All Submission Categories

Flat Rotation Curves of Spiral Galaxies

Authors: Stefan Bernhard Ruester
Comments: 13 Pages. Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.8, n.8, (30-42), November 1, 2022

In this article, a simple but quite accurate model conforming to observations and solving the modified Poisson equation is utilized in order to compute the rotation curves as well as the radial acceleration relations of spiral galaxies being composed of several components: the central region of the bulge, the bulge, the disk, and dark matter. With this model, flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies are obtained, because the modified Poisson equation approximately meets the requirement of conservation of total energy in Newton's theory of gravity, wherefore the model contains the exact circular speeds of test particles which are caused by the dark matter component of the respective considered spiral galaxies. The computed rotation curves are fitted to the observed speeds in spiral galaxies taken from SPARC. It turns out, that the simple model in this article is able to explain the observed flat rotation curves as well as the increasing rotation curves at large distances from the center of spiral galaxies with a very good accuracy.
Category: Astrophysics

Hidden Premises in Galois Theory

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 6 Pages. I've added a section that clarifies earlier statements concerning algebraic versus transcendental numbers. Thanks for any patience.

This is a primer for Chapter 3 of Hadlock's book Field Theory and Its Classical Problems: Solution by Radicals. We take a rather naive perspective and consider the linear and quadratic cases afresh and evolve what is really met by solving a polynomial by radicals. There are what we consider to be several hidden premises that some students might be subconsciously puzzled about.
Category: Algebra

The Information as Absolute" 2022 ed

Authors: Sergey V. Shevchenko, Vladimir V. Tokarevsky
Comments: 49 Pages. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1004.371 V3 26 Apr 2023

This article presents and grounds (i.e. presents proof of the existence, the truth, the self-consistence and the completeness of) the informational concept ("the Information as Absolute" concept) in philosophy and sciences, which was developing from 2007 year till now. The concept defines the Information as ultimately common, real and fundamental "absolute" phenomenon, which exists as absolutely infinite set ("Information" Set) of elements (members) and informational (e.g., logical) links between the elements; where any element itself is some informational structure also. Correspondingly, for example, Matter as the substance, radiation, etc., is some system of informational patterns, constituting a specific, and practically infinitesimal comparing to the Set, element "Matter" of the "Information" Set. The concept allows for the resolution, or at least for a consideration on a higher level of rational comprehension, of basic ontological and epistemological problems in philosophy and natural sciences; it clarifies basic fundamental notions such as space, time, energy, etc., and so is the fundamental base for real development of science
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Theorem on Second Digits in the Powers of n

Authors: Victor Sorokine
Comments: 4 Pages.

In a number system with a prime base n>2, among n-1 powers of dn (d=1, u2026 n-1) there is a number whose second (from the end of the number) digit is not equal to 0. (The key lemma in the simplest proof of Fermat's Last Theorem.)
Category: Number Theory

The Electromagnetic Field Strength and the Lorentz Force in Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0)

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 30 Pages.

In this paper, we will calculate the electromagnetic field strength and the Lorentz force in Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0). And we will compare it with their equivalent in the tensor covariant formalism. Leading to a one-to-one map in the four equations.Also, we will obtain another four extra equations that do not appear in the classical formalism, and we will explain its meaning. In the same way, we will expand the Electromagnetic field strength elements and the velocity multivector of the particle.This will lead to new equations and new elements appearing that will be explained. The most important one, is the Electromagnetic trivector Bxyz.Lastly, an insight of the possible implications in the Dirac Equation of these acquirements will be commented.
Category: Classical Physics

Heat Energy Transfer to Space via Graphene: Heat Transfer Analysis

Authors: Deepanker Shukla
Comments: 9 Pages.

The idea of transferring heat via graphene is analysed with respect to altitude in COMSOLMultiphysics and results have been documented in this paper.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

An [Attempt at] Refutation of General Relativity and Quantum Theories

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 3 Pages.

It is briefly shown that all physical theories that fall back on a mathematical application of the circle number π as an irrational dimensionless number are irrational and incorrect in their explanatory content, since they divide the physical dimensions of space (L) and time (T) into an incorrect and make an irrational connection.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Zero-dimensional Physical Theory (V): Information, Energy, Efficiency, and Intelligence

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 12 Pages.

Proposed here is the case for a number theory derived from a mathematical description of zero-dimensional time (as a moment) and zero-dimensional space (as a point) as the underlying mathematical information base of physical phenomena. In support of this, the proposed zero-dimensional number theory is scaled with the charge of the electron and speed of light to translate into a physical theory confirming known mathematical descriptions of physical phenomena together with proposing new mathematical descriptions for physical phenomena that physics has yet to attain by its current mathematical approach. Specifically, examined here is how this process of physical theory formulation prescribes the contemporary ideas of information, energy, efficiency, and intelligence. By such, the modern scientific method is examined and found both problematic and limited in attempting to relate numbers and geometry directly to physical phenomena. Proposed here therefore is the case for the zero-dimensional number theory as the core mathematical information base of physical phenomena as per its indirect physical phenomenal route of mathematical and geometric execution.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Tetravalent Logic in Mathematics and Physics

Authors: Sébastien Lablanche, Gérard Lablanche
Comments: 499 Pages.

In this work, we solve the main mathematical puzzles of the UMMO file which contains severalthousand postal letters sent since the 1960s addressing many fields such as philosophy, mathematics, human sciences, biology, cosmology, theoretical physics, among others. "The UMMO affair" refers to more than 200 listed documents, representing at least 1300 typed pages (the "Ummite letters"), which are said to have been sent since 1966 to numerous recipients, in particular in Spain and France by editors - the Ummites - claiming to be extraterrestrials on an observation mission on Earth and which have four centuries of technological advance on the terrestrial human technologies. We demonstrate the importance of angular tetravalent logic in mathematics and theorical physics. As an example, we give a proof of Fermat’s last theorem using angular tetravalent logic, as suggested by the Ummites. Then, we will pierce the secrets of the universe always using the tetravalent logic, we will explain the reasoning which proves the existence of a twin universe and we give the mathematical formula for the folding of space-time which separates the two twin universes and finally we explain why the curvature of the universe is necessarily negative.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Atypical Structural Connotational Accordance Between Letters And Words Consisting Of Them

Authors: Andy Lockett
Comments: 5 Pages.

This is a strong piece which accommodates many ideas, those of faith, forms, destiny, ideals. It is advised you take anything written here with a grain of salt, for you should yourself see the prosperous infinity of the world we live in.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Wiring of a Jaycar Null Model Cable: First Results

Authors: Sunny Daniels
Comments: 4 Pages. I think that "Electronics" (which I think exists in arXiv) would be the most appropriate arXiv category for this paper, but there doesn't seem to be any such category in viXra, so I used "Classical Physics".

I completed the null modem cable testing apparatus that I described in https://vixra.org/abs/2208.0032 (for recovery of the old 1990s e-mails from Dr Michael Lennon: https://vixra.org/abs/2201.0097) and used it to attempt to discover the exact wiring of the null modem cable from Jaycar. It appears that I succeeded! My results are published here. However, a word of warning: I have not checked these results thoroughly. I would like to re-check these in the near future. If readers think that any particular part of these results is wrong, PLEASE TELL ME!
Category: Classical Physics

One-to-One Map of Dirac Equation Between Matrix Algebra and Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0)

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 29 Pages.

In this paper, it is created a one-to-one map between the Dirac Equation in Matrix Algebra and the Dirac Equation in Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0). First, the Dirac Equation and the representation of the wavefunction in Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0) is obtained. The equivalent representation for standard Matrix Algebra is presented. And finally, a one-to-one mapping between both representations is obtained.
Category: Quantum Physics

Lecture Notes On Celestial Mechanics: Elements of Central Configuration For Undergraduate Students (Part I)

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem, Richard Moeckel
Comments: 47 Pages.

From the lectures for an advanced course on celestial mechanics which Prof. Richard Moeckel gave in Trieste in 1994 on the topic - Central configurations of the n-body problem - that was one of his favorites, I have decided to develop a part of it as an introduction course for the undergraduate students where I have added more details (gray boxes) of the proofs to be understood by undergraduate students.It is based on the handwritten notes from the 1994 Trieste course. Part I of the notes concerns 3 chapters :- chapter 1: introduction,- chapter 2: the two-body problem,- chapter 3: special solutions to the n body problem.
Category: Classical Physics

The Hydrogen Atom Quantum Wave Function or Probability Density Graphs Match Exactly With the Shapes of the CMB, Black Hole Physics, Star Formation Rates and Many Other Macro Phenomenon Graphs

Authors: Harsimran Singh Dhaliwal
Comments: 154 Pages.

Graphs of the hydrogen atom’s wave function or probability density were compared to observational data of cosmic macro phenomena such as photons orbits around black holes, black hole masses, LIGO detected gravitational waves, the CMB, quasars distributions , galaxy rotation curves, galaxy distributions, supernova events and numerous other cosmic graphs. There is an identical symmetry between graphs of cosmic macro phenomena and the graphs of the hydrogen wave function or its probability density. The hydrogen atom’s wave function or probability density describes macro phenomena, or macro phenomena describes hydrogen atom’s wave function or probability density, or both.
Category: Quantum Physics

What Humans Perceive as Time and Space Are Just Facets of Energy

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 95 Pages.

A summary of papers which provide the following conclusions: 1. Electromagnetism is the source of most of the Dark Energy. 2. Electric Charges are also a form of Energy. 3. What humans perceive as Time and Space are just facets of Energy. 4. The Universe is compose of only one entity: Energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Winding Path of the Theories of Light and the New Paradigm

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 21 Pages. 18 figures

It seems as though light is fully understood, as there are two recognized, albeit contradictory, theories for light; however, there is no appropriate theory for dark energy. In this article, we briefly discuss the tortuous path in which the theories of light have evolved and demonstrate how their paradox can be resolved by applying a new physical paradigm, in which only one entity is needed to explain dark energy and dark matter together with the phenomena of light. This article discusses the foundations of this new paradigm.
Category: Classical Physics

Opposite of Euler's Theorem

Authors: Shazly Abdullah
Comments: 7 Pages.

The work of José María Grau and Antonio M. Oller-marcén has been generalized. Two proofs are presented to prove the generalization. The first is based on the binomial theorem and elementary algebra, and the second is based on the difference theorem and properties of congruence in particular.
Category: Number Theory

Bohr Model of the Atom, Mass Defect and Chemical Bond (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please refrain from repeated submission and cancellation of the same article)

Analyzing the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, it was found that the energy of the ionization potential is exactly equal to the electron mass defect (relativistic). Considering that energy is always released during the formation of a chemical bond, which means that there is a mass defect, it was possible to obtain a physical justification for the chemical bond. The calculated "distances" between electrons confirm that chemical bond electrons can no longer be considered weakly interacting particles. Therefore, the Pauli principle does not apply to the chemical bond.

Анализируя боровскую модель атома водорода, обнаружено, что энергия потенциала ионизации точно равна дефекту массы электрона (релятивистской). Учитывая, что при образовании химической связи всегда выделяется энергия, а значит, существует дефект массы, удалось получить физическое обоснование химической связи. Вычисленные "расстояния" между электронами, подтверждают, что электроны химической связи уже нельзя считать слабо взаимодействующими частицами. Следовательно, принцип Паули к химической связи неприменим.
Category: Chemistry

Is Physics a Cult Operation?

Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: 3 Pages.

Physics community enabled the research to the state of wishful thinking, not realizing whether the work being funded, theorized and published makes any sense. This campaign is to demand an apology from physics community for spreading false narrative as science for over a century. Sign the petition if you are from general public or other branches of science demanding an apology from physics community, and sign to offer an apology if you are from the physics community.
Category: Classical Physics

The Synthetic Routes to Some 92-173th Elements

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra: Please refraim from immediate, frequent and/or repeated replacements/cancellations)

In our previous paper, we gave the synthetic routes to the 119-128th elements. In this paper, we give the synthetic routes to some key elements from the 92th to the 173th. The 137th element could be called the Feynman end of the elements, and 173th element could be called the Dirac end of the elements, so the main aim of this work is to explore the frontier of the elements. In addition, we also illustrate a "bridge-correlation effect" in nuclides.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Cellular Automaton Graphics (13)

Authors: Kikuchi Morio
Comments: 84 Pages.

