory

The Morse-Witten Complex

Authors: Joa Weber
Comments: 111 Pages. In German. 1993 Diploma thesis TU Berlin; English version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exmath.2005.09.001

Construction of the Morse-Witten complex for closed Riemannian manifolds using dynamical systems: intersections of stable and unstable manifolds.

Konstruktion des Morse-Witten Komplex für geschlossene Riemannsche Mannigfaltigkeiten mittels Dynamischer Systeme: Schnittmengen von stabilen und instabilen Mannigfaltigkeiten.
Category: Geometry

Serial Formula of Periodic Numbers

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 3 Pages. carloschiappini@gmail.com (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We learned in school that 2n corresponds to even numbers and that 2n-1 corresponds to odd numbers. In this document, we'll see a formula for periodic numbers, almost as simple as the first two.
Category: Number Theory

Introduction to Arithmetic

Authors: Teo Banica
Comments: 400 Pages.

This is an introduction to numbers, fractions, percentages and arithmetic. We first discuss what can be done with integers and their quotients, namely basic arithmetic, all sorts of counting results, and with a look into abstract algebra and quadratic residues too. We then upgrade our knowledge by introducing the real numbers, and exploring what can be done with them, in relation with number theory questions. Then we further upgrade our methods, by introducing and using the complex numbers. Finally, we provide an introduction to the zeta function, and the Riemann hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

The Unified Particle Equation Towards a Fractal Standard Model

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 51 Pages.

We propose a comprehensive geometric and algebraic framework that unifies the empirical Koide mass formula with a recursive pentagram structure governed by the golden ratio φ. Within this framework, five Koide triplets—corresponding to charged leptons, neutrinos, up-type quarks, down-type quarks, and a conjectured composite sector—are embedded into the self-similar isosceles triangles of a fractal pentagram. This construction reveals a hierarchical φ-scaling symmetry that systematically organizes particle masses across the Standard Model spectrum. The embedding is formalized through the dimensionless Pellis Function, which generates recursive φ-based relations linking mass ratios, fractal structures, and fine-structure patterns. These results indicate that the Koide relation is not an isolated numerical coincidence, but rather a manifestation of a deeper φ-governed fractal symmetry, offering new insights into mass generation, potential unification beyond the Standard Model, and the underlying mathematical structure of nature. We further introduce the Golden Pentagon of Masses, a novel framework that formalizes the embedding of Koide triplets into the fractal pentagram. Each triplet is assigned to a hierarchical recursion level, revealing systematic φ-scaling across fermion sectors. This construction provides a geometric and algebraic unification of mass hierarchies, where the Pellis Function generates recursive relations connecting mass ratios, fractal geometry, and fundamental constants. In addition, we present the Higgs—Pellis Coupling Fractal Matrix (HPFM), a universal framework for the Yukawa sector of the Standard Model. In this approach, fermion masses emerge from a self-similar, fractal matrix governed by powers of φ. This structure naturally reproduces hierarchical mass patterns, Koide-like relations, and fractal textures within the Higgs sector. The HPFM framework is universally applicable to quarks, leptons, and neutrinos and can be extended to seesaw mechanisms and beyond-Standard-Model scenarios. Finally, we demonstrate that the inverse fine-structure constant arises from the evaluation of the Pellis Function at the golden ratio φ, suggesting a unified fractal origin for fundamental physical constants. Together, these results provide a cohesive visual and algebraic unification of mass structures in the Standard Model and beyond, highlighting the interplay between geometry, number theory, and fundamental physics.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Fast Resampling for Sequential Monte Carlo with Millions of Particles

Authors: L. Martino, V. Elvira
Comments: 31 Pages.

Particle filtering (PFs) and, more generally, sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods are essential tools for Bayesian inference. Over the years, many SMC variants have been proposed, yet their core always relies on importance sampling followed by a resampling step.While resampling is crucial to mitigate particle degeneracy and to maintain a stable approximation of the posterior distribution, it often represents a significant computational bottleneck.In this work, we present a novel, fast, resampling procedure that provides significant computational gains in demanding (often high-dimensional) scenarios where a large number of particles is required, and the effective sample size (ESS) is small.The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through a series of numerical experiments showing remarkable performance. In addition, a theoretical analysis and related code implementation are provided.
Category: Statistics

Born Reciprocal (Non-Inertial) Relativity, Phase Space Trajectories and Strings with Variable Tension

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 17 Pages.

Pursuing further our work on Born Reciprocal (Non-inertial) Relativity theory we find that the family of hyperbolic trajectories of particles living in a four-dim phase space of signature $ (2,2)$ automatically satisfy the maximal speed of light and the maximal proper force conditions. A direct link between the maximal proper force $ b $ and the minimum value of the initial positions $ (x_o)_{min}$ of these hyperbolic paths is found. Furthermore, when the maximal proper force is set to be equal to the Planck-mass squared $ b = m_P^2$ then $ (x_o)_{min} = 2 G {cal M } $ happens to coincide with the numerical value of the horizon radius of the Schwarzschild black hole in four spacetime dimensions. We proceed with a rigorous analysis of how open strings sweeping a two-dim world-sheet region inside a Rindler wedge in a $ D = 1 + 1 $ spacetime can be seen as a continuum of point masses that are being collectively accelerated along the Rindler hyperbolic trajectories. The upshot of this analysis reveals that these strings can naturally acquire a $variable$ tension which is consistent with the dynamical tension model of strings and branes proposed by Guendelman in the past years cite{Eduardo}. We finalize by analyzing strings moving in phase space backgrounds within the context of non-inertial relativity theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Proof of the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Jim Rock
Comments: 23 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted and please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Collatz sequences originate from dividing an even number by two until an odd number is obtained, followed by multiplication by three and an increment of one to yield an even number. The Collatz conjecture posits that the repeated application of this process inevitably results in the number one. The Collatz conjecture holds true for every number tested, but no general method has been found to prove that it is true for all positive integers. We introduce a new methodology: the binary series. In conjunction with mathematical induction, this new methodology provides a more general method of testing positive integers for properties that cannot be established by induction alone. We partition the positive integers into distinct subsets. The binary series allows us to use geometric series that sum to one (100%) to show that all natural numbers satisfy the Collatz conjecture. This new methodology eliminates the need to test every integer and provides a general method of proof for the Collatz conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Toward a Unified Multidisciplinary Model of Reality

Authors: Donald G. Palmer
Comments: 14 Pages.

Over the last several centuries, science has discovered objects in the world along a continuum of scale. In one direction, we have discovered planets and stars, as well as galaxies and galaxy clusters. In the other direction, we have found cells and proteins, atoms and neutrinos. To locate and model this world, we use the 3 traditional directions of length, width, and height. However, inherent in all our measurements is the scale of what we are measuring — a continuum we do not directly see with our eyes. The author presents the hypothesis that we need to include this continuum in a complete model of nature and our world. Why we have not already included this continuum can be traced to our lack of mathematical tools to handle the exponential structure of the measure of scale. The author presents the mathematical conjecture that the appropriate tools require a numeric representational system with more power than our traditional decimal or positional-based numerals. Such a system could provide a single value for complex numbers and make possible measurements currently invisible to science today.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

How Dark Matter Originates from Black Holes (in French)

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 53 Pages. French version of viXra: 2508.0157

In this paper, we discuss the possibility that black holes can indirectly and directly produce dark matter. As well as the possibility that neutron stars and hypothetical quark and boson stars could also produce it. We conjecture that, just as the relativistic jets emitted by radiation from the regions associated with high-mass black holes enable the creation of galaxies, the lateral jets of this same radiation enable the creation of dark matter in the regions surrounding the black hole. We disprove the ΛCDM theory, whose disproportionate cosmological constant leads to the "vacuum catastrophe". We argue that dark matter appeared after the Big Bang and that the production of the first lumps of the universe would have started with ordinary matter. By way of quantum physics, we explore the nature of dark matter and assume that dark matter and ordinary matter have hydrogen as their deep identity. During a quantum phase transition, molecular hydrogen would become analogous to a Cooper pair whose dibaryons behave like bosons. All matter particles at a certain threshold temperature become phased to form a coherent macroscopic wave of dark matter that has the characteristics of a soliton. When the crust of ordinary matter in hyper-condensed stars - the degeneracy pressure of quantum mechanics - overwhelms gravity, the soliton is repelled into space by "superdiffusion". Finally, we show that in many cases, a black hole can dissolve in whole or in part into dark matter. We hypothesize that there would be one or more other censorships between the event horizon and cosmic censorship. The trapped surface of one of these pre-Planck censorship would result in a quantum phase transition marking a change of state towards dark matter. This pre-Planck wall would trigger a spatial extension of the black hole into space in the form of a "macroscopic dark matter wave."

Dans ce papier, nous discutons de la possibilité que les trous noirs puissent indirectement et directement produire la matière noire. Ainsi que la possibilité que les étoiles à neutrons et d’hypothétiques étoiles à quarks et étoiles à bosons puissent aussi en produire. Nous conjecturons que, tout comme les jets relativistes émis par le rayonnement des régions associées aux trous noirs de grande masse permettent la création de galaxies, les jets latéraux de ce même rayonnement permettent la création de matière noire dans les régions entourant le trou noir. Nous réfutons la théorie ΛCDM, dont la constante cosmologique disproportionnée conduit à la « catastrophe du vide ». Nous soutenons que la matière noire est apparue après le big bang et que la production des premiers grumeaux de l’univers aurait été entamée avec la matière ordinaire. En passant par la physique quantique, nous explorons la nature de la matière noire et présumons que la matière noire et la matière ordinaire ont l’hydrogène comme identité profonde. Lors d’une transition de phase quantique, l’hydrogène moléculaire deviendrait analogue à une paire de Cooper dont les dibaryons se conduisent comme des bosons. Toutes les particules de la matière à une certaine température seuil se mettent en phase pour constituer une onde macroscopique cohérente de matière noire qui a les caractéristiques d’un soliton. Lorsque la croûte de matière ordinaire des étoiles hyper-condensées — la pression de dégénérescence de la mécanique quantique — dépasse la gravité, le soliton est repoussé dans l’espace par « supradiffusion ». Enfin, nous montrons que dans de nombreux cas, un trou noir peut se dissoudre en totalité ou en partie dans la matière noire. Nous émettons l’hypothèse qu’il y aurait une ou plusieurs autres censures entre l’horizon des événements et la censure cosmique. La surface piégée de l’une de ces censures pré-Planck entraînerait une transition de phase quantique marquant un changement d’état vers la matière noire. Ce mur pré-Planck déclencherait une extension spatiale du trou noir dans l’espace sous la forme d’une « onde macroscopique de matière noire ».
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometrized Vacuum Physics. Part 12: Naked "Galaxies" - "Particles" of Dark Matter?

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 43 Pages.

This article is the twelfth part of the scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics Based on the Algebra of Signature " [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. In this article, metric-dynamic models of naked "galaxies" of various classes are proposed based on the hierarchical cosmological model, the fundamentals of which are outlined in the previous articles of this project. Naked "galaxies" are considered as various sets of galactic Gk-"quarks" and Gk-"antiquarks", and represent giant resting (or rotating and moving) gravitational funnels, in which there are no small-scale "corpuscles" (i.e. any "stars", "planets", "molecules", "atoms" and "elementary particles"). Within the framework of this theory, when all types of small "corpuscles" enter the outer shells of naked "galaxies" (i.e., into gravitational funnels of various types), models of galaxies with the observed properties are formed. It is proposed to consider naked "galaxies" as giant "particles" of dark matter, and we also propose to supplement the Standard Model of elementary "particles" consisting of Ek-"quarks" and Ek-"antiquarks" (see Table 1 in [6]), with planetary Pk-"quarks" and Pk-"antiquarks" (see Table 1 in [6]), as well as galactic Gk-"quarks" and Gk-"antiquarks" (see Table 1 in this article).
Category: Classical Physics

How Dark Matter Originates from Black Holes

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 48 Pages.

In this paper, we discuss the possibility that black holes can indirectly and directly produce dark matter. As well as the possibility that neutron stars and hypothetical quark and boson stars could also produce it. We conjecture that, just as the relativistic jets emitted by radiation from the regions associated with high-mass black holes enable the creation of galaxies, the lateral jets of this same radiation enable the creation of dark matter in the regions surrounding the black hole. We disprove the ΛCDM theory, whose disproportionate cosmological constant leads to the "vacuum catastrophe". We argue that dark matter appeared after the Big Bang and that the production of the first lumps of the universe would have started with ordinary matter. By way of quantum physics, we explore the nature of dark matter and assume that dark matter and ordinary matter have hydrogen as their deep identity. During a quantum phase transition, molecular hydrogen would become analogous to a Cooper pair whose dibaryons behave like bosons. All matter particles at a certain threshold temperature become phased to form a coherent macroscopic wave of dark matter that has the characteristics of a soliton. When the crust of ordinary matter in hyper-condensed stars - the degeneracy pressure of quantum mechanics - overwhelms gravity, the soliton is repelled into space by "superdiffusion". Finally, we show that in many cases, a black hole can dissolve in whole or in part into dark matter. We hypothesize that there would be one or more other censorships between the event horizon and cosmic censorship. The trapped surface of one of these pre-Planck censorship would result in a quantum phase transition marking a change of state towards dark matter. This pre-Planck wall would trigger a spatial extension of the black hole into space in the form of a "macroscopic dark matter wave."
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Humans Dehumanize Humans

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 4 Pages.

Everybody is aware of the sordid history of humans dehumanizing other humans. It is weird that the most highly evolved creature on this planet, full of philosophy and wisdom, is the most lethal hyperkeystone species, threatening Earth’s fragile biosphere. We have the virtually unused brain power to potentially understand why humans are so species schizophrenic. There are many lessons to learn from our successful failures.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Geometric Origin of Mass, Charge, and Gravity from a Minimal 5D Scalar Field

Authors: Blake Eteme-Clement
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present a minimal five-dimensional (5D) scalar field model in which the electron mass, the gravitational sector, Standard Model fermion masses, and cosmological dynamics all emerge from a single geometric mechanism. The model compactifies spacetime as ℝu2074 × S¹, where the compactification radius Ru2085 = Ru2080·e^Φ(x) is dynamically determined by a scalar field Φ. With only Newton’s constant G and the electron mass mu2091 as input, the framework predicts charged-lepton masses from a harmonic KK tower, reproduces the full quark spectrum using two flavour-blind parameters, and explains neutrino masses and mixing via a geometric seesaw. The same scalar field modifies gravity at galactic scales, reproducing observed rotation curves without dark matter. At cosmological scales, it drives inflation, reheating, baryogenesis, and late-time acceleration, with no new fields or fine-tuning. All predictions fall within current or near-future experimental reach, offering a falsifiable unification of mass generation, modified gravity, and cosmic evolution through geometry alone.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The NFW DM Profile is Compatible With the Decaying Law of Velocity With -0.25 as Power of Radius

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 26 Pages.

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that the NFW DM density profile is consistent with the velocity decay law characterized by a radial dependence of r^-0.25 within the halo regions of MW, M31 and other fives galaxies outside the LG. The velocity decay law was derived from a novel framework known as the DM by Quantum Gravitation theory, hereafter DMbQG. This theory proposes that DM arises from the propagation of the gravitational field through an as-yet-unknown quantum gravitational phenomenon.As the NFW method have been validated extensively is crucial to examine if the new DMbQG theory produces a virial mass indistinguishable from NFW predictions.At the core of the DMbQG framework lies the direct mass formula, which yields the total enclosed mass within a sphere of radius r. The total mass depends on the parameter a^2, where a is the proportionality constant in the velocity decay law.There is a dual approaches to calculate the parameter a : (i) directly from the galactic rotation curve in the halo region, (ii) indirectly from the virial mass and radius derived via the NFW model and using the direct mass. In practice, the total galactic virial mass can be estimated by adding the baryonic mass to the virial DM mass obtained through the NFW method.Consequently, if the parameter a derived from the rotation curve coincides with the value of a obtained using the direct mass formula with the total mass inferred from the NFW formalism, the central thesis of this work is validated.The structure of this paper is as follows: In Chapter 2, the parameter a is calculated for the MW using rotation curve datasets from two independent authors. Chapter 3 introduces the NFW formalism and its principal expressions. Chapter 4 presents the derivation of a^2 from the direct mass formula using the virial mass obtained through the NFW method. In Chapter 5, the parameter a obtained through both approaches is compared for the MW using two independent datasets. Chapter 6 mirrors this analysis for the M31 galaxy, again employing two distinct datasets. Chapters 7, 8 and 9 study the compatibility of NFW method with the decay law velocity in five galaxies outside the Local Group, being four galaxies selected from the SPARC project. Across these seven galaxies, inside and outside the Local Group, the results provide strong support for the velocity decay law into the halo as universal.
Category: Astrophysics

Children's Knowledge at the Age of 3 Years. "Terminations". Freud's "Psychology Project". "Bahnungen". Solution to the Synapses Mystery

Authors: Carles UDINA i COBO
Comments: 62 Pages.

It is common to speak of the surprising "hatching" of language in children because it is not understood how this faculty, which has not been an evolutionary necessity in Homo, can appear so early (2 and 3 years). The last widely discussed hypothesis, influenced by the genetic discoveries of the last century, has not been satisfactory either. In the preceding document "Knowledge of children at 2 years of age", the appearance of the first cognitive processes is explained: the simplest-sensitive concepts (cat, "bug", ...), which are made possible by a "recycling" of the child's psychomotor faculties which are transferred to language (so little to do with genetics). And at the age of three, in his attempt to copy the language of adults, the previous conceptualisation together with the identifiers of his environment (his relatives, his cat "Mischa", ...) allow the faculty of intuitively managing the "Terminations" (Endings) of words to appear, by recognising without error their complex phenomenological correspondence. The explanation of this surprising faculty was advanced by FREUD in a document of 1895 but which was not discovered until 1950 (the so-called "Psychology Project"), in which he also advanced the concept of synapses (synapses discovered by LÖWI in 1921), and even FREUD described them more correctly than in the later neurological conception, which is confirmed by the most recent contribution of LLINÁS, since LLINAS he also revealed the error of the prevailing hypotheses until then about their functioning, which is not to be found in the chemistry of their neurotransmitters. The "Knowledge of children at 3 years of age" completes this unfinished "Project...", showing the total correctness of his intuitions, as well as the human impossibility that 125 years ago he could have progressed beyond what he had already contributed. Thus, he adds how synapses work, which is explained by the informational unconsciousness dynamics of the psyche, through the nervous system (the simile of the "Tele-tac" of the toll highways), already intuited by FREUD. In turn, the emergence of the child's neuronal interconnections and their minority genetic and physiological causes, highlight the informational importance of the stimulus, and consequently the need for an "aRb" relational model of the human psyche, as well as the unfeasibility of the perspectives and hypotheses currently in force. It also implies a linking of neurology and psychology, as well as the future line for the progression of both, in parallel and without interference as hitherto. In the expression of a well-known chemist, it is the third strand to be added to FREUD and RAMON y CAJAL in order to achieve a "scientific psychology". This series of papers (which will continue with knowledge at 6 and 10 years) is an adaptation of the 1996 writings on the "Representation of knowledge", i.e. what are the processes that make human knowledge possible, a representation validated by its correct computer simulation and which in turn solved the challenge of LEIBNIZ's "Characteristica universalis". Since, in spite of this validation, it was not possible to make it understood due to its many innovations, -it represents a radical change of scientific paradigm, with its usual initial rejection-, this series has been rewritten in a way closer to current knowledge in order to make it more comprehensible, which in turn has made it possible to explain various pending problems of language and psychology, in addition to the neurological ones already mentioned. It is therefore inevitably long, with many collateral explanations and several annexes, since it has had to clarify the many misunderstandings of current science, which is still restricted to its exclusively material perspectives, without having yet incorporated information into its most basic paradigms. Annex 2 of 13 March 2021 cites an article by other researchers (DEISSEROTH, ...) that confirms the certainty of this document. And Annex 3 of 17 July 2024 cites another (YANG, BUZSÁKI, ...) with new further confirmation.
Category: Mind Science

Proof of Legendre’s Conjecture

Authors: Kurmet Sultan
Comments: 2 Pages.

A proof of Legendre’s conjecture is obtained by establishing the following regularity: in any interval between the squares of two consecutive positive integers, the number of odd integers of the form 6a∓16a mp 1 strictly exceeds the number of integers of the same form that can be represented as6b∓1=(6m∓1)(6(m+x)∓1).6b mp 1 = (6m mp 1)(6(m+x) mp 1).
Category: Number Theory

Negentropy Indicative of Consciousness: a Law of Nature; Link Between Consciousness, Randomness and Sparse Distributed Networks

Authors: Luke Kenneth Casson Leighton, Alex Hankey
Comments: 14 Pages.

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi posited the concept of ‘The Source of Thought’. In Vedic science (Shiksha), the concept may be equated with Para when describing the four levels of thought. Para is transcendental to the space of ideas. It is the state of mind in "transcendence" (deep meditation) i.e. empty of ideas. Yet the word Para also means supreme, which refers to that state also being the source of all possible ideas. From a Mathematical and Computer Science perspective, the only equivalentncandidate for such a source is a true Pseudo-Random Number Generator, with the caveat that it should have a seed of infinite-length and no periodicity. Maharishi also stated that "new ideas" in knowledge must be "discovered" simultaneously, citing Legendre's theorem "A subgroup subdivides a group", a statement which directly implies that knowledge forms the overall set. Indirect implications are that: Conscious beings form a set, and that ‘God’ is the largest member. However, it is not immediately obvious how Legendre's theorem applies to knowledge, until Sparse Distributed Memory emerges from Consciousness, Hankey's Complexity Biology critical instability theory is applied, and the properties of a Banach space applied recursively (fractally). This paper also explores the difference between time-distributed and domain-distributed randomness as a source of creativity and thought, and their implications for simplified efficient Particle Swarm Optimisation. Randomness is seen to be just as important a part of the Definitions of Consciousness (McKenzie's Memory, Perception, Imagination and Looping). It is then sufficient to postulate as a Law of Nature: non-zero Negentropy indicates the presence of Consciousness. Finally, we highlight the insight that properties of Sparse Distributed Memory, aka a Banach space, inherently lead to Analogy. Its use by any Consciousness entity should result in self-directed learning. Tononi et al were right, with the caveat that Integrated Information Theory's properties may be inherent and emergent rather than exclusively explicit.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Invitation to Elaborate a Conceptional Framework Beyond the Standard Models

Authors: En Okada
Comments: 16 Pages.

