All Submission Categories

Gravity as Longitudinal Waves

Authors: Carl R. Cato
Comments: 3 Pages.

Describing the world as a sea of dots, this article presents a theory on the nature of gravity.Calculated gravity is proportional to the square root of Newton's before length adjustment.Knowing gravity at short distance, it is shown that it has the characteristics of strong force.
Category: Astrophysics

Implementation of Apriori Algorithm Based on Hadoop Clusters

Authors: TongGuk Kim, CholRyon Pak, KwangJin Ryang
Comments: 9 Pages.

With manufacturing technology developing persistently, hardware manufacturing cost becomes lower and lower. More and more computers equipped with multiple CPUs and enormous data disk emerge. Existing programming modes make people unable to make effective use of growing computational resources. Hence cloud computing appears. With the utilization of Map Reduce parallelized model,existing computingand storage capabilities are effectively integrated and powerful distributed computingability is provided. Association rules can forcefully get a horizontal relation in the big data,the Apriori algorithm is one of the most significant association rules. Traditional mining based on parallel Apriori algorithms needs much more time in data IO with the increasing size of large transaction database.This paper improves the Apriori algorithm from compressing transactions,reducing the number of scans and simplifying candidate set generation. And then the improved algorithm is parallelized on the Hadoop framework. The experiments show that this improved algorithm is suitable for large-scale data mining and has good scalability and effectiveness.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Pythagorean Triples and Fermat's Theorem N = 4

Authors: Rolando Zucchini
Comments: 7 Pages.

This article contains a theorem to build the Primitive Pythagorean triples and the proof of the last Fermat’s Theorem for n = 4.
Category: Number Theory

More Than 'The Chromatic Number of the Plane'

Authors: Volker W. Thürey
Comments: 4 Pages.

We generalize the famous `Chromatic Number of the Plane'. For every finite metric space we define a similar question. We show that 15 colors suffice togenerate a coloring of the plane without monochromatic distances 1 or 2.
Category: Geometry

Spiral of the Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: Ayoub Zaroual
Comments: 36 Pages. In French

This paper proves that the Reimann zeta function on the complexe plane is a spiral, it shows the equation of the spiral and provide an analytic continuation of the Reimann zeta function. It also proves that the Reimann hypothesis is true based on some conditions.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Huge Inconsistency in Cherenkov's Historic Experimental Setup in 1934

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 10 Pages.

A huge inconsistency in Cherenkov's historic experimental setup in 1934 has been found. In a first calculatory part (involving a lot of Compton scattering formulas), we derive the theoretical minimal apparent magnitude ($m_{astro}=+12.39$) of the Cherenkov radiation from the historic experimental setup (drawing by Cherenkov in 1934). Equivalently, the Cherenkov radiation from the historic experimental setup (drawing by Cherenkov in 1934) is visible, by a perfect naked eye ($m_{Naked-Eye}=+7.5$), with a minimal amount of $9~361.81~mg$ Radium-226 instead of an official amount of $103.6~mg$ Radon-226. In a second part, we summarize the technological & scientific & societal consequences of that huge inconsistency.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Bose-Einstein Condensation of Light in Photonic Crystals

Authors: A. A. Dashchinskii, D. A. Korets, V. V. Filatov
Comments: 5 Pages. Reported at XII International Conference on Photonics and Nonlinear Optics (2023, Feb. 1-3, Moscow, Russia)

Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of light is a non-classical (quantal) phase state of electromagnetic field when the light acts as a superfluid liquid. Theory predicts light can "liquefy" into BEC in a resonant optical microcavity. The paper reports an obtaining Bose-condensed light in the resonant microcavities of photonic crystals when crystals are irradiated by external optical sources matched to the photonic crystals’ bandgaps edges. This way there formed the near-surface high-energetic optical Tamm states corresponding to Bose-condensed light into the near-surface photonic crystal’s microcavities.
Category: Condensed Matter

Herds and Shepherds in Cosmology

Authors: Martín López-Corredoira
Comments: 5 pages, published in Science 2.0, December 22nd 2023: https://www.science20.com/martin_lopez_corredoira/herds_and_shepherds_in_cosmology-256895 (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements)

In the last five years, no problem in cosmology has received as much attention as what is called ``Hubble tension.'' Hundreds or perhaps even thousands of papers have investigated the observations that originate the tension within the standard cosmological model or proposed alternative scenarios. Historically, in the last five decades, we should not be surprised to find tensions of 4-6$sigma $ because they are much more frequent than indicated by the Gaussian statistics, and they stem from underestimation of errors, not from real tensions in the background physics or cosmology. Moreover, there are tens of tensions and problems in the standard model that are more challenging than this. Why, then, is there so much noise and commotion surrounding Hubble tension in the last five years? The answer to this question has to do with the fact that this tension has been promoted by the dominant groups that control cosmology, the same teams who promoted the idea of concordance cosmology and dark energy based on Supernovae Ia and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation analyses.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple and Fairer System to Fund Social Security

Authors: Jabari Zakiya
Comments: 5 Pages. Minor corrections.

FICA withholding from wages is currently used to fund Social Security. It uses a Cap with no Floor system, which subjects the first dollar of wage earners salaries to FICA, up to a wage cap, after which FICA is no longer applied. What is shown here, is that a Floor with no Cap system is better, for the myriad of reasons provided herein, and should be adopted by Congress to replace the current system.
Category: Economics and Finance

On the Generalization of Glaisher—Kinkelin‘s Constant and Its Applications

Authors: SonHyang Ri, Il Yun, Chol Ho Ji, Hong Rok Ri
Comments: 17 Pages.

In this paper, we have found the exquisite relation between Stirling’s formula andinteresting expression for Glaisher—Kinkelin’s constant,Bendersky—Adamchik’sconstant, andhave introduced new constants astheir generalization.As we calculate the singular integral or sum of series in form of closed expression by introducingconstant π, Euler constant, Glaisher-Kinkelin’s constant,Bendersky—Adamchik’sconstant, new constantswill play important role in calculating of the sum of multi-series which has the multi-power in general term. To demonstrate the superiority of our new constants in several calculations, we propose an exampleWe show that our new constants generalize Glaisher—Kinkelin’s constant and Bendersky—Adamchik’s constant
Category: General Mathematics

On the Quantum Description of Inertia

Authors: Farid Abrari
Comments: 11 Pages. This paper builds on the combined theory of Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics: https://viXra.org/abs/2106.0167

By extending the Gaussian gravitational flux theory, it is shown that the inertia of an accelerating object is proportional to the flux of its positional uncertainty in space. The constant of proportionality is found to be c/A where  is the density of the object, c is the speed of light and A is the diameter of the smallest possible black hole in nature - itself another constant of nature. In the case of a rectilinear acceleration, the proposed quantum formulation leads to F_I= -Ma. In the case of a rotational acceleration, the formulation leads to the rotational inertia T_I =-I dΩ/dt; both cases consistent with the predictions of the classical mechanics. In the case of a disc spinning under a constant rotational velocity Ω, the inertia resulting from the centripetal uncertainty of its constituents is found to reduce to T_I = -2/3 M R Ω^2, again identical to that of the classical mechanics. The latter, however, is found to be an underestimation of the actual quantum-relativistic solution wherein RΩ is non-negligible compared to c.
Category: Quantum Physics

Tessellations and Sweeping Nets: Advancing the Calculus of Geometric Logic

Authors: Parker Emmerson
Comments: 44 Pages. Note by viXra Admin: Please list author name in the order of fist name followed by ;ast name!)

In this paper, we have explained how logic-vectors can be interpreted as a geometrical representation over computational engines and how it can be implemented in code using large language models. We have also proposed the usage of Time Compass to derive logic-vector evolution over a quasi-chaotic system and its direct manipulation on the tessellation Colormap. This paper focuses on the optimal arrangement of reflecting points for efficient ray tracing given limited sweep time. We examine spatial configurations, employing our core concept of a sweeping subnet and defining a causal barrier to capture constraints imposed by time.We will also discuss the influence of these constructions on the design of an algorithm for approximating optimal tessellations.I have provided code for each of the graphs, as the mathematics is demonstrated unequivocally by their implementation. The reader can test out the reality of this system by visualizing the graphs themselves using Python in a suitable environment like Google Colaboratory.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

An Intuitive Theory of Gravitic Light and Articulated Quantum Gravity

Authors: Justine McQueen
Comments: 15 Pages. justine.mcqueen3@yahoo.co.uk

The concept of elastic spacetime to describe the nature of gravitational fields is an idea strongly supported by observations such as gravitational lensing. A spacetime that is elastic for cosmological bodies is not a different spacetime for fundamental material particles, nor for light. At every scale, particles and massive bodies alike occupy the same experiential universe we observe within the same three spatial, plus time, dimensions. If spacetime is elastic on the cosmological scale, then it is elastic on all scales, including at the fundamental quantum level. A theory of quantum gravity is presented in which the gravitational and electromagnetic fields are not disparate fields in need of unifying but rather they are identical, fully integral manifestations of the same elastic spacetime source-field. By applying essentially classical wave mechanical principles to a novel superfluid quantized spacetime as an elastic and compressible matrix, the electromagnetic oscillation becomes an electromagnetic distortion, a deformation in which incumbent energy both stretches and compresses the matrix transversely, resulting in photons that describe gravity-antigravity oscillations with vortical geometry. From this energy-field architecture a mechanism for light-to-matter energy confinement naturally emerges through concentric wave interference to yield a stable concentric wave singularity as toroidal structured light locked into an intrinsic poloidal oscillation with signature spin, charge, magnetic dipole and discrete mass. The ideas developed in this theory are drawn from a series of thought experiments based on spacetime as a singular source-field and light energy as the harmonic wave oscillations of that field. These thought experiments explored the potentialities of a quantized elastic and compressible spacetime on quantum mechanical systems from which the theory subsequently derived. The concept develops geometric continuity between vortical photon and toroidal matter-wave and encompasses a physical explanation of spin, the origin of the magnetic dipole moment, the nature of charge and the meaning of mass and mass-energy equivalence, with a derivation of quantized inertial mass emerging from the curved geometry of elementary confined energy as articulated quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Epigenetic Modeling as a Remedy for the Missing Heritability Problem

Authors: Stephen P. Smith
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper argues that confounding between epigenetic and additive genetic effects explains the missing heritability problem, and offers two new epigenetic models describing transgenerational inheritance that may supplement the traditional mixed linear models used to make predictions of the additive genetic merit of animals. The new models utilize pedigree information and show the property of additivity, like the additive genetic models do. The combined predictions of both epigenetic and genetic effects may provide useful indexes that help farmers select replacement animals or breeding stock. The utility of these methods depends on data where both confounding and the parsimony of parameters come to bear on practical limits. The proposed epigenetic models are just a first step, and they may not win long-term favor when compared to future models that are still to be formulated.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Magnetic Monopoles: A Quantum Approach

Authors: Mohamed Gamal
Comments: 20 Pages.