In body-centred cubic lattice and face-centred cubic lattice which are discrete coordinate system with central part, we do a tiling.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Rebuilding Set Theory

Authors: Hongyi Li
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper gives a new definition of set and introduces the concept of elastic set with variable extension. Without any unprovable or unreliable proposition, hypothesis or conjecture, it eliminates Russell's paradox, Cantor's paradox, Galileo's paradox and Infinite Hotel's paradox. Reveals the essence of infinityand gives the expression of the number of elements of infinite set, Corrects the error that an infinite set can correspond to its proper subset one by one. At the same time, the hypothesis that there is an unique natural numbers set that has included all natural numbers has been refuted. It is pointed that the diagonal Argument and Cantor theorem have not proved that real numbers can not be one-to-one corresponded to natural numbers. Since the set is variable, we can also use the variable things such as variables or functions as the elements of the set.There are so many mistakes in the most strict mathematics, let alone the humanities? It shows that the wisdom of modern Westerners, who lack the gene of cultural diversity, is far less than that of the ancient Greek era, or even degenerated to the barbaric era. No wonder a good world would fight for some differences that may not be meaningful, and even foolishly walked to the edge of nuclear war!
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Role of Acceleration in the Twin Paradox

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper we discuss the role of the acceleration in solving the Twin Paradox of Special Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The 95% Missing Mass of the Universe

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Big Bang theory is the prevailing theory in cosmology. But it is facing an awkward situation. It can account for only 5% of the mass in the universe. This is the mass of the visible universe. The other 95% of the mass in the universe is unknown or "dark". In this paper, I suggest a modification to the BB that can solve this conundrum.
Category: Astrophysics

The Mmana-Gal Antenna Simulator

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 27 Pages. carloschiappini@gmail.com

Este simulador de antenas tiene virtudes destacables. 1. Está pensado para facilitar el uso y la comprensión intuitiva de las funciones. 2. Produce simulaciones concordantes con la realidad. 3. Los resultados son directamente apicables a la práctica. 4. La versión gratuita tiene lo necesario para simular las antenas que deseemos. 5. La versión paga agrega comodidad en el caso de antenas complejas, porque resuelve detalles geométricos que la versión gratuita deja a cargo del usuario. 6. Presenta una función de optimización adecuada y efectiva, que opera perfectamente con antenas vectoriales y con antenas escalares. 7. Analiza todos losparámetros que interesan a quienes se interesan sriamente en antenas y da resultados fiables.

This antenna simulator has remarkable virtues. 1. It is intended for ease of use and intuitive understanding of functions. 2. Produces simulations consistent with reality. 3. The results are directly applicable to practice. 4. The free version has everything you need to simulate the antennas you want. 5. The paid version adds comfort in the case of complex antennas, because it solves geometric details that the free version leaves up to the user. 6. It presents an adequate and effective optimization function, which works perfectly with vector antennas and with scalar antennas. 7. It analyzes all the parameters that interest those seriously interested in antennas and gives reliable results.
Category: Classical Physics

Ultimate Acceleration in Quantum Mechanics to Explain and Calculate Earth's Geomagnetic Field: 0.6Gauss

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 37 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit β, in the solar system, β=2.961520e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is large, any effect related to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, and is applied to sunspot, earth's tropic cyclones, and earth's geomagnetic field problems. The sunspot cycle is calculated to be 10.93 years due to the ultimate acceleration. A simulation was carried out, clearly showing the inner structure of a cyclone, which is consistent with the famous DIANA cyclone on 12 September 1984 in situ observation measured by an aircraft. The sunspot structure is also investigated, which has a similarity to that of a tropic cyclone. The ultimate acceleration provides a mechanism to explain geomagnetic field, the earth's geomagnetic field is calculated to be 0.6Gauss at the north pole.
Category: Quantum Physics

The General Hohmann Transfer

Authors: Mark Linick
Comments: 5 Pages.

An analytical method is presented for tangent transfers (Hohman type transfers) between non-coaxial elliptical orbits. Since Hohmann transfers are thought not to apply to non-coaxial orbits, this method generalizes the Hohmann transfer, typically used only between circular orbits. Since tangent transfers are less complex, as they require no change in direction, they offer an alternative to other orbital transfer and rendezvous methods.
Category: Astrophysics

Electron and Electrons System

Authors: Sheng-Ping Wu
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article try to unified the four basic forces by Maxwell equations, the only experimental theory. Self-consistent Maxwell equations with the e-current coming from matter current is proposed, and is solved to electrons and the structures of particles and atomic nucleus. The static properties and decay are reasoned, all meet experimental data. The equation of general relativity sheerly with electromagnetic field is discussed as the base of this theory. In the end the conformation elementarily between this theory and QED and weak theory is discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Practical Economy of the Equal Opportunity of Becoming an Investor: Two Concrete Economic Proposals in Order to Unconcentrate Investment Capacities

Authors: Didier Rabiat-Blanchard
Comments: 1 Page.

In order to practically improve the equal opportunity of becoming an investor, a zerointerest loan is proposed, as well as an unavoidable tax on all the lucrative activities of the verywealthy.
Category: Economics and Finance

The Witten Conjecture About the Entropy of Black Holes and the Relationship of the Monster Group With String Theory

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 7 Pages. error correction in two equations

In 2007, E. Witten suggested that AdS/CFT correspondence yields a duality between pure quantum gravity in (2+1)-dimensional anti de Sitter space and extremal holomorphic CFTs. Pure gravity in 2+1 dimensions has no local degrees of freedom, but when the cosmological constant is negative, there is nontrivial content in the theory, due to the existence of BTZ black hole solutions. Extremal CFTs, introduced by G. Höhn, are distinguished by a lack of Virasoro primary elds in low energy, and the moonshine module is one example. Part of Witten's proposal is that Virasoro primary elds are dual to black-hole-creating operators, and as a consistency check, he found that in the large-mass limit, the Bekenstein-Hawking semiclassical entropy estimate for a given black hole mass agrees with the logarithm of the corresponding Virasoro primary multiplicity in the moonshine module. In the low-mass regime, there is a small quantum correction to the entropy, e.g., the lowest energy primary elds yield In(196883) ~ 12.19, while the BekensteinHawking estimate gives 4π ∼ 12.57.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A General Theory of Sleep

Authors: Matthew Groom
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper will address the meaning and purpose of sleep by combining several factors. This combination will also answer another of the greatest mysteries of humanity, where did we originate, surface or deep-sea vent.I have included how Artificial Intelligence, the Brain, Sentience is derived from sleep.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Equivalence of Energy and Time

Authors: Friedhelm Jöge
Comments: 2 Pages.

A formula is developed that shows the equivalence of Energy and Time.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Model for Combining Classical and Quantum Physics Based on Lorentz Invariants

Authors: Aleksander Maltsev
Comments: 21 Pages. In Russian

The paper develops the application of a mathematical model describing the physical vacuum and matter by two-component systems. In contrast to Newtonian physics, when describing the energy of a body, its volume is taken into account. The model allows representing matter as a middle state between "black" holes and space. Using examples of matter energy changes, the appearance of electric charge and magnetic fields is shown. The interconnection of matter with the processes of the Universe evolution is shown. The conclusion that the motion of time is impossible without a change in the rate of time is substantiated. The dependence of the change in the rate of time motion, on the interval of time, distorts the data on the rate of expansion of the Universe. It is concluded that the movement of time is a transformation of the future into the past. The spiral motion of photons is explained. The justification of the description of the physical essence of phenomena using rectangular coordinates is considered.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Legendre's Conjecture

Authors: Andrea Berdondini
Comments: 4 Pages.

Abstract: the aim of this article is to find the arrangement in which prime numbers less than or equal to a number N occupy the greatest possible number of consecutive positions. Solving this problem is fundamental in understanding what the maximum gap is between two prime numbers and therefore being able to prove the conjectures relating to this problem: such as the Legendre conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Cyberbullying Detection on Social Media in Indonesia with Text Mining

Authors: Nedya Farisia, Yova Ruldeviyani, Eko Kuswardono Budiardjo
Comments: 10 Pages.

Social media is growing rapidly at the moment and provide convenience to communicate. But such convenience widely misused to treat other people with not decent before the entire internet community commonly called cyberbullying. If cyberbullying fail to prevent, it will be difficult to track down and deal with it. One of the main weapons to prevent acts of cyberbullying is to perform detection on social media. Detection of cyberbullying can be done by determining whether a post offend the sensitive topic of a personal nature such as racist or not. By determining the related words such sensitive topics and filter sentiment, cyberbullying tweet detection is done by using the method of classification Hyperpipes, Tree-based J48, and SVM. The results show that the algorithm hyperpipes and decision tree produces the best evaluation results with the accuracy of 85.32% and 86.24%.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Truth Values of Experiments Depend on Measurements

Authors: Koji Nagata, Do Ngoc Diep, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 8 Pages. Asian Journal of Mathematics and Physics, (Accepted 2024.10.11).

We present a different formulation of the Kochen-Specker theorem that relies on the properties of the Kronecker delta notation. This greatly simplifies the Kochen-Specker theorem into a scenario where the Kochen-Specker contradiction can occur with only two measurements. The main result of this paper extends this result into noisy measurements and shows that the contradiction can still be observed. This results to an experimentally accessible version for their simple Kochen-Specker theorem. The results presented here are an interesting and different investigation to the typical Kochen-Specker theorem and we believe they would be of an interest to the community. The report is presented satisfactorily and is rather concise and to the point. We hope gently our discussions could contribute for formulating the Kochen-Specker theorem using the measurement theory based on the truth values into an experimentally accessible theory in terms of a finite precision measurement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of Cr-doped ZnO

Authors: Nedya Farisia, Rosari Saleh
Comments: 11 Pages.

Within the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT) we have studied the electronic and the magnetic properties of wurtzite ZnO doped with transition-metal Cr in the presence of some defects (Vo, H, VoH). The spectrum of band structure, density of states (DOS) and projected density of states (PDOS), and spin-density distribution in this system were investigated. The results of investigation shows that the existence of Vo in ZnO:Cr could stabilize ferromagnetic state of the system, due to the large magnetization and density of states at Fermi level. While, the existence of H introduce donor in ZnO:Cr but just polarized above Fermi level so there is no much change observed in its magnetic properties. And as for the existence of VoH in ZnO:Cr, it turn out able to show the half-metallic properties.
Category: Condensed Matter

Bohr Model of the Atom, Mass Defect and Chemical Bond

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych.
Comments: 11 Pages.

Analyzing the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, it was found that the energy of the ionization potential is exactly equal to the electron mass defect (relativistic). Considering that energy is always released during the formation of a chemical bond, which means that there is a mass defect, it was possible to obtain a physical justification for the chemical bond. The calculated "distances" between electrons confirm that chemical bond electrons can no longer be considered weakly interacting particles. Therefore, the Pauli principle does not apply to the chemical bond.
Category: Chemistry

Stabilization and Dissolution of Matter

Authors: R. Muraleedhara Kurup
Comments: 13 Pages.

This concept contributes a clear aspect of stabilization and dissolution of energy, force, waves, field, atomic particles, atomic state, molecular state, state of matter, matter and space-time symmetry. Infinity (of all possibilities) is the unrealized state (beforeformation) of every natural phenomena. These fundamental of matter arise due to pulsingwith space-time symmetry. The unrealized state pulsated, and after space-time symmetry isformed, movement takes place. Effect of gradually increasing intensity of pulsation becomesmovement in space-time symmetry, and the stabilization of increasing power of pulsationbecomes energy and the change in intensity of energy generates force. The nature of thechanges in the intensities of energy and force is wave like and waves stabilizes into fieldwith required space-time symmetry. At the critical limit of pulsation, field stabilize intosubatomic particle (mass factor) with required space- time symmetry. As the process ofincreasing intensity, the sub atomic particle stabilizes into atomic particles and atomicparticles stabilizes into atoms at the critical limit of interaction with required space-timesymmetry. Similarly, atoms stabilizes into molecules and molecules stabilizes into state ofmatter and state of matter stabilizes into matter at the critical limit of interaction withrequired space-time symmetry. Hence, every stage of matter come into effect and unificationof matter occurs. The present paper describes the concept and results in details.
Category: Astrophysics

The Movement of Time: Causes and Consequences

Authors: Aleksander Maltsev
Comments: 8 Pages. In Russian

The question of the emergence of the duration of an event by the movement of the present (the moment "now") in time is considered. The analysis of the dimensionality of the velocity of time motion is made. Based on the differences in the motion of matter in time and in space, the conclusion of the abstractness of time as the duration of an event and reality only in the present is obtained. The abstractness of the concept of time, allows in the duration of an event, to choose any moment as a point of reference. The natural point of reference is the present. The present divides time into past and future. A variant of the present, as a period of transformation of the future into the past, is considered. The sum of transformation periods creates the duration of an event, which is usually called time. It is concluded that it is impossible to travel in time. It is shown that the cause of the present, in time, is the acceleration of the rate of time in the Universe. Options for checking the conclusions are offered.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Geometric Analysis of the Unity of the Tempo of Time with Matter

Authors: Aleksander Maltsev
Comments: 9 Pages. In Russian

The Lorentz invariance of characteristics of a moving body is considered. Each characteristic is taken as an independent system that is in unity with the others. Algebraic variants of the unity of independent systems are presented. A geometrical analysis of the description of the unity of independent systems is performed. The emergence of a 3-dimensional Nature by the unity of independent systems is shown. The duality of the physical vacuum (medium and void) is explained by its two-component nature. The question of the origin of the duration of an event by the motion of the present is considered. The analysis of the dimensionality of the velocity of time motion is made. On the basis of the differences, in the motion of matter in time and in space, the conclusion of the abstractness of time as the duration of an event and the reality of only the present (the moment "now") is obtained. The abstractness of the concept of time, allows in the duration of an event, to choose any moment as a point of reference. A variant of the present, as a period of transformation of the future into the past, is proposed. The sum of the transformation periods creates the duration of the event. It is concluded that time travel is impossible. The analysis of the effects arising in the matter while moving in time is made. A variant of verification of the presented conclusions is offered.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The AI Definition and a Program Which Satisfies this Definition