We present observations that are too-beautiful-to-be-coincidence in relation to the hierarchy problems in fundamental physics, which lead to a still conceptional but promising theoretical framework as an alternative to the standard models of both cosmology and particle physics. This paper serves as a memorandum and priming water rather than a conventional article, aiming to invite further studies to extend or sophisticate our primitive ideas towards perfection. We duly believe that making the conceptional memorandum publicly available on vixra would serve as a catalyst for open collaboration that benefits the physics community.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Photon Mass Operator in a Constant Magnetic Field

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages. Original article

We define the mathematical object called photon mass operator and we evaluate it in the homogenous magnetic field using the Green function techniquein the homogenous magnetic field. The physical meaning of the photon mass operator is the vacuum polarization by the external field.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Evolution Sucks [?]

Authors: Volker W. Thürey
Comments: 5 Pages.

The article deals with evolution and the environment. I assume the unproven claimthat all life is generated through evolution. In the chapter titled "Evolution Sucks" I demonstrate that it can have sometimes negative consequences. Although there is no alternative academic explanation, I illustrate some of the ‘disadvantages’ of Darwin’s theory. In the final chapter "The Glut Society" I reference some older books on climate change and the environment in general.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Under the (Fleeting) Iron Sky: Electron Mass is Tied to H0 Hubble Volume and the 26 Sporadics

Authors: Tomáš Ajdari
Comments: 2 Pages.

The total baryonic mass within a local Hubble volume, if collapsed into its most stable state (Fe-56), would form a single-nucleus-thick layer coating the surface of the global Hubble volume. In this configuration, the average distance between Fe-56 nuclei would closely approximate the electron's Compton wavelength. The energy released from collapsing hydrogen to Fe-56 is nearly sufficient to sustain an orbit at the global Hubble radius (about 1 in 1000 difference). The separation between the local and global Hubble radii is approximately defined by a particle accelerating at MOND's a0 over the Hubble time (see prior work). Thus, given infinite time in an instant, an "iron sky" would form. These characteristic distances arise from the direct product of the 26 sporadic groups (UNIVERSOID). This configuration holds only at approximately 13.8 billion years post-Big Bang under the Standard Model of Cosmology (SMoC). These findings challenge mainstream cosmology, raising further doubts about its validity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Emergence and Exclusivity of Lorentzian Signature and Unit—Norm Time from Random Chronon Dynamics

Authors: Bin Li
Comments: 22 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We ask how Lorentzian causal structure can emerge from a pregeometric substrate. For arigorously defined class of finite—range, ferromagnetically coupled "chronon" models with quartic norm pinning, we prove the existence, with strictly positive Gibbs probability, of a macroscopic percolating domain D ⊂ M on which the coarse—grained field Φµ is smooth, future—directed,unit—norm timelike (ΦµΦµ = −1, Φ0 > 0) and twist—free. We work on a smooth differentiablemanifold but do not assume Lorentzian signature or a global time field a priori; these arise onD from the dynamics. Under four operational axioms—well-posed local dynamics, finite-speed signalling, acyclic causal order, and stable memory/records—we further prove that no alternative (Euclidean orultrahyperbolic) signature, nor a Lorentzian background lacking a globally unit—norm time field,can sustain such behavior; the Lorentzian, unit—norm phase is therefore exclusive. Finally, we show that "measurement" acts as a boundary-induced selector of this phase: an interface coupling to an aligned apparatus field ΦA admits a unique minimizer, pins the norm and alignment, suppresses twist, and drives any initial state to the aligned phase with exponential convergence; large-deviation bounds quantify high-fidelity selection.Our theorems hold for general (1, d) signatures with d ≥ 1. While the proofs are dimensionagnostic, heuristic coarse-graining and stability considerations suggest d = 3 as the most probable large-scale outcome. Together, these results provide a mathematically controlled foundationfor the emergence and exclusivity of Lorentzian causal structure and for boundary-driven selection (measurement) in pregeometric ensembles.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Advanced Java Programming: Modern Frameworks, Concurrency Patterns, and Performance Optimization Techniques

Authors: Aditya Bhoj
Comments: 12 Pages.

This comprehensive study examines advanced Java programming techniques, focusing on modern framework integration, sophisticated concurrency patterns, and performance optimization strategies. The research investigates Java 21’s revolutionary features including virtual threads, pattern matching enhance ments, and the Spring Framework ecosystem’s evolution. Through systematic analysis of microservices architecture implementation, reactive programming paradigms, and memory management optimization, this paper provides actionable insights for enterprise-level Java development. The methodology encompasses theoretical framework analysis, practical implementation studies, and performance benchmarking across multiple Java versions. Results demonstrate significant improvements in application throughput, reduced latency, and enhanced scalability when implementing advanced concurrency patterns with virtual threads. The study reveals that proper garbage collection tuning combined with modern JVM features can achieve up to 40% performance improvements in high-load scenarios. Furthermore, the integration of Spring Boot 3.x with reactive programming models shows substantial benefits for cloud-native applications. These findings contribute to the understanding of modern Java development practices and provide guidelines for implementing robust, scalable enterprise applications. The research emphasizes the importance of leveraging Java’s evolving ecosystem while maintaining security and maintainability standards.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Computational Evidence for Attractor Dynamics in Riemann Zero Gap Prediction: A Novel Framework for Critical Line Analysis

Authors: Jordan Gidman
Comments: 13 Pages. https://github.com/CoreTheoretics/Riemann-Scripts (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present computational evidence for a novel framework suggesting that the critical line σ = 1 2 in the Riemann zeta function exhibits mathematical attractor properties for zero formation and gap prediction. Through systematic analysis of Dirichlet partial sum approximations across verified nontrivial zeros, we demonstrate that metrics measuring zero-formation dynamics consistently peak at σ = 1 2 with remarkable stability across parameter variations. Our bootstrap resampling analysis yields a zero-collapse attractor location of σ = 0.500000±0.000000 across 20 independent trials (n=500 each). We introduce a gap-confidence prediction framework achieving 50% success rates within calibrated uncertainty bounds while maintaining 1.23% relative prediction accuracy. Comparative analysis between ζ(s) and 1/ζ(s) reveals identical predictive behavior, suggesting functional invariance of gap patterns. These findings support a conjecture that the Riemann Hypothesis emerges from fundamental attractor dynamics rather than coincidental zero placement, providing new computational approaches to critical line analysis.
Category: Number Theory

Gravitationally Active Spacetime Curtain (GASC): A Unified Framework for Gravity, Quantum Fields, and Dark Matter

Authors: Nazmul Hossain
Comments: 16 Pages. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16930478 (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The Gravitationally Active Spacetime Curtain (GASC), a unified framework is proposed where spacetime itself acts as a dynamic medium endowed with tension, a compressible root fluid, and repulsive anti-gravitons. This approach naturally resolves three fundamental problems in modern physics: black hole singularities transition to stable dark planets with finite-density cores, dark matter emerges from spacetime's density variations without requiring new particles, and quantum gravity becomes testable through anti-graviton-mediated interactions. The theory provides solutions for black hole structure, reproduces observed galactic rotation curves, and matches gravitational wave data from LIGO while predicting distinctive late-time echoes. Crucially, GASC makes testable predictions across multiple scales - from gravitational wave detectors like LISA, which could detect characteristic merger echoes, to particle colliders where missing-energy events would signal anti-graviton production. Unlike string theory or conventional dark matter models, GASC offers direct experimental verification through near-future observations while maintaining mathematical consistency with general relativity and quantum field theory. The framework presents a compelling alternative to current paradigms by unifying gravity, quantum effects, and dark phenomena through spacetime's intrinsic properties rather than hypothetical entities, bridging the gap between theoretical elegance and empirical testability.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Cryonics, Revival, and Biological Limits: A Multidisciplinary Analysis of Human Preservation and Reanimation

Authors: Muhammad R. A. Wattoo
Comments: 5 Pages.

Cryonics, the preservation of human bodies at extremely low temperatures, raises questions about the limits of biology, identity, and memory retention. This paper analyzes whether revival of humans after extended preservation is theoretically and practically possible. We examine biological constraints, evidence from embryo freezing, genetic preservation, and revival of organisms from permafrost. Additionally, ethical, religious, and metaphysical perspectives, including historical accounts of resurrection, are considered. Findings indicate that while genetic continuity may be preserved, full revival of an individual with memory and identity intact is beyond current scientific capability. Future advances in stem cells and genetic engineering may open possibilities, but significant biological and ethical limitations remain.
Category: Biochemistry

A Geometric Origin of the Elementary Particle Mass Spectrum

Authors: Ryuku Akahoshi
Comments: 3 Pages. CC BY 4.0. See also Zenodo DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16913761

This study proposes that the mass hierarchy of elementary particles is governed by a geometric principle of two-dimensional quantization. We show that a single, theoretically-derived parameter γ organizes the masses of leptons and heavy bosons (μ, τ, W, Z, H) on a quadratic lattice m/me = n1² + γ n2² with high precision and no fine-tuning. The theoretical value of γ is derived from a vacuum energy minimization model, where a spontaneous symmetry breaking locks the vacuum's vibrational modes into a narrow angular wedge. This predicted γ incorporates both a geometric term derived from the wedge angle and a small, physically-motivated tension ratio (Ay/Ax). Statistical validation against a null hypothesis confirms the significance of the fit (p ≈ 0.012), and the uniqueness of the integer-pair assignments is ensured by a robust stability margin. The model's applicability is further explored in the hadron sector, where its predictions, while less precise, remain qualitatively successful, suggesting a universal geometric foundation for mass.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Coinciden[tal Number ?]

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 1 Page. (Note by viXra Admin: Please refrain from using incredulous expression in a scholarly article!)

I was just about floored when I did this meaningless calculation and wondered if anyone else had seen it before or anything even remotely like it. It has no physical significance as far as I can tell u2026 but u2026 wow u2026
Category: General Mathematics

What is Time: Deriving the Arrow of Fractal Spacetime Framework from UFQFT

Authors: Hacı Soğukpınar
Comments: 19 Pages. 31 equations (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The classical notion of time as a fundamental, continuous, and linear parameter is increasingly challenged by persistent puzzles in cosmology and quantum gravity. This paper proposes a paradigm shift by defining time not as a primary dimension, but as an emergent property of the evolution of spacetime's fractal structure. We introduce a novel framework where the flow of time is governed by the rate of change of the fractal dimension D, postulating a fundamental relation dt=dD/V(D), where V(D) is a fractal potential energy density. This core axiom naturally gives rise to a thermodynamic arrow of time and provides a singularity-free initial condition for the universe. Applying this model to cosmology, we derive a modified Friedmann equation and show that the observed age of the universe (13.8 Gyr) is consistently recovered through the calibration of V(D). Furthermore, the model offers first-principle explanations for late-time cosmic acceleration, interpreting dark energy as a manifestation of the fractal geometry's scale-dependence, and predicts a specific effective equation of state (w_eff=-1+p/3). At quantum scales, the framework predicts critical slowing down of particle interactions near specific fractal thresholds, potentially testable in high-energy experiments. Finally, we present a set of definitive, testable predictions, including specific imprints on the low-ℓ CMB power spectrum, anomalies in atomic clock comparisons, and deviations in the Hubble parameter measured from standard sirens. This work establishes fractal time as a viable and falsifiable hypothesis that bridges cosmological and quantum phenomena, offering a new path toward unifying gravity with the standard model.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Curious Identity Involving the Appell Hypergeometric Series

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

We present an identity that relates the Appell F1 function and the constant Pi.
Category: General Mathematics

Protective Neutrinos and Antineutrinos: The Neutrinic Model for Stable Coexistence of Matter and Antimatter

Authors: Jose L. P. R. Fernandes
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This article proposes a conceptual reformulation of beta decays and the internal composition of atomic nuclei, focusing on the active role of neutrinos and antineutrinos as energy shields. The central hypothesis suggests the existence of matter and antimatter particles—latent electrons and positrons—cohabiting the nucleus with the stabilizing support of neutrinos (matter) and antineutrinos (antimatter), preventing their annihilation. Furthermore, the Neutrinic Model introduces neutral entities such as μu2070 and τu2070 resulting from heavy lepton decays, proposing a functional reorganization rather than extinction. This approach offers a new perspective on the latent structure of nuclei and the cosmic equilibrium between matter and antimatter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Ten Questions on Dark Phenomena: Reconciliation of Observations With Modified Gravity and General Relativity

Authors: Li Yuan
Comments: 21 Pages.

This paper is an introductory outline published for a series of discussions on dark matter and dark energy. Dark energy and dark matter are the two differences between cosmic observations and the calculations of existing technological systems. It is divided into ten specific questions.Following the ideas of the ten questions, through calculation and Mathematical deduction, the veil of dark energy and dark matter can be gradually unveiled. It is shown that dark energy and dark matter are the accumulated results of miscalculations caused by a series of historical limitations of mankind.
Category: Astrophysics

Bridging Print and Digital: The P.E.A.C.E. Framework for Journals in Emerging Contexts

Authors: Senthilkumar Anantharaman
Comments: 9 Pages.

The transition from print to digital publishing is one of the most significant transformations in scholarly communication, particularly for journals in emerging contexts where resource limitations, cultural resistance, and technological gaps persist. While electronic journals enhance accessibility, speed, and global reach, many society-owned and regional journals struggle with sustainability and quality assurance. This paper introduces the P.E.A.C.E. framework—Planning, Evaluation, Actuation, Constraint, and Endurance/Sustainability—as a structured, cyclical model for guiding journals through this transition. Unlike generic continuous improvement models, P.E.A.C.E. explicitly incorporates constraint navigation and long-term sustainability, making it especially relevant for the Global South. Drawing on case studies from India (Indian Journal of Medical Research, Economic and Political Weekly, Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, Journal of the Indian Institute of Science) and international publishers (Elsevier, Nature, PLOS ONE), the framework demonstrates its applicability across diverse publishing ecosystems. The analysis shows that adopting P.E.A.C.E. enables journals to integrate strategic foresight, stakeholder-driven evaluation, resilient execution, and sustainable endurance. By bridging print and digital, the framework provides a roadmap for resilient, credible, and inclusive scholarly publishing in the digital age.
Category: Education and Didactics

Principium Geometricum IV (PG4): From Emergent Gravity to the Unification of Space, Time, and Information

Authors: Pedro A. Kubitschek Homem de Carvalho
Comments: 17 Pages. In Portuguese (Note by viXra Admin: All entries on the Submission Form should be English)

We present the derivation of the inverse-square law and the acceleration of gravity g from the Geometric Principle (GP). Space is treated as a mesh of minimal areas A_P, whose rigidity is regulated by alpha_U = k_e A_P. The derivation shows that g emerges naturally and reproduces the value measured at the Earth's surface. The generalization to two bodies leads to an emergent form of the gravitational constant G.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Existence of Ghostly-Spirits: Debunking Paranormal Skepticism

Authors: Motsumi Taje
Comments: 10 Pages.

The debate on the existence of ghost in the human being world has been one of the ongoing controversies globally, especially based on a very ancient idea that a human body is separate from their soul, and when the body dies, the spirit can still live on nor remain trapped in the living world under certain circumstances. This research paper explores the existence of ghosts, aiming to compel the readers and making them aware of their potential reality based on historical accounts, eyewitness testimonies, and scientific inquiry. The study analyses a range of documented experiences, captured documentaries, cultural perspectives, and paranormal investigations to build a case for the credibility of ghost phenomena. Qualitative methods were primarily used, including the examination of secondhand interviews, case studies from paranormal researchers, and content analysis of reports from reputed researchers and organisations. Additionally, secondary data from scientific studies on electromagnetic fields, infrasound, and psychological responses were evaluated to support or challenge claims of ghostly encounters. The research findings reveal more about the factors or reasons behind the manifestation of ghostly spirits in the living world, the distinction between ghosts and spirits, the types of ghost hauntings, forms of ghosts and technology behind the detection of ghostly spirits. The findings suggest that while scepticism remains valid, there is compelling evidence that warrants further open-minded investigation into the paranormal: existence of ghosts.
Category: Social Science

Goldbachs Inductive Corollaries

Authors: Gustavo García, Oscar Melchor
Comments: 3 Pages.

Assuming the validity of Goldbach’s strong conjecture, we derive a family of inductive consequences concerning the representation of natural numbers as sums of primes. As context, we recall the classical theorems of Vinogradov and Chen, which constitute the most celebrated unconditional advances toward Goldbach’s conjecture. We then present the inductive statements that would follow immediately if Goldbach’s conjecture were true. A proposed elementary proof of Goldbach’s conjecture has been provided by the author at https://vixra.org/author/gustavo_garcia
Category: Number Theory

The Untrusted Empire

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 75 Pages.

The United States has long been a global superpower, shaping world politics, economics, and culture. Yet, its history is riddled with blunders—costly mistakes in foreign policy, domestic governance, and societal evolution. This book explores America’s most consequential missteps, analyzing how they happened, why they were allowed to occur, and what lessons can be learned. From disastrous wars to economic collapses, from social injustices to diplomatic failures, America’s Blunders offers a candid look at the nation’s flaws—not to condemn, but to understand and improve. This book outlines what appears to be a critical examination of American history through the lens of significant mistakes and failures. The book "America's Blunders" seems to take a balanced approach—acknowledging America's global influence while honestly addressing its historical shortcomings.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Subprime Mortgage Crisis (2008) vs. Crypto & USD$ Financial Crisis (2028)

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 98 Pages.

The year 2008 remains seared into global economic memory. The collapse of the American subprime mortgage market wasn't merely a banking crisis; it was a systemic cardiac arrest. Originating in the opaque corners of over-leveraged housing debt and repackaged into complex derivatives, the crisis exposed the terrifying fragility of an interconnected global financial system built on misplaced trust, perverse incentives, and regulatory blindness. The fallout was catastrophic: iconic institutions vanished overnight, trillions in wealth evaporated, Main Street suffered profound job losses and foreclosures, and faith in the very pillars of finance crumbled. The rescue — massive government bailouts and unprecedented monetary easing — staved off total collapse but sowed the seeds of long-term inequality, political polarization, and a lingering distrust in established institutions.Fast forward two decades. The financial landscape has been profoundly reshaped by the very forces unleashed (and lessons arguably unlearned) after 2008. Enter the contenders for the next potential crisis nexus: the volatile, rapidly evolving world of cryptocurrencies and digital assets, and the increasingly strained foundations of US Dollar hegemony.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Is the ‘WEST’ Interested in Tradingorthreatening ?

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 74 Pages.

The question hangs heavy in the air, sharp as a freshly minted blade: Is the "West" interested in TRADING or THREATENING? It echoes in boardrooms and bazaars, in diplomatic cables and social media feeds, shaping perceptions and driving policy across an increasingly fractured planet. To pose it so starkly is to demand an answer that transcends simplistic narratives and convenient slogans. This book emerges not to offer a facile verdict, but to dissect the complex, often contradictory, reality. The West— a term we must constantly interrogate for its internal fractures and shifting boundaries— is neither a monolithic merchant solely driven by profit, nor a singular colossus brandishing threats for pure dominance. Its engagement with the world is a dynamic, often tense, interplay between these two impulses, woven into the very fabric of its history, institutions, and self-perception. For centuries, Western power projected itself globally through the twin engines of commerce and coercion. Trading posts preceded garrisons; merchant ships sailed alongside warships. The promise of open markets and shared prosperity became inextricably linked, for better and often for worse, with the reality of gunboat diplomacy, economic sanctions, and political pressure. The legacy of empires casts a long shadow, coloring how the West's present-day embrace of "free trade" and "rules-based order" is perceived. Today, the dichotomy feels more acute than ever. We witness unprecedented global supply chains and integrated financial markets— testaments to the West's deep investment in trading. Multinational corporations span continents, consumers crave global goods, and economic interdependence is touted as the ultimate peacekeeper. Yet, simultaneously, we see an escalating arsenal of threatening instruments: punitive tariffs wielded like economic broadswords, sweeping sanctions regimes isolating entire nations, technological embargoes designed to cripple rivals, and the constant hum of geopolitical maneuvering and military alliances aimed at containing perceived adversaries. Is this duality hypocrisy or pragmatism? Is the commitment to trade merely a velvet glove over an iron fist? Or are the threats a necessary, albeit unsavory, defence of the very system that enables beneficial trade? Does the West primarily seek partners in prosperity, or vassals in a managed hierarchy? Where does legitimate security concern end and economic warfare begin?
Category: General Science and Philosophy

First World War (Πρώτος Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος)

Authors: Gerasimos Liokis
Comments: 138 Pages. In Greek

The First World War (1914 — 1918) represents the catastrophic opening of the twentieth century. It left behind it hecatombs of victims and horrific disasters, injustices and disappointments. It gave birth to a culture of mourning, hatred and barbarity. Millions of people found themselves to be combatants, those who once accused others of being militarists, nationalists, warmongers. We usually believe that this war broke out under a clear sky. This view is the most prevalent and widespread. It is linked to the naive perception that the perpetrator was the one who first declaredwar. For those who seek historical truth, the first outbreak of war is inextricably linked to the causes that prepared it: Contradictions between European states, mainly due to the tendency to regain territorial and economic sufficiency and national homogeneity. These contradictions and conflicts of interest gradually condensed into obvious hostility. They divided humanity into two camps that fought a common struggle. The cause was a fortuitous incident. All the Great Powers and, in fact, all states except Spain, the Netherlands, the three Scandinavian countries and Switzerland were involved in the war. In addition, troops from overseas countries were sent to fight, often for the first time, outside their own country. The United States ignored George Washington's warning of "European Entanglements" and sent its army to fight on the old Continent, thus defining the shape of twentieth-century history. Although military action outside the borders of Europe was not very significant, naval warfare was once again global. Mark Ferro: To the unanswered questions about the meaning of patriotic sentiment, the political forces that empowered states, is added another: How did the people who wanted to prevent the war suddenly find themselves neutralized? Publications of official documents exist from almost all the belligerents with a noticeable bias, and most of them are apologetic in nature. Determining the percentage of responsibility borne by states would result in a biased and subjective assessment of the facts. The responsibility for the war is sought in objective causes rather than in persons. Fernand Braudel: Long before the "Treaty of Versailles", the causes of the Second World War began to be identified, and even of the Cold War before the "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk". This book lists, first of all, the events that preceded the conflict. The events are then listed, with care and calendar accuracy, in the form of a Chronology - which is an easy-to-understand way of reference. At the same time, there are comments on the events that have been collected by eminent historians and analysts. THE REASONS 1) The Franco-German opposition Germany's claim to a unique global position ("the German spirit will revive the world"). This opposition dates back long before the defeat of France by Bismarck's troops at Sedan (1879), which resulted in the annexation of Lorraine and Alsace to Germany and the abdication of French Emperor Napoleon III. Goethe in his "Memoirs" had said: "English mercantilism and the hatred of the French are united with their ambitions against unfortunate Germany". 2) The Russo-Turkish oppositionThe opposition dates back to the Berlin Congress(1878) where Russia, the winner of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), was diplomatically defeated and Austria took over the administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina (former Turkish possessions). The Russians had a tendency to extol the greatness of their nation and to judge the claims of minorities as illegitimate. 3) The Slavs of Austria-HungaryCzechs, Slovaks and Croats were like a minefield under the Habsburg empire of Austria. These ethnicities were the pioneers of the aggravation and nationalism with demands for racial and national restoration and independence.Establishment and action, often irresponsible, of secret nationalist organizations. The annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina to Austria (1908) turned old dreams into illusions for theideal of Pan-Slavism. 4) The Serbian "obstacle" for Austria This troublesome neighbor, the Serbs, blocked the empire’s path to the Aegean and stopped any external development and its further expansion into the Balkans. They used violence against the Austrian public servants in occupied Bosnia in order to make the stay of the Austrians there unbearable. 5) The Ruthenian Question In Southern Galicia and the Caucasus, territories of Austria-Hungary, there lived four million Ruthenians (Belarusians) whom Russia claimed on behalf of the twenty-ninemillion of their compatriots who lived in the state of Russia.