The quest for magnetic monopoles, particles possessing a single magnetic pole, has captivated the scientific community for decades. In this study, we explore the possibility of achieving magnetic monopoles by utilizing a magnetic dipole with an infinitely fast polarity switch. Through a comprehensive analysis incorporating equations such as Schrödinger's Equation and the Dirac Equations, we investigate the theoretical foundations and historical context surrounding this fascinating phenomenon. Our research delves into the experiment and results, providing insights into the intricate interplay between magnetic monopoles and fermion-monopole systems. Additionally, we examine the concepts of Ampere's Hypothesis, Dirac Quantisation, Saha's Derivation, electromagnetic duality rotations, and the Wu-Yang Approach. By employing a dipole in a superposition state, and concluding with a general equation that combines different aspects of electromagnetic phenomena, such as electric and magnetic fields, potentials, currents, and their derivatives, to describe the behavior and interactions of these quantities in a generalized manner. we explore the potential realization of magnetic monopoles. This study offers valuable insights into the elusive nature of magnetic monopoles and paves the way for future advancements in this field of research.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Anthropocosmos: Total Quantum Physics and Solanthropic Perfect Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 84 Pages. In French

The Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws induces the quantum Planck constant and a return to steady-state cosmology. The basic Holographic Principle 2D-1D introduces the Cosmos and proves the Universe criticity, but the Planck wall is reduced by a factor 10^61, which explains at last the enormous vacuum energy, by introducing a tachyonic celerity ratio C/c in the Cosmos/Universe radius ratio. The universe half radius is given by an elementary 3 minutes dimensional analysis, ruling out the universe expansion and the Initial Big Bang. this re-introduces the Perfect Cosmologic Principle, so the "impossiblegalaxies" was predicted and announced. However, tight correspondance with standard modelsuggests the Permanent Bang, a matter-antimatter oscillation at 10104 Hz. Dark matter is clearly a quadrature oscillation. The Universe appears as the last gauge boson in the cosmos, rehabilitating the tachyonic bosonic string theory. The Egyptian length unit, the meter, confirms that the physical parameters are optimal calculus basis. The relations of Human characteristics with both the physical parameters and the Earth and solar system characteristics are so tight that the Solanthropic Principle is verified : we are alone in the Universe.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Periodic Function Approach to Prime Number Analysis with Graphical Illustrations

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper introduces a novel approach employing periodic functions for the comprehensive analysis of prime numbers. The method ncompassesprimality testing, factor counting and listing, prime distribution calculation, and the determination of the Nth prime. The exposition of the technique is presented in a clear and sequential manner, guiding the reader through each step with explicit equations. Graphs are strategically incorporated between crucial stages to facilitate a rapid and intuitive visualization of the rationale and outcomes of each maneuver. The paper concludes with concise reflections and ongoing inquiries into the potential applications and refinements of the proposed method.
Category: Number Theory

Quantum Image Denoising with Machine Learning: A Novel Approach to Improve Quantum Image Processing Quality and Reliability

Authors: Yew Kee Wong, Yifan Zhou, Yan Shing Liang
Comments: 10 Pages.

Quantum Image Processing (QIP) is a field that aims to utilize the benefits of quantum computing for manipulating and analyzing images. However, QIP faces two challenges: the limitation of qubits and the presence of noise in a quantum machine. In this research we propose a novel approach to address the issue of noise in QIP. By training and employing amachine learning model that identifies and corrects the noise in quantum processed images, we can compensate for the noisiness caused by the machine and retrieve a processing result similar to that performed by a classical computer with higher efficiency. The model is trained by learning a dataset consisting of both existing processed images and quantumprocessed images from open access datasets. This model will be capable of providing us with the confidence level for each pixel and its potential original value. To assess the model's accuracy in compensating for loss and decoherence in QIP, we evaluate it using three metrics: Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), andMean Opinion Score (MOS). Additionally, we discuss the applicability of our model across domains well as its cost effectiveness compared to alternative methods.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Pragmatism in Medicine: A Philosophical Basis of National Medical Sciences and Medical Education

Authors: Atabek B. Kutlumuratov
Comments: 35 Pages. In Russian

This treatise is the fifth one in the series "About the Ontological and Epistemological Bases of Modern Medicine and Physiology". The publishing of this series was started in 2016 at the vixra.org. The treatise is devoted to some generalizations of the previous ones with a projection on the questions of the formation of national medical sciences and medical education and an understanding of a social institute of health care regulating the activities of physicians for the interests of the population's health of the country. The basis of medical knowledge is physician's thinking, whose specificity is directly related to the deep prehistory of a person and is based on the natural ability of a person to organize his thinking, focusing on sympathy for another person, psychophysical empathy to the current state of his health. The professional way of thinking of physician complements a person's natural thinking based on his natural ability to empathize with another person. The professional way of thinking of physician is aimed at individuating the knowledge and experience of doctoring in each clinical case. Physician's thinking is directed to individuation of doctoring in each clinical case as there is no universal doctoring which would correspond to all clinical cases and all patients even if it is a question of the same diagnosis. The common efficiency of the entire health care system results from individuations of doctoring of each patient. Therefore medicine as a science of healing is actually built on this feature of medical thinking. Care of public health as a system of organized medical practices serves as the "core of self-organization" of national medical sciences. Life expectancy (LE) is interpreted as a basic indicator of health reproduction in a given society. The stability of any society is determined by its ability to reproduce health by rational regulation of social practices (including doctoring practices) by economic investments. This means that the potential of health reproduction indirectly is expressed in macroeconomic indicators of society's reproduction such as the gross domestic output, and the gross national output (GDO and GNO) at the country level, and the gross regional output (GRO) - at the region level. The health potential at the national level is determined by the ability of social institutions adequately to direct economic potential of society towards reproducing the well-being of the nation which is expressed in social health. (Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words)
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Gravitational Energy and the Casimir Effect

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted!)

The part of the vacuum energy that we associate with "dark matter" is assimilated to the classical gravitational potential energy (reference 1), this energy is at the origin of the Casimir effect and can be measured by it. Here we provide additional information to demonstrate this proposition and clarify what "dark matter" could be in our universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Differenceless Derivatives with Equidistant Steps

Authors: Yuri Mahotin
Comments: 3 Pages.

Differenceless derivatives with equidistant steps have been developed, which makes it possible to calculate an unlimited number of derivatives. One application of this algorithm is the extrapolation and prediction of functions over a wide range of arguments, which can be used in various fields of science and technology.
Category: General Mathematics

Non-Uniform Pion Tetrahedron Aether and Electron Tetrahedron Model

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 19 Pages.

We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density may vary in space and drop to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. The MOND acceleration limit may be due to the extremely low pion tetrahedron condensate density at the galaxies’ edges. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks, which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. We propose an electron tetrahedron model, where electrons are comprised of tetraquark tetrahedrons, du ̃d ̃d and du ̃u ̃u. Two quarks determine the charge and two quarks determine the spin state. The electron tetrahedron and the pion tetrahedron condensate may perform high frequency quark exchange reactions by tunneling through the condensation gap and form a delocalized electron cloud with a fixed spin state. The pion tetrahedron may act as a "QCD glue" bonding electron pairs and protons and neutrons in the nuclei with opposite spins. The central roles of antimatter and the non-uniform pion tetrahedron Aether were not anticipated by general relativity and quantum mechanics and are not fully understood still.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On Symmetries of Geometric Algebra Cl(3,1) for Space-Time

Authors: Eckhard Hitzer
Comments: 14 Pages. Submitted to Adv. Appl. Clifford Algebras (2024), 4 tables.

From viewpoints of crystallography and of elementary particles, we explore symmetries of multivectors in the geometric algebra Cl(3,1) that can be used to describe space-time.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Timetree: A New Way for Representing Time

Authors: Hui Wang
Comments: 12 Pages.

We always use timeline to describe time, but timeline unable to describe dynamic time. Because dynamic time is on changing, so timeline must be changing too, but it is impossible. Timeline includes layers, relationships existed between layers. If we changed a layer, the others need to be fixed too. Timeline can not make it up automatically, human being must take the work, therefore real-time-changing becomes impossible. It is no matter for film making, but internet needs instant responding, timeline can not cover it. Here we show a new structure called timetree, it is an auto-balanced hierarch structure. Its structure always be complete during changing without help from human being. It is a challenge for making dynamic interactive contents on internet, timetree is born for it. We have tried timeline before now it is the turn of timetree.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Analysis of K­-Calculus from Introducing Einstein's Relativity by Ray D'inverno

Authors: Jan Slowak
Comments: 11 Pages. The author shows inaccuracies in k-calculus.

Einstein's theory of special relativity, SR, is a generally accepted theory that analyses, for instance, relationships between two inertial reference systems moving at a constant speed against each other. This relationship between the coordinates of an event in the two inertial reference systems is made using so-­called Lorentz Transformations, LT. These transformations constitute the most central concept within SR. It is from these transformations that other concepts within SR are derived, concepts such as time dilation, length contraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Rsa 2048 Factoring NPQ

Authors: Ricardo Gil
Comments: 5 Pages.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an algorithm that has 5 lines of code and that finds P & Q when N is given. It will work for RSA 2048 & RSA-617.
Category: Number Theory

μ0ε0 Correlation with Time Process

Authors: Yake Li, Juan Zhou, Jianlin Ning
Comments: 8 Pages.

In nature, matter and its movement are primary, while time is just a concept and a method for measuring the rate of material movement. μ0ε0 is an interesting pair of physical quantities that can be a constant when measured directly, and a variable when measured indirectly. Research has found that, μ0ε0 affects the rate of motion of all substances within a local area. From the perspective of influencing the rate of material motion and reflecting the rate of material motion, μ0ε0 is correlated with the time process. because μ0ε0 The value of can be large or small and always a positive number greater than zero, so the process of time can be fast, slow, and irreversible. Like other physical concepts, time also has a certain scope ofapplication and is not effective for studying all physical phenomena.

在自然界中，物质和物质运动是第一性的，而时间只是一个概念，只是人们量度物质运动速率的一种方法。μ0 ε0是一对有趣的物理量，当直接测量时，它是常数，当间接测量时，它又可以是变数。研究发现，μ0 ε0影响着局域内所有物质运动的速率。从影响物质运动速率和反映物质运动速率方面看，μ0 ε0与时间进程具有相关性。与其它物理概念一样，时间也具有一定的适用范围，并非对研究的所有物理现象均有效。
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Matter is the Representation of Space-Time

Authors: Xiaohan Deng, Zhiyong Deng
Comments: 27 Pages.

The continuous flowing spacetime forms a spacetime group G, one of its fundamental groups is the Poincare group PO(1,3), and the matter and interaction fields are representations of its intrinsic spacetime group. As a kind of quantized space-time unit, space-time group elements generate both space-time manifolds and matter. Matter and fields are aggregates of the quantum space-time within them and determine their type: the Lorentz group SO(1,3) represents a rotating spacetime corresponding to visible matter and the translation group P1,3 represents a translational spacetime corresponding to dark matter and dark energy. The aggregation mode of space-time degrees of freedom in matter reveals that charge conjugation symmetry is the inverse symmetry of internal time of charged particles, and the external parity breaking of neutrinos is also due to their internal spatial aggregation mode.
Category: Quantum Physics

Beyond Einstein: Non-local Physics

Authors: Brian Fraser
Comments: 187 Pages.

["Beyond Einstein: non-local physics" is about how temporal motion manifests itself in a spatial reference system. This type of physics is not taught in the schools and is not addressed in the journals. This is the 5th edition.] Beyond Einstein: non-local physics (2nd ed.) offered simple explanations for the nature and behavior of gravity, the stability of galaxies and globular clusters, Dark Matter, the EPR paradox, the Twin Paradox, the constancy of the speed of light, the concept of non-directional motion, the negative result of the Michelson—Morley experiment, the wave-particle duality, observational effects of accelerated reference systems, etc.—all on the general theme of non-local physics. The 3rd edition includes the 2nd edition and adds much new material, including the properties of the Ether, globular cluster, star, and planet formation, comments on galactic time limits from the Bible. The 4th edition includes the topics of exploding galaxies, non-local astronomy, reference system inversion effects, GRBs, induced radioactivity, supernova, important quantization effects, quasars, and redshifts. The 5th edition adds a section on perpendicular reaction forces, rotational effects on inertia, electroaerodynamics, neutrinos and "cold electricity", some UFO links, derivation of space/time dimensions, a primer on Quantum Mechanics, insights on the geometry of space, time, and motion, and various additions/corrections. This document is NOT a formal article intended for a formal journal. It is intended as a physics educational, "pot stirring" outreach and offers credible alternatives to the conventional "received truth" of institutional physics and astronomy. A Table of Contents was added to help the reader navigate the document.
Category: Condensed Matter

Magic Flying-V Wing Angle Proposed

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 3 Pages.

We found a new magic angle by analyzing relations between paired entities. This angle is around α_1=50.95°. It is proposed to apply this magic angle, which connects life, physics and cosmos, as the V-shaped blended wing opening by the construction of a Flying-V aircraft. At time the wing opening angle is only marginally larger around 52.6°. For comparison, the base angle of the Great Pyramid is α=51.823°.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

First Case of Mistake in Cantor’s Proof: Pure Double Contradiction Technique

Authors: Juan Carlos Caso Alonso
Comments: 39 Pages.