Authors: Dimiter Dobrev
Comments: 28 Pages. English and Bulgarian languages

We will consider all policies of the agent and will prove that one of them is the best performing policy. While that policy is not computable, computable policies do exist in its proximity. We will define AI as a computable policy which is sufficiently proximal to the best performing policy. Before we can define the agent’s best performing policy, we need a language for description of the world. We will also use this language to develop a program which satisfies the AI definition. The program will first understand the world by describing it in the selected language. The program will then use the description in order to predict the future and select the best possible move. While this program is extremely inefficient and practically unusable, it can be improved by refining both the language for description of the world and the algorithm used to predict the future. This can yield a program which is both efficient and consistent with the AI definition.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On the Distribution of Perfect Numbers and Related Sequences via the Notion of the Disc

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 4 Pages. The paper uses the notion of a disc induced by arithmetic function to relate perfect numbers with abundant numbers

In this paper we investigate some properties of perfect numbers and associated sequences using the notion of the disc induced by the sum-of-the-divisor function $sigma$. We reveal an important relationship between perfect numbers and abundant numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Cosmological Redshift from Light Acceleration

Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 3 Pages. improvment in conclusions

We propose that the cosmological redshift is caused (at least in part) by gravitational damping of light as it moves through the universe. Such damping must occur, because the light is continuously deflected (accelerated) on its path across the universe by the persistent spacial change of the gravitational field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculation of the Cosmological Constant for Fermion and Boson Electric Charges Swap Lie-Groupoid

Authors: E. Koorambas
Comments: 17 Pages. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives 4.0 International License

Following a previous article [1], in this paper, we investigate a version of the Standard Model (SM) algebroid with the anchor map depending on the Electric Charge Swap (ECS) angle θs. We find that many SM algebras depend on θs. We call these ECSM algebras. Furthermore, the SM algebroid is integrable to the SM groupoid; our results, therefore, potentially extend well beyond this case. We then investigate how the massive ECS particle can be derived from the breaking of the symmetry of the SM groupoid. We find that the ECS particle mass is related to the SM particle mass through the ECS angle θs. We investigate the finite subgroups of the ECS Möbius transformations. The ECS angle s could originate from the ECS dihedral group that refers to the symmetry of the Particle polygon (P-gon). This angle can then be determined through the multi-triangulation of a convex particle P-gon. Finally, we find that, at the loop level, the ECS Physics is different from the SM physics, and the ECSM mass is suppressed by the particle Catalan numbers CP. For 24-fermions [1], and 6- vector gauge bosons, the calculated one-loop radiative correction to the bare cosmological constant Λ0 is 10-47GeV4—very close to the experimental value.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Exploration of the Criteria for Graviton Detection from Relic Conditions

Authors: Andrew W Beckwith
Comments: Pages.

We will first of all reference a value of momentum, in the early universe. This is for 3+1 dimensions and is important since Wesson has an integration of this momentum with regards to a 5 dimensional parameter included in an integration of momentum over space which equals a ration of L divided by small l (length) and all this times a constant. The ratio of L over small l is a way of making deterministic inputs from 5 dimensions into the 3+1 dimensional HUP. In doing so, we come up with a very small radial component for reasons which due to an argument from Wesson is a way to deterministically fix one of the variables placed into the 3+1 HUP. This is a deterministic input into a derivation which is then First of all, we restate a proof of a highly localized special case of a metric tensor uncertainty principle first written up by Unruh. Unruh did not use the Roberson-Walker geometry which we do, and it so happens that the dominant metric tensor we will be examining is variation in . We state that the metric tensor variations given by , and are negligible contributions , as compared to the variation . From there the expression for the HUP and its applications into certain cases in the early universe are strictly affected after we take into consideration a vanishingly small r spatial value how we define.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

De Sitter Symmetry and Neutrino Oscillations

Authors: Felix Lev
Comments: 17 Pages.

Although the phenomenon of neutrino oscillations is confirmed in many experiments, the theoretical explanation of this phenomenon in the literature is essentially model dependent and is not based on rigorous physical principles. We propose an approach where the neutrino is treated as a massless elementary particle in anti-de Sitter (AdS) invariant quantum theory. In contrast tostandard Poincare invariant quantum theory, an AdS analog of the mass squared changes over timeeven for elementary particles. Our approach naturally explains why, in contrast to the neutrino, the electron, muon and tau lepton do not have flavors changing over time and why the number of solar neutrinos reaching the Earth is around a third of the number predicted by the standard solar model.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Gravitational Dynamics from the Kolmogorov Entropy

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 9 Pages.

The Kolmogorov (K-) entropy quantifies the continuous transition from deterministic evolution to fully developed chaos. We argue here that, in the early Universe, multi-body Newtonian gravity emerges from the properties of the K-entropy. This finding also suggests that, far above the Fermi scale, gravitational physics and field theory are coexisting manifestations of Hamiltonian chaos in large systems of interacting components.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Will the Real Rainbow Please Stand Up? Putting Spacetime in Its Place

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 7 Pages.

The function of this meander is ‘putting spacetime in its place’; Though not overtly the theme. A quick look at a variety of ideas related to observation product production, (including rainbows.) Also considered is replacement of spacetime with uni-temporal space for the home of existential matter. Ending up at the need to reconsider the cause of gravity in that case.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Who Checks NASA’s Dart Project?

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 2 Pages.

A digital model of the collision of DART with Dimorphos, the ‘moon’ of the asteroid Didymos, learns that the by NASA press released influence of this collision on the orbit of this ‘moon’ is most likely greatly exaggerated. It is considered much more likely that the influence lies within the uncertainty of the parameters of this orbit.
Category: Astrophysics

Theoretical Expansion of Two Operators in Series

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper is a clean and short approximation to the concept of the double serial operators in a theoretical way. It introduces with the help of combinatorics the full extension of theoretical formalism which is necessary to do double serial operators with the 6 basic mathematical tools.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Proof of the Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Rachid Annouaoui
Comments: 9 Pages. In English

This is an attempt at the proof of Goldbach Conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Fermat's Last Theorem (First Case)

Authors: Victor Sorokine
Comments: 4 Pages.

Proof-consequence, no calculations. Among the n-1 equalities equivalent to Fermat's basic equality, obtained by multiplying it by the numbers d (d=1, u2026, n-1) to the power of n^2, there is an equality that does not hold for the third digits.
Category: Number Theory

Use Geometric Algebra to Identify the Planes that are Tangent to Three Given Spheres

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 14 Pages.

To help fill the need for examples of introductory-level problems that have been solved via Geometric Algebra (GA), we derive the equation for a plane that is tangent to three given planes. The approach that we use determines the unit bivector of the tangent plane from the interior and exterior products of the vectors that connect the centers of the given spheres. A more-general version of this approach is presented in an appendix.
Category: Geometry

If Peltola Had More Votes, She Would Have Lost

Authors: Warren D. Smith, Jiri Navratil
Comments: 7 Pages.

Alaska's August 2022 special election, won by Mary Peltola, was its first statewide instant runoff (IRV) election. We demonstrate a large number of horrific paradoxes, pathologies, problems, and widely publicized lies and misconceptions about this election. For example the election was "non monotonic" in the sense that if 6000 Palin votes had switched to Peltola, that would have made Peltola lose.
Category: Social Science

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 6 Pages.

The uncertainty in the measurement of a particle’s position and momentum as the cause of the particle-electron movement is interpreted. Specifically, the rapid decreasing fluctuation amplitude A, as a function of the distance x from the electron, is the cause of the uncertainty in the measurement. Therefore, we have to express Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle ∆p∆x≥h/2π with ∆A and ∆x, i.e. replacing the momentum difference ∆p with the amplitude difference ∆A.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Fizeau Experiment Revisited and Physical Meaning of the Refractive Index

Authors: Florian Michael Schmitt
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Fizeau experiment was a pivotal milestone on the long road to the discovery of Relativity. In this paper, we identify a fundamental flaw in Fizeau's Fresnel-based interpretation: the exclusion of different wavelengths of light in vacuum and water from the calculation. We present a physically robust explanation of the effect using classical physics. As a byproduct, the derived formulae clarify the physical meaning of the refractive index and address why refractive indices usually, but not always, correlate with matter density. Furthermore, they enable the calculation of the relationship between molecular diameter and the spacing between molecules in a medium, derived from the refractive index.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmos Thermodynamics Axis Manifests Decoherence That Integrates Into a Multi-level Space-metrics for Coherence for Brain Function

Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 74 Pages. 18 figures, 1 table

The Doppler shift could be applied to directional neuronal connectivity involving change in frequency ν±Δν of wave that is moving relative to the wave source, acting over neuronal circuit distancing. The 1s orbital of the hydrogen atom allows the electron spin-flip up and down to emit radio emission at 18cm from hydroxyl radical and 21cm atomic hydrogen, which combined form water. This strongest spectral line of the hydrogen, present in the Dark Ages and by radio astronomy detected from primordial galaxies, is emitted by the water of all tissues, medically applied for brain studies, by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hence, a Doppler Effect imaging of the distancing dynamics allows neuronal connectivity by their emission spectrum frequencies. Hence, the assay of nano scales coherence or distancing thermodynamics, equivalent to the plasticity strength of neuronal movement for electric connectivity. Therefore its interpreting measure an equivalent of crosstalk between neurons and its elucidation became an analog to a translation of this unknown process. The transmembrane enzymes generate the enthalpy, coupled to the metabolism of glucose and water cluster. The products CO2 and water as vapor are exhaled at the mouth as entropy. This integrative model allows a joint perspective of multiple layers of the reality, conditioned by scale dimension. Thus, the metrics of the quantum mechanics realm could show the locals frames for superposition of space and simultaneity. The brain thermodynamics relationship between inputs of glucose and the enthalpy process of metabolic energy (heat), coupled homeostatically at 36.6℃ to water cluster H-bond breakdown, which in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in microtubules could circulate in a liquid state as dimers (H2O~OH2) to dissipate entropy as vapor in the oral cavity. The multi-layers at neuron scale manifest spin in antenna role to signal connectivity for axon, dendrites, microtubules and tunneling. Myelinated space is a thermodynamic closed system, which eventually tends to equilibrium between enthalpy and entropy in which free energy cannot produce work. At a myelinated axon the Nodes of Ranvier "jumps" from node to node operate the unmyelinated stretches as a nano open space-time system. Quantic thermodynamic allows a repetitive sequence at the nano level of close to open, close to open, close u2026 Hence, a maximal value of enthalpy is conserved and entropy became dissipated outside the system, maintaining the action potential level in steady state. (Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words)
Category: Physics of Biology

Traditional Mathematics Is Not the Language of Nature: Multivalued Interaction Dynamics Makes the World Go Round

Authors: Andrei P. Kirilyuk
Comments: 33 Pages. 12 eqs, 64 refs

We show that critically accumulating "difficult" problems, contradictions and stagnation in modern science have the unified and well-specified mathematical origin in the explicit, artificial reduction of any interaction problem solution to an "exact", dynamically single-valued (or unitary) function, while in reality any unreduced interaction development leads to a dynamically multivalued solution describing many incompatible system configurations, or "realisations", that permanently replace one another in causally random order. We obtain thus the universal concept of dynamic complexity and chaos impossible in unitary mathematics. This huge difference between the unreduced mathematics of real-world dynamics and strongly limited unitary "models" of traditional mathematics inevitably induces a growing series of "unsolvable" problems and other "mysteries" that culminate now in the crisis of the "end of science", where the stagnating unitary "science" in question includes only the described limitation of the traditional mathematical framework (unfortunately accepted as the unique possible basis for any scientific knowledge). In this brief review, we show that science extension to the unreduced, dynamically multivalued mathematics of the intrinsically complex real-world dynamics provides stagnating problem solutions and reconstitution of the intrinsic causality and unity of science desperately missing in its artificially limited unitary framework. Painful stagnation of the latter should be replaced now by the unlimited new progress of the extended, causally complete knowledge of the universal science of complexity, which provides the urgently needed issue from the current impasse of the global civilisation development.
Category: General Mathematics

Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Tau Lepton

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 4 Pages.

Here, within the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST), we calculated the anomalous magnetic moment of the tauon: 0.0011771783. Our value is consistent with the Standard-Model (SM) prediction. We show that the anomalous magnetic moments of the charged leptons strongly depend on how they are created. Our model is very simple because we do not neglect internal structure of the bare particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Modified Cattaneo-Vernotte Equation for Heat Transfer in Solids

Authors: Victor L. Mironov
Comments: 11 Pages.

We propose a modified Cattaneo-Vernotte relation between heat flux and temperature gradient, which leads to a second-order equation describing the evolution of temperature in solids with finite rate of propagation. A comparison of the temperature field spreading in the framework of Fourier, Cattaneo-Vernotte (CV) and modified Cattaneo-Vernotte (MCV) equations is discussed. The comparative analysis of MCV and Fourier solutions is carried out on the example of simple problem of plate cooling.
Category: Condensed Matter

Fundamental Physical Constants & Primary Physical Parameters

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 14 Pages.