Ο Πρώτος Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος (1914 — 1918) αντιπροσωπεύει το καταστροφικό άνοιγμα του εικοστού αιώνα. Άφησε πίσω του εκατόμβες θυμάτων και φρικτές καταστροφές, αδικίες και απογοητεύσεις. Γέννησε μια κουλτούρα πένθους, μίσους και βαρβαρότητας. Εκατομμύρια άνθρωποι βρέθηκαν να είναι συμπολεμιστές, εκείνοι που άλλοτε κατηγορούσαν τους άλλους ότι είναι μιλιταριστές, εθνικιστές, πολεμοχαρείς.Συνήθως πιστεύουμε ότι αυτός ο πόλεμος ξέσπασεκάτω από ξάστερο ουρανό. Η άποψη αυτή είναι η επικρατέ-στερη και η πλέον διαδεδομένη. Συνδέεται με την αφελή αντίληψη ότι αυτουργός ήταν αυτός που εκήρυξε πρώτος τον πόλεμο.Για όσους ζητούν την ιστορική αλήθεια η πρώτη έκρηξη του πολέμου συνδέεται άρρηκτα με τα αίτια που την προετοίμασαν: Αντιθέσεις μεταξύ των Ευρωπαϊκών κρατών που οφείλονταν κυρίως στην τάση προς ανάκτηση εδαφικής και οικονομικής επάρκειας και εθνικής ομοιογένειας. Οι αντιθέσεις αυτές και οι συγκρούσειςσυμφερόντων συμπυκνώθηκαν βαθμιαία σε προφανήεχθρότητα. Διαίρεσαν την ανθρωπότητα σε δύοστρατόπεδα που αγωνίστηκαν κοινό αγώνα. Η αφορμήυπήρξε τυχαίο περιστατικό. Στον πόλεμο ενεπλάκησαν όλες οι Μεγάλες Δυνάμειςκαι στην πραγματικότητα όλα τα κράτη εκτός από την Ισπανία, την Ολλανδία, τις τρεις Σκανδιναβικές χώρες και την Ελβετία. Επιπλέον, στρατεύματα από υπερπόντιες χώρες στάλθηκαν να πολεμήσουν, συχνά για πρώτη φορά, έξω από τη δική τους χώρα. Οι Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες αγνόησαν την προειδοποίηση του Τζωρτζ Ουάσιγκτον για«Ευρωπαϊκές Εμπλοκές» και έστειλαν στο στρατό τους να πολεμήσει στη γηραιά Ήπειρο, καθορίζοντας έτσι τη μορφή της ιστορίας του εικοστού αιώνα. Μολονότι η στρατιωτική δράση έξω από τα όρια της Ευρώπης δεν ήταν πολύσημαντική ο ναυτικός πόλεμος ήταν για μία ακόμη φορά, παγκόσμιος. Mark Ferro: Στα αναπάντητα ερωτήματα για το νόημα του πατριωτικού αισθήματος, τις πολιτικές δυνάμεις πουεξουσίαζαν τα κράτη προστίθεται και ένα ακόμη: Με ποιο τρόπο οι άνθρωποι που επιθυμούσαν να εμποδίσουν τον πόλεμο βρέθηκαν ξαφνικά εξουδετερωμένοι; Δημοσιεύσεις επισήμων εγγράφων υπάρχουν από όλους σχεδόν τους εμπόλεμους με αισθητή μεροληψία και τα περισσότερα απ’ αυτά είναι απολογητικού χαρακτήρα. Ο καθορισμός του ποσοστού ευθύνης που βαρύνει τα κράτη θα κατέληγε σε μεροληπτική και υποκειμενική εκτίμηση των πραγμάτων. Η ευθύνη του πολέμου αναζητείται σε αίτια αντικειμενικά παρά σε πρόσωπα. Fernand Braudel: Πολύ πριν από την "Συνθήκη των Βερσαλλιών" άρχισαν να διαγράφονται οι αιτίες του Δευτέρου Παγκοσμίου Πο λέμου, ακόμα και του Ψυχρού Πολέμου πριν από την «Συνθήκη Μπρέστ—Λιτόφσκ». Στο παρόν βιβλίο απαριθμούνται, κατ αρχήν, τα γεγονότα που προηγήθησαν από την σύρραξη. Στη συνέχεια παραθέτονται, με προσοχή και ημερολογιακήακρίβεια, τα συμβάντα - υπό μορφή Χρονολογίου - που είναι ένας εύληπτος τρόπος αναφοράς. Παράλληλα υπάρχουν σχόλια επί των γεγονότων που έχουν συλλεγεί από επιφανείς ιστορικούς και αναλυτές. Γεράσιμος Λιώκης ΤΑ ΑΙΤΙΑ1) Η γαλλογερμανική αντίθεση Η διεκδίκηση της Γερμανίας για μία μοναδική παγκόσμια θέση(«το γερμανικό πνεύμα θα αναζωογονήσει τον κόσμο»). Η αντίθεση αυτή χρονολογείται πολύ πριν από την ήττα της Γαλλίας από τα στρατεύματα του Μπίσμαρκ στο Σεντάν (1879) που είχε κατάληξητην προσάρτηση της Λωρραίνης και της Αλσατίας στην Γερμανία και την παραίτηση του Γάλλου Αυτοκράτορα Ναπολέοντα Γ’. Ο Γκαίτεστις «Αναμνήσεις» του είχε πει: «Ο αγγλικός μερκαντιλισμός και το μίσος των Γάλλων ενώνονται με τις φιλοδοξίες των ενάντια στην άμοιρη Γερμανία». 2) Η ρωσοτουρκική αντίθεσηΗ αντίθεση χρονολογείται από το Συνέδριο του Βερολίνου (1878) όπου η Ρωσία, νικήτρια του Ρωσοτουρκικού Πολέμου (1877-1878), ηττήθηκε διπλωματικά και η Αυστρία ανέλαβε την διοίκησητης Βοσνίας — Ερζεγοβίνης (πρώην τουρκικές κτήσεις). Οι Ρώσοι είχαν την τάση να εξυμνούν το μεγαλείο του έθνους τους και να κρίνουν παράνομες τις αξιώσεις των μειονοτήτων.3) Οι Σλάβοι της Αυστροουγγαρίας Τσέχοι, Σλοβάκοι και Κροάτες ευρίσκονταν ως νάρκη υπότην αυτοκρατορία των Αψβούργων της Αυστρίας. Οι εθνότητες αυτές υπήρξαν πρωτεργάτες της όξυνσης και του εθνικισμού με αίτημα για φυλετική και εθνική αποκατάσταση και ανεξαρτησία.Ίδρυση και δράση, συχνά ανεύθυνη, μυστικών εθνικιστικών οργανώσεων. Η προσάρτηση της Βοσνίας-Ερζεγοβίνης στην Αυστρία (1908) μετέτρεψε τα παλιά όνειρα σε αυταπάτες για τοιδεώδες του πανσλαβισμού. 4) Το Σερβικό "εμπόδιο" για την Αυστρία Ο οχληρός αυτός γείτονας, οι Σέρβοι, έφρασσε την οδό τηςαυτοκρατορίας προς το Αιγαίο και ανέκοπτε κάθε εξωτερική εξέλιξη και περαιτέρω επέκταση της στα Βαλκάνια. Χρησιμοποιούσαν βία εναντίον των αυστριακών δημοσίων λειτουργών στην κατεχόμενηΒοσνία για να κάνουν ανυπόφορη την εκεί διαμονή των Αυστριακών. 5) Το Ρουθηνικό ζήτημαΣτην Νότια Γαλικία και τον Καύκασο, εδάφη της Αυστροουγγαρίας, διαβιούσαν τέσσερα εκατομμύρια Ρουθήνοι (Λευκορώσοι) τους οποίους διεκδικούσε η Ρωσία έπ’ ονόματι των είκοσι εννέαεκατομμυρίων συμπατριωτών τους που ζούσαν στο κράτος της Ρωσίας. 6) Τα σχέδια Γερμανίας — Τουρκίας Υπήρχε παλαιό γερμανικό σχέδιο αποκατάστασης ενιαίου και αυτόνομου χώρου που άρχιζε από την Γερμανία, την Μικρά Ασίαμέχρι τον Περσικό Κόλπο. Το περίφημο πρόγραμμα "Έλβας — Ευφράτης". Με το σχέδιο αυτό η Γερμανία θα έβρισκε διέξοδο προς τις πετρελαιοφόρες περιοχές τις οποίες εκμεταλλεύονταν κυρίως η Βρεταννία και δευτερευόντως οι Γαλλία / Ολλανδία. Η Γερμανία ήταν η μόνη χώρα σ’ όλη την Ευρώπη όπου οι στρατιωτικοί εξασκούσαν ιδιαίτερα μεγάλη επιρροή στις κρατικές υποθέσεις.7) Η έλλειψη διεθνούς οργανισμού Ίσως μια παγκόσμια παρέμβασή να εξασφάλιζε την ειρήνη. Στις 28/4/1919 ιδρύθηκε η «Κοινωνία των Εθνών» έδρα τη Γενεύη με κύριον έργο την διευθέτηση των προβλημάτων ειρηνικά και δημοκρατικά με δημόσιες διαπραγματεύσεις. 8) Ο Ρωσοϊαπωνικός πόλεμος (1904-1905) Η ταπείνωση της Ρωσίας. Οι Ιάπωνες σημείωσαν αλλεπάλληλες νίκες και έγιναν κυρίαρχοι της Κορέας, της Νότιας Σαχαλίνης, τουΠορτ Άρθρουρ και ενίσχυσαν τη θέση τους στην Μαντζουρία. 9) Η Βρεταννική κατοχή της ΑιγύπτουΑπό το 1882 η Βρεταννία με πρόσχημα την σταθεροποίηση της οικονομίας της, προσάρτησε την Αίγυπτο ως προτεκτοράτο. και οδήγησε σε μακροχρόνιο αδιέξοδο με τις άλλες μεγάλες δυνάμεις.
Category: Education and Didactics

Second World War (Δεύτερος Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος)

Authors: Gerasimos Liokis
Comments: 211 Pages. In Greek

The Treaty of Versailles did not lead to the establishment of a stable and long-lasting peace. The "peace of the victors" is founded on the humiliation of the losers. Germany suffers territorial amputations. Return of Alsace and Lorraine to France and annexation of the Saar region. Abandonment of East Prussia and Silesia.Demilitarization of the Rhineland. Danzig becomes autonomous. Berlin cedes its navy to theBritish. It is obliged to pay an unbearableamount as war reparations to the Entente.The conditions, however, are not such as to prevent the economic and military revival of a country that seeks to play a leading role in European developments. After the success of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, the Soviet Union is deprived of certain territories in favor of Poland, as well as the young Baltic republics. The existence of a communist state in the bays of the Old Continent pushes the victorious powers to adopt a policy of "quarantine" with the aim of isolating Moscow from the rest of Europe.

Η Συνθήκη των Βερσαλλιών δεν οδήγησε στηνεγκαθίδρυση μιας σταθερής και μακροχρόνιας ειρήνευσης. Η «ειρήνη των νικητών» θεμελιώνεται στην ταπείνωση των ηττημένων. Η Γερμανία υφίσταται εδαφικούς ακρωτηριασμούς. Επιστροφή της Αλσατίας και Λορραίνης στην Γαλλίας καιπροσάρτηση της περιοχής του Σάαρ. ΕγκατάλειψηΑνατολικής Πρωσίας και Σιλεσίας. Αποστρατικοποίηση της Ρηνανίας. Το Ντάντσιχ γίνεται αυτόνομο. Το Βερολίνο παραχωρεί το πολεμικό του ναυτικό στους Βρεταννούς. Υποχρεώνεται να πληρώσει ένα δυσβάσταχτοποσό ως πολεμική αποζημίωση στην Entente.Οι όροι, όμως, δεν είναι τέτοιοι ώστε να εμποδίσουν την οικονομική και στρατιωτική αναγέννηση μιας χώρας που επιδιώκει να πρωταγωνιστήσει στις ευρωπαϊκές εξελίξεις.Μετά την επιτυχία της επανάστασης των Μπολσεβίκων στη Ρωσία, η Σοβιετική Ένωση στερείται ορισμένων εδαφών υπέρ της Πολωνίας, καθώς και των νεαρών δημοκρατιών της Βαλτικής. Η ύπαρξη ενός κομμουνιστικού κράτους στουςκόλπους της Γηραιάς Ηπείρου, ωθεί τις νικήτριες δυνάμεις να υιοθετήσουν την πολιτική της «καραντίνας» με στόχο να απομονώσουν την Μόσχα από την υπόλοιπη Ευρώπη.
Category: Education and Didactics

Greece Occupation Resistance and Civil War (Ελλάδα Κατοχή Αντίσταση Εμφύλιος)

Authors: Gerasimos Liokis
Comments: 277 Pages. In Greek

The events of the National Resistance and the Civil War (1941-1949) are still in the stage of collecting sources and dialogue and often end up with contradictory conclusions. The bibliography is hampered by the incomplete archives that have been published, while many forged documents have also crept in. Many key witnesses to the critical events of the time were reluctant to reveal information or found it difficult to put aside their ideological prejudice. The National Resistance was a creation of the entire people, but it had its driving forces, its pioneers who animated and directed it. The testimonies and evidence sometimes contradict each other, they contain a strong personal element that distorts history. On the one hand, there are the views of the Right. Most of its historians are biased, while it is unacceptable today to talk about "communist gangs". However, the so-called "Democratic Army" (1946-49) was not democratic from the start, but was essentially communist. However, unacceptable and violent actions were taken by the Right, such as mass arrests, executions and torture against the Left. These events have deeply imprinted the memory of thousands of Greeks and the wounds they left are still fresh. On the other hand, the Left committed a series of political mistakes and demonstrated its inability to coordinate a huge popular movement. The opinions of left-wing historians differ: a) Some, the most prudent, consider that the resistance should have stopped after the Lebanon Agreement (17-20/5/44) such asAngelopoulos, Zévgos, Svolos, Tsirimokos, etc.4 b) Others, more radical, determine the end after the Varkiza Agreement (12/2/45), such asSofianopoulos, Grigoriadis, Vournas, etc.c) Finally, there are the most fanatical, such as Zachariades, Florakis, Vafeiadis, etc., who accept the Civil War believing that the Greeks were treacherously surrendered hand and foot to the same reactionary or even "monarcho-fascist" forces that began with the Metaxas dictatorship. This is how they justify how they were forced to "take the mountains". Unfortunately, the leaders of the DSE were unaware of the agreements between the Great Powers regarding the fate of Greece after World War II. The Soviet Union, moreover, played a pitiful game by patronizing and mocking the Greek communists. This book was written without a trace of fanaticism or empathy. There is a personal experience of the events of a man — who, although he was very young — experienced the events very closely.I proceeded with great care. Recording the dates, the events and the protagonists. Criticism of the author or final conclusions are avoided. The views of persons who played a leading role in the period being recounted are presented, as well as the judgments of historians from both sides. It is suitable for drawing conclusions. I believe that the reader will form his own opinion.

Τα γεγονότα της Εθνικής Αντίστασης και του Εμφύλιου Πολέ-μου (1941-1949) βρίσκονται ακόμα στο στάδιο της περισυλλογής των πηγών και του διαλόγου και πολλές φορές καταλήγουν σε α-ντιφατικά συμπεράσματα. Η βιβλιογραφία χωλαίνει από τα ελλιπή αρχεία που έχουν δημοσιευθεί ενώ έχουν παρεισφρήσει και πολλά πλαστά έγγραφα. Πολλοί βασικοί μάρτυρες των κρίσιμων γεγονό-των της εποχής ήταν απρόθυμοι να αποκαλύψουν πληροφορίες ή τους ήταν δύσκολο να παραμερίσουν την ιδεολογική τους προκα-τάληψη. Η Εθνική Αντίσταση υπήρξε δημιούργημα όλου του λαού,αλλά είχε τις κινητήριες δυνάμεις της, τους πρωτοπόρους της που την εμψύχωσαν και την κατεύθυναν. Οι μαρτυρίες και τα τεκμήρια κάποτε αλληλοαναιρούνται, πε- ριέχουν έντονο προσωπικό στοιχείο που φαλκιδεύει την ιστορία. Από την μία πλευρά υπάρχουν οι απόψεις της Δεξιάς. Οι πε-ρισσότεροι ιστορικοί της μεροληπτούν ενώ είναι ανεπίτρεπτο, σήμερα να γίνεται λόγος για «κομμουνιστοσυμμορίτες». Πάντως ο επονομαζό-μενος «Δημοκρατικός Στρατός» (1946-49) δεν υπήρξε πόρρωθεν δημοκρατικός αλλά κατά βάσιν κομμουνιστικός. Έγιναν όμως από την παράταξη της Δεξιάς απαράδεκτες και βεβιασμένες ενέργειεςόπως μαζικές συλλήψεις, εκτελέσεις και βασανιστήρια σε βάρος των Αριστερών. Τα γεγονότα αυτά έχουν σφραγίσει βαθύτατα την μνήμη χιλιάδων Ελλήνων και τα τραύματα που άφησαν είναι ακόμανωπά. Από την άλλη πλευρά η Αριστερά διέπραξε σωρεία πολιτικών λαθών και επέδειξε ανεπάρκεια να συντονίσει ένα τεράστιο λαϊκόκίνημα. Οι απόψεις των αριστερών ιστοριογράφων διίστανται: α) Μερικοί, οι πλέον συνετοί, θεωρούν ότι η αντίσταση έπρεπε να σταματήσει μετά την Συμφωνία του Λιβάνου (17-20/5/44) όπωςοι Αγγελόπουλος, Ζεύγος, Σβώλος, Τσιριμώκος κ.ά.4 β) Άλλοι, πλέον ριζοσπαστικοί, προσδιορίζουν το τέλος μετά τη Συμφωνία της Βάρκιζας (12/2/45), όπως οι Σοφιανόπουλος, Γρη-γοριάδης, Βουρνάς, κ.ά. γ) Τέλος, υπάρχουν και οι πλέον φανατικοί, όπως οι Ζαχαριάδης,Φλωράκης, Βαφειάδης κ.ά., που δέχονται τον Εμφύλιο Πόλεμο πι- στεύοντας ότι οι Έλληνες δόλια παρεδόθησαν δεμένοι χειροπόδαρα στις ίδιες αντιδραστικές ή και «μοναρχοφασιστικές» δυνάμεις που ξε-κίνησαν με την δικτατορία Μεταξά Έτσι δικαιολογούν το πως ανα-γκάστηκαν «να πάρουν τα βουνά». Δυστυχώς, οι αρχηγοί του ΔΣΕ αγνοούσαν τις συμφωνίες μεταξύ των Μεγάλων Δυνάμεων για την τύχη της Ελλάδας μετά τον Β΄ Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο. Η Σοβιετική Ένω-ση, εξ’ άλλου, έπαιξε ένα οικτρό παιχνίδι παλινωδώντας και εμπαίζο-ντας τους Έλληνες κομμουνιστές. Το παρόν βιβλίο γράφτηκε χωρίς ίχνος φανατισμού ή εμπάθει-ας. Υπάρχει μία προσωπική βίωση των γεγονότων ενός ανθρώπου — που μολονότι ήταν πολύ νέος — έζησε τα γεγονότα πολύ κοντά. Προχώρησα με πολύ περίσκεψη. Καταγράφοντας τις ημερομηνίες,τα γεγονότα και τους πρωταγωνιστές. Αποφεύγεται η κριτική του συγγραφέα ή τελεσίδικες διαπιστώσεις. Παρατίθενται απόψειςπροσώπων που πρωταγωνίστησαν την περίοδο αυτή που εξι- στορείται, καθώς και κρίσεις ιστορικών και από τις δύο παρατάξεις. Προσφέρεται για άντληση συμπερασμάτων. Πιστεύω πως ο αναγνώστης θα διαμορφώσει μόνος του τη δική του άποψη.
Category: Education and Didactics

The Goverments of Greece (Οι Κυβερνήσεις της Ελλάδας)

Authors: Gerasimos Liokis
Comments: 109 Pages. In Greek

This manual is not a historical work. It is addressed, mainly, to those who know Greek history and want to bring back to their memory an event, a date or a person. The Fall of Constantinople on 29th of May 1453 by the Ottoman Turks was one of the greatest events in world history. It is accepted today by everyone that Byzantium was — in a way — the continuation of ancient Greek history in terms of the preservation of the language and the onsolidation of Christianity. A long period of lethargy followed, but the flame of the Greek soul remained unextinguished. The thread ofhistory slowly unraveled with the long struggles of the Greeks. After four hundred years of slavery, the great moment of redemption arrives. The struggle was fought on unequal terms.Incalculable sacrifices in living and inanimate material, but also dissensions that almost led the struggle to a dead end. The intervention of the three great powers put an end to Turkish slavery. The independence of Greece was finally established with the London Protocol (30/8/1932). Greece managed to expand its borders through wars and sacrifices (1864, 1878, 1912-13, 1920, 1948) and today it is an equal member of the European Union. During the period 1831-2004 (173 years), the following ruled:7 kings 7 presidents of the republic90 prime ministers (!) It experienced three periods of dictatorship. During World War II, it was occupied by the Axis powers (1941-1944) for three and a half years. Greece today, within the framework of the cosmogonic changes that have taken place, is trying to redefine its international position and to successfully join its journey towards European integration.It is not possible for anyone to remember all the people, dates and events of the long history of modern Greece. That is why I believe that this work is an aid. Today, at the beginning of the 21st century, living in the land of our ancestors, we breathe the air of freedom, for which — everyone in this book — worked by offering their best.

