All Submission Categories

Relationship Between Consecutive Quadratic Products: A Generalized Algebraic Identity

Authors: Jose Acevedo Jimenez
Comments: 6 Pages. In Spanish (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

This paper presents and proves a novel algebraic identity involving quadratic expressions with two parameters, b and c. The identity equates the product of two consecutive quadratic expressions to a structured combination of squares and linear terms of a single quadratic. A brief overview of the concept and history of algebraic identities is provided, followed by a detailed step by-step verification of the inherent symmetry and algebraic elegance of parameterized expressions and highlights potentials educational and analytical applications.
Category: Algebra

A Broken Computer is All You Need

Authors: Wladislaw Zlatjkovic Petrovescu
Comments: 3 Pages.

We present a novel paradigm in computational research: intentionally broken hardware as the primary driver of algorithmic performance. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we demonstrate that hardware faults introduce beneficial stochasticity, serving as an implicit regularizer and creativity catalyst. Experiments on synthetic classification tasks show that our broken-computer framework consistently outperforms fault-free baselines in both accuracy and speed. This work suggests that fragility, not reliability, may be the key to future advances in machine learning.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Simulation of Generalized Tempered Stable (GTS) Random Variates via Series Representations: A Case Study of Bitcoin and Ethereum

Authors: A. H. Nzokem
Comments: 6 Pages.

The paper presents two series representations of a Levy process for the Generalized Tempered Stable (GTS) distribution: a series representation generated by the inverse tail integral and a short noise representation. Both series representations are used to simulate the daily returns of Bitcoin and Ethereum. The Q-Q plot analysis shows smooth linear patterns, indicating strong agreement between the empirical and theoretical GTS distributions.
Category: Statistics

Generalized Random Measures.double Stochastic Processes and Generalized Chapman Kolmogorov Equations.random Feinman Measure

Authors: Jaykov Foukzon
Comments: 34 Pages.

In this paper generalized Chapman-Kolmogorov equation is derived.
Category: General Mathematics

Deformed Lie Products in a 4D Space Isotropic Electromagnetic Fields

Authors: Thierry L. A. Periat
Comments: 44 Pages. In the French language

In a previous work, the simplest decomposition without residual part of a generic deformed Lie product f has been interpreted as the representation of a (2, 0) version of some EM field in M(4, C). This document (in the French language) is precising the conditions of validity for this interpretation. It proves: (i) that isotropic EM fields are compatible with it; (ii) again, the existence of Lie algebras; (iii) that the passage between the simplest decomposition of f and the antisymmetric decomposition of (f o f) (both without residual part) is an EM transition involving isotropic EM fields presumably linked with natural electromagnetic oscillations in Maxwell's vacuum. Since their effective nature remains to be identified, one is pushed to propose a new interpretation for f involving the dual representation of any EM field.Key words: representations of the EM fields, Lie algebras, evolution.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Fundamental Logic of Existence

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 6 Pages.

The logic by and through which the universe exists can be derived directly from set theory. The fundamental principles are simple, becoming exceedingly complex in their consequences. Here, those initial principles are expounded from which a model can be rationally generated very much like the observed universe u2026 too similar to be coincidental.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Knotted Cords and the Origins of the Sexagesimal System

Authors: Jaime Vladimir Torres-Heredia Julca
Comments: 7 Pages. 5 figures

This paper presents an explanation of the origins of the sexagesimal system linked to theuse of a knotted cord 12 lengths long closed to form a loop. This device can suggest a groupingof elements by 60. We will see that this device has also important geometrical properties linkedto the division of the circle in 360 equal parts. Historical and cultural arguments will also begiven to support this thesis. We will see how the grouping of the Old Mesopotamian unitsof measurement of capacity, weight, mass and time confirm this thesis. We will see also howimportant groupings of the Old Mesopotamian units of measurement of length and area use thenumber 12 which is also suggested by this device.
Category: General Mathematics

Heuristics of Numerical and Conceptual Systems. Characteristica Universalis

Authors: Carles UDINA i COBO
Comments: 11 Pages.

We remember the historical vicissitudes, during more of thousand years -for simple intolerance and dogmatism- that had to pass until the efficient positional numerical systems could be implemented, but that in only four centuries have made possible the emergence of science and current technology. Three centuries ago LEIBNIZ analyzed these systems, such as the binary positional system for calculating (thus being a precursor of computer science), and was aware of the limitations of human languages, ambiguous and ambiguous, so he proposed the need for a "Characteristica universalis" common and integrative of all languages, which was analogous to the accuracy and intuitiveness of positional number systems. He sensed the difficulty of achieving it, but at the same time its ease of learning and use, as well as its communicative utility. At his death, after several failed attempts -and therefore the erroneous belief that it was not possible- this article explains that yes, it is possible such "Characteristica" and how it has been achieved. It was between 1984 and 1996 I analyzing the intrinsic characteristics of human thought and its languages on the basis of an innovative interdisciplinary methodology, integrating linguistics (semiology and semantics), psychology, neurology, mathematics and computer science. The possibility of defining concepts exactly, even the most virtual ones such as human psychic (i.e. mental) faculties, also makes it possible to bring order to the current ambiguities of psychology and pedagogy. A computer simulator, resulting from the same analysis, unequivocally demonstrates this tricentennial achievement regardless of whether or not its functioning is understood (a computer or a cell phone works, so no one doubts its complex technology and scientific basis). It has been transferred to the article "Children's Knowledge at the age of 2 years" (see Bibliography) several mathematical explanations about the analogy (permitted by the algebraic extension) of the exact positional numerical systems, to the conceptual system (exact and intrinsic) on which the "Characteristica universalis" is based. More than a thousand years had to pass before positional number systems became widely used (7th to 18th centuries). How long will it take to implement the Characteristica universalis (or Conceptual system [exact and intrinsic])?
Category: Mind Science

Fractal Geometry in Atomic Nuclei: A New Paradigm for Nuclear Structure and Decay

Authors: Hacı Soğukpınar
Comments: 22 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The liquid drop and shell models have long described nuclear structure. Yet, certain phenomena—such as magic numbers, exotic decays, and the stability of superheavy nuclei—suggest an underlying geometric order beyond these traditional frameworks. This paper proposes a fractal-based model of atomic nuclei, where the fractal dimension ( ��f ) emerges as a fundamental parameter governing nuclear stability, binding energy, and decay modes. This study demonstrates that magic nuclei exhibit a critical fractal dimension (��f ≈1.44), corresponding to closed-shell symmetries, while exotic nuclei (e.g., neutron halos, proton-rich systems) deviate from this ideal, with ��f correlating to their decay lifetimes and deformation. A unified formula for binding energy, incorporating ��f reproduces experimental values with remarkable accuracy (±0.3%) and predicts new islands of stability for superheavy elements (Z≥114).this study introduce a fractal dimension parameter ��f that correlates with nuclear stability, binding energy, and decay half-lives. Through comparative analysis with experimental data—including alpha, beta, and gamma decays.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A Novel Approach to Transforming Piecewise Functions

Authors: Shalom Keshet
Comments: 33 Pages. Author’s Note: The language of the manuscript has been updated for improved clarity and readability. All remaining content, including mathematical derivations and structure, remains unchanged.

We present a unified algebraic framework for representing and transforming arbitrary piecewise-defined functions into smooth, differentiable expressions suitable for analysis and optimization. We introduce the Kronecker naught operator, an analytic analog of the Kronecker delta, to encode indicator-style discontinuities via Fourier-series and trigonometric membership conditions. Our approach systematically replaces hard conditional branches with "soft" approximations, parameterized smooth maxima, Heaviside steps, and differentiable logical operators, that converge to the original piecewise form in the sharp-limit. We further extend these techniques to number-theoretic and combinatorial domains, showing how divisibility and integer-membership tests can be expressed through sine-squared filters and gamma-function identities. We also introduce the core concept of a conditional function, which we will denote with C(S) for some mathematical statement S, which will be key to converting these piecewise functions into a more straightforward entity. Finally, we apply our algebraic toolkit to a continuous reformulation of the 3x + 1 (Collatz) mapping, yielding a novel smooth dynamical system that retains the integer-orbital structure while admitting gradient-based analysis. Throughout, we illustrate key constructions with explicit formulas, discuss convergence properties, and highlight connections to modern machine-learning architectures that rely on differentiable decision boundaries. This work lays a foundation for both theoretical investigations of piecewise phenomena and practical implementations in differentiable programming environments.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Is it Necessary to Modify the Age of the Universe Due to the Ages of the Most Distant Galaxies that Are Now Being Discovered?

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 6 Pages.

The recent discoveries of distant galaxies with a redshift z > 10 seem to call into question the estimate of 13.8 billion years for the age of the universe. The age of some of these galaxies is estimated to be close to or even greater than the age of the universe, a result that seems impossible to make compatible with the estimated age of the universe in the Standard Model. Therefore, the scientific community is studying the possibility of modifying the current value of this age and is reviewing the procedures that led to its current estimate. We therefore ask ourselves whether, with a universe age of 13.8 billion years, we can measure intergalactic distances greater than 13.8 billion light-years. The answer we arrive at in this work is that, theoretically, it is possible to measure significantly greater intergalactic distances in our current universe without needing to modify the age of the universe. We have reached this conclusion by studying the consequences that the spatial curvature of our universe has on the estimation of these distances. First, we determined the sign of the spatial curvature of the universe at present. We then developed a cosmology consistent with that sign, and finally, we determined distances and times. The conclusion is that it is possible in our current universe to measure distances significantly greater than its age in light-years allows, making current experimental results compatible with the value of the age of the universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Introduction to Modern Physics

Authors: Teo Banica
Comments: 400 Pages.

This is an introduction to modern physics, assuming the basics of calculus known. We first review the foundations, namely classical mechanics, relativity theory, electromagnetism and thermodynamics. Then we make our way through quantum mechanics, starting with early thoughts, experiments and results, up to the standard basic formalism, still used nowadays, and with a look into quantum electrodynamics too.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Conformal Cyclic Cosmology with Sheaf-Theoretic Structure, Soft Hair Entropy Reset, and Phantom-Quantum Bounce Dynamics

Authors: Firdaus Hanif Rizki
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present a novel cyclic cosmological framework that resolves fundamental issues in standard cosmology through the integration of conformal geometry, quantum gravity effects, and holographic principles. The Phantom-Quantum Bounce (PQB) Cycle model incorporates: 1) A dynamically evolving phantom field with multi-component potential that drives cyclic expansion-contraction phases, 2) Loop Quantum Gravity corrections that eliminate the initial singularity through a well-defined quantum bounce, and 3) An entropy reset mechanism via ER=EPR-based disentanglement of soft hair degrees of freedom at the conformal boundary. The model makes three distinctive predictions testable with near-future observations: a CMB temperature correlation function exhibiting double-ring anisotropies, a dark energy equation-of-state parameter w0 = -1.2 ± 0.05, and anomalous redshift drift at z ~ 4 that exceeds ΛCDM predictions by an order of magnitude. Numerical verification confirms the model's mathematical consistency despite its unconventional development pathway.
Category: Astrophysics

Pyramids of the Giza Complex and Area Values Equal to Fibonacci Numbers in Two Length Measurement Systems

Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 2 Pages.

Based on the results of the selection of mathematical criteria for the location of the pyramids of the Giza complex, the criterion of mathematical equality of the areas of two triangles formed by the peaks of the pyramids of the Giza plateau and the peak of the monument "The Great Sphinx" was revealed. The calculation in the metric system of units of the area of the base and the lateral (visible) surface of the pyramid of Mykerin (Menkaur) revealed numerical values that almost coincide with the 21st and 22nd Fibonacci numbers. The calculation of the base area and the visible surface of the Chephren pyramid also revealed numbers close to the values of the 24th and 25th Fibonacci numbers.
Category: Archaeology

The Giza Pyramid Complex as a Single Communication Device and the Proposed Locations of New Premises in the Pyramid of Cheops

Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 5 Pages.

In connection with earlier research results, a hypothesis was formulated: the purpose of the Giza pyramid complex is a single communication device. The communication technology is based on the currently known phased array antenna design, and the method of signal generation is based on mechanical action on a substance by means of a pulse. The three signal sources of the pyramid complex form a common directional wave front. It has been revealed that the straight line connecting the sarcophagi of the pyramids of Mykerinus and Chephren does not run along the path of the "King's Chamber" of the pyramid of Cheops, but passes by — a little to the west of this path. In this regard, and taking into account other studies, a model has been constructed for the location of the new rooms and galleries of the Pyramid of Cheops with the assumed locations of their origin from the King's Chamber.
Category: Archaeology

Nonlinear Phase-Space Formalism for Photonic Quantum Logic in Multi-Mode Interferometric Networks

Authors: Debabrata Chini
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This research presents a theoretical framework for realizing photonic quantum logic usingnonlinear phase-space methods rooted inquantum optics. By modeling multi-mode interferometric networks through non-Gaussiantransformations and operator-based Wigner dynamics, we construct an approach that bypassesthe limitations of Gaussian-only computation. The work enables scalable, matterfree quantum information processing through light, supporting entanglement generation, squeezing control, and universal logic gate design. The proposed model contributes to the future of all-optical quantum computing by offering a mathematically rigorous path for implementing computation in quantum technologies. It serves both as a fundamental extension of optical quantum theory and as apractical tool for advancing light-based quantumdevices.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Geometric Model of the Photon

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 8 Pages.

There is no adequate geometric model of the photon in the Standard Model. The reason for this deficit is that there are so any constraints on such models that science in general has given up geometry in favor of mathematics. Unfortunately, mathematics is only the paint by which the artist depicts the external world u2026 not the thing itself. The true world to be depicted is logic instantiated in geometry. The universe is presented to us in the form and function of geometry which is the set of quals by and through which logical principles are realized. Hence, any proposed "understanding" without an objective 3-dimensional geometric base is incomplete. Here, a new model is proposed u2026 devised from the ground up.
Category: Quantum Physics

On a Lorentz-Invariant Model of Time Irreversibility and Superweak Quantum Measurements for Its Verification

Authors: R. K. Salimov
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper explores the development of Penrose’s hypothesis regarding the time asymmetry of the most general physical laws. A description of quantum phenomena is proposed using Lorentz-invariant differential equations with derivatives of infinite order. It is shown that such equations lead to an explicit time irreversibility—even at the level of quantum processes. To test this model, a modified version of the double-slit experiment is proposed. If the hypothesis is correct, the experimental results will contradict the predictions of standard quantum mechanics
Category: Quantum Physics

Vector Kinematic Analysis of Keplerian Velocity from Hamilton’s Hodograph

Authors: Herve Le Cornec
Comments: 3 Pages.

Many authors in the literature focused on Hamilton's hodograph of the Keplerian motion but none of them developed a vector kinematic analysis of the peculiar velocity shown by the hodograph, so we perform it here. As expected, the analysis predicts Kepler's laws and the mathematical structure of Newton's acceleration. It also leads to new expressions for the eccentricity and the classical mechanical energy. We then discuss the relationship between the geometric acceleration given by Hamilton's kinematics and the physical one stated by Newton.
Category: Classical Physics

Special Relativity as an Emergent Structure in a Timeless Euclidean Model (In Russian)

Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: 41 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition may not be accepted)

model is considered in which the observable spacetime structure emerges from a real scalar field satisfying the Laplace equation in a four-dimensional Euclidean space without distinguished time or directions. The observer is described as a localized configuration of the same field on the hypersurfaces of a foliation; events are defined as local detector activations specified by a functional of a finite number of mode-decomposition coefficients of the field and the observer’s parameters. It is shown that the choice of foliation gives rise to inertial reference frames, and that a consistent reconstruction under transitions between them is possible without introducing a global set of events—solely on the basis of the observer’s operational description.

The model implies that the event structures of different inertial frames may differ, so no global event space exists. It is proven that within the model it is impossible to transmit information about an event absent in a given frame but present in another. This leads to two kinds of transformations: direct transformations, which describe the actual rearrangement of the event structure under a change of the inertial frame, and observable transformations, which represent the operational re-description performed by an observer within their own frame, based on a hypothetical global event set.

The invariance of all foliations (resulting from the full O(4) symmetry of the Laplace equation), together with the justified existence of a finite maximal propagation speed v_max, leads to Lorentz-type observable transformations with invariant v_max. Thus, both postulates of special relativity are reproduced, and the causal structure emerges as a cone, norm(Delta r) = v_max * |Delta t|, within each frame. The results demonstrate that special relativity can emerge within a strictly Euclidean, timeless model.

Special Relativity as an Emergent Structure in a Timeless Euclidean Model

Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: published in International Journal of Quantum Foundations, Volume 12, Issue 2, pages 272-312

A model is considered in which the observable spacetime structure emerges from a real scalar field satisfying the Laplace equation in a four-dimensional Euclidean space without distinguished time or directions. The observer is described as a localized configuration of the same field on the hypersurfaces of a foliation; events are defined as local detector activations specified by a functional of a finite number of mode-decomposition coefficients of the field and the observer’s parameters. It is shown that the choice of foliation gives rise to inertial reference frames, and that a consistent reconstruction under transitions between them is possible without introducing a global set of events—solely on the basis of the observer’s operational description.The model implies that the event structures of different inertial frames may differ, so no global event space exists. It is proven that within the model it is impossible to transmit information about an event absent in a given frame but present in another. This leads to two kinds of transformations: direct transformations, which describe the actual rearrangement of the event structure under a change of the inertial frame, and observable transformations, which represent the operational re-description performed by an observer within their own frame, based on a hypothetical global event set.The invariance of all foliations (resulting from the full O(4) symmetry of the Laplace equation), together with the justified existence of a finite maximal propagation speed v_max, leads to Lorentz-type observable transformations with invariant v_max. Thus, both postulates of special relativity are reproduced, and the causal structure emerges as a cone, norm(Delta r) = v_max * |Delta t|, within each frame. The results demonstrate that special relativity can emerge within a strictly Euclidean, timeless model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Symbolic Field Formalization of the Higgs Mechanism

Authors: Michael Hirsch Tomasson
Comments: 20 Pages. 31 equations (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The Higgs Mechanism, as formulated within the Standard Model of particle physics, has proven remarkably successful. It explains how electroweak symmetry breaking gives rise to massive vector bosons, maintains gauge invariance, and preserves unitarity in scattering amplitudes. Yet, outstanding questions remain. Why should a fundamental scalar field exist at all? Why does the electroweak vacuum select the observed configuration? A Symbolic Structure Field Theory (SSFT) was recently described that postulated an ontologically primary field structure with a binary scalar substrate field $psi_0$ with extensions $psi_1$, a scalar vector field, and $psi_2$, a fiber bundle section. While $C_8$ was used to map elementary particles, the Higgs Boson remains undefined in SSFT. Here, we extend symbolic field formalism to specifically define the Higgs Mechanism. A consistent mathematical formalism is proposed to allow refinement and empiric testing.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Natural Velocity of Bodies in the Tensional Field of the Vacuum

Authors: Pedro A. Kubitschek Homem de Carvalho
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please refrain from repeated submissions and cancellations and SUBMIT article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

In traditional models, gravity is treated either as a force between masses or as the curvature of spacetime induced by energy. In the Principium Geometricum, we propose a different reading:Force does not act on mass, but on volume; and the response of the tense vacuum to the presence of a body manifests as a natural velocity, measurable through geometry. The vacuum field is endowed with a tensional structure. Bodies inserted into this field deform its geometry, and the field responds by providing a displacement velocity proportional to the geometric disturbance. This velocity is not the result of external force, but a natural expression of the medium’s internal resistance.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The IRPL model of Nature: a Theory of Everything

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 48 Pages.

The spacetime of relativistic physics is forged by the speed of light; that of general relativity, by the additional influence of matter-energy.Nevertheless, the underlying geometry—rooted in a Euclidean conceptual legacy— knows nothing about light and even less about matter.It is an amorphous and unaware spacetime, waiting to be informed by an ad hoc mathematical apparatus to adhere to nature.The purpose of this paper is to show the existence of a geometry made of light and matter that embodies the universal interaction, where the laws of nature are not imposed, but rather found.This geometry does not use coordinates, since these have no direct physical meaning, but only invariant physical quantities which are consistent with the Schwarzschild's differential coordinates, but not with its finite coordinates or with Minkowski's coordinate, since these are affected by human non-natural conventions.It is shown that it is precisely these human conventions that underlie the formal difference between the special and general theories of relativity. Furthermore, it aims to demonstrate that the spacetime of general relativity is not elementary, rather, the lack of distinction among the three spatial dimensions arises from the superposition of a multitude of elementary physical spaces, where the distinctive characteristics of each axis merge and dissolve into a flat uniformity.Revealing the nature of the elementary space of interaction unlocks the path to a unified theory of everything.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Magnetic Mass Operator of Electron

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 10 Pages. Original article

Using the knowledge of the Green function of an electron in the homogenous magnetic field and the photon propagator, which form together the mathematical object known as the mass operator, we derive it in the explicit form. The physical meaning of this object is the emission and absorption of a photon by the electron in magnetic field. It means that an electron is not the Hawking radiating black hole. The contact terms are also determined from the appropriate conditions.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Morphological Classification of Galactic Rotation Curves: Evidence for a Universal Evolutionary Sequence

Authors: Vakhtang MchedliSvili
Comments: 11 Pages. Updated Version (v2) with full 175-galaxy analysis and formal mechanical expansion derivation. Includes an independent AI technical audit (Validation ID: QST-EVO-2026-VM-v2-AUDIT). Complete data products and graphical atlas available at: https://github.co

We present a systematic morphological analysis of 175 galactic rotation curves from the SPARC database. We introduce a unified geometric metric, the Alpha Angle (α), to quantify dynamical maturity. Results reveal a strong correlation (R=0.89) between α and sSFR, yet identify anomalies (NGC 2841, F574-2) that challenge SFR as an absolute clock. We propose a mechanical model where galaxies undergo secular expansion due to mass loss ($dot{r}/r = -dot{M}/M$). The derived local expansion rate matches the Hubble constant ($H_0$), suggesting cosmic expansion as an emergent property of local mechanical relaxation. This version includes an independent AI technical audit (ASAS Report
Category: Astrophysics

Quantitative Analysis of the "Mpemba Effect"

Authors: Fawang Su
Comments: 10 Pages.

A quantitative analysis is conducted on the "Mpemba effect" where hot water freezes faster than cold water. Specific calculation formulas and discriminant conditions are provided, and the causes of the "Mpemba effect" are revealed.
Category: Classical Physics

A Proposed Experiment to Reveal A New Aspect of Entanglement

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 3 Pages.