The proof of Cantor's Theorem ( |A| < |P(A)| ), changes depending to which mathematician you ask. There are two versions of it. The one I call "Creating an extern element", and the other one I call "Pure double contradiction".This document will try to explain the difference between them, and after that show that the second one should not be never used, for being "not reliable".In case you are interested, you have an extra chapter, with informal data about the first one.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Movement of Space Versus Movement in Space

Authors: G. N. N. Martin
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in future submissions)

Tensor calculus is particularly suitable for plotting the path of an object or wave through a stationary or slowly evolving space time. It is less easily used where the space time itself is violently evolving. I introduce an unusual metric which has some surprising properties and which can cover a vast volume of space time in a single chart. Such a chart suggests that the internals of a collapsed star are often misunderstood, and suggests a practical way for analysing those internals. One surprising property of the metric may have implications for wave theories of matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mathematical Formula of the Pauli Exclusion Principle

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 10 Pages.

By studying the phase change of relativistic matter wave in the process of electron collision, the interaction formula of strongly correlated electron system is derived, a mathematical formula of the Pauli exclusion principle is proposed, its validity in superconductor is checked. The predicted superconducting gap is in good agreement with the experimental results of 21 typical superconductors. In addition, the interaction formula clearly shows that at very low temperature, the collision between some electrons and lattice will become neither energy gain nor energy loss, which provides a new insight for the study of superconductivity mechanism.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Approach to Unification Part 4: Answers to Open Questions of Actual Physics

Authors: Jürgen Kässer
Comments: 19 Pages.

In a series of 4 papers an approach to a unified physics is presented. In part 1 the foundationis given. In part 2 and 3 particle and gravitational physics are derived. In this 4th part openquestions of actual physics will be answered based on new interpretations becoming possibleby the approach.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

An Analytical Treatment of Rotations in Euclidean Space

Authors: Archan Chattopadhyay
Comments: 8 Pages.

An analytical treatment of rotations in the Euclidean plane and 3-dimensional Euclidean space, using differential equations, is presented. Fundamental geometric results, such as the linear transformation for rotations, the invariance of the Euclidean norm, a proof of the Pythagorean theorem, and the existence of a period of rotations, are derived from a set of fundamental equations. Basic Euclidean geometry is also constructed from these equations.
Category: Geometry

Hierarchies of Pertubation Theories as Post-Hartree-Fock and Post-Kohn-Sham Shemes and a Jacob’s Ladder for Pauli Kinetic Energy Density Functional Approximations

Authors: Leon Walter Redeker, Maximilian Bechtel
Comments: 4 Pages.

A hierarchy and comparison of pertubation theories (PT) as Møller-Plesset (MP) pertubation theory, pertubation theory along the adiabatic-connection (AC) such as Görling-Levy pertubation theory (GLPT) and the Pertubation theory along the Pauli contribution by Redeker is presented with a classification as post-Hartree-Fock (HF) and post-Kohn-Sham (KS) method relative to their fundamental framework. Lastly a Jacob’s Ladder is given for approximating the Pauli kinetic energy density functional (KEDF).
Category: Quantum Physics

Predicting the Daily Temperament of Any Human Using Two Dopamine Cycles

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 23 Pages.

A speculative essay where, in addition to the previously established human behavioral patterns tracked to the annual sunlight-driven dopamine cycle, a second dopamine "clock" or cycle is proposed in the human brain. This measured cycle starts with a 10-day-long low dopamine phase (with various stages of impulsivity, anxiety, and depression and then the reverse as the dopamine level climbs back up), then a 10-day-long high dopamine phase (with confident and manic behaviors), before diminishing to a 20-day-long normal dopamine phase (with calm and focus), before the cycle starts again with the low dopamine phase. The levels of the primary sunlight-driven cycle and the proposed secondary dopamine cycle aggregated together are considered as the only factors needed to create a calendar map of human temperament. There are nine 40-day-long cycles in the calendar year with the cycles occurring on the same days every year.
Category: Mind Science

Fractional Dynamics and Physics Beyond Effective Field Theory (Part 1)

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 18 Pages.

There are growing signs today that physics far beyond the Standard Model (SM) scale may substantially deviate from the principles of traditional field theory. The goal of this report is to briefly elaborate on the motivation for fractal spacetime and fractional dynamics beyond the realm of effective field theory
Category: Mathematical Physics

Honey Bees Don`t Like it Hot Temperature Measurements in Beehives During High Sunlight

Authors: Marco Messelken, Julia Wurm, Claus Brell
Comments: 6 Pages. This paper is based on a contribution to the conference of the Entomologische Gesellschaft Düsseldorf e.V. in Düsseldorf, Germany, 2023

First measurements with the help of several temperature sensors in a beehive show that a high heat input through solar radiation in a beehive leads to stress in the bee colony. The bees show cooling behavior that can be observed directly and with sound analyses in order not to let the temperature in the hive rise above 38°C. A measurement without bees shows a difference in internal temperature of up to 7°C in a comparison between a shaded and an unshaded hive. The heat input can be reduced by simple measures such as shading by placing a rear-ventilated radiation shield. It is recommended to shade hives in summer.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Euler's Identity in Unification of the Fundamental Interactions

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 29 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted!)

Euler's identity is the most beautiful equation in mathematics. In this paper Euler's identity will be applied to Physics. It will present new beautiful equations of unification of the fundamental interactions. It will calculate new unity formulas that connect the coupling constants of the fundamental forces. Also it will present new beautiful equations of the Dimensionless unification of atomic physics and cosmology and it will prove that the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. These equations are applicable for all energy scales.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Incenter-Orthocenter-Centroid Triangle Operator

Authors: Yuly Shipilevsky
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in future submissions)

We consider a mapping from the set of triangles on the same plane onto its- elf, wherein each triangle is being mapped to the triangle, having vertices, which are the orthocenter, the centroid and the incenter of the parent triangle and we consider the corresponding inverse mapping as well.
Category: Geometry

The Riemann Hypothesis Has no Counterexamples When Imaginary Part Below One Million Billion

Authors: Zhiyang Zhang
Comments: 2 Pages.

This article aims to identify counterexamples of the Riemann hypothesis. Although no upper bound was found for the counterexample, at least it was proven that there were no counterexamples when imaginary part below one million billion, significantly increasing the lower bound of the counterexample.
Category: Number Theory

Molodensky-Badekas Transformation of Seven Parameters

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this note version2, we present the Molodensky-Badekas seven-parameter transformation from one geodetic system to another, showing how to determine the 7 parameters by the method of least squares and calculate them numerically following the number of the parameters 4, 5 or 7.
Category: Geophysics

The Effect of the Earth's Rotation and Gravity on the Speed of Light

Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 12 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Based on the results of the "Michelson—Morley" experiment and the direct measurement of the speed of light in two directions, we can conclude that the movement of the Earth in relation to the Sun and the movement of the solar system in relation to the center of the galaxy do not affect the measurement of the speed of light in the vicinity of the Earth. But on the other hand, based on results of the "Michelson—Morley" experiment and the direct measurement of the speed of light in two directions we cannot know with certainty whether the Earth's rotation around its axis affects the measurement of the speed of light in one direction. Thus, instead of the motion by which the Earth's surface moves in relation to the Sun, we will observe the angular motion by which the Earth rotates on its axis relative to distant stars. Instead of measuring the speed of light in two directions, we will measure the speed of light in one direction.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons Featuring a Lorentz-Type Force

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 6 Pages.

This work analyzes the interaction of a rotating field solution of a modified Born-Infeld model of electrons with a weak, low-frequency electromagnetic field. The interaction is shown to be of the same type as the Lorentz force on a charged particle in an electromagnetic field.
Category: Classical Physics

Dimensions of a Graph

Authors: Volker W. Thürey
Comments: 6 Pages.

We introduce eight infinite sets of constants.Some we calculate. Roughly speaking, we seek graphs as small as possible. The graphs serve as examples for different kinds of `dimensions'. In the second part `Points', we place points on the plane, and from this, we ask infinite many questions. In a third part, we introduce for each graph a sequence called the 'Thuerey Numbers'.At the end, we summarize the open questions.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Latent Postulate of Special Relativity

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 2 Pages.

The special theory of relativity has a third postulate. This presupposition is never mentioned, it is included in the analysis as everyone knows or as a dogma. A scientific decision process was not realized for this postulate. For this reason, physicists in particular cannot overcome the captivity of this hidden local postulate and wake up to the real natural truth, even if they have some hesitations in their minds. Science cannot bear this flaw any longer.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Structure of Black Holes and the Expansion of Space

Authors: GuiHyeon Hwang
Comments: 4 Pages.

The interior of a black hole cannot be directly observed, however, the structure of it ispredictable through the order of the array of fields based on the boson-field theory. The array refers to the circulation system of matters of the previous paper. (The Mechanism of Matter and Anti-Matter, Dark Matter and Graviton) Huge celestial bodies are formed by the bending of such fields, according to the way they are bent, there are a total of fivecelestial objects. Matter black holes, antimatter black holes, neutron stars, anti-neutronstars, and dark matter stars. Of course, because the round celestial bodies are formed by the bending of their fields, most of the lighter spherical objects than them in the universeare also made that way. Matter black holes and neutron stars are currently observed in ouruniverse in the five huge celestial bodies. It is supposed that the issue has to do with the direction an electron moves between the fields and has to do with the stable maintaining of space. An electron around a proton is in its negatively field and the field is curved toward the proton. So the electron gets closer to the proton and moves away like waves.This concept can also be applied to antimatter black holes. It is supposed that negatively charged particles around the black hole move like waves and make the ring of light in such a shape.The actual mass of charm or top quarks in 5d or 6d are quite consistent with the average values of the mass associated with the superposition and the mass associated with theentanglement according to the boson-field theory. It is a very important clue to understand the relationship between fields and space. In the minimum state of length which is no longer reduced, the average value of any two lengths means either of the two should bestretched. At this time, the one that stretches will be in a state of superposition in part orin its entirety. A particle in a state of superposition is capable of retaining its information regardless of its length. It is in its superposition field and the field curves toward the mean value. The one which does not bend remains a boundary, it makes the system a closedspace. That is, a closed space and the curved superposition field in it are not separable, the curved superposition field makes its space. Black holes or neutron stars are examples where such a bending occurs to the extreme. A series of fields connected with the super- position fields are also strongly curved because the curvature of superposition fields is very large under the influence of enormous gravity of them. It is supposed that the bending of fields creates space continuously.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Scale Factor of the Universe, the basis of a New Cosmology

Authors: John Hunter
Comments: 10 Pages. 8 figures

In the 25 years following the introduction of dark energy to cosmology there has been little progress in understanding this phenomenon. A radical solution is considered - to change the redshift scale-factor relation. The new relation explains why Concordance Cosmology, using the wrong relation, needs a low matter density and dark energy. An alternative cosmology is described that explains how the new relation comes about. There are solutions to the flatness problem, the coincidence problem and the Hubble tension.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[plausible] Evidence of Matter of an Unknown and Dark Nature in Human Bodies

Authors: Franco Rizzoli
Comments: 4 Pages.

The article supports the [plausible] thesis that human bodies bear traces of genetic manipulation and are therefore not the result of simple Darwinian evolution.
Category: Physics of Biology

Four-Variable Jacobian Conjecture in a Topological Quantum Model of Intersecting Fields

Authors: Alfonso De Miguel bueno
Comments: 23 Pages. 23 figures (Note by viXra Admin: Please use the viXra Number 2401.0094 when making replacement)

This preprint introduces in a visual and conceptual way a model of two intersecting curved fields with a shared nucleus, whose quantized dynamics offer potential cases of the four-variable Jacobian conjecture and a nonlinear Hodge cycle. The Kummer type geometry of the model suggests a unified framework where abstract mathematical developments like Tomita-Takesaki, Gorenstein, and Dolbeault theories, can be conceptually linked to the Jacobian, Hodge, and Riemann conjectures. Other mathematical physics topics, like the mass gap problem, releflection positivity, the arise of an imaginary time, or t-duality are also described within this context. The model also lays the foundation of a novel deterministic quantum atomic system with a supersymmetric dual nucleus structure of matter and mirror antimatter.
Category: Topology

Discrete Models of the Universe

Authors: Alexander Evako, Ekaterina Shurygina
Comments: 13 Pages.