Το εγχειρίδιο αυτό δεν είναι ιστορικόν σύγγραμμα. Απευθύνεται, κυρίως, σε όσους γνωρίζουν την Ελληνική ιστορία και θέλουν να επαναφέρουν στη μνήμη τους ένα γεγονός, μιαημερομηνία ή κάποιο πρόσωπο. Η Άλωση της Κωνσταντινούπολης την 29η Μαϊου 1453 από τους Οθωμανούς Τούρκους υπήρ-ξε ένα από τα μεγαλύτερα γεγονότα της παγκόσμιας ιστορίας. Είναι αποδεκτό σήμερα από πάντες ότι το Βυζάντιο υπήρξε —κατά κάποιο τρόπο —η συνέχεια της αρχαίας ελληνικής ιστορίας σε ότι αφορά την διάσωση της γλώσσας αλλά και την εδραίωση του Χριστιανισμού.Ακολούθησε μια μακρόχρονη περίοδος λήθαργου αλλά η φλόγα της ελληνικής ψυχής έμεινε άσβεστη. Το νήμα της ιστορίας ξετυλίγονταν αργά με του μακρόχρονους αγώνες των Ελλήνων.Μετά τετρακόσια χρόνια σκλαβιάς, φτάνει η μεγάλη στιγμή του λυτρωμού. Ο αγώνας έγινε με άνισους όρους.Θυσίες ανυπολόγιστες σε έμψυχο και άψυχο υλικό αλλά και διχόνοιες που λίγο έλειψε να οδηγήσουν τον αγώνα σε αδιέξο-δο. Η παρέμβαση των τριών μεγάλων δυνάμεων έδωσε τέλος στην τουρκική σκλαβιά. Η ανεξαρτησία της Ελλάδας εδραιώ-θηκε τελικά με το Πρωτόκολλο του Λονδίνου (30/8/1932). Η Ελλάδα κατόρθωσε να επεκτείνει τα σύνορά της με πολέμους και θυσίες (1864, 1878, 1912-13, 1920, 1948) και σήμερα είναι ισότιμο μέλος της Ευρωπαϊκής Ενώσεως. Την περίοδο 1831-2004 (173 έτη), εκυβέρνησαν: 7 βασιλείς 7 πρόεδροι δημοκρατίας 90 πρωθυπουργοί (!)Έζησε τρεις περιόδους δικτατορίας. Κατά τον Β΄ Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο κατακτήθηκε από τιςδυνάμεις του Άξονα (1941-1944) για τριάμισι χρόνια. Η Ελλάδα σήμερα, μέσα στα πλαίσια των κοσμογονικών αλλαγών που συντελέστηκαν, προσπαθεί να επαναπροσδιο- ρίσει την διεθνή θέση της και να συστρατευθεί με επιτυχία στηνπορεία της προς την ευρωπαϊκή ολοκλήρωση.Δεν είναι δυνατόν να θυμάται κανείς όλα τα πρόσωπα, τις ημερομηνίες και τα γεγονότα της μακραίωνης ιστορίας της νεώτερης Ελλάδας. Γι’ αυτό πιστεύω ότι το παρόν πόνημα είναιένα βοήθημα. Σήμερα στις αρχές του 21ου αιώνα ζώντας στη γη των προγόνων μας αναπνέουμε τον αέρα της ελευθερίας, για την οποία — όλοι όσοι βρίσκονται μέσα σ΄αυτό το βιβλίο — εργάστηκαν προσφέροντας τον καλύτερο εαυτό τους.
Category: Education and Didactics

Greece Timeline 1453 2000 (Ελλάδα Χρονολόγιον 1453 2000)

Authors: Gerasimos Liokis
Comments: 179 Pages. In Greek

This manual is not a historical work. It is addressed, mainly, to those who know Greek history and want to recall an event, adate or a person. It is divided into three periods: a) The Ottoman Empire If we consider that the Ottoman Empire began with the fall ofConstantinople (1453) and ended with the GreekRevolution (1821), then we find that it lasted 368 yearsu2026 There was a long period of violence, slavery, regression and obscurantism that set back the development of the country by centuries. In the rest of the world, leaps and leaps of progress were taking place from which Greece benefited little. b) The Greek RevolutionThe Greeks fought heroically to gain theirfreedom (1821-1831) and succeeded, with their sacrifices and the intervention of the European Great Powers, in the creation of the first independent Greek state. c) The Greek NationGreece managed to expand its borders withwars and sacrifices (1864, 1878, 1912-13, 1920, 1948) and today is an equal member of the European Union. In the period 1831-2004 (173 years), the following ruled: 7 kings7 presidents of democracy 90 prime ministers (!)It experienced three periods of dictatorship. During World War II, it was occupied by the Axis powers (1941-1944) for three and a half years.Greece today, within the framework of the cosmogonic changes that have taken place, is trying to redefine its international position and to successfully join its march towards European integration. It is not possible for anyone to remember all the people, dates and events of the long history of modern Greece. That is why I believe that this work is an aid.

Το εγχειρίδιον αυτό δεν είναι ιστορικόν σύγγραμμα. Απευθύνεται, κυρίως, σε όσους γνωρίζουν την Ελληνική ιστορία και θέλουν να επαναφέρουν στη μνήμη τους ένα γεγονός, μιαημερομηνία ή κάποιο πρόσωπο. Χωρίζεται σε τρεις περιόδους: α) Η Τουρκοκρατία Αν θεωρήσουμε ότι η Τουρκοκρατία άρχισε με την πτώση της Κωνσταντινουπόλεως (1453) και έληξε με την Ελληνική Επανάσταση (1821), τότε διαπιστώνουμε ότι διήρκησε 368 έτηu2026 Υπήρξε μια μακρά περίοδος βίας, σκλαβιάς, οπισθο-δρομήσεως και σκοταδισμού που έρριξε αιώνες πίσω την εξέλιξη της χώρας. Στον υπόλοιπο κόσμο εγένοντο αλματώδηβήματα προόδου από τα οποία η Ελλάδα ελάχιστα ωφελήθηκε. β) Η Ελληνική Επανάσταση Οι Έλληνες επολέμησαν ηρωικά για να αποκτήσουν τηνελευθερία τους (1821-1831) και επέτυχαν με τις θυσίες τους και την επέμβαση των ευρωπαϊκών Μεγάλων Δυνάμεων, την δημιουργία του πρώτου ανεξάρτητου Ελληνικού κράτους. γ) Το Ελληνικόν Έθνος Η Ελλάδα κατόρθωσε να επεκτείνει τα σύνορά της με πολέμους και θυσίες (1864, 1878, 1912-13, 1920, 1948) και σήμερα είναι ισότιμο μέλος της Ευρωπαϊκής Ενώσεως. Την περίοδο 1831-2004 (173 έτη), εκυβέρνησαν: 7 βασιλείς 7 πρόεδροι δημοκρατίας 90 πρωθυπουργοί (!) Έζησε τρεις περιόδους δικτατορίας. Κατά τον Β΄ Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο κατακτήθηκε από τις δυνάμεις του Άξονα (1941-1944) για τριάμισι χρόνια. Η Ελλάδα σήμερα, μέσα στα πλαίσια των κοσμογονικώναλλαγών που συντελέστηκαν, προσπαθεί να επαναπροσδιορί-σει την διεθνή θέση της και να συστρατευθεί με επιτυχία στην πορεία της προς την ευρωπαϊκή ολοκλήρωση. Δεν είναι δυνατόν να θυμάται κανείς όλα τα πρόσωπα, τις ημερομηνίες και τα γεγονότα της μακραίωνης ιστορίας τηςνεώτερης Ελλάδας. Γι’ αυτό πιστεύω ότι το παρόν πόνημα είναι ένα βοήθημα.
Category: Education and Didactics

Catalogue of Ancient Greek Philosophers

Authors: Gerasimos Liokis
Comments: 905 Pages. In Greek

Being a lover of books and a bookworm is something innate but at the same time it is a sign of a restless soul, of many interests, of mental sensitivity. However, wanting to transmit your knowledge, to make others share your emotions, is a sign of a deep love for what you do, it is a surplus of soul."From the surplus of his heart", then, againMr. Gerasimos Liokis offers us the new series of his work "Reference to Ancient Greek Education".It is a work in two volumes, written by theauthor with tremendous methodicality and order, which completely characterizes him both as a writer and as a person. The purpose of this work is that anyone who wants to learn something related to the historical development of Ancient Greek Education (in the fields of Poetry, History, Philosophy, Music, Sciences, Medicine, Fine Arts), can easily find it by referring to the corresponding representatives, who are listed in alphabetical order. The work has the form of an index, which makes it very user-friendly and at the same time very informative. Thus, Volume 1 is preceded by a chronology and mentions: a) the Philosophers (also divided into categories), b) the Sophists, c) the Poets and d) the Rhetoricians. In Volume 2: a) Historians, b) Grammarians, c) Playwrights, d) Musicians, e) Astronomers, f) Geographers, Mathematicians and Physicists, g) Artists (Architects, Sculptors, Painters) and h) Physicians. The structure of each volume is as follows: It is preceded by an alphabetical list of the persons who dealt with the corresponding literary, scientific orartistic genre. It then follows, in alphabetical order, one by one, a representative of the genre they served. For each person, some biographical information is initially noted, followed by his works, followed by some comments on the main elements of his theories or achievements, some criticisms, whether named or not, about him and his work are recorded, and as a conclusion, the ancient sources, if known, from which the information was drawn, are noted. It is noted that the work also mentions certain non-Greek scholars (e.g. Josephus, Pliny the Younger, Pliny the Elder, Tertullian, Cyprian, etc.), who, in the opinion of the author, were substantially influenced by Greek Education.In Volume II, after the Bibliography, there follows an Index in alphabetical order of all the persons mentioned in both volumes.This two-volume work is a book that quickly but comprehensively solves a question or offers you information and at the same time motivates you to search and find more things on the same topic. That is, it is both a solution to a question and a motivation and a starting point for a deeper study and engagement with the topic. It is a useful work for every student and for every pupil or student. It is a work that should be in every library. Finally, what impresses you about the author of the book is that his writings and the wide range of interests are foreign to his scientific training. However, this is precisely the proof of his great culture and sensitivity. So we are waiting for "the new birth" soon, as K. Palamas says in his poem "Fathers".

Το να είσαι φιλομαθής και βιβλιόφιλος είναι κάτι το έμφυτο αλλά και παράλληλα είναι δείγμα ανήσυχης ψυχής, πολλών ενδιαφερόντων, ψυχικής ευαισθησίας. Το να θέλεις όμως να μεταδώσεις τις γνώσεις σου, να κάνεις κοινωνούς και άλλους των δικών σου συγκινήσεων, είναι δείγμα βαθιάς αγάπης γι’ αυτό που κάνεις, είναι περίσσευμα ψυχής. «Εκ του περισσεύματος της καρδίας του» λοιπόν, πάλι ο κ. Γεράσιμος Λιώκης μας προσφέρει την καινούρια σειρά του πονήματός του «Αναφορά στην Αρχαία Ελληνική Παιδεία». Είναι ένα έργο σε δύο τόμους, που γράφτηκε από το συγγραφέα με φοβερή μεθοδικότητα και τάξη, πράγμα που τονχαρακτηρίζει απόλυτα και ως συγγραφέα αλλά και ως άνθρωπο. Σκοπός αυτού του έργου είναι οποιοσδήποτε θελήσει να μάθει κάτι που αναφέρεται στην ιστορική εξέλιξη της ΑρχαίαςΕλληνικής Παιδείας (στον τομέα της Ποίησης, της Ιστορίας, της Φιλοσοφίας, της Μουσικής, των Θετικών Επιστημών, της Ιατρι- κής, των Καλών Τεχνών), να μπορεί να το βρει εύκολα ανατρέ-χοντας στους αντίστοιχους εκπροσώπους, που αναφέρονται με αλφαβητική σειρά. Το έργο έχει μορφή ευρετηρίου, που το καθιστά πολύεύχρηστο και συγχρόνως πολύ κατατοπιστικό.Έτσι στον Α’ Τόμο προηγείται χρονολόγιο και αναφέρονται: α) οι Φιλόσοφοι (χωρισμένοι και αυτοί κατά κατηγορίες), β) οι Σοφιστές, γ) οι Ποιητές και δ) οι Ρήτορες. Στον Β΄ Τόμο: α) οι Ιστορικοί, β) οι Γραμματικοί, γ) οι Θεα-τρικοί Συγγραφείς, δ) οι Μουσικοί, ε) οι Αστρονόμοι, στ) οι Γεω-γράφοι, οι Μαθηματικοί και οι Φυσικοί, ζ) οι Καλλιτέχνες (Αρχι-τέκτονες, Γλύπτες, Ζωγράφοι) και η) οι Ιατροί.Η δομή κάθε τόμου είναι η ακόλουθη: Προηγείται ένας αλφαβητικός κατάλογος των προσώπωνπου ασχολήθηκαν με το αντίστοιχο λογοτεχνικό, επιστημονικό ή καλλιτεχνικό είδος. Ακολουθεί κατόπιν, με αλφαβητική σειρά, ένας-ένας εκπρό-σωπος του είδους που υπηρέτησε. Για κάθε πρόσωπο σημειώνονται αρχικά κάποια βιογραφικάτου στοιχεία, ακολουθούν τα έργα του, έπονται κάποια σχόλια πάνω στα κυριότερα στοιχεία των θεωριών ή επιτευγμάτων του, καταγράφονται μερικές κρίσεις επώνυμες ή όχι για τον ίδιο καιτο έργο του και ως κατακλείδα σημειώνονται οι αρχαίες πηγές, αν είναι γνωστές, από τις οποίες αντλήθηκαν οι πληροφορίες. Σημειώνεται ότι στο έργο αναφέρονται και ορισμένοι μη Έλληνες λόγιοι (π.χ. Ιώσηπος, Πλίνιος ο νεώτερος, Πλίνιοςο πρεσβύτερος, Τερτυλλιανός Κυπριανός κ.ά.), οι οποίοι, κατά την γνώμη του συγγραφέα, επηρεάστηκαν ουσιαστικά από την Ελληνική Παιδεία. Στον Β΄ Τόμο, μετά τη Βιβλιογραφία, ακολουθεί Ευρετήριο με αλφαβητική σειρά όλων των προσώπων για τα οποία έγινε λόγος και στους δύο τόμους. Το δίτομο αυτό έργο είναι ένα βιβλίο που σου λύνει σύντομα αλλά και σφαιρικά κάποια απορία ή σου προσφέρει μια πληρο-φορία και που συγχρόνως όμως σε παρακινεί να ψάξεις και ναβρεις περισσότερα πράγματα για το ίδιο θέμα. Δηλαδή είναι συγχρόνως και λύση μιας απορίας, αλλά και κίνητρο και αφετη-ρία για μια πιο βαθιά μελέτη και ενασχόληση με το θέμα. Είναι ένα έργο χρήσιμο για κάθε φιλομαθή αλλά και για κάθεμαθητή ή φοιτητή. Είναι ένα έργο που πρέπει να υπάρχει σε κάθε βιβλιοθήκη. Τέλος, αυτό που σε εντυπωσιάζει στον συγγραφέα του βιβλίου είναι ότι το συγγραφικό του έργο και το μεγάλο φάσματων ενδιαφερόντων του είναι ξένα προς την επιστημονική του κατάρτιση. Αυτό όμως ακριβώς αποτελεί και την απόδειξη της μεγάλης του καλλιέργειας και ευαισθησίας. Περιμένουμε λοιπόν σύντομα «την καινούρια γέννα» όπως λέει και ο Κ. Παλαμάς στο ποίημά του «Πατέρες».
Category: Education and Didactics

The General Solution of Sextic Equations in Terms of Fractional Sequences

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 11 Pages.

This paper reports a general solution for the sextic equations, which is an explicit power series oftwo parameters and fit for equations with real and/or complex coefficients.The general sextic equation can be simplified by the Tschirnhausen transformations andexpressed with four items in a type, called normal type. And it can further be simplified with onlytwo non-constant coefficients into a form, called standard form. This fact means that theresolution of the sextic is a problem of two degree of freedoms.There are totally 10 types and each type contains 6 forms. Among the total 60 forms, eachcorrespondents to a power series, the coefficients in most of series are fractional sequences,some integer sequences.If the series converges, the solution is found. Otherwise, successive Tschirnhausentransformations can be employed to obtain a series of new forms until the condition ofconvergence is satisfied. And then a reverse procedure is needed to find an original root. Theexperiment results show that it is always possible to satisfy the convergence condition and findthe roots of transformed equations after several iterations.The convergence of power series in all the 60 forms are different. The most favorite type andform are recommended.Similar method can be used to the resolution of higher degree of polynomial equations.
Category: General Mathematics

Numbers of the Exponential Flip Flop Form

Authors: Dwight Boddorf
Comments: 2 Pages.

Article on numbers such that the product of two exponential entities equal or nearly equal the product of the two exponential entities inverted. Key numbers 137, 2036, 5435817984.
Category: General Mathematics

Number of Non—Zero Coefficients of (1 + X^a + X^b)^n Over F_p

Authors: Andy Zhuang
Comments: 8 Pages.

The paper studies explicit formulas for (N_p(n;a,b)), the count of coefficients that remain non--zero modulo a prime (p) in the trinomial power ((1+x^{a}+x^{b})^{n}) with (0<a<b<p). Leveraging Lucas’ digit—wise criterion and the matrix--automaton framework of Amdeberhan--Stanley, we first prove a emph{carryu2011free theorem}: if every baseu2011(p) digit of (n) does not exceed (bigllfloor (p-1)/b bigrfloor) and the generated $x$-exponents do not overlap at every digit position, then no crossu2011digit carries occur and the exponents are unique for each digit position. This leads to (N_p(n;a,b)) being factorized as (prod_{l}binom{n_l+2}{2}), where $n_l$ are digits of $n$ under base-$p$.The paper next derives a upper bound (N_p(n;a,b)le 3^{,w_p(n)}), where (w_p(n)) is the sum of the baseu2011(p) digits of (n), and shows that equality holds precisely when every digit of (n) is (0) or (1). Worked examples—including the case ((1+x+x^{3})^{n}) over (mathbb{F}_7)—demonstrate the formulas in practice, and the discussion shows our contributions within earlier studies on automatic sequences and multinomial Lucas theorems.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Revealing a Singularity in Collatz Sequences, Offering New Perspectives for Proving the Conjecture

Authors: Ammar Hamdous
Comments: 29 Pages. CC-BY-NC 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

The Collatz conjecture, first proposed by Lothar Collatz in 1937, has captivated generations of mathematicians due to its deceptive simplicity and its enduring resistance to proof. Also referred to as the 3n+1 problem, the Syracuse problem, the Ulam conjecture, or the Hailstone sequence, it has spread informally across academic communities, often through oral tradition and recreational mathematics. Its basic rule can be explained to a child, yetits resolution has defied the most brilliant minds in mathematics. As Shizuo Kakutani noted in 1960, "For about a month everyone at Yale worked on it, with no result... A joke was made that this problem was part of a conspiracy toslow down mathematical research in the U.S." Paul Erdős, in 1983, famously declared that "Mathematics is not yet ready for such questions." More recently, in 2010, Jeffrey Lagarias described it as "an extraordinarily difficult problem, completely out of reach of present day mathematics. The conjecture sits atthe intersection of several mathematical fields, including number theory, dynamical systems, and the study of chaotic behavior. Despite vast numerical evidence and partial results, a general proof remains elusive. In this work,we propose a novel approach the Hidden Order method which reveals many patterns of the Collatz sequences and, more importantly, a singularity that will radically change the understanding of the Collatz dynamic.
Category: Number Theory

Non Commutative Fourier Duality on One-Dimension and Its Application

Authors: Vicente Pedro Diogo
Comments: 14 Pages.

The present article aims to present an extension of the Fourier dualityto non-commutative groups and algebraic structures,analyzing thenon-commutative Fourier transform on one dimensional structures alongwith their unitary representation. This approach gives a comprehensiveinsight into the harmonic analysis of operator-valued functions, providingmathematical foundations for analyzing physical systems that exhibitnon-commutative symmetries. Hence the article discusses applications ofnon-commutative harmonic analysis into emerging fields of physics such asquantum mechanics and models of quantum gravity , opening paths forexploration of the connections between non-commutative algebras, harmonicanalysis, and theoretical Physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The True Risks and Rewards of Artificial General Intelligence

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 7 Pages.

A short essay noting the true risks and rewards of the development of artificial general intelligence (AGI). Positive outcomes from the creation of an advanced artificial general intelligence are noted including its development of an optimal encyclopedia and language that could lead to an era of peace and progress. The risks of negative and unknown outcomes are also described including the potential dangers from artificial intelligence editing the human genome, providing the answers to metaphysical questions, or learning to control fundamental aspects of reality.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The World of Perfect Numbers and the Mystery that Mathematicians Have Tried to Solve for Thousands of Years

Authors: Giovanni Di Savino
Comments: 371 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted; please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Natural numbers are infinite and are either prime numbers divisible by 1 and itself or composite numbers divisible by 1 and more numbers. For every number, there is a subsequent number, which is either a prime number or a composite number. Among the infinite composite numbers are the even and odd perfect numbers, which are generated by prime numbers, which are the sum of proportional numbers. The even perfect numbers are generated by the only even prime. They are the Mersenne primes, which are the result of (2^n_prime-1)*2^(n_prime-1) and, in the binary system, are the sum of the values of consecutive 1 signs. the infinite odd perfect numbers are generated by prime numbers that are the sum of numbers in proportion to one of the infinite odd prime numbers and are the result of an n_prime≥3*n_odd prime^(n-1) which is the prime number that defines the proportion of a numerical system: the 3rd, the 5th, the 7th or a system of one of the infinite odd prime numbers; the prime numbers that generate the odd perfect numbers are the sum of the value of the consecutive 1 signs of the numerical system of prime numbers ≥3.
Category: Number Theory

The Dark Sides of Modern Science: Publishing and Dissemination (Part I)

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 81 Pages.

This is the second article in our series "The Dark Sides of Modern Science" and is about publishing and dissemination of science (and knowledge in general). As the subject of "publishing and dissemination of science" is too big, we decided to divide it in more than one part. The remarks that we stated in the Introduction of the first article of this series (i.e. "Knowledge Production and Authoring") generally apply to this article and hence we do not need to repeat.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Could a Fractal Theory of Consciousness Provide the Long Sought Mechanism for Consciousness

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 8 Pages. update with critical supporting reference research.

A fractal theory of consciousness is considered where consciousness occurs at or below the Planck scale on the holographic foundation or event horizon boundary of space-time in a sub-quantum substrate. Consciousness communicates, with perfect fidelity, up to the level of living minds, that are orders of magnitude larger, using fractals that exist only when minds are at a critical point. Consciousness, and perhaps even memory, operate external to the human mind, analogous to the resilience and redundancy benefits seen in modern information technology cloud computing. Analogies in modern physics and cosmology are provided in support of the model.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Binary Neural Networks Playing Atari Space Invaders (1) Trained by Evolution Strategy

Authors: Hidehiko Okada
Comments: 8 Pages.