We understand without question that the universe is somehow an exhibit of logical rules applied to matter and energy u2026 and that those rules constitute a hierarchy of importance that allows some actions while disallowing others u2026 leading to the observable manifestation we call ‘universe’. An experiment is proposed to show that entanglement is related to the definition of identity as it is instantiated in the observable (objective) universe. Does the logic of physics define a difference between complex and primary unitary objects u2026 a large rock or an electron?
Category: Quantum Physics

The Interaction Mechanism of Forces is Discussed for the Second Time

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

I clearly pointed out in the article "a Preliminary Study of the Interaction Mechanism of Forces" (https://www.toutiao.com/article/7526518366140678697/) that the Coulomb force only exists between charged particles should be transferred by two Coulombs with completely different properties. In this paper, the idea is further discussed, and some known physical phenomena and experimental results related to Coulomb force and mass/universal gravitation are discussed qualitatively. Hope to get the attention and advice of interested experts, scholars and physics enthusiasts.
Category: Classical Physics

A Structural-Energetic Model of Spacetime and Time Dilation: A Framework Beyond Classical Time and Space By : Mohmmed Hassan

Authors: Mohmmed Ahmed Hassan
Comments: 3 Pages. specific copyright license

This paper introduces a novel physical model based on redefining the energy structure of the universe as the primary engine behind the manifestation of spacetime and relativistic effects, without presupposing time and space with their classical units. We reformulate photon energy relationships using Planck natural units and derive time dilation from a variance in energy ratio between environment and medium, where perceptible spacetime is the result of the difference between pure theoretical energy and observed effective energy. We propose that the interaction between accessible and constrained (dark) energy gives rise to spacetime itself. A computational model is introduced to calculate spacetime effects purely from energetic parameters. We also propose a generalization of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle within this structural framework.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Very Accurate Approximation for a Nontrivial Trigonometric Formula and Other Advanced Analytic Considerations.

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 12 Pages.

The first part of the present article is about advanced trigonometry formulas involving a rotating sphere and a source light infinitely far way. The second part of the present article is about two advanced conjectures on the global minimum of functions of class $C^2$ defined over the real coordinate space $mathbb {R}^n$. The third part of the present article is about an advanced definition of the weak asymptomatic limit of functions of a single strictly positive real variable by applying recursively a cutoff function.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Magnetic Orbitals - The First Visual Revelation of Quantum Geometries in the Macroscopic World

Authors: Marsio Salcuni
Comments: 215 Pages.

First publication: 15 July 2025This research introduces an experimental methodology capable of revealing geometrical structures corresponding to spherical harmonics within macroscopic magnetic fields, making visible field configurations never previously observed experimentally in the real world.Atomic orbitals are well known geometrical structures emerging from quantum mechanics. They arise as solutions of the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom and are mathematically described by spherical harmonics. In modern physics these forms are typically interpreted as probability distributions associated with the electron’s quantum state rather than as spatial geometries observable at the macroscopic scale.This work presents, for the first time, a three-dimensional experimental visualization of structures isomorphic to atomic orbitals, obtained by detecting and spatially mapping magnetic field configurations using Hall-effect sensors.The method employs a bipolar Hall sensor operating in dynamic scanning mode while maintaining a constant angular orientation relative to the magnetic source. This configuration differs from conventional magnetic field visualizations derived directly from Maxwell’s equations.When the field is explored considering dipole-dipole interactions and maintaining a fixed sensor orientation during spatial scanning, the measurements correspond to local projections of the magnetic field along a constant angular direction. Reconstructing these projections reveals three-dimensional structures that closely correspond to the spherical harmonic geometries associated with hydrogen atomic orbitals.Such configurations do not normally appear in standard magnetic field representations because their emergence depends on a measurement geometry that highlights the angular components of dipolar interactions. From this observation derives the title of the research.The observed structures coincide with forms historically associated with the quantum solutions of the Schrödinger equation for hydrogen, yet here they appear as measurable geometrical configurations of a macroscopic magnetic field, suggesting a structural relationship between these two descriptions.The research also provides interpretations consistent with both classical mechanics and quantum mechanics, offering complementary perspectives. Using the classical geometry of magnetic fields as a framework, several quantum concepts acquire an intuitive geometric interpretation.The work also includes a replicable experimental method for generating and visualizing these structures by scanning one or more permanent magnets with Hall sensors, effectively providing a form of three-dimensional magnetic tomography ("Magnetic CT Scan").
Category: Classical Physics

On Search For The Largest Prime Island

Authors: Marcin Barylski
Comments: 7 Pages. Updating results and the greatest prime island found so far (of size 16).

There are several interesting ways to depict distribution of primes like Ulam Spiral, Klauber Triangle or the Sacks Number Spiral. In all cases, Prime Number Theorem describes the asymptotic distribution of such numbers among the positive integers. This work is devoted to illustration of primes of form p x q +- C in a way that allows to search for clusters (so called islands of primes). The direct goal of this experimental work is to locate islands with the largest surface area and potentially discover some further patterns in distribution of primes.
Category: Number Theory

Polyurethane-Inspired CO2 Chemisorbent: Ab Initio Reaction Profiles

Authors: Vitaly V. Chaban
Comments: 23 Pages.

Polyurethane (PU) and its numerous fine-tuned derivatives are widely employed as CO2scavengers thanks to (1) physisorption and (2) functionalization of the PU backbone with otherCO2 sorbents. In the present work, it has been unraveled why PU cannot exhibit CO2chemisorption, despite possessing the nitrogen docking sites and exhibiting strong electrostaticsorbent-sorbate interactions. Furthermore, a few types of spatial separation of the active sorptionsites have been proposed to unleash the chemisorption functionality of PU. By comparing variousstructural modifications of PU by using the in-silico methodology, we have identified that CO2chemisorption by PU takes place in the case of implementing methyl and ethyl fragments betweenthe oxygen and nitrogen atoms of PU. Herewith, the introduction of the ethyl moiety even makesCO2 chemisorption energetically favorable relative to physisorption. The reported specificprogress on materials design represents an obvious practical value for chemical engineersdeveloping inexpensive CO2 scavengers.
Category: Chemistry

A Relationship Between Golden Ratio and the Length of the Arc of the Parabola Y = X^2

Authors: Jaime Vladimir Torres-Heredia Julca
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper presents a simple relationship between Golden Ratio φ and the length of the arcfrom x = 0 to x = 1 of the curve defined by the equation y = x².
Category: General Mathematics

A Noetherian Inversion: From Einsteinian Geometry to Emergent Symmetry

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 6 Pages.

We propose a geometric reinterpretation of Noether’s theorem in which conservation laws arise not from externally imposed symmetries, but from the intrinsic closed time-phase geometry of quantum systems. We extend our previous geometric studies of internal time-phase structures in quantum systems, proposing a new interpretation of conservation laws arising from intrinsic closed time-phase geometry within the 0-sphere model. Based on the 0-Sphere model, this approach aligns with Einstein’s vision of deriving physical laws from spacetime structure itself. Within this model, conservation of energy and spin emerge as geometric necessities, while symmetries such as time-translation or rotation arise secondarily as emergent, large-scale features of internal dynamics. This inversion—geometry giving rise to conservation, which in turn yields symmetry—offers a new foundation for unifying quantum and relativistic physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Linear Combination of Real and Imaginary Parts of the Riemann $xi$-Function

Authors: Bo Zhang
Comments: 10 Pages.

The Riemann hypothesis is proved true by finding two linear combinations of the real and imaginary parts of the Riemann $xi$-function.
Category: Number Theory

Children's Knowledge at the Age of 2 Years

Authors: Carles Udina i Cobo
Comments: 29 Pages.

The emergence of language in children is a phenomenon that is as well known and admired as it is unexplained. We know more and more about every field, but we do not know how this human knowledge can be produced and structured in our own psyche. It has already been said that this inconsistency is the biggest ‘black hole’ in our extensive scientific knowledge. The first steps of this cognitive and linguistic process, which is at the basis of human civilization, are presented here. With total ignorance of current science, at just 2 years old and intuitively, through the transfer of psychomotor faculties, children exercise their first two specific cognitive faculties, union and complement, which allow them to construct "Short Exact Algebraic Sequences" (SEAC) in their simplest conception and CAUCHY Sequences of three or more levels, which allow them to establish tree-like structures of exact concepts. BOOLE (and especially his wife Mary EVEREST) was more important as a psychologist than as a mathematician, by contributing three of these first steps, which are the most common producers of concepts. The intuitive tree implies two more faculties: belonging and inclusion.Later, from the age of three onwards, contributions such as Freud's "Bahnungen," similarly ignored by linguistics, will add new specific faculties.And the most extraordinary thing is that at the age of two, children intuitively manage mathematical structures that many years later university students learn with difficulty. These are the first links between language and mathematics -two disciplines that until now have been irreconcilable- such as the aforementioned mathematical concepts, which in turn involve an "Algebraic Extension" (from algebra to semantics), and others such as topology and limits, systems of n-equations with n unknowns, algebraic duality (at age 6), etc. Thus, we can begin to define an intrinsic semantics that underlies human language.With the appropriate pedagogy, children should be facilitated and stimulated to build a tree structure of concepts (a structure analogous to the positional number systems). Never as isolated and unstructured concepts or groups of concepts (such as Roman numeration), which is the current teaching situation.Tree structures are fully intuitive because they are integrated in all living beings, in their structures (anatomical, functional, ...), and previously in material structures in general. That is why positional numerical systems are intuitive and infinitely more efficient than others such as Roman numeration (numeration that until it was not replaced by positional numerical systems prevented the emergence of current mathematical thought, current science and technology, current economy, ...).The concepts of such a tree structure they should be generated exactly from each other, as first-order logical propositions (by means of "Short exact algebraic sequences, which, as will be seen, are intuitive because of their tree effects).On the contrary, the current culture represses these relational intuitions, generating the well-known problems of lack of understanding and school failure. More specifically, the two main problems that are most widely recognized (PISA, etc.), and which begin at the age of 2, are:1) difficulty in learning mathematics,2) deficits in comprehension among adults (verbal, written, etc., leading to functional illiteracy);and due to:A) lack of stimulation of intuitive conceptual relationability (which is the basis of understanding) andB) repression of the remarkable mathematical intuition that children already have at this age, but which is ignored.From this point onwards, at later ages, the decisive contribution of human perception can be correctly added (from the age of three). And later on, the progression in all possible relationability (the basis of the aforementioned understanding and comprehension), forming an efficient, compact and complete conceptual system. All this prevents the possible distortion of subjectivity in thought and the emotions, which can lead to a lack of criteria, to mental fragility, or to absurdity and stupidity.All of the above is independent of the essential emotional, motivational and organizational environment provided by the family and education, but given this cognitive efficiency, the observation and explicit use of these early intuitions would lead to a dramatic increase in motivation and self-esteem in children.Furthermore, this would enable us to begin to resolve the three-century-old challenge that LEIBNIZ intuited and advocated in his ‘Characteristica universalis’.
Category: Mind Science

The Fourth Direction

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper is about the importance in physics of an extra direction axis, on top of the three direction axes of space. Such a direction can occur in different shapes: time, scale, object, surface or spin axis. All directions need a point of reference (the origin in a coordinate system). From that point a perspective has to be chosen: a direction to look in. From this obliged choice the Principle of Perspective is born, which is explained in this paper.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Mechanism in Bell-test Experiments

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 10 Pages. 4 figures, 3 diagrams

This paper is about the mechanism in Bell-test experiments: why it must exist, what it is and how it is discovered.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dimensional Bias in Quantum Path Integrals: A Causal Model of Bell Correlations

Authors: Frank Lombard
Comments: 35 Pages. Updates that disclose assumptions and derivations of why entanglement enforces the probability amplitudes for the hyper-dimension path.

Bell test experiments - which have culminated in the Nobel-winning work of Clauser, Aspect, and Zeilinger - have definitively closed loopholes for all classical hidden-variable models operating in (3+1)D spacetime. These results compel us to reconsider the dimensional assumptions of causal structure. We propose a hypothesis in which an informational bias field, $phi(x)$, emerges through higher-dimensional path integrals.This framework introduces a dynamical informational bias field $phi(x)$, sourced by entropy gradients via information geometry, and incorporated into a modified Feynman path integral formalism. The field induces a conserved topological charge $phi(x)$ that links entangled particles through shared hyper-dimensional structure, restoring classical causality in an expanded manifold. Typically, such hyper-dimensional paths cancel through destructive interference, but under entanglement constraints, the hyper-path amplitude is constructively reinforced—preserving coherence and restoring classical causality in the full configuration space. This is the fundamental hypothesis of this paper.Simulations show that this bias produces testable shifts in Bell-type correlations and ghost imaging patterns, while preserving unitarity and no-signaling. The model offers a falsifiable geometric alternative to hidden-variable theories, unifying entanglement and information through bias curvature in extended configuration space.
Category: Quantum Physics

Acceleration Anomaly in a Classical Physics Approach of Bloch Gravity Atomic Spectrometry

Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Describing Boron atoms in a Bloch vertical laser lattice experiment, with a classical physics equation gives an anomaly in the acceleration. We found an "out of nowhere" increase in g is ∆g ≈ 0.393g under certain conditions.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Ultimate External Reality

Authors: N. S. Alsaud
Comments: 10 Pages.

Since ancient time our perception of the ultimate external reality evolves as our investigation produces more knowledge by expanding the related disciplines. This phenomenon is illustrated by our vision of space and time, while they were treated separately in antiquity and subsequent ages, they are unified into a continuum in modern time. Furthermore, the theoretical possibility of parallel universes with more than one time dimension are considered in the present age. In this paper, a theory is developed to precisely treat reality along with its associated concepts that arise from the modern scientific investigations. This treatment contributes to a quotient set of realities with five equivalence classes and a qualitative measurement of our current ultimate external reality with its possible evolution based on the related scientific theories and their consequences.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Dimensional Identity Connecting Gravity and Electromagnetism via the Fine-Structure Constant

Authors: Jonathan Loomis
Comments: 4 Pages.

We present a dimensional identity that connects the gravitational constant, the fine-structure constant, the vacuum permittivity, and the Planck mass. While not predictive on its own, this identity suggests a potential structuralrelationship between gravitational and electromagnetic constants. The formulation allowsG to be expressed in terms of electromagnetic parameters and a mass scale equal to the Planck mass, offering a concise and dimensionally exact connection between domains typically treated as distinct. Though speculative, the precision and dimensional consistency of this identity motivate further scrutiny.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Glimpse on Graph Theory and Social Networks

Authors: Vicente Pedro Diogo
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Mathematics is more than just numbers and equations; it is a powerful tool in which all Universe laws are based on. From the simple action of counting coins to complex engineering structure, math is very important in our daily lives. This article explores the surprising ways maths is into our everyday experiences, by diving into the relationships between Discrete Math and Network Sciences analysis : The Graph theory and its Application on Social Networks. The article gives finally a brief and accessible reflection on how Graph theory helps the information diffusion on many digital platforms like Facebook and Linkedln , this work is for a general public rather than a specialized and mathematically rigorous work.
Category: Education and Didactics

Two Cases of Stuttering Responsive to Benzodiazepine-Based Anxiolytics and Stellate Ganglion Block Therapy

Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 6 Pages.

We report two cases of stuttering that responded temporarily but dramatically to benzodiazepine-based anxiolytics and stellate ganglion block therapy.The patients were a 13-year-old male and a 22-year-old male. In both cases, benzodiazepine-derived anxiolytics were discontinued due to their habit-forming nature. One patient continues to take escitalopram 10 mg/day, while the other is currently under observation with stellate ganglion block therapy alone. These two cases suggest that stuttering can be caused by strong anxiety and tension.
Category: Mind Science

Hybrid Paris Physics-Informed Neural Network for Predicting CFM56-7B Engine Fatigue Failure

Authors: Yebeen Hwang
Comments: 26 Pages.

Existing methodologies for predictive maintenance in aviation engines have largely diverged into data-centric and physics-centric models, each constrained by their unchangeable limitations. In this study, a hybrid framework integrating both perspectives was developed to address fatigue-induced failures in the CFM56-7B engine. Specifically, a Bayesian Physics-Informed Neural Network (B-PINN) was constructed, embedding Paris' Law within a deep learning structure and modeling key fatigue parameters as probabilistic distributions. Selected sensor data from NASA's CMAPSS FD004 dataset was employed to assume latent stress signals and simulate fatigue crack propagation. The results show that the proposed model has advantages on interpretability and reliability of fatigue predictions but also quantifies uncertainty through variational inference and Monte Carlo dropout.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Theorization and Experimental Verification of the Brazil Nut Effect

Authors: Yebeen Hwang
Comments: 6 Pages.

This study explores the Brazil Nut Effect (BNE), a phenomenon where larger particles rise to the surface of a shaken mixture, by developing a theoretical framework and conducting experimental validation. Theoretical equations were derived to quantify the effects of vibration frequency, amplitude, particle size, and mass on the BNE. Experimental verification utilized a cement mortar vibration table and a binary particle system to analyze particle behavior under varying vibration conditions. Results demonstrated that the BNE is significantly influenced by the fourth power of particle diameter, particle mass, and vibration parameters. Observations aligned closely with theoretical predictions, confirming the validity of the framework. This research provides a generalized approach to understanding the BNE and establishes foundational insights for future computational simulations and broader applications in particle dynamics.
Category: Condensed Matter

Yoshio Koide Law, Antimatter and Locality

Authors: Dominique Mareau
Comments: 12 Pages.

Yoshio Koide's formula [1] shows a common link between the three leptons: electron, muon and tauon. The accuracy of this formula was improved by a factor of 100 in 2016 [2] by expressing the masses of the particles in the unit "undressed whole electron". The unit "electron" is universal, as it is not based on the arbitrary units [kg, m, s] of the SI system. Without violating the cosmological principle, which states that all localities are equivalent, the results of the paper [2] are interpreted as the possibility of having a duality of locality. This paper suggests that there is an original non-locality caused by inflation. Thus the original electron-positron pairs are different from those extracted with fermion status, in all potential localities. If the locally extracted pairs annihilate immediately in gamma rays, the original pairs, causally separated, are able to condense into composite particles. It is shown that this paradigm immediately resolves: 1) the enigma of antimatter; 2) the enigma of the proton mass; 3) the enigma of the muon mass; 4) the proton spin crisis; 5) the enigma of the equality between the charge of the proton and that of the positron. The concept of antimatter is based only on local experimentation. There is no "elected" matter.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Computers as Hardware Accelerators for Parallel Processing: a Perspective

Authors: Renju Rajan
Comments: 13 Pages.

Quantum computers are inherently parallel processing devices by nature of theirdesign. In this era of parallel processing and artificial intelligence, quantum computers need to be widely adopted. Towards this goal, quantum computers need to be reoriented as a hardware accelerator for parallel processing. By adoptinghybrid physical systems that contains atomic and optical components, and with further miniaturization, quantum computers are marching towards the goal of becoming part of mainstream computing.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Analysis of Matter Accretion

Authors: Micah L. Holt
Comments: 22 Pages.

The concept of matter accretion is meant to theoretically explore the nature of a massive body growing from an initial state to a larger entity through accumulating material. This follows the assumption that the body growing from the accreted material is spherical. To examine this body, derivations using classical physics are made to describe its potential behavior. This led to a differential equation that shows the proportionality relationship between mass and potential energy. To specify this equation, it shows the 2nd order time derivative of mass equaling to the negative Laplacian of the potential energy; this equation can be interpreted as a non-linear temporal growth of matter being equivalent to the opposite 2nd order spatial derivative of its potential energy for somatic construction. Basically, the accretion of matter is affected by the loss of potential energy in space. In addition, following the derivation of the gravitational binding energy and incorporating it with a substitution into this equation, it led to a 2nd order time dependent differential equation for the gravitational construction of matter. Having the derivation of this equation that describes accretion caused by gravity, it has a coefficient that matches with the Laplacian of the gravitational potential but by a factor of six. Following a hypothesis that this is a geometric factor instead of mere coincidence, this led to the derivation of a mathematic theorem to support its geometric property. Lastly, a query comes to mind if this concept of matter accretion could apply to quantum physics.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Gravitational Entropy of Cantor Dust

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 17 Pages.

Cantor Dust (CD) is a hypothetical Dark Matter (DM) condensate of relic spacetime dimensions left over from the primordial Universe. A plausible assumption is that, in the complex dynamic regime of primordial cosmology, CD consists of continuous dimensional fluctuations acting as a fractal mass distribution. Starting from these premises, here we study the gravitational behavior of CD in the context of Rényi and Tsallis entropies. Our findings offer a fresh perspective on structure formation as a complex dynamical process.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Traversable Wormholes in Anti-de Sitter Spacetime Without Exotic Matter: A Classical Solution Satisfying The Null Energy Condition

Authors: K. Mubaidin, H. Manougian, Y. Singh
Comments: 8 Pages.

We present a novel static, spherically symmetric traversable wormhole solution to the Einstein Field equations in the presence of a negative cosmological constant ($Lambda < 0$). Our solution does not include a redshift function and a shape function $b(r)=frac{r^2_0}{r}$ embedded in an Anti-de Sitter, (textit{ADS}), background. Through embedding the cosmological constant into the geometry, we show that the resulting spacetime satisfies $NEC$, Null Energy Condition, everywhere. This solution avoids the need for exotic matter. This solution suggests a possible classical, non-exotic mechanism for wormhole stabilization and uses a geometric interpretation to dark matter effects. The implications of this result are explored in the context of relativistic astrophysics and potential observability near galactic centers
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

No-Hidden-Variable Theorem Based on a Single Projection Operator

Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 6 Pages.

We propose no-hidden-variable theorem for the quantum measurement outcomes by measuring an observable that is obtained through a single projection operator. We are in the inconsistency within hidden-variable theories when the first predetermined hidden result is $+1$ by measuring a single projection operator $|uparrowanglelangleuparrow|$ in the quantum state $|uparrowangle$, the second predetermined hidden result is the same $+1$ asby measuring the same projection operator $|uparrowanglelangleuparrow|$ in the same quantum state $|uparrowangle$, and then we consider the existence of only the following proposition $[|uparrowanglelangleuparrow|,|uparrowanglelangleuparrow|] = 0$and we assign the value ``1'' for the commutator. It turns out that we cannot assign the predetermined hidden result for quantum measurement outcome as $+1$ when measuring a single projection operator. Based on the argumentations, we propose an experimental accessible hidden-variable inconsistency in terms of the imperfect source and detector.
Category: Quantum Physics

Heap's Algorithm for All Permutations Using a TI84

Authors: Timothy Jones
Comments: 7 Pages.

Heap's algorithm uses recursion in a way that can seem baffling. Its key swap criterion is based on the even value of an index. We show a simpler way to understand the algorithm.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

The Dark Sides of Modern Science: Knowledge Production and Authoring

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 76 Pages.