Every four years the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) supplies a self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics recommended for international use. In 2013, the World-Universe Model (WUM) proposed a principally different depiction of the World as an alternative to the picture of the Big Bang Model. This article: 1) Gives the short history of Classical Physics before Special Relativity; 2) Calculates Fundamental Physical Constants based on experimentally measured Rydberg constant, Electrodynamic constant, Electron Charge-to-Mass Ratio, and Planck constant; 3) Discusses Electrodynamic constant and Speed of Light; 4) Considers Dimensionless Fundamental Parameters (Dirac Large Number Q and Dimensionless Rydberg Constant α ); 5) Calculates Newtonian Constant of Gravitation based on the Inter-connectivity of Primary Physical Parameters; 6) Makes a detailed analysis of the Self-consistency of Fundamental Physical Constants and Primary Physical Parameters through the prism of WUM. The performed analysis suggests: 1) Discontinuing using the notion "Vacuum" and its characteristics (Speed of Light in Vacuum, Characteristic Impedance of Vacuum, Vacuum Magnetic Permeability, Vacuum Electric Permittivity); 2) Accepting the exact numerical values of Electrodynamic constant, Planck constant, Elementary charge, and Dimensionless Rydberg Constant α . WUM recommends the predicted value of Newtonian Constant of Gravitation in 2018 to be considered in CODATA Recommend Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 2022.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

One First Crucial Theorem for the Re-foundation of Elementary Set Theory and the Teaching of That Discipline to Future Generations

Authors: Nhat-Anh Phan
Comments: 14 Pages. Copyright. All rights reserved.

For a given infinite countable set A = U_{i∈N∗}{a_i }, ∀i ∈ N∗ , a_i≠∅, we demonstrate that it is legitimate to partition A in a finite or infinite number of infinite countable sub-sets when the initial order of indexation of the elements of A maintains a strictly increasing order in each sub-set. At this occasion we introduce two new formalism allowing to signify the fact that it is A that has been partitioned and the fact that A and the latter partition of A belong to the same class comprising infinitely many infinite countable sets constituted by the same infinite countable sub-sets that constitute the partition of A.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

A Theory of Multiple Interacting Realities

Authors: Chris A. Broka
Comments: 13 Pages.

We consider how two (or more) distinct physical realities can coexist within a common spacetime. As an example we will utilizequantum electrodynamics since this is a familiar and well-understood theory. We will designate one world the 'red' one and theother the 'green' one. We will illustrate how they can interact in a physically plausible way. The result is, in fact, a rather strangekind of Kaluza-Klein theory. If there are other such realities they could provide a possible explanation for dark matter.Keywords: Multiple Realities; Kaluza-Klein Theories; Dark Matter; Dark Matter Halos.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Causality, Time and Force

Authors: John Hodge
Comments: 12 Pages.

Orthodox physics makes extensive use of number relation mathematics such as mapping, probability, and infinite series. This mathematics is devoid of causative relations. A method to implement D. Hume's philosophy of causation and time is suggested. The method is applied to Newton's laws, the Faraday equation, and the Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) Universal Equation. Including causation in physics modeling can result in increased understanding of physicality and new insights, which have been observed. The obfuscation of mathematics may be removed from physics by finding the cause--effect of observations.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Measuring the Inaccessible and the Unattainable

Authors: Giovanni Di Savino
Comments: 5 Pages. In Italian

Thales taught us that if reported on a plane, one can measure the inaccessible and the unattainable; our inaccessible and unreachable to measure is the umpteenth prime number which is the sum of the distances that separate its minor prime numbers which is as large, inaccessible and unattainable as the quantity of multiples present between two consecutive primes.
Category: Number Theory

Extending F1 Metric: Probabilistic Approach

Authors: Mikolaj Sitarz
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article explores the extension of well-known F1 score used for assessing the performance of binary classifiers. We propose the new metric using probabilistic interpretation of precision, recall, specifcity, and negative predictive value. We describe its properties and compare it to common metrics. Then we demonstrate its behavior in edge cases of the confusion matrix. Finally, the properties of the metric are tested on binary classifier trained on the real dataset.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Careful Examination of Key Experiments Supporting Time Dilation

Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 20 Pages. Time dilation, relativity theory, transverse Doppler effect, gravitational redshift, photon emission frequency.

Time dilation seems proven by numerous experiments and is widely accepted by the physics community. However, by re-examining key historical experiments, this paper finds that the claimed time dilation is merely a photon emission frequency dilation of either a moving source or a source in a gravity field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Amino Acid Numbering, Ultimate Numbers and the 3/2 Ratio Connections Between Genetic Code and Number Theory

Authors: Jean-Yves Boulay
Comments: 13 Pages.

An unprecedented numbering of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids, itself deduced from a logical numbering of the sixty-four DNA triplets, reveals connections between the mechanism of the genetic code, of the field of Biology, and the number theory field, of which more precisely the notion of ultimate number, one of the four classes of Mathematics entities proposed to constitute the set of whole numbers. These connections are revealed in an physico-arithmetic organization of the genetic code in various ratios of 3/2 value as global configurations.
Category: Number Theory

The 70,368,744,177,664 Names of God

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages. Dedicated to the memory of Arthur C Clarke

The classic science fiction story from Arthur C. Clarke called The Nine Billion Names of God is assessed and updated. Modern day interpretations are created using genetic and quantum computing qubit engineering to propose an analogous technical, if not metaphysically interesting, engineering target that will likely be achieved by the year 2040.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Medidas Terrestres (Terrestrial Measures)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 3 Pages. carloschiappini@gmail.com

Aprendemos en la escuela que el metro es una fracción de meridiano terrestre y que la fracción es escogida convencionalmente. ¿ Es verdad que el metro es una medida puramente convencional ? Cuesta creer que la naturaleza no contenga un patrón de tamaño propio a escala macroscópica. No pienso en un objeto natural que tenga el tamaño patrón. Pienso en un patrón deducible de datos referidos a fenómenos naturales, un patrón legítimo, establecido sin introducir convención alguna.Los datos históricos muestran que el metro es herencia de civilizaciones muy antiguas que lo usaban. En algunas construcciones del Egipto antiguo fue hallado un objeto con forma de pirámide denominado Piramidión. La altura del piramidión más antiguo hallado hasta hoy es exactamente un metro, medida con el patrón actual. Otra de sus medidas es 1,57 m , que coincide con la altura multiplicada por pi . Si el metro actual fuese puramente convencional, sería necesaria una casualidad extrema para que nuestro metro y el piramidión coincidan exactamente.Este documento muestra una relación inesperada entre el metro, el sistema decimal, el sistema de las docenas, la velocidad de la luz en el vacío y la duración del día terrestre. Es decir una aritmética del espacio y del tiempo que se conecta con los sistemas heredados de la antigüedad.

We learn in school that the meter is a fraction of the terrestrial meridian and that the fraction is chosen conventionally. Is it true that the meter is a purely conventional measure ? It is hard to believe that nature does not contain a pattern of its own size on a macroscopic scale. I don't think of a natural object that has the standard size. I am thinking of a deductible pattern of data referring to natural phenomena, a legitimate pattern, established without introducing any convention. Historical data shows that the metro is the legacy of very ancient civilizations that used it. In some ancient Egyptian constructions an object with pyramidal shape called a pyramidion. The height of the oldest pyramidion found to date is exactly one meter, measured with the current standard. Another of its measurements is 1.57 m, which is equal to the height multiplied by pi. If today's meter were purely conventional, extreme chance would be necessary for our meter and the pyramidion to coincide exactly. This document shows an unexpected relationship between the meter, the decimal system, the system of dozens, the speed of light in a vacuum and the length of the Earth's day. That is, an arithmetic of space and time that is connected with the systems inherited from antiquity.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Biological Relevance of Intestinal Gases in Healthy Humans

Authors: Arturo Tozzi, Raffaele Minella
Comments: 25 Pages.

Intestinal gases are usually discarded as physiologically inert, useless sub-products of colonic fermentation that must be expelled to prevent discomfort and meteorism. Starting from the observation that many living beings use exogenous and/or endogenous gases to attain evolutionary benefits, we question whether intestinal gases in healthy humans could have underestimated physiological effects, either intestinal or extra-intestinal. We examine gaseous volume, composition, source and local distribution in proximal as well as distal gut, providing extensive data that may serve as reference for future studies. We analyze each one of the most abundant intestinal gases and describe their diffusive patterns, active trans-barrier transport dynamics, chemical properties, intra-/extra-intestinal metabolic effects mediated by intracellular, extracellular, paracrine and distant actions. Discussing the physical properties of the whole intestinal gaseous mixture, we illustrate how changes in volume/pressure can be generated by two different mechanisms, namely, physical muscular gut contraction and biological colonic fermentation, with quite different metabolic outcomes. The experimental gas laws suggest that the gaseous exchanges between lumen and bloodstream are impaired by muscular contraction and improved by muscular relaxation. In turn, the surface-area-to-volume ratio suggests that the gaseous exchanges are impaired by microorganismal overproduction and improved by microorganismal reduction. Further, theoretical stochastic approaches from probability theory indicate that the non-turbulent, random paths of gas molecules inside colonic haustra do not homogenously spread over the whole mucosal surface. This means that the intestinal area available for lumen/blood metabolic exchanges is much less than expected not just in disease states, but also in healthy individuals.
Category: Quantitative Biology

What is It Like to Be Me?

Authors: Xiaoyang Yu
Comments: 4 Pages.

No matter how many words/gestures one uses to describe his/her qualia, I won't be able to know what it was like for him/her to experience his/her qualia. I know what it was like for me to experience my qualia, simply because I can remember what it was like for me to experience my qualia. So, to me, there is no evidence that anyone else can experience his/her qualia. "What is it to be a bat?" When I imagine what it is like to be a bat, I'm actually imagining that I am the bat. Or in other words, I’m imagining that the bat is me.When I imagine that a bat is me, I’m actually imagining that a homunculus is sitting inside the bat’s body. What does this mean? What is that homunculus? That homunculus is a "clone" of me! That homunculus is another "me"!So, when I imagine that a bat is me, I’m actually imagining that I am sitting inside the bat’s body.So, the question "What is it like to be a bat?" is actually equivalent to the question "What is it like to be me?" or the question "If I sit inside a bat’s body (and control/feel the bat’s body) as the bat itself, what is it like to be me (under that situation)?". The question "What is it like to be me?" is actually equivalent to the question "If I sit inside a human’s body (and control/feel the human’s body) as the human himself, what is it like to be me (under that situation)?" or the question "If I sit inside my body (and control/feel my body) as myself, what is it like to be me (under that situation)?".
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Pointers to Nowhere with Geometric Unity Theory, or Some Ways Forward in Multi-fold Universes?

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 10 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

The theory of Geometric Unity is an incomplete, often misunderstood, and controversial new candidate as Theory of everything, that has been proposed by Eric Weinstein. This paper starts with some pointers to conventional reviews of the Geometric Unity theory. Then, we add our own considerations, that indicate that some of the main inconsistencies like anomalous fiber bundle, and complexification of the group used for the bundle and connections, may be addressable with approaches, and arguments, encountered in the multi-fold theory, including anomaly smearing by gravity, via chirality flips, and spacetime orientation flips, fractal discrete spacetime, and multi-fold space time matter induction and scattering.Yet the assumptions of supersymmetry, and high dimensions present in Geometric Unity probably doom the physicality of the Geometric Unity model, just as we have shown it to be the case for most supersymmetry-based GUTs and TOEs. The arguments can apply to GU over our real universe, especially if it was multi-fold, but to be multi-fold is not necessarily a requirement.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Advent of Mathematical Jurisprudence

Authors: Huhnkie Lee
Comments: 43 Pages. This is [a] paper that the author wrote long years ago back in 2016

The People v. Collins case shows the fear of mathematics in the court of law. We see another extreme in another court: the court of science. In that court, people worship mathematics. Scientists and evolutionists want to position mathematics at the place of God, the Creator. Scientists want to reduce every existence in the universe by a matter of random probability. Both science phobia in court and science worship in cosmology are the two undesirable extremes of how we see science. Science is a tool and thus should be used in a mechanic’s shop, not in church. That is, the rightful place for probability theory is the evidence proceeding in court, not in explanation of the origin of the world, the purpose of our existence, what we are, who we are, and why we are. This essay is a scientific exposition, a philosophical rhapsody, a societal satire, and an intellectual prophesy. Let us begin the journey.
Category: General Mathematics

The Fundamental State of the Electromagnetic Field (L’état Fondamental du Champ électromagnétique)

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 6 Pages. In French

In this article it is shown that constant lambda of the General Relativity have a quantum origin. Vacuum is the fundamental state of the electromagnetic field. Every point of space-time is considered as an oscillator in its fundamental state.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gravity and the Entropy Equation of a Black Hole

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.

[According to Bekenstein and Hawking], the black hole maximal entropy, the maximum amount of information that a black hole can conceal, beyond its event horizon, is proportional to the area of its event horizon surface divided by quantized area units, in the scale of Planck area (the square of Planck length). This is a surprising result since it limits the amount of information bits that are concealed in a volume of space to the amount of Planck area units that can fit into its surrounding surface area and not into its volume. This lead to the holographic principle idea by reducing our standard three dimensional (3D) space into a two dimensional space (2D). This paper will suggest a new approach in which we add extra dimensions and quantize our standard three dimensional space in order to explain this surprising result of the Hawking Bekenstein formula. From this new approach gravitational time dilation emerges leading towards the Einstein field equations.
Category: Quantum Physics

Properties of Tiny Objects and Vast Things

Authors: Thomas J. Buckholtz
Comments: 48 Pages.

Physics has yet to complete a catalog of properties of objects, complete a list of elementary particles, describe dark matter, and explain dark energy phenomena. This paper shows modeling that catalogs properties (such as charge and mass) and elementary particles (such as quarks and gluons). The catalog of properties includes known properties and suggests new properties. The catalog of elementary particles includes all known elementary particles and suggests new elementary particles. The modeling has bases in integer arithmetic and complements popular modeling that has bases in space-time coordinates. This paper shows applications that combine popular modeling, the expanded set of properties, and the expanded set of elementary particles. Applications describe dark matter, explain known ratios of dark matter effects to ordinary matter effects, point to possible resolutions for so-called tensions (between data and popular modeling) regarding dark energy phenomena, and suggest insight about galaxy evolution.
Category: Astrophysics

On the Gauge-Gravity Duality in Fractal Dimensions

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 6 Pages.

Despite its technical appeal, the main drawback of the gauge-gravity duality is that it works with a negative cosmological constant, in manifest contradiction with observations. We point out here that a 2D spacetime endowed with minimal fractality acquires a positive cosmological constant upon combining the gauge-gravity duality with the dimensional reduction conjecture. When applied to the evolution of the primordial Universe, this finding hints to an unforeseen unification of Dark Energy and Dark Matter into a single framework.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The N-Body Problem (Le Problème de Mouvement de N Corps)

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 33 Pages. In French

The object of this paper is the problem of the motion of three bodies subjected to the attraction of gravitation. In section 1, we write the equations of motion, then we give the ten first integrals of motion. We treat the equations of motion of the case of an artificial satellite around the earth in section 2, where we deduce the 3 laws of Kepler and we give the resolution of the equations of motion of the artificial satellite. In section 3, we consider the case of the motion of two bodies. Finally in section 4, we give details of the equations of motion of 3 bodies, we develop the inverse of the squares of the distances to the first order. We treat, by neglecting the mass of a body, the problem called the restricted movement of two bodies.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On Trying to Modify Einstein Field Equations Hypothesis

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 8 Pages.

At quantum scale particles can be understood as complex vector fields that from is derived Einstein Field Equations. Space-time geometry is defined by those complex vectors fields. I present in general and explain all mathematical model that is need to make this idea be consistent with itself. Idea uses symmetry SU(n) that for our space-time is just SU(4) that is four dimensional.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Proposed Experimental Test of My Gravitational Time Dilation Equation

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 2 Pages.

I have previously shown that the exponential version of the gravitational time dilation (GTD) equation (first given by Einstein in 1907) is incorrect, because it is inconsistent with the outcome of the twin paradox. I then gave a corrected version of the GDT equation which IS consistent with the outcome of the twin paradox, and which is also consistent with the co-moving-inertial-frames (CMIF) simultaneity method. In this brief paper, I describe an experimental test of my GTD equation that might be feasible to conduct.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Alternate Explanation for the 'Spokes' Observed in Saturn's Rings

Authors: Fenton Doolan
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this paper, it is suggested that 'spokes' that appear in Saturn's rings at the equinoxes consist of grains of silicates that have been coated in pyrolytic carbon through the process of chemical vapour deposition. Pyrolytic carbon is a highly diamagnetic substance and as such can levitate above a sufficiently strong magnetic field due to a repulsive force. The 'spokes' also consist of ice particles as ice is also a highly diamagnetic substance. The photoelectric effect can be used to explain why the silicates coated in pyrolytic carbon return back to the main ring structure when exposed to sunlight of a specific frequency ie they become paramagnetic and thus are attracted towards the magnetic field emanating from the main ring structure. It is also suggested that Saturn's rings always have 'spokes'. They are only visible however when a favourable viewing angle is allowed, which is dependent on the angle of the sunlight hitting Saturn's rings.
Category: Astrophysics

Progress and Review of Applied Research on New Theory of Electronic Composition and Structure

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 25 Pages.

Quantum field theory regards particles as fields, and generally does not discuss the internal composition and structure of electrons. Exploring the internal composition and structure of electrons does not conflict with quantum field theory that does not discuss the internal composition and structure of electrons. Quantum mechanics is greatly embellished by a hypothesis of "the internal composition, structure and motion of electrons"—the important equations of quantum mechanics are no longer written intuitively, but can be derived from rigorous logic. It can give a reasonable and non-contradictory classical rotation model for electron spin and atomic structure. The most attractive thing is that the classical planetary model of atoms can also be successfully applied to the calculation of the dissociation energies and bond lengths of hydrogen molecules, lithium molecules, and sodium molecules. For atomic and molecular calculations a mixture of wave dynamics methods and classical methods in the context of planetary models can be used. There are hundreds of successful application cases. Which in turn shows that the two methods are equivalent or compatible. It can promote human beings to re-understand the characteristics of micro-systems.
Category: Quantum Physics

Simulating Ion Trap Quantum Computers

Authors: Andrew Shaw
Comments: 20 Pages. 22 figures

An ion trap quantum computer is simulated with an exponential speedup using the Stroboscopic Exponentiation Algorithm (SEA).
Category: Quantum Physics

Conjecture of the Universe Model and the Correlation Between Galaxy, Black Hole and the Model

Authors: Yuhang He
Comments: 11 Pages.

We discussed our hypothetical universe model and use it to deduce some conclusions, which challenge that Andromeda and the Milky Way do not necessarily collide ,the correlation between the model, black hole and the Milky Way. The universe is"four-dimensional" object, and we are in a "three-dimensional" earth.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Expression of Natural Constant e in Physics

Authors: Shan-Hong Li
Comments: 2 Pages.

The natural constant e is a mathematical constant, which is obtained by a mathematical formula. We find that there is also a simple expression for the natural constant e in physics, which is different from the formula in mathematics. It is composed of some physical constants, and its result is in good agreement with the value of the natural constant e.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Bipolariton Axion-like Generation in Ruby

Authors: V. S. Gorelik, V. V. Filatov, I. S. Alimkina
Comments: 2 Pages. Brief report

Axion is a hypothetical elementary particle introduced to solve the strong CP-problem of quantum chromodynamics. Nowadays, it is a best candidate for a role of a lightweight dark matter quantum. Axion also helps to solve various astrophysical problems, such as Hubble Space Telescope anomaly (extra-transparency of the Universe), PAMELA one (extra positron flux in cosmic rays), Super-Kamiokande one (traces of a new neutral particle) etc. The paper proposes a way to obtain axion-like particles, bipolaritons, in a crystalline solid by coupling of two polariton into the axion-like bipolariton during Bose-Einstein condensation of light in a transparent crystal (ruby).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Circuit Solution for Sensitivity Increasing of Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors

Authors: Mikhail Basov
Comments: 24 Pages.

The topic of this thesis is devoted to the use of various solutions for electrical circuits of pressure sensor (PS) chips. The piezoresistive differential amplifier (PDA) with 4 piezoresistors (PR) and piezoresistive differential amplifier with negative feedback loop (PDA-NFL) with 8 PRs used as electrical circuit. The use of deformable and non-deformable bipolar junction transistors (BjT) with vertical structure npn-type (V-NPN) and lateral structure pnp-type (L-PNP) is considered. The first, the output characteristics of developed piezoresistive PDA chip are researched in the comparative analysis relative to analog TMU18 with Wheatstone bridge (WB) circuit for 60 kPa pressure range. The analysis confirmed the possibility of sensitivity increasing by 2.2 times while maintaining the input conditions for geometry of mechanical structure and supply voltage. The second, the output characteristics of the developed piezoresistive PDA-NFL chip are researched in the comparative analysis relative to analog IPD60 with WB circuit for 60, 160 and 600 kPa pressure ranges. The analysis confirmed the possibility of sensitivity increasing by 3.5 times while maintaining the input conditions for geometry of mechanical structure, supply voltage and low errors; or minimization of chip area by 2.4 times while maintaining sensitivity. The possibility of reducing the noise of zero output signal by 20 times and the errors of temperature characteristics by more than an order relative to the parameters of piezoresistive PDA chip has been confirmed. The third, the output characteristics of ultra-highly sensitive small-sized PDA-NFL chip confirmed the possibility of simultaneously sensitivity increasing by 5.8 times and reducing chip area by 2.4 times relative to the analog IPD52 with WB circuit for 10 kPa range and while maintaining supply voltage and low errors.
Category: Classical Physics

On the International System Of Units (SI)

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 6 Pages. Added important chapter "Correction of the error"

It was shown in "Search for the World Formula" and "Quantum Theory and General Relativity from the Perspective of the "World Formula‘" that "time" is incorrectly defined in the "International System of Units (SI)" and that the speed of light in a vacuum c is not a natural constant, but represents the earth's surface rotating around its own axis. In this article, it is again derived why and in what form the system of units as a definition building and basis of science in the form given by the BIPM is incorrect and would have to be corrected in order to be able to convey an accurate world view.
Category: Quantum Physics

Complément Dimensionnel de la Solution Mathématique au Problème de la Constante Cosmologique

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 3 Pages. french version of viXra:2210.0050

Nous avons proposé une solution mathématique au problème de la constante cosmologique avec une tentative d’explication physique. Nous proposons ici un complément de cette solution pour valider l’hypothétique valeur de la densité d’énergie de la constante cosmologique dans la théorie quantique des champs (TQC), en montrant que la méthode dimensionnelle utilisée peut s’appliquer pour trouver la densité d'énergie critique du modèle ΛCDM.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Lagrange Multipliers and Adiabatic Limits I

Authors: Urs Frauenfelder, Joa Weber
Comments: 69 Pages. v2 Reference [SX14] added. J. Symplectic Geom. 23 no.5, 1109-1177 (2025). https://dx.doi.org/10.4310/JSG.251228022011

Critical points of a function subject to a constraint can be either detected by restricting the function to the constraint or by looking for critical points of the Lagrange multiplier functional. Although the critical points of the two functionals, namely the restriction and the Lagrange multiplier functional are in natural one-to-one correspondence this does not need to be true for their gradient flow lines. We consider a singular deformation of the metric and show by an adiabatic limit argument that close to the singularity we have a one-to one correspondence between gradient flow lines connecting critical points of Morse index difference one. We present a general overview of the adiabatic limit technique in the article [FW22b]. The proof of the correspondence is carried out in two parts. The current part I deals with linear methods leading to a singular version of the implicit function theorem. We also discuss possible infinite dimensional generalizations in Rabinowitz-Floer homology. In part II [FW22a] we apply non-linear methods and prove, in particular, a compactness result and uniform exponential decay independent of the deformation parameter.
Category: Geometry

Bose-Einstein Condensate a With a Defocusing Nonlinearity in the Potential X^2 + Mx^3

Authors: X. N. Ismatullaev
Comments: 2 Pages.

Eigenfrequencies are found for oscillations of the width and center of mass of the Bose Einstein condensate in an anharmonic potential.
Category: Condensed Matter

Bose-Einstein Condensate With Repulsive Interatomic Interaction in an Anharmonic Trap X^4

Authors: X. N. Ismatullaev
Comments: 2 Pages.

An ansatz for the Bose-Einstein condensate in an external potential of the form x 4 is proposed . The ansatz was chosen by numerical comparison of the stationary wave packet with different ansatz.
Category: Condensed Matter

Théorie Des Constantes Universelles: Démonstration de la Constance Des Unités de Planck et Des Constantes Universelles
Theory of Universal Constants: Demonstration of the Constancy of Planck Units and Universal Constants

Authors: Khalid Jerrari
Comments: 74 Pages.

Dans les lois fondamentales de la physique figurent des paramètres numériques figés appelés « constantes universelles ». Ces grandeurs, déterminées expérimentalement et supposées ne pas varier ni dans le temps ni dans l’espace, restent l’un des plus grands mystères des sciences. Nos connaissances actuelles ne nous permettent ni de comprendre leur origine ni de les déterminer de manière théorique. Dans cet ouvrage, l’auteur s'intéresse principalement à ces éléments. Sa démarche vise à construire un cadre théorique qui pourrait expliquer la source de ces constantes dans nos lois de la physique et à proposer une méthode qui permettrait non seulement de toutes les prévoir mais également de les définir. Pour ce faire, l'auteur commence par introduire les hypothèses sur lesquelles il se fonde pour modéliser sa théorie. Puis dans une première partie, il exprime les constantes universelles, les unités de Planck et les grandeurs thermodynamiques de l’Univers en fonction des variables caractéristiques de celui-ci, telles que sa masse et son rayon. Dans une deuxième partie, il démontre la constance des unités de Planck ainsi que celle des constantes universelles et, pour finir, il propose un cadre théorique général pour les déterminer.

In the fundamental laws of physics there are fixed numerical parameters called "universal constants". These quantities, determined experimentally and assumed to vary neither in time nor in space, remain one of the greatest mysteries of science. Our current knowledge does not allow us to understand their origin or to determine them theoretically. In this work, the author is mainly interested in these elements. His approach aims to build a theoretical framework that could explain the source of these constants in our laws of physics and to propose a method that would not only allow them to be predicted but also defined. To do this, the author begins by introducing the assumptions on which he bases himself to model his theory. Then in a first part, it expresses the universal constants, the Planck units and the thermodynamic quantities of the Universe according to the characteristic variables of this one, such as its mass and its radius. In a second part, he demonstrates the constancy of the Planck units as well as that of the universal constants and, finally, he proposes a general theoretical framework to determine them.
Category: Astrophysics

Lagrange Multipliers and Adiabatic Limits II

Authors: Urs Frauenfelder, Joa Weber
Comments: 56 Pages. 2 figures. J. Symplectic Geom. 23 no.5, 1179-1134 (2025). https://dx.doi.org/10.4310/JSG.251228022324

In this second part to [FW22a] we finish the proof of the one-to-one correspondence of gradient flow lines of index difference one between the restricted functional and the Lagrange multiplier functional for deformation parameters of the metric close to the singular one. In particular, we prove that, although the metric becomes singular, we have uniform bounds for the Lagrange multiplier of finite energy solutions and all its derivatives. This uniform bound is the crucial ingredient for a compactness theorem for gradient flow lines of arbitrary deformation parameter. If the functionals are Morse we further prove uniform exponential decay. We finally show combined with the linear theory in part I that if the metric is Morse-Smale the adiabatic limit map is bijective. We present a general overview of the adiabatic limit technique in the article [FW22b].
Category: Geometry

Galactic Route to the Strong Coupling Constant Alpha_s(m_z)

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 7 Pages.

We derive the word average value of interaction coupling constant α_s (m_z ) from the observed maximum galactic rotation velocity |β_g |=|v_g |/c by the simple relation α_s (m_z)=|β_g |/β_0 ∙1/α=0.117005223, where β_0=√3/2 is the velocity, at which the difference between galactic rotation velocity and Thomas precession is equal, and α is Sommerfeld’s constant. The result is in excellent agreement with the value of α_s=0.1170±0.0019, recently measured and verified via QCE analysis by CERN researchers. One can formulate a reciprocity relation, connecting α_s with the circle constant: π∙α_s≈1/(π∙β_0 ). It is the merit of Preston Guynn to derive the Milky Way maximum value of the galactic rotation velocity β_g, pointing to its ‘extremely important role in all physics’.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Are Bosons Breakers of Standard Model? A New Confirmation Projects at Fermilab and CERN

Authors: Imrich Krištof
Comments: Original text of 15 pages and 15 figures.

Since the discoveries of Goldstone Boson, Hungarian Protophobic X Boson, W⁺, W^- and Z⁰ bosons, sometimes called WIMP’S (WEAK INTERACTING MASSIVE PARTICLES (W⁺, W^-)) and namely superknown The "God" Particle — Higgs Boson run more than 10 years. Particle Physics must be have resumed and confirmed and namely new discoveries for example Triple WWW bosons, produced in Particle Collisions.The ATLAS Collaboration at CERN has detected recently (a few months ago) triple W-boson production — a rare event that could eventually offer signs of new physics, beyond The Standard Model.The History of discoveries of Bosons elementary particles are far from finished and are interesting and exciting like the extraordinary lives of scientifically celebrities, who this elusive particles detected or predicted.This realities led to probably rebuilt of The Standard Model and many theoretically and mathematically concepts or basic building stones of The Modern Particle Physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Complex Circles of Partition and the Asymptotic Lemoine Conjecture

Authors: Theophilus Agama, Berndt Gensel
Comments: 13 Pages. This paper resolves Lemoine's conjecture in an asymptotical sense using the method of complex circles of partition.

Using the methods of the complex circles of partition (cCoPs), we study textit{interior} and textit{exterior} points of such structures in the complex plane. With similarities to textit{quotient groups} inside of the group theory we define textit{quotient cCoPs}. With it we can prove an asymptotic version of the textbf{Lemoine Conjecture}.
Category: Number Theory

Dynamics of a Dissipative Bose Einstein Condensate in the External Parabolic Potential

Authors: K. H. Ismatullaev
Comments: 2 Pages.

Using the variational approximation, it is shown that in a dissipative condensate, the width fluctuations and the motion of the center of mass are related in the case of an external parabolic potential.
Category: Condensed Matter

Unified Theory 2

Authors: Vladimir Pastushenko
Comments: 28 Pages.

A single theory is not a theory of everything. These are unified equations for electromagnetic fields (Maxwell) and equations for gravitational fields. These are the unified equations of relativistic dynamics of the Special Theory of Relativity and quantum relativistic dynamics. These are the unified equations of the General Theory of Relativity and quantum gravity. Controlled thermonuclear reaction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dimensional Complement of the Mathematical Solution to the Cosmological Constant Problem.

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 3 Pages.

We have proposed a mathematical solution to the cosmological constant problem with an attempted physical explanation. Here we propose a complement to this solution to validate the hypothetical energy density value of the cosmological constant in quantum field theory (QFT),showing that the dimensional method used can be applied to find the critical energy density of the ΛCDM model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculation of Pulsar Microstructure Using Quantum Gravity Theory with Ultimate Acceleration

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 19 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit β, in the solar system, β=2.961520e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is large, any effect related to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, as an application, the sunspot cycle is calculated to be 10.38 years due to the ultimate acceleration. The same approach is applied to pulsar microstructure problems. The microstructures of pulsar PSR J0437-4715 at 436Mhz and PSR B0950+08 at 430Mhz are investigated, the calculation results agree well with the observations. Under non-relativistic condition, the pulsar with 100 times solar mass has a period of 2.09s; the pulsar with 10 solar times mass has a period of 0.2s; the pulsar with solar mass has a period of 20ms; the pulsar with a tenth solar mass has a period of 2ms.
Category: Astrophysics

Greta Thunberg Came Too Late: Greenland Ice and West Antarctic Ice Will Completely Melt

Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 3 Pages.

I argue that the present global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration of 410 parts per million by volume will increase the global atmospheric temperature by about 4°C above that of the pre-industrial time. This temperature rise is sufficient to completely melt the Greenland ice sheet and the West Antarctic ice sheet and thereby rise the global sea-level by approximately 10 meters within the next one thousand years.
Category: Climate Research

Towards the Explanation of Galaxies Totation Curves

Authors: S. A. Larin
Comments: 6 Pages.

We suggest a new explanation of flatness of galaxies rotation curves without invoking dark matter. For this purpose a new gravitational tensor field is introduced in addition to the metric tensor.
Category: Astrophysics

Fine-Structure Constant from the Archimedes Constant

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 10 Pages.

A new interpretation and a very accurate value of the fine-structure constant has been discovered in terms of the Archimedes constant. The equation is simple,elegant and symmetrical in a great physical meaning. This accurate expression is the most impressive since it is simple and contains just a few prime numbers and the Archimedes constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

New Fastest Method to Find p & q of Given n

Authors: Olvine Dsouza
Comments: 15 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin)

Where z is the product of two multiplied prime numbers, that is p and q. If the p and q as prime numbers having larger digits like 100, 500 and more digits, then it is easier to multiply those two large numbers( p × q) to get z, but it is harder, more time consuming and can be a non trivial solution of reversing it back and find the factors of n. Introducing a new method of finding p and q of given n. This method gives the fast result in finding either p or q of given z.
Category: Number Theory

An Alternative Derivation of the Hamiltonian of Quantum Electrodynamics

Authors: Mads J. Damgaard
Comments: 41 Pages.

We derive a proto-Hamiltonian of quantum electrodynamics (QED) from the coupled Dirac equation by quantizing the electromagnetic field. We then introduce a process of eliminating the gauge symmetry via separation of variables, and argue that this does not break the Lorentz covariance of the theory. From this approach, we obtain a Hamiltonian that is similar to the conventional one of QED. We conclude the paper short of making the Dirac sea reinterpretation, where one would otherwise reinterpret the negative-energy solutions to the Dirac equation as antiparticles.
Category: Quantum Physics

Numbering of the Twenty Proteinogenic Amino Acids

Authors: Jean-Yves Boulay
Comments: 40 Pages.

By proposing a numbering of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids deduced from the physicochemical properties of the four coding DNA nucleobases, it is established that this amino acid number, equal to 5x entities, is not arbitrary. Indeed, we demonstrate that many attributes of these twenty amino acids, as a whole, are also 5x in number and that by isolating, since their numbering, the 3x peripheral amino acids from the 2x internal ones, these attributes are divided into ratios of 3/2 as exact value. This is verified both as the physicochemical properties of the 20 amino acids and as the coding configurations of the nucleobases, the source of this numbering.
Category: Physics of Biology

Does Dark Matter Exist?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 3 Pages.

Dark matter (DM) is a hypothesis suggested by scientists to explain the flattened velocities curves of stars in galaxies. The observed velocities of stars in galaxies are not in accord with Kepler’s law. The hypothesis of dark matter solves mathematically the observations. However, a near-century search for DM has not produced any results. My claim is that there is DM except that an observer located in the visible universe cannot observe it. The DM is concentrated at the center of the matter universe as a massive spinning neutron star. From the general relativity (GR) point of view, this neutron star is a black hole. Therefore, an observer can't observe the neutron star as it is located inside the event horizon of the black hole.
Category: Astrophysics

Quantum Theory of the Development of Science and Society

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich
Comments: 45 Pages. In Russian

Применяя квантовую механику для изучения общественных процессов показано, что экономические волны Н. Кондратьева теоретически выводятся из квантовой теории развития науки и общества. Использование принципа неопределенности Гейзенберга для социальных явлений показывает, что развитие общества носит концептуально вероятностный характер и принципиально не может быть строго предсказано. Отказ от «стрелы времени» на квантовом уровне приводит к выводу, что «время» это определенное «усреднение и преобразование» периодических квантовых процессов на фундаментальном уровне. Также показана невозможность достижения технологической сингулярности и создание искусственного интеллекта подобного человеческому.

Using quantum mechanics to study social processes, it was shown that the economic waves of N. Kondratiev are theoretically derived from the quantum theory of the development of science and society. The use of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle for social phenomena shows that the development of society is conceptually probabilistic in nature and cannot be strictly predicted in principle (given the mathematical formula). The rejection of the "time arrow" at the quantum level leads to the conclusion that "time in our world" is a definite "averaging and transformation" of periodic quantum processes at the fundamental level. It also shows the impossibility of achieving technological singularity and the creation of artificial intelligence like human.
Category: Economics and Finance

Field Bifurcations and the Challenges of the Higgs Sector

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Higgs mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) has several conceptual challenges that are currently unsettled. We recently put forward an alternative embodiment of EWSB based on sequential field bifurcations driven by the Renormalization scale. This brief report points out that the bifurcation scenario can evade three shortcomings of the standard EWSB, related to the gauge hierarchy problem, triviality, and the tachyonic mass term.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Model of Quantum Entanglement

Authors: Hui Liu
Comments: 4 Pages.

We establish a model of quantum entanglement and explain the mechanism of quantum entanglement. Quantum entanglement comes from the structural properties of microscopic particles. The correlation of particle structure leads to the entanglement of particles. In fact, there is an interactive structural relationship between particles. The particles are actually large, not as small as the traditional view suggests.
Category: Quantum Physics

There is no Magic in Mathematics

Authors: Giovanni Di Savino
Comments: 2 Pages.

Natural numbers, primes or compounds are infinite, they can be known numbers and, if they are large numbers composed of many digits, they are not yet known but: known or not all exist and are the result of mathematical operations reported in equations.
Category: Number Theory

New Theory of Classical Field Matter

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 14 Pages. "7. Postscript" is added to the article in this version 2.0

A mechanical wave is a medium-conducted wave. A mechanical wave is the phenomenon of the collective movement of many particles participating in vibration at the same time. There are four kinds of classical field matter: electric fields, magnetic fields, light fields, and gravitational fields, which are independent field matter. This paper proposes that a light wave is the emission wave of light particles, and its essence is particles. A photon is a field energy particle with a phase property. This paper theoretically denies the superposition principle of single photon double-slit interference. A single photon cannot pass through the two slits at the same time, and a single photon can pass through one of the two slits in turn to achieve double-slit interference. A light wave is the cumulative phenomenon of the individual movement of a single photon particle with the phase property at different times. Furthermore, a verification experiment to check the superposition principle of single photon double-slit interference is presented. A light shield is used to block one of two slits in turn to ensure that each single photon can only pass through one of the two slits separately. Electric field waves, magnetic field waves, and gravitational field waves have the characteristics of mechanical waves, and because they must not be the emission waves of particles, it is more reasonable that they are medium-conducted waves. The mediums of electric field waves, magnetic field waves, and gravitational field waves are electric field medium quanta, magnetic field medium quanta, and gravitational field medium quanta, respectively. This paper further proposes that the eccentric spin and eccentric plane vibration of a photon and the energy fluctuation of a vacuum field are the possible causes for the phase property of a photon.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Verification of the Multiverse

Authors: Thomas Stenersen
Comments: 6 Pages.

We outline a proposal for an experimental test of Everett’s many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics that could potentially verify the existence of a multiverse. This proposal is based on a quantum field theory formulation of many-worlds through the path integral formalism and a careful choice of the vacuum state.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Zero-Dimensional Physical Theory (Iv): Zero-Point Field Dynamics

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 30 Pages.

Here the next step is taken for the zero-dimensional physical theory in proposing key experiments for the interaction of the three derived timespace fields, namely EM, mass, and zero-point gravity, specifically in demonstrating the zero-point gravity field as derived from the absolute (flatline) destructive interference resonance of the EM field, describing how this zero-point gravity field is repulsive to both an EM field and mass field, specifically repulsive to static charge and magnetic fields, creating greater kinetic and potential energy gradients for charge and magnetic fields neighbouring the EM destructive interference resonance process. Further to such, this zero-point gravity field is derived to be zero-point inertial and thus non-inertial, despite causing inertial effects on both charge and magnetic fields, and therefore capable of causing motion for both charge and magnetic fields away from the progenitor zero-point inertial reference. The utility of this zero-dimensional physical theory shall now therefore be judged on its ability to make new predictions to be verified by new observations.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Concerning Dark Matter After Excluding the FLRW Metric (And with It, Dark Energy)

Authors: Claudio Marchesan
Comments: 5 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License

We will discuss the existence of Dark Matter and show how much this entity is mainly necessary to justify the FLRW metric of ΛCDM. Speaking about galaxies, of recession, orbits and gravitational lenses, we will also show that, once we hypothesize a different velocity for the Galactic Recession, its introduction into our physics is probably no longer necessary. Somewhere in the discussion there are questions and answers to ChatGPT, our Artificial Intelligence (see https://openai.com/), to know his thoughts and fill the gap in knowledge.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Zero-dimensional Physical Theory (III): Graphing Time and Space

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 53 Pages.

Here represents a description for how time relates with space graphically as a process of plotting points without assuming any dimensional scales of space or time, and without assuming spatial and temporal scales for mass or a photon of light, and thus for particles or waves. As a result of such, the fine structure constant can be derived as a zero-dimensional graphing code. Here also represents a description of how the graph basis of time and space can be scaled with the charge of the electron and speed of light to account for physical phenomena. As such, here will be described how to construct a zero-dimensional basis for the graphing of time and space to then better picture physical phenomena when that zero-dimensional number theory and associated plotting is scaled with two basic known physical values, namely the electron charge and the speed of light. Here, physical reality is not being plotted, yet a fundamental zero-dimensional basis for vector plotting derived, described, and then scaled to physical phenomena, the importance of which shall be highlighted as being instrumental to proposing new research.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Approximation by Power Series of Functions

Authors: Andrej Liptaj
Comments: 14 Pages.

Derivative-matching approximations are constructed as power series built from functions. The method assumes the knowledge of special values of the Bell polynomials of the second kind, for which we refer to the literature. The presented ideas may have applications in numerical mathematics.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Olutions to the Exponential Diophantine 1 + P_1^x + P_2^y + P_3^z = W^2 for Distinct Primes P_1, P_2, P_3.

Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 34 Pages.

We list non-negative integer solutions (x,y,z,w) to the 5-term exponential diophantine equation 1 +p_1^x +p_2^y + p_3^z = w^2 for three distinct primes p_1 < p_2 < p_3 <= 113 obtained by exhaustive search in the exponents x, y, z <= 60.
Category: Number Theory

An Interconnected System of Energy

Authors: Husam Wadi
Comments: Pages.

In this paper, I aim to describe a system of interconnected energy models. These models produce inferences that may enhance our understanding of classical and quantum mechanics. From the formulated models, an empirical test is derived to validate the proposed light projection hypothesis. It is understood that a chasm exists between our classical understanding of relativity and the subatomic descriptions of quantum mechanics. Many theories provide solutions to this discrepancy: from superstrings to loop quantum gravity and other numerous paradigms, each with their significant contributions to furthering our knowledge of theoretical physics. The system of models I present provides a foundation for reframing the underlying assumptions of special relativity and an alternate description of quantum activity. By simplifying our understanding of time, we are able to shift to homogeneous coordinates as a viable basis. From homogeneous coordinates, we can create a spatial framework of reality. The spatial framework allows us to hypothesize the function of black holes and discern the projections of higher dimensions of light. The projections of light hint toward a cosmic camera obscura that a pinhole camera matrix can model. We can then view the entire structure through a different lens and relate the layers of light projections to a Deep Restricted Boltzmann Network (DRBN) representation of quantum information.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

An Interconnected System of Energy (Review)

Authors: Husam Wadi
Comments: Pages.

What is described in these articles is a framework of energy that I found interesting to think about, and perhaps you may find it interesting too. Equipped with a non-trivial amount of imagination, light mathematical intuition, and a testable hypothesis for validation, these woven models may help deepen our understanding of reality. This series aims to form a foundation of exploration through successive thought experiments rather than being a set of detailed and rigorous proofs. I will be primarily using tools and methods found in robotic system development to explore reality, as that is what I am most familiar with. If this system points in the right direction, then there is tremendous opportunity to develop far beyond what is written here, bringing us to hopefully better perspectives in the future.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Reduction Formulas of the Cosine of Integer Fractions of Pi

Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 20 Pages. Version 2 includes minimal polynomials for sines and tangents.

The power of some cosines of integer fractions pi/n of the half circle allow a reduction to lower powers of the same angle. These are tabulated in the format sum_{i=0}^[n/2] a_i^n cos^i(pi/n)=0; n=2,3,4,...Related expansions of Chebyshev Polynomials T_n(x) and factorizations of T_n(x)+1 are also given.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Proof of Dubner's Conjecture

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 5 Pages.

Dubner's conjecture was proposed by American electrical engineer and mathematical researcher Harvey Dubner (1928 — 2019) in 1996, that is, all sufficiently large even numbers (greater than 4208) are the sum of some two twin prime numbers.Since there is no mathematical model for prime numbers to be completely accurate, prime numbers are randomly distributed on the number axis. The distribution of prime numbers in the latest research results is deterministic random distribution, so the problems related to prime numbers can be studied, analyzed and proved by using probability statistics methods.In this paper, the Dubner's conjecture is proved by the method of probability and statistics.
Category: Number Theory

What is Time: the Paradox of Special Relativity

Authors: Yiyang Zhang
Comments: 4 Pages. In Chinese

This article combined relative spacetime concept and absolute spacetime concept.This article take time dilation is a real effect as the precondition, demonstrated the contradiction between time dilation and constancy of light velocity and the contradiction between time dilation and limit of speed.I proposed a thought experiment to test special relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Insights into Maxwell's Equations Based on New Experimental Discoveries

Authors: Xia Cao
Comments: 29 Pages.

No scientific theory is absolutely correct and unchangeable. Any scientific theory is the product of human's periodic cognition, which will continue to be improved with the development of new discoveries and scientific technology. It has been found that the electric field can be generated by the friction, and the changing electric field can be generated by constant friction. After the friction stops, the electric field called electrostatic field will exist for a period of time or even longer. Accordingly, a series of experiments were designed. The 1-watt bulb can be lighted by collecting the changing electric field energy when a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) board was rubbed with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film by hand. When a closed coil was placed in the generated changing electric field, an induced current and an induced electromotive force were generated in the coil, and the scissors in the coil can be magnetized. The 1-watt bulb can be lighted by the generated changing electric field, when one end of the plastic rod was rubbed by fur. Besides, the magnetic phenomenon was produced in the closed coil connected to the plastic rod. In addition, we found that shaking the plastic rod with an electrostatic field generated by the friction can also generate a changing electric field, which not only wirelessly lighted the 28-watt fluorescent tube lamp, but also produced an induced current and an induced electromotive force in the closed coil nearby the lamp. Based on the above experiments, we have the following speculation. Just as the unified theory of electromagnetism, the changing electric field produces a magnetic field, and the varying magnetic field produces an electric field. In fact, the electric field is a magnetic field and the magnetic field is an electric field, so they can be regarded as energy fields in essence. The coil and conductor can be regarded as the energy collector that can collect energy from the energy field, as long as there is a relatively constantly changing energy field in the collector. The conduction current is transmitted in the collector, while part of the energy field that is not collected in free space, which corresponds to the displacement current in the fourth equation of Maxwell's equations. The essence of Maxwell's equations and related laws are two different phenomena resulting from energy field in the closed-loop self-circulating state or open-loop acyclic state (truncated to < 400 words by viXra Admin).
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Exploration on Why Quantum Entanglement Occurs from a Mathematical Point of View (从数学角度猜想量子为什么会纠缠)

Authors: Jianpeng Yin
Comments: 2 Pages. In Chinese

In this paper I will explore quantum entanglement from a new angle.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Expansion of the Universe and the Waveguide Connection of Everyone with Everyone

Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 2 Pages.

Looking at the gravitational field line as a waveguide allows us to combine our knowledge of the behavior of the group and phase velocities of waves in waveguides with Kepler's laws. Maybe, they will bring us closer to a world where everyone is connected to everyone here and now.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Quantum Theory and General Relativity From the Perspective of the "World Formula"

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 10 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

The discussion "Search for the World Formula" about a final world formula and the premises to be preceded for this (nominal definitions of space and time) is consolidated by deriving the "world formula" presented with "Unified Principles of Nature" once again in its basic conception. On the basis of a fundamental critique of the common number theory and with the reconception of a "rational circle number" as a definition for the physical quantities of length L and duration T as "only" physical quantities, the theoretical buildings of general relativity and quantum theory are falsified in their basic assumptions. In the result, it is once again implied that if the world formula is taken into account, no natural constants exist or that all constants known to us can be traced back to the circle number Pi.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Fenomenología: Hamilton Y Maxwell (Phenomenology: Hamilton and Maxwell)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 8 Pages. Email: carloschiappini@gmail.com

Physical science has consolidated a gnoseological structure based on phenomena classes. Each class contains specific laws. Some examples? Mechanics, thermodynamics, electrodynamics, gravitation. All of that belongs to a physical world that functions as an integrated general system. Would it be possible to find a generic law of the physical phenomenon? In other words, an independent law of the phenomenon analyzed, a law that no kind can avoid, a law that expresses relations of order, dependence and interdependence complied with by all physical phenomena. Hamilton has given an answer formulated mathematically. The objective of this document is to show the conceptual scope where this formulation shines potently.

La ciencia física ha consolidado una estructura gnoseológica basada en clases de fenómenos. Cada clase contiene leyes específicas. ¿ Algunos ejemplos ? Mecánica, termodinámica, electrodinámica, gravitación. Todo eso pertenece a un mundo físico que funciona como un sistema general integrado. ¿ Sería posible encontrar una ley genérica del fenómeno físico ? Es decir una ley independiente de la clase fenómeno analizado, una ley que ninguna clase pueda eludir, una ley que exprese relaciones de orden, de dependencia y de interdependencia cumplidas por todos los fenómenos físicos. Hamilton ha dado una respuesta formulada matemáticamente. El objetivo de este documento es mostrar el ámbito conceptual donde esa formulación brilla potentemente.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Insufficiency of Adiabaticity Being Violated as a Condition for Generation of Primordial Particles

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 5 Pages.

Instant preheating as given in terms of window where adiabaticity is violated is a completely inefficient form of particle production if we use Padmandabhan scalar potentials,. This necessitates using a very different mechanism for early universe gravition production as an example which is to break up the initial "mass" formed about 10^60 times Planck mass into graviton emitting 10^5 gram sized micro black holes. The mechanism is to assume that we have a different condition than the usual Adiabaticity idea which is connected with reheating of the universe. Hence, we will be looking at an earlier primordial black hole generation for generation of gravitons
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Distribution of Photons Under the Control of the Classical Equipartition and Boltzmann Distribution Laws—Resolution of the Ultraviolet Catastrophe Paradox

Authors: Kenichi Akabane
Comments: 19 Pages. There are no changes to the contents of the manuscript, but for clarity, Fig. 1 has been added and Figs. 4 and 5 have been deleted. Accordingly, the text related to Figs. 4 and 5 has been deleted.

Since Planck’s explanation of blackbody radiation over one century ago, researchers have considered that the law of equipartition does not apply to photons. Furthermore, since the publication of Bose distribution theory, photons have been presumed to follow the Bose distribution (quantum statistics) rather than the Boltzmann distribution. I first show that the mean energy of photons based on Wien’s radiation law, which slightly differs from that of Planck’s law, equals the mean energy 3kT of the lattice vibrations of a solid and hence satisfies the idealized classical law of equipartition (where k is Boltzmann’s constant and T is the equilibrium temperature). However, zero-frequency photons are logically nonexistent because all of their components are zero; accordingly, they must be excluded from the distribution. Using this fact, I demonstrate that Planck’s law is merely Wien’s radiation law with the zero-frequency photons excluded from the distribution, which follows the classical law of equipartition and the Boltzmann distribution law. Additionally, I show that the accepted theory of photons cannot exclude zero-frequency photons from the distribution. The present study might help to elucidate the mechanism of the specific heat of solids mediated by phonons, which (like photons in a cavity) form standing waves.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Quantum Time-Space with Energy, Entropy Space and Unified Field Theory

Authors: Yajun Liu
Comments: 7 Pages.

In Newton’s system, Time is an independent existence with space. In Einstein’s system, Time and Space are bonded together just considering the Velocity of Light is a constant C(m/s). And then for a Quantum system, we consider the energy is discrete and then the "Time contentiousness" disappeared in this system. In this paper, we get a Space characteristic equation with a 1/2 fixed point and an entropy form. We called it . Based on this vector space, A model setup to describe a photon with the velocity of light C pushed by one unit energy h. and we find that it is interesting when considering the intensity of field1/aF as the curvature of the Quantum Time-Space with energy, then we get a Unified Field Equation. We hope to throw a little bit light on the big picture of uniting the quantum mechanics and General relative theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Radiation of RLC Circuit with the Longitudinal Capacitor

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 7 Pages. Orignal Article

The RLC circuit is generalized in such a way that the capacitor has longitudinal form and the components are all in series with the voltage source . The medium in capacitor is dielectric with the index of refraction n. The change of the amount of charges on the left and right sideof the capacitor generate in medium special radiation which is not the Cerenkov radiation, no the Ginzburg transition radiation but the originalradiation which must be confirmed in laboratories.We have calculated the spectral form of the radiation. It depends on the dielectric constant n of the capacitor medium. The defect in medium is involved in the spectral form and can be compared with the original medium. Such comparison is the analog of the Heyrovsky-Ilkovic procedure in the electro-chemistry (Heyrovsky et al., 1965).
Category: Condensed Matter

Octonion Automorphisms as Algebraic Basis Gauge Transformations

Authors: Richard D. Lockyer
Comments: 23 Pages.

An algebraic basis gauge transformation is defined here as a transformation on the set of intrinsic Octonion Algebra basis elements. They are linear combinations of these structured such that a reversible bijection is produced between each indexed intrinsic basis element and the same index gauge basis element. The gauge transformation is required to map any orientation for original Octonion Algebra to a gauge basis with identical index matched orientation. Orientation is required to be a global and local gauge invariant.These gauge transformation matrices are found to be lower 7x7 block diagonal members of the group SO(7). Any global gauge transformed Octonion covariant derivative is form invariant with the intrinsic basis representation. Allowing local parametrization variation, fields in the physics sense are added to the still present form invariant content through addition of the covariant differentiation connection, whose general form derivation is provided.Subgroups of PSL(2,7) give two methods for creating Octonion algebraic basis gauge transformations. Both are shown to be expressible as circle group fibrations over the basic quad basis subspace defined for a choice of Quaternion subalgebra. The chosen subalgebra gauge basis components are then produced from the basic quad fibration by a process called basic quad algebraic completion.One method uses permutation subgroups of PSL(2,7) that leave one non-scalar basis element unchanged. This is shown to produce a gauge comparable to the direct product U(1)xU(1)xU(1). This method provides a smooth map between any of the four sets of Quaternion subalgebra basis triplets that exclude the unchanged basis element, and each of the other three. This gauges out a four-fold Octonion symmetry on basis element choices representing 3D axial (closed products) and polar (open products) vector types.The other method uses permutation subgroups of PSL(2,7) that leave the set of basis elements in one Quaternion subalgebra triplet intact. Here, half-angle 2-torus fibrations on the basic quad subspace embed a standard orthonormal whole-angle spherical-polar basis in the preserved subalgebra after algebraic completion. Half-angle 3-torus basic quad fibrations embed a whole angle Euler Angle basis in the preserved subalgebra after algebraic completion.A composition between any two algebraic basis gauge transformations is shown to produce a third, forming a group operation with closure on algebraic basis gauge types. A parallelism between this composition and fiber product structure is demonstrated.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Asymptotic Binary Goldbach and Lemoine Conjecture

Authors: Theophilus Agama, Berndt Gensel
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper we use the former of the authors developed theory of circles of partition to investigate possibilities to prove the binary Goldbach as well as the Lemoine conjecture. We state the squeeze principle and its consequences if the set of all odd prime numbers is the base set. With this tool we can prove asymptotic versions of the binary Goldbach as well as the Lemoine conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Protein Folding Using Quantum Computers

Authors: Rajat Kumar Vishwakarma
Comments: 8 Pages.

Protein folding has been one of the most difficult problems for over a half-century,Therandom thermal motions causing conformational changes that lead energeticallydownhill towards the native structure, a principle captured in funnel-shaped energylandscapes.Unfolded polypeptides have a wide range of possible conformations. Thesearch problem becomes intractable for classical computers due to the exponentialgrowth of potential conformations with chain length. So far, there is theoretical andexperimental evidence that solving such optimization problems using QuantumComputing approaches such as Quantum Annealing, VQE, and QAOA has anadvantage. Although Google's DeepMind-AlphaFold has accomplished much,But wecan go even further with the quantum approach.Here we show how to predict structureof protein as well as RNA folding using the Variational Quantum Eigensolver withConditional Value at Risk (CVaR) expectation values for the solution of the problem andfor finding the minimum configuration energy and our task is to identify a protein'sminimal energy structure. The protein's structure is optimized to reduce energy. Alsomaking sure that all physical constraints are met and encoding the protein foldingproblem into a qubit operator.
Category: Quantum Physics

Bell Experiment Results Explained by Retrocausality: Implications for Quantum Cryptography, Quantum Computers and Action at a Distance

Authors: Austin J. Fearnley
Comments: 10 Pages.

Recent papers by Fearnley [2022, 2021] show that Bell’s Theorem is bypassed, rather than broken, by retrocausality using local hidden variables. Bell experiments can overcome the constraints of Bell’s Inequalities and produce results (correlation coefficients) which are higher than can be achieved classically. Retrocausality allows apparent action at a distance and yet uses local hidden variables. Retrocausality enables there to be quantum cryptography as a rewarding field of research but renders quantum computers to be without proper foundation as there are no indeterminate spin states of particles.
Category: Quantum Physics

Subsurface Canal Seepage Detection Using Risat-1 Sar Data in Parts of Hanumangarh District, Rajasthan

Authors: Ram Lal Mehta, Touseef Ahmad, Arundhati Misra
Comments: 10 Pages. 38th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing (ACRS 2017)

Indira Gandhi Canal Project has enhanced considerable food production in the desert area of Rajasthan, it also brought problems such as waterlogging and secondary salinisation. Impounding of Ghaggar flood water in natural depression is the main cause of seepage. Villages are located at a lower altitude than the level of water stored in depressions, which creates a steep gradient and sand dunes being pervious, causing heavy seepage. The steady rise of the water table causes waterlogging conditions in surrounding areas. The unlined canals from the saddle dams and continuous application of surface irrigation at higher frequencies have further added to the problem. One of the significant advantages of SAR is penetration through dry soil and detecting subsurface geological and fluvial features. This paper presents the results of identifying subsurface canal seepage in the sand dune area of Hanumangarh district, Rajasthan using multi-date MRS RISAT-1 SAR data. Signatures of high subsurface soil moisture accumulated in the depressions below the sand dunes and along the canal was analysed and identified as seepage areas. Landsat-8 images and field soil moisture data were used as complementary information to find the surface and subsurface soil moisture, crop and vegetation condition of the area. Subsurface moisture was identified with higher sensitivity in the cross polarizations (HV) images due to high volume scattering caused by the buried moisture-bearing structures. The cross-polarization ratio (CPR) observed was higher in the case of subsurface soil moisture than surface moisture signature. Significant depletion in soil moisture of seepage areas was observed in the images acquired during the month of June 2015.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Negative Energy Form Wormhole Obtained from First Principles and Compared with Tokamak GW

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 9 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

We revisit how we utilized how Weber in 1961 initiated the process of quantization of early universe fields to the issue of what was for a wormhole mouth. While the wormhole models are well understood, there is not such a consensus as to how the mouth of a wormhole could generate signals. We try to develop a model for doing so and then revisit it, the Wormhole while considering a Tokamak model we used in a different publication as a way of generating GW, and Gravitons
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Dark Energy and Electromagnetism

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 17 Pages.

The study addresses the following question: what is the source of the Dark Energy?The study provides sound argumentations that Electromagnetic Waves, from separate sources, can consolidate, even though such consolidations seem to embed paradoxes. The study also proposes a physical experiment which might implement consolidations of Electromagnetic Waves, from separate sources. In addition to the above, the study also addresses paradoxes related to the Mutual Annihilation and the Pair Production processes. The study proposes a resolution for all these paradoxes which also concludes that most of the Dark Energy might be related to Electromagnetism and that the Electric Charge is also a form of Energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expression of Binomial Formula ( a + B)^n When N is a Prime

Authors: Quang Nguyen Van
Comments: 3 Pages.

We give the expression of binomial formula (a + b)^n when n is a prime number.
Category: Algebra

A New Fastest Method to Find Perfect Square Roots, Non Perfect Square Roots & Even Higher Roots Like Cube Roots 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th Nth Roots.

Authors: Olvine Dsouza
Comments: 64 Pages.

I introduce a new method which is simple, yet fastest method to calculate with a 100% accuracy to find perfect square roots and with better approximation in case of non prefect square roots of any given √X. Also using this method one can easily find higher roots like cube roots, 4th, 5th,6th, 7th u2026. nth roots
Category: General Mathematics

Cómo Entendemos al Espacio Y al Tiempo?
How do We Understand Space and Time?

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 7 Pages. Email: carloschiappini@gmail.com

El concepto habitual de tiempo es erróneo. ¿ Podemos reemplazarlo por otro mejor ? Sí. ¿ Qué necesitamos para eso ? Comprender cabalmente el significado y el alcance de la física electromagnética, sobre la base de las publicaciones aparecidas en el siglo 19. ¿ Por qué la referencia especial a ese siglo ? El desarrollo del documento permite responder la pregunta y plantear otras nuevas, de alcance mayor. Básicamente, lo que denominamos tiempo pertenece al dominio de las ondas electgromagnéticas. La física de estas ondas está mejor y más amplitamente expuesta en la bibliografía decimonónica que en la bibliografía y en las aulas de actuales. Concretamente, la naturaleza de lo que denominamos tiempo se basa en ondas electromagnéticas cohabitando el espacio sin perturbarse ni influirse mutuamente. Según las leyes del electromagnetismo, pasado, presente y futuro cohabitan el mismo espacio. Nada prohibe acceder desde un tiempo a otros. Para hacerlo es suficiente un buen conocimiento de las leyes del campo electromagnético y buen criterio para aplicarlas técnicamente. Eso ha sido realizado en la práctica desde la época de Maxwell.

The usual concept of time is wrong. Can we replace it with a better one ? Yes. What do we need for that? Fully understand the meaning and scope of electromagnetic physics, based on the publications that appeared in the 19th century. Why the special reference to that century? The development of the document allows answering the question and raising new ones, of greater scope. Basically, what we call time belongs to the domain of electromagnetic waves. The physics of these waves is better and more extensively exposed in the nineteenth-century bibliography than in the current bibliography and classrooms. Specifically, the nature of what we call time is based on electromagnetic waves cohabiting space without disturbing or influencing each other. According to the laws of electromagnetism, past, present and future co-inhabit the same space. Nothing prohibits access from one time to another. To do so, a good knowledge of the laws of the electromagnetic field and good judgment to apply them technically is sufficient. That has been done in practice since Maxwell's time.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

More on Multi-fold Particles as Microscopic Black Holes with Higgs Regularizing Extremality and Singularities

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 15 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure, and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales, and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model (SM) resulting into what we defined as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hint at an even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model.This paper investigates the details of modeling particles as microscopic black holes previously proposed during multi-fold spacetime reconstruction. We reuse work done on Kerr Newman regularization, by modeling the region inside the singularity ring as a Dirac soliton in Kerr-Newman metric within a kind of Q-ball where the Higgs field condense, due to its symmetry being broken. The Q-ball edge appears superconductive with an oblateness that for the electron is given by the fine structure constant. It recovers charged particle scatterings, spin quantization, magnetic momentum. Massless particles and concretized spacetime are modeled by Schwarzschild black holes. Our analysis is the result of combining different results obtained by others, but re-interpreted when put together in the context of multi-fold mechanisms. The analysis also clarifies and reinforces our proposals for the role of Higgs boson, the Higgs field and the Ultimate Unification (UU) in multifold universes, in term of random walk, spacetime point concretization, and inflation. We also confirm the possible relationship between supersymmetry, superstrings, 2D gravity and multi-fold random walks in multifold spacetime reconstructions. Indeed the formers can approximate the random walks, something we already concluded in recent papers. At large scale, all these models seem to converge even if the challenges related to asymptotic safety and SM remain a problem for superstrings and supersymmetry.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Dirac's Monstrous Revenge: Very Likely Direct Relationship Between the 26 Sporadic Groups and the Volume, Mass of the Observable Universe

Authors: Tomáš Ajdari
Comments: 2 Pages.

The Hubble scale is defined as the energy of a particle (Compton wavelength) with the size of theHubble radius. Any larger particle would expand faster than light, ceasing to be a single particle. From this scale a minimum length, mass and volume are derived. The probability that we find ourselves in an universe made out of any of the groups belonging to any of the infinite families is infinitely low. The probability that our universe is made out of the 26 sporadic groups is very high. The volume of the observable universe is approximately 2.1×10^365 "Hubble scale" volumes. The direct product of all the 26 sporadic groups is approximately 2.32×10^365. The mass (dark matter, baryonic matter) is ~ 6×10^121 - a cube root of the product of all the sporadic groups, which is directly proportional to the square of time since the Big Bang — 8×10^60 Planck times. This time is the 6th root of the product of all the sporadic groups. The mass (dark matter, dark energy and baryonic matter) of the observable universe is ~ 1.8×10^122 Hubble scale masses, which corresponds to the circumference of the observable universe in Hubble scale lengths
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Some Critical Comments About "Operation Features of a Narrowing Device in Separationless Three-Phase Flowmeter" by Yu. P. Filippov and a. Yu. Filippov Published In Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 68 (2019) 101578

Authors: Igor Kakorin
Comments: 2 Pages.

The experimental data or analysis presented by authors in the paper "Operation features of a narrowing device in separationless three-phase flowmeter" by Yu. P. Filippov and A. Yu. Filippov published in Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 68 (2019) 101578 break the second law of thermodynamics. We would like to pointed out to these aspects in the paper.
Category: Classical Physics