This study investigates the application of Evolution Strategy (ES) to train binary neural network controllers for the Atari game Space Invaders, extending previous work for control tasks such as Pendulum and Acrobot. Unlike conventional networks using real-valued weights, this approach represents connection weights using binary values from the set {-1, 1}. Experimental results evaluate the performance of multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) with varying numbers of hidden units and weight bit precision (1-bit vs. 64-bit). Key findings indicate that 1-bit MLPs achieve comparable performance to 64-bit MLPs. Moreover, performance with only 2 hidden units is comparable to those with 4, 8, and 16 hidden units, suggesting that binary quantization may not necessitate increased model complexity. Additionally, results demonstrate that increasing the number of offspring per generation enhances ES effectiveness more than increasing the number of generations. These findings highlight the potential of binary-weight neural networks for efficient and effective reinforcement learning in resource-constrained settings.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Reclaiming Knowledge from Monopolies: A Critique of Peer Review, Impact Factors, and the Need for Socialized Research Platforms

Authors: Muhammad Razzaq Aman Wattoo
Comments: 5 Pages.

Knowledge, as a shared human heritage, should not be trapped in bureaucratic monopolies, economic paywalls, or disciplinary silos. Yet the modern academic system has created artificial barriers: exorbitant publication fees, long delays in peer review, and the suppression of unconventional creativity. This paper argues that current practices of impact-factor—driven publishing reduce knowledge to a commodity rather than a universal good. By analyzing the flaws of peer review and suggesting alternatives such as community-driven platforms, rapid review models, and AI-assisted validation, this work calls for a more democratic, transparent, and holistic approach to the circulation of knowledge.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Spacetime Curvature and Localized Energy Density Emerge from Quantum Energy Teleportation Protocols

Authors: Daniel S. Zachary
Comments: 18 Pages.

We propose a theoretical framework in which spacetime curvature and localized energy density emerge from modulations of vacuum entanglement structure. Building upon quantum energy teleportation (QET) protocols and the entanglement-geometry correspondence, we introduce an operational mechanism by which local measurements can induce energy redistribution across spacelike-separated regions. This mechanism does not involve classical signal propagation and remains consistent with causality and quantum energy inequalities. We formalize this hypothesis through an effective entanglement stress-energy tensor and derive its implications for geometry, energy flow, and negative energy densities. Experimental signatures include curvature shifts detectable by atom interferometers, clock desynchronization in optical networks, and vacuum pressure changes in Casimir systems. We identify feasible experimental platforms and outline protocols to test this proposal within current or near-future precision measurement technologies.
Category: Quantum Physics

Meeting of Post-East Communities in Germany

Authors: Peter Enders
Comments: 2 Pages. In German (Note by viXra Admin: This submission may not be within the scope of viXra - It may be subsequently deleted))

From August 6th to 8th, the Foundation for Education and Integrative Work (BUNT) organized a meeting of post-Eastern communities in Germany. BUNT (https://www.bunt-berlin.de) has been offering German language and culture courses for over 30 years, primarily for migrants in Germany, but also for companies and their employees in Germany and abroad. BUNT is particularly committed to the needs of women, children, and families. In its Bunte Umwelt kindergarten, language and nature are given special importance, inspired by Scandinavian pedagogy.This meeting was the first conference within the new project p(ost) berlin, a joint initiative of the BUNT Foundation and the federal program "Living Democracy" (https://www.demokratie-leben.de), which is dedicated to dialogue, identity, and diversity in migrant communities from the former Eastern Bloc in Germany. "Post" also stands for platform, openness, voice, and participation. It primarily served as an initial introduction. The event began with a lecture on building strong communities. Representatives of numerous associations that foster Germany's relations with the countries of the former Eastern Bloc in various ways were introduced, including Galina Nurtasinova, Executive Board Member of the German-Kazakh Society in Berlin. Two workshops and an evening social gathering rounded out the program.
Category: Social Science

A Simple Proof of Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Zhiyang Zhang
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In the process of searching for counterexamples to the Riemann hypothesis, I unexpectedly proved it. Contrary to what modern mathematicians believe, although I did not create a new tool, I achieved this by constructing a sophisticated structure.
Category: Number Theory

Space-time Quanta: The Basic Building Blocks of the Universe Align Quantum World With Relativity

Authors: Pushpak N. Bhandari, Nandan M. Bhandari
Comments: 27 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper introduces a theoretical framework that aims to bridge the conceptual divide between quantum mechanics and relativity by proposing a fundamental building block of the universe: the "Space-Time* quantum." The theory posits that every object possesses an inherent property, Time*u200a—u200adefined as the reciprocal of its intrinsic frequency. The Space-Time* quantum is a composite entity, consisting of a timeless space energy and a kinetic Time* energy. This framework provides a new perspective on wave-particle duality, the double-slit experiment, and quantum entanglement. It re-examines the principles of Special Relativity, offering a conceptual and visual explanation for phenomena like time dilation and length contraction as a consequence of changes in the Space-Time* quanta. The theory also offers an alternative view on the origin of the universe and the nature of gravity, suggesting that gravitational effects arise from an energy deficiency rather than a curvature of spacetime. This paper establishes a conceptual foundation for further mathematical development to test and validate these new insights.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Parabolic Patterns in the Scatter Plot of Pythagorean Triples

Authors: Kuan Peng
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

The scatter plot of Pythagorean triples exhibits distinct parabolic patterns whose origins have not been fully characterized. In this work, we derive explicit parabolic functions directly from the Pythagorean equation and demonstrate their correspondence with these patterns. The analysis shows that basic Pythagorean triples are regularly distributed on the (X,Y) plane, occurring precisely at the intersections of horizontal and vertical parabolas. The derived functions align closely with the observed parabolic structures, and a density analysis of the parabolas explains the prominence of these patterns in the scatter plot of all Pythagorean triples.
Category: Number Theory

The Temporal-Angular Symmetry Hypothesis of Prime Numbers

Authors: Fahd Alawad
Comments: 30 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This study introduces a temporal-angular model in which prime numbers are mapped onto a circular time framework, leveraging angular positions derived from modulo operations with respect to a 12-hour or 24-hour clock. The model reveals distinctive patterns of symmetry, clustering, and periodicity in the distribution of primes, suggesting that their apparent irregularity in the linear domain may transform into structured behavior within a cyclic representation of time.By analyzing the angular distribution of primes, a potential connection to the Riemann Hypothesis emerges: the observed symmetry may correspond to the regularity implied by the nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function lying on the critical line u200b. The temporal-angular mapping could serve as a geometric analogue to the complex plane representation of the zeta function, offering an alternative perspective for visualizing and interpreting prime number distribution.The findings suggest that if the geometric symmetry of prime angular positions can be rigorously formalized and linked to the analytic properties of ζ(s), this approach may contribute to advancing the theoretical framework toward a proof—or deeper understanding—of the Riemann Hypothesis. Future work will involve refining the mathematical formulation, integrating Fourier and modular analysis, and establishing a direct correspondence between angular periodicity and the spectral interpretation of prime distribution.
Category: Number Theory

Applying a Singularity-Inspired Notion to the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture

Authors: Kohji Suzuki
Comments: 25 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We apply SING, a notion inspired by singularity (viXra:1812.0480 [v1]), to the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture to suggest that the conjecture is related to the twin prime conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

On the Generation and Annihilation of Energy in the Early Universe

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

It is said that the universe began with the Big Bang. As the universe was born from the Big Bang, time began to flow, and energy came into existence. It began to expand at the speed of light, becoming the present-day universe. At the point when the early universe began expanding, the age-old question, "Where did energy come from?" can be answered using the mathematical model of the Planck's law and the Planck units. The universe was born from nothing, as empty space with a Planck length. As time began to flow within this space, an unknown energy particle with the Planck mass, which would later be converted to energy, was simultaneously generated. This unknown particle is called the pep (pre-energy particle). As the early universe expanded, peps were continuously generated, producing peps equal to the mass and energy of the present-day universe. The internal temperature of the early universe reached the Planck temperature, 1.41678 × 10^32 K. Now, this space became so hot that the early universe, unable to withstand the Planck temperature, experienced an event called the Big Bang, which began expanding at the speed of light. The Big Bang refers to a phase change where the pep is converted into energy. The Planck temperature is hot spot where energy is generated and annihilated. The generation and annihilation of energy demonstrates that time, energy, and temperature are interrelated. The idea that energy is generated and annihilated does not violate the law of conservation of energy but rather helps us understand the universe.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Refutation that Experiments Verify the Relativity Theory and a More Reasonable Proof of e = mc 2

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 17 Pages.

When pointing out very serious mathematical errors in the relativity theory, people try to argue that the theory has been verified by a large number of physical experiments and therefore it must be correct. The presented paper looks at some of the most commonly presented experiments that claim toverify relativity theory and gives alternative explanations to the results of those experiments.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[ Exploration of] Heart [Participating in] Consciousness: A [ Plausible] Padigm Shift in Human Physiology and Identity

Authors: Muhammad Razzaq Aman Wattoo
Comments: 4 Pages.

Modern neuroscience often designates the brain as the locus of consciousness, identity, and memory. However, emerging evidence suggests that the human heart may serve as the true processor of consciousness, emotion, and individuality, while the brain primarily stores and retrieves learned information. This paper explores the hypothesis that even if a deceased individual’s entire memory could be downloaded and reloaded into an artificial system, producing a replica capable of routine decision-making through learned experiences and neural-like schemas, the result would lack the heart-derived consciousness that governs emotions and deeper human awareness. Insights from heart transplant studies, bioelectromagnetic research, and advances in AI-driven human replication underscore the need to reassess the heart—brain paradigm, with profound implications for medicine, philosophy, and the future definition of human life and identity.
Category: Mind Science

Ice Cube Spikes

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 1 Page.

We answer surely one of the most prominent scientific problems in your life: why ice "spikes" occur jutting out of the top surface of ice cubes.
Category: Condensed Matter

Modeling the Second Order Non-stationary Random Processes Development

Authors: Igor Tkachenko, Victoria Miroshnichenko, Kostiantin Tkachenko, Sergiy Miroshnichenko, Yuriy Miroshnichenko
Comments: 6 Pages.

We applied early developed analytic approach for analysis of third order non-stationary stochastic processes (NSPs) to consider the second order ones. A new constitutive differential equation for the NSPs was derived, and its analytic solutions were obtained. Possibility of periodic combination of nonperiodic analytic solutions of the equation was shown. Development of a 2-nd order NSP long before its macroscopically fixed beginning was shown and a possible explanation of the corresponding negative probability values for the time period was proposed. Necessity of further fine tuned experimental investigations is noted.
Category: Mathematical Physics

About Physical Foundations of Some Contemporary Paradigms

Authors: Igor Tkachenko, Victoria Miroshnichenko, Konstantin Tkachenko, YuryMiroshnichenko, Olesya Tkachenko, Sergio Miroshnichenko, Svitlana Tkachenko
Comments: 12 Pages.

We apply the early developed analytic approach which was used to model the macroplastic deformation of polycrystalline solids, for analysis of evolution of our visible Universe. Such evolution was considered as grand non-stationary stochastic process providing transferring the energy of the Big Bang in space. As consequences of the first and second laws of thermodynamics necessities were shown, respectively, to endless existence of life phenomena in the Universe as a form of the energy transferring together with — conservation of individual life for each living creature to provide spatial homogeneity conservation for the transferring. Proceeding from the spherical symmetry of the Big Bang products distribution and the principally limited time period of the Big Bang development, spherical ring structure of the whole Universe was proposed. Based on the structure, two possible variants of the material objects motion within the whole Universe was considered: 1) - practically free of interactions with the other products, motion in radial directions; 2) — strongly affected by the interaction the curved trajectories motion. Calculated percentages for the contributions in the energy flux for the various types of elementary particles as the energy carriers are in accordance with the known contents of the baryonic, Dark matters and Dark energy in the visible Universe. Early predicted countless number of the approach constitutive equation solutions were associated with the corresponding number of the energy carriers and the mono-universes. A mechanism for participating the mono-universes in the expansion of the whole, poly-universe was proposed. The observed non-monotonic time dependence for the speed of our visible mono-universe expansion is in accordance with the approach predictions. Time dependencies of the square density of the energy carriers and the stress caused the Big Bang energy gradient were calculated and their reciprocal mutual dependence was shown at finishing stage of the visible Universe evolution, in accordance with the known Chaplygin gas models.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Review: Cosmic Gamma Rays Around 70 MeV. DIRACs

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 2 Pages.

Gamma rays in the ~70 MeV energy range occupy a unique position in astrophysics. This regime sits at the threshold where particle-physics processes such as neutral pion πu2070 decay imprint a distinct signature, and where both Galactic and extragalactic cosmic-ray interactions manifest in the diffuse gamma-ray background. Understanding emission in this range is essential for probing the origin and propagation of cosmic rays, the environments of energetic astrophysical sources, and the large-scale structure of the high-energy Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantitative Theoretical Evaluation of the Time Quantum Value Based on the Heizenberg Uncertainty Principle and the Analytic Model of Nonstationary Stochastic Processes

Authors: Igor Tkachenko, Sergii Miroshnychenko, Kostiantin Tkachenko, Victoria Miroshnychenko, Yurii Miroshnychenko
Comments: 6 Pages.

Based on the clear physically interpreted variant of the Heizenberg uncertainty relation connecting the uncertainties for impulse and a space coordinate of any material object, the other variant related to the uncertainties of time and energy for such an object was analytically derived based on the classical mechanics. Considering a measuring procedure as the combination of minimum two non stationary stochastic processes a formula to define the time —quantum was derived using the early developed analytic model. Numerical value of the time — quantum then evaluated was shown to be in a good accordance with the known characteristics of our Universe. Dependence of the time-quantum value from the properties of material objects comprised and the evolution time for the Universe was shown.
Category: Quantum Physics

From Quarks to Neutrinos: A Fractal Framework for Elementary Particle Hierarchy

Authors: Hacı Soğukpınar
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents Unified Fractal Quantum Field Theory (UFQFT), a novel framework that reinterprets particle physics through fractal field resonances and dimensional scaling. In UFQFT, the mass spectrum of fundamental particles emerges from the fractal dimension (D) of their underlying quantum fields, governed by the scaling law m ∝ |D − 2.70|u207bᵅ, where α distinguishes between quark (α ≈ 1.5) and lepton (α ≈ 2.0) sectors. The theory eliminates the need for gluons by explaining quark confinement via fractal binding energies and recasts the Higgs mechanism as a critical fractal phase transition of the Φ energy field. Key predictions include: (1) the composite nature of the down quark (d ≈ u ⊗ eu207b), (2) neutrino masses as residual Φ-field vibrations (D ≈ 2.72), and (3) proton stability as a consequence of fractal synchrony (Du209a ≈ 2.66). UFQFT challenges the Standard Model by unifying electroweak and strong interactions through geometric field modulation, offering testable signatures in high-energy collisions (e.g., fractal dimension imprints at D ≈ 2.65—2.70). The model’s mathematical consistency and empirical viability are demonstrated through precise mass calculations for quarks (u, d, s, c), leptons (eu207b, νu2091), and hadrons (p, n), with deviations <1% for most particles. This work opens new pathways for beyond-Standard-Model physics by integrating fractal geometry into quantum field dynamics.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A Symmetry-Based Proof of Commutativity, Order Dependence, and the Zero Product Property

Authors: Ibrahim Mutebi
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper presents an original proof of the commutative property for addition and multiplication using symmetric term interpretation and the fundamental ambiguity of sequential operations. Unlike traditional approaches that rely on induction or axioms, this method demonstrates how commutativity naturally emerges from the freedom to associate terms in algebraic expressions. The paper further examines subtraction and division, showing why they are not commutative, and explains the zero product property using clear mathematical examples and verbal reasoning. This approach is intended to provide both conceptual insight and pedagogical value, particularly for learners exploring the foundational properties of arithmetic.
Category: Algebra

Visualisation of Complex Time

Authors: John Malcolm Newell
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

The influence of charges acting inward from the past and and outward into the future, at the velocity of light, may be the entire sum of forces which act upon us and which we enact upon the universe. It is speculated here that recent acceptance of action at a distance (maybe better described as action over a spacetime separation, which reveals its relative nature) requires us to reconsider these forces as the origin of both gravity and inertia by accepting the necessity of complex time. Maybe we can resolve the mechanism of this action as being the divergence of spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Frontiers in Polymeric Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy

Authors: Rie Takahashi
Comments: 10 Pages.

Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, and the limitations of conventional treatments underscore the urgent need for more effective and targeted therapeutic strategies. Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) have emerged as highly versatile platforms for cancer therapy, offering tunable physicochemical properties, improved pharmacokinetics, and the potential for site-specific drug delivery. Recent advances in polymer chemistry and nanofabrication have enabled precise control over particle size, surface chemistry, and drug release profiles, facilitating passive and active tumor targeting, as well as responsiveness to tumor-specific stimuli. This review critically examines the design and functionalization of PNPs, their applications across chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and combination treatments, and the incorporation of multifunctional and theranostic capabilities. We also discuss the translational challenges—such as manufacturing scalability, tumor heterogeneity, and safety concerns—and explore emerging trends including biomimetic nanocarriers, AI-driven formulation optimization, and personalized nanomedicine approaches. By integrating recent findings from, this work provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and future opportunities for PNPs as next-generation cancer therapeutics.
Category: Chemistry

Observable Effects and Peculiarities of the Low-Energy Quantum Gravity

Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 12 Pages. This article is accepted by Journal of Optics and Photonics Research (eISSN: 3029-1348), 2025.

The existence of a background of ultra-strongly interactinggravitons is a key postulate of the author's low-energy gravitymodel. Side effects of the model due to photons interacting withthis background may be important for cosmology, and theirobservation would be essential to support the model. The mostimportant such effect is the quantum redshift mechanism, which mayconstitute an alternative to the generally accepted mechanismassociated with the expansion of the universe. The model shouldhave a weakening of the light flux due to a change in the numberof photons, which replaces the influence of dark energy. Scatteredphotons may form a new background that can be detected by deepspace missions. Some important predictions of the model are testedusing observational data sets of SNe Ia, compact quasars andLyman-alpha emitters. The article shows that the linear function$H(z) $ of the model satisfactorily describes the results ofmeasurements of the Hubble parameter. Using a trial function forthe weakening parameter, the possibility of a differentinterpretation of the Hubble tension is illustrated. Theincreasing angular diameter distance of this model is fitted to aset of 120 measurements of the angular sizes of compact quasarswith redshifts of $0.46 -- 2.76$ with independent calibration oftheir linear sizes. Attention is drawn to the possibility of afalse interpretation of changes in the measured sizes ofLyman-alpha emitters observed by JWST in the redshift range of $3-- 7$ as evolutionary effects in the $Lambda$CDM model, sincethese changes can be due to the increasing angular diameterdistance of this model.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Particle Model

Authors: Xiaohua Ye
Comments: 80 Pages. The article will appear in JHEPGC Vol.12 No.2, April 2026.

The Standard Model (SM) does not provide an empirical explanation for the variation in properties such as mass, charge, and spin among point-like fundamental particles. It also does not explain certain phenomena, including dark energy, dark matter, the observed asymmetry between matter and antimatter, neutrino mass and oscillation, and gravity. Additionally, some experimental observations differ from its predictions. This paper presents a new particle model (NPM), which characterizes fundamental particles as composite entities with internal structure. The NPM aims to address major anomalies and unresolved puzzles in the SM and offers testable predictions that extend beyond the SM. The following are key insights from the NPM: ---- The elementary particles described in the Standard Model (SM) may not originate from a single event like the Big Bang; instead, they could be produced sequentially from more fundamental particles. Each particle possesses internal constituents that govern properties including mass, spin, and charge. The orbital coupling and spin of constituents determines the flavour of the particles. ---- Electromagnetic forces are suggested to arise from gravitational interactions, with strong forces forming atop electromagnetic forces, and weak interactions representing the disruption of strong forces. ---- According to the NPM, a quark is defined as a charged lepton bound by a gluon, sharing the same electric charge as its corresponding lepton, which explains matter-antimatter asymmetry. This perspective prompts a need to reevaluate theories regarding quark fractional charges and quark confinement. ---- The compositions of many charged mesons proposed in the SM are not supported by the NPM that offers alternative compositions for these particles, which allows better explanation for meson properties and behaviours like meson decay and meson oscillation. ---- In the NPM framework, the neutron is made up of four valence quarks in a uud-d core structure, which breaks isospin symmetry but better explains beta decay, nuclear forces, and observed data. ---- In NPM, gluons are made of two photons and have mass and flavor, offering an empirical view of QCD. Free gluons explain many dark matter behaviors, while bonded gluons are found in hadrons. ---- According to the NPM, neutrinos are emitted photons that keep coupling traits and inherit flavors from parent particles like gluons and leptons. Neutrino oscillation occurs through interactions with free gluons. ---- Unlike String Theory, the NPM presents testable predictions. For instance, recent high-energy collision experiments at CERN SPS involving argon and scandium nuclei revealed an unexpectedly high number of up quarks post-collision. The NPM explains this result using the uud-d core structure of neutrons and predicts similar outcomes in all high-energy collisions between isotopes with more neutrons than protons; an increased neutron count correlates with a higher detected charged K quark yield (thus more up quarks) relative to expectations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Physical Principles of Non-Shared Coordinate System

Authors: Jian-Xun Zhang
Comments: 45 Pages. The paper has been published in a physics specialty journal. The peer reviewing experts consider that the authors' work is original, stimulating, and ambitious, makes an excellent and exciting contribution to physics.https://doi.org/10.33140/ATCP.08.03.12

When you were brimming with confidence after studying classical physics and ready to achieve great things, only to be told that they are just approximate theories under a low-speed macroscopic weak gravitational field would you feel? This article will calm down your false alarm, make you believe that classical physics remains precisely applicable under high-speed strong gravitational fields (the microscopic situation will be discussed separately) , itself is sufficient to precisely solve issues such as the gravitational bending of light, the perihelion precession of planets due to spacetime curvature, radar echo delay, quasars, dark energy, and dark matter. The evolution of physics to the stage of quantitative analysis was made possible by the introduction of a coordinate system. By Einstein's era, observational coordinate systems and background coordinate systems can no longer share the same coordinate system, abbreviated as NSCS (The Newtonian era corresponding to the shared coordinate system, abbreviated as SCS. The same below). At this point, the primary issue in the NSCS stage becomes which coordinate system the observer should use to measure and read the spacetime data of the observed object. Cling to traditional concepts, choosing the observer's coordinate system as the reading coordinate system, naturally leads to the conclusion that classical physics is an approximate theory. This article chooses to follow the natural law of that only the background coordinate system can serve as the reading data coordinate system, resulted in a theoretical framework based on that 'Two Rules of the data measurement and the reference frame duality, four-sames of the laws of spacetime evolution, and one-strategy of using linear solve nonlinear'. Within this framework, classical physics remains accurate, user friendly, and sufficient. A series of examples listed in this article can serve as proofs.
Category: Classical Physics

Is Spacetime Causally Well-founded [?]