In paper [16], we developed the local and global structure of a discrete physical space, and constructed and investigated discrete black and white holes using methods developed in the field of digital topology. In this paper, we develop various discrete models of the universe, as well as explore the discrete structure of wormholes.
Category: Astrophysics

Continued Fraction Generalization [Part 3]

Authors: Isaac Mor
Comments: 18 Pages.

This is a list of ten types of continued fraction generalization. (This is [Part 3] , every volume contains 10 formulas) I am using Euler's continued fraction formula in order to find some nice continued fraction generalization.
Category: Number Theory

The [Plausible] Weird Mistake in Planck's Law

Authors: Patrick Marc
Comments: 11 Pages. Licence CC BY 4.0

By examining Planck's equation E=hν, one finds an analogy with accounting billing forelectricity. Frequency and power have a physical dimension T-¹, so one obtains an energyvalue accounted for over a time interval by multiplying them by this time interval. Byinvestigating this analogy, one finds a surprising mistake in Planck's law for the frequency of black body radiation: confusion between two contexts, one for radiation power and one for a timeless energy density. One goes from one to the other by an accounting-typetransformation: A multiplication by 4π/c or c/4π. Correcting this mistake makes a Planckconstant h timeless, invalidating the photon definition and de Broglie’s wave-particle duality. Despite this mistake, one obtains the same value for the black body radiation; it goesunnoticed. Consequently, the Planck relation becomes P=hν, with the energy of a cycle equal to h, whatever the frequency. One can consider this cycle as a new photon, which behaves like aparticle by its radiation pressure. Its energy-mass equivalence h=mɣc² gives a mass of4.134883524·10-¹u2075 eV, in the range referenced by the Particle Data Group. This correction ofPlanck's relation calls quantum physics into question.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Theoretical Approach to the Navier-Stokes Millennium Problem using Dream Numbers

Authors: Oussama Basta
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper presents a theoretical exploration of the Navier-Stokes equations within the innovative framework of Dream Partial Differential Equations (DPDEs). Beginning with the concept of dream numbers and their application in defining new forms of derivatives, we extend these ideas to reformulate the Navier-Stokes equations. Our aim is to investigate whether this novel approach could potentially shed light on the Millennium Problem concerning the existence and smoothness of solutions to these equations in three dimensions.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Nature of Crystal Lattice

Authors: Henadzi Filipenka
Comments: 9 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

The literature generally describes a metallic bond as the one formed by means of mutual bonds between atoms' exterior electrons and not possessing the directional properties. However, attempts have been made to explain directional metallic bonds, as a specific crystal metallic lattice. This paper demonstrates that the metallic bond in the densest packings (volume-centered and face-centered) between the centrally elected atom and its neighbours in general is, probably, effected by 9 (nine) directional bonds, as opposed to the number of neighbours which equals 12 (twelve) (coordination number). Probably, 3 (three) "foreign" atoms are present in the coordination number 12 stereometrically, and not for the reason of bond. This problem is to be solved experimentally.
Category: Condensed Matter

A Simple Proof of The ABC Conjecture

Authors: Oussama Basta
Comments: 3 Pages.

This work analyzes the ABC conjecture, which states that for any positive real number ε, there exists a constant Kε such that for all coprime positive integer triples (a, b, c) with a + b = c, c < Kε * rad(abc)^(1 + ε). We focus on the case where a > F, F > ε, and b = (a + F - ε), c = (a + F + ε), where F and ε are positive real numbers with F > ε.
Category: Number Theory

Possible Structure of the Electron and the Up Quark

Authors: Oliver R Jovanovic
Comments: 12 Pages. (Abstract added by viXra Admin as required - Please conform!)

Any particle consists of some combination of down quarks and (or) antidown quarks because their electric charges imply so.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Increasing Earth’s Land Surface Area by Reducing the Sea Levels

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 2 Pages.

ANHISHA is an acronym, and stands for "Application of Nuclear Heat Injection System for Heating Atmosphere". The controlled atmospheric low pressure area, created by this process, can be used to modify long term and short term weather patterns. Simulations of Global Circulation Models (GCM), on weather supercomputers, can determine in advance, the result on atmosphere, e.g., precipitation. Various aspects of such anthropic modifications of atmosphere have been discussed in the reference 1. The permanent hurricane like vortex on north and south pole can be modified by ANHISHA, with the aim, of a higher ice precipitation, on the geographic poles. A significant increase in polar ice, would reduce the sea levels and increase land surface area. This in turn, would sustain the burgeoning human population, and restore habitat of various natural land species. In a sense this is reversal of global warming and onset of an artificial, controlled ice age. As we would not like to have ice age in extreme northern latitudes, so we will restrict ANHISHA only to south pole. The extra ice would be confined to Antartica.
Category: Climate Research

Riemann Hypothesis: Direct Demonstration Proposal

Authors: Vincent KOCH
Comments: 3 Pages.

In his 1859 article "On the number of prime numbers less than a given quantity", Bernhard Riemann formulated the hypothesis that all non-trivial zeros of the Zeta function have the real part 1/2.This assertion, known as the "Riemann Hypothesis", remains unproven to this day. The present paper is an attempt at a direct demonstration.
Category: Number Theory

Rayleigh-Schroedinger Pertubation Theory Sheme Along the Pauli Contribution

Authors: Leon Walter Redeker
Comments: 6 Pages.

A new Rayleigh-Schrödinger pertubation theory (RSPT) sheme along the Pauli (P) contribution is presented, with the unpertubated system being the artificial Kohn-Sham (KS) system of noninteracting fermions, which is linked to the real system of interacting fermions via the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem, with �� = 0, i.e. no Pauli contribution, is scaled up by the coupling strength 0 ≤ �� ≤ 1 to a fictitious system, with �� = 1, i.e. full Pauli contribution, the pertubated system of noninteracting bosons given by the Levy-Perdew-Sahni (LPS) equation. This formalism to introduced in order to give a pathway for constructing novel Kinetic energy density functionals (KEDF) for the Pauli kinetic energy as an (generalized) adiabatic-connection-like (GAC) theorem similar as to for onstructing KS correlation functionals with the adiabatic-connection fluctuation-dissipation (ACFD) theorem or as been done in Görling-Levy pertubation theory (GLPT).
Category: Quantum Physics

Interpretation of Cause of Mass Increase

Authors: Sang-Ryol Ri
Comments: 9 Pages.

It is known that the relativistic mass formula is numerically well consistent with the experiment for the charged particles. But, unfortunately, the explanation of the cause of the mass increase is insufficient. We think that the explanation of the cause and effect is very important in physics. It is an axiom that the mass of a body could never be increased unless it does not absorb an outside material, that is, the mass increase is impossible without the absorption of an outside material. In this paper, we add the content of the special theory of relativity by the interpretation of cause of mass increase, paying attention to the idea that the mass of the particle should be taken up as much as mass of the absorbed photon. We very simply derive the mass formula only with the most basic concepts of physics at the last part of this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hypothesis: Distribution of Primes and the Logarithmic Expression

Authors: Anil Sharma
Comments: 4 Pages.

This research explores the distribution of prime numbers using a novel ljogarithmic expression. The hypothesis suggests that an expression, partitions natural numbers into groups, revealing a systematic distribution of primes. Experimental results demonstrate an intriguing pattern as the range of N increases, with the average number of primes in each group stabilizing around 15. The paper discusses thebackground, mathematical expression, experimental results, and potentialavenues for future research.
Category: Number Theory

The Building Block of Quantized Dirac Field

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 23 Pages.

I explain how to quantize a two dimensional constrained system that functions as the building block of Dirac field. The key idea is that the constrained system is transformed into a nonconstrained one with a small regularizing term.
Category: Quantum Physics

Selected Solved Problems On Quantum Mechanics, Solid State Physics and Computational Physics

Authors: Yunfeng Zhu
Comments: 16 Pages.

The author had selected and worked out these problems by himself. These problems mainly focus on quantum mechanics, solid state physics and computational physics. It can be regarded as a reference for the graduate students, especially those students in condensed matter physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravity Subtitle: the Merger of Qantum and Classical-Physics

Authors: A.V. Herrebrugh
Comments: 22 Pages. Version update; minor clarifications, extended conclusions, addition prologue

In this 3rd paper of a triptych in quantum theory, a mathematical description ab initio of gravitational field theory is presented. In this reconciliation description, quantum physics and classical general relativity (GR) merge seamlessly — instead of deviations from general relativity, the treatment results in identical (photon and massive Higgs boson coupled energy) trajectory curvatures in gravitational fields, however with 3 deviating conclusions regarding (naked) singularities, spacetime-curvature and graviton i.e. deviating from predicted by the Einstein tensor metrics of GR. The fundamental gravitation-potential treatment of the field description is developed in the complex Hilbert space. The gravity field then is mathematically identified by the causal relation between two vector-fields in convolution and emerges as scalar field, evolving pre-determined in space from the moment of mass creation i.e. the symmetry breaking. The gravitational field-theory eventually evolves in spacetime curvature, emerging as geodesic-trajectory curvature by energy objects in the spatial field of a gravitation source. In the field, the trajectories of objects are being determined only by the principle of least action (LaGrange, Feynman).
Category: Quantum Physics

Application of Shoshany-Snodgrass Analysis to the Natario Warp Drive Spacetime with Zero Expansion

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 51 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!)

Alcubierre and Natario developed their warp drives spacetimes using the Arnowitt-Dresner-Misner ADM formalism considering the lapse function alpha always equal to 1. Recently Barak Shoshany and Ben Snodgrass considered the possibility of warp drive spacetimes in which the lapse function alpha is different than 1 in very special geometric cases and we arrive at very interesting results:In order to travel to a"nearby" star at 20 light-years at superluminal speeds in a reasonable amount of time in months not in years a ship must attain a speed of about 200 times faster than light.However the negative energy density at such a speed is directly proportional to the factor 1048 which is 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 times bigger in magnitude than the mass of the planet Earth which is "only" proportional to the factor1024!!.The lapse function allows more ffectively the negative energy density requirements when a ship travels with a speed of 200 times faster than light using the Shoshany-Snodgrass analysis. We reproduce here the Shoshany-Snodgrass analysis to the Natario warp drive spacetime with zero expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cool Formula for pi

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this note we consider the sum: 1-1/9+1/45-1/189+...
Category: General Mathematics

Local Gluing

Authors: Urs Frauenfelder, Joa Weber
Comments: 45 Pages. 3 Figures. Bull. Braz. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 56, 44 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00574-025-00464-5

In the local gluing one glues local neighborhoods around the critical point of the stable and unstable manifolds to gradient flow lines defined on a finite time interval [−T,T] for large T. If the Riemannian metric around the critical point is locally Euclidean, the local gluing map can be written down explicitly. In the non-Euclidean case the construction of the local gluing map requires an intricate version of the implicit function theorem.In this paper we explain a functional analytic approach how the local gluing map can be defined. For that we are working on infinite dimensional path spaces and also interpret stable and unstable manifolds as submanifolds of path spaces. The advantage of this approach is that similar functional analytical techniques can as well be generalized to infinite dimensional versions of Morse theory, for example Floer theory.A crucial ingredient is the Newton-Picard map. We work out an abstract version of it which does not involve troublesome quadratic estimates.
Category: Geometry

Mark Burgin's Contribution to the Foundation of Mathematics

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 16 Pages. Published in Special Issue in Memory of Professor Mark Burgin, Philosophies 2024, 9(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies9010008

In this paper I attempt to describe those Mark Burgin's results in non-Diophantine mathematics which are important for foundation of mathematics and its applications in quantum field theory. In particular, the elimination of divergences in Quantum Electrodynamics is described.
Category: General Mathematics

2D Random Walks of Massless Higgs Bosons

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 36 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted!)