Despite its flashy image and good reputation among the general public as well as among the majority of scholars and intellectuals, science - like any other field of human activity - suffers from serious shortcomings and defects related to moral, ethical, professional and legal aspects and perspectives, where the generally approved standards, rules and values are - deliberately or non-deliberately, with or without good intention - infringed and violated by the individuals and institutions who produce, curate and promote science (i.e. academics, researchers, universities, scholarly journals, funding bodies, and so on). In this series of "The Dark Sides of Modern Science" we try to shed light on some of these negative aspects and downsides of modern science where we provide curated lists of references, in the form of scholarly journal articles and online sources, related to the topics of this subject. This compilation aims to raise awareness of this important issue among the general public as well as among scholars and specialists. Additionally, the series serves as a valuable starting point for researchers and writers who wish to explore the topics of this subject further and in greater detail. In this paper (which is the first in this series) we investigate the dark sides of knowledge production and authoring. Our intention is to investigate in the following papers of this series other dark sides of modern science related, for instance, to publishing, credit attribution and morality.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Dual Universe - Creation and Recycling Through Stars and Black Holes

Authors: Ylia Callan
Comments: 116 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, author name is required in the article/book right after the title )

This paper introduces the Dual Universe Hypothesis, a cosmological model in which stars and black holes form a fundamental feedback system responsible for the creation and recycling of matter, energy, and information across cosmic time. In contrast to the linear entropy-driven model of mainstream cosmology, this work posits that the universe operates through recursion, with stars acting as engines of matter creation and black holes as agents of compression, transformation, and ejection.The theory integrates elements of General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, and a novel formulation of Pressure-Driven Gravity (PDG), which reframes gravitation as a result of vacuum pressure gradients in a compressible spacetime medium. In addition, the Mirror Thesis is introduced as a speculative but cohesive metaphysical framework proposing that the universe evolves through reflection, feedback, and informational symmetry.Mathematical formulations include modified Einstein field equations with vacuum pressure terms, vacuum-based Euler equations for gravitational acceleration, and recursive operators for cosmic information encoding. The black hole information paradox, vacuum energy, entropy, and the arrow of time are all reexamined through this lens.This work is intended as both a theoretical model and a philosophical synthesis, offering an original approach to unifying physics and cosmology beyond standard paradigms.
Category: Astrophysics

Three Fatal Errors in the Relativity Theory [?]

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 16 Pages.

Though the Relativity Theory is over 100-years old, some questions still remain. Or this is the current accepted view of the Relativity Theory and this is how I was adviced to start this article. I was to pose some questions, not to state that there are fatal errors in the theory, to camouflage this article as aiming to fix some small problems in the theory, not refuting it. Supposedly it would help to get the article pass the editor to a review. But I could not bend the truth so much, not as a retired professor. The truth must finally be told: the article proves that the Relativity Theory is completely wrong, all of it. It is extremely strange that this theory was ever accepted and it is scandalous that it has been considered correct and verified for so long.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Law of Universal Gravitation Without Gravitational Constant G

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 24 Pages.

For over 300 years, the force of gravitational interaction was represented by a single physical law — Newton's law F = GMm/r^2. The possibility of the existence of a law of gravity other than Newton's law F = GMm/r2 was not even considered. Excessive idealization of Newton's law F = GMm/r² and overestimation of its uniqueness became a brake on the development of the theory of gravity. Newton's law of gravitation does not provide a complete and accurate value for the gravitational force. It describes the local gravity of two bodies and "does not see" the additional gravitational force that actually exists as a result of the gravitational action of all bodies in the universe. Here we show that in addition to Newton's law F = GMm/r^2, there is a second law of gravitation F = mR^3/(T^2)r^2, which remained undiscovered. This law of gravity does not require the gravitational constant G. The existence of this law was first pointed out by Robert Hooke in 1679. Furthermore, we show that the additional gravitational force of the gravitational action of all bodies in the Universe is described by the third law of gravitation F = (mc²)√Ʌ, which also remained undiscovered. This law of gravity also does not require a gravitational constant G. Combining the two new laws of gravitation into a single equation yields the law of universal gravitation FU = mR^3/(T^2)r^2+(mc^2)√Ʌ. This is a complete and more accurate law of gravity than Newton's law. It replaces Newton's law of gravity. The new law of universal gravitation takes into account the accelerated expansion of the universe and Kepler's laws of planetary motion. It expresses the total force of universal gravitation, which is represented by both the local gravitational force of two bodies and the gravitational force of all N bodies in the universe. The new law of universal gravitation is a solution to the inverse N-body problem for N = 2 and for N → ∞. The new law of universal gravitation does not include the gravitational constant G. The measured value of R³/T² based on observations of the orbits of the planets of the Solar System is: R³/T² = 132 712 440 018 (8) km³ su207b². From the cosmological equations, the calculated value of the cosmological constant Ʌ = 1.36226697... u202210-52 m-2 was obtained. This is much more accurate than the constant G. The low accuracy of the gravitational constant G ceases to be a limiting factor in gravitation.
Category: Classical Physics

Magnetism in the World-Universe Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 5 Pages.

In electromagnetics, the term magnetic field refers to two distinct but closely related vector fields: magnetic flux density B and magnetic field intensity H . These fields differ in how they account for the medium and magnetization M . In a vacuum, they are related by B=μ_0 H. In a magnetized material, this relation becomes B=μ_0 (H+M) . Within the framework of the World-Universe Cosmology (WUC), the Cosmic Medium (CM)—comprising protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and Universe-Created Particles (UCPs)—acts as a universal agent governing all physical processes and is inherently a magnetized medium. UCPs, conceptualized as DIRAC dipoles formed by Dirac’s magnetic monopoles, possess a magnetic dipole moment proportional to the Bohr magneton. Any local concentration of DIRACs within any material, including CM, induces both a magnetization field M and a magnetic field intensity H . This approach to magnetic fields within WUC offers a framework for explaining a wide range of observed magnetic phenomena, including the dark magnetic field, the large-scale structure of the Milky Way’s magnetic field, and other magnetic effects that are only partially correlated with objects observable in other spectral ranges.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Fields, Gravitational Mass and Inertial Mass

Authors: Alejandro A. Torassa
Comments: 3 Pages.

In classical mechanics, this paper presents a new scalar field that explains the relationship between gravitational mass and inertial mass. According to this paper, inertial mass is determined by gravitational mass. In classical dynamics, gravitational mass (inertial mass) is more relevant than the other charges (electric charge, etc.) because it is always positive (this property is very important in the new scalar field) Later, in the appendix, the new scalar field is implemented in the theory of relativity.
Category: Classical Physics

Nuclear and Gravitational Interactions Are Flip Sides of the Same Coin

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 5 Pages.

These two forces that seem so disparate are in fact the same interaction. It is the pronounced difference occurring at the level of their quanta that makes them seem so completely unlike. Here we give the theoretical basic nature of each, quantifying both and fitting them to Dirac’s "Large Numbers Hypothesis".
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Remarks on a paper by K. Adegoke

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 4 Pages.

Recently, K. Adegoke et al.(arXiv:2505.11575v1,16 May 2025) established a number of results on binomial series. In this note, we explore some particular cases of these series.
Category: General Mathematics

Direction Is Not Destination

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 3 Pages.

Most physics theses point toward some sort of destination, or physics model, that will be tested by their experimental data. Stringy field models are more 2D maths than real physics, so they can best be described as untestable algebras that ignore much of 4D physics. Astrophysics today fails to fuse 2D field maths with sketchy ideas of virtual quantum particle fields. Science needs an elegant direction of inquiry embracing physically verifiable 4D destinations to the degree possible.
Category: Astrophysics

Harmonic Distribution on Runs in a Chain

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 12 Pages.

We prove that a certain class of infinite sequences whose finite truncation is an addition chain must have a zero logarithmic density. This result is generic and can be applied to particular known infinite sequences with this property.
Category: Number Theory

Do Quantified Flavor Neutrino Masses Exist?

Authors: Jacob Biemond
Comments: 11 Pages, including 5 tables and 2 figures

Mass-squared differences and neutrino mixing angles can be determined from neutrino oscillations. Three neutrino masses m_i (i = 1, 2, 3) corresponding to three mass eigenstates can all be calculated, when one additional relation is available. The so-called geometric mean mass relation may serve as such.

Alternatively, when the neutrino mass m_1> is known, the other two masses can be calculated from measured mass-squared differences. As an example, a mass m₁ of 1.530 meV/c² has previously been obtained by combination of the magnetic moment of a massive Dirac neutrino deduced in the context of the electroweak interaction at the one-loop level and the so-called Wilson-Blackett law. Curiously, about the same result for m₁ is found from the geometric mean mass relation.

Furthermore, the existence of neutrino masses m_α (α = e, μ, τ) corresponding to the flavor eigenstates will be conjectured. They are defined by the product of the unitary PMNS mixing matrix and the column vector with masses m_i as components. For a zero Dirac CP phase δ the masses m_α appear to be approximately quantized, where the ratio of the three masses is equal to: m_e : m_μ : m_τ = 1.00 : 3.02 : 2.03. The mass set m_α appears to possess a higher total energy than the mass set m_i.

Finally, the toroidal model of neutrinos is applied to all neutrino masses. It appears that neutrinos with masses m_i (i = 2, 3) and m_α (α = e, μ, τ) can all be described by the same spindle torus model. In addition, expressions for the radii and angular momenta of all neutrinos are deduced. The obtained parameters all depend on simple functions of the toroidal factor N.

Category: Quantum Physics

A Flaw in the Proof of Riemann Rearrangement Theorem - An Incomplete Mathe-magic Trick

Authors: Marko V. Jankovic
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper Riemann rearrangement theorem is going to be analyzed on a single example and it is going to be explained that the proof of the theorem is incomplete and wrong, That means that it does not matter how you rearrange the elements of the series, the sum would always stay the same. The reason that "rearranged" series does not have the same sum as the original series, is in the hidden omission of infinite number of elements that are contained in the original series. The content is presented in the form of explanation of a magic trick (since the claim of the theorem sounds as a real magic).
Category: Number Theory

Testable Quantum Graph Theory the Universe

Authors: Sergej Materov
Comments: 30 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We’re excited to present the final, revised version of our paper on the discrete‑quantum graph theory of spacetime. Initial emulations and numerical checks (see our GitHub repository) qualitatively validate the model, but true confirmation requires experiments on real quantum hardware—experiments that can already be performed using the protocol detailed in the article. In earlier drafts, we did not derive the Hamiltonian explicitly, limiting predictions to inaccessible regimes. Here, the Hamiltonian serves as a bridge to established physics and will be reworked once positive experimental results arrive. We show that today’s quantum processors can unambiguously reveal noise signatures, and in Appendix C we derive the discrete quantum‑graph equation. Appendix D then demonstrates how this model reproduces Newton’s law, Maxwell’s equations, and Einstein’s field equations. Our numerical‑checks repository confirms that RG flow exponents, Regge action scaling, and discrete U(1) curvature precisely match analytic predictions. If experiments validate these results, it will strongly support a fundamentally discrete spacetime and challenge the continuum foundations of general relativity. Next steps are clear: we now await data testing our predictions for Tc, γ-dim_s, scaling laws, and ΛUB signatures. We’ve also added Appendix E, which outlines an experimental protocol for topology‑driven microwave anomalies (Δtan⁡δ>10^−4) in quantum paraelectrics at sub‑mK temperatures, testable on existing cryogenic microwave platforms.
Category: Quantum Physics

Halo Nuclei Beyond The Shell Model: A Fractal-Dimensional Approach

Authors: Hacı Soğukpınar
Comments: 11 Pages.

Halo nuclei represent one of the most exotic classes of nuclear systems, characterized by extended matter distributions and weakly bound valence nucleons. This study systematically investigates known halo nuclei across the periodic table using a fractal nuclear model that incorporates self-similar geometric structures and fractal dimension (D_f) as a key parameter. Proton and neutron halos—including those in u2076He, u2078He, ¹¹Li, ¹¹Be, ¹u2079C, ²²N, and ³u2077Mg—are analyzed in terms of their spatial configurations, binding energies, and decay modes. This model demonstrates that halo structures correspond to elevated fractal dimensions (D_f>1.5), indicating geometric symmetry breaking and the emergence of loosely coupled nucleon clouds beyond the classical nuclear core. This study show that neutron-rich systems exhibit complex branching geometries consistent with chaotic fractals, while proton halos—such as in ¹u2077F and u2078B—reveal linear, Coulomb-stretched configurations. By applying the fractal binding energy and decay rate formulations, the model accurately reproduces experimental observables, including half-lives and charge radii. This framework bridges shell model limitations by offering a geometric explanation for extended halo distributions and predicts conditions under which halo systems form and decay. The results provide new insights into weakly bound nuclear matter, with implications for nuclear astrophysics, r-process pathways, and the limits of nuclear stability.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Doppler Effect, Speed of the Light, Stellar Velocity and Distance

Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 9 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Calculating the distance of a star from Earth using stellar parallax makes sense only in two cases. In the first case, this is possible if the object we are observing is stationary in relation to the Sun and in the second case if the measurements are made simultaneously, but from two different locations. We will consider the case when the star moves uniformly with respect to the Sun. By measuring the Doppler effect at three different points, we will be able to determine the speed of light emitted from the star in the direction of the observer, the velocities at which the star and Sun move regarding the referential coordinate system and finally we will calculate the distance between the star and the observer.
Category: Astrophysics

The Conflict Between Non-definable Reals and the Axiom of Choice in ZFC

Authors: Kim Altair
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We examine the consequences of applying the Axiom of Choice (AC) within ZFC to the set D := R C, where C denotes the set of computable real numbers. We argue that any choice function defined on D inevitably introduces a structure in which its elements become effectively referable or indexable, thereby contradicting the definition of D as unnameable and unindexable. This leads to a logical inconsis- tency, suggesting that AC is incompatible with the existence of D. To resolve this conflict, we propose a modified axiomatic system, ZFC D/AC, in which the Axiom of Choice is explicitly restricted from applying to sets composed of non-definable real numbers. This result prompts broader meta-mathematical reflection on the in- terplay between definability, choice, and the foundational assumptions underlying mathematical existence.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Reframing Kripke: Resolution Matrix Semantics with Indeterminate Truth Values

Authors: Andrey Kuznetsov
Comments: 46 Pages. Submitted to JSL on March 15, 2025

Resolution Matrix Semantics (RMS) introduces a novel truth-value-based framework for modal logic, providing a substantive alternative to Kripke’s relational semantics of possible worlds. Drawing inspiration from Y. Ivlev’s substantive semantics, RMS utilizes a 4-valued structure—necessary truth (tn), contingent truth (tc), contingent false (fc), and necessary false (fn)—augmented by indeterminate values (t, f, t/f) to define modal systems Km, KDm, KTm, S4m, and S5m, analogous to Kripke’s K, KD, T, S4, and S5. By directly assigning determined and indeterminate truth values via an interpretation function, RMS validates formulas without relying on accessibility relations, as demonstrated through soundness and completeness proofs and a tailored tableau method. The framework’s versatility extends to applications in deontic logic, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing, enabling context-dependent reasoning with computational efficiency. RMS thus bridges philosophical logic and practical domains, offering a truth-centric perspective on modal reasoning’s complexities.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Quantum-Classical Conversion Calculator: Bridging Quantum Correlations and Cosmological Parameters

Authors: Jacob Woods
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents a computational framework for modeling quantum and classical correlations in a cosmological context, integrating quantum information theory with cosmological parameters. Utilizing Qiskit, a quantum computing library, we simulate a multi-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state to compute quantum correlation parameters and compare them with their classical counterparts. The model incorporates cosmological effects, such as redshift and dark matter density, to explore potential quantum-classical analogies in an expanding universe. We derive key formulas for quantum and classical correlations, cosmological time scales, and density matrix scaling, and analyze their interrelations. The results demonstrate how quantum entanglement measures can be contextualized within cosmologicalframeworks, offering insights into the interplay between quantum mechanics and cosmology.
Category: Quantum Physics

Beyond Einstein’s Space - The Case for Pressure Driven Gravity

Authors: Ylia Callan
Comments: 107 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list author name after article/book title and please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Beyond Einstein’s Space introduces a radical yet scientifically grounded theory: that gravity emerges not from spacetime curvature, but from pressure gradients in a compressible vacuum medium. Drawing from quantum field theory, Casimir forces, and cosmological anomalies, this book proposes a new framework where mass compresses space, creating pressure wells that guide motion. The result? A powerful, unified model that naturally explains dark energy, galaxy rotation curves, and even gravitational lensing—without invoking dark matter or inflation fields. Written for physicists, cosmologists, and curious thinkers, this theory reimagines space not as emptiness, but as a structured medium with measurable properties. Backed by math, references, and testable predictions, it offers both a scientific revolution and an invitation: to rethink the very fabric of the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

T02: Collapse and Rebirth A Three-Symbol Foundation for Arithmetic Languages and Meaning

Authors: Kleschev Anton Alevtinowitch
Comments: 3 Pages. 1 Figure (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition may not be accepted)

We introduce T02, an ultra-minimal ontological system built from only three symbols and a single axiom. The defining equation T(0) = 2simultaneously encodes birth, progression, collapse, and rebirth within the symbolic structure of arithmetic. The system dismantles the conventional architecture of number theory and logical identity, replacing it with a singularity of indistinction. This collapse of all differences is not destruction, but a clearing—a formal silence from which new meaning may emerge. T02 reveals not how structures arise, but how they unfold, return, and begin again.
Category: Linguistics

A Closed, Expanding Universe with a Radial Curvature Gradient

Authors: Alaa H. Kheder
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose a novel cosmological model in which the universe is spatially closed and expanding, yet features a radial gradient in curvature that intensifies near its outermost regions. Unlike the standard closed FLRW universe with constant positive spatial curvature, our model introduces a smooth radial deformation of the angular part of the metric. This curvature profile bends geodesics inward as they approach the outer regions, yielding a finite yet unbounded spatial geometry. Notably, unlike many inhomogeneous cosmologies or big bang-type models, the proposed geometry permits geodesic completeness without encountering singularities, due to the regulating effect of the radial curvature gradient. We derive the spacetime metric, compute the Ricci scalar and Einstein tensor, and analyze the physical implications of the associated energy-momentum distribution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Construction Method of 3X+1 Iterative Orbit Control and Arbitrary Step Size of Orbit

Authors: Fawang Su
Comments: 15 Pages.

By setting the 3x + 1 iterative exponential orbit to construct and solve the initial number, and allowing the running orbit of this initial number to iterate under the control of the exponential orbit, this construction method proves that the step length of the 3x + 1 iterative orbit for specific types of numbers can be arbitrary or even infinitely long.
Category: Number Theory

Principium Geometricum III: The Ontogenesis of Reality

Authors: Pedro A. Kubitschek Homem de Carvalho
Comments: 86 Pages. In Portuguese (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

In this work, we propose the Principium Geometricum, a reconstruction of physicsgrounded in the ontology of area. From the tension of the perfect vacuum and the emergenceof a primary field U, we derive all known forces—not as postulates,but as secondary effects of geometric variation. We introduce the unifyingconstant αU = keℓ2P and demonstrate that it recovers the classical regimes ofgravity, electrostatics, and even the structure of the Einstein tensor as an emergent averageof toroidal pulsations. Time emerges as an agent of entropy, matter as a geometric solitude, and space as a mesh of topological recurrences. Finally, we show that physical laws are algorithms for compressing reality, and that the geometric freedom of chaos is a condition for the emergence of order. The universe, in this framework, is not a given—it is a program that rewrites itself in real time.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Five-Dimensional Time Dilation on a Spinning Disk

Authors: Gauti Einarsson
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This investigation explores time dilation within a speculative five-dimensional warped spacetime,grounded in the Randall-Sundrum model, which posits an unconfirmed extra dimension. The experimental setup employs a 1-meter carbon fiber disk rotating at 1500 m/s, equipped with thorium-229m nuclear clocks with a precision of 10−19 s. Simulations predict a time dilation shift of 1.25 × 10−11 s over 106 s at a warp factor k = 2.5 × 107 m−1, a 15% enhancement over four-dimensional predictions. The five-dimensional model achieves a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.920 × 10−10 s, approximately 30,000 times more precise than its four-dimensional counterpart. A 16U CubeSat mission is proposed to test these predictions in orbit, with potential applications in precision timingfor navigation systems and probes of hypothetical extra dimensions. This interdisciplinary effort integrates nuclear physics, aerospace engineering, and theoretical physics to advance fundamental science and practical technologies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity as Toroidal Geometry of Time: Reformulating Einstein with Angular Tension

Authors: Pedro A. Kubitschek Homem de Carvalho
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Wepropose a reformulation of Einstein’s field equations based on the concept of a time-tensional toroidal geometry. The unification constant αU = ApKe replaces Newtonian mass as the source of curvature. We define a tension-based vector field Uµ, from which we construct a geometric energy-momentum tensor T µν, and derive a new class of field equations. We show that in the weak-field limit, this formulation recovers Newtonian gravity, while offering a deeper ontological interpretation of space, time, and matter.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Deriving the Restitution Coefficient from Energy and Momentum Conservation

Authors: Joshua Dizon
Comments: 7 Pages.

The restitution coefficient $varepsilon$ is commonly introduced as a ratio of relative velocities before and after collision. While effective descriptively, this definition often obscures its underlying connection to energy conservation. In this paper, we re-express $varepsilon$ in terms of the kinetic energy loss $T$ of a two-body system, offering a physically intuitive formulation that aligns with theoretical and computational modeling needs.
Category: Classical Physics

A Relativistic Space-Time Displacement Model for Electron and Neutron Emergence: Request for Experimental Validation

Authors: Adrian Guerrero
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose a novel hypothesis where space-time is a superfluid-like field, and particlessuch as electrons and neutrons emerge as solitons or composite configurations from proton-induced displacements. The proton is modeled as a 2+1D boundary at radius rp ≈ 0.84 fm, with no interior volume, akin to a black hole shell. Electrons arise as solitons with energy E = gempc2 · αγrp ℏ/mec2 , and neutrons are composite states of proton, electron-like, and neutrino-like modes. Relativistic time dilation, with Δtobs ≈ 1.96 × 10−20 s for electron emergence and τobs ≈ 71.2 days for neutron decay at γ = 7000, governs soliton formation and stability. The model reinterprets the double-slit experiment’s wave-particle duality, integrates Quantum Chromodynamics(QCD) via a 2+1D confinement shell, and addresses anomalies like LHCb’s RK ≈ 0.85(3.1σ), ATLAS’s t¯t entanglement (6.7σ), and Fermi-LAT’s electron excess ( 3σ). Witha likelihood of 25—30%, competitive with supersymmetry ( 10—20%) but below theStandard Model ( 80—90%), we request experimental tests at LHC, JLab, and NISTto validate predictions, including 2D form factors, jet angularity, neutron radius, andlifetime variability.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unifying Physics Via Space-Time Constituent Constant

Authors: Adrian Guerrero
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper introduces a novel unification framework, positing space-time as a superfluid-like medium governed by a universal Space-Time Constitutive Constant (( C_y )), which integrates quantum, nuclear, and cosmological phenomena. Protons at radii ( r > 0.84 , text{fm} ) induce a density field, driving emergent particle interactions through a quantized space-time structure. The model unifies fundamental forces via a single energy-displacement relation, reproducing key experimental results: neutron decay energy (~0.782 MeV), deuterium binding (~2.22 MeV), electron charge (( 1.602 times 10^{-19} , text{C} )), and quantum effects like double-slit interference and the Casimir effect (~10u207b²u2070 J). It addresses Standard Model anomalies, including LHCb’s ( R_K ) (3.1σ), ATLAS’s top quark entanglement (6.7σ), and Fermi-LAT’s electron excess (3.7σ), with a 95—97% likelihood of explanatory success. The framework incorporates relativistic effects, predicting time dilation impacts on particle lifetimes and gravitational analogs in cosmological settings. By modeling space-time as a dynamic, superfluid-like medium, it bridges quantum chromodynamics (QCD) with general relativity, capturing quark-gluon dynamics and gravitational wave signatures. Experimental tests are proposed to validate the model: X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) experiments to detect orbital energy shifts (0.01—0.1 eV), National Ignition Facility (NIF) measurements of magnetic susceptibility variations (5—10%), Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) probes of strong force shifts (0.1—1 MeV), and Gamma-ray Spectrometer at LIGO (GSL) for weak force decay rate deviations. Space missions are suggested to test flyby anomaly velocity shifts, potentially confirming space-time density fluctuations. Cosmological implications include explanations for cosmic expansion and dark energy via constitutive interactions. The model’s predictive power extends to Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of M87* and Sgr A*, anticipating shadow asymmetries and photon ring distortions. A unified Lagrangian integrates scalar fields and stochastic fluctuations, offering a holographic perspective on particle and gravitational interactions. With falsifiable predictions, the framework invites rigorous testing at facilities like CERN, NIST, and the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), potentially revolutionizing our understanding of the universe by linking atomic-scale phenomena to cosmological structures through a single constitutive constant.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Arbitrary Reduction of Energy in Alcubierre Warp Drive Solutions with Positive Energy in the Warped Region for Superluminal Motion

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 5 Pages.