Authors: Ahmed Rabea
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this essay, the causal structure of spacetime is critically examined with a focus on its foundational aspects. The author argues that traditional formulations of the causal order in spacetime often rely on assumptions that may lead to infinite causal regress. To address this, a well-founded causal relation is proposed, in which causation is understood not as a temporal or sequential mechanism but as a grounding relation among events. The analysis suggests that spacetime emerges from a more fundamental layer of reality characterized by ontological priority rather than mere temporal succession. The conclusion posits that the causal structure of spacetime must be well-founded to avoid logical inconsistencies and that this foundation lies beyond spacetime itself, potentially in a network of basal events. This ontological perspective has implications for the interpretation of physical theories and the nature of reality
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Pole Preservation Theorem for Reduced Rational Functions: A Pedagogical and Analytic Perspective.

Authors: Marciano L. Legarde
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author name is required in the article; please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper introduces and formalizes the Zero-Preservation Theorem, an elementary yet structurally significant property of reduced rational functions. The theorem states that for any reduced rational function, the set of vertical asymptotes of R is identical to that of its derivative R'(x). Furthermore, the horizontal asymptote is preserved under differentiation if and only if deg P > deg Q. Proofs are provided using elementary calculus, supported by examples and counterexamples. The theorem is then shown to be a special case of a broader result from complex analysis: differentiation of meromorphic functions preserves the location of poles while increasing their order. This connection situates the theorem as a simplified corollary of a fundamental analytic principle, bridging introductory calculus concepts with the theory of meromorphic functions, pole classification, and Laurent series expansions.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Do Measurements of the Propagation Speed of Low-Frequency Gravitational Waves Confirm the Existence of Gravitons?

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 5 Pages.

Gravitational waves with frequencies above 50 Hz propagate at the speed of light. To date, there have been no measurements at lower frequencies. Analyses show that records of the atmospheric pressure at significantly lower frequencies contain signals from extraterrestrial sources. These are phase-modulated, and the propagation speed depends on the frequency. If the waves are GW, the measurements could confirm the existence of gravitons and allow a mass determination. The results of previous work are summarized here.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Golden Function Model of the Origin of the Fine-Structure Constant

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 52 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted; please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The Golden Function represents a novel, dimensionless framework for understanding the interrelations between fundamental constants, interactions, and structures across diverse scientific disciplines. Inspired by the golden ratio φ and fractal geometries, this function offers a unifying perspective on the mathematical and physical principles that govern the cosmos, from the quantum scale to cosmology, biology, and even human cognition. In this paper, we explore the foundational aspects of the Golden Function, examining its potential to unify disparate scientific fields such as particle physics, cosmology, biology, and mathematics under a single, coherent structure. We analyze its application in areas ranging from quantum mechanics to the dynamics of biological systems, and propose that the function can serve as a tool for predicting new phenomena, revealing previously unrecognized symmetries in nature, and enhancing our understanding of complex systems. By connecting fractality, scaling laws, and the fine-structure constant, the Golden Function opens up new avenues for interdisciplinary research, bridging the gap between abstract theoretical frameworks and empirical observations. Ultimately, this paper positions the Golden Function as a cornerstone in the pursuit of a unified theory of everything, highlighting its potential to reshape our understanding of the universe at all scales. The inverse fine-structure constant has long intrigued physicists due to its dimensionless nature and fundamental role in quantum electrodynamics. In this work, we propose a novel topological framework for its emergence based on the geometry of the Poincaré Dodecahedral Space (PDS) and the arithmetic of the golden ratio φ. We introduce the Golden Function: a φ-scaled summation of rational components that approximates the experimental value of fine-structure constant with high precision. Its structure mirrors the spectral distribution of the Laplace—Beltrami operator on PDS. We argue that this expression is not numerological, but an emergent topological eigenvalue arising from the compact, positively curved 3-manifold , where natural harmonic modes reflect φ-based fractal scaling. The use of φ—an irrational, dimensionless constant found in both mathematics and biology—bridges quantum microphysics and global spatial topology, suggesting a universal, scale-invariant architecture. We demonstrate that the first eigenmodes of the PDS Laplacian correspond quantitatively to the terms in the Golden Function and define constraints on physical constants, consistent with a holographic or topological quantum field theory framework. By embedding φ-scaling into the spectral topology, the fine-structure constant arises not as an arbitrary empirical number but as a consequence of the Universe’s fractal-harmonic and topological structure. We further propose a dimensionless derivation of fine-structure constant, grounded in the Golden Function, incorporating Euler’s number, the golden ratio, and circular constants. The model embeds a fractal golden torus inside 3-spheres, including the Poincaré dodecahedral space, to describe fundamental quantization and angular momentum states. Recursive golden spirals constrained within higher-dimensional topologies reveal the geometric origin of electromagnetic coupling, unifying topological quantization, conformal invariants, and toroidal harmonics in a cosmological—quantum framework.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Proof of Riemann Hypothesis for Large |t|

Authors: Hatem Fayed
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

In this article, it is proved that for large |t|, all the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function must lie on the critical line, as per Riemann hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

Interstellar Propulsion

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 4 Pages.

Is there a possibility that the foundational laws of physics (thermodynamics, momentum conservation) have "work-arounds"? A testable mechanism for sub-light "reactionless" propulsion and an untestable hypothetical faster-than-light mechanism is proposed.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Iterative Expansion of Generalized Mapping Theory and Description of Taylor Series Expansion

Authors: Hongtao Ling
Comments: 5 Pages.

Based on the quadruple framework (object set A, operation set F, result set B, and generation relation ⊢) proposed in the Generalized Mapping Theory [1], this paper makes a key extension to address the limitations of its recursive mechanism, constructing an enhanced generalized mapping framework for dynamic mathematical process modeling. Inspired by the ideas of "explicit operation set" in Chapter 2 and "multi-stage process modeling" in Chapter 4 of the preprint, this study innovatively introduces a state transfer mechanism to solve the core problem of original function information loss in Taylor series expansion. By modeling the Taylor expansion as a recursive sequence of operations, the new framework achieves three breakthroughs: first, it explicitly separates the derivative calculation rules from the state transfer path, extending the "behavior mathematization" concept of the preprint to the field of pure mathematics; second, it establishes a state-driven recursive paradigm that completely retains the function itself and expansion point parameters. Using Taylor expansion as a paradigmatic case, this study verifies the universal descriptive ability of the enhanced generalized mapping for continuous mathematical processes, providing a mathematical tool with both operation traceability and structural expressiveness for dynamic systems such as numerical solutions of differential equations and function approximation, further realizing the theoretical vision of "establishing a complete path of behavior-result generation relations" proposed in the preprint.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Methodological Generalization of the Collatz Sequences to (1 + 2^k )n + S_k(n) if N Mod 2^k ̸= 0, and N/2^k if N Mod 2^k = 0 with Computational Verification for K = 1 up to K = 20

Authors: Ammar Hamdous
Comments: 25 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Several attempts have been made to generalize the Collatz sequences 3n+1, but many of them produced sequences that lack the essential structural properties of the original Collatz dynamics. Among these, the most promising known generalization is the one proposed in 2022 by Naouel Boulkaboul [2], which takes the form 3n+3^k and leads sequences to converge toward 3^k. In this work, we propose a new methodological generalization of the Collatz sequences based on a two-part transformation (1 + 2^k)n + S_k(n) if n mod 2^k ̸= 0, and n/2^k ifn mod 2^k = 0, where S_k(n) is a correction function preserving the generalized singularity previously revealed in [1]. This revised formulation ensures that all rank-1 branch beginnings exhibit the generalized singularity in binary form.Ironically, I correctly formulated the generalization of the Collatz sequences on April 4, 2025 using the auxiliary function n/2^k, but I eventually made the mistake of modifying it by n/2, given its power to prevent the rapid growth of the generalized Collatz sequences.
Category: Number Theory

Analysis of the Michelson--Morley Experiment with a Hypothetical Propagation Medium

Authors: G. Furne Gouveia
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The Michelson--Morley experiment showed equal light travel times in the longitudinal and transverse arms of an interferometer, traditionally interpreted as evidence for the absence of a light-propagating medium. This paper analyzes the experiment in the reference frame of a hypothetical medium, modeled as a property of space or a field, without assuming its absence. We introduce longitudinal and transverse dilation/contraction factors and derive their relationship to reproduce the null result. This generalizes the Lorentz contraction and provides a framework for alternative medium-based interpretations consistent with the experimental outcome.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Revolution in Diamond Synthesis: a Unified Mechanism of Diamond Crystallogenesis in Nature and in Laboratory Synthesis. the Law of Diamond Crystallogenesis

Authors: Volodymyr Kaplunenko, Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 20 Pages.

A recently discovered revolutionary method of diamond synthesis [9], which does not require extreme pressure and temperature, challenges the generally accepted concept of diamond formation and forces it to be revised. A new mechanism of rapid diamond crystal growth is proposed, which can explain this phenomenon. In the new mechanism of diamond synthesis, the main active factor is electrons. We called it the "electronic mechanism of diamond crystallogenesis". The electronic mechanism of diamond synthesis shows that high pressure and temperature are not direct acting factors, they are a trigger that starts the real (electronic) mechanism of diamond synthesis. The electronic mechanism of diamond formation is masked by pressure and temperature and is not manifested explicitly. This has created the illusion that pressure and temperature are the acting factors of diamond formation. The electronic mechanism of diamond crystallogenesis is based on a catalytic process in which catalysis is realized by electrons. Electrons change the oxidation state of carbon, which "switches on" the Coulomb interaction and leads to the launch of the diamond synthesis reaction. Instead of the well-known formulation: "Diamonds are formed from carbon", a new formulation of diamond formation is given: "Diamonds are formed from atomic carbon in the lowest oxidation state C^(-4)". Based on the mechanism of diamond crystallogenesis, the law of diamond crystallogenesis was derived. The basis for new technologies of ultra-fast diamond synthesis are discoveries in the field of catalysis, which fall under the concept of "catalyst-free catalysis". These are Electric-Field Catalysis, the concept of "electron as a catalyst" and overcoming the Sabatier prohibition. These three discoveries in the field of catalysis lead to new technologies of diamond synthesis, capable of greatly accelerating the process of diamond crystal growth. The processes of diamond formation and crystal growth, which in nature last for millions of years, can be implemented in laboratory conditions in a few hours.
Category: Chemistry

Tensor Extension of Generalized Mapping and Conversion Between Its Two Forms

Authors: Hongtao Ling
Comments: 5 Pages.

Traditional generalized function theories (such as Schwartz's distribution theory and Colombeau algebra) have limitations in describing certain phenomena [1]. To address this issue, the Generalized Mapping theory is proposed, which realizes the mathematical modeling of dynamic behavior-result correlations through a four-element framework consisting of an object set A, an operation set F, a result set B, and a generative relation ⊢. However, when the Generalized Mapping theory was initially proposed, its two forms were formulated and defined using sets. Although set-based definitions can describe the basic logic of the theory, they are insufficient in practical applications, especially in computer simulations. Since vector, matrix, and even tensor computations are frequently required (despite sets being occasionally treatable as vectors), it is necessary to theoretically extend the Generalized Mapping theory to tensors. Additionally, there are scenarios where conversion between its two forms is needed. Therefore, this paper presents the tensor extension of the Generalized Mapping theory and discusses the theoretical conditions required for converting between its two forms.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

An Idea For Solving 3SAT

Authors: Delavar Qasemi
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, we present an algorithm that can be used to convert phi into a solvable form. This is done using binary combinations and the relations between them. Binary combinations are all 2-Clauses that can be obtained from n literal of phi and with their help we convert phi into a readable form phi_2 . phi_1 and phi_2 are equivalent (phi_1 is the same as orginal phi), so we can solve phi_2 instead of solving phi_1 .The algorithm performs the transform operation in 4 steps , and in each step it converts phi_i to phi_i+1. phi_i s and phi are equivalent. It can be proven that in the worst case phi_5 is solvable. The time and space order of this algorithm is O(n^96) .
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Towards a Unified Dynamic Network Theory of Space, Time and Matter: A Conceptual and Philosophical Exploration

Authors: Rudi Van Nieuwenhove
Comments: 17 Pages. Extension of previous version

This article proposes a deterministic foundation for quantum mechanics and spacetime based on a Unified Dynamic Network Theory (UDNT), in which nodes and links form the sole constituents of physical reality. Space, matter, and time are not independent entities but emergent aspects of the same underlying network dynamics. Nodes undergo continuous join—split cycles, producing the intrinsic oscillatory behavior normally attributed to zero-point fluctuations. Distance is defined by the typical number of network transitions between two regions rather than by pre-existing geometric separation. Phases attached to the network links enable multiple microscopic paths to coexist, providing a deterministic mechanism for superposition, interference, and wave-like behavior. Spin is incorporated through a minimal two-component internal structure of the link phases.Matter arises as a stable pattern of enhanced connectivity that retains its identity under the network’s evolution. In this way, space and matter are unified: particles are excitations of the same relational structure that constitutes the geometry around them. Such excitations naturally modify the surrounding network, suggesting a path toward a geometric description of gravitation. Quantum entanglement is reinterpreted as the presence of direct nonlocal connections that impose correlations without transmitting signals through space. In this framework, quantum randomness is not fundamental but emerges from the complexity of the network’s deterministic evolution. The UDNT approach thus offers a coherent relational picture in which spacetime, matter, and quantum phenomena jointly arise from a single, evolving network substrate.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

What Does It Mean that Quantum Mechanics [or] Classical Mechanics Can Be Used

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 11 Pages. in Chinese

Nowadays, the notion that 'quantum mechanics and classical mechanics are incompatible' is firmly held in people's minds. One of the paths of the physics revolution was to break this notion and achieve the goal of combining classical mechanics with quantum mechanics. The Schrödinger equation for gravitational potential energy was derived by replacing the potential energy function. This equation can describe classical mechanical systems, and is a mathematical foundation that can be combined with classical mechanics and quantum mechanics. Mathematically speaking, the application of Hamiltonian operator and Schrödinger equation is not limited by whether the system is microscopic or macroscopic. The method of using the Schrödinger equation to solve problems is called the wave dynamics method (quantum mechanics method). The classical mechanical system can use the Schrödinger equation. This indicates that classical mechanics and quantum mechanics can be combined for the same system. As long as there is no superstition about the absolute dominance of existing quantum mechanical explanations such as uncertainty, superposition, and coherence in the microscopic world (Plus establishing a ring electronic structure model), the combination of classical mechanics and quantum mechanics can be used in practice. Multiple successful examples of using quantum mechanics without combining classical forces have been provided with the help of references.
Category: Quantum Physics

Information and Geometric Interpretation of Radioactive Decay

Authors: Vladimir Nesterenko
Comments: 12 Pages. IIn Russian; License: CC BY 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents an informational-geometric model of radioactive decay, interpreting alpha, beta, and gamma emissions as results of localized geometric deformations in the spin network of space-time. Quantum information and dark energy act together to restore equilibrium, with neutrinos and photons serving as agents of informational reconfiguration.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

On the Classical Explicit Formula for Bernoulli Numbers

Authors: Abdelhay Benmoussa
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper presents a proof of the classical explicit formula for Bernoulli numbers, expressed as a sum involving Stirling numbers of the second kind. The approach follows a combinatorial and polynomial comparison method similar to that used by Maurice d'Ocagne. Starting from the explicit formula of Stirling numbers and using known relations with falling factorials, we derive the closed-form expression
Category: General Mathematics

Effective Age of Universe: A New Concept Resolving Cosmological Tensions

Authors: Jami Hossain
Comments: 29 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We introduce the Effective Age of the Universe (EAoU), a relativistically consistent reformulation of cosmic time that reinterprets the expansion history from the perspective of a present-day observer. Unlike the conventional comoving-frame age of the universe (AoU), EAoU replaces the (1+z)−1 scaling in the cosmic age integral with the accumulated proper time along the observer’s worldline, yielding extended temporal frameworks of up to ~45 Gyr depending on the cosmological parameters. Building on this temporal redefinition, we generalize the FLRW metric by introducing a redshift-dependent temporal component, g00=−f(z)2, and derive an observer-centric effective Hubble parameter, Heff(z)=H(z)/(1+z), which links cosmic chronology, expansion dynamics, and metric geometry in a unified relativistic framework. This combined approach not only extends the effective time available for early structure formation—alleviating high-redshift anomalies such as the unexpectedly rapid emergence of massive galaxies, chemically enriched systems, and ∼109u2009M⊙ SMBHs—but also moderates early-universe contraction relative to standard ΛCDM, offering a natural pathway toward resolving the Hubble tension without invoking new physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Higher Genus Curves in Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, and Generalized Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 46 Pages. Proofs for Generalized Riemann hypothesis, Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, and Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures

Whereby all infinitely-many prime numbers are classified as [well-defined] Incompletely Predictable entities, so must all infinitely-many nontrivial zeros be classified as such. We outline the interesting observations and conjectures about distribution of nontrivial zeros in L-functions; and [optional] use of Sign normalization when computing Hardy Z-function, including its relationship to the Analytic rank and Symmetry type of L-functions. When Sign normalization is applied to L-functions, we posit its dependency on even-versus-odd Analytic ranks, degree of L-function, and particular gamma factor present in functional equations for Genus 1 elliptic curves and higher Genus curves. By invoking inclusion-exclusion principle, our mathematical arguments are postulated to satisfy Riemann hypothesis, and Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture in their Generalized formats. We explicitly mention underlying proven / unproven hypotheses or conjectures. We provide Algebraic-Transcendental proof (Proof by induction) as supplementary material for open problem in Number theory of Riemann hypothesis whereby it is proposed all nontrivial zeros of Riemann zeta function are located on its Critical line.
Category: Number Theory

Calculation of the Deflection of Light by the Sun-Three Methods

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 36 Pages.

Calculation of the deflection of light by the Sun - three methods.
Category: Astrophysics

Solution of the Collatz-Probleme

Authors: Christoph Bödewig
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

In this paper, we provide a complete induction proof for the following explicitformula of the Collatz iteration, parameterized by a parity sequence delta_j and then show thatthis representation is surjective, i.e., it reaches all positive integers mathbb{N}
Category: Number Theory

A Unified Theory

Authors: Gene H. Barbee
Comments: 136 Pages.

Some are wondering if a unified theory will converge using ideas of the 20th century. Scientists use quantum mechanics but say it is incomplete. Cosmologists use general relativity but are frustrated with attempts to reconcile large scale gravity with small scale physics. Astronomers and astrophysics continue to gather data with missions like WMAP, PLANCK and James Webb. But there are unresolved problems related to early observation of fully formed galaxies and Hubble measurements. There is no consensus regarding dark matter and dark energy. We know that nature is very precise and mathematical, but there is much to learn. Scientific American [8] published a review of the status of physics in their Millennium Special Issue. The article by the late Steven Weinberg was titled "A Unified Physics by 2050?" Unfortunately waiting is not very satisfying. Many want answers to fundamental questions about our existence. This paper proposes requirements and progress toward a unified theory to help researchers work toward a common vision [5]. A unified theory will gain acceptance if it satisfies these requirements:Agrees with particle data reported by the Particle Data Group [20][26], maintained by University of California at Berkeley and NIST (National Institute of Standards and Testing). Accurately models the mass of the neutron and its decay to a proton, electron, and anti-electron neutrino.Provides a source of constants for the four forces.Unites quantum mechanics and Newtonian gravity. Models atomic binding energy data.Models measured abundances of the elements. Models mass for short lived baryons, mesons, and their decay times.Explains the Standard Model of Particle Physics.Explains the origin of energy. Explains time and space.Provides the number of neutrons in nature. Explains the Heisenberg and Pauli principles. Explains the double slit experiment. Consistent with EPR measurements.Presents the correct cosmology expansion curve.Explains accumulation of mass in clusters, galaxies, and stars.Explains early black holes, dark matter, and dark energy. Provides a basis for progress regarding life’s enduring questions.Explains perception.Explains evolution of life and development of the body.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Neutrinos De-mystified; Do Energetic, Negligible Mass Neutrinos Violate Einstein's E=mCC?

Authors: Carl Littmann
Comments: 8 Pages.

Einstein’s Relativity Theory emphasizes that "if a body radiates a given amount of Energy, that emitting body loses a Mass equal to that emitted Energy divided by the speed of light squared". But if that lost mass can’t be fully found by adding up all the resulting products, including negligible-mass high-energy Neutrinos; where did that mass go? My paper asserts that the lost (hidden) mass was ‘injected’ into the ‘aether’, increasing aether’s mass. As Einstein even said, in 1930, "Space is Eating-Up matter!" I use that "Einstein Statement" to estimate a minimum mass density of aether in Space, i.e., a key estimate but still likely much too low. And I also show that Neutrino propagation is likely an Ethereal Pulse or Stress, like a Twisting Spring Pulse (wave), instead of a forward or backward pulse. Thus, not likely a Particle mass flying through space, like a bullet or ‘baseball’. And I give more details, and address related questions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Integrating Machine Learning and Hedonic Regression for Housing Price Prediction: A Systematic International Review of Model Performance and Interpretability

Authors: Mahshid gorjian
Comments: 22 Pages.

It is becoming increasingly important to predict property prices to mitigate investment risk, establish policies, and preserve market stability. To determine the practical utility and anticipated efficacy of the sophisticated statistical and machine learning models that have emerged, a comparative analysis is required.The purpose of this systematic study is to assess the predictive effectiveness and interpretability of hedonic regression and complex machine learning models in the estimation of housing prices in a wide range of foreign scenarios.In May 2024, a thorough search was conducted in Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The search terms included "hedonic pricing models," "machine learning," and "housing price prediction," in addition to others. The inclusion criteria required the utilization of empirical research published after 2000, a comparison of at least two predictive models, and reliable transaction data. Research that utilized non-empirical methodologies or web-scraped prices was excluded. Twenty-three investigations met the eligibility criteria. The evaluation was conducted in accordance with the reporting criteria of PRISMA 2020.Random Forest was the most frequently employed and consistently high-performing model, being selected in 14 of 23 studies and regarded as exceptional in five. Despite their lack of precision, hedonic regression models provided critical explanatory insights into critical variables, such as proximity to urban centers, property characteristics, and location. The integration of hedonic and machine learning models improved the interpretability and accuracy of the predicted results. Many of the studies included in this review were longitudinal, covered a diverse range of international contexts (specifically, Asia, Europe, America, and Australia), and demonstrated a rise in research output beyond 2020.Even though hedonic models retain a significant amount of explanatory power, the precision of home price predictions is improved by machine learning, particularly Random Forest and neural networks. The optimal results for researchers, real estate professionals, and policymakers who aim to improve market transparency and enlighten effective policy decisions are achieved through the seamless integration of these techniques.
Category: Social Science

Origin of the Lorentz Factor

Authors: Matt Guiney
Comments: 54 Pages. The Michelson experiment and the Lorentz factor origin.