Renormalization, or asymptotic safety, of QFTs, and other models, are mathematical techniques to ensure not only the absence of divergences and regularity of the models, but also suitable stabilized UV and IR behaviors. In general, there are not always clear microscopic interpretations of what leads to renormalizability, or asymptotic safety. In this paper, and based on the multi-fold theory, we give a physical interpretation to renormalization and asymptotic safety as the result of 2D random walks of particles, multi-fold emergence of gravity effects, and multi-fold 7D space time matter induction and scattering of solitons in condensate Qballs, or in random walk patterns: at spatial scales below the multi-fold gravity electroweak symmetry breaking scales, i.e. at high energies, massless Higgs bosons are (roughly) free massless bosons propagating as CFTs, or dilatons, just as in JT or Liouville gravity, the latter being a CFT version of Einstein gravity in 2D, which is renormalizable.Particles are not point particles. Within and outside the solitons or patterns, charges/colors, resulting from the symmetries of the solitons, fade away, so that fields and matter couplings are tamed and constant: everything becomes CFTs. Therefore, gravity remains asymptotically safe in the presence of the Standard Model (SM). And it is really gravity based on General relativity (GR), and the SM, i.e., Yang Mills and Maxwell theories, which are asymptotically safe, something confirmed by all their 2D versions (JT/Liouville 2D dilaton gravity, 2D QED and 2D QCD). It microscopically motivates these interactions, including 2D gravity, and why the Ultimate Unification (UU) reigns, as only "unification", and how the SM is an effective theory. Overall, only 2D physics matters! It also show that our universe must be closed.The paper argues that the embedding 7D is built by massless Higgs, which provides microscopic interpretations and motivation for multiple properties of multi-fold, as well as why GR reigns in the 7D spacetime, and spacetime induction works. In fact, we confirm this by explaining how non-commutative spacetime can recover the SM and neutrino mixing via algebra doubling.With random walks, we can explain inflation, expansion of spacetime, a complex/imaginary Higgs field pre electroweak symmetry breaking, and we can guarantee unitarity of Physics, even if it may sometimes statistically appear rather non-unitary, but Hermitian or isometric, or with non-Hermitian pseudo Hamiltonians, especially in an universe with a strictly positive cosmological constant.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Revolutionizing Prime Factorization: A Time Complexity-Optimized Approach for Efficient Composite Number Analysis

Authors: Anil Sharma
Comments: 2 Pages.

This research investigates patterns in prime number distributions and proposes an optimized factorization method. A novel approach is introduced to explore the position of the first prime factor in composite numbers, focusing on a specific range for potential computational time savings.
Category: Number Theory

Causation of Multiple Causes Acting on a Single Variable Computed from Correlations

Authors: Ait-TYaleb Nabil
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, we will expose the causation of multiple causes acting on a single variable computed from correlations. Using an example, we will show when strong or weak correlations between multiple causes and a variable imply a strong or weak causation between the causes and the variable.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A New Paradox Involving the Lorentz Transformation

Authors: David M. Bower
Comments: 3 Pages.

A previously unrecognized / unpublished paradox about the Lorentz transformation as interpreted and used by Einstein is presented. This new paradox shows the ultimate futility of explaining reality with Einstein’s interpretation of the Lorentz transformation and his use of the Lorentz transformation to derive the equations of time dilation. (Similar agruments would apply to length contraction.) It does not appear that this paradox has been discussed in the literature in the past; however, given the vast amount of research and speculation about the Lorentz transformation that has been published in various languages in the last hundred years, it is very difficult to verify this claim.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Convergent Subsequence of $theta_n(x+iy)$ in a Half Strip

Authors: Young Deuk Kim
Comments: 8 Pages. Typos are fixed.

For $frac{1}{2}0$ and $ninmathbb{N}$, let $displaystyletheta_n(x+iy)=sum_{i=1}^nfrac{{mbox{sgn}}, q_i}{q_i^{x+iy}}$,where $Q={q_1,q_2,q_3,cdots}$ is the set of finite product of distinct odd primes and${mbox{sgn}}, q=(-1)^k$ if $q$ is the product of $k$ distinct primes.In this paper we prove that there exists an ordering on $Q$ such that $theta_n(x+iy)$ has a convergent subsequence.
Category: Number Theory

The Non-Uniform Pion Tetrahedron Condensate Aether and the Electron Cloud

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 19 Pages.

We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density may vary in space and drop to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. The MOND acceleration limit may be due to the extremely low pion tetrahedron condensate density at the galaxies’ edges. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. Due to rapid quark exchange reactions between electrons, assumed to be comprised of four quarks and antiquarks, and the pion tetrahedrons, the electrons are delocalized electron clouds. The electrons are comprised of tetraquarks, where the du ̃ quarks determine the electron charge and the d ̃d quarks determine the electron tetraquark spin state. A u ̃u quarks determine the second spin state for the opposite spin electron tetraquark. The major difference between classical and quantum mechanics may be due to the antimatter discovered by Dirac that may be part of the Aether. The central roles of antimatter and the non-uniform QCD vacuum that contains antimatter were not anticipated by general relativity and quantum mechanics. Their roles are not fully understood still and the discovery of the KBC giant voids and the possibility of a non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate Aether need further study.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Infinity-Cosmoi and Fukaya Categories for Lightcones

Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 17 Pages.

We propose some questions about Fukaya categories. Given a class of isomorphisms $0 sim tau$, where $tau$ represents the truth value of a particle, and $0$ is a $0$ object in a Fukaya category, what are its spectral homology theories? This is a variation on the works of P. Seidel and E. Riehl.
Category: Geometry

Geodesy, GPS and Topography

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 92 Pages. In French

It is the part I of lectures on geodesy given to the technical personnel of the ETAP (Tunisian Society of Oil Activities).
Category: Geophysics

An Efficient Method to Prove that the Riemann Hypothesis Is Not Valid

Authors: Zhiyang Zhang
Comments: 12 Pages. (Name added to article by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

Analytical number theory is a combination of trigonometric functions and polynomial symbols, which can be solved no matter how difficult it is. Therefore, I believe that the Riemann hypothesis is not unsolvable. In the field of number theory, the mathematical community tends to seek a maximum number to overturn the conclusion. Whether it is the Riemann hypothesis or the Goldbach conjecture, this should be the solution.
Category: Number Theory

The Curve of Matrix Multiplication Schemes

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 17 Pages.

Various methods have been devised to multiply N×N matrices using O(NE) arithmetic operations when N→∞, for various exponents E with 2<E≤3.However, in practice, the schemes with least known E are not the best, because they only start to win for infeasibly large N. Prior literature has unhealthily been fixated on E alone, i.e. on the asymptotic large-N performance alone. To address that, we propose investigating, for each method, not merely its E, but also its "breakeven N," meaning the least N causing that method to use fewer than the obvious algorithm's N3 bilinear multiplications [or fewer than Strassen'sO(N2.807355) scheme]. The set of (E,logN) datapoints then form a subset of the infinite rectangle (2,3]×[0,∞). Part of that rectangle is filled with datapoints, while another part contains none. What is of interest is the curve delineating the boundary between those two regions.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Cold Fusion/lenr/lanr/cmns is Back in the News is it Pathological Science or Just Barking up the Wrong Tree?

Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 2 Pages. Update with questions for the author of the Nature report

Cold Fusion might, if claims are to be believed, be looking at the wrong nuclear phenomenon that isn’t fusion and sporadic claims of excess energy production might be due to a wholly different process, perhaps the Wigner Energy of the Lattice, unlinked to claims of fusion, thus confusing the issue and holding the field back.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Vedas on Cognition of Information

Authors: Basudeba Mishra
Comments: 5 Pages. (Abstract added by viXra Admin as required - Please conform!)

Information is limited data about external systems, duly classified and organized to present a meaningful value. Processing by a machine remains data only and does not become information, because it can’t be utilized without involving a conscious being directly or indirectly. When it is used indirectly (through programming or issuing a command to a machine or worker), it is Artificial Intelligence (worker’s intelligence). Information is differentiation of necessary data from different classes or of the same class or different subset of the same data, by linking the observer and the observed and identifying certain special characteristics, both similarities and differences, for taking measures to achieve the desired goal. It is limited data, because we can’t know everything about some thing. Here, the mechanism of perception has been discussed from the Vedic perspective.
Category: Mind Science

Vedic Science of Consciousness

Authors: Basudeba Mishra
Comments: 8 Pages. (Abstract added by viXra Admin as required - Please conform!)

What is consciousness and whether quantum physics can explain it has been discussed from Vedic perspective. The mechanism of perception by our sense organs have been described.
Category: Mind Science

Deep Learning-Based Approach for Stock Price Predict

Authors: Naguneu Lionel Perin, Jimbo Claver, Bouetou Thomas, Tchoua Paul
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper presents a deep learning-based approach for stock price prediction in financial markets. The problem of accurately predicting future stock price movements is of crucial importance to investors and traders, as it allows them to make informed investment decisions. Deep learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, offers new perspectives for meeting this complex challenge. Deep learning models, such as deep neural networks, are capable of extracting complex features and patterns from large amounts of historical data on stock prices, trading volumes, financial news and data. other relevant factors. Using this data, deep learning and machine learning models can learn to recognize trends, patterns, and non-linear relationships between variables that can influence stock prices. Once trained, these models can be used to predict future stock prices. This study aims to find the most suitable model to predict stock prices using statistical learning with deep learning and machine learning methods RNN, LSTM, GRU, SVM and Linear Regression using the data on Apple stock prices from Yahoo Finance from 2000 to 2024. The result showed that SVMmodeling is not suitable for predicting Apple stock prices. In comparison,GRUshowed the best performance in predicting Apple stock prices with a MAE of 1.64 and an RMSE of 2.14 which exceeded the results of LSTM, Linear regression and SVM. The limitation of this research was that the data type was only time series data. It is important to note, however, that stock price forecasting remains a complex challenge due to the volatile nature of financial markets and the influence of unpredictable factors. Although deep learning models can improve prediction accuracy, it is essential to understand that errors can still occur.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Geometric Product of Two Oriented Points in Conformal Geometric Algebra

Authors: Eckhard Hitzer
Comments: 15 Pages. Accepted for publication by Adv. Appl. Clifford Algebras, Oct. 2024.

We compute and explore the full geometric product of two oriented points in conformal geometric algebra Cl(4,1) of three-dimensional Euclidean space. We comment on the symmetry of the various components, and state for all expressions also a representation in terms of point pair center and radius vectors.
Category: Algebra

COVID-19 Under Origin and Transmission: A Data-Driven Analysis for India and Bangladesh

Authors: Ajantha Devi, Hashnayne Ahmed
Comments: 17 Pages.

he coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an exceptionally contagious and pathogenic viral disease brought about by the SARS-CoV-2 infection that was frst detailed at Wuhan, China, and later it spreads everywhere throughout the world. It was a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like virus, and the primary host of this virus is bats, revealed through genome analysis. The intermediate medium between human and bats is still unknown, and it is quite contagious, resulting in rapid spreading of this disease. All things onsidered, there are no clinically endorsed medications or antibodies for this sickness, yet a few precautions and staying away from close contacts are suggested. The number of COVD-19 confrmed cases is rapidly increasing with higher mortality rates, more than other epidemics that occurred in the last century although it still fuctuates. We will analyze the COVID-19 outbreak situation considering confrmed cases, recoveries, mortality rate percentages, etc. India and Bangladesh are two geographically important countries, and we will also analyze the COVID-19 situation for these two countries either with similarities or differences.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Solving the Monty Hall Problem using Information Theory

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Monty Hall Problem, which involves probability, uncertainty and information is solved using information theory. When the host opens one or more doors that don’t contain the prize, he adds information to the remaining unselected doors. Information theory shows that the added information increases the likelihood that the prize is behind an unselected door. The method was applied to a generalization of the Monty Hall Problem and showed that the probability or winning the prize is increased by switching doors.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Sum of Reciprocals of Primes

Authors: Young Deuk Kim
Comments: 5 Pages.