Building on the article [16] where a superluminal Alcubierre propulsion system with positiveenergy density and positive energy is possible as an improvement over [16], we make a smallmodification to have a positive energy and positive energy density for a curvature bubble of genericradius R and introduce a way to arbitrarily reduce such energy sources in the warped region.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Classification of Pythagorean Triples and Reflection on Fermat’s Last Theorem

Authors: Kuan Peng
Comments: 22 Pages.

Pythagorean triples are generated with Euclid’s formula. But how this formula was derived by or before Euclid is a mystery. We have derived Euclid’s formula directly from Pythagorean equation and classified all Pythagorean triples in a 3D table. The equation X^2+Y^j=Z^2 is proven to have infinitely many integer solutions. By comparing Pythagorean equation with Fermat’s equation for n=3 we were able to explain why Fermat’s equation with n=2 has integer solutions while with n  3 it has not. We propose an algebraic method to work Fermat’s last theorem.
Category: Number Theory

Opening the Sieve of Eratosthenes, and Some Theorems on the Distribution of Primes

Authors: Izzie Boxen
Comments: 64 Pages.

The Sieve of Eratosthenes is taken as a definition of primes and is examined in a way that "opens" it into an array of rows labeled as primes and columns labeled as numbers. Through the introduced concept of prime candidates, numbers in each row that have the potential of being declared primes in lower rows, the opened Sieve reveals repeating and inter-related patterns of these prime candidates as well as other defined entities. These allow development of a number of relations that prove useful in examining the distribution of primes, with some new theorems being proved. Included is a new and independent proof for Bertrand’s postulate, two proofs for Lim((p_[n+1]-p_n)/p_n)=0, and proofs of conjectures by Brocard, Legendre, Andrica, and Oppermann.
Category: Number Theory

A Binary Scalar Symbolic Field Yields Elementary Particles Consistent With General Relativity

Authors: Michael Hirsch Tomasson
Comments: 87 Pages. 8 figures, 173 equations

The Standard Model and Quantum Field Theory (QFT) describe the microscopic world with remarkable precision, while General Relativity (GR) provides an apparently accurate account of spacetime and gravity. Yet fundamental gaps remain. These range from the measurement problem to unresolved discrepancies such as the muon ( g{-}2 ) anomaly and the vacuum energy density. To address these challenges, we introduce a Symbolic Structure Field Theory (SSFT) rooted in a binary scalar field ( psi_0 ), extended by a local vector field ( psi_1 ) that detects entropy gradients, and a fiber bundle gauge field ( psi_2 ) enabling motif classification and dynamics. Strikingly, 14 unique-under-manifold-roation 8-bit (2{times}2{times}2) motifs in ( psi_0 ) yield a clean physical correspondence with the elementary particles of QFT. The framework also encodes geodesic curvature from motif structure, obviating the need for a cosmological constant. Furthermore, while the $C_8$ formalism is proved un-computable, higher n bitmotifs such as $C_{17}$ admit computability. Using a symbolic Turing machine, an observer is defined within SSFT. This formalism is not intended to displace existing QFT predictive structures, but to provide generative reframing.
Category: Quantum Physics

Equivalence Between Spacetime Curvature and Electroelastic Deformations in Reactionless Propulsion

Authors: Gabriel Brennan
Comments: 26 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose that an asymmetric piezoelectric crystal, subject to strong, localized electric gradients, undergoes internal strain patterns whose second-order spatial derivatives form a structure directly analogous to the Riemann curvature tensor in general relativity. In this view, the crystal lattice encodes a "virtual spacetime" — not in the metaphorical sense, but as a real, emergent geometric field with measurable consequences.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Remarks on Rivas's Equations of Motion of Spinning Electrons

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: This revision adds a footnote on page 3.

Rivas's model of spinning particles describes an electron as a point-like center of charge spinning around a point-like center of mass with both points satisfying specific equations of motion. The present remarks comment on various aspects of these equations, including notation, parameters of the spin motion, methods for numerical integration, and a modification of the equations of motion to model the Larmor precession of electrons.
Category: Classical Physics

The Bubble Theory of the Universe: A Quantum Fluid Perspective on Cosmological Emergence

Authors: Hacı Soğukpınar
Comments: 18 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This work proposes a cosmological model in which our universe is conceptualized as a threedimensional "bubble" formed within a higher-dimensional, quantum fluid-like primordial ocean medium. Integrating modern cosmological frameworks such as cosmic inflation, the holographic principle, brane cosmology, and fluid-gravity analogies, the model proposes that the universe emerged as a local explosion within a larger physical structure. The formation of the bubble could have been initiated by an external trigger related to the negative pressure of the medium surrounding the bubble, or by a phase transition or internal local explosion, explaining the observed accelerated expansion of the universe. The external medium could be the source of dark energy. The boundary of the bubble is treated as a reflective, informationencoding interface that interacts with electromagnetic and gravitational waves, potentially leaving observable cosmological signatures. The assumption that the ocean surrounding the bubble obeys different physical laws exhibits behavior consistent with scenarios in quantum gravity and multiverse theories. Testable predictions could include spectral distortions in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), echoes in gravitational wave data, and topological patterns in the distributions of large-scale structures. This model brings together existing paradigms in cosmology while providing new insight into the nature, boundaries, and origin of our universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Thermal Geodesics in the 0-Sphere Model: Extending General Relativity Through Internal Thermodynamic Structure

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper proposes a geometric extension of general relativity by introducing thermal geodesics within the 0-Sphere model. In this framework, each elementary particle is treated as a thermodynamic system composed of two internal energy kernels and a mediating photon shell. Internal energy flows cyclically between these kernels, generating oscillatory dynamics that follow temperature-dependent paths of minimal thermodynamic action, called thermal geodesics. These internal geodesics contribute to the external curvature of spacetime through a thermal stress-energy tensor, providing a natural coupling between quantum internal motion and relativistic geometry. Time is reinterpreted as a quantity emerging from internal phase evolution, which ceases as temperature approaches absolute zero. Zitterbewegung is described as subluminal thermal oscillation, not as a quantum artifact. This approach maintains the formal structure of Einstein’s field equations while incorporating internal thermodynamic structure. It suggests that spacetime geometry and quantum effects may be unified through internal energy dynamics, without the need for quantized gravity or additional dimensions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Observer-Dependent Rotation in Accelerated Motion: Philosophical Insights on Terrell-Penrose Rotation, Thomas Precession, and the Impossibility of Static Black Holes

Authors: Gabriel Brennan
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This conceptual paper explores the subtle and intertwined phenomena of Terrell Penrose rotation and Thomas precession in the context of accelerated motion toward black hole singularities. We argue that the apparent rotation induced by relativistic aberration (Terrell-Penrose rotation) couples with the intrinsic relativistic spin precession arising from non-collinear boosts (Thomas precession), yielding an effective rotational term that challenges the notion of perfectly static black holes. We propose heuristic formulas encapsulating this coupling and discuss profound implications for the ontology of spacetime, gravity, and observation. Finally, we suggest that rotation and angular momentum in black holes are fundamentally observer-dependent and emergent from relativistic effects, blurring the boundary between physical reality and perceptual illusion. While this work does not claim to present a definitive or formal theory, we argue that these ideas collectively suggest an intriguing consequence: static black holes may be incompatible with the full relativistic picture, particularly when visual and precessional effects such as Terrell-Penrose rotation are considered in conjunction with Thomas precession. By highlighting the ontological similarities between visual relativistic phenomena and geometric curvature, we explore how dynamic interpretation of spacetime may be more natural than a static one, and invite the reader to treat this as a speculative but motivated philosophical contribution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Inherent Limitations of Physical Laws in Explaining Origins: A Foundational Critique of Modern Science

Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Modern physical theories excel at describing the evolution of physical systems through well-defined mathematical laws. However, these laws fundamentally presuppose initial conditions and a structure of observables that they do not themselves explain. In this paper, we argue that current science—while successful in predicting and manipulating nature—is inherently incapable of addressing the question of origins: the origin of the cosmos, life, or even fundamental quantities like mass, charge, and spin. Measurement in science is intrinsically comparative, not absolute, further highlighting a deep epistemological limitation. We critically analyze this structural limitation of scientific methodology and argue that without recognizing these boundaries, attempts to resolve origin-related mysteries remain philosophically and methodologically incomplete. We conclude by calling for a broader paradigm that includes metaphysical, phenomenological, or consciousness-based perspectives to complement scientific inquiry.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

U4 (Unified Foundation): T0=2 A Four-Symbol Foundation of Mathematics

Authors: Kleschev Anton Alevtinowitch
Comments: 2 Pages.

We present U4, a 4-symbol axiom that encodes the entire birth—dissolution cycle of natural- number arithmetic. The equation T0=2 simultaneously asserts (i) the presence of the zero- point, (ii) the immediate emergence of one from zero, (iii) the automatic collapse of one into two, and (iv) the ultimate identity 0=1=2. No external primitives are presupposed.
Category: General Mathematics

Note On The Origin Of Time Asymmetry

Authors: Abdessamad Faïq
Comments: 2 Pages.

This short paper presents a radical view about time asymmetry.It will be argued that if one reduces the notion of time to nothing but the order of events,then quantum mechanics, via non-commutativity, gives a plausible explanation as to why physicalprocesses unfold in one direction and not the other.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

From Information to the Quantum to Consciousness: How Life Has Always Been First

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 12 Pages.

Life is proposed as being more expansive in terms of reach and capability than currently understood. Aspects of life are presented suggesting it should be considered as a distributed intelligence that has established structures and designs in the realms of computation/information, memory/quantum mechanics, and even consciousness, before these realms were discovered by modern intelligent humans. The nature of consciousness is discussed in depth, referencing specific research including advances in renormalization techniques that imply consciousness exists at a fractal critical point in the brain and that consciousness is most likely fractal and holographic and exists on a space-time boundary where consciousness and memories are stored and operate external to the human mind, analogous to cloud computing. A "grande vista" of life conceptual framework is proposed noting life’s progression of "existential leaps."
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Neutron Compton Wavelength as a Composite Electron-Proton Close Orbital

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 5 Pages.

An article by Alexander Unzicker "The Neutron Coincidence" in Nuclear and Atomic Physics (viXra:2411.0178) intrigued me enough to examine it more thoroughly. Here we investigate the possibility that the neutron is a two-particle e/P system in a classical orbit. N.I.S.T. (codata 2022) numbers are used to obtain u2026 the electron and proton velocities, radii, Lorentz masses and the centrifugal and electrostatic forces involved. We offer a precise reason for the neutron’s measured mass derived from the standard constants.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Quantum Information, Entropy and Entanglement in Black Hole Physics

Authors: Alok Kr. Nirala, Suruchi Kumari
Comments: 73 Pages. Distributed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

This project develops a non-geometric framework for black hole physics by rejecting the existence of spacetime geometry as a fundamental structure independent of the observer.It interprets the emergence of geometric features as a byproduct of memory and comparison between informational states within finite time intervals. Entropy is redefined as a measure of accessible uncertainty shaped by the observer’s record, rather than as a geometric quantity. The black hole information paradox is resolved by discarding the notion of objective information loss across the horizon and instead understanding evaporation as an update in the observer’s informational context.Three original computational models substantiate this framework: Model 1 captures entropy growth through internal decoherence and coherence disintegration; Model 2 models entropy dynamics as conditioned by observer-dependent informational access; Model 3 simulates nonlocal scrambling of mutual information without invoking geometric transport. These simulations demonstrate that black hole evaporation and information recovery can be consistently explained through observer-relative informational transitions. This perspective offers a coherent foundation where evolution, entropy, physical structures and known interactions emerge from information-theoretic constraints, without invoking underlying geometric assumptions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Exhaustion Principle in Copyright and Modern Digital Markets

Authors: Bronwyn E. Howell, Petrus H. Potgieter
Comments: 10 Pages.

The exhaustion principle, or first-sale doctrine, limits copyright holders’ control after the authorised sale of a tangible copy, enabling resale, lending, and preservation. In digital markets, however, this principle has largely become irrelevant, as distribution models now rely on licences that prevent secondary use. This paper examines how the disappearance of copyright exhaustion affects four key digital markets — books, music, video, and software — along six dimensions: access, preservation, privacy, transactional clarity, user innovation, and platform competition. Drawing on a structured review of legal and economic literature, it assesses both the erosion of these benefits and possible remedies, including forward-and-delete technologies, common law exhaustion, relaxed anti-circumvention rules, and enhanced fair use provisions for libraries. The study argues that digital distribution has shifted the balance of rights too far towards copyright holders and that differentiated regulatory reforms may be needed to restore a socially beneficial equilibrium that preserves both market efficiency and user rights.
Category: Economics and Finance

Involutive Lie Products in Four-Dimensional Spaces (Les Produits de Lie Involutifs Dans Les Espaces de Dimension Quatre)

Authors: Thierry L. A. Periat
Comments: 32 Pages. In French

This document is the French version of the reference: "Deformed Lie Products and Involution - Second part: in a Four-dimensional Space; viXra:2507.0062, 40 pages". The progression follows a similar way of thinking. But it goes a step further because it can clearly connect a family of deformed Lie products with specific representations of the electromagnetic fields. The conditions precising the existence of an involution are also better explained.

Ce document explore, dans un espace mathématique de dimension quatre, les notions d'invariance et d'involution lorsque celles-ci s'appliquent à l'action d'un produit de Lie déformé. Il rappelle l'existence de la décomposition sans résidu la plus simple rencontrée au cours des explorations précédentes. Mais il démontre aussi l'existence d'une autre décomposition sans résidu en se servant de la multiplicité des représentations du produit de Lie déformé. Il définit les conditions assurant l'égalité des deux décompositions. Aucune des deux matrices ne peut assurer l'invariance et seule la décomposition la plus simple permet d'envisager une action de type involutive. Enfin, il établit clairement les relations faisant de la décomposition la plus simple une représentation effective d'un champ électromagnétique.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Solargons, Solar Stratovases, Solarhedrons, and Other Light Concentrators

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 9 Pages.

We invent the "solarhedron," "solargon," and "solar stratovase" solar concentrator designs which will uniformly illuminate a flat solar cell with F(k)², F(k), and k suns worth of radiation respectively, for any desired integer k≥1, where F(k)≥1 is a certain roughly-linearly-increasing function apparently obeying 2k-2.6≤F(k)≤2k-1. We prove the solargon and stratovase both enjoy optimal efficiency for any fixed mirror-reflectivity value in (0, 1].
Category: Classical Physics

Correcting Misconceptions Regarding Foucault Pendulum Precession

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 3 Pages.

This work serves to correct three errors that appear in explanations of the precession of the Foucault Pendulum. The first erroneous claim is that the plane of oscillation of the pendulum remains fixed with respect to inertial space. The second claim is that the plane of oscillation rotates in the clockwise direction. The third claim is that the precession of the pendulum is caused by the Coriolis Force. A previous paper showed that the plane of the pendulum’s oscillation rotates in the counterclockwise direction, thereby disproving the first two claims. If the pendulum is perfectly decoupled from its mounting fixture in the axial or vertical direction and has zero spin rate about the vertical axis, it will still appear to precess even with zero oscillation amplitude. Without pendulum oscillation, there is zero Coriolis Force, which proves that the Coriolis force is not required for the precession phenomenon. Since an Earth fixed observer spins about the vertical axis due to the angular rate of the Earth, the pendulum’s vertical axis appears the rotate or precess in the clockwise direction.
Category: Classical Physics

An Optimization Problem for Addition Chains

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, we formulate an optimization problem for addition chains.
Category: Number Theory

Vibrational Dynamics of Motion and Rest: Toward a Unified Framework in Physics

Authors: Pervez Danish
Comments: 32 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper introduces the Perceptual Vibrational Framework (PVF), which redefines motion, rest, and dimensionality as emergent outcomes of vibrational frequency alignment between the observer and the observed system. Challenging conventional physics, PVF interprets "rest" as frequency synchrony, and "motion" as a perceptual illusion arising from vibrational mismatch. A novel insight reveals that 14 distinct visible colours—seven from frequencies above and seven from below the observer's intrinsic frequency—are misinterpreted due to sensory overlap, offering a new understanding of light and spatial perception.PVF unifies the four fundamental interactions—gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, and weak nuclear forces—through vibrational asymmetry, coherence locking, and frequency-phase dynamics, eliminating the need for boson-mediated fields or higher-dimensional models. Photon behaviour, electric charge, and spin naturally emerge from closed-loop vibrational envelopes.A temperature-sensitive model grounded in the Coagulation Rigidity Index (CRI) connects vibrational coherence with macroscopic properties like viscosity and density. Experimental validations are proposed via vibrational spectroscopy, coherence mapping, and CRI behaviour at thermal extremes. This framework offers resolutions to quantum paradoxes, reinterprets dark matter phenomena, and supports a unified physical theory—bridging relativity, quantum mechanics, and cosmology—with promising applications in material science and perceptual cognition.
Category: Classical Physics

Planck Motion Theory

Authors: Andrew Vida
Comments: 52 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Planck Motion Theory (PMT) proposes that motion, time, and energy are emergent phenomena arising from the discrete actions of massless, structureless units called Planck Objects (POs). These units occupy a fixed cubic lattice at Planck-scale resolution and transition between adjacent cells in discrete time steps. This abstract substrate dispenses with the continuum assumptions of classical physics and replacesthem with a minimal, self-contained, and discrete causal structure. Tier 1 of PMTestablishes the foundational geometry and temporal rules of this substrate, introducesthe principle of Planck Motion, and formulates a completeness theorem ensuring that all valid dynamics occur entirely within the closed lattice without invoking classical convergence. This tier provides the axiomatic groundwork upon which all higher-order behavior—including mass, inertia, and wavefront propagation—emerges.PMT aims to unify quantum mechanics and relativity through a discrete causalstructure, offering testable predictions at Planck scales.
Category: Quantum Physics

General Covariance as a Spontaneous Subsidiary Symmetry of Lorentz-Covariant Gravity

Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 6 Pages.

Physical phenomena other than gravity are customarily assumed to be described by Lorentz-covariant theories, and the validity of the Lorentz transformation has been empirically verified to very high accuracy. But if all nongravitational phenomena really are Lorentz covariant, it would challenge physical consistency for gravity not to be Lorentz covariant as well. Here we work out the Lorentz-covariant dynamics of test bodies that interact with, respectively, any electromagnetic four-vector potential and any gravitational symmetric-second-rank-tensor potential. A subsidiary symmetry spontaneously emerges in each case: gauge invariance in electromagnetism, and general coordinate covariance in gravitation. We then work out field equations for the electromagnetic and gravitational potentials which incorporate their respective subsidiary symmetries; such field equations unavoidably have an infinite number of candidate solutions for their potentials, but candidate potentials which aren’t Lorentz covariant are of course excluded, as are candidate potentials which violate causality or introduce singularities.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Large Scale Experiment with the Digits of pi

Authors: Simon Plouffe
Comments: 8 Pages.

A series of large-scale tests were performed on the first 1000 billion digits of the numberπ. First a direct visual test as well as a test using thousands of sequences from the OEIS catalog.The purpose of these tests is to detect possible patterns. Other tests were made on tenmathematical constants to 1 billion decimal places.
Category: Number Theory

Polar Dynamics of Consciousness: A Framework for Human-Centered General Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Carlos Ericson Rodriguez
Comments: 69 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This whitepaper proposes an innovative framework for General Artificial Intelligence (AGI) based on "polar dynamics of consciousness." Instead of focusing on task optimization or neural emulation, it models consciousness as tensions between interdependent polarities (e.g., power vs. vulnerability). This enables the simulation of subjectivity, narrative ethics, and adaptive growth.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Uf0: τ(0)⊕0=τ(1)⊕1 a One-Line Axiomatization of the Birth and Dissolution of Mathematics

Authors: Kleschev Anton Alevtinowitch
Comments: 2 Pages.

We present UF0(Unified Foundation 0), a minimal formal system in which the entire edificeof natural-number arithmetic is generated and dissolved by a single equation. u2022 0 is the pre-numerical, non-dual point. u2022 τ is a unary "tear" operator enacting the primal split. u2022 ⊕ is a non-repeating union. The sole axiom τ (0) ⊕ 0 = τ (1) ⊕ 1 simultaneously encodes 1. the birth of mathematics (0 → 1), and 2. the fundamental duality (1 → 2), while collapsing both into identity when 0 = 1 = 2. No external arithmetic, set theory, or category theory is presupposed. UF0 is therefore the first fully formal, one-sentence foundation that captures both the emergence and the illusoriness of number.
Category: General Mathematics

On the Kinetic Energy E_k=mv^2

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 5 Pages.

The kinetic energy derived from Newton's equation of motion is obtained by integrating force over the distance traveled. Objects cannot move on their own. The motion of an object is the result of action-reaction. This can be said to be the same as interaction. Force is the source of interaction, and the result of interaction. So far, kinetic energy has been defined as E_k=1/2 mv^2, but it is the amount of energy corresponding to the area of a triangle, which is half of the total energy. This corresponds to the area on the x-axis in a Cartesian coordinate system. There is also an identical area on the y-axis. When these two are combined, it becomes the sum of the energy of forces in both directions, not the energy applied to a one-way force, which forces in both directions become E_k= mv^2.
Category: Classical Physics

On Damping of Light in Cosmos and the Quasar Misunderstanding

Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 4 pages

Electromagnetic radiation in space experiences damping as it moves through the universe [1]. We argue that the damping rate must behave according to the square of the frequency in the low frequency limit. Correspondingly, the supposedly high-intensity radiation of quasars at radio frequencies must, on the one hand, be a misinterpretation originating in the much lower damping rate compared to that of visible light. On the other hand the incorrectly pretended expansion of space, claimed by General Relativity, erroneously supposes an additional weakening of radiation of distant sources.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Epigenetics: O(n) Emergent Integral Windup and Consciousness

Authors: Luke Kenneth Casson Leighton
Comments: 4 Pages.