The purpose of writing this paper was to understand the origin of the Lorentz factor equation. Calculations were performed for various clock configurations and special relativity theory was used to compare the calculated dilated clock rate factors with the Lorentz factor. The following clock configurations were examined: 2-way light clock - light motion perpendicular to spaceship motion, 2-way light clock - light motion parallel to spaceship motion, 2-way ball clock - ball motion parallel to spaceship motion, 1-way light clock - light motion parallel to spaceship motion. Calculations were also performed in order to understand the Michelson 1887 interferometer experiment and how it relates to the Lorentz factor.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Embryonic Tensor Calculus Applied to Articial Intelligence in Modern Software Engineering

Authors: Horacio Useche
Comments: 33 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Artificial intelligence is here to stay with us until the end of time, providing services across every field of human knowledge. We have all witnessed its advances, and much is said about its repercussions, yet few people take the trouble to understand how AIs actually work and are trained. It is often said that an AI is a large language model (LLM2) with billions of parameters powering its capabilities through neural networks, which are flows of tensors that use those parameters to process and respond to user requests. AIs cannot deal directly with things the way humans do. Instead, they use mathematical objects that represent those things. A rock, a tree, a cat, a river, a galaxy, Gustavo Petro making a fool of himself, these are all examples of "things" that AIs represent using tensors and manipulate using tensor algebra in neural networks. In other words: numbers, once again, everything is numbers...This document briefly reviews how AIs function and introduces the concept of the embryonic tensor in the training and operation of AI systems. Experts are well aware of the role of ordinary tensors in this field, but few suspect that we can go further by introducing concepts that amplify the usefulness of tensors in AI training. In this spirit, we present the use of embryonic tensors as a "super extension" of the ordinary tensor concept, already heavily used in training current AI LLMs such as ChatGPT, Gemini, Grok, DeepSeek, etc. For those who are concerned about the intrusion of AI into nearly every aspect of contemporary life, the author has also developed a "cure": the Kama technology. It converts any system file into a simple PNG graphic and, in doing so, encodes the digital information using advanced steganographic techniques that allow the data to be hidden safely inside the image. To date, none of the aforementioned AIs has succeeded in decoding a Kama file, not even with help. Kama also fools every web robot that accepts uploads of such files without questioning their contents which, it should be noted, pose no danger to the web or to the application "zombified" by Kama.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Convergence of the Riemann Z Function

Authors: Horacio Useche
Comments: 30 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The Riemann conjeture is false. The zeros of the function $zeta(s)$ are place on $0.43leq Re(s) < 1$ interval. The straight lines with possible infinite zeros are $Re(z)=0.43$, $Re(z)=0.47$, $Re(z)=0.55$, $Re(z)=0.67$, $Re(z)=0.79$, $Re(z)=0.84$, $Re(z)=0.90$, $Re(z)=0.91$, $Re(z)=0.92$, $Re(z)=0.93$, $Re(z)=0.94$, $Re(z)=0.95$, $Re(z)=0.96$, $Re(z)=0.97$, $Re(z)=0.98$, y $Re(z)=0.99$, there are other lines with many zeros, though with minor density.We provide necessary and sufficient conditions to yields the convergence of the zeros of the Riemann zeta ($zeta$) function. A new expression for the Riemann zeta function is also deduced, in terms of a serie of sines and cosines, as expected! In the same way, we confirm the existence of the textbf{zeros by reflection} predicted by the functional equation of the zeta function and we define the concept of textbf{twin zeros} by analogy with the twin primes of the numbers theory.
Category: Number Theory

Canonical Envelopes: A Mathematical Framework for Virtual Weighted Limits and Completion Theory

Authors: Robert A. Rice
Comments: 49 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This work introduces canonical envelope theory as a mathematical framework for understanding completion phenomena in category theory and related mathematical disciplines. Buildingon Shulman’s and Riehl’s characterization of weighted limits through natural transformationsθ : Q ⇒ C(D, E) [32; 33], we demonstrate that numerous completion constructions—includingcanonical extensions, topological compactifications, categorical completions, and constructions in algebraic geometry—can be understood as instances of factorization through virtual weighted (co)limiting structures.Our main theoretical contribution identifies canonical envelopes as initial objects in categories of factorizations of appropriately constructed pairings. The (heuristic) classification θ = id versus θ ̸= id distinguishes internal completion from external mediation. We establish existence criteria through bilateral denseness and compactness conditions, providing systematic construction procedures for a range of mathematical contexts.The framework encompasses several major completion constructions through classificationtables. Virtual weighted limits extend Gabriel-Ulmer methodology [9] from filtered/cofiltereddiagrams to arbitrary weights, enabling systematic treatment of incomplete categorical frameworks. We introduce and develop "gem theory" as a systematic classification of mathematical structures according to their bilateral completion properties. Key results include the pullback characterization showing that canonical interpolants are categorically determined, bilateral envelope structure capturing fundamental duality patterns, andsystematic organization through a canonical envelope pseudomonad. The theory suggests deepcategorical principles underlying mathematical completion while providing practical methodology for discovering canonical constructions in various mathematical contexts.
Category: General Mathematics

Impact of Photosensitizing Agents Incorporation on Relaxivities of Gadolinium-Loaded Paramagnetic Liposomes

Authors: B. Wereszczyńska, K. Szcześniak
Comments: 7 Pages.

Previously described enhancement of the relaxivities of the liposomes with gadolinium-functionalized lipids embedded in the lipid bilayer, caused by the incorporation of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), opens the way to reduction of the dose of potentially harmful Gd(III) in novel theranostic liposomal formulations. The lipid bilayer water permeability and flexibility/deformability alterations were found the most likely reasons for the relaxivity increase. Here we present the relevant difference between outcomes of incorporation of ZnPc and other hydrophobic photosensitizing agents, namely Temoporfin (TP) and Verteporfin (VP), into the structure of Gd(III)-loaded liposomes. Three types of theranostic liposomes, each containing one of the photosensitizers, and liposomes with no model drug, were prepared by a thin-film hydration method and examined for particle size distributions and relaxivities r1 and r2 (9.4 T, 37°C). Only incorporation of ZnPc affected relaxation properties of the liposomes. It is our hypothesis that it is energetically non optimal for ZnPc not only to be located in hydrophilic regions but also (to a lesser extent) in non-polar lipid chains regions. The above may be the reason for locally incompact structure of the lipid bilayer resulting in an increase of water permeability and flexibility/deformability of the membrane, affecting relaxivity. This would not be the case for TP and VP as they mix well with less polar environment.
Category: Condensed Matter

Disproof of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Igor Hrnčić
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper demonstrates that many results about the Riemann Zeta Function in the literature are wrong, claiming an asymptotic estimate without checking the limit, or interchanging integration and summation when the infinite series diverges absolutely. The new Lemma is proved, proving new estimates about Zeta. These contradict known results, conditional on the truth of the Riemann Hypothesis. A stronger result holds too: any open vertical strip that holds the boundary of the Critical Strip also holds a zero of Zeta. The new Lemma can be applied to L-Functions too.
Category: Number Theory

Rotational Metric of Cosmological Bifurcations and the Role of Constraints in the Formation of the Universe

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

A cosmological model based on the cosmic deceleration parameter q is investigated. The model reveals a bifurcation structure associated with the dark components of the Universe. The model quantitatively reproduces the observed values of the deceleration parameter and proposes a conceptual scheme in which physical constraints, such as the speed of light, act as organizing factors, generating a metric structure and cosmological bifurcations. A concept is proposed in which constraints precede entities, suggesting that the Universe itself emerges from fundamental constraints, rather than vice versa.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Rotational Metric of Cosmological Bifurcations and the Role of Constraints in the Formation of the Universe (In Russian)

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

A cosmological model based on the cosmic deceleration parameter q is investigated. The model reveals a bifurcation structure associated with the dark components of the Universe. The model quantitatively reproduces the observed values of the deceleration parameter and proposes a conceptual scheme in which physical constraints, such as the speed of light, act as organizing factors, generating a metric structure and cosmological bifurcations. A concept is proposed in which constraints precede entities, suggesting that the Universe itself emerges from fundamental constraints, rather than vice versa.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Statistical Methodologies for Urban Morphology Indicators: A Comprehensive Review of Quantitative Approaches to Sustainable Urban Form

Authors: Mahshid Gorjian
Comments: 18 Pages.

Urban morphology has a significant impact on sustainable urban outcomes in the ecological, social, and economic sectors. Nonetheless, academics lack clarity and consensus on how to quantify urban morphology indicators, which impedes multidisciplinary research and the creation of integrated sustainable solutions. This comprehensive study develops a detailed taxonomy of urban form indicators related to sustainability, describes quantitative approaches for investigating the linkages between urban morphology and sustainability, and examines research trends, gaps, and future directions. A review of 89 carefully selected studies showed 365 distinct urban morphology measures, with significant variation in names, interpretations, and data formats. The measures were divided into six categories: urban tissue configuration, roadway network, building plot characteristics, land use, natural elements and greenspace, and urban expansion, each with its own subclass. The study indicates that, even though urban morphology is intrinsically spatial, spatial modeling is rarely used to investigate its relationships with sustainability. The research shows a regional bias, with insufficient representation of studies focusing on the Global South and natural elements. This synthesis calls for a standardized classification framework as well as more broad, spatially explicit techniques to foster multidisciplinary research and support effective policy and planning for sustainable urban development.
Category: Social Science

Advances and Challenges in GIS-Based Assessment of Urban Green Infrastructure: A Systematic Review (2020—2024)

Authors: Mahshid Gorjian
Comments: 33 Pages.

Urban green infrastructure (UGI) is critical for improving ecological resilience, public health, and social equity in the face of increasing urbanization. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are critical tools for evaluating the spatial, environmental, and social dimensions of Urban Green Infrastructure. This systematic review brings together empirical GIS-based evaluations of UGI published between 2020 and 2024, highlighting methodological innovations, data sources, analytical frameworks, and persisting issues. We identify trends using remote sensing, machine learning, and multi-criteria decision analysis to improve green space accessibility, ecosystem service provision, and urban resilience. Despite increased interdisciplinarity and technological innovation, shortcomings remain in standardized evaluation procedures, geographic representation, and the incorporation of social justice factors. Our findings underscore the importance of standardized frameworks and better participatory GIS approaches for promoting sustainable and equitable urban development. This paper provides a fundamental synthesis for researchers, planners, and politicians who want to improve GIS-based urban greening programs.
Category: Social Science

Quantifying Gentrification: A Critical Review of Definitions, Methods, and Measurement in Urban Studies

Authors: Mahshid Gorjian
Comments: 36 Pages.

Background The measurement, effects, and policy implications for social justice of gentrification continue to be a central but challenging issue in urban studies and planning, with considerable discussion about its significance. Despite the growing empirical interest, there is a lack of agreement regarding the definition and measurement of gentrification, which has led to a variety of findings and has complicated the scholarly and policy discourse.Objectives This study critically evaluates the quantitative methodologies applied to describe and measure gentrification in peer-reviewed literature. The objective is to identify methodological shortcomings, demonstrate current practices, and provide recommendations for future research.Methods Empirical data was used to operationalize gentrification in a systematic review of 179 quantitative studies published between 1973 and 2020. The theoretical framework, variable selection, spatial and temporal dimensions, data sources, and analytic approaches of each study were examined.Results The findings show significant variability in the operationalization of gentrification, including a dependence on decade-long intervals, census tract-level studies, and simple criteria. Few studies integrate supply and demand factors or use race as a key analytic component. Methodological complexity has increased in recent years, with more research using blended indicators and multivariate approaches, although inconsistencies and ambiguities remain. Mixed methods approaches and the incorporation of local context are underutilized.Conclusion To improve the rigor and comparability of gentrification research, future studies should use deeper and theoretically grounded measurement methodologies, describe methodological decisions transparently, and address spatial, temporal, and social issues more completely. Clearer standards for establishing and measuring gentrification are required for creating strong, policy-relevant study and informed urban planning practice.
Category: Social Science

Sprugnoli's Formula

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this note, we study an identity obtained by R. Sprugnoli in 2006.
Category: Number Theory

A Critical Review and Correction of Karim Ghariani's Karimation

Authors: Abdelhay Benmoussa
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

In 2009, Tunisian media celebrated a 19-year-old student, Karim Ghariani, for proposing a method—referred to as emph{Karimation}—that claimed to simplify the direct computation of Bernoulli numbers. Despite local acclaim, his approach, archived on platforms such as Wikiversity but never formally peer-reviewed, contains gaps and minor errors. This paper revisits Karim's main integral formula involving Bernoulli polynomials and Stirling numbers, identifies a critical flaw in differentiating under an integral with a fixed upper bound, and provides a rigorous correction by extending the integral to a continuous upper limit. We conclude that while the original method does not present fundamentally new results, the episode highlights the importance of mathematical rigor and peer review, as well as the value of encouraging youthful mathematical curiosity.
Category: General Mathematics

From Rotation Curves to Cosmic Time: Probing High-Redshift Expansion Through Nested Spiral Dynamics

Authors: E. P. J. de Haas
Comments: 40 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present a novel method for estimating the cosmic expansion rate $H_z$ at high redshift ($z approx 2$--$10$) using the internal dynamics and morphology of nearby galaxies—without relying on direct redshift—distance measurements. The approach models rotation curves of systems showing a clear structural transition between a central bar (interpreted as a fossil spiral) and an outer spiral disk. Within a dual-Lagrangian framework, these nested structures are assigned separate dynamical regimes, enabling $H_z$ to be extracted from the mass $M$ and emph{critical radius} $r_c$ of the proto-bar region. The critical radius is defined locally by the condition $v_H(r_c) = v_{m esc}(r_c)$, which yields a emph{local critical density} $ho_c propto H_z^2$. When this purely local relation is mapped onto cosmic time using the $Lambda$CDM matter-era scaling $H(t) propto t^{-1}$, it reproduces the universal $ho_c propto t^{-2}$ law. Applying the method to seventeen galaxies, and scanning early bulge mass fractions from $0.2%$ to $20%$ of today’s $M_{m bulge}$, we find that the $0.5%$—$5%$ range best matches the $Lambda$CDM timeline for disk—spiral onset. A refined backward-time minimization, incorporating a power-law bulge growth model, further narrows the plausible onset window to $0.4$—$1.8$~Gyr after the Big Bang. This technique complements high-redshift probes such as emph{JWST} imaging and CMB extrapolations, offering a new class of local, dynamical constraints on the early universe. If validated and applied to large rotation-curve samples, it could yield hundreds to thousands of independent $H_z$ determinations, refining both the cosmic expansion history and the baryonic structure formation timeline.
Category: Astrophysics

Quantum Electrodynamics in Mesoscopic Transport, A Velocity Framework for Conductance Quantization and Majorana Detection

Authors: Steve P. Smith
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Introducing a velocity-based paradigm grounded in quantum electrodynamics (QED) that reformulates the conductance quantum G_0=2e^2/h as G_0=4ϵ_0 v_e (ve=αc). This framework resolves the Majorana fermion reproducibility crisis by defining the effective velocity v_eff=α_SO/(ℏV_z) as a topological discriminant. It will be proven that true Majorana zero modes (MZMs) exhibit v_eff∼ 10^4 m/s, distinguishable from trivial Andreev bound states (ABS) via time-resolved Andreev reflection (τ=L/v_eff ). Experimental protocols and stability metrics (R= δE⋅ξ/ℏve≤ 1) enable scalable topological Qubits.
Category: Quantum Physics

OR Serial Report 2: Exploring the Objective and Real Mass of Photons

Authors: Xiaogang Ruan
Comments: 22 Pages.

The theory of Observational Relativity (OR), as a new theory in human being's physics, has revealed the essence of the relativistic effects of Einstein relativity theory, and moreover, has generalized and unified Newton's classical mechanics and Einstein's relativity theory in the same theoretical system under the same axiom system. However, the original intention of OR research is not to establish the theory of OR, but to give photons some rest mass. According to the mass-speed relation of Einstein special relativity, an object of matter moving in inertial spacetime exhibit two distinct masses: the rest mass; the moving mass. However, as an object of matter reaches the speed of light, either its moving mass becomes infinitely large or its rest mass becomes infinitely small. Einstein chose to set the rest mass of photons to zero. It is puzzling that Einstein's moving mass depends on observation: the same material object has different moving masses relative to different observers. Therefore, people subconsciously believe that Einstein's moving mass is not objective and real, and that only the rest mass is the objectively real mass with real inertial effects and real gravitational effects. So, if photons had no rest mass then they would have no mass. According to the materialist view of nature, the natural world is a world of matter, and all matter or material particles, including photons, have the intrinsic and objectively real mass. Naturally, the objectively real mass must be independent of observation. OR serial report 1 has elucidate the theoretical validity and empirical basis of OR. Now, OR serial report 2 will report on the exploration for the objectively real mass of photons by the theory of OR. The theory of Inertial OR (IOR) proves that photons possess the rest mass; the theory of Gravitational OR (GOR) predicts that the theoretical value of the rest mass of a photon with the frequency f is mo=hf/c2. Thus, according to the theory of OR: all matter or material particles possess the objectively real rest mass; a material object, whether it is a massive star or a tiny photon, must possess the rest mass of its own if it exists objectively; otherwise, it does not exist.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Wave Function of the Universe Near Cosmological Singularity in Three Dimensions I

Authors: Tatsuyuki Sugawa
Comments: 20 Pages.

We investigate the wave function of the universe near the Big Bang Singularityin three dimensions. The Wheeler-DeWitt equation in the minisuperspace model issolved to obtain a wave function of the universe in Anti-deSitter space (cosmologicalconstant :Λ < 0). In addition we speculate the case of TMG (Topologically MassiveGravity) Universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Derivation Study of Explicit Formulas for Twin Primes

Authors: Kohei Okawa
Comments: 34 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

In this paper, I have repeatedly gone through various trial and error attempts, mainly inpursuit of the infinity of twin primes. Below, I have marked the failed attempts in the firsthalf, or clearly stated like that unfortunately, this is incorrect," "unfortunately, this is weakness," and have left the arguments that are clearly theoretically consistent as they are. I by no means want to write a fraudulent paper. I strongly hope that this paper will remain asource of research for future generations.
Category: Number Theory

Quarks — What Are They? What do They Represent?

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 4 Pages.

The fundamental quark theory of the Standard Model has been expanding through experimental results and answering criticism, for more than half a century. We can therefore reasonably assume, based on historical precedent, that there is some basic aspect of existence that is instantiated by "quarks". The conjectural model here presented assigns the subjective components, C P T M S and L, as the identities of the six quarks, Up Down Strange Charm Top and Bottom (presently no known order of correspondence). The principal conjecture is that quarks represent solutions to problems in "subjective physics" that have consequences in the objective realm and therefore require geometric instantiation in some fashion.
Category: Quantum Physics

Brauer and Certain Class of Hansen Chain Are Closed Addition Chains

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages. This paper presents a new idea, connecting existing chains to closed addition chains.

We show that Brauer and a certain class of Hansen chains satisfy the requirements for an addition chain to be closed. This puts these types of addition chain as a subfamily of the so-called closed addition chains.
Category: Number Theory

The Metric System as a Key to Understanding the Symbolic Information of the Giza Pyramid Complex

Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 8 Pages.

The article attempts to logically recreate the symbolic information of the Giza pyramid complex. First of all, it took into account the presence of a special reasonable goal-setting among representatives of an ancient highly developed civilization. In this regard, it is assumed that the construction of the Giza pyramid complex is due to the value of information about the existence of a habitable planet. To understand the symbols that may indicate a specific star system, pyramid devices have been built, and the unit of length "meter" is indicated as a symbolic designation of distances. Following reasonable arguments, the pyramid builders probably used an intelligent way to find a star system with a habitable planet and provided a means of communication with it. This means of communication is probably based on the principles of radio communication and is intended for use in a different, more advanced technological order. With that said, the Giza Pyramid complex project was probably also conceived as a significant social trigger for modern human society.
Category: Archaeology

Theory, Diy and Proof: Newton's Seemingly Reactionless Drives

Authors: Miroslaw Wilczak, Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 4 Pages.

Since Newton it is known that reactionless drives are impossible. Nevertheless, it appears as if satellites and the ISS can rotate without reaction. We apply the underlying principle to a linear drive that can be built for a few dollars.
Category: Classical Physics

Forces that Form the Atomic Nucleus

Authors: Stephen L. Metschan
Comments: 15 Pages. Added additional references

More than a century ago, physicists discovered that mass is concentrated in a small, dense region at the center of atoms. However, the electrostatic repulsion between the positive particles of the atomic nucleus should break it apart. To solve this dichotomy, a stronger attractive force was proposed. Since then, decades of experimentation have gradually expanded our understanding of nuclear physics and revealed further mysteries. Despite this progress, a theory for the strong force using established physical laws consistent with these observations has yet to emerge. A mistaken consensus regarding nucleon composition during a crucial stage in the early development of particle physics could be the cause. This paper outlines how an alternate nucleon composition provides the geometric framework necessary for existing physical laws to accurately predict the strong force and other phenomena consistent with experimental results.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A View from Within Mind in Mind

Authors: Gene H. Barbee
Comments: 29 Pages.

Creation appears to have been an information-based act which separated mass energy plus kinetic energy from equal and opposite field energy. Correlation of particle data with information shows that there are two levels to nature, 1) an information level associated with mind and 2) an energy level that supports evolution of our body and brain in a large universe. The author developed an information-based model of fundamental particles based on these two levels. We perceive information with electromagnetic senses at the interface of these two levels of nature. Particles described by the author’s models contain information required to create the universe around us. For example, three energy/information components define a three-dimensional universe. We inherit this information viewing point because we are an integral part of nature. The concept that the information level of nature is mind and that it is a subset of Mind [6][7][8] helps us understand. It leads to the view that life leads to valuable information increases and that we participate in ongoing creation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

An Elementary Proof of the Goldbach Conjecture for N ≥ 8

Authors: Gustavo García, Oscar Melchor
Comments: 2 Pages. License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Anelementary proof of the strong form of the Goldbach Conjecture is presented: every even number greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers. The strategy is based on analyzing the possible pairs of odd numbers that sum up to 2n and applying a sieve based on the divisibility of primes less than or equal to √2n. It is shown that for n ≥ 8, at least one of these pairs consists of two prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Torque Generator by Casimir Conversion

Authors: Israel Teomim
Comments: 5 Pages.

Potential application of special surface geometries to generate a horizontal Casimir force component parallel to the overall surface. Proper alignment of surfaces with these geometries generates an angled force component that can be reduced to the horizontal force alone (the Casimir force component parallel to the overall surface) by an additional external force. Configurations are based on a pair of straight and parallel surfaces with such geometries that the geometry of one is a mirror image of the other with respect to an axis perpendicular to their overall surfaces. Both surfaces face each other with the aforementioned mirrored geometric structures. For example, by appropriately placing such surfaces on the bases of two rollers, which are directed towards each other with their bases and separated by a vacuum (also in the surrounding space), it is possible to obtain a controlled torque of these rollers, whereby they rotate in opposite directions. The presence of a vacuum eliminates friction between the elements and the air and avoids weakening the Casimir force. This makes it possible to use the Casimir force as a source of mechanical energy and, in the example discussed, as a source of torque that can be converted into useful energy.
Category: Quantum Physics

Generalizing the Concept of Repetends

Authors: Izzie Boxen
Comments: 12 Pages.