Suppose that $y>0$, $0leqalpha<2pi$ and $0K$ and $P^-$ the set of primes $p$ such that $cos(yln p+alpha)<-K$ . In this paper we prove $sum_{pin P^+}frac{1}{p}=infty$ and $sum_{pin P^-}frac{1}{p}=infty$.
Category: Number Theory

The Underlying Principle of Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

Authors: Wei Guo
Comments: 70 Pages.

Today, the scientific community comprehensively accepts adding many extra unverifiable things into reality, e.g. extra mass: dark matter, extra energy: dark energy, extra position: superposition, extra dimensions, or even extra parallel reality. Considering reality is not understood completely, adding something into reality's unknown part is indeed a shortcut for explaining some measured discrepancy, but such behaviors are likely to distort the instinct of reality. We report any inherent measured discrepancy involving an indirect measure method that relies on an artificially-defined equivalence, e.g. inertia mass indirectly measures mass by equating mass with force/acceleration. Time measure relies on an equivalence between time and some phenomena, e.g. swing of pendulum, fall of sands or electron jumping between two states. Since Galileo, mathematical equal sign is introduced so naturally between different physical properties. We argue any such equivalence only holds true within a limited phenomena range. Although some method's application range has been summarized, e.g. inertia mass only applies to 'macro, low-speed, inertia-system', we state such scattered descriptions collected from experience are not rigorous. We propose a general frame that can identify a more rigorous application range. Hence, any inherent measured discrepancy results from the measured phenomena exceeding the method's rigorous application range, e.g. remote objects actually exceed the Doppler effect's application range. By ignoring this, large-scale red shift inevitably misleads us to the dark energy's existing necessity. Similarly, dark matter only logically exists to expand the rigorous application range of dynamical mass.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Coordinate Transformations for the Optical Wave Equation

Authors: Yusuf Ziya Umul
Comments: 23 Pages.

A new coordinate transform is introduced for the wave equation, defined in different inertial reference frames. It is shown that two different measurement sets can be identified for a moving reference system with respect to the motionless observer. In one of these measurements, the speed of light does not change and has the same value with the velocity of light, propagating in the medium according to which the stationary observer rests. This behavior is also mathematically proven. Coordinate transformations are derived by using the wave equation and the phase term of its general solution. The behaviors of these transforms for different cases are studied.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Quantum Luminiferous Aether

Authors: D. J. Larson
Comments: 32 Pages. Copyright to the paper is held by Physics Essays Publication, http://physicsessays.org/. The paper is uploaded to Vixra with permission granted from Physics Essays.

A solid, two-component, quantum luminiferous aether is proposed to exist. Simple postulates are hypothesized, along with some physical laws and assignments. Derivations then lead to the equations of electrodynamics (Maxwell’s Equations and the Lorentz Force Equation), Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, and to two field-masses. The theory is shown to successfully meet the classic tests of General Relativity: calculations for the advance of the perihelia, the Shapiro effect and the gravitational redshift agree with experiment, and the experimental result concerning the bending of light in gravitational fields is also understood. Additionally, gravitational waves are understood and the first of the field-masses allows for an understanding of what is presently known as dark matter. A new approach to analyzing dense objects such as white dwarfs and neutron stars is discussed, and since the theory has no singularity, a replacement for black holes is suggested. Replacing relativity with an absolute, realist, and physical model returns us to a flat Euclidean space and a separate time. Absolute simultaneity enables understanding of quantum mechanics. The underlying philosophical grounding is discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energetic Sheaves: Higher Quantization and Symmetry

Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 12 Pages.

This document is devoted to understanding and implementing the energy numbers, which were recently explicated very clearly by Emmerson in his recent paper. Through this line of reasoning, it becomes apparent that the algebra defined by the energy numbers are indeed the natural algebra for categorifying quantization. We also develop a notion of symmetric topological vector spaces, and forcing on said spaces motivated by homological mirror symmetry.
Category: Topology

On Real Flat Quantum-Spacetime Linelement from First Principles

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 7 Pages.

In an uncomplicated way there can be derived a quantum-lineelement of local tangent-spacetime of Minkowski-type from a fundamental form of physical anouncements. This term includes a variable, which can be interpreted as combination of Ricci-scalar and cosmological constant. In this method, the Planck-constant is included in the linelement-form in a natural way. If this ansatz is seen as real from first principles, then classical Minkowski-linelement is wrong. So since it is the limiting case for GRT without gravity, quantum gravity-equations also must be false and be modified. Local invariant Lorentz-Planck-transformations can be derived for some special conditions of velocity values. This explorations for quantum in tangential-spacetime may lead to a deeper understanding of quantizing gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Redefining Mathematical Structure: From the Real Number Non-Field to the Energy Number Field

Authors: Parker Emmerson
Comments: 8 Pages.

The traditional classification of real numbers (R) as a complete ordered field is contested throughcritical examination of the field axioms, with a focus on the absence of a multiplicative inverse for zero. We propose an alternative mathematical structure based on Energy Numbers (E), deriving from quantum mechanics, which addresses the classical anomalies and fulfills field properties universally, including an element structurally analogous but functionally distinctive from the zero in R.
Category: Number Theory

A Novel TFN-based Complex Basic Belief Assignment Generation Method

Authors: Junjie Huang, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper, a novel TFN-based complex basic belief assignment generation method is proposed to improve decision-making accuracy in complex evidence theory.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Can Destruction Through Pakistan’s Continuous Floods Be Prevented Using Machine Learning?

Authors: Sana Shakeel
Comments: 8 Pages.

Machine Learning is the study of computer algorithms that can improve automatically through experience and by the use of data. The complex mathematical expressions of physical processes of floods, during the past two decades can be studied through Machine Learning and these methods have contributed highly in the advancement of prediction systems providing better performance and cost-effective solutions. Due to the vast benefits and potential of Machine Learning, it is heavily popular among hydrologists. Researchers through introducing novel Machine Learning methods and hybridizing of the existing ones aim at discovering more accurate and efficient prediction models. Flooding is the most devastating natural hazard in Pakistan and the recently flooding has demonstrated its severeness through large scale destruction and displacement of homes and businesses in Interior Sindh. This paper aims to explore the methodologies of flood detection currently used in Pakistan, and the potential of Machine Learning in prediction systems within the country. Drawing on sources such as journals, scientific articles, and websites, the research assembled relevant information concerning floods and their prevention.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Equality Hypothesis in Diagonal Argument

Authors: Hongyi Li
Comments: 5 Pages.

In the Diagonal Argument, there are two independent hypotheses, the countability hypothesis and the equality hypothesis, which violate the basic principle of proof by contradiction, so the Diagonal Argument cannot be held. Closer analysis shows that the Diagonal Argument only falsifies the equality hypothesis and has nothing to do with the countability hypothesis. Since the equality hypothesis is inherently wrong and does not need to be falsified at all, the Diagonal Argument actually proves nothing. The transfinite number theory and Continuum hypothesis therefore become meaningless. Once again calls on the education department to suspend the teaching of infinite sets, so as not to mislead people.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Co-Moving Coordinates Cannot Maintain Their Co-Moving Status in the Spatially Non-Flat Cosmological Models

Authors: Kenneth Sandale
Comments: 4 Pages.

It is thought that consideration of the General Relativity force law demonstrates that particles will retain their stationary status in the standard cosmological models. However this argument neglects the effects of pressure-dependent gravitational forces. When these forces are correctly included, what actually happens is that in spatially non-flat universes particles do not really remain co-moving, and indeed develop motion that is not consistent with the very symmetry condition these models were designed to manifest.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy Loss of Electrons in Storage Rings

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 6 Pages.

We examine, in general, the energy loss of electrons caused by the multiple Compton scattering of electrons on black body photons in the storage rings. We derive the scattering rate of electrons in the Planckian photon sea and then the energy loss of electrons per unit length. We discuss the possible generalization of our method in particle physics and consider a possible application of our formulas in case of motion of charged particles in the relic cosmological radiation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Source-Free Conformal Waves on Spacetime

Authors: Carsten S. P. Spanheimer
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in future submissions)

Investigating conformal metrics on (Pseudo-)Riemannian spaces in any number of dimensions, it is shown that the pure scalar curvature R as the Lagrange densityleads to a homogeneous d'Alembert equation on spacetime which allows for source-free wave phenomena. This suggests to use the scalar curvature R itself rather than the Hilbert-Einstein action R*sqrt(abs(g)) as the governing Lagrange density for General Relativity to also find general, non-conformal solutions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Non-Uniform Pion Tetrahedron Condensate

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 13 Pages.

We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density should vary in space and should drop in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void for example in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose to calculate the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate density and propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. The MOND acceleration change at the galaxies’ edges may be due to the pion tetrahedron condensate density drop. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. The major difference between classical and quantum mechanics may be due to the antimatter discovered by Dirac that may be part of the vacuum Aether. The central roles of antimatter and the non-uniform QCD vacuum that contains antimatter were not anticipated by general relativity and quantum mechanics. Their roles are not fully understood still and the discovery of the KBC giant voids and the possibility of a non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate need further study
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Creation of Paired Entities is Ever Governed by the Golden Mean: About the Nested Repeatability of Living and Cosmic Processes and the Origin of the Universe Nested Repeatability

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 6 Pages.

The concept of paired entities as nature’s reproductive strategy is illuminated and the dominance of golden mean solutions by simple mathematical assumptions verified including ‘golden’ quartic polynomials. From the beginning, cosmos and life gain profit of superconducting energy and information transport by way of paired bosons like the Higgs bosons.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is it Possible for Corporate Leaders to go Beyond Friedman's Doctrine?

Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract is required on the submitted article)

The authors develop a model of business ethics that is more actual, especially in responding tovarious problems facing humanity today, including climate change. That this is also connected with not only environmental responsibilities but also the social responsibilities of large, medium and small business owners, seems quite clear. The only problem is that many of us seem to be bewitched by the doctrine known as the Friedman's doctrine, proposed by Milton Friedman in the 1970s, which essentially states that the onlysocial responsibility of a company is to make a profit.
Category: Economics and Finance

Mach’s Principle and Gravitational Shielding

Authors: Wenceslao González
Comments: 14 Pages.

We propose that inertia is the result of the gravitational force of induction of the entire Universe; that is, we understand that the force of inertia is the induction force exerted on a body by its accelerated movement with respect to the Universe, a statement that we call Mach's principle. We calculate this force by applying the weak field theory of General Relativity and using the results of electromagnetic theory. To avoid the divergence of the integral in calculating the induction force, we assume that in the Universe's early stages there was a strong gravitational absorption, which weakened as the cosmic density decreased. Admitting an ad hoc absorption function, we demonstrate Mach's principle, verifying that the inertial mass of a body is proportional to the gravitational mass with a proportionality coefficient dependent on cosmic time. Applying this result, we calculate the relative variation of the universal gravitation constant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Анализ тайминга пульсаров для регистрация Кильватерных гравитационных волн
Analysis of Pulsar Timing for Registration of Wake Gravitational Waves

Authors: A.V. Antipin
Comments: 9 Pages. In Russian; English version: https://vixra.org/abs/2401.0019

Гравитационная астрономия, основанная на тайминге пульсаров, открывает возможность регистрации Кильватерных гравитационных волн, которые, могут генерироваться Солнцем и Луной. При воздействии этих волн на Землю, должно наблюдаться «фиолетовое» смещение частоты импульсов пульсаров. Представлены предварительные оценки физических и геометрических характеристик для поиска таких волн.

Gravitational astronomy, based on pulsar timing, opens up the possibility of registering Wake gravitational waves that can be generated by the Sun and Moon. When these waves are exposed to the Earth, a "purple" shift in the pulse frequency of pulsars should be observed.Preliminary estimates of the physical and geometric characteristics for the search for such waves are presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Wave Length and Gravitation

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future submission without scientific references will not be accepted!)