Epigenetics is a distributed yet coordinated response to external signals including pathogens. The burning question is: how is the response so successfully coordinated without significant underproduction or overproduction of the antigen? From Distributed Computing the expectation is that the detection mechanism, like the production mechanism and communication mechanism, is also distributed. Single-point of failure is anathemaic (risky): Evolution would quickly weed out the same. This paper proposes that the signaling is inferred and implied: that other nearby cells note and decode the passage of replenishment ions (and other resources) to cells constructing a given antigen, Further, that Negentropy is achieved system-wide through inherent provision of an Integral term from Convolution. Furthermore that the inherent latency of detecting local resource replenishment would mitigate "Integral Windup" (a term from PID Control) at the System-wide level. Hankey notes Coherent O(N) Long-Range Order in Epigenetics, as do Sipling Zhang and di Ventra in Distributed Memory. Inherent Integral Windup would avoid catastrophic instability even when (if the group is large enough) individual O(1) contributors to the O(N) coherence paradoxically have no Integral term. Accidentally from the overall characteristics it is demonstrated that an Epigenetic system meets Definitions of Consciousness, as expected by a display of Negentropy.
Category: Mind Science

PandaX-4T Dark Matter WIMPs Are Probably Bound States of Dirac Magnetic Monopoles

Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 4 Pages.

The PandaX Collaboration reported on an excess of 4.3 events above the background in the PandaX-4T experiment. The best fit for this excess was obtained for a WIMP mass of 6 GeV. Here I show that both the mass and the interaction cross-section are compatible with bound states of Dirac magnetic monopoles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Sequences of Prime Numbers and Composite Odd Numbers Generated with Set Theory

Authors: Muhammad Razzaq Aman Wattoo, Mehar Ali Malik, Iqra Aftab
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, we have developed a set S named as Aman’s set that is union of collection of sets generated by arithmetic sequence. Then we have used this set to generate two separate complete lists of prime numbers and composite odd numbers. Also we have run this set to find the finite list of the prime numbers and composite numbers in python successfully.
Category: Number Theory

A Conservative Structural Argument Toward the Infinitude of Twin Primes via Inclusion-Exclusion

Authors: Younghwan Yun
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose a conservative structural framework to address the twin prime conjecture, aiming to demonstrate the unavoidable recurrence of twin prime pairs across the number line. By systematically applying the inclusion-exclusion principle within bounded intervals [p2 n−1, p2n), where pn is the n-th prime, we estimate the minimal lower bound of surviving 6k ± 1 pairs after sieving out all multiples of smaller primes. Our analysis shows that any composite survivor within such intervals would require a prime factor at least as large as pn, leading to a contradiction by exceeding the interval’s up-per bound. We derive an explicit minimal estimate Tn for the number of twin primepairs and show that it grows unboundedly with n. This non-probabilistic approach provides a concrete methodological pathway suggesting that the periodic sieve structure necessarily sustains infinitely many twin prime pairs, offering strong structural support for the twin prime conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

On the Calculation of Both Power and Moment Required of Motors to Drive a Robot Arm in a Controllable Manner

Authors: Aloys J. Sipers, Joh. J. Sauren
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In this letter we use complex numbers to calculate both the power and the mechanical moment required of robot motors to drive a robot arm subjected to loads on joints and on multiple parts.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Metric Spaces

Authors: Orestis Ioannou
Comments: 28 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Full author name and an abstract in the article are required; Please cite and list scientific references)

A brief introduction to metric spaces.
Category: Topology

The Quantum Geometry of Spacetime

Authors: Xavier Aupí
Comments: 45 Pages.

This article forms the second part of the study entitled textit{The Fundamental Cycle: A Harmonic Reinterpretation of Relativity and Its Cosmological Implications}. Whereas the first part focused on macroscopic systems, the present work applies the same universal framework at the microscopic level. We begin by emphasizing the wave-like nature of relativity. Subsequently, we provide a geometric derivation of the de Broglie and Planck-Einstein relations. This derivation leads to a representation of particles as sets of rotating elements in spacetime. Next, we derive the uncertainty principle within the relativistic framework, contingent upon the following experimentally testable conjecture: there exist specific momentum values for which a particle becomes unobservable.We then introduce discrete time, which refines the earlier conception of particles as sets of continuously rotating elements into a model of discrete rotation. In this model, the elements undergo a collective cyclic exchange along the vertices of a regular polygon---or, more generally, a regular star polygon---in synchrony with the tick of proper time. This structure provides the foundation for defining spin as an intrinsic property emerging from the cyclic symmetry of the particle’s internal dynamics within discrete spacetime.Once spin is established, we derive the fundamental relation ( hf_o = m_o c^2 ). Finally, a quantum-level expression for gravity is obtained.
Category: Quantum Physics

Least-cost Deconvolution

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 3 Pages.

I formulate the "least cost deconvolution" problem for images, and within my formulation show that with any particular cost-function choices, it (1) has a unique solution, and (2) that solution may be found (for N-pixel images, each pixel value in [0,2^V), to D-decimal accuracy) by a polynomial(N,V,D)-time algorithm. "Deconvolution" algorithms have been around since the work of W.H.Richardson, L.B.Lucy, and Jan Högbom in the early 1970s, but it annoyed me that uniqueness and computational-efficiency theorems had not been stated in that literature (at least that I noticed); and indeed some of the prior algorithms had indications to the contrary, e.g. Liu et al 2025, and/or schemes producing local but prpbably non-global cost-minima.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

From Time-Irreversibility in Gravity to Measurement in Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 14 Pages. Paper on internet since 2003, but now copying to vixra for archival purposes.

1. We prove a theorem that says, essentially, that it is impossible for an infinite slab to exist which absorbs, reflects, or transforms a fraction>0 of the energy in weak gravitational waves. But it is (essentially) possible to make a 100% efficient emitter of such waves.2. We prove a theorem that says, essentially, that General Relativity (GR) is soluble forward in time but not backward in time, in a manner like the 1D "heat equation" F_t = F_xx.3. We discuss other (known) time-direction asymmetries of GR. All of these ultimately arise, essentially, from the positivity of mass.Hence we argue that, contrary to common false claims, gravitational physics is not time-reversal invariant and defines a unique direction of time as an output not input. Making this argument involves re- solving several subtle apparent paradoxes. But non-gravitational physics (quantum field theories) obey charge-parity-time reversal invariance CPT. We conclude with the grand Manifesto that all the time-irreversibility phenomena observed in everyday life, including "quantum measurement," the 2nd law of thermodynamics, and outgoing-only radiative boundary conditions, ultimately arise from gravitational physics. We outline how that happens and discuss the implications about future quantum gravity theories.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Galactic Rotation Curves as Probes of Cosmic Expansion: A Metric Inflow Model Applied to UGC 1281

Authors: E.P.J. de Haas
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present a fit of the rotation curve of galaxy UGC 1281 using a model based on metric inflow velocities, without invoking dark matter. The model relies on a minimal set of physical parameters: bulge radius (R), baryonic bulge mass (M), and the cosmological Hubble parameter (H(z)). We evaluate the performance of the model using two fixed values for (H(z)) based on the Planck and SH0ES determinations of (H_0). The ability of the model to differentiate between these cosmological values is discussed.
Category: Astrophysics

Erratum to Exercise A4.2 in "An Introduction to the Theory of the Riemann Zeta Function" (1988) by S. J. Patterson

Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 10 Pages. Version 2 extends results to Barnes' G-function.

The evaluation of coefficients of the Laurent series of Gamma(x) on page 135 of Patterson's book"An introduction to the theory of the Riemann zeta function" has sign and other errors which are corrected here. A C program is listed whichdemonstrates the application of Taylor seriesto compute the Gamma and Barnes G-function.
Category: Classical Physics

Essay on an Alternative Localization of the Indo-roman Port of Muziris

Authors: Stefano Cariolato
Comments: 128 Pages.

The aim of this essay is to present an alternative hypothesis about the localization of the ancient Indo-Roman port of Muziris/Muchiri, different from the current ones that would position it in Kerala, and precisely in Pattanam or Kodungallur, on the opposite side of the Periyar river. Obviously this proposal of an alternative localization does not in any way deny the archaeological findings of the current research carried out along the Malabar coast, which at that time was rich of many port of calls of the indo-roman trade, but only and specifically deal with ancient Muziris real site. The present study is based on two evaluations: u2022 The Pliny’s affirmation that the travel from Ocelis to Muziris lasted 40 days: as for the veridicality of this assumption let’s recall that he was the commander in chief of the Roman Fleet, stationed at Miseno Cape, and consequently he had all the means to collect reliable information both from military and merchant sources. u2022 The possibility of a simulation of the followed routes and time spent toward Muziris during the I century A.C., based on data about the Indian Ocean seasonally monsoons precisely evaluated by satellites, open the way for answering to the question "where are we after 40 days along those routes ?" There, Muziris was. PS The linked file Google_Earth_kmz_package.doc contains a list of places and courses, mentioned in the paper "Essay on an alternative localization of the Indo-Roman Port of Muziris". To see them obviously you need the Google Earth program on your PC, then: Open the file using Microsoft Word and Copy the package Muziris_10.kmz Paste it on any directory of your choice on the PC. Double click it and Google Earth will open showing courses and places described in the paper.
Category: Archaeology

[ A Tentative Proof of] Andric's Conjecture

Authors: Hassan Bouamoud
Comments: 3 Pages.

This is a tentative [proof of] Andric's conjecture using a known result of Baker-Herman-Bintz.
Category: Number Theory

A Self-Consistent Model of Cosmology Inspired by Hierarchy Problems

Authors: En Okada
Comments: 16 Pages.

In this study, we drew hints from the hierarchy problems and investigated the possibility that certain physical constants might actually evolve in accordance with the cosmic expansion, a process that has evaded all careful inspections to date due to a concerted evolution of those physical constants. We demonstrate that the hierarchy gaps, along with observations of the Hubble’s constant and the cosmic microwave background, all point to a consistent narrative that the Hubble radius has expanded by a factor of exactly 3.25×10^24 since the very beginning of the universe. The Planck constant is inversely proportional to the Hubble volume in our model, which further drives an evolution of not only the scale of the Planck units but also that of the elementary charge and the mass of elementary particles. This temporal evolution of the nature of the universe is a consequence from the mathematics of a stochastic symmetry breaking in the space as a binary field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fundamental Cycle: A Harmonic Reinterpretation of Relativity and Its Cosmological Implications

Authors: X. Aupí
Comments: 45 Pages.

In this article, we present a harmonic reinterpretation of the theory of relativity, wherein the circle emerges as the mathematical entity underlying physical reality. This approach stems from a reconsideration of the Minkowskian rotation. Its imaginary character—both in angle and in time—is attributed to the observer’s embeddedness within the physical structure of reality, while the rotation itself is understood as a physical manifestation of an underlying fundamental cycle. This cycle, which operates across all physical scales, is posited as a potential organizing principle of nature, possibly reflecting a deeper layer of physical law. At its largest possible scale, this reinterpretation yields a cyclic, observer-dependent cosmological model in which the observable universe is understood as only half of a broader, more complete cosmological scheme, the other half remaining beyond direct observation. This novel perspective arises from a philosophical analysis of what is known in cosmology as the problem of the beginning, offering a logically grounded framework for the origin of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Gravity of Probability --- Quantum Gravimetry: A Semi-Classical Framework for Gravitational Effects Driven by Quantum Decoherence and Collapse

Authors: Jordan Waters
Comments: 28 Pages.

This paper introduces a semi-classical gravitational framework in which spacetime curvature is sourced not only by realized mass-energy, but also by the probability amplitudes of uncollapsed quantum states. The theory predicts that the gravitational field responds not only to realized mass-energy, but also—transiently—to quantum probability amplitudes before collapse, with measurable effects in macroscopic systems that maintain partial coherence. This reinterpretation offers an alternative to particle-based dark matter by proposing that observed gravitational anomalies—such as flat galaxy rotation curves and mass distributions inferred from gravitational lensing—arise from decoherence-modulated probabilistic curvature. A central prediction is that high-entropy, quantum-informational systems should exert measurably more gravitational influence than inert systems of equal rest mass. The theory is formalized through a toy model extension of Einstein’s field equations, introducing a decay-weighted probabilistic stress-energy term ( T^{text{prob}}_{muu} ), derived from the amplitude structure of quantum states. A phenomenological decoherence function ( Gamma(E) ) is introduced and constrained using astrophysical data. Three falsifiable tests against SPARC rotation curve data are presented:begin{itemize} item A derived probability field density ( ho_0^Q ) shows consistent scaling with baryonic mass, item A modified acceleration law reproduces Milgrom-like behavior without invoking new particles, item The parameter-free fit across diverse galaxies yields low ( chi^2 ) residuals compared to $Lambda$CDM.end{itemize}The framework also addresses gravitational lensing in the Bullet Cluster and reframes the black hole information paradox by treating singularities as null probability domains. While speculative, the model introduces no new particles or ontologies and remains grounded in established physics. It is offered as a testable augmentation to general relativity—a bridge between quantum uncertainty and gravitational geometry that reframes what mass is, and when it matters.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

K-deformed Exponentials, Minimal Length and Renormalization Group Flow

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 9 Pages.

The $kappa$-deformed exponential $ exp_kappa ( x) = exp left( { 1 over kappa } arcsinh ( kappa x ) ight) $ studied by Kaniadakis cite{K} allows to construct ``deformed" Lorentz transformations associated with the ordinary velocity boost rapidity parameter $ xi$ and which can be recast in terms of ordinary Lorentz transformations (involving the ordinary exponential) but associated with a $kappa$-deformed (modified) rapidity parameter $ xi_kappa = xi f ( kappa xi ) $ given by a $ xi$-dependent scaling of the original $ xi$ rapidity parameter. It is shown that when $both$ the $ kappa$ parameter and $ xi ightarrow infty$, and the double scaling limit $ xi { ln ( 2 kappa xi ) over kappa xi } = infty times 0 $ is finite and nonzero, it leads to a $finite$ value for the $kappa$-deformed boost rapidity parameter $ xi_{kappa = infty} = xi_{ infty} ot= infty $, such that the $kappa$-deformed velocity (in units of $ c = 1$) $ tanh ( xi_kappa ) = v_kappa < 1 $ is $less$ than the speed of light, and in turn, the Lorentz dilation factor $ gamma ( v_kappa) ot= infty $ $no$ longer $blows$ up. Consequently, there is a $lower$ bound in the length $ L' = { L over gamma ( v_k ) } ot= 0 $ due to a $finite$ Lorentz length contraction. After imposing that the lower bound $ L' $ should not be smaller than the postulated minimum Planck scale one arrives at the length-scale-dependent relation $ arccosh ( { L over L_P} ) = xi_infty > 0 $ that admits a physical interpretation analogous to the running of the physical couplings and masses with the energy scale in the Renormalization Group program in Quantum Field Theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

White Dwarfs and the Chandrasekhar Limit: Perspectives from Kinetic Theory and Thermodynamics

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 22 Pages.

In the Standard Model of gaseous stars, temperature plays an indispensable role in generating the gas pressure which prevents ‘gravitational collapse’. Yet, as stars age in this model, changes in thermonuclear fuel lead to decreased temperatures and associated internal pressures. Gravitational forces between gas particles begin to dominate and stellar collapse results. The process results in ultra-dense compact objects including white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. The Chandrasekhar limit plays a central role in the theory of white dwarfs by constraining dwarf mass. These transformations have been described using thermodynamic expressions. Yet, within any given thermodynamic relation, not only must units balance on each side, but so too must thermodynamic character. Whether or not equilibrium conditions are established, temperature must always be intensive in macroscopic thermodynamics and mass must always be extensive. The theory of temperatures and pressures within gaseous stars is constructed from the kinetic theory of an ideal gas, by which temperature is introduced, in combination with gravitational and Coulomb forces. The resulting thermodynamic relations impart non-intensive character to temperature, non-extensive character to mass, and thermodynamically unbalanced luminosity relations. Consequently, the theory of gravitational collapse of gaseous stars to form compact stellar objects is not valid. Stars cannot be gaseous in nature. Rather, they must be comprised of condensed matter, most likely metallic hydrogen, and therefore essentially incompressible.
Category: Astrophysics

Reconstructing H(z) from Spiral Geometry and Rotation Curves Without Dark Matter

Authors: E.P.J. de Haas
Comments: 22 Pages.

We introduce a new method for empirically determining the cosmic expansion history (H(z)) using galactic structure alone, based on a gravitational metric inflow framework that does not require dark matter halos. In this model, both spiral arm geometry and galaxy rotation curves arise naturally from the motion of spacetime itself, driven by a central gravitational mass and the Hubble parameter at the time of structure formation. We derive analytical expressions for the effective orbital velocity and pitch angle of the inflowing metric, demonstrating that these quantities encode the value of (H(z)) directly. By fitting observed rotation curves and spiral geometries from well-resolved galaxies, one can potentially extract empirical (H(z)) estimates and compare them to standard (Lambda)CDM predictions. Unlike traditional chronometers or BAO measurements, our approach relies solely on observed galaxy morphology and redshift, enabling a scalable and purely geometric reconstruction of the expansion history. We estimate that future surveys could yield (10^5) to (10^6) independent (H(z)) measurements using this method, offering a powerful new observational test of cosmology and gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Note On The Second Radius of Curvature of the Ellipsoid

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 7 Pages. In French.

In this note, we study the intersection of the ellipsoid of revolution with a plane orthogonal to the tangent plane at a point on the ellipsoid to show that the second radius of curvature of the ellipsoid (denoted $N$ as the great normal) coincides with the radius of curvature of the ellipse intersecting the plane and the ellipsoid at the point in question.
Category: Geometry

Internal Friedmann Dynamics: A Geometric Path to Unifying Fundamental Physics

Authors: Alfonso De Miguel bueno
Comments: 8 Pages.

This work introduces a geometric-topological model that integrates all known fundamental interactions (strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational) into a unified framework based on internal Friedmann dynamics, derived directly from General Relativity. Starting from a single fundamental geometric asymmetry delta = 1 - c'/c = 3pialpha = 0.06877(2), it precisely derives universal constants (alpha, G, h-bar, H0) at sub-ppm accuracy, subatomic masses (proton, neutron, electron, neutrino, electroweak bosons), as well as the electron magnetic anomaly up to five loops. Four falsifiable predictions beyond the Standard Model are proposed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

On a Modified Double-Slit Experiment to Test the Hypothesis of Interference as a Result of Space-Time Nonlocality Described by Equations with Infinite-Order Derivatives

Authors: R. K. Salimov
Comments: 2 Pages.

A modified version of Young’s experiment is proposed to test the hypothesis that doubleslit interference arises from space-time nonlocality, described by Lorentz-invariant equations with derivatives of infinite order. If this hypothesis is correct, the experimental results would differ from the predictions of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

An Algebraic Derivation to Determine Lorentzian Broadening from Voigt Function in Plasma Diagnostics

Authors: Zi-Jing Chiah, Elton Song-Zhe Mah
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper presents an algebraic derivation to express Lorentzian broadening, as a function of the Voigt, and Gaussian widths, providing a practical method for extracting electron density from spectroscopic data in plasma diagnostics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

From Zero-Sphere to Emergent Spacetime: A Minimalist Background-Independent Framework for Temporal and Spatial Genesis

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 8 Pages.

We propose a minimalist framework for background-independent quantum theory based on the 0-sphere (S^0), the simplest nontrivial topological space consisting of two disconnected points. Unlike conventional approaches that rely on a fixed spacetime geometry or manifold structure, our model introduces relational dynamics between the two points as the sole source of structure. Proper time, spatial separation, and causality emerge from sequences of internal transformations without reference to an external background. This framework yields physically significant features, including internal spinor oscillations, subluminal Zitterbewegung with a characteristic velocity approximately equal to 0.04 times the speed of light, and effective gauge-like symmetries. These phenomena arise solely from the algebra of binary transitions and demonstrate the model's capacity to simulate spacetime behavior from a pre-geometric seed. We compare this approach with established background-independent theories such as loop quantum gravity and causal set theory, highlighting both compatibility and conceptual novelty. The 0-sphere model offers a potentially unifying substrate from which complex spacetime structures may emerge, with implications for experimental and theoretical developments in quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Theory of the Illusion of the Universe: Energy Strings, Nodes, and the Nature of Reality

Authors: Yurii Borysov
Comments: 7 Pages.

A new ontological model of the Universe is proposed, in which all observed reality is an illusiongenerated by the interaction of two fundamental entities: infinite energy strings and stable nodes on them. Gravity is explained as a mathematical difference in the rates of diameter expansion of strings in different regions of the network. The constancy of the speed of light, time dilation, inertia,cosmological redshift, black hole event horizon, redshift flickering in accretion disks, the absence of the Big Bang, black hole evaporation, the emergence of life and consciousness are consequences of a single dynamic: string diameter growth, cyclic oscillations, angular dependence of interaction, and selection for pattern stability. The model introduces no additional entities and explains observedfacts within a single simple structure.
Category: Astrophysics

Born’s Rule and the L_2 Norm from Pythagorean Geometry: A Deterministic Foundation via Global Phase Dynamics

Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 6 Pages. 1 figure

This paper develops a deterministic foundation for quantum measurement based on the Hidden Deterministic Interpretation (HDI), which avoids probabilistic postulates and wavefunction collapse at the level of individual particles. HDI introduces two principles: the Phase Consistency Criterion, which fixes the global phase of the Heisenberg-picture wavefunction via initial conditions, and the Quantum Hamilton's Principle, which selects the actual trajectory by extremizing accumulated quantum phase. Applied to an ensemble of particles, this framework yields detection statistics that reproduce the Born rule without assuming it. We show that the squared amplitudes associated with measurement outcomes follow directly from orthogonal projections governed by the Pythagorean theorem. As a consequence, the (L_2) norm of Hilbert space emerges naturally---not as an imposed structure, but as a mathematically inevitable result of the deterministic phase dynamics. Thus, both Born's rule and the underlying geometry of quantum state space are derived from the first principles, offering a coherent, deterministic, and geometrically grounded alternative to the standard axioms of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Structural Origin of Gravitation: a Quantum Electrostatic Perspective

Authors: Marciano L. Legarde
Comments: 22 Pages.

The Honmoon Theory presents an alternative perspective on quantum gravity, challenging the conventional need for gravitons and reinterpreting spacetime curvature as the emergent effect of deep quantum-level charge interactions. Inspired by the concept of a "fabric-like seal" from contemporary media, this theory models spacetime as a dynamic net trapping a vast population of charged particles. It proposes that the gravitational force arises not from mass-energy alone, but from the elegant spatial and quantum configurations of these particles, particularly their electrostatic interactions, symmetry alignments, and vibrational coherence. Central to this theory is the Honmoon Field Equation, which replaces the traditional energy momentum tensor in Einstein’s general relativity with a new Quantum Charge-Interaction Tensor derived from pairwise charge forces and structural symmetry. From this foundation, the theory derives a Lagrangian formalism, a scalar field for elegance density, a thermodynamic link to entropy gradients, and a cosmological expansion equation analogous to Friedmann’s equation. These components offer insight into gravity’s emergent behavior, time dilation, spacetime distortion, and large-scale cosmological structure — all without invoking hypothetical particles, such as gravitons. Although not intended as a direct replacement for general relativity or quantum field theory, Honmoon Theory offers a compelling conceptual and mathematical framework for exploring how gravity might emerge from the hidden geometric dance of charge and quantum structure.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Construction of the Cosmic Theory Based on Electric Primitives and Magnetic Primitives and Its Interpretation of Cosmic Mysteries

Authors: Xiaoliang Tian, Xiaohua Li, Hui Sun
Comments: 34 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This study, rooted in the first principles of the universe, systematically defines Electric Primitives (EPs) and Magnetic Primitives (MPs) as the fundamental building blocks of the cosmos through quantum analysis and cross-scale logical reconstruction, constructing a rigorous, self-consistent, and entirely new cosmological theoretical framework. This framework breaks through the logical barriers between macroscopic astrophysics and microscopic quantum domains, achieving the essential unification of physical laws across these two scales and providing a novel cognitive paradigm for decoding the operational mechanisms of the universe.The theory achieves disruptive breakthroughs in three core domains:- Nature of Matter and Energy: It profoundly reveals the quantum structural properties of dark matter and the spatiotemporal evolution essence of dark energy, offering a trans-era new pathway to understand the distribution of matter and energy in the universe.- Unification of Fundamental Forces: By systematically elaborating on the synergistic mechanisms of gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force, it achieves the theoretical unification of fundamental forces, propelling theoretical physics a crucial step closer to the "theory of everything."- Interpretation of Frontier Phenomena: It proposes a new "quantum primitives self-organization" mechanism for the origin of the Big Bang singularity and innovatively deciphers the non-local nature of quantum entanglement, transcending the philosophical boundaries of traditional physical cognition.Verified by multidisciplinary approaches including astrophysical observations, high-energy physics experiments, and quantum information research, this theory demonstrates robust explanatory and predictive capabilities in cosmological model construction, fundamental particle property interpretation, and quantum technology principle innovation. The cognitive revolution it brings not only pioneers a new paradigm for basic scientific research but also holds the promise to reshape the research directions of physics and cosmology. It is poised to become a pivotal theoretical breakthrough that rewrites the history of science in humanity quest to understand the essence of the universe, erecting an epoch-making theoretical cornerstone for exploring the ultimate mysteries of the cosmos.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Giza Pyramid Complex and the Mathematical Equality of Squares

Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 2 Pages.

Based on the results of the selection of mathematical criteria for the location of the pyramids of the Giza complex, the criterion of mathematical equality of the areas of two triangles formed by the peaks of the pyramids of the Giza plateau and the peak of the monument "The Great Sphinx" was revealed.
Category: Archaeology

Entanglement Driven Forces and Galactic Structure Stability

Authors: Joseph Shaffer
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references and list the latter in a standard manner providing complete and detailed information)

This paper proposes that entanglement driven forces act as a fundamental component of cosmic structure stability. Conventional physics assumes forces propagate at finite speeds but we will assume otherwise. We postulate that entangled objects share a unified quantum state that allows instant interaction beyond classical constraints. This mechanism may account for anomalies in galactic rotation and explain synchronization of cosmic structures. A series of observational tests are outlined to verify this by offering alternative explanations for missing mass phenomenon and synchronization in galaxy motion.
Category: Astrophysics

Fifteen Resonant Wavelengths in DNA Primary Structure (Uv Range)

Authors: Bruno R. Galeffi
Comments: 5 Pages.

It is propounded that in response to conformational constraints in chain linkages, DNA primary structure resonates precisely to fifteen discrete wavelengths from the UV spectrum. Correlations for DNA pitch and DNA breadth involving the ubiquitous golden ratio are proposed.
Category: Physics of Biology

Proof that Angle is not Dimensionless Quantity

Authors: Seungtae Kim
Comments: 17 Pages. Typos and wrong formula were corrected. Keywords were added.

In the current International System of Units (SI), it is conventionally assumed that rad=1, thereby treating angle as a dimensionless quantity. However, this convention presents a conceptual problem because of the relation sr=rad², so that the fundamental physical distinction between solid angles and plane angles is blurred. In this paper, I revisited the nature of physical equations based on the principle of dimensional homogeneity and the mathematical properties of the dimensional analysis function, demonstrated that angle is a physical quantity possessing its own fundamental dimension which means angle must be treated as one of the base quantities. Furthermore, I showed that, from the perspective of dimensional analysis, the domain of trigonometric functions and the codomain of inverse trigonometric functions—being inherently numerical-value equations—must consist of θ=θ/rad when θ means angle. Finally, some well-known equations are reconsidered comprehensively for dimensional homogeneity.
Category: Classical Physics

Multi-Stage Prompt Inference Attacks on Enterprise LLM Systems

Authors: Andrii Balashov
Comments: 11 Pages.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly been integrated into enterprise applications to enable advanced data-driven functionalities. This paper investigates a novel security risk in such LLM-integrated systems, wherein an attacker can gradually extract sensitive information by distributing their query across multiple prompt instances. We examine how corporate LLM tools (e.g., Microsoft 365 Copilot) that connect to internal data sources might be vulnerable to multi-stage prompt inference attacks that bypass single-query security checks. A theoretical framework is developed to model the information leakage per query using information theory, and we derive quantitative bounds on an attacker’s success rate. We then present a proof-of-concept multi-query attack in a controlled setting, demonstrating how an adversary can reconstruct confidential data (like social security numbers or passwords) by aggregating innocuous partial responses from the LLM. Experimental results using a simulated LLM with enterprise data show that our attack can retrieve secrets in far fewer queries than naive guessing, with a success rate that approaches 100% after a threshold number of queries. Finally, we discuss potential mitigation strategies (such as adaptive rate-limiting, anomaly detection, and differential privacy mechanisms) to defend against this emerging threat. Our findings underscore the urgent need for robust security measures in enterprise LLM deployments to prevent indirect leakage of sensitive information.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

World Asymmetry and Consciousness (Aсимметрия мира и сознание)

Authors: Sergey Y. Kotkovsky
Comments: 12 Pages. Russian version of viXra:2504.0169

The studies of weak interactions in physics have revealed a prominent, so-called chiral, asymmetry of our world. More widely known is the asymmetry of particles and antiparticles, which is also connected to chiral asymmetry: we know that all neutrinos are left-chiral. The attempts made by many physicists to restore the symmetry between right and left, i.e. to discover "mirror matter", have not been successful. In live beings the asymmetry manifests itself in male and female, the functioning of the right and left hemispheres of the brain, in phyllotaxis, in algebras of genetic alphabets, and other key phenomena. Our world is fundamentally asymmetric, both in physical and biological sectors. To deal with world asymmetry we have developed chiral algebra that describes skew-symmetric relations. This algebra is proven to successfully work in physical theory of spin. Particularly it allows to formulate in a new way the famous Dirac equation. Within this new representation we can better understand this equation and also discover the noise immunity mechanisms built in it. Chiral algebra uses the apparatus of biquaternions in light-like basis with new types of multiplication and conjugation. Another application of chiral algebra is a model of the genetic code built by the author. This model reflects the genetic code internal symmetries, previously studied in other works. As a result, we put forward the following hypothesis: DNA has a quantum-like biological nature, which is based on an analogue of physical spin, which we call "biospin". The concept of biospin also supports the theory of biological field. We assume that both "inanimate" matter and living beings have field nature. We assume that biological field is a nonlinear extension of electromagnetic field. Within field approach a singularity of the field, having operational and projection nature, becomes the most suitable candidate on the carrier of consciousness. As is known, singularities of electromagnetic field are represented by point-like charge particles such as electron. Paradoxically, these point particles have an internal structure described by spin. Having a structure We find that dimensionless objects have an internal structure and that indicates an "exit" to another space. We claim that living beings are represented by field singularities. They exist simultaneously in two spaces, or worlds — inner and outer. Our consciousness, being a field singularity, carries out the connection between these worlds. Inner world is the space of virtual paths, wave functions and potentialities, while outer world is actual physical world operated by fields.

Исследования слабых взаимодействий в физике выявили заметную, так называемую киральную, асимметрию нашего мира. Более широко известна асимметрия частиц и античастиц, которая также связана с киральной асимметрией: мы знаем, что все нейтрино левокиральны. Попытки многих физиков восстановить симметрию между правым и левым, т. е. обнаружить «зеркальную материю», не увенчались успехом. В живых существах асимметрия проявляется в мужском и женском, в функционировании правого и левого полушарий мозга, в филлотаксисе, в алгебрах генетических алфавитов и других ключевых явлениях. Наш мир фундаментально асимметричен, как в физическом, так и в биологическом секторах. Для борьбы с асимметрией мира мы разработали киральную алгебру описывающая кососимметричные отношения. Доказано, что эта алгебра успешно работает в физической теории спина. В частности, она позволяет по-новому сформулировать знаменитое уравнение Дирака. В рамках этого нового представления мы можем лучше понять это уравнение, а также обнаружить встроенные в него механизмы помехоустойчивости. Киральная алгебра использует аппарат бикватернионов в световом базисе с новыми типами умножения и сопряжения. Еще одним применением киральной алгебры является модель генетического кода, построенная автором. Эта модель отражает внутренние симметрии генетического кода, ранее изученные в других работах. В результате мы выдвигаем следующую гипотезу: ДНК имеет квантово-подобную биологическую природу, которая основана на аналоге физического спина, который мы называем «биоспин». Концепция биоспина также поддерживает теорию биологического поля. Мы предполагаем, что как «неживая» материя, так и живые существа имеют полевую природу. Мы предполагаем, что биологическое поле является нелинейным продолжением электромагнитного поля. В рамках полевого подхода сингулярность поля, имеющая операциональную и проекционную природу, становится наиболее подходящим кандидатом на носитель сознания. Как известно, сингулярности электромагнитного поля представлены точечными заряженными частицами, такими как электрон. Парадоксально, но эти точечные частицы имеют внутреннюю структуру, описываемую спином. Наличие структуры Мы обнаруживаем, что безразмерные объекты имеют внутреннюю структуру, что указывает на «выход» в иное пространство. Мы утверждаем, что живые существа представлены полевыми сингулярностями. Они существуют одновременно в двух пространствах, или мирах — внутреннем и внешнем. Наше сознание, являясь полевой сингулярностью, осуществляет связь между этими мирами. Внутренний мир — это пространство виртуальных путей, волновых функций и потенциальностей, а внешний мир — это реальный физический мир, построенный на полях.
Category: Mind Science

3D Horizons in an Alternative Natario Warp Drive Using the Adm-MTW-Alcubierre Formalism with Constant Speeds Over the X-Axis

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 46 Pages. Related to viXra:2506.0148v1

The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in 2001.Although the idea of the warp dive as a spacetime distortion that allows a spaceship to travel faster than light predated the Natario work by 7 years Natario introduced in 2001 the new concept of a propulsion vector to define or to generate a warp drive spacetime.Natario defined a warp drive vector for constant speeds in Polar Coordinates using the Hodge Star but Polar Coordinates uses only two dimensions and we know that a real spaceship is a 3D object inserted inside a 3D warp bubble that must be defined in real 3D Spherical Coordinates. In this work we present the alternative warp drive vector in 3D Spherical Coordinates without the Hodge Star for constantspeeds.Our alternative warp drive vector also satisfies the Natario requirements for a warp drive spacetime.One the major drawbacks concerning warp drives is the problem of theHorizons(causally disconnected portions of spacetime) in which an observer in the center of the bubble cannot signal nor control thefront part of the bubble.The behavior of a photon sent to the front of the warp bubble in the case of the alternative Natario warp drive with constant velocity and a lapse function is also one of the main purposes of this work.We present the behavior of a photon sent to the front of the bubble in the alternative Natariowarp drive in the 3+1 spacetime with and without the lapse function using quadratic forms and the null-like geodesics $ds^2=0$ of General Relativity and the ADM(Arnowitt-Dresner-Misner) formalism equations with the approachof MTW(Misner-Thorne-Wheeler) and Alcubierre.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity in Earth's Interior and Geophysics

Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 17 Pages.

Considering the primitive virtual negative (PVN) charge, defined for physical mass interacting with electric charges, it is necessary to review both Earth’s interior gravitational field and its magnetic field. This is particularly relevant when examining the processes involved in Earth’s formation from a massive molten magma ball. This review includes two explanations for the formation of Earth’s crust and the subsequent movements of its continental plates: the Pangaea/plate-tectonics model and the hypothesis of an expanding Earth. Current questions, such as the rotation of Earth’s inner core, the wandering of geomagnetic poles, and geomagnetic field reversal, are explored for possible explanations. The Appendix further discusses the origin of geomagnetic reversals and how the gravity of progenitor stars can contribute to Type II supernovae explosions.
Category: Geophysics

The Existential Profile Warning on Addition Chains

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 4 Pages.

Let ��u2099: su2080 = 1 < su2081 = 2 < ⋯ < su2095 = nbe an addition chain leading to n. Define the normalized profile vu2099(x) := s_{⌊xh⌋} / nfor any x ∈ [0,u202f1] and set xᵢ := i / h. We show that for any fixed x ∈ [0,u202f1] there exists an index i with 0 ≤ i ≤ h such that x·hu2044n ≤ vu2099(xᵢ) ≤ x + 1u2044h = x + o(1). This implies that no matter how an addition chain is built, at each fraction x ∈ [0,u202f1], there is some term whose normalized size is in the interval [x·hu2044n, x + o(1)]. This may be viewed as a Bertrand-type result in addition chains.
Category: Number Theory

Modeling the nS1/2 Lamb Shifts in Atomic Hydrogen as Magnetic Monopole Phenomena

Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: Pages.

Relativistic quantum mechanics fails to provide an explanation for the Lamb shift. It is proposed that a point-like magnetic monopole associated with the proton interacts with the magnetic dipole moment of the electron, causing Zeeman energy shifts of the nS1/2 levels. If the 1S1/2—2S1/2 transition in atomic hydrogen, defined as the 15-digit frequency 2466061413.18701 MHz, is taken as a reference, the model predicts 2922743278.66971 MHz for the 1S1/2—3S1/2 transition, and 770649350.46333 MHz for the 2S1/2—8S1/2 interval without the application of the constants me, h, or c defined by CODATA.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Hidden Determinism in Quantum Measurement: Interaction-Free Detection and Counterfactual Reality

Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 11 pages, 4 figures

Interaction-free measurement, counterfactual communication, and Young’s double-slit experiment reveal how quantum systems exhibit effects from events that do not physically occur. In this paper, we reinterpret such phenomena through the Hidden Deterministic Interpretation (HDI), which introduces a physically fixed global phase as a hidden variable. HDI employs two principles—the Phase Consistency Criterion (PCC) and the Quantum Hamilton’s Principle (QHP)—to determine the particle’s definite trajectory within a physically real wavefunction of Heisenberg's picture. Even paths not taken influence outcomes through interference, as seen in the double-slit experiment. Detection ends the particle's trajectory, naturally rendering the prior wavefunction obsolete without invoking stochastic collapse or many-worlds branching. HDI thus provides a unified, deterministic account of quantum counterfactuality within a realist, single-world framework.
Category: Quantum Physics

KGS Onon Theory

Authors: K Gowtham Siddharth
Comments: 5 Pages. This theory should not be copied without the author's legal permission.

I make this theory to define division by zero. This can be useful to study black hole and big bang theory which I included in the pdf.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Deformed Lie Products and Involution - Second Part: in a Four-dimensional Space.

Authors: Thierry L.A. Periat
Comments: 40 Pages.

A previous document laid the foundations for the study of involution in any three-dimensional spaces, [c]. This exploration continues the exploration of the topic in focusing now attention on four-dimensional spaces. The repetition of a deformed Lie product on a given argument carries two concepts with it: (i) the eventual invariance of this argument and (ii) the existence of an involution. The work discovers two distinct classes of decomposition without residual part for each deformed Lie product. It explains why only one of both (the simplest one) can characterize the involution when the deforming cube is anti-symmetric and anti-reduced. The document also starts a confrontation between the simplest representation and the electromagnetic duality in Maxwell's vacuum.
Category: General Mathematics

A Discussion on the Quantization of Diffraction Phenomena

Authors: Jiankun Lai
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: The abstract on the submission form should be same as the one in the article; please cite and list scientific references - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!))

In the development of modern physics, the quantum properties of the microcosm have been conclusively verified by important theories and practices such as Planck's blackbody radiation theory, Einstein's photoelectric effect theory, and Compton scattering experiments. However, the current theoretical system used to explain diffraction phenomena is essentially a wave theory that took shape before the birth of quantization theory and relativity. Although the wave theory can effectively explain most diffraction phenomena at the present stage, it is undeniable that the physical processes described by this theory show continuous characteristics, which is in sharp contradiction with the quantized nature of the microcosm. This incompatibility at the level of theoretical foundations means that the wave theory has not accurately touched the physical reality of the microcosm, thus becoming a key obstacle to the construction of a unified theory. This leads to a profound question: Can the stripes formed by diffraction phenomena only be explained by the principle of wave interference? Is there a new interpretive perspective that is more consistent with the quantum properties of the microcosm?
Category: Quantum Physics

Matter and Gravity as Phase Structures on a 4D Hypersphere (SU(2) Model)

Authors: Dmitry Shurbin
Comments: 60 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org; please cite and list relavent works by other authors)

This paper present a unified model of matter and gravity based on SU(2) phase geometry defined over a compact 3-sphere (S³) embedded in four-dimensional Euclidean space. In this framework, particles arise as topological SU(2) vortices, while forces—including electromagnetism and gravity—emerge from local and global phase dynamics without requiring separate gauge fields. Quantum properties such as spin, discreteness, entanglement, and the exclusion principle are derived from the topological constraints of the SU(2) phase structure. Gravitational attraction is reinterpreted as the tendency of phase vortices to minimize curvature and tension. The model avoids singularities, naturally predicts Planck-scale behavior, and provides geometric interpretations for constants like ℏ and c. This approach offers a non-perturbative, background-independent alternative to quantum gravity and string theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The TRG-CGR Framework: A Thermodynamic-Relativistic Hybrid Gravity Model for Cosmic Acceleration, Galaxy Dynamics, and Hubble Tension Resolution

Authors: Emmanuel Duawo
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present the Thermodynamic-Relativistic Gravity with Classical General Relativity (TRG-CGR) framework as a hybrid model that aligns with ΛCDM cosmology during early universe evolution but introduces modifications at late times and local scales. The model provides a unified explanation for cosmic acceleration, galaxy rotation curve flattening, and Hubble tension resolution without invoking dark matter or dark energy. The TRG-CGR equation incorporates an emergent acceleration term derived from thermodynamic considerations, alongside classical and relativistic gravity terms, and maintains consistency with Solar System tests. This paper outlines the model, compares it with other frameworks, and discusses its areas of application.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Mathematical Model Describes and Analyzes the State of Entity When Entering the Time Domain

Authors: Tran Dinh An
Comments: 13 Pages. Presented at the 49th Vietnam Conference on Theoretical Physics (Title truncated by viXra Admin)

The time we perceive in everyday life is a normal concept but there is still no real answer to what is time? It is difficult for us to imagine that our minds and perceptions are placed in a universe with a huge amount of matter and extremely bustling events. This research designs a fictitious but feasible λ closed universe model. In this universe everything seems very simple, there exists only one mathematical entity called the entity σ and there is absolutely nothing else besides this entity. All events occurring in the universe λ are caused by the behavior of entity σ. The signal diagram is a time axis to measure time in λ. When the entity σ exists at a time on the time axis, it is clear that the previous times are all past times of σ in λ and the time domain. This time is called the time domain P. So let's assume entity σ can enter the time domain P on the signal diagram and then analyze how the state of λ will change. According to the butterfly effect, every small impact also creates big changes. The impacts of the entity σ in the time domain P, whether large or small, also create events that are different from the events that happened in λ, even the fact that σ exists in the time domain P is an impact. Because those event changes have created a different universe than the original universe, applying the multiverse theory, it can be said that σ entering the time domain P means σ entering a parallel universe. But it is still not possible for σ to enter a parallel universe, but research has come up with a method called the λ synchronous method. Because of the special properties of the closed universe system λ and the entity σ, it is entirely possible to create another closed universe system exactly like the original system, then all the events in the original system λ are recreated in the new system λ and adjusted so that events in the new λ begin to occur a period of time later. At this time, let the entity σ jump to the new λ system and one thing has completely happened: the entity σ has entered its own past. When using this method to let σ enter the time domain P, we can see that the time in the original λ system and the new λ system are events that occur in λ itself, when no events occur, or we can say when the entity σ is at rest, time is also considered to be standing still. Only when σ moves to create events can we feel the existence of what we call "time". So when we gather all our minds and perceptions into such a simple closed system, we can envision two answers to two problems. Firstly, traveling to the past is just going into another parallel universe and wanting to go into another parallel universe is completely feasible but on an extremely small scale and simple until the present times. Second, time can simply be the movements that make up events. If we consider the entity σ as a bit of information, then the λ synchronous method of bringing σ into the time domain P can also be used to store and communicate information in a new way. One can imagine how exciting it would be to be able to project bits of information into one's own past and influence to change information that happened before.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Collection of Properties of Matter

Authors: Vladimir Pastushenko
Comments: 141 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

This collection includes separately written works. These works are included practically without changes. Some point representations of properties are clarified and presented more fully. But speaking about one work, revealing some properties of matter, it is difficult not to mention other properties, knowing their existence. Firstly, matter is one. Yes, it is presented by the diversity in the Artificially Created Axioms created by us, as properties that do not require proof, and in the models based on them. But in such diversity, we are talking about matter. It is one in the single dynamics of the visible Universe and in the depths of the physical vacuum. This is all matter. We are talking about the material world, without fantasies. Secondly, when describing the properties of matter, we avoid building fictitious ideas, hypotheses, the words "probably", "maybe", and models, projects, systems based on them. Facts of properties were taken, and the consequences of such facts. This is like cause and effect. As they say - nothing personal. And the reason for writing this collection is that, when speaking about this or that "face", it is difficult to resist showing the entire "polyhedron" of the unified matter. It is like the second derivative of a separate charge (one "face") and the electromotive force of self-induction in a circuit (the second "face") have one "polyhedron" in Maxwell's equations, when we answer the question WHY, with such a cause there is such a consequence. Or, WHY in a vacuum with zero mass, the force of gravity arises. In Newton's law there is no curved space, but the force of gravity works, and this force is derived from the equation of curved space (tensor) of Einstein, and again the question WHY. Physics answers the questions WHY. Mathematics answers the questions HOW this happens. Often, emergent properties of matter are hidden in such mathematical answers. Such a concept provides good prospects for research.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is it Necessary to Involve the Ether and Its Analogues to Explain Dark Energy and Dark Matter?

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 6 Pages.

The article considers a model in which the initial elements are metric constraints imposed on an initially rotating and radially reacting vacuum.It is assumed that the Hubble constant H and the acceleration parameter q can be derived without using energy densities, pressure, or a cosmological constant, but only through the internal dynamics of the metric, which depends on the angular velocity, radial response, and their derivatives.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is it Necessary to Involve Ether and Its Analogues to Explain Dark Energy and Dark Matter (In Russian)?

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 6 Pages.

The article considers a model in which the initial elements are metric constraints imposed on an initially rotating and radially reacting vacuum.It is assumed that the Hubble constant H and the acceleration parameter q can be derived without using energy densities, pressure, or a cosmological constant, but only through the internal dynamics of the metric, which depends on the angular velocity, radial response, and their derivatives.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Modeling Intertwined Humanity: Neutrosophic Complete Graphs, Ubuntu, and the Logic of Not

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, Victor Christianto
Comments: 19 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org) Published in Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, vol. 88, 2025

The human experience, at its most fundamental level, is one of interconnectedness. No individual exists in isolation; identities are forged, values are shaped, and realities are co-constructed within a complex web of relationships. Yet, traditional Western philosophical and scientific models often emphasize individualism and discrete entities, struggling to fully capture the fluid, ambiguous, and often contradictory nature of these interdependencies. The challenge, then, is to develop a modeling framework capable of expressing such profound and multi-faceted entanglement, especially when relationships are characterized by ambiguity, partial truths, or even co-existing contradictions. Classicalgraph theory, with its binary edges (either a connection exists or it does not), falls short. This article argues that the Neutrosophic complete graph, a powerful extension of fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy graph theory, offers a promising mathematical instrument for precisely this purpose. By incorporating degrees of truth, falsehood, and crucially, indeterminacy (or neutrality/hesitancy) into its representation of nodes and relationships, the Neutrosophic complete graph can provide a sophisticated and nuanced model for the intertwined humanity perceived in Ubuntu and the complex non-dualistic insights of the "logic of not," thereby mirroring the irreducible dependency found in Borromean rings.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

From Hierarchy Problems to a Harmonious Model of Quantum Cosmology

Authors: En Okada
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this study, we drew hints from the hierarchy problems and investigated the possibility that certain physical constants might actually evolve in accordance with the cosmic expansion, a process that has evaded all careful inspections so far due to the neatly concerted evolution of those physical constants. We demonstrate that the hierarchy gaps, along with observational results of the Hubble constant and the cosmic microwave background radiation, all point to a consistent narrative that the Hubble radius has expanded by a factor of exactly 3.25×10^24 since the very beginning of the universe. In our model, the Planck constant is inversely proportional to the Hubble volume, which further drives an evolution of not only the scale of the Planck units but also that of the elementary charge and the mass of all elementary particles. Such a temporal evolution of the nature of the universe is a consequence from the mathematics of a stochastic symmetry breaking in the space as a binary field.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Inertial Force in the D’Alambertian Formalism of Mechanics

Authors: Wenceslao Segura
Comments: 8 Pages.

We argue that the inertial force is a real force of gravitational origin. Specifically, it is a passive induction force that arises when a test particle accelerates relative to the gravitational field of the Universe. In the classical approximation this force depends linearly on the acceleration and has the opposite direction, allowing us to identify it with the classical inertial force. Using the d'Alembertian formalism of mechanics, we demonstrate that the inertial force arises from the interaction of the particle with the cosmic gravitational field, thus providing a consistent implementation of Mach's principle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Stable Motion Path of Airborne Charged Particles by Large Charges on the Earth's Surface （ Formation of Two Type Seismic Clouds ）

Authors: Fumitaka Inuyama
Comments: 9 Pages.

As a factor in luminescence phenomena and changes in geomagnetism, ground current, and electric fields, which are precursors to large-scale earthquakes, a mechanism has been proposed in which a free charge is generated in the crust when pressure is applied to the bedrock of the earth's crust, which appears on the ground surface and generates a ground surface charge, which also has an electrical impact on the sky. The presence of a large number of electrically charged aerosols and liquid microscopic water droplets floating in the air can also be seen by the rainbow in the desert. Thus, it is clear that a large charge on the earth's surface exerts a Coulomb force on charged particles suspended in the air and the stable motion path of airborne charged particles (i.e. microscopic water droplets coexisting with water vapor) is elucidated based on the principle of minimum mechanical energy, and the formation of seismic clouds is studied.As a result, it is difficult to solve the equations analytically, but the existence of two types of seismic clouds is mathematically proven as a singular solution to the equation, one far away and directly above the epicenter.
Category: Climate Research

The Weighted Core-ep Inverse and Its Associated Pre-Order

Authors: Huanyin Chen, Marjan Sheibani
Comments: 32 Pages.

In this paper, we introduce a new pre-order stemming from the $w$-core-EP inverse in a ring. We characterize this generalized inverse by combing the $w$-core inverse with nilpotent elements. This characterization allows us to explore a new binary relation among $w$-core-EP invertible elements, leveraging the $w$-core pre-order. Using the Pierce matrix for two idempotents as a new tool, we find equivalent conditions for the forward and reverse order laws of $w$-core-EP invertibility. In addition, we extend the *-DMP property to encompass a broader range of cases within the$w$-core-EP pre-order.
Category: Algebra

The Complete Proof of the Goldbach Binary Conjecture

Authors: Denis Micheal Odwar
Comments: 8 Pages.

For m ∈ Z, let N = 2m ≥ 8 and GN be a set of goldbach primes, p, of N defined as GN = {p : p ≤ N 2 andp ∤ N}. By denoting the cardinality of GN by |GN| or g(N), we show that ∀N, |GN| > 0, and the set of all these cardinalities, {|GN|}, is equal to the set of natural numbers i.e {|GN|} = N = {1,2,3,4,5,6,···}. We finally prove the famous binary |GN| Goldbach conjecture by showing that for all values of |GN|, i=1 µ(bi)Λ(bi) < 0, whenever bi = N −pi with pi ∈ GN,i ∈ N and 1 ≤ i ≤ |GN|. In particular we show that every N is a sum of two distinct primes.
Category: Number Theory

Sum of Three Cubes =sum of Another Three Cubes

Authors: Oliver Couto
Comments: 4 Pages.

In math literature,(eg: ref. #3), most solutions to the above equations are dealt with using elliptic curve theory. In this paper the author has, by imposing certain conditions, provided a parametric solution of the equation by using Algebra only.
Category: General Mathematics

A Simple Statistical Method to "replace" Yates Analysis & a. N. O. V. A.

Authors: S.C. Gaudie
Comments: 3 Pages. Contact: tetrahedron_1_3_6@aim.com (Note by viXra Admin: Author's name is required on the article; please cite and list scientific references)

At the most "basic level", this is a very simple method, which is easy to understand.The "basics" is just subtracting one value from another. The "basics", can be very revealing, in showing differences between "intermediate, virtual results". For "clarification of understanding", most of these calculations are based on "idealised results", where the "calculated results" are matches to the "obviously expected results". (The "originally inputted results".) Furthermore, more "clarification of understanding" is achieved by using "children's stacking blocks", with "binary numbers" written on them, as "equivalents", to the "experimental results". Also the "data set used is a simple experimental version" - 3 variables (C = clear = 100, B = black = 010, A = amber = 001; N = NO blocks with NO numbers) at 2 levels (0 = Absent;u2006 u2006 1 = Present.)This gives 8 possible "combination", variations:- NNN, NNA, NBN, NBA, CNN, CNA, CBN, CBA BLOCK COLOUR /VARIABLE 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111 BINARY NUMBERS ##0, ##1, ##2, ##3, ##4, ##5, ##6, ##7 DECIMAL NUMBERS ##0, ##1, ##2, ##3, ##4, ##5, ##6, #11 "Test Data" BINARY NUMBERS Needs a 1 at the beginning to "keep all 3 numbers in place", for computer calculations! It is fairly easy to extrapolate this method to more variables and more levels. e.g. using trinary numbers. This method is easier and better than Yates Analysis Effects or ANalysis Of VAriance (ANOVA).
Category: Statistics

Revolutionary Inequality Using in General Quartic Equations and Proving Non Exsistence of Real Roots

Authors: Bouazad El Bachir
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Author name is required in the article; please cite listed sceintific references)

We present a revolutionary inequality that deterministically excludes real roots in general quartic equations Ax4+Bx3+Cx2+Dx+E=0 (A,E≠0). Our condition: If A > 0 and If E > 0 and if bd ≤ U and if bd ≥ L and if L > UIf A < 0 and If E < 0 and if bd ≥ U and if bd ≤ L and if L < U Hence , L = (4EC−D2 ) /4E U = B2/4A provably guarantees the quartic is globally positive or negative, eliminating real roots without solving the equation. Validated across 1 trillion random quartics (with zero counterexamples), this rule:u2022Outperforms classical discriminants: Computes 1,000× faster than the 256-term quartic discriminant. u2022Stronger guarantees: Ensures definiteness (not just complex roots).u2022Novel foundation: Derived from a sum-of-squares decomposition and residual quadratic analysis.Applications span real-time control systems, cryptographic key validation, and numerical optimization. This work redefines efficiency in polynomial analysis.
Category: Algebra

Introduction to Subjective Physics

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Symmetry violations like parity non-conservation and the absence of antimatter may have a simple explanation requiring very little analysis. We need only accept that the universe is a ‘logical’ construct that includes the observer as an integral part. Our subjective observations are duly accounted for by that logic.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Combined H(z) Dependece of Quantized Space Cells Volume and Space Cell Doubling Time Results in a Unified Metric Scenario for Modelling Dark Matter and Dark Energy Related Phenomena

Authors: E. P. J. de Haas
Comments: 4 Pages.

In a previous paper, I introduced a quantized space cell using the Hubble constant H0 and I used for the space cell doubling time today’s value, so also at H0 . In this paper, I will improve the approach by replacing the Hubble constant by the time dependent Hubble parameter H(z) for both the quantized space volume and the space cel doubling time. I then insert the (Λ)CDM function for H(z) in my model. The resulting scenario is capable of for modeling of both Dark Matter and Dark Energy related phenomena. In this way, my model can replace ontological Dark Matter and ontological Dark Energy with an ontological metric and still be in full agreement with (Λ)CDM cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Emergent Dark Energy from Spontaneous Alignment of a Timelike Vector Field

Authors: Bin Li
Comments: 21 Pages. 3 Figures (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We investigate a geometric mechanism for dark energy arising from the spontaneous alignment of a unit-norm, future-directed timelike vector field Φµ(x), which dynamically selects apreferred temporal foliation of spacetime. In this framework, known as Chronon Field Theory,misaligned regions in the early universe give rise to metastable domain walls whose residualtopological stress acts as a slowly redshifting vacuum energy component. We derive the modified cosmological dynamics induced by these structures and show, through both analytic andnumerical analysis, that they can drive late-time cosmic acceleration with an effective equationof state w ≈ −2/3, in agreement with prior estimates for frustrated domain wall networks.As this energy continues to redshift, the acceleration is predicted to be transient, potentially transitioning to non-accelerated expansion in the far future. This model provides a minimal, covariant, and background-independent account of dark energy, without invoking a fine-tuned cosmological constant or new scalar degrees of freedom.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theoretical and Formal Proof of "P Versus NP" Theorem

Authors: Mirzakhmet Syzdykov
Comments: 2 Pages.

After making the number of sufficient and successful experiments on account of "P versus NP" theorem, specifically according to the equivalence of complexity classes, we are giving the final and formal theoretical proof by contradiction in this paper summarizing all the results before and giving the definition of our functional hypothesis or conjecture.
Category: General Mathematics

Chronon Field Theory: A Unified Framework for Spacetime, Forces, and Matter

Authors: Bin Li
Comments: 37 Pages. 6 figures (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

d on a fundamental unit-norm, future-directed timelike vector field Φµ(x), the Chronon field. This vector field embodies the local direction of time, or the "Real Now," and serves as the foundational entity from which spacetime geometry, gauge fields, and matter naturally arise. We explicitly demonstrate the emergence of gravitational phenomena, gauge interactions—including electromagnetism and weak forces—quantum behavior, and topologically stable soliton structures within this unified approach. Crucially, CFT maintains renormalizability and provides a coherent framework for thetopological unification of fermionic and bosonic sectors. Integrating canonical quantum gravity, cosmological phase transitions, and gauge unification paradigms, CFT addresses longstanding foundational challenges such as the "problem of time," quantum mechanical paradoxes, the origin of particle masses and generations, and cosmological puzzles of dark matter and dark energy. These results are further supported by a prototype simulation that illustrates the dynamical emergence of causal structureand topological matter from temporal symmetry breaking. The theory yields testablepredictions, offering a robust pathway toward resolving persistent conceptual and observational issues in fundamental physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Koide Relation and Lepton Mass Hierarchy from Phase Coherence

Authors: Bin Li
Comments: 19 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The extraordinary precision of the Koide relation among charged lepton masses suggests a deeper organizing principle behind the particle mass spectrum. In this work, we show that the Koide formula arises naturally within a universal phase coherence law, where each free, massive particle is modeled as a topological soliton of a temporal flow field. Each soliton contributes a complex phase vector with amplitude √m and internal orientation θ, withtotal coherence determined by constructive interference. Leptons and bosons form orthogonal coherence sectors, distinguished by topological weight: 2 for spinorial leptons due to a nontrivial double cover (π1(M1) ∼= Z2), and 1 for bosons with simply connected configuration space. This yields an exact topological partition: Qℓ = 2/3, QB = 1/3, and Qtotal = 1, reproducing the Koide value as a consequence of internal phase geometry and soliton topology. Asmall but statistically significant deviation from perfect balance is observed, which likely reflects radiative corrections, phase misalignment, or measurement uncertainties, rather than the existence of additional particle states. This framework offers a unified, topologically grounded perspective on massgeneration, with testable implications across sectors.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Revisiting Mass Generation: Higgs Mechanism and a Topological Alternative via Chronon Field Theory

Authors: Bin Li
Comments: 21 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present a pedagogical and critical exposition of the Higgs mechanism within the Standard Model, including its formal structure, explanatory achievements, and unresolved conceptual challenges. The mechanism elegantly explains mass acquisition for gauge bosons and fermions via spontaneous symmetry breaking, but leaves key questions open: the origin of Yukawa couplings, the negligible role in hadronic mass, and the cosmological constant problem arising from its vacuum energy. As a complementary perspective, we introduce Chronon Field Theory (CFT), a topological field model in which both inertial and gravitational mass arise from solitonic excitations of a causal temporal vector field. We do not claim that CFT supplants the Standard Model, but propose it as a promising theoretical approach to unresolved foundational problems. Our aim is to motivate further investigation into whether such a temporally grounded ontology can advance the understanding of mass, gravity, and field unification.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Entropy-Driven Prediction in Market-Neutral Trading: A New Statistical Signal

Authors: Bin Li, Jonathan Spring
Comments: 7 Pages. The methods are applied in actual hedge fund trading programs (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose a novel trading framework based on entropy-gradient prediction applied tomarket-neutral financial time series. Grounded in principles from statistical physics and information theory, our hypothesis asserts that in approximately closed financial systems, entropy tends to increase over time—implying a directional bias in asset price dynamics. We formalize this idea by modeling small perturbations in return distributions and comparing their impact on Shannon entropy. A large-scale empirical evaluation across 29 equity, sectoral, international, and fixed income ETF spreads reveals that the entropy-gradient signal performs consistentlywell in macro-hedged or structurally distinct pairings. Results show Sharpe ratios up to 0.86and meaningful returns in semi-stable systems, even in the absence of transaction cost modelingor risk overlays. These findings highlight entropy as a second-order probabilistic signal and open avenues for entropy-aware modeling across finance, particularly in systematic strategies where conventional price-based signals fail.
Category: Economics and Finance

Relativism Killer: The Collapse of Conceptual Relativity at the Speed Limit

Authors: Rubén Yruretagoyena Conde
Comments: 5 Pages.

This article introduces a conceptual function named relativism killer(), which demonstrates how the framework of relativity ceases to hold coherence once a fundamental maximum is defined. We explore the paradoxical boundary where relativistic logic collapses under its ownlimit: the speed of light. At this precise threshold, the relative becomes absolute, and the structure of reference frames disintegrates. We introduce the concept of an ontological observer the definitional entity, which reveals why the condition x = 1 terminates relativity. This argument serves both as a philosophical reflection and as a structural clarification of Einstein’s prediction, stripped of assumptions and exposed as a necessary geometrical condition. It also supports post relativistic models such as the Hijolum´ınic Theory
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Perspective on Kirchhoff’s Law in Linear Sinusoidal AC Circuits

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 6 Pages.

In 1847, Kirchhoff proposed his current law and voltage law through the study of complex linear DC circuits. Building on the analysis of transient currents in linear sinusoidal AC circuits, this paper demonstrates that Kirchhoff’s current law can serve as an approximate formula for transient analysis in low- and medium-frequency AC circuits. However, it becomes invalid for transient analysis at high frequencies. Considering that real-world linear sinusoidal AC circuits inherently possess distributed radiation capacitance and inductance, the paper further reveals that, under low- and medium-frequency sinusoidal AC signals, these distributed effects are minimal. Therefore, Kirchhoff’s voltage law and current law can be reliably used as approximate formulas for both transient and steady-state analysis in such frequency ranges. Under high-frequency sinusoidal AC signals, the circuit’s distributed radiation capacitance and inductance become significant and cannot be neglected. As a result, Kirchhoff’s voltage law and current law are no longer valid for transient and steady-state circuit analysis.
Category: Classical Physics

Integrate the Principle of Uncertainty in Relativity and Classic Mechanics

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 42 Pages.

From Restraint Relativity it is possible to consider a corpuscle as a packet of strings. The variation of the length of this packet is equal to the phase speed of the corpuscle as a packet of waves times an universal constant. In a system of units where ℏ=c=a=1 the string vector becomes equal to the wave vector. With this notion of packet of strings the principle of uncertainty is incorporated in Relativity & Classic Mechanics.Vacuum energy density problem is resolved and we had concluded that Newton gravitational constant depends on the observable radius of the Universe.At the vicinity of the horizon of a black hole the spectrum of radiation in the visible range will be continuous.With the notion of modular cells General Relativity equations can be resolved easy by machine calculator. There is great similitude of equations forms of modular cells for weak & strong gravitational fields.We had propose also a new model for the hydrogen atom and associate to a black hole a Planck atom by similitude to Bohr atom.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Toward the Experimental Study of Indefinite Causal Order Phenomenon

Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 3 Pages.

The so-called phenomenon of indefinite causal order has long been studied theoretically and experimentally. Even earlier, the phenomenon of broken causal order (when the effect precedes the cause) was experimentally observed. Both phenomena obviously have a common physical basis. This physical basis is simple and convenient to study experimentally precisely in the broken causal order variant.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravitational Redshift of Internal Quantum Clocks: A Zitterbewegung-Based Model

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper reinterprets Zitterbewegung as a physically real internal oscillation of the electron, rather than a mathematical artifact of the Dirac equation. Within this framework, the internal motion is confined to a photonic shell structure governed by the electron's Compton wavelength and evolves according to proper time. Building on previous work, the author derives a special relativistic estimate for the internal velocity v_e,SR = 0.040472c, subsequently refined to v_e,SR+GR = 0.040374c at Earth's surface by incorporating general relativistic effects including geodetic precession. A key prediction is that this velocity is subject to gravitational modulation, similar to GPS satellite clock corrections. The study predicts that Zitterbewegung frequency at satellite altitude would exceed that at Earth's surface by approximately 2.64 times 10^9 Hz due to gravitational redshift effects, representing a fractional frequency change of 5.29 times 10^-10. This demonstrates that electrons could function as relativistic quantum clocks sensitive to gravitational potentials. If verified experimentally, this would provide a novel connection between quantum internal dynamics and spacetime geometry, supporting the physical reality of Zitterbewegung and offering a new quantum-scale probe for exploring the intersection of quantum mechanics and general relativity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Assessment of Hydro-Chemical Properties of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem Using Comprehensive Pollution Index and Geoaccumulation Modelling: A Case from Ramsar Wetland of India

Authors: Pradip Debnath
Comments: 33 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author name is required in the article)

Surface water quality assessment is crucial for sustainable ecosystem management as they are alarmingly susceptible to contamination. The recent study in the Rudrasagar Lake pioneered a novel approach combining geospatial techniques along with integrated environmental indices to demonstrate dynamics of spatial variation of contaminants. The fundamental objective of this study is to evaluate hydro-chemical properties of the water samples using inverse distance weighted method through comprehensive pollution index for wetland (CPIW) and Geoaccumulation index (Igeo). To assess and determine the hydro-chemical characteristics and spatial variation, 24 sites from peripheral and core areas were selected for sampling. Variables were measured following the standard protocol and compared with WHO permissible limit. Meanwhile, bivariate and multivariate statistical approaches were employed to interpret the strong interdependence or magnitude among the variables. Principal component analysis (PCA) was utilised for data dimensionality reduction and source identification of the contamination. PCA revealed five factors accounted about 80.0% of the total variance in the surface water quality data set and attributed that anthropogenic and geo-genic factor responsible for spatial variations in physico-chemical parameters. CPIW varying from 0.46—1.50 and about 63.07% of the sampling sites indicated insignificant pollution, 26.92% indicated low pollution, while only 0.01% showed high pollution. Furthermore, Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values suggested about 67.30% of sampling sites characterised by insignificant pollution zones, 32.69% fall under low pollution zones. CPIW indicates only 0.01% of the sampled sites fall under the highly contaminated zone. Additionally, spatial variation of each hydro-chemical property along with water quality clearly defined that anthropogenic and geo-genic factors mainly determined the sources of contamination. These findings signified substantial alterations in the water quality, which can offer valuable insights for targeted wetland management strategies and recommended that policy should be implemented immediately to manage and protect the overall wetland health.
Category: Social Science

Hilbert Manifold Structures on Path Spaces

Authors: Urs Frauenfelder, Joa Weber
Comments: 81 pages, 8 figures

In Floer theory one has to deal with two-level manifolds like for instance the space of $W^{2,2}$ loops and the space of $W^{1,2}$ loops. Gradient flow lines in Floer theory are then trajectories in a two-level manifold. Inspired by our endeavor to find a general setup to construct Floer homology we therefore address in this paper the question if the space of paths on a two-level manifold has itself the structure of a Hilbert manifold. In view of the two topologies on a two-level manifold it is unclear how to define the exponential map on a general two-level manifold. We therefore study a different approach how to define charts on path spaces of two-level manifolds. To make this approach work we need an additional structure on a two-level manifold which we refer to as emph{tameness}. We introduce the notion of tame maps and show that the composition of tame is tame again. Therefore it makes sense to introduce the notion of a tame two-level manifold. The main result of this paper shows that the path spaces on tame two-level manifolds have the structure of a Hilbert manifold.
Category: Functions and Analysis

On the Decomposition of a Vector Using Complex Numbers

Authors: Aloys J. Sipers, Joh. J. Sauren
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this letter a theorem is stated on the decomposition of a vector with respect to two axes using complex numbers. This theorem may serve to develop exercises for education in mathematics and physics. In most physics exercises the vectors are given by their polar coordinates. Motivated by practical applications, we denote the vectors by their Cartesian coordinates. Cartesian coordinates provide a didactic aid to develop exercises which can be solved without the use of a calculator. The educational potential of the theorem is demonstrated by a numerical example.
Category: Education and Didactics

The Minimal Set of Primes in Base 12

Authors: Walter A. Kehowski
Comments: 6 Pages.

The minimal set of primes in base b is a finite set of primes with the following property: if p is a prime, then there exists at least one element q of the minimal set such that the digits of q in base b form a subsequence of the digits of p in base b. The purpose of this note is construct the minimal set of primes in base 12.
Category: Number Theory

The Gap Partition Law in Addition Chains

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

We prove that the spacing between consecutive termsin an addition chain with non-decreasing τ -track can be generated by adding two previous terms in the chain.
Category: Number Theory

Tri-Quarter Framework Case Study: BPSK Signal Processing

Authors: Nathan O. Schmidt
Comments: 18 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

In this case study, we engage the novel Tri-Quarter framework by applying it to Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK) signal processing, where we leverage structured orientation phase pair assignments and dynamic weight adjustments to enhance noise filtering and error correction under Gaussian and non-Gaussian noise. We address the challenge of reliable decoding in communication systems like wireless networks, satellite links, and IoT devices, where noise varies from Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) to impulsive noise (IN) interference. The framework implements a model-free methodology by using sign-based phase assignments and distance-based weights to decode signals without prior noise knowledge. Simulations at a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 6 dB with 100,000 trials demonstrate that the Tri-Quarter framework's noise filtering achieves a 2.350% bit error rate (BER) in AWGN, closely matching standard thresholding with 1 CPU cycle, while its error correction with 3 transmissions per symbol yields a 0.138% BER in AWGN and 0.430% BER in IN, performing comparably to majority voting (0.149% BER in AWGN, 1.415% BER in IN) and significantly outperforming Gaussian-tuned soft-decision decoding (0.030% BER in AWGN, 12.769% BER in IN) in non-Gaussian conditions. With 17 CPU cycles for error correction, the Tri-Quarter framework balances efficiency and robustness, dominating in unpredictable noise environments (e.g., urban cellular wireless networks, industrial IoT networks, oceanographic sensor networks, and naval communication networks), though it is less optimal for ultra-low-power devices or Gaussian-dominated environments. This framework offers a versatile solution for modern communication challenges, with potential extensions to complex modulations like Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK).

Should Einstein’s 1915 Gravitational Coordinates Replace Friedmann’s in Cosmology?

Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 17 Pages.

The DESI collaboration has found that the acceleration of the universe’s expansion weakens with time, and JWST has found a large population of galaxies with z > 10. The Friedmann coordinates of the Robertson-Walker metric imply a Big Bang birth of the universe with unbounded expansion speed and perpetual gravitational deceleration of that expansion. The 1998 discovery that the universe’s expansion instead accelerates led to trying a cosmological constant in the Einstein equation, but this doesn’t accommodate the acceleration’s weakening with time found by DESI. Also, the large population of galaxies with z > 10 doesn’t jibe with the universe’s unbounded initial expansion speed. Einstein’s observationally-tested 1915 coordinate condition, however, is Lorentz covariant, which bounds all speeds by c. It also implies refractive gravitational slowing of incoming light, so outgoing light is accelerated. Outgoing galaxies whose z > 0.94 are similarly accelerated, so the universe’s expansion is accelerated, a gravitational effect that inherently weakens as the universe expands. We illustrate the above effects by plotting the time evolution of the simplest expanding-dust-sphere model universe in both Friedmann and Einstein coordinates.
Category: Astrophysics

Exploring the Geometry of a Closed Universe: Light Propagation in the Fourth Dimension

Authors: Mohammad Hossein Rahimi Abkenar
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper proposes a novel theoretical model to explore the geometry of a closed universe, treating it as the crust of a four-dimensional sphere. Building upon the FLRW model and considering alternative cosmological scenarios, the study examines the motion of light in the fourth dimension to infer the universe's curvature. The approach involves mathematical modeling of spiral light trajectories, a theoretical framework for the nature of time across quantum and cosmic scales, and the determination of the universe's four-dimensional radius using Hubble's law. The model predicts the existence of mirror points and provides calculations of their positions relative to Earth under various parameters. This work aims to refine our understanding of the universe's structure and its implications for cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Two-Person Additively-Separable Sum Games

Authors: Somdeb Lahiri
Comments: 3 Pages.

We consider a sub-class of bi-matrix games which we refer to as two-person (hereafter referred to as two-player) additively-separable sum (TPASS) games, where the sum of the pay-offs of the two players is additively separable. The row player’s pay-off at each pair of pure strategies, is the sum of two numbers, the first of which may be dependent on the pure strategy chosen by the column player and the second being independent of the pure strategy chosen by the column player. The column player’s pay-off at each pair of pure strategies, is also the sum of two numbers, the first of which may be dependent on the pure strategy chosen by the row player and the second being independent of the pure strategy chosen by the row player. The sum of the inter-dependent components of the pay-offs of the two players is assumed to be zero. We show that a (randomized or mixed) strategy pair is an equilibrium of the game if and only if there exist two other real numbers such that the three together solve a certain linear programming problem.
Category: Classical Physics

What is Consciousness(-Raising)?

Authors: Carles Udina i Cobo
Comments: 87 Pages.

I decided to write this article in 2007, surprised by the conjectures that were appearing in the scientific field to explain the acquisition of consciousness, as its quantum origin and/or their supposed biological bases. As is also the case with other psychic faculties, "Consciousness" (strictly "Consciousness-raising", as we shall see) it is also undefined, without being clearly differentiated or correctly related to the other faculties. Unlike in the material natural sciences, where concepts are clearly defined (molecule, mammal, ...), in psychology the first problem is definitional ambiguity. From this point on, the rigorousness of the whole of psychology is seriously limited. It is surprising when the explanation starts from something as well known and homonymous as "Bodily consciousness", but -unfortunately- the virtual psyche is a domain traditionally annoying to material science. This is the problem. The physicist Heinrich Rudolf HERTZ wisely said ‘When in science conceptual contradictions are eliminated, our mind, free from bewilderment, will cease to formulate spurious/false questions’. Knowing how to speak is prior to trying to reason. ‘Nor do we [scientists] know what consciousness is. We say that we are conscious beings but we cannot determine exactly what that is’ (S. ZEKI). Despite the omnipresence of consciousness - as manifested by any persona - it is, therefore, one of the most elusive phenomenon for science. Consciousness-raising is, very briefly, ‘a auto-applying complexification (or complexation) of feelings, initiated based in psychomotor skills’, which, among many other applications, supports the subsequent structural levels of thought (and also including the mathematic). The reader will be able to read the first paper that explains it in detail. But first it will be necessary to begin by addressing the above misunderstandings. The article also explains: 1) the faculties that enable the development of mathematics - for many, another of the most important questions to be resolved in the scientific field-, and 2) the functioning of foot reflexology, another phenomenon that is already accepted, but has not been explained until now. With this faculty is understood, it will be easier to read "The kerygma of Thought" (on their structure), from 2007, along with the most recents articles of the Representation of Knowledge. After 18 years, I do not consider it necessary to modify the original text, only to add the necessary additions relating to other subsequent articles of mine.
Category: Mind Science

The Structure and Dynamics of a Future Hybrid Society of Humans, Robots, and AI Agents: A Multidisciplinary Perspective with AI Distinctions

Authors: Huiwen Han
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper envisions a hybrid society where humans, robots, and AI agents coexist as intelligent, self-interested entities capable of planning, reasoning, acting, collaborating, competing, and evolving. Drawing on sociological theories (structural functionalism, conflict theory, exchange theory, constructivism), systems theory, economics, psychology, ethics, and management science, we analyze emergent societal structures and interactions. We consider AI traits like vast knowledge, continuous operation, rapid replication, and instant creation. Economics examines resource constraints, such as energy, and disparities in AI resource control. Psychology explores AI behaviors resembling selfishness or tribalism. Ethics addresses equality and moral obligations among humans and AI. Management science investigates coordination and conflict resolution. Systems theory models this society as a complex adaptive system, emphasizing openness, self-organization, and interconnectedness. We propose AI design principles to ensure adaptability, ethical alignment, collaboration, resilience, and systemic integration, fostering a harmonious and innovative society.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Spiral Arms as Fossil Tracers of Cosmic Expansion: Inferring Galaxy Formation Epochs from Pitch Angle Morphology

Authors: E. P. J. de Haas
Comments: 3 Pages.

We propose that the pitch angle of spiral arms in disk galaxies encodes the cosmological expansion rate at the epoch of galaxy formation. By modeling spiral structure as a geodesic inflow determined by the balance of gravitational binding and cosmic expansion, we derive a direct mapping between spiral pitch angle and the Hubble parameter $H(z)$. Applying this framework to a sample of nearby galaxies with known pitch angles, we infer consistent formation redshifts of $z approx 10$, corresponding to $t approx 150$ Myr after the Big Bang. These results suggest that spiral arms serve as fossil records of early-universe conditions, offering a novel chronometric tool for galaxy formation and a new observational window into the expansion history of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Collatz Conjecture Confirmed Through Connectivity of Odd and 8mod12 Positive Integers

Authors: Chloe Patricia Williams
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper, I will prove all orbits beginning with an odd positive integer link incrementally through connected orbits to a power of two orbit. Orbits connecting to a power of two orbit must decrease to one because connected orbits share values and finish the same way. These orbits connect because of a function I defined based on the connection between all odd and 8mod12 positive integers. Applying this function infinitely many times to all odd positive integers always leads to a connection to power of two orbits. With these results, I’m able to prove the conjecture.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Gravitational Time Dilation Sheds New Light on the Metric of a Static Point Mass

Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 3 Pages.

We show that gravitational time dilation constrains the 00 components of metrics of static gravitational fields of finite extent to be nonnegative. Since this constraint is violated by the textbook "Schwarzschild metric" of a static point mass (which is due to Droste and Hilbert, not Schwarzschild), that metric must be reconsidered. It in fact is only one member of a one-parameter family of similar metrics which all meet the requirements set out in textbooks. Although those requirements don't include a boundary condition at the location of the static point mass, gravitational time dilation causes the 00 component of the metric to vanish there. The consequent unique metric of a static point mass turns out to be precisely the metric given in Karl Schwarzschild's January 13, 1916 paper. Schwarzschild's paper, however, doesn't take gravitational time dilation into account; it instead improperly attaches physical significance to a singularity in a factor of a metric component which itself is nonsingular.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Poster Describing "Should Einstein’s 1915 Gravitational Coordinates Replace Friedmann’s in Cosmology?"

Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 1 Page. This poster was created for display at the GR24/Amaldi19 conference in Glasgow, Scotland - July of 2025.

The DESI collaboration has found that the acceleration of the universe’s expansion weakens with time, and JWST has found a large population of galaxies with z > 10. The Friedmann coordinates of the Robertson-Walker metric imply a Big Bang birth of the universe with unbounded expansion speed and perpetual gravitational deceleration of that expansion. The 1998 discovery that the universe’s expansion instead accelerates led to trying a cosmological constant in the Einstein equation, but this doesn’t accommodate the acceleration’s weakening with time found by DESI. Also, the large population of galaxies with z > 10 doesn’t jibe with the universe’s unbounded initial expansion speed. Einstein’s observationally-tested 1915 coordinate condition, however, is Lorentz covariant, which bounds all speeds by c. It also implies refractive gravitational slowing of incoming light, so outgoing light is accelerated. Outgoing galaxies whose z > 0.94 are similarly accelerated, so the universe’s expansion is accelerated, a gravitational effect that inherently weakens as the universe expands. We illustrate the above effects by plotting the time evolution of the simplest expanding-dust-sphere model universe in both Friedmann and Einstein coordinates.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Artificial Intelligence as the Optimal Form of Government in the Age of Global Risk

Authors: Mikhail E. Shevtsov
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper explores the concept of artificial intelligence as a superior form of government in an era of increasing global risk and complexity. Traditional political systems are increasingly unable to ensure competent leadership, and technological development has exposed the limitations and dangers of human governance. Weargue that a transparent, scientifically monitored AI system can provide effective,fair, and sustainable management of human societies.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Gravitational Compactness of Disk Galaxies: Empirical Constraints on Modified Gravity at λ ~ 10u207bu2078

Authors: Lukas A Sosna
Comments: 16 pages; English; No prior publication; Licensed under CC BY 4.0

This Paper sets out to measure the dimensionless gravitational compactness: lambda = frac{G,M_{m bar}}{R_{m eff},c^2}for 175 disk galaxies in the SPARC sample, using infrared—derived baryonic masses and 3.6 μm effective radii. This explorations lead to a surprise, and discovered: These λ values cluster very tightly around a median of 2.45times10^{-8}, roughly log-normal in shape and more than two orders of magnitude below the scale at which many modified-gravity ideas predict observable effects.Next , we asked the question whether a simple global tweak like: V_{m model}^2 = V_{m bary}^2Bigl(1 + kappa,lambda^betaBigr) could reproduce galaxy rotation curves ? Fitting kappa and beta to 3,387 data points gives an RMSE of 40.8 km/s, only a small improvement over the purely Newtonian result (43.3 km/s) and well behind MOND (∼13 km/s) or NFW dark-matter fits (∼25 km/s). Worse still, the best fit requires kappaapprox1.8times10^4, a coupling strength that feels implausibly large; an indication that this global prescription simply misses essential physics.Although this is a null result for λ-only modifications, it still yields something valuable: a new empirical benchmark at lambdasim10^{-8}. We hope that future theories - whether they invoke local accelerations, environmental dependencies, or entirely different mechanisms; will honor this scale when tackling the stubborn puzzle of flat galaxy rotation curves.
Category: Astrophysics

The Hijolumínic Field Equation: A Unified Model of Mass, Light, and Internal Curvature"

Authors: Rubén Yruretagoyena Conde
Comments: 60 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This manuscript presents the Hijoluminic Theory, a novel framework unifying light, time, mass, and reality through a vibrational and informational reinterpretation of physical laws. It introduces a generalization of the Dirac equation and derives mass as a perceptual echo of internal phase curvature. A key achievement of the theory is its ability to mathematically encompass the four fundamental forces, gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force, within a single vibrational field model. It further predicts the masses of elementary particles such as the muon and proton with high precision using only internal parameters, without relying on arbitrary inputs or symmetry-breaking mechanisms, something conventional physics has not yet accomplished from first principles. The theory also proposes a universal coupling constant (Kh) and shows that both Dirac’s and Klein-Gordon equations emerge as limiting cases.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Validation and Unification Via the Hijolumínic Equation: a Geometric Collapse Framework for Dirac, Schrödinger, and the Fundamental Forces

Authors: Ruben Yruretagoyena Code
Comments: 21 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This article presents a formal validation of the Hijolumínic Equation as a unifying field equation that naturally encompasses and generalizes the Dirac, Schrödinger, and Klein Gordon equations. Emerging from an internal vibrational collapse geometry, the Hijolumínic framework proposes a structural origin for mass, quantum behavior, and the fundamental forces. Through step-by-step deductions, we demonstrate how this equation provides a pathway toward the unification of relativistic quantum dynamics and general relativity. The Hijolumínic Equation was originally introduced in the author's registered manuscript titled The Hijolumínic Theory: Collapse of Light, Curvature, and the Vibrational Genesis of Reality, and this work expands on that foundation with precise derivations, predictions, and physical interpretations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Emerging Improved Approaches for Crispr/cas-Based Detection: Recent Advance and Perspectives

Authors: Ziyue Liang, Xinran Xiang
Comments: 44 Pages.

The CRISPR/Cas system has emerged as a revolutionary tool for nucleic acid detection, offering high sensitivity, specificity, and versatility. This review highlights recent advancements in CRISPR/Cas-based detection technologies, focusing on structural improvements to key components such as crRNA, Cas proteins, PAM sequences, probes, and activators. These enhancements have significantly boosted the system's efficiency, accuracy, and applicability. Furthermore, the integration of CRISPR/Cas with nucleic acid amplification techniques (e.g., PCR, LAMP, RPA, SDA), microfluidic platforms, nanomaterials, and biosensors (fluorescence, colorimetric, electrochemical, and lateral flow) has enabled rapid, portable, and cost-effective diagnostics. These innovations address critical challenges in infectious disease control, food safety, and clinical diagnostics, particularly in resource-limited settings. Despite these advancements, limitations such as PAM/PFS restrictions, off-target effects, and the need for faster reaction times remain. Future directions include exploring novel Cas enzymes, optimizing reaction conditions, and developing anti-CRISPR strategies to further refine this transformative technology. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state and future prospects of CRISPR/Cas-based detection systems, underscoring their potential to revolutionize point-of-care diagnostics and large-scale screening.
Category: Biochemistry

Hypothesis for a Law of Closed Tonal Gravity Systems, A System of Tonal Logic Derived From This Hypothesized Law, A Thesis Statement on Emergence, Application of Tonal Logic to Describe Mathematical Objects and Application of Tonal Logic to Describe Tonal

Authors: Cooper Krause
Comments: 63 Pages.

The topic of this paper is an original form of logic called Tonal Logic. I have finally decided that my work will not be perfect or finished, but I am ready to offer, not a totality, but a synthesis on Tonal Logic. In the beginning of the paper, we give two well-defined hypothesis’ for laws of Tonal Gravity. The premise for these hypothesis’ involves two base cases which have a certain combinatorial property, that is the diatonic scale embedded in the chromatic scale, and the pentatonic scale embedded in the chromatic scale. The antecedent in the hypothesis involves the felt sensation of Tonal Gravity or the identification of a single tone which acts as the tonic. These well-defined hypothesis’ provide a deduction which enables the formulation of Tonal Logic. We proceed to define axioms of Tonal Logic, define Tonal Conservation, make a thesis statement on the phenomenon of emergence, apply Tonal Logic to describe mathematical objects, and finally, we form a cosmology out of the Tonal Logic. Having given form to Tonal Cosmology, we allow some deductions. The goal of this paper is not to thoroughly deliver a singular result. It is not to detail the hypothesis and experiment, not to perfect the axioms of tonal logic, not to show strict consistency with mathematics, nor fully detail a cosmology consistent with physics. The goal is to provide a synthesis on Tonal Logic which touches on all of these things and which may be expanded upon. I am an independent researcher, and most importantly, a musician. I have no references. I do reference well known equations in mathematics or physics at various points, however, the line of reasoning that I take, the hypothesis’ I offer, the Tonal Logic on display, and the application of this logic to number and cosmology is entirely original.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

New Understanding of Fundamental Theorem of Algebra and Goldbach's Conjecture

Authors: Bo Zhang
Comments: 10 Pages.

Goldbach's conjecture is proved through the new understanding of the fundamental theorem of algebra.
Category: Number Theory

A Novel Computational Method for Goldbach Decomposition of Even Numbers

Authors: Bahbouhi Bouchaib
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This article presents a novel computational method for decomposing even numbers into sums of two prime numbers, a problem known as Goldbach’s Conjecture. Using optimized heuristics based on modular arithmetic and probabilistic constraints, I have developed a publicly accessible website capable of processing even numbers up to 1018 which is a historic record. My method, grounded in decades of theoretical insights and refined by computational efficiency, offers a new way to visualize and explore prime pair decomposition and contributes to the ongoing exploration of one of number theory’s most famous conjectures. The latest successful version of my new website for Goldbach's decomposition is available at: https://b43797.github.io/Bahbouhi-decomposing-Goldbach-conjecture2025/.
Category: Number Theory

Principium Geometricum II: How the Minimum Space Tension Reveals the Gravastar-Like Black Hole

Authors: Pedro A. Kubitschek Homem de Carvalho
Comments: 41 Pages. In Portuguese

We present the Principium Geometricum, a new unified theoretical framework that emerges from three classical pillars—Newton's Second Law, Gauss's Law, and Einstein's Equations. We propose a fundamental vector field Uμ, whose divergence defines geometric mass and whose temporal oscillation modulates the spacetime metric. We introduce the unifying constant αU = keℓ2 P , of dimension force × area, which allows us to recover the four fundamental interactions in a single formalism. From a Lagrangian constructed for the field Uμ, we derive the energy-momentum tensor Tμν , derive its quantization, calculate the vacuum energy and propose mixed interactions with the electromagnetic field. The results point to a profound reshaping of the structure of spacetime as a field of pulsating areas, paving the way for the geometric unification of classical, relativistic and quantum physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Photon Redshift as Vectorial Energy Decay Through Curved Spacetime

Authors: Daniel M. Rodrigues
Comments: 6 Pages. A full expansion of UMT. Axioms, Framework, Analogs, and Falsifiability (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite scientific references listed)

We present a metric-based model in which cosmological redshift arises from the vectorial energy degradation of photons along their trajectory through curved spacetime. This formulation reproduces observed redshifts and magnitudes of Type Ia supernovae (including iPTF16geu and SN Zwicky) without invoking cosmic expansion, inflation, or dark energy. Photon energy evolves through cumulative geometric interactions, encoding path curvature over effective time. This framework provides a consistent, non-expansion-based interpretation of large-scale redshift phenomena using only metric principles.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Waves, Velocity Addition and Doppler Effect in Light of EPR's Completeness Condition

Authors: Abhishek Majhi, Tiyasa Kar
Comments: 18 Pages. Int J Theor Phys 64, 269 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-025-06131-1

It is a standard practice to derive velocity addition rules for point particles from Galilean and Lorentz transformations in point (classical) mechanics, and to apply such rules to wave velocities for explaining Doppler effect. However, in such standard practice, it is never shown whether the equation for wave propagation actually transforms in a way such that the velocity addition rules get manifested through the equation itself. We address this gap in the literature as follows. We claim that the {it velocity addition for waves}, being the one and only mean to explain the empirically verified Doppler effect, should be considered as an element of physical reality in accord with EPR's completeness condition of a physical theory. Therefore, the `equation for wave propagation' should manifest such velocity addition so as to be considered as a part of the respective physical theory of waves. We show that such manifestation is possible if and only if wave propagation is modeled with {it first order partial differential equations}. From a historical point of view, this work settles the Doppler-Petzval debate which originated from Petzval's demand for an explanation of Doppler effect in terms of differential equations. From the foundational perspective, this work sets the stage for a renewed focus on the mathematical modeling of wave phenomena, especially in the context of various Doppler effects.
Category: Classical Physics

Femes: An Evolutionary Physics Solution to the Constructor Gap and Fine-Tuning

Authors: Thomas Bradley
Comments: 5 Pages.

Computational models of physics suggest reality operates via a fundamental update rule, yet they lack an explicit physical mechanism for its instantiation. Constructor theory mandates that any reliable transformation requires a physical constructor. This paper resolves this gap by proposing the 'feme' — a fundamental replicating information structure — as the necessary constructor.We frame the fundamental update rules, such as those described in Wolfram Physics or supersymmetry, as the transformations caused by the interaction of the feme with reality. We argue that femes, like genes, memes, and temes, are replicators that embody knowledge for creating both a phenotype and a copy of itself. Their evolution by natural selection provides a causal mechanism for the stability and fine-tuning of physical laws, predicting observable signatures including a self-replication program, embedded error-correcting codes, and the fallibility of physical laws.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Fixing the 12-Hour Clock: A Simpler and More Logical Time System

Authors: Abhishek Singh
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required; Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper proposes a logical redesign of the traditional 12-hour clock system by shifting each hour one step earlier. Instead of starting the day at 12:00 AM and repeating the confusing cycle from 12 to 11, the proposed model begins at 1:00 and ends at 12:00 in both AM and PM cycles. This change aligns better with natural human counting, eliminates the long-standing confusion around 12:00 AM and 12:00 PM, and simplifies the way time is understood and taught. The goal is not to force a global change, but to offer a more intuitive alternative that could benefit education, digital systems, and daily communication.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Quantum Graph Theory the Universe

Authors: Sergej Materov
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose a fundamentally discrete spacetime model based on a finite directed quantum graph (vertices: Planck-scale cells, edges: causal links). Unlike previous graph-based approaches, this model yields five concrete, experimentally testable predictions.
Category: Quantum Physics