Here, we generalize the concept and notation of repetends, develop an algebra of rules for manipulation, and give two examples of how these can be used in mathematics.
Category: General Mathematics

Low-Scale Majorana Neutrino Masses from Renormalizable Higgs Doublet Coupling

Authors: Weifeng Wang
Comments: 9 pages

Neutrino mass origins remain one of the central unsolved puzzles in particle physics. Leading mechanisms were established by the early 2000s, with limited essential breakthroughs observed in the past twenty years. These approaches often rely on the unobserved Higgs triplet field, non-renormalizable operators or the hypothetical coupling of the left-handed and right-handed neutrinos. In this work, we address these fundamental challenges by proposing a novel low-scale mechanism where neutrino masses are generated through a renormalizable, Higgs doublet-mediated interaction between the SU(2) lepton doublet and the conjugated singlet, distinct from the conventional Higgs-Yukawa coupling formed between the lepton doublet and singlet. By presenting a fresh extension of the Standard Model (SM) where the SU(2) representations are slightly misaligned with the neutrino chiral states, we were able to provide a theoretically coherent explanation for the Majorana neutrino mass generation without a priori assumption that neutrinos are their own antiparticles. Our model further eliminates the coupling of the left-handed and right-handed neutrinos after the spontaneous symmetry breaking, and meanwhile substantially reduces the fine-tuning of Yukawa couplings. We conclude by highlighting the key implications of our findings, including the minimal mixing between active and sterile neutrinos (consistent with current experiments) and the potential of the present SM extension in decoding the flavor mixing and CP violation phases.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Bosons and Fermions

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 2 Pages.

The reason for there being two states with respect to "spin" is rooted in the four logic types (0, 1, 2, 3-logic). When there is a seemingly mysterious property of matter, we inevitably find a rational solution in 2-logic (the relativistic perspective) which is only at "apparent variance" with 3-logic (the Newtonian viewpoint) u2026 both being logically viable. So, logic must adjudicate a solution resulting in the noncontradictory instantiation of both in the "real world".
Category: Quantum Physics

Introduction on the Implementability of the Communist Social System

Authors: Ding Jian
Comments: 4 Pages.

The major social systems in the world today all aim for fairness as their pursued goal. Whether it is Western democracy or Eastern democracy, the obedience of the minority to the majority is a common rule for both. The flaw lies in imposing the consensus of a part of people on others. And truth is absolute fairness, meaning unanimous consensus, which lies herein as the key that truly drives social progress today. Although truth must have absoluteness and immutability, and does not exist in reality, and belongs to the category of metaphysics, it has continuity with relevant objective things in reality, and its intrinsic mechanism is inertia. Based on this, I initially created the "Trialism on Things' Limits", which resolved the dilemma that truth had no place to reside in dualism and could only be passed over ambiguously, and expanded the philosophical view of materialism to the category of metaphysics. This means that the communist social system is based on the current democratic systems (which belong to dualism) both in the East and the West to add unanimous consensus as a third aspect, and a unity of opposites is formed by virtue of the absoluteness of truth together with the democracy and centralism in reality. With the reasonable return of methodology from dualism to trialism, ambiguity breeds chaos while consensus harbors peace; this is a new connotation provided for how to implement the community with a shared future for mankind on the basis of theoretical innovation.
Category: Social Science

Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, Beal Conjecture, and Catalan's Conjecture [?]

Authors: Mi Zhou
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper investigates the non-existence of positive integer solutions for equationsrelated to Fermat's Last Theorem, Beal Conjecture, and Catalan's Conjecture. For (4n1 + 1)n+(4n2 + 1)n=(4n3)n , expanding the left-hand side yields a term of the form 4nu2032+2, while the right-hand side is 4nu2032u2032, demonstrating the equation's invalidity. Fermat's Last Theorem (xn + y n=z n with n > 2) was proven by Wiles using highly complex methods. The generalized Fermat equation (x p + y q=z r) extends this, with Beal Conjecture positing no positive integer solutions when x, y, and z arecoprime—a problem yet unresolved. Catalan's Conjecture (A m=B n + 1) asserts no solutions exist beyond 3 2=2 3 + 1, proven by Preda Mihăilescu through intricate means. This study employs concise modular arithmetic to address all three conjectures.
Category: Number Theory

Generalized Energy in Special Relativity

Authors: Asutosh Kumar
Comments: 2 Pages. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

We obtain the generalized mass-energy equivalence using an elementary approach.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hyperbolic Quantum Time Evolution Formulation

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 15 Pages.

We prove that the relativistic Schrodinger equation of a massive point particle in one dimension is equivalent to an alternative time evolution formulation where the values of the wave function depend on the wave function's past values on relativistic hyperbolas inside the past light cones.
Category: Quantum Physics

Physical Constants and Parameters in World-Universe Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 5 Pages. 1 Figure (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

World-Universe Cosmology (WUC) is grounded on 1) Cosmic Medium — carrier of all interactions in Classical Physics; 2) Universe-Created Matter — continuously generated; 3) Angular Momentum — inherited from the Eternal Universe. All physical laws are determined by the dimensionless quantity Q , a dynamic version of Dirac’s Large Number, and shaped by the Cosmic Medium, consistent with Mach’s Principle: "Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe." The main goal of the present paper is to demonstrate how Physical Constants and Major Cosmological Parameters arise in WUC.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Comparison of Voigt Profile Fitting Using Origin and Algebraic Approximation in Extracting Lorentzian Broadening for Electron Density Diagnostics

Authors: Zi-Jing Chiah, Elton Song-Zhe Mah
Comments: 3 Pages.

Accurate extraction of Lorentzian broadening from optical emission spectra is essential for estimating electron density in plasmas via Stark broadening. In this study, we compare two commonly used methods: (1) direct Voigt profile fitting using Origin, and (2) manual calculation using approximation of = . It is found that the Lorentzian width obtained from the approximation can differ by 3—5% compared to direct fitting, resulting in a corresponding deviation in the estimated electron density. Direct fitting does not need manual calculation and delivers more accurate results, making it the preferred method.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Problem with the Equivalence Principle

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 4 Pages.

The "Equivalence Principle" first noted by Albert Einstein has an obvious defect in it that forces a re-evaluation of deductions made from it. This is not a minor defect but rather a critical error that, when properly evaluated, leads to the cause of the stability of electrons in atomic orbitals and the underlying cause of electromagnetic radiation from accelerated charged particles. This should have been noted by physicists in the late 19th century but was missed.
Category: Classical Physics

Residue Classes and Stopping Time of the 3n+1 Problem

Authors: V. Barbera
Comments: 13 Pages.

This paper presents an analysis of the stopping time of the 3n+1 problem based on the residue class of n.
Category: Number Theory

An Icelandic-English Dictionary and The Graphical Law [Part II]

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 42 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We continue to study An Icelandic-English Dictionary, the Second Edition, brought out by theOxford University Press, way back in the year 1957. We draw the natural logarithm of the numberof words(in bold) without and with supplementary words, normalised, starting with a letter vs thenatural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We find that the words(in bold) underliea magnetisation curve. This is the magnetisation curve in the Bethe-Peierls approximation ofthe Ising model, BP(4,βH = 0.06), in the presence of four nearest neighbours and little externalmagnetic field, βH = 0.06. Unlike the head words, all words(in bold) being in use for a fewhundred years do not go over, under successive normalisations, fully to the exact Onsager solutionof the two dimensional Ising model in the absence of external magnetic field, reflecting goingover of the Icelandic language to its offsprings. Moreover, drawing the natural logarithm of thenumber of words(in bold) with supplementary words, normalised, starting with a letter in theexpanded alphabet scheme (i.e. like considering A and A' separate) as it is laid out in the Icelandicdictionary, vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised, we find that the underlyingmagnetisation curve is BP(4,βH = 0.04).
Category: Linguistics

Fermat's Theorem [in Details]

Authors: Mustapha Kharmoudi
Comments: 22 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract is required in the article)

After publishing here a summary that was widely disseminated across certain social networks, I received numerous messages requesting clarification of several of my assertions. Hence this comprehensive and detailed article.
Category: Number Theory

Survivorship and Coherence Cosmology

Authors: Andrew Martin
Comments: 23 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper proposes a two part reinterpretation of cosmological redshift and spectral line broadening, based on classical wave behavior rather than spacetime expansion.First: Redshift arises from the medium itself. Light does not travel through a vacuum. Intergalactic space is filled with tenuous plasma that interacts more readily with higher frequencies. As light travels across vast distances, high frequency components are scattered or absorbed more often than lower ones. What reaches us is biased toward longer wavelengths. This is survivorship, not metric expansion.Second: Coherence loss is a direct result of geometry in three dimensions. As wavefronts expand, their surface area grows, and each observer samples a smaller portion of the full wave. If the emitter has any instability in frequency, timing, or angle, this leads to phase variation across the observed wave. The result is line broadening and signal smearing. These effects do not require stretching of space or time. They are a natural outcome of how expanding waves behave in a structured field.Together, these effects explain the two most persistent cosmological signatures, redshift and time dilation, without invoking expansion at all. Light doesn’t just stretch. It is filtered and smeared.
Category: Astrophysics

The Term "Experiment" has No Formal Definition in Logic

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 2 Pages.

The endeavor called "science" (in the modern era since Newton) has no definition of the concept "experiment" in logical terms. A definition framed as "what scientists do" or appeals to "testing of hypotheses" is unacceptable as a logical base. Scientists know what they are doing intuitively but not explicitly u2026 as a matter of formal logic. Hence, occasionally, mistakes are made that may persist for more than a century. Here such a definition is proffered, and a long-term mistaken experiment is reexamined in the light of that definition.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Locality/Stability Duality of the Electron-Positron Pair

Authors: Dominique Mareau
Comments: 10 Pages.

The unit "electron" is universal, because it is not based on the arbitrary units [kg, m, s] of the SI system. Any other possible civilizations could express a mass, a length or a time, in the form of a (dimensionless) ratio with the electron. But the free and measured electron, is dressed in virtual particles, which slightly increase its bare mass. Its bare mass is not measurable, because of the impossibility of decoupling it from the virtual particles. Starting from Yoshio Koide's formula [1] and by proposing bare and integer values, the paper [2] improves by a factor ≈ 100, the KOIDE relations. This suggests that the original electronpositron pairs have a different status from the locally created pairs. This new paradigm states that the muon mass, measured at 206.768 "dressed electron" units, shows multiple coherence if it is composed of 206 "naked, whole, and fused" electron units + 1 single electron or positron. Similarly, the mass of the tau, measured at 3477.103 "dressed electron" units, exhibits multiple coherence if it is composed of 3480 "naked and whole" electron units + 1 single electron or positron. We propose to extend this coherence for six types of particles from different families, including pions, protons, and neutrons.
Category: Quantum Physics

Nielson Theory and the Reidemeister Trace

Authors: Hin Ching Hou
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, we formalize the Nielsen and Reidemeister invariants, prove their equivalence, and highlight their utility by situating them within homological and categorical frameworks, making reference to foundational concepts from the Adams spectral sequence, Dyer—Lashof operations, and the homotopy theory of spectra.
Category: Topology

Lambda Dark Matter

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 3 Pages.

Lambda Dark Matter (LDM) envisions dark matter as awavelength (λ) phenomenon. How particles and energy waves are defined influences how and if LDM could be a valuable part of an emerging Theory of Everything.
Category: Astrophysics

Galaxy Rotation Curves: Dark Matter as a Solution

Authors: Rama Kalaga
Comments: 24 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list author name after article title and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper investigates the galaxy rotation curve problem while validating dark matter asthe primary solution. Standard Newtonian Dynamics show that stellar speeds decrease withradial distance from the central area of galaxies. Since the early 20th century, physicists have found flat rotation curves during observations, which demonstrate unidentified mass in galaxies that they have termed dark matter. The primary focus of this investigation delves into how welldark matter functions as an answer to resolve the galaxy rotation curve issue. The study evaluatesthe accuracy of dark matter models, particularly the NFW and Burkert profiles, by comparingmathematical model-generated rotation curves with experimental data obtained from the Gaiaand APOGEE databases. The first outcome shows that standard baryonic matter explanations donot duplicate observed rotation patterns, particularly in the Milky Way. The combination of NFWand Burkert profiles produces significant improvements in the match while analyzing older datapoints. Recently acquired data with elevated accuracy shows departures from current dark mattertheory to describe galaxy rotation curves. Current data requires evaluating alternative scientificmodels, including Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and revised models of dark matterdistributions. This paper indicates that dark matter remains the primary theory for unexplained observations, yet details that high-quality new datasets demand improved theoretical models. The research advances the ongoing astrophysical discussions about how galaxies function and shape dark matter patterns and potential modern physics theories beyond existing theoretical boundaries.
Category: Astrophysics

Part 3 of Guide to Hestenes’s Geometric Algebra Treatment of Constant-Acceleration (Parabolic) Motion

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 10 Pages.

As an aid to teachers and students who are learning to apply Geometric Algebra (GA) to high-school-level physics, we provide this third installment in our guide guide to Hestenes’s treatment of constant-acceleration motion. A key element of this installment is our detailed discussion of how Hestenes uses "extended hodographs" as sources of geometric insights that can be expressed and transformed via GA to deduce relationships among factors that affect constant-acceleration motion.rs that affect constant-acceleration motion.
Category: Classical Physics

Multicast Distance Vector Forwarding in NDN Networks

Authors: Hin Ching Hou, Bradford Lowe
Comments: 9 Pages.

Multicast forwarding in Named Data Networking (NDN) with distance-vector routing presents a challenge, as current implementations often rely on inefficient broadcast approaches. This research investigates alternative multicast forwarding strategies to improve network efficiency in NDN-dv. A custom-built Python simulator was developed to evaluate different strategies, comparing a baseline flooding approach with a lowest-cost "greedy" approach. The simulation results compare the correctness and performance of both methods. While the simulator cur- rently has some limitations, this work lays the foundation for future testing of the two strategies outlined or future strategies to be developed.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

The Standard Model Boson Sector and Symmetry Breaking from the Perspective of the Microscopic Theory

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 17 Pages.

In recent years a microscopic model was developed in order to unify the physics of elementary particles and cosmology. The model introduces an underlying microscopic level of invisible `tetron' matter, the SSB of the SM being interpreted as an alignment of isospin vectors of the tetrons. While earlier work has dealt with the quark lepton spectrum and gravity, the present paper concentrates on the value of the Weinberg angle and how the Higgs and the electroweak gauge bosons are to be interpreted as excitations on the underlying structure.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Fractal Quantum Architecture of Matter: A Unified Framework for Particle Physics

Authors: Hacı Soğukpınar
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This study propose a novel theoretical framework—Unified Fractal Quantum Field Theory (UFQFT)—in which all elementary particles and interactions emerge from the resonant behavior of two fundamental quantum fields: an energy field (Φ) and a charge field (Ψ), embedded in a fractal spacetime with intrinsic dimension ��f ≈ 2.7. Within this framework, particles such as leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons are modeled as localized resonant configurations whose properties (mass, charge, flavor, and spin) are determined by their fractal mode structures and boundary topologies. Leptons arise as lowdimensional resonances, whereas quarks emerge as higher-dimensional, fractionally charged modes. Composite particles such as hadrons are formed through geometric clustering in the fractal field landscape. The model offers a unified geometric explanation for fundamental interactions: electromagnetic coupling arises from Φ—Ψ interactions, the strong force from topological quark confinement, the weak force through local dimensional transitions, and gravity from large-scale fractal curvature. This framework eliminates the need for external gauge bosons and naturally integrates particle physics with cosmology via a higher-dimensional bubble universe scenario. Observable consequences, such as modified decay patterns, mass hierarchies, and correlations with cosmological data (e.g., CMB anomalies, gravitational waves), provide pathways for experimental verification. UFQFT represents a step toward a geometrically grounded unification of matter and interactions in a fundamentally fractal quantum universe.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Why Goldbach's Strong Conjecture is Hard to Prove by Amateurs and Renowned Mathematicians ?

Authors: Bahbouhi Bouchaib
Comments: 8 Pages. A review article

This essay addresses the often-debated question of whether an independent mathematician—one outside the framework of traditional academic institutions—can resolve one of the most enduring open problems in number theory: the strong Goldbach Conjecture. We examine historical, institutional, and methodological considerations and confront assumptions held within the mathematical community. The analysis suggests that while the challenge is formidable, advances in computational tools, access to academic literature, and creative heuristics have opened new opportunities, regardless of one's affiliation. But the hardest point in Goldbach's strong conjecture is to prove it to infinity. Even if a new theorem demonstrates Goldbach's strong conjecture, there must be no counterexample to infinity. Till now, none can map prime numbers to infinity without using primeness tests that become probabilistic when numbers tend to infinity.
Category: Number Theory

Hypothesized Evolutionary Purpose of Endocannabinoid System

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 39 Pages. Invited (but then rejected) by "Physiologia"; v3 fixes font size issue, many problems in references section, adds improvements;

Hypothesis: Endocannabinoids (ECs) are a general purpose "error status" notification system for animal body parts. Specifically, reduced concentrations constitute a chemical signal, generated in a democratic fashion by a large number of cells, that "something is likely to be dangerously wrong with this body part." This signal is then received by receptors (e.g. CB1 and CB2) mainly in neurons and/or immune system cells, stimulating them to try to take corrective action. That action may or may not be beneficial – and when it isn't that can be regarded as a health problem caused by malfunction or inappropriate action of your endocannabinoid system – but hopefully in net when all such events for some species are considered, it is. The same concept ("safe mode") is now near-universally used in, and has been beneficial for,many semi-autonomous spaceprobes. This gives a unified theoretical explanation (which makes numerous predictions) of the vast majority of ≈1000 otherwise random-looking isolated facts.

I artificially divided the confrontation with evidence into two levels: "simple" and "deeper look."At the simple level, the Hypothesis agreed with 100% of my ≥36 items of experimental evidence, providing confidence>99.9999999% versus the null hypothesis.Looking deeper, when we confront the Hypothesis with a wide spectrum of ≈100 items of experimental evidence it agrees with 90%, the exceptions being: (a) it only agrees with about 75% of bone evidence – and only with a specific sub-hypothesis about how it works in bone – and (b) it collapses, with prediction accuracy of about 50% or less, for evidence related to mammalian reproduction. Therefore I think the Hypothesis does not truly explain everything, just most things.Although no evidence item is very convincing by itself, the total produces at least eight "nines" worth of confidence. Perhaps a&b are because, e.g, mammalian reproduction evolved much later than the endocannabinoid system (at that time, neither vertebrates,nor animals with internal bones — both include all mammals – had yet appeared) and "overrode it";and to try to see the latter in its "pure form" we would need to investigate encocannabinoid↔reproduction effects in earlier nonmammal animals(an almost unstudied topic). Also complicating (b) is the fact that human pregnancy and birth is very atypical among mammals.

Along the way I show three mostly-new experimental facts: (A) Marijuana alone has very small or zero association withlung cancer, but (B) smoking both marijuana and tobacco causes lung cancer riskabout 2.4× the risk from smoking tobacco alone, which in turn is over 10× the risk faced by nonsmokers; (C) oral dose of 1 large drop of oil extract from marijuana cures a substantial subset (but not all) of achalasia patients for 60 hours.
Category: Biochemistry

Multi-Layer Network Theory Resolves the Semantic Compression Problem

Authors: Sayed Amir Karim
Comments: 34 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Semantic similarity systems face a fundamental trade-off between domain expertise and multilingual capability, as single embedding spaces cannot preserve both specialized knowledge and cross-linguistic connections. We decompose semantic similarity into three specialist layers—domain-specific, cross- linguistic, and cross-domain—fused with context-adaptive weights.On 783K scientific concepts (6 domains, 8 languages), the approach yields 15% higher Pearson correlation than strong ensembles (r = 0.831 vs 0.748, p < 0.001) at 1.1× computational cost. MTEB evaluation shows consistent 12% gains across 14 tasks. Our theoretical analysis provides mathematical proofs of superiority with O(d) complexity bounds and convergence guarantees.Production deployment on AQEA Universal Platform processes 783K+ concepts with 16.8ms latency and 99.97% uptime. Multi-Layer Network Theory establishes the first systematic solution to the semantic compression problem, enabling AI systems that maintain specialized expertise while preserving global multilingual accessibility. The framework’s theoretical rigor, comprehensive validation, and production success position it for immediate adoption across scientific, educational, and commercial applications.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Other Cosmological Considerations

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 6 Pages.

There is a simple solution to the dark matter problem that is not being discussed. It is the "tension" of space. This is what the fine structure constant measures u2026 (the "springiness of space"- Dirac). If true, the proposal also gives the solution to the dark energy problem as well by relegating it to an alternate measurement point of view. The lessening tension (diminishing FSC) slows the speed of light and renders a reasonable solution. No new particles are needed, and no modification of the Newtonian equation for gravity is necessary.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Spin from Geometry: Emergence of Spin via Internal Berry Phase in the 0-Sphere Electron Model

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 19 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper proposes a conceptual inversion of the conventional hierarchy in quantum mechanics: rather than spin generating Berry phase, we demonstrate that Berry curvature, arising from internal thermodynamic and geometric processes, serves as the generative mechanism for spin-like degrees of freedom in elementary particles. Using the 0-Sphere model, we describe a free electron as a thermodynamically closed system where energy oscillates between two internal kernels without reference to external fields, establishing an intrinsic adiabatic process that traces closed paths in internal parameter space. This cyclic energy transfer induces a Berry geometric phase, characterized by nontrivial holonomy in the internal configuration space, from which spin emerges as a macroscopic manifestation of microscopic geometric dynamics. The framework provides an alternative interpretation of quantum anomalies, particularly the anomalous magnetic moment, as coordinate-dependent manifestations of the same internal Berry phase processes. Through analogy with Foucault pendulum behavior across terrestrial latitudes, we demonstrate that observers comoving with the internal photon sphere measure the fundamental gyromagnetic ratio g = 2, while external laboratory observers detect additional geometric corrections arising from coordinate system transformations. By reinterpreting Zitterbewegung as the geometric trace of internal thermal motion and extending our previous reversal of Noether's theorem, we demonstrate that conserved thermal flows can generate the quantum symmetries we observe as fundamental particle properties. This framework not only redefines the ontological status of spin but also establishes a geometric foundation for understanding quantum anomalies and provides concrete pathways toward background-independent theories that potentially unify quantum mechanics with general relativity through shared geometric principles.
Category: Quantum Physics