If we assume that photonic energy curves space time, we will reach a conflict which requires a whole new approach to anti-matter and anti-gravity.
Category: Astrophysics

Fine-Structure Constant and 5-D Space

Authors: Rustam Islamov
Comments: 5 Pages.

Conductivity quantization and 5-D thermal field theory for bosons in odd dimensions are employed. A relationship between thermal mass and the fine-structure constant was derived. The calculations demonstrated that the numerical value of the fine-structure constant obtained for the dimension d=5 aligns with the experimental value of the fine-structure constant. This could imply that weak interactions occur in a five-dimensional space.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dictionary of Ayurveda by Dr. Ravindra Sharma and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 21 Pages. A crucial mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study Dictionary of Ayurveda by Dr. Ravindra Sharma belonging to the Green Foundation,Dehradun, India. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, startingwith a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BW(c=0.01), the magnetisation curve of the Ising Model in theBragg-Williams approximation in the presence of external magnetic field, H. c =H/γε= 0.01 with εbeing the strength of coupling between two neighbouring spins in the Ising Model, γ representingthe number of nearest neighbours of a spin, which is very large.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

FinFET Chronicles: Navigating the Silicon Horizon in the Era of Nanoarchitecture

Authors: Islam Ibrahim, Ahmed Walid, Mohamed Atallah, Omar Mohamed, Ahmed Mahmoud
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper investigates FinFET transistor technology, aiming to address limitations in conventional planar CMOS transistors. The motivation stems from the escalating demandfor high-performance, low-power devices in sub-10nm technology nodes. The challenges of short-channel effects, leakage currents,and scalability constraints in planar CMOS transistors have prompted exploration into novel architectures like FinFETs. This research provides an indepth analysis of FinFETs’ threedimensional structure, fabrication, materials, and design considerations. We evaluate their advantages and limitations compared to traditional transistors in terms of power consumption, speed, and scalability. Our approach involves comparative studiesutilizing simulations, material analysis, and empirical data. By merging theory with practical insights, this paper aims to offera comprehensive view of FinFET technology’s potential and challenges in modern semiconductor applications. In conclusion,this study sheds light on FinFET transistors, emphasizing their fabrication, design, and performance characteristics. It highlightstheir promise as a solution to semiconductor industry challenges, paving the way for next-generation electronic devices.
Category: Condensed Matter

A New Approach to Unification Part 3: Deducting Gravity Physics

Authors: Jürgen Kässer
Comments: 25 Pages.

In a series of 4 papers an approach to a unified physics is presented. In part 1 the founda-tion of such an approach is given. In part 2 it was shown how particle physics follows. Inthis 3rd part gravitational physics will be derived. In part 4 open fundamental questionsof actual physics are answered and the concept of a new cosmology is introduced.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Negative-Energy and Tachyonic Solutions in the Weinberg-Tucker-Hammer Equation for Spin 1

Authors: Valeriy Dvoeglazov
Comments: 20 Pages.

We considered Weinberg-like equations in the article [1] in order to construct the Feynman-Dyson propagator for the spin-1 particles. An analog of the $S=1/2$ Feynman-Dyson propagator is presented in the framework of the $S=1$ Weinberg's theory. The basis for This construction is based on the concept of the Weinberg field as a system of four field functions differing by parity and by dual transformations. Next, We also analyzed the recent controversy in the definitions of the Feynman-Dyson propagator for the field operator containing the $S=1/2$ self/anti-self charge conjugate states in the papers by D. Ahluwalia et al~cite{Ahlu-PR} and by W. Rodrigues Jr. et al~cite{Rodrigues-PR,Rodrigues-IJTP}. The solution to this mathematical controversy is obvious. I proposed the necessary doubling of the Fock Space (as in the Barut and Ziino works), thus extending the corresponding Clifford Algebra. However, the logical interrelations of different mathematical foundations with physical interpretations are not so obvious. In this work we present some insights with respect to this for spin 1/2 and 1. Meanwhile, the N. Debergh et al article considered our old ideas of doubling the Dirac equation, and other forms of T- and PT-conjugation [5]. Both algebraic equation $Det (hat p - m) =0$ and $Det (hat p + m) =0$ for $u-$ and $v-$ 4-spinors have solutions with $p_0= pm E_p =pm sqrt{{bf p}^2 +m^2}$. The same is true for higher-spin equations (or they may even have more complicated dispersion relations). Meanwhile, every book considers the equality $p_0=E_p$ for both $u-$ and $v-$ spinors of the $(1/2,0)oplus (0,1/2))$ representation only, thus applying the Dirac-Feynman-Stueckelberg procedure for elimination of negative-energy solutions. The recent Ziino works (and, independently, the articles of several other authors) show that The Fock space can be doubled on the quantum-field (QFT) level. We re-consider this possibility on the quantum-field level. In this article we give additional bases for the development of the correct theory of higher spin particles in QFT. It seems, that it is imposible to consider the relativistic quantum mechanics appropriately without negative energies, tachyons and appropriate forms of the discrete symmetries, and their actions on the corresponding physical states.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Theory of Special Relativity and Motions in the Universe

Authors: Wonsub Kim
Comments: 69 Pages.

The Theory of Relativity is based on the hypothesis of the universal constancy of light velocity. Albert Einstein observed that light travel times over identical lengths of moving and stationary rods were not simultaneous in his imaginary experiment. He concluded that those light travel events must be simultaneous because the same physical facts should be the same regardless of the motions of the observation frames. He pointed out that different light velocities for those rods were responsible for the non-simultaneity. Then, for simultaneity, he asserted the same light velocity c for both rods. This was Einstein’s justification for the universal light velocity for all observers. However, the stationary and moving rod cases were actually two different events because of the aether-like setting of his stationary coordinate frame. The same light velocity c for both rods as set for the coordinate system means both rods are stationary on the stationary coordinate system. No rods are moving. Likewise, the universal light velocity c means everything in the universe is fixed to the stationary coordinate system. Nothing moves in that universe. The Doppler Effects of light waves cannot exist if light velocity is universally constant. The Doppler Effects of electromagnetic waves are real life evidence refuting the universal light velocity. He made light velocity the absolute and universal invariant, but that made all physical facts variants. The theory of relativity postulates velocity dependent time, geometry, mass, etc. These controversies are reviewed in detail herein. The review proved that the classic Newtonian mechanics are correct with the preservation of the physical fact invariance. The Newtonian mechanics found no clock synchronicity issue at all in Einstein’s experiment. Experiments by Michelson-Morley, Fizeau, Kennedy-Thorndike, etc. are validations of Newtonian mechanics. Immanuel Kant and W. Hoffman noted that motions of bodies are mere potentials with respect to observation references, suggesting the impossibility of universal velocities. No universal motion suggests no universal governance in the universe. Event locality is further evidenced in Newton’s bucket example. The laws of conservation in physics are consequences of event locality and independence. Newton’s Shell Theorem explains that the event locality is from the featurelessness of an infinite uniform universe. Rotational motions of celestial systems are perpetual and inevitable local stability mechanisms in the non-influential global universe. A finite universe would suffer from non-uniformity and instability. The Epicurean universe is determined to be the most satisfactory universe model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What Is Time? On the Construction of the World Formula

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 8 Pages. Added posters and additional illustrations, updated text, changed abstract.

In the previous works A way was shown how a fundamental misconception in contemporary science can be uncovered by an investigation of the concept of "time" and how a world formula can still be constructed by correcting fundamental misconceptions and fallacies of Einstein and Planck. The main results of the author's work in recent years are to be summarized here and the world formula is to be formulated tentative - according to the current state of research. As a result, a simple plausible explanation is identified as the cause of the current incompatibility between the Standard Model of physics (Electromagnetism) and the General Theory of Relativity (Gravity): While the General Theory of Relativity uses the gravitational center of the solar system as a reference point for the definition of time and space, the Standard Model of physics uses the center of the Earth as a reference point for the definition of space and time.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Theory of High Temperature Superconductivity II

Authors: Hans Christian Haunschild
Comments: 57 Pages.

The theory presented here is able to explain all attributes of cuprate-based High-temperature-Superconductors in the normal- and in the SC-state as well. For the theoretical calculations parameters gained by experiments only are used. It will be shown that all experimental values connecting to HTSC can be predicted/ calculated by assistance of the equation: 1,14This equation is derived from the Hubbard-Model. MPG is the maximum pseudogap, received by extrapolating the pseudogap-values to zero. From that Fundamental-Formula one can get seven quantitative connections between superconduction-attributes and doping, all proved by experiment. Additionally two well-hidden faults in BCS- and McMillan-theories will be shown. Without deleting these mistakes no theory of High-Tc-Superconductivity can be successful. More than 300 experimentally measured values will be compared with the predictions of theory. In more than 90% there is quantitative, otherwise qualitative accordance between experiment and theory. Reluctance is senseless: This theory will succeed.
Category: Condensed Matter

Higgs Boson Mass Relations and Hole Superconductivity

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 12 Pages.

We suggest relationships between the experimentally measured Higgs boson mass and the mass of elementary particles like electron or proton by scaling with Sommerfeld’s α constant and the golden mean.The depressed quartic potential of the Higgs field is governed by the golden mean, because every quartic polynomial is a golden one. The Higgs boson with zero spin, considered as composite particle like the Cooper pair, could be associated with properties of superconductivity. However, when superconductivity is exclusively caused by interacting holes, the Higgs boson should be related to any paired holes of matter. Furthermore, the Higgs field can be related to Bhandari’s energy field that is believed to come from an extern energy source, and this field is related to gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

General Intelligent Network (GIN) and Generalized Machine Learning Operating System (GML) for Brain-Like Intelligence

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper introduces a preliminary concept aimed at achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) by leveraging a novel approach rooted in two key aspects. Firstly, we present the General Intelligent Network(GIN) paradigm, which integrates information entropy principles with a generative network, reminiscent of Generative Adversarial Networks(GANs). Within the GIN network, original multimodal information is encoded as low information entropy hidden state representations (HPPs). These HPPs serve as efficient carriers of contextual information, enabling reverse parsing by contextually relevant generative networks to reconstruct observable information.Secondly, we propose a Generalized Machine Learning Operating System (GML System) to facilitate the seamless integration of the GINparadigm into the AGI framework. The GML system comprises three fundamental components: an Observable Processor (AOP) responsiblefor real-time processing of observable information, an HPP Storage Systemfor the efficient retention of low entropy hidden state representations, and a Multimodal Implicit Sensing/Execution Network designed to handle diverse sensory inputs and execute corresponding actions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Registration of Wake Gravitational Waves Using Pulsar Timing

Authors: A. V. Antipin
Comments: 8 Pages.

Gravitational astronomy, based on pulsar timing, opens up the possibility of registering Wake gravitational waves that can be generated by the Sun and Moon. When these waves are exposed to the Earth, a "purple" shift in the pulse frequency of pulsars should be observed. Preliminary estimates of the physical and geometric characteristics for the search for such waves are presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Charles Hutton's Formula

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

Some remarks about a formula of Charles Hutton.
Category: Number Theory

Presentation of the Cases 4,5 and 7 Parameters of Bursa-Wolf Transformation

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 14 Pages. In French. Minor correction is added.

In this note, we present the Bursa-Wolf seven-parameter transformation from one geodetic sys-tem to another, showing how to determine the 7 parameters by the method of least squares and wecalculate them numerically following the number of the parameters 4,5 or 7.
Category: Geophysics

Electron Viscosity and Electromagnetic Radiation for the Dynamic Deformations of Metals

Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 36 Pages.

The electron viscosity is popular in the dynamic deformations of metals, and it was revealed to dominate the related energy dissipation at low temperatures. The free electron model was extensively utilized to investigate the electron viscosity of the related phenomena including electron viscosity of mobile dislocations and the attenuation coefficient of elastic waves at low temperatures. However, the potential energy of the "free" electrons was neglected totally. In this work, the mechanical-electric coupling which contains both the potential energy and kinetic energy of "free" electrons was taken into account. And it was found that the attenuation coefficients of the longitudinal and shear waves of metals at cryogenic temperatures are proportional to the electrical conductivity and the square of angular frequency, which was in accord with experimental observations. The longitudinal and shear waves in a metal was found to induce the electromagnetic radiation whose frequency is the same as the stress wave. In addition, the electron viscosity was discovered to result in a temperature increase over the compression wave front. The temperature increase depends on the strain gradient, and a larger strain gradient may lead to a larger temperature rise during the compression wave front. Furthermore, the electron viscosity of the mobile edge and screw dislocations was obtained in theory. And the order of calculated magnitude in terms of the mechanical-electric coupling strength that can be determined by the attenuation coefficient of the longitudinal and shear wave agrees with experimental results. Overall, the revealed important effects of the electron viscosity for the dynamic deformations of metals were investigated and the obtained findings may aid in understanding the related phenomena deeply.
Category: Condensed Matter

Physics Recombined

Authors: Martin Mayer
Comments: 31 Pages.

Modern physics is no longer comprehensible to most people. This book explores the question of whether it is possible to develop a simpler and more intuitive physics. For this purpose, many ignored and overlooked physics relations are presented, which cannot be found in any textbook. These relations allow to develop a more holistic physics, which also builds a bridge to information theory and philosophy. Specifically, the book investigates, among other things, whether space consists of a structure of smallest elements, whether our universe is fractal, i.e. self-similar, whether we live in a black hole, what hidden commonalities there are in the fundamental forces, whether fundamental particles and hydrogen can be meaningfully described without quantum physics, whether black holes and fundamental particles are related, whether the formalism of special relativity really makes sense, whether particle spin can be explained classically, how gravity and quantum physics might be brought together and what the Sommerfeld constant is all about. To shed light on these questions, also parts of the works of Horst Thieme, Nassim Haramein, Dr. Randell Mills and Erik Verlinde are presented.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A New Theory of the Double-Slit Experiment

Authors: Jiankun Lai
Comments: 19 Pages.

The double-slit experiment is a fundamental experiment in physical optics and is currently regarded as a demonstration of the wave-like properties of microscopic particles. This is due to the pattern of alternating bright and dark fringes that appear on the screen as a result of the experiment. However, another characteristic of the double-slit fringe pattern—the nested fringes—has not been previously discussed. In this paper, the authors propose a novel theory of double-slit separation based on this feature and design a new double-slit experimental apparatus to conduct the experiment, allowing for the adjustment of the slit width during the process and thus observing the variation in the fringe pattern. The experiment revealed that the double-slit fringe pattern is actually a localized magnification at the center of the single-filament diffraction pattern, inheriting the nested feature of the single-filament diffraction fringes. A set of obstruction theories utilizing relativity is summarized to explain the double-slit experiment. This new discovery opens up a new direction for research into double-slit experiments.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Spatial-Temporal Assessment of Soil Erosion Using the Rusle Model in the Upstream Inaouène Watershed, Northern Morocco

Authors: Chakir Hamouch, Jamal Chaaouan, Charaf eddine Bouiss
Comments: 16 Pages.

This study was conducted in the upstream Inaouène watershed, one of the largest tributaries of the Sebou River in Morocco. The aim of the study is to assess the risk of rain-induced erosion at two different periods (1984 and 2022) to better understand the trend of this phenomenon in the study area. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was employed to evaluate the soil loss rate, specifically concerning sheet erosion. To carry out this work, various factors of the equation (Rainfall erosivity "R," Soil erodibility "K," Vegetative cover "C," Topography "LS," and Anti-erosion practices "P") were incorporated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) and spatial remote sensing. By overlaying these factors, a quantitative map of soil losses in our watershed was obtained. The results of this study show that the upstream Inaouène experienced a significant erosion dynamic during both 1985 (T1) and 2022 (T2), with a notable decrease in the amount of soil loss over the last year. Soil degradation at T1 averaged about 68 (T/ha/year), with maximum and minimum losses between 2162 and 0.067 T/ha/year. In contrast, losses at T2 recorded an average of 52.4 (T/ha/year), with a maximum of 1850 (T/ha/year). The study area thus represents very high soil loss quantities in both periods compared to several studies conducted on this issue. This is attributed to the fact that the study area is located in a region characterized by very favorable natural and human conditions and factors for recording significant soil losses. These include concentrated and intense thunderstorms, the predominance of fragile rocks, steep slopes, low vegetative cover, and irrational human interference in the area.
Category: Climate Research

BERT-Based RASP: Enhancing Runtime Application Security with Fine-Tuned BERT

Authors: Mayur Sinha, Sangram Kesari Ray, Khirawadhi
Comments: 4 Pages.

Runtime Application Security Protection (RASP) is crucial in safe-guarding applications against evolving cyber threats. This research presents a novel approach leveraging a fine-tuned BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) model as the cornerstone of a robust RASP solution. The fine-tuning process optimizes BERT’s natural language processing capabilities for application security, enabling nuanced threat detection and mitigation at runtime. The developedRASP system harnesses BERT’s contextual understanding to proactively identify and neutralize potential vulnerabilities and attacks within diverse application environments. Through comprehensive evaluation and experimentation, this study demonstrates the efficacy and adaptability of the BERT-based RASP solution in enhancing application security, thereby contributing to the advancement of proactive defense mechanisms against modern cyber threats.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Linear Algebra and Group Theory

Authors: Teo Banica
Comments: 400 Pages.

This is an introduction to linear algebra and group theory. We first review the linear algebra basics, namely the determinant, the diagonalization procedure and more, and with the determinant being constructed as it should, as a signed volume. We discuss then the basic applications of linear algebra to questions in analysis. Then we get into the study of the closed groups of unitary matrices $Gsubset U_N$, with some basic algebraic theory, and with a number of probability computations, in the finite group case. In the general case, where $Gsubset U_N$ is compact, we explain how the Weingarten integration formula works, and we present some basic $Ntoinfty$ applications.
Category: Algebra

Calculus and Applications

Authors: Teo Banica
Comments: 400 Pages.

This is an introduction to calculus, and its applications to basic questions from physics. We first discuss the theory of functions $f:mathbb Rtomathbb R$, with the notion of continuity, and the construction of the derivative $f'(x)$ and of the integral $int_a^bf(x)dx$. Then we investigate the case of the complex functions $f:mathbb Ctomathbb C$, and notably the holomorphic functions, and harmonic functions. Then, we discuss the multivariable functions, $f:mathbb R^Ntomathbb R^M$ or $f:mathbb R^Ntomathbb C^M$ or $f:mathbb C^Ntomathbb C^M$, with general theory, integration results, maximization questions, and basic applications to physics.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Contribution to Goldbach's Conjectures

Authors: Radomir Majkic
Comments: 6 Pages.

The internal structure of the natural numbers reveals the relation between the weak and strong Goldbach's conjectures. Explicitly, if the weak Goldbach's conjecture is true, the strong Goldbach's conjecture is, and Goldbach's conjectures are true.
Category: Number Theory

Goldbach's Number Construction

Authors: Radomir Majkic
Comments: 7 Pages.

The internal structure of the natural numbers reveals the relation between the weak and the strong Goldbach's conjectures. The three prime integers structure of the odd integers alreadycontains the two prime integers base of the even integers. An explicit one-to-one correspondence between these two structures, defined asGoldbach's numbers exist. Thus, if the weak Goldbach's conjecture is true, the strong Goldbach'sconjecture should be. Hopefully, this will bring a happy end to Goldbach'sconjecture problem.
Category: Number Theory

Optical Fourier Transform with Direct Phase Measurement as a Computational Method

Authors: Aleksey A. Demidov
Comments: 7 Pages. In Russian

In the context of computational methods, an experiment on the optical Fourier transform with direct phase measurement (Nature 2017) is analyzed, a correct assessment of its actual computational complexity is made, taking into account interference that exceeds the capabilities of computational methods, and an experiment technique for direct measurement of computational complexity is presented.

В контексте вычислительных методов разбирается эксперимент по оптическому преобразованию Фурье с прямым измерением фазы (Nature 2017), производится корректная оценка его действительной вычислительной сложности с учётом помех, превосходящей возможности вычислительных методов, приводится методика эксперимента по прямому измерению вычислительной сложности.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Newtonian Knot in Empty (2+1)-Dimensional Space-Time

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: Written using latex, no figure, 5 pages

We propose the existence of a topological object, a Newtonian knot, in the framework of an Abelian Chern-Simons gravity with a small positive cosmological constant in empty (2+1)-dimensional space-time. This proposal is based on the idea that the Ricci curvature tensor could consist of a set of curvature components satisfying the non-trivial Hopf maps, leading to topological structures. Working within the Abelian Chern-Simons (first-order) framework, where the dreibein and spin connection are treated as independent fields, we derive the corresponding field equations and present ansatz solutions for both. Our results suggest that the Newtonian knot may serve as a novel topological feature in low-dimensional gravity theories.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Hidden Nonlinearity in Newton's Second Law of Gravitation in (2+1)-Dimensional Space-Time

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 5 Pages.

By assuming that the Ricci curvature tensor consists of a subset (scalar) field, we propose that Newton's second law of gravitation in (2+1)-dimensional space-time, a linear equation, could have hidden nonlinearity. This subset field satisfies a non-linear subset field theory where in the case of an empty space-time or the weak field, it reduces to Newton's linear theory of gravitation.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Magnus Thane of Halton Progenitor Hypothesis: Assheton, Kirkby and Nettleton Families

Authors: Stuart J. Nettleton
Comments: 13 Pages.

This Research Note investigates Magnus Thane of Halton as the Progenitor of the Assheton, Kirkby and Nettleton Families. Recent Y-DNA evidence is evaluated. The hypothesis is assessed through five sub-hypotheses. Although the hypothesis has a high probability of 78%, at this stage the absence of direct Y-DNA evidence in two critical phases of the chain of causality and consequential methodological reliance on inference leads to a lower confidence in the progenitor hypothesis of 52%. In other words, the hypothesis would pass the balance of probabilities criterion used in civil cases but would not yet pass the criterion used in criminal cases of being beyond reasonable doubt.
Category: Social Science

Flock Members Experience Gas Pressures Higher Than Lone Individuals

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 5 Pages.

Local interactions between flock members in absence of centralized control generate collective dynamics characterized by coherent large-scale patterns. We investigate whether aggregates of individuals like birds, swarms and fishes behaving in concert with their neighbors may modify the physical properties of the fluid medium in which they are embedded. Using the K-Nearest Neighbours algorithm to simulate collective animal behavior, we showed that the occurrence of collective dynamics can modify the physical parameters of the phase space in which the interacting individuals’ trajectories take place. This means that lone individuals experience the nearby fluid medium (i.e., the air in case of birds/insects and the water in case of fishes) differently from flock members. In particular, our framework suggests that a bird belonging to a group and acting collectively with its neighbours perceives the nearby atmosphere as denser, compared with an isolated bird.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A "Trinionic" Representation of a Classical Group

Authors: Kohji Suzuki
Comments: 24 Pages.

We apply "trinions" put forward in viXra:1712.0131 to the Lie group SU(3) to discuss some physical matters.
Category: Mathematical Physics

New Circular Periodic Table of Elements and Natural Group Theory

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 21 Pages. 12 Figures.

In this paper, we present a new circular periodic table of elements and its creative points. It has multi-circular form; it shows the growth and development of periodicity of elements; neutron locates at the center of it; hydrogen, carbon and silicon belong to the same family; all elements are divided into four categories, ie, metal, π family, nonmetal and 2π family; every d or f layer forms an independent subperiod respectively; the natural end of elements is the 112th element Cn*; and so on. It would be the most scientific and beautiful periodic table of elements, it would be the ultimate form of periodic table of elements or the periodic table of elements in the hands of God. Its corresponding revised and integrated versions also have these features. 2π-e formula and natural group theory inspiring and supporting it are also presented. Some ideal extended elements such as the 126th element are also predicted.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics