All Submission Categories

Algorithm for Finding the Nth Root of Modulo P

Authors: Takamasa Noguchi
Comments: 10 Pages.

For { p-1 = q^L*m ( ∤ q^x ∨ | q^x (x larger than L))}, it is the deterministic algorithm. The previously created calculation method was for a single prime number, but a method to calculate multiple primes has been added. The original calculation method has also been partially modified. To find the nth root, we need to factoer n into prime factors. In some case, primitive roots are needed. If you don't know these, use the Tonelli-Shanks algorithm.
Category: Number Theory

Unprovability of First Maxwell's Equation in Light of EPR's Completeness Condition

Authors: Abhishek Majhi
Comments: 17 Pages. Pramana — J. Phys. (2023) 97:163, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12043-023-02594-1

Maxwell's verbal statement of Coulomb's experimental verification of his hypothesis, concerning force between two electrified bodies, is suggestive of a modification of the respective computable expression on logical grounds. This modification is in tandem with the completeness condition for a physical theory, that was stated by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen in their seminal work. Working with such a modification, I show that the first Maxwell's equation, symbolically identifiable as ``$\vec{\nabla}\cdot\vec{E}=\rho/\epsilon_0$'' from the standard literature, is {\it unprovable}. This renders Poynting's theorem to be {\it unprovable} as well. Therefore, the explanation of `light' as `propagation of electromagnetic energy' comes into question on theoretical grounds.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Origin of Matter

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 4 Pages.

I propose that the origin of matter in our Universe is the energy inherent in the quantum vacuum. According to Quantum Field Theory (QFT), infinite vacuum space is not an absolute void but rather a dynamic medium filled with fluctuating quantum fields. These energy fluctuations give rise to transient virtual particle—antiparticle pairs, which typically annihilate each other shortly after their formation, thus conserving energy and momentum. However, I hypothesize a special case wherein a neutron and an antineutron, emerging from such vacuum fluctuations, become real and stable without mutual annihilation. New neutron-antineutron pairs that were created in space were attracted to the first one. This created a spinning primeval neutron star. The motivation for this hypothesis is the fact that it unites quantum and the matter universe. I describe a unique structure of the universe, I designate the "Pivot universe". The matter universe started as a spinning massive primeval neutron star that exploded, when it reached a maximal acceleration limit, into two distinct part — a spinning neutron star, I designate — the Pivot, located at the center of the matter universe, and a of visible matter universe in the shape of a flat disk orbiting the Pivot. The "Pivot Universe" hypothesis aims to address cosmological puzzles that the current standard model struggles to explain.
Category: Astrophysics

On the Infinitude of Cousin Primes

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper we prove that there infinitely many cousin primes by deducing the lower bound \begin{align} \sum \limits_{\substack{p\leq x\\p,p+4\in \mathbb{P}\setminus \{2\}}}1\geq (1+o(1))\frac{x}{2\mathcal{C}\log^2 x}\nonumber \end{align}where $\mathcal{C}:=\mathcal{C}(4)>0$ fixed and $\mathbb{P}$ is the set of all prime numbers. In particular it follows that \begin{align} \sum \limits_{p,p+4\in \mathbb{P}\setminus \{2\}}1=\infty\nonumber \end{align}by taking $x\longrightarrow \infty$ on both sides of the inequality. We start by developing a general method for estimating correlations of the form \begin{align} \sum \limits_{n\leq x}G(n)G(n+l)\nonumber \end{align}for a fixed $1\leq l\leq x$ and where $G:\mathbb{N}\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}^{+}$.
Category: Number Theory

Multiplical Concept

Authors: Dmitrii V. Guryanov
Comments: 48 Pages.

The purpose of this article is to introduce and to describe a concept of math calculus"Multiplical". To my total surprise I have found that currently such a concept does not existamong set of math definitions in its direct and explicit form. Nevertheless there are number ofareas of its practical use, where this concept would be suitable and potentially would benaturally used in its direct and explicit form, especially, in statistics, finance and economyresearches and analysis and many other areas. Moreover from my perspective this conceptperfectly fits into the coherent system of standard mathematical concepts and operators andshould take its rightful place there. In this article also other topics are considered and someinteresting conclusions are made.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Leveraging Boltzmann, Einstein and Planck

Authors: Hans van Kessel
Comments: 57 Pages. Clarifications/enhancements triggered by VIXRA comments; layout improvements

We verify physical equations and theories through experiments. But what would happen should we reverse that by basing physics on the validity of Boltzmann, Einstein and Planck? This would deliver ‘belly watching’, rather than objective science. But in doing so, gravity finds its place.
Category: Classical Physics

Elementary Integral

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this note we study a trigonometric integral.
Category: General Mathematics

Zeta-Pad'e SRWS Theory with Approximation of Averaged Summation

Authors: Yoshiki Ueoka
Comments: 7 Pages. High dimensional approximation used in previous version becomes not necessary.

In my previous paper about Statistical Random Walk Summation(SRWS) theory[1], I proposed a new expansion of typical critical Green function for the Anderson transition in the Orthogonal class. In this paper, I perform an approximate summation for the series of the typical critical Green function. Pad'e approximant is used to take a summation. The new approximate expression of the critical exponent nu of localization length is obtained. The dimensional dependence of the critical exponent is directly related with Riemann zeta function. Thus, the number theory and the critical phenomena of the Anderson transition is connected. Therefore I call this method as zeta-Pad'e SRWS theory. Existence of lower critical dimension is understood as the infinite existence of prime numbers. Besides it, analogy with statistical mechanics also becomes clear.
Category: Condensed Matter

Quantum Simulation and Dynamics

Authors: Rajat Kumar Vishwakarma
Comments: 12 Pages.

Today Quantum Computers have a wide range of applications, one of the prominent is quantum simulation. Simulations are used for many industrial and research purposes. Here we understand how can we simulate three atoms heisenberg model interaction on three qubits using real NISQ(Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Computing) device ‘ibmq_jakarta’ first we perform simulation by classical method after that we will go on quantum approach,for 3 qubit simulation its represented by 8×8 matrix. This is because there are 2³ = 8 states in the N =3(N represents number of qubits used) system, if the simulation were 50 particles(N=50) then it would be approx 10¹⁵×10¹⁵! Well beyond the capacity of today's classical computers, but for quantum computers this task will require only 15 qubits.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Result of Even & Prime

Authors: Shan Jian Wang
Comments: 7 Pages.

Conjecture: Any even number greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two prime numbers. Does the prime pair exist universally? If does, is the prime pair unique relatively? If not, how many prime pairs are there in an even? Method: Triangular lattice Result: The number of prime pairs in an even can be expressed analytically and graphically Conclusion: Any even number greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Viable Lattice Spacetime and Absence of Quantum Gravitational Anomalies in a Multi-fold Universe

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 6 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model (SM) without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at a even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model. The Nielsen Ninomiya theorem predicts incompatibility of the conventional Standard Model with 4D discrete, lattice spacetimes per the Nielsen Ninomiya theorem, because of the weak interaction and the neutrino chiral asymmetries in SM. A priori, it would be problematic for the viability of the multi-fold universe reconstruction if it were to represent the real universe, and support or recover the Standard Model, as in the Standard Model with gravity, that is not negligible at the Standard Model scales (SMG). It would also invalidate our lattice-based claims of proof of the Mass gap for Yang Mills theories. Even more problematic, quantum gravitational anomalies would obstruct entanglement: quantum entanglement would not be possible in a discrete 4D universe. It simply would destroy, as impossible and inconsistent, the multi-fold mechanisms and the multi-fold spacetime reconstruction. This paper discusses the consistency of multi-fold models with respect to these issues, as well as the implications for gravitational anomalies in multi-fold universes. The resolution relies on gravity induced flips of chiral fermions in multi-fold universes, that we already used to explain the neutrino mass and absence of proton decay observations. The resulting (spontaneous) chiral symmetry breaking handles consistency concerns with the weak interaction on lattices, and problems with Dirac fermion doubling in QCD. The gravitational anomaly cancellations, or smearing, also directly relate to the feasibility of simulations, e.g. Monte Carlo simulations of multi-fold universes, or even the possibility that the universe itself could be a simulation. Finally, the paper also derives non-invariance of the weak hypercharge under non-negligible gravity is also an important new result of SMG, a results that does not change anything to observable weak interaction physics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Big Bang Revisited

Authors: C. A. Kalfas
Comments: 6 Pages. More data have been added.

An alternative interpretation of the data plotted in a Hubble-Lemaitre graph is presented. Also, an attempt is made to suggest a different origin of the cosmic background radiation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cracking the Enigma of the Sagnac Effect

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 31 Pages.

One of the daunting problems in searching for a correct model of the speed of light is the contradiction between the Michelson-Morley experiment and the Sagnac effect. I have been working on a new theory called Apparent Source Theory (AST ), which is based on three assumptions: 1. The effect of absolute motion of an inertial observer is to create an apparent change in the time of light emission. 2. The center of the light wave fronts moves with the same velocity as the absolute velocity of the inertial observer and the velocity of light depends on the mirror velocity relative to the observer 3. Two observers/detectors that happen to be at the same point in space at the same time instant and moving with equal velocities will observe identical physical phenomena (for example, fringe position). The third postulate is used to analyze light speed problems involving accelerating observers/detectors. AST has been successful in providing consistent explanations for many light speed experiments. However, the precise application of AST to the Sagnac effect has been a challenge for AST. In this paper, a new analysis of Sagnac effect based on AST is presented. One of the unexpected findings is that the light beam propagating in the same direction as the observer will take less time to reach the observer than the light beam propagating in the opposite direction. Unconventionally, the fringe shift in the Sagnac effect is not due to a difference in path lengths of the counter-propagating light beams, but due to difference in their velocities according to the ballistic hypothesis. Experimental testing of this claim is proposed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Bell’s Theorem and Retrocausality

Authors: Austin J. Fearnley
Comments: 8 Pages.

Bell’s Theorem, which is of course true, is shown to be bypassed in a Bell experiment using retrocausality where antiparticles are travelling backwards in time.
Category: Quantum Physics

How the Observer Creates Reality

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 9 Pages. 7 figures

Unless they are “thought through the understanding”, measurements remain as “intuitions” with no meaning to the observer. Informed by Kantian philosophy, this observer shows that a “concept”, developed in the understanding, gives meaning to an intuition and creates a reality in accord with the concept.
Category: Quantum Physics

Cosmological Redshift: Accelerating Expansion or Quantum Phenomenon

Authors: Colin Walker
Comments: 10 Pages.

The postulate of tired light can be cast in terms of an elementary quantum of energy lost from a photon during each cycle. The uncertaintyin time associated with the quantum of energy is the Hubble time. Given uncertainty at this cosmological scale, it is argued that complementarity between received photon energy and observed distant time dilation at the source overcomes a common objection to tired light. Observed supernova redshift, luminosity distance, and distant time dilation tend to support two possibilities for a quantum interpretation of the redshift.
Category: Classical Physics

Along the Side of the Onsager's Solution, the Ekagi Language-Part Three

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 9 Pages.

We continue to consult the Ekagi-Dutch-English-Indonesian Dictionary by J. Steltenpool. In this short note, we remove all the multiple countings of an entry in a letter's section which have gone in in the companion paper "Along the side of the Onsager's solution, the Ekagi language; viXra: 2205.0065[Condensed Matter]". We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, denoted as f, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, denoted as k. We find that $\frac{lnf}{lnf_{max}}$ vs $\frac{lnk}{lnk_{lim}}$ is matched by the graph of the reduced magnetisation vs the reduced temperature of the exact Onsager solution of the two dimensional Ising model in the absence of the external magnetic field
Category: Condensed Matter

A Method for Studying the Anderson Transition in the Orthogonal Symmetry Class Employing a Random Walk Expansion, the Statistics of Asymptotic Walks and Summation Method

Authors: Yoshiki Ueoka
Comments: 17 Pages. High dimensional approximation used in previous version becomes not necessary.

I propose a method to study the Anderson transition in the orthogonal symmetryclass. This method employs a virtual lattice characterised by an arbitraryspectral dimension instead of a concrete lattice with a given integer or fractal dimension.This method makes it possible to simulate numerically infinite size systemon a computer. Moreover, the computational complexity does not increaseexponentially as the dimensionality increases. Thus, we can avoid the curse ofdimensionality. Also, we can estimate the critical exponent numerically withoutresorting to the finite size scaling method often used in previous numerical studiesof critical phenomena.
Category: Condensed Matter

Hom-Sets Category

Authors: Shao-Dan Lee
Comments: 15 Pages.

Let C be a category. Suppose that the hom-sets of C is small. Let CH be a category consist of the hom-sets of C. Then we define a morphism of CH by a morphisms pair 〈ν,μ〉. Hence the morphism is monic if and only if ν is epi and μ is monic. An object HomC (P, E) ∈ CH is an injective object if and only if P is a projective object and E is an injective object. There exists a bifunctor T : (C ↓ A)op × (B ↓ C) → (Hom(A, B) ↓ CH). And the bifunctor T is bijective. There exist the products in CH if and only if there exist the products and coproducts in C. There exist the pullback in CH if and only if there exist the pushout and pullback in C.
Category: General Mathematics

Comprehending the Euler-Riemann Zeta Function and a Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Marco Rolando Burgos Chambi
Comments: 29 Pages.

This paper will prove that the Riemann Hypothesis is true., based on the following statements: -The resulting value of the Euler-Riemann zeta function ζ(k) is the center of a spiral on the complex plane, where k ∈ C. -The center of this spiral when ζ(k) = 0, coincides with the origin of coordinates of the complex plane. -There exists a function related to this spiral, obtained from Bernoulli's sum of powers, which allows to calculate the zeta funtion.
Category: Number Theory

Astdp: a More Biologically Plausible Learning

Authors: Shiyuan Li
Comments: 17 Pages.

Spike-timing dependent plasticity in biological neural networks has been proven to be important during biological learning process. On the other hand, artificial neural networks use a different way to learn, such as Back-Propagation or Contrastive Hebbian Learning. In this work we introduce approximate STDP, a new neural networks learning framework more similar to the biological learning process. It uses only STDP rules for supervised and unsupervised learning, every neuron distributed learn patterns and don't need a global loss or other supervised information. We also use a numerical way to approximate the derivatives of each neuron in order to better use SDTP learning and use the derivatives to set a target for neurons to accelerate training and testing process. The framework can make predictions or generate patterns in one model without additional configuration. Finally, we verified our framework on MNIST dataset for classification and generation tasks.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Properties of Dark Matter Fluid from Zou Metric

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 7 Pages.

Zou proposed a metric for rotation. The formation of galaxy velocity curves, etc., can be well explained by this rotation metric. It only needs to go through the field equations of general relativity, and no longer needs to be corrected by introducing additional dark matter gravity. This study believes that the rotation coordinates in the Zou metric are actually due to the dark matter vortex caused by the turbulent flow of the dark matter fluid. From the Zou metric, far from the center of the galaxy, the speed of the rotating coordinate will decrease to 0, becoming a flat metric. This reflects that far from the galactic matter, there is actually a laminar flow of dark matter fluid. Therefore, the Zou metric can be used to describe some important properties of dark matter fluids. This study applies it to explain the flight of the Voyager spacecraft after entering the galaxy space. It is thought that Voyager will first enter an interface between the visible and dark matter laminar flow of galaxies. The enter of dark matter turbulence will cause a certain degree of random change in the attitude of Voyager. Once it passes through this dark matter turbulent layer, the Voyager spacecraft will enter the high-speed dark matter laminar flow region. In this region, due to the energy dissipation characteristics of the dark matter fluid, the spacecraft will have an automatic acceleration phenomenon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Two Proofs of the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Stephen Marshall
Comments: 9 Pages.

The Collatz conjecture is a conjecture in mathematics that concerns a sequence defined as follows: start with any positive integer n. Then each term is obtained from the previous term as follows: if the previous term is even, the next term is one half of the previous term. If the previous term is odd, the next term is 3 times the previous term plus 1. The conjecture is that no matter what value of n, the sequence will always reach 1. For example, starting with n = 12, one gets the sequence 12, 6, 3, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1. As of 2020, the conjecture has been checked by computer for all starting values up to 268 ≈ 2.95×1020. The eccentric Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős claimed that "Mathematics is not yet ready for such problems," and referred to the conjecture as "Hopeless. Absolutely hopeless." The Collatz Conjecture describes the iterations of integers applied to a very simple function. The conjecture specifically states: "Starting from any positive integer n, iterations of the function C(n) will eventually reach the number 1. Thereafter iterations will cycle taking successive values 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1 ..." (Lagarias, 2010). To define a basic term, an integer n will be defined as odd when n ≡ 1 (mod 2). Likewise, n will be defined as even when n ≡ 0 (mod 2). With those common terms specified, the following is the function known as the Collatz function: 3n+1 if n is odd C(n) = n/2 if n is even The Collatz function is named as such with respect to its originator. The Collatz conjecture was made in 1937 by Lothar Collatz. Again, as of 2020, the conjecture has been checked by computer for all starting values up to 268 ≈ 2.95×1020, but very little progress has been made toward proving the conjecture. The author is shocked that such a simple proof exists. The author is humbly grateful for this first proof as well, as it came to me in a “flash” in such a way as I believe it was given to me (my brothers Ben and Phil will understand this). The second proof did not come to me via a “flash” experience, as the first one was.
Category: Number Theory

Ergodic Theory on a Circle

Authors: Igor B. Krasnyuk
Comments: 48 Pages.

We consider the motion on particles on a circle. Application on initial value problems with nonlinear boundary conditions will be done.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Space of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 5 Pages.

Quantum mechanics is revealing a profound and remarkable property of space - where the quantum phenomena happen.
Category: Quantum Physics

Two Symmetric Measurements May Cause an Unforeseen Effect

Authors: Koji Nagata, Do Ngoc Diep, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 10 Pages.

We may try to discuss gently symmetric measurement outcomes, which might be extended to considering naturally the uncertainty principle. For the two symmetric measurement outcomes, sometimes, the two measured observables are commutative. In this specific and symmetric example, we introduce a supposition that the operation Addition is equivalent to the operation Multiplicationand we may have an example of an inconsistency, probably due to the nature of Matrix theory based on non-commutativeness. We show here the inconsistency in an arbitrary dimensional unitary space when measuring commuting observables/an observable. We would say that the trial above might be categorized into an inconsistency example in the effect of the uncertainty principle, if we are forgiven for describing the above.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Gravitational Wave of the Crab Pulsar in the O3b Series from Ligo

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 6 Pages.

Identification of the crab pulsar spectral line in the records of LIGO and measurement of the frequency drift. After removing the known frequency drift of the Crab pulsar, sufficiently long data segments from the LIGO interferometers can be narrow-band filtered in order to reduce the noise. The spectral line at 59.23 Hz is clearly visible in 84 records of L1, H1 and V1. The spectral lines of other pulsars of neighboring frequency can be separated well due to different values of the frequency drift.
Category: Astrophysics

A Novel Complex Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set

Authors: Yangyang Zhao, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 2 Pages.

Intuitionistic fuzzy set has been widely applied to decision-making, medical diagnosis, pattern recognition and other fields, because of its powerful ability to represent and address the uncertain of information. In this paper, we propose a novel complex intuitionistic fuzzy set.
Category: Quantum Physics

An Introduction to the Radioactive Hypersensitivity of the Intelligence Development and the Anthropological Statistical Anomalies.

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 25 Pages.

An Introduction to the Radioactive Hypersensitivity of the Intelligence Development and the Anthropological Statistical Anomalies. The present article enlightens a specific list of well known scientific observations and scientific facts. It also enlightens a very compact formula for the upper bound of the total number of the neural reconnections of a neural network over its whole life cycle.
Category: Mind Science

4D Space-Time Contraction PK 2D Lorentz Contraction

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 17 Pages.

Ignoring the internal structure of moving objects and treating them as rigid bodies is not only out of practice but also inconsistent with the spirit of scientific exploration. To change this status quo, consider the relativistic effects of real object motion. Consider the mass-velocity relationship as an initial mechanism to discuss the effect of velocity on the space around an object and on the volume of the object. A series of new conclusions are obtained, such as "the space distortion of a moving system with mass due to inertial motion at ultra-high speed, and even the generation of neutron like stars or black holes", and the 3D contraction of moving objects due to inertial motion, which can oppose the corresponding old views. This confrontation threatens the status of the theoretical criterion "covariant under Lorentz transformation", and thus has a great impact on the whole field of theoretical physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Wilyman Report on Vaccines: How do we Handle the next Pandemic, Small, Large or ‘Predicted’?

Authors: Edward J Steele
Comments: 13 Pages.

Censorship and Active Suppression of Science and Medicine: Censorship exercised on scale during the Covid-19 pandemic has actively suppressed the wide circulation of legitimate scientific inquiry, critical analysis and discussion. Together with the vaccination failure itself, as foreshadow by Judy Wilyman, the officially sanctioned censorship is now the No.1 issue of our time. It has involved the lockstep behaviour of BigPharma, main stream media, BigTech, governments, peak medical, scientific and public health authorities. How did this happen? What are the well spring roots of this extraordinary co-ordinated active suppression of legitimate alternative viewpoints and data analysis in science and medicine?
Category: Physics of Biology

A Proof of the Line Like Kakeya Maximal Function Conjecture

Authors: Johan Aspegren
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper we will prove the Kakeya maximal function conjecture in a special case when tube intersections behave like points. We achieve this by showing there exist large essentially disjoint tube-subsets.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Can String Theory with Supersymmetry and with Tachyons Explain MOND's Empirical Successes?

Authors: David Brown
Comments: 4 Pages.

Why have dark matter particles not been found? Do dark matter particles exist? Assume that all gravitons have spin 2 and supersymmetry is empirically valid. Can string theory with tachyons explain the empirical successes of Milgrom’s Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND)? An attempt is made to explain MOND using 6 tachyonic MONDons and 6 tachyonic MONDinos.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Hypergeometric F(1/2,3/4,7/4,3/4)

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 4 Pages.

We give some formulas related to F(1/2,3/4,7/4,3/4).
Category: General Mathematics

Phenomenology About the Nature of the Electron and Positron, Photon, in the Future - Proton and Neutron

Authors: A. I. Andreus
Comments: 7 Pages. In Russian

Phenomenology about the nature of the electron and positron, photon, in the future - proton and neutron.On the example of reasoning about the nature of the electron and positron, photon, the perspective of phenomenology about nature, about matter, about the nature of matter, about substance and field, about the nature of proton and neutron, about the theory of everything is revealed. Phenomenology opens the prospects of formalisms and practices, as a whole in development, about nature, about matter, about the nature of matter, about substance and field, about the nature of the electron and positron, photon, about the nature of the proton and neutron, about the theory of everything.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

About Gravity Wave and Gravitoelectromagnetism

Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 17 Pages.

This manuscript focuses on the derivation of spinity wave and the gravitoelectromagnetic Maxwell-like equations. This paper provides an important insight to the above issue.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Stochastic Cosmology and the MOND Paradigm

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 5 Pages.

This brief note points out that, if early cosmology drives gravitational dynamics out of equilibrium, a straightforward random walk model of orbital motion can explain away the basis of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Antenas Tradicionales Y Escalares Relación Pitegórica
Traditional and Scalar Antennae Pythagorean Relationship

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 12 Pages. Contacto : carloschiappini@gmail.com

El tema de las antenas escalares fue tratado en un documento previo, situado en la dirección siguiente. https://vixra.org/abs/2205.0017 Este documento informa la relación física y matemática íntima entre ambos tipos de antenas, tradicionales y escalaresd, regida por la ortogonalidad y asociada a un triángulo rectángulo, que adquiere un significado esclarecedor.

The topic of scalar antennas was covered in a previous paper, located at the following address. https://vixra.org/abs/2205.0017 This document reports the intimate physical and mathematical relationship between both types of antennas, traditional and scalar, governed by orthogonality and associated with a right triangle, which acquires an illuminating meaning.
Category: Classical Physics

3cnfsat Satisfiability and the P vs NP Problem

Authors: Hamza Benyahya
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper we will study the properties of writing a 3CNFSAT formula, this will enable us to instore a set of constraints which we’ll follow to deduce an optimal writing form of 3CNFSAT that fulfills the property of maximum complexity of satisfiability. By solving this signature writing we can result to the cap polynomial time siffucient to prove the satisfiability of all remaining writing possibilities of the formula that use the number of literals figuring in the signature writing or less. The proof of SAT to be an NP-complete problem by the Cook-Levin theorem allows us to reduce every decision problem in the complexity class NP to the SAT problem for CNF formulas (CNFSAT), and the reduction of the unrestricted SAT problem to a conjunctive normal form with each clause containing at most three literals (3CNFSAT) allows us to deduce that determining the satisfiability of 3CNFSAT formulas is also NP-complete. By increasing the length of the signature formula through conjucting n of it’s duplications while introducing new literals for each duplication, we can study the evolution of the cap polynomial time in function of n, thus resulting to a solution for P vs NP.
Category: General Mathematics

A Brief Note on the Asymmetry of Time

Authors: Carlton Frederick
Comments: 4 Pages.

Given a granular space-time where the grains can move freely in x, y, z, and also t. But there is a very small, symmetry-breaking increased probability of a grain moving forward versus moving backward in time. At this juncture then, there is no discernible arrow of time. In order that masses not be pulled apart by moving grains, we assume that grains clump together when the grains hold mass. The more mass there is, the more grains are in the clump. We show that as the clump grows larger, the more the probability increases of the clump moving forward in time as opposed to moving backward. So when the clump size grows to measurable dimensions, the arrow of time points consistently forward.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Discovery of Twin Inaccurate Numbers

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 5 Pages.

Inaccurate numbers are characterized by the irrational square root form, which is an infinite non-repeating decimal, and the last few digits of the numerical calculation result are inaccurate. This paper finds a special kind of inaccurate numbers --- the twin inaccurate numbers, which is characterized by the fact that the sum of the two numbers is exactly equal to a rational number or a single-layer radical irrational number and the difference between the two numbers can be exactly equal to a single-layer radical irrational number. It is named twin inaccurate numbers. It is characterized in that the radicals of the two layers are all squared; the two numbers under the radicals of the second layer are dual irrational numbers.
Category: General Mathematics

Dark Matter Fluid Explanation for Anomalies in Voyager 1 Control Data

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 5 Pages.

On May 18, NASA announced that the data of attitude control system sent back by Voyager 1 was abnormal. It is not yet clear what the cause of this anomalous problem is. I did some simple analysis here. It is thought that the anomaly may be due to interference from cosmic rays, causing problems when the data is sent back to Earth. In addition, I also analyze from the dark matter fluid model. It is also believed that there may be space-time anomalies at the edge of the solar system's heliosphere, causing the spacecraft to frequently adjust its attitude according to the curvature of space-time. But the whole process did not find any problems with the actual spacecraft attitude on Earth. If it is because of the dark matter fluid, it is likely that we will lose contact with Voyager 1 in the near future. However, neither of these two hypotheses seems to have very solid theoretical evidence, and most of them are guesses. Therefore, further information needs to be confirmed by Voyager 2.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On a Variant of Brocard's Problem Via the Diagonalization Method

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages. The requirements in the diagonal method has been greatly simplified

In this paper we introduce and develop the method of diagonalization of functions $f:mathbb{N}longrightarrow mathbb{R}$. We apply this method to show that the equations of the form $Gamma_r(n)+k=m^2$ has a finite number of solutions $nin mathbb{N}$ with $n>r$ for any fixed $k,rin mathbb{N}$, where $Gamma_r(n)=n(n-1)cdots (n-r)$ denotes the $r^{th}$ truncated Gamma function.
Category: Number Theory

The Quaternionic Bra-Ket Combination

Authors: J. A. J. van Leunen
Comments: 84 Pages. This is part of the Hilbert Book Model Project

Hilbert spaces are relevant because these extensions of vector spaces are capable of archiving sets of numbers in a structured way such that these data can be retrieved in a well-organized way. Currently, textbooks about Hilbert spaces do not contain a treatise of Paul Dirac’s bra-ket combination for quaternionic numbers. This paper shows that the bra-ket combination gives Hilbert spaces a range of unexpected capabilities. The fact that the quaternionic version of the bra-ket combination is practically unknown has a deep impact on the comprehension of the fundamentals of physical reality.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The 3D and 2D Cerenkov Effect with Massive Photons

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 18 Pages. Original article

The equations of massive electrodynamics are derived and the power spectrum formula for the 3-dimensional Cerenkov radiation of massive photons is found. It is argued that the massive Cerenkov effect can be observed in superconductive media, ionosphere plasma, waveguides and in particle laboratories. The same is valid for the Cerenkov radiation in the 2-dimensional medium including silicene. The 2D-Cerenkov effect with the massless photons was observed by the famous world laboratories (Adiv et al., 2022).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Photoelectricity and Absolute Zero

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 7 Pages.

Photoelectricity and the real Absolute Zero have long been known to be somehow associated, but have not yet been understood together within one elegant physics model. This essay sets forth a consistent model that explains their actual relationship, with broader physics ramifications.
Category: Quantum Physics

Optimization on Pole Pitch of Magnetic Wheels and Thickness of Metal Plate for Floating and Propulsion System using Permanent Magnets

Authors: T. Saiki, K. Ino, M. Inada
Comments: 26 Pages.

A magnetic-levitation system using a rotating permanent magnet has been developed. Pole pitch of the magnetic wheels and thickness of the metal plates required for levitation were investigated by experiments and computational calculation. To determine the optimum conditions, the levitation force generated by using motors with different torque and rotation speed was measured. These measurements clarified differences in the generated levitation force due to the different rotational speed and torque. Parameters such as skin depth, magnetic density, and eddy-current distribution density, ratio of drag force to levitation force, and levitation force per driving power were numerically calculated from the magnetic field created by the rotating permanent magnet and effective frequency. General important conclusion obtained from the calculation was that the magnetic wheels should be designed to be large and the pole pitch of the magnets was to be wide, and the levitation force per driving power will be improved in proportion to a root function of the pole pitch between the magnets. If the size of the magnetic wheel increased, the ratio of the lateral drag force per the levitation force became significantly small at low rotational speed. A motor with a large torque and peak output property at low rotational speed for magnetic wheels is most suitable for driving large magnetic wheels to obtain large levitation force. Using large magnetic wheel in the experiment showed that the levitation force per driving power increased than that case of using small magnetic wheel.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

On the Physical Nature of the Quantum Zeno Effect

Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 3 Pages.

Most of the experimental evidence for the existence of the quantum Zeno effect is a manifestation of the fundamental properties of quantum physics – its time reversal noninvariance.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Limit of a Strategic Mapping of a Recursive Fibonacci Sequence

Authors: Sebastian Thomas
Comments: 9 Pages.

Let F1,F2,F3,...........Fn represent the sequence of Fibonacci elements. Let us define F to be the parent set of all Fibonacci elements. G and G′ are the subsets of F such that G is a given set of consecutive Fibonacci elements of finite order k and G′ is defined to be a shift on G of l degrees, where l ∈ N. Let R = min(r1,r2,....) denote the set of remainders obtained such that rn ∈ F. For a given G of order k, we show that a strategic mapping operator ϕ: (G × G) −→ R defined by §: ϕ(g ⊗g ′ h) = r, where (G × G) represents the Cartesian product and g, h ∈ G , g ′ ∈ G′ . The strategic map ϕ exists upto (l + 1)0 transition, with its limit as L Fn+(l+1) thereof. We consider a special introductory case of |G|, |G′ |=4 to illustrate the results and thereby proving the ”Fundamental Theorem of limit of a strategic map of Fibonacci sequence[Thomas heorem] and its consequences”.
Category: General Mathematics

Dark Energy Is the Coupling Effect Between Cosmic Expansion and Gravity

Authors: Xiao Lin Li
Comments: 8 Pages.

In the Planck Gravity Theory, there is a new coupling between cosmic expansion and gravity. With this new gravitational coupling, we can simply explain the phenomenon of accelerated expansion of the universe. The properties of the new gravitational coupling are consistent with the characteristics of dark energy and experimental measurements. This proves that the new gravitational coupling is dark energy. Dark energy does not exist. This theoretical model is also a method of accurately measuring the total mass of the universe. By making precise measurements of the rate of expansion of the universe, the total mass of the universe can be calculated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Distribution Image of Prime Numbers in Natural Numbers

Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper presents a method for drawing an image of the distribution of prime numbers in natural numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Medical Clowning and Art Therapy as a Tool for Medical Facility Transformation

Authors: Anna Degteva, Daria Zarina
Comments: 14 Pages. In Russian with abstract in English

The paper describes the medical clowning in the context of other creative practices used in medical environment. Usually those practices aiming at psychosocial rehabilitation of the patients are performed by members of NGOs, however their importance to the process of treatment is also acknowledged by the medical staff. The work describes three kinds of professionalization within medical art practices: volunteering, professionalization within a creative specialization and as a paramedic. The hospital clowning belongs to the last kind. Its representatives get an extended access to the grounds of the medical institution, actively work towards their professional autonomy and expertise within emotional work. Despite their “external” origin these specialists can become a valuable resource to the medical facility, including their self-representation.
Category: Social Science

On MOND’s Missing-Mass Problem in Galaxy Clusters

Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 3 Pages.

We suggest that the missing (dark) mass in galaxy clusters can be explained by a picture of a cosmos consisting of matter and negative-mass antimatter, the latter residing in voids. It is proposed that the modification of Newtons law of Gravitation in the form of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) can be explained by the quantum nature of Gravity.
Category: Astrophysics

The Fallacy at the Heart of Big Bang Cosmology

Authors: Anton Biermans
Comments: 56 Pages.

If there would be only a single electrically charged particle in the entire universe so it cannot express its charge in interactions, then it cannot be charged itself, so charge –or any property, for that matter– is something which lives within particle interactions, something a particle cannot privately own. If in a universe which creates itself out of nothing, without any outside intervention, particles, particle properties must be as much the cause as the effect of their interactions, then their communication must be instantaneous. This only is possible if the constant of nature called ‘the speed of light’ doesn’t refer to a velocity but to a property of spacetime: if we don’t live in a universe where it is the same time, where time passes at the same pace everywhere (in empty space, far from masses), which lives in a time continuum not of its own making –where there is a universal ‘now,’ but in a universe which, as it only exists as seen from within, creates all time inside of it so time must be observed to pass at a slower pace at larger distances. In such universe the communication between particles –and hence the transmission of light– is instant: not over any space distance but over any spacetime distance. Like a particle cannot be charged itself if there is no other charge; if by definition there is nothing outside the universe, nothing relative to which it can be said to exist, nothing to interact with to express its existence, relative to which its properties and state can be specified, quantified, then a self-creating universe cannot have particular properties nor be in some particular state as a whole as ‘seen’ from without nor as seen from within. As it only exists as seen from within, as it creates all time inside of it so time cannot be observed to pass at the same pace at all distances, past, present and future are relative, observer dependent notions. This study investigates how the universe might create itself out of nothing, without any outside intervention.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Is Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle Universal?

Authors: Shubham Ambokar
Comments: 3 Pages.

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is a founding pillar of quantum mechanics. This paper questions the foundations of the quantum mechanics with a thought experiment. The author has come up with this experiment and have found out that there are some anomalies in quantum measurement.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Generating Function Technique and Algebraic Ordinary Differential Equations

Authors: Robert Lloyd Jackson
Comments: 8 Pages. contact at rljacksonmd@gmail.com

In the past, theorems have shown that individuals can implement a (formal) power series method to derive solutions to algebraic ordinary differential equations, or AODEs. First, this paper will give a quick synopsis of these “bottom-up” approaches while further elaborating on a recent theorem that established the (modified) generating function technique, or [m]GFT, as a powerful method for solving differentials equations. Instead of building a (formal) power series, the latter method uses a predefined set of (truncated) Laurent series comprised of polynomial linear, exponential, hypergeometric, or hybrid rings to produce an analytic solution. Next, this study will utilize the [m]GFT to create several analytic solutions to a few example AODEs. Ultimately, one will find [m]GFT may serve as a powerful "top-down" method for solving linear and nonlinear AODEs.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Negative Proof of Riemann's Hypothesis

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Riemann hypothesis asserts that all meaningful solutions to the Riemann zeta function equation ζ(s)=0 lie on a line lying on Re(s)=1/2. This paper proves that for s=1/2+it, where t is any real number, the calculation result of the Riemann zeta function cannot be exactly zero, that is, there is no solution. Therefore,the real number t is any value, and it is not a non-trivial zero point, that is, the Riemann hypothesis is denied.
Category: General Mathematics

A New Method to Detect Gravitational Waves

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, a new method for detecting the gravitational waves designed on the basis that the viscosity coefficient of the dark matter fluid may affect the gravitational constant. In this method, the devices that measure the gravitational constant are mainly used to measure the change of the gravitational constant. When gravitational waves pass over, it helps to form an interaction between the sun and the dark matter fluid by means of gravitational waves, thereby transferring part of the sun's heat to the dark matter fluid. Therefore, the increase in this part of the heat will lead to an increase in the temperature of the dark matter fluid. The increase in the temperature of the dark matter fluid leads to an increase in the viscosity coefficient of the dark matter fluid. The increase of the viscosity coefficient of the dark matter fluid directly leads to the increase of the gravitational constant. Since 2015, we have been able to detect the gravitational waves reaching the earth through LIGO and other devices. Therefore, this paper compares the measurement data of the gravitational constant of HUST-18 since 2015 with the gravitational wave data obtained by LIGO. It was found that the measured gravitational constants tend to be higher in the years when gravitational waves were detected. In 2016, when no gravitational waves were detected, the measured gravitational constant was significantly lower.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Granular Spacetime: The Nature of Time

Authors: Carlton Frederick
Comments: 11 Pages.

Granular space-time posits that everything can be expressed as a function of space-time and matter. And this includes the quantum wave function Ψ . To give a geometric interpretation of Ψ , we First need to examine time. The fact that the wave function is complex results in the time dimension also being complex with the imaginary component being rolled-up. The symmetry of time is deduced.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

1 Planck Length, Planck Time and Speed of Gravity When Taking into Account Relativistic Mass with No Knowledge off G, h or c

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, we take into account Lorentz’s relativistic mass and then derive formulas for the Planck length and the Planck time that are not dependent on any other constants. Thus we can find the Planck length, the Planck time, and also the speed of gravity, from gravitational observations without any knowledge of any physical constants. This is in strong contrast to what has been, and currently is, thought to be the case. Since we take into account relativistic mass, our formulas are also fully accurate for a strong gravitational field. We will claim general relativity theory cannot be fully precise in respect to strong gravitational fields. For example, general relativity theory leads to an imaginary time dilation factor when at the Planck length distance from a Planck mass, but when taking into account Lorentz’s relativistic mass, the time dilation works properly all the way down to, and including, the Planck length distance.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Deriving Field Rotation Rate for an Alt - Az Mounted Telescope

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 5 Pages.

The field rotation rate is derived for an Alt-Az mounted telescope by considering two sources of rotation rate. The first source is related to the azimuth and altitude angle rates used in tracking the central target star with respect to the local frame. The second source is related to the rotation rate of the local coordinate frame with respect to the inertial frame. The field rotation rate is the sum of the two rotation rates along the telescope viewing axis.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Length of Addition Chains Producing $2^n-1$

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

Let $\delta(n)$ denotes the length of an addition chain producing $n$. In this paper we prove that the exists an addition chain producing $2^n-1$ whose length satisfies the inequality $$\delta(2^n-1)\lesssim n-1+\iota(n)+\frac{n}{\log n}+1.3\log n\int \limits_{2}^{\frac{n-1}{2}}\frac{dt}{\log^3t}+\xi(n)$$ where $\xi:\mathbb{N}\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}$. As a consequence, we obtain the inequality $$\iota(2^n-1)\lesssim n-1+\iota(n)+\frac{n}{\log n}+1.3\log n\int \limits_{2}^{\frac{n-1}{2}}\frac{dt}{\log^3t}+\xi(n)$$ where $\iota(n)$ denotes the length of the shortest addition chains producing $n$.
Category: Number Theory

A Mystery in Conformal Mappings and Division by Zero Calculus

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 5 Pages.

We introduce a mysterious property in conformal mappings and division by zero calculus with some elementary linear mapping.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Prime Numbers on Sets

Authors: Mar Detic
Comments: 2 Pages.

All natural numbers are the universal set and all composite numbers are the subsets thus prime numbers only exist in universal set but not in any subset.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Life Looks Like an Axiom to us

Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 2 Pages.

The dynamics of human evolution and the visible universe are similar.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Analyzing New Possible Mathematical Connections Between π , ζ(2), 4096, 1729, Some Ramanujan Mock Theta Functions, Parameters of Number Theory and String Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 124 Pages.

In this paper we analyze new possible mathematical connections between π, ζ(2), 4096, 1729, some Ramanujan mock theta functions, parameters of Number Theory and sectors of String Theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Zero-Dimensional Mathematics and the Associated Timespace Xemdir Field Geodesic in Deriving Fermat's Principle, the Stationary-Action Principle, and the Principle of Inertia

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 24 Pages.

Physics employs a variety of models constrained by how mathematical objects are used to label physical phenomena, primarily momentum being the mathematical object of choice. These models range from Newtonian mechanics to special and general relativity, to then quantum mechanics, and then to the standard model of particles. A clear issue that has arisen between these models is the dimensional mismatch between Einstein’s theory of gravitation and quantum mechanics (and thence the standard model) despite the idea of momentum being employed as a common mathematical object of choice for each of the models. Identified also with each of the models are three distinct and overlooked principles which remain as principles for each of the models without any further definition or derivation thereof, namely Fermat’s principle, the stationary-action principle, and the principle of inertia. In noting that these three principles are understood as assumptions for each of the models by the application of momentum as a mathematical descriptor base alone, the dimensional lack of cohesion between general relativity and quantum mechanics (and thence the standard model of particles) is brought to question with such. To rectify the dimensional mismatch, these three principles shall be derived from a zero-dimensional mathematical approach for the dimensions of time and space, specifically space as a point and time as a moment. By this derivation, the mathematical object approach of momentum shall be discussed and compared to the zero-dimensional mathematical approach.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On The Number of Twin Primes less than a Given Quantity: An Alternative Form of Hardy-Littlewood Conjecture

Authors: Junho Choi
Comments: 5 Pages.

I found an alternative form of Hardy-Littlewood Conjecture using a corollary of Mertens’ 2nd theorem. This new form would be more useful since it has a theoretical background and is more likely to be proved.
Category: Number Theory

Traces of the Permian-Triassic Impact Event Found on the Islands Mallorca and Sardinia, with Raman Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 29 Pages. 75 images, 25 diagrams, 3 tables

A few kilometers offshore of the eastern coast-line of Mallorca there is a distinct linear step visible on the ocean-floor topography. This linear step on the ocean-floor represents a linear fracture in Earth’s crust that was caused by the impact of ejecta-material, which was ejected by the 1270x950 km Permian-Triassic Impact-Crater (PTI) along the PTI-Ejecta-Ray R1. Parallel to the mentioned linear step on the ocean-floor, more such linear fractures were caused by the impact of Ejecta-Ray R1, along the western side of Mallorca. These linear fractures and the impulse of the impacting PTI-ejecta-material have caused small crust-fragments which were inclined towards east. On their western side these crust-fragments were lifted upwards by the impact event, and in this way they formed the linear mountain-range Serra-de-Tramuntana on the island Mallorca, which runs all along the west-side of Mallorca in a NE- to SW-direction. The mentioned linear fractures are the cause for the later break-off of the islands Mallorca, Menorca and Ibiza from the spanish mainland. One particular deep fracture, in combination with the expansion-tectonics-process which was triggered by the PT-Impact Event, has caused this break-off-process. On the spanish mainland the range “Ports-de-Tortosa“, which has the same kind of linear structure and orientation as the Tramuntana Range, probably was formed in the same way. The impact of ejecta-material from Ejecta-Ray R1 has caused the same small crust-fragments, with an inclination towards east, which have formed this range. Originally the “Serra-de-Tramuntana“ and the “Ports-de-Tortosa“ laid side by side, before they drifted apart, caused by an expansion-tectonics-process, as my manipulated satellite image on the next page indicates. Additionally I found clear traces of the PT-Ejecta-Ray R1 on satellite images of the Island Sardinia. I analysed rock-samples from selected sample areas in the Tramuntana-Range with Micro-Raman-Spectroscopy, to find out if they were exposed to a shock-pressure which may indicate an Impact-Event. The Raman-spectra of quartz from the Sample Sites 6-A and 6-B indeed provided first evidence for an impact-event as the probable cause of the linear Tramuntana-Range. The clear shifts of the main Raman-peaks, of the analysed quartz samples, to the lower frequencies 463, 261, 204 and 126 cm-1 (Site 6-A, stone-1) and to 263 and 126 cm-1 (Site 6-B, stone-1) provide first proof for an Impact-Event ! Microscopic images of the analysed quartz grains may provide further proof for an impact-event.
Category: Geophysics

The Equivalence of Gravity and Gravitational Time Dilation

Authors: René Friedrich
Comments: 10 Pages. Essay written for the Gravity Research Foundation 2022 Awards for Essays on Gravitation

The unsuccessful attempts of quantization of spacetime are corroborating the belief that for the purposes of quantum gravity, the current notion of spacetime must be replaced with a different concept. However, the range of possible alternative approaches is currently restricted by the fact that gravity is considered to be inseparably associated with the concept of curved spacetime. In order to extend this range of possible alternative approaches, it is shown here on the basis of the Schwarzschild metric how gravity may not only be described by the means of curved spacetime but equivalently also in the form of gravitational time dilation in flat, uncurved space.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Proof of Primality Using the Set S

Authors: Mar Detic
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper provides a proof of primality using a set construction S. Specifically, it demonstrates that a positive integer p > 1 is prime if and only if p /∈ S. The set S is defined in terms of prime divisors of p and is constructed by considering natural numbers within certain bounds. Examples are provided to illustrate the application of thiscriterion for both prime and composite numbers, including p = 121.
Category: Number Theory

A Novel Set of Representations for ζ(3)

Authors: E. Zhou, M. Zhou
Comments: 2 Pages.

ABSTRACT. Here, we provide a novel set of expressions for zeta (3) which are systematic results.
Category: Number Theory

A Protein Hydrophilic Active Site Could by Mutual Exclusion Became Hydrophobic, Allowing This Vectorial Transition to Bypass the Microscopic Reversibility Principle

Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 22 Pages. 9 figures

Prigogine proposed a coupling between larger sources of enthalpy to allow an open system to operate life. The sun flow of energy is coupled to water cluster thermogenic breakdown of H-bonds to vapor. The position of proline in a polypeptide chain allows sliding between segments, in the tertiary folding structure response to electrostatic attractions, could differentiate positive vs negative domains. Thus, bypass the microscopic reversibility principle, illustrated as a single door, vectorial kinetic only made possible by the jokingly Maxwell proposed operator demons. The physiological function of Hb oxygenation by pO_2 shows a microscopic thermogenesis biological vector, functioning by the enthalpy potential of the large mass action of surrounding air and releasing entropy. The mechanism shows the H-bonds breakdown required for changes in the structure-function levels by the proline mediated folding. The tense (T) to relax (R) forms shows vectorial microscopic dynamics, during Hb oxygenation. Thus involves a sliding by H-bonds breakdown, distancing between subunits β_2 and α_1. Thus, open a larger entrance to a fully hydrated Mg^2+ to coordinate amphoteric and negative R groups characterizable to a hydrophilic site. The transition of R to T allows positive R groups to bind 2,3-DPG to form deoxyHb. Thus, a microscopic smaller entrance by decreasing its opening size does not allow entrance of the fully hydrated Mg2+, but allow the exit of nitric oxide (NO) and a poorly hydrated Mg^2+, denominated nascent. This one acts for competitive hydration sieving on the shells of Na+, which in terms take water from the K+ shell, potentiating a K+/Na+-translocation operating the electrogenic transmembrane potential. The deoxygenation in the reverse transition of R to T binds NO, protecting against a premature decrease of the chromosome’s telomeres size by stressing factors such as depression, anxiety and physic traumatisms, over endothelial cells delaying premature senescence. The arginine metabolism produces NO, dilating blood vessels, improving the circulatory systems and the muscular recovery-development. A diet rich in arginine by producing a high sustainable level of NO may prevent the resistance to treatment by the consolidation of large vascular masses. The H-bonds donor potential by their breakdown leads to randomness (or entropy) decreasing the kinetic energy of solvation, scaling down the polarity on the thermogenic dissipation of oxy vs deoxyHb and choroid plexus epithelium on plasma generation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The enthalpy of photosynthesis-metabolism releases CO_2, whereas the water cluster mediated thermostatic function releases vapor. In both systems, the entropy release maintains a high potential of enthalpy. Hence, overcomes the thermic and electric noises by an irreversible dissipative kinetics, facilitating a clear development of a meditative level of reasoning and learning. Thus, the brain acquires an autonomous function, beyond behavioral genetic conditioning.
Category: Physics of Biology

The Reason for the Change in the Gravitational Constant

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 11 Pages.

The gravitational constant may be constantly changing. Although the relevant evidence is not very sufficient at present, from the existing experimental results, the gravitational constant is the least accurate constant among all the constants. This also shows that the gravitational constant may change with the change of space-time. This paper attempts to explore the possible reasons for the change of the gravitational constant. This work is also based on the results of some of my previous works. But this paper mainly discusses on the basis of the fluid model of dark matter. According to the fluid model of dark matter, dark matter in the entire universe is a gaseous fluid state. And this fluid naturally has various thermodynamic properties. Which involves pressure, temperature and volume, and so on. If the temperature or pressure of the dark matter fluid is affected, the viscosity coefficient of the dark matter fluid will change. In the dark matter fluid model, it is assumed that the viscosity coefficient of the dark matter fluid is a parameter that is completely consistent with the gravitational constant. Therefore, if the viscosity coefficient of the dark matter fluid increases or decreases, it will directly cause the gravitational constant to increase or decrease in this part of space-time. This paper analyzes the difference in temperature in different space-time locations of the solar system, and points out that in the location close to the sun, due to the relatively high temperature, the temperature of dark matter in this part of the natural world will also be relatively high. If the dark matter fluid is a gas, the higher the temperature, the higher the viscosity coefficient. Combined with some previous analyses, we can see that the dark matter fluid should mainly exist in the form of gas. This is because from the results of these analyses, the gravitational constant should be larger the closer you are to the sun.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Disproof of Weak Goldbach's Conjecture

Authors: Marko V. Jankovic
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper it is going to be proved that weak Goldbach's conjecture can not hold. The proof is based on fundamental theorem of arithmetic. This paper presents the idea that is simple modification (extension) of the idea used to prove that strong Goldbach's conjecture cannot hold.
Category: Number Theory

Schnirelmann's Theorem Paradox

Authors: Marko V. Jankovic
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper it is going to be proved that Schnilermann's theorem can not hold. A disproof is based onfundamental theorem of arithmetic. However, since the proof of the theorem is widely accepted, that creates an unusual paradox that theorem can be proved and disproved at the same time.
Category: Number Theory

The Method of Representing Goldbach Conjecture by Set

Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Pseudonym is not permitted, and there shouldn't be a hyphen between first name and last name)

If the Goldbach conjecture can be represented by a set, then the Goldbach conjecture is only one of the common mapping relations represented by a certain set in a wider range. In order to prove that I'm not kidding, I'll write the method of prime distribution image in the first paragraph of the article. This is easy to verify. You can know it's true by drawing it.
Category: Number Theory

Graph Equations

Authors: Elmar Guseinov
Comments: Pages.

В данной статье приводится решение 83 проблем, формулировка которых близка к формулировке гипотезы грациозности деревьев. В частности, было найдено дерево T=(E,V) с инъективной разметкой рёбер h числами {1,...,|E|}, для которой нельзя указать инъективной разметки вершин f, так чтобы для каждого ребра ab∈E выполнялось условие |f(a)-f(b)|=h(ab). Для оптимизации процесса решения была написана соответствующая рекомендательная программа.

In this article, we solve 83 problems related to the graceful tree conjecture. In particular, we have found a tree T=(E,V) and injective edge labeling h:E→{1,...,|E|} such that there is no injective vertex labeling f with the property that |f(a)-f(b)|=h(ab) for all ab∈E. To optimize the solution process, a recommendation computer program was written.
Category: Condensed Matter

On the Number of Integral Points in the Annular Region Induced by Spheres in $\mathbb{R}^k$

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 8 Pages.

Using the method of compression we show that the number of integral points in the annular region induced by two $k$ dimensional spheres of radii $r$ and $R$ with $R>r$ satisfies the lower bound \begin{align} \mathcal{N}_{R,r,k} \gg (R^{k-1}-r^{k+\delta})\sqrt{k}.\nonumber \end{align}for some small $\delta>0$ with $k>\frac{\delta(\log r)}{\log R-\log r}$.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Along the Side of the Onsager's Solution, the Ekagi Language

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: thirteen page plus supplementary materials

We continue to consult the Ekagi-Dutch-English-Indonesian Dictionary by J. Steltenpool. Here we count all the Ekagi entries initiating with a letter. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter. We find that the entries underlie a magnetisation curve. The magnetisation curve i.e. the graph of the reduced magnetisation vs the reduced temperature is the exact Onsager solution of the two dimensional Ising model in the the absence of external magnetic field.
Category: Condensed Matter

Chaotic Numbers and Its Uses on Millennium Prize Problems

Authors: Usama Shamsuddin Thakur
Comments: 7 Pages.

Chaotic number system is a tool which was needed to solve the mysteries of today’s modern mathematical problems the unsolved millennium prize problems namely 1. Riemann Hypothesis, 2. Navier Stokes Equations, 3. Yang Mills Theory and Mass Gap. These are some of the names of problems which we will see in this paper can be solved I don’t claim that I have solved these problems but certainly I have given a new perspective on them. We use chaotic numbers and axiomatic properties of these numbers which is denoted by ���� and is a super set of complex numbers. The numbers are dynamic and always changing the operations on them are different and they match the exact description of quantum mechanics as the root of inventing these numbers was to understand quantum particles and having a clear understanding by the mathematics that works with the same uncertainty.
Category: Number Theory

Quantum Computing Using Chaotic Numbers

Authors: Usama Shamsuddin Thakur
Comments: 29 Pages.

Quantum Mechanics and Computation has a major problem called the measurement problem [7] [19]. This has given physicists a very hard time over the years when I first looked into the problem my approach was simple find a new number system that can go with the uncertainty of a Quantum particle the paper deals with the mathematics of uncertainty which has solved 2 millenium prize problems [4], [5] and quantum mea- surement problem very efficiently. We divide chaos into two parts low chaos and high chaos then we find the desired value [19] inside the inter- section of both. This helps us find something in a ℵ3 >>> ∞ this takes the problems around us to the next level if we are able to control a chaos then we can achieve pretty much anything.
Category: Quantum Physics

Knots!

Authors: Nikolay Dementev
Comments: 5 Pages.

Method of mapping the knots is suggested. Prospective biological implementations are discussed.
Category: Topology

Theory of Everything: Relation to General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Helmut Schmidt
Comments: 20 Pages.

The presented theory of everything (TOE) is based on the simplest possible law for energy E = 2^r i^t and the torque for an observer and two objects. A common constant can be derived from h, G and c: hGc^5 s^8/m^10 sqrt(pi^4 - pi^2 - 1/pi - 1/pi^3) = 1.00000 For the system of sun, earth and moon, a formula for c results from the radius of the earth and day alone: r = sqrt (pi/2 c m Tag ) = 6378626 m Numerous calculations on the planetary system, hydrogen atom and elementary particles are given. For example, the exact calculation of the proton mass in relation to the electron mass. mproton = (2pi)^4+(2pi)^3+(2pi)^2-(2pi)^1 - 1 -2 - 2/pi - 2/pi^6 + 4/pi^8+ 4/pi^10 + 4/pi^12 + 8/pi^13 - 1/pi^14) The TOE gives the result 1836.15267343 me With the TOE, the energies of objects are determined directly. QM, QFT and ART are committee methods using the Euler-Lagrange formula. The vacuum is considered to be an essential part of the universe, filled with virtual particles. This can be represented as an equation: All = TOE + Vakuum = TOE + QFT + ART.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Evidence of Lift Force on Gyroscope

Authors: Carsten Quinlan
Comments: 3 Pages.

Experimental evidence is presented showing that a rapidly rotating gyroscope experiences a lift force opposing gravity. The theory is derived by considering the centrifugal forces (with the Earth’s center as the origin) that act on a cylindrically symmetric, rapidly rotating rigid body. Under normal circumstances, this effect is completely negligible compared to other forces acting on the gyroscope. Therefore, this experiment was designed for a rapidly spinning mechanical gyroscope by placing it on a sensitive scale in a vacuum chamber. Experimental methods and data analysis methods are also presented. The data shows that the effect is much larger than anticipated by the theory, and that the effect seems to be enhanced through interaction with electromagnetic (EM) fields. Our conclusion is that the data indicated that our theory is partially correct, but incomplete, and likely to be missing at least one effect related to electromagnetism.
Category: Classical Physics

Supergauge Symmetry and Logarithmic Elliptic Equation

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 2 Pages.

In previous studies, it was proved that everything in the universe can be calculated with logarithmic elliptic equation and logarithmic parabolic equation. They satisfy all of Dirac delta function, Hierarchical problem, Super symmetry, Gauge symmetry, Renormalization, and Spontaneous symmetry breaking. In this study, the characteristics of logarithmic elliptic equation are described. When tau and muon neutrinos are 15.5 MeV and 170 keV, electron neutrino is calculated as 0.15 eV. 0D and 3D masses are calculated as 1E-133 eV and 1E-12 eV, and the ratio of the two is 1E-121. This is the cosmological constant problem. Elliptic equation always is drawn as large ellipse and small ellipse, the large ellipse is standard mass, and the small ellipse is oscillating mass. This is the neutrino oscillation phenomenon.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Division by Zero Galileo & Antoine Laws Proffer Application

Authors: David Njeru Kathuri
Comments: 16 Pages.

"Division by Zero Galileo & Antoine Laws proffer application" offers more scientific proof in regards to my proffer involving division by zero as explained in "58 Answers for Division by Zero". This is done by the use of Galileo & Antoine Law of Motion and Conservation respectively. 2
Category: Mathematical Physics

On the Renormalization of Scientific Citations

Authors: István Daruka
Comments: 6 Pages.

Through a comparative example, this paper calls for the necessity of the renormalization of scientific citations due to the exponentially inflating citation horizon.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Age of Multiverse: 19.28 Gyrs

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 7 Pages. LCS method can convert astronomical / observational data to simultaneous values.

A four-dimensional detailed geometric analysis (Light Coordinate System) method is proposed to convert astronomical observation data into simultaneous values and calculate the age of the universe. With this detailed method, the age of the universe is determined as 19.28 +/- 0.50 Gyrs.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Ehrhart Volume Conjecture Is False in Sufficiently Higher Dimensions in $\mathbb{R}^n$

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages.

Using the method of compression, we show that volume $Vol(K)$ of a ball $K$ in $\mathbb{R}^n$ with a single lattice point in it's interior as center of mass satisfies the lower bound \begin{align} Vol(K)\gg \frac{n^n}{\sqrt{n}}\nonumber \end{align}thereby disproving the Ehrhart volume conjecture, which claims that the upper bound must hold \begin{align} Vol(K) \leq \frac{(n+1)^n}{n!}\nonumber \end{align}for all convex bodies with the required property.
Category: Geometry

Hamiltonian Instability and the Classical-to-Quantum Transition

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 6 Pages.

The mechanism of Arnold diffusion (AD) describes the dynamic instability of nearly-integrable Hamiltonian systems. Here we argue that AD leads to action quantization for classical systems having an infinite number of degrees of freedom. Planck’s constant emerges as long-time value of the action differential applied to large ensembles of oscillators in near equilibrium conditions
Category: Quantum Physics

Approach to Enhance Quantum Gravity Effects by Ultimate Acceleration

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 14 Pages.

In analogy to the ultimate speed c, assume that there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit β. By fitting observational data, it is found that the solar system has an ultimate acceleration of β=2.961520e+10(m/s/s), no rocket's acceleration can exceed this limit β. Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect connecting to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity test. The ultimate acceleration makes a strict restriction on planet-rotation, it establishes a quantum rule for gravity, it is reported in this paper that the Sun and first four planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) are quantized very well in accordance with the limit β. In other words, the ultimate acceleration β can derive out a generalized matter wave which causes the planetary quantization. Using the generalized matter wave and its Planck-constant-like constant, the solar system, Jupiter's satellites, Saturn's satellites, Uranus' satellites, Neptune's satellites as five different many-body systems are investigated with the Bohr orbit model. The calculation results agree well with experimental observations for these planets and satellites. This paper also discusses the possibility of applying the generalized matter wave to the Moon's orbit, tropic cyclone and virus.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Tracking the Phase Changes in Micelle-based NiGa Nanocatalysts for Methanol Synthesis under Activation and Working Conditions

Authors: Uta Hejral, Janis Timoshenko, David Kordus, Mauricio Lopez Luna, Nuria J. Divins, Simon Widrinna, Ioannis Zegkinoglou, Lukas Pielsticker, Hemma Mistry, Jorge Anibal Boscoboinik, Stefanie Kuehl, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
Comments: 41 Pages.

The hydrogenation of CO2 into high energy density fuels such as methanol, where the required H2 is obtained from renewable sources, is of utmost importance for a sustainable society. In recent years, NiGa alloys have attracted attention as promising catalyst material systems for the hydrogenation of CO2 into methanol at ambient pressures. They thus represent an energy-saving alternative to the Cu-based catalysts employed in today’s catalytic industry that require high pressures for the CO2 hydrogenation. However, the underlying reaction mechanisms for the NiGa system are still under debate. One of the challenges here is to unravel the evolution and coexistence of the different species in the heterogeneous NiGa catalyst system under activation and reaction conditions. To shed light on their evolution under H2 activation and their catalytic roles under CO2 hydrogenation working conditions on defined Ni3Ga1 and Ni5Ga3 nanoparticle (NP) catalysts, we employed a multi-probe approach. It included advanced machine learning-based analysis of operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy data combined with operando powder X-ray diffraction and near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, as well as reactivity studies using bed-packed mass flow reactors. In addition, we employed atomic force microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy for structural characterization. Under H2 activation at 1 bar total pressure, we conclude the formation of metallic Ni, starting for Ni3Ga1 at 300˚C, and for Ni5Ga3 at 400˚C. At higher temperatures, the formation of NiGa alloys follows. The α’-Ni3Ga1 alloy phase is predominantly formed for the Ni3Ga1 NPs, while the coexistence of α’-Ni3Ga1, δ-Ni5Ga3 and Ga2O3 phases is observed for the Ni5Ga3 NPs after the H2 activation. The formation of the Ga2O3 phase also results in the presence of excess metallic Ni. Under CO2 hydrogenation reaction conditions, Ga partially oxidizes again to form a Ga2O3-rich particle shell for both NP compositions, yet, to a larger extent for the Ni3Ga1 NPs, which, in turn, feature a higher amount of excess Ni. We reveal that metallic Ni is responsible for the high selectivity of the Ni3Ga1 NPs towards the production of methane in our catalytic tests. Contrary, the Ni5Ga3 NPs display a strong selectivity toward methanol production (>92%), more than one order of magnitude higher than that for the Ni3Ga1 NPs, which we ascribe to the presence of the δ-Ni5Ga3 phase.
Category: Chemistry

The Dual Cause of the Force of Gravity the Completion and Verification of the Law of the Universal Attraction and a New Proposal for the Origin of the Mass of Subatomic Particles

Authors: Vaggelis Talios
Comments: 10 Pages.

Newtonian gravity, Einstein’s space-time, the gravitons, the Higgs particle of the established model, the remainder dFe and the Global gravity, of the “Modern theory of everything” [1]. Could you imagine a natural phenomenon, simpler than watching an apple to be falling to the ground? However, the initial explanation be given to this simple phenomenon that, “The Earth is the center of the Universe, and as all bodies are attracted to this center, they will be attracted to the Earth”, was wrong. The correct explanation that: “All material bodies are attracted to each other, as well as to the Earth, which is also a material body”, was given by Newton and was a very simple, correct and successful explanation. The force that bodies are attracted to the Earth been called “Gravity” and the law that calculates this force been called the law of the “Universal Attraction”. Since then been made, many changes in Theoretical Physics, challenging some of Newton's explanations, for gravity and the law of the Universal attraction. These changes I describe in this paper, adding the suggestion of the dual cause of gravity, which complements and verifies Newton's views. At the end of the work I formulate a new proposal for the origin of the mass of subatomic particles, which goes beyond the Higgs mechanism.
Category: Classical Physics

FC1: A Powerful, Non-Deterministic, Symmetric Key Cipher

Authors: Michele Fabbrini
Comments: 25 Pages.

In this paper we describe a symmetric key algorithm that offers an unprecedented grade of confidentiality. Based on the uniqueness of the modular multiplicative inverse of a positive integer a modulo n and on its computability in a polynomial time, this non-deterministic cipher can easily and quickly handle keys of millions or billions of bits that an attacker does not even know the length of. The algorithm’s primary key is the modulo, while the ciphertext is given by the concatenation of the modular inverse of blocks of plaintext whose length is randomly chosen within a predetermined range. In addition to the full specification, we present a working implementation of it in Julia Programming Language, accompanied by real examples of encryption and decryption.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Five More Proofs of the Cosine Addition Formula (Inspired by Mark Levi's Perpetuum Mobile Proof)

Authors: Doron Zeilberger
Comments: 1 Page.

Inspired by Mark Levi's wonderful proof of the Cosine addition formula, that showed that it follows from the sad fact that Perpetual Motion is impossible, we recall five other proofs.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Thoughts on the Postulate of the Vacuum Ground State

Authors: A. I. Andreus
Comments: 4 Pages. In Ukrainian

Thoughts on the postulate of the vacuum ground state. The concept as a philosophical category, matter is identified with the concept as a physical category, matter as matter and field, which is realized identically by the concepts of electrino and positrino in the canonical imagination, as neoNelectrino and neoNpositrino.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Symmetry Based Architectural Model to Explain Nucleosyntheses, Fission, Fusion and Emission Processes

Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen, Subha Sen
Comments: 29 Pages. 4 Tables, 9 Figures

A unique hypothetical model for the nuclear architecture is appended here from simple symmetry considerations bereft of any mathematical intricacies. Quite a number of nuclear models have been developed to describe the arrangement of protons and neutrons inside an atomic nucleus but no concrete proposition has been put forward till today. In the present model a ‘core’ alpha particle is sequentially encircled by all the Platonic solid structures in order of their increasing capacity. This Polyhedral Cage model is the extension of Paulion (p – n) condensation model and can successfully explain the nucleosyntheses of all nuclei especially of higher mass number. The sides of all the polyhedra are built up of p – n pairs (and n – n pairs). Except tetrahedron (the faces of which cannot accommodate nucleons due to its small size and its nearness to the core), faces of other polyhedron are occupied by nucleons in a symmetric fashion to impart stability to the resulting nucleus. Interestingly, on gradual filling up of the polyhedra, certain combinations of protons and neutrons that reach complete filling of each polyhedron (either sides or faces or both) correspond to the so called ‘Magic numbers’. The model reflects qualitatively the formation of stable isotopes as described in Segre᷆ Chart and embraces the features of all other presently accepted nuclear models into one qualitative frame. Nuclear reactions such as Fission (both asymmetric and symmetric) and Fusion processes have been logically explained. The so called “neutrino puzzle” in the production of energy in the Sun can be avoided by this model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A Very Intuitive, Constructive [Primality] Test, or Recomposer: Iterations, Algorithm

Authors: Arthur V. Shevenyonov
Comments: 3 Pages. primality/decomposition routines rendered minimalist

Based on the ubiquitous ‘floor’ function, a constructive primality test (tantamount to a dual de- & re-composition algorithm) is proposed alongside auxiliary conjectures. Implications potentially border on domains as co-distant and versatile as, the #-scores, Shapley value, and ABC conjecture to name but a few.
Category: Number Theory

The Information Loss Paradox and Dirac’s Sea of Negative Energy

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper, it will be proposed that 1. The production of a pair of particles requires a source of energy. 2. This source of energy comes from Einstein’s equation, E=mc2. 3. In this context Hawking radiation is unlikely to be realized in nature even if one appeals to Dirac’s sea of negative energy to the rescue.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Relationship Between the Hubble Constant, the Universal Gravitation Constant and Their Dependencies Over Time

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 3 Pages.

According to the theory of generalized relativity, the dependence over time of the universal gravitation constant and the Hubble constant has been determined. An equation relates both to the speed of light
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

From Neutrino Masses to the Full Size of the Universe

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 30 Pages. Talk presented at the Sixteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting (MG16), Rome, July 5-10, 2021. To appear in the proceedings.

Our universe is a 3-dimensional elastic substrate which once has condensed and now is expanding within some higher dimensional space. The elastic substrate is built from tiny invisible constituents, called tetrons, with bond length about the Planck length and binding energy the Planck energy. All ordinary matter particles are quasiparticle excitations of the tetrons gliding on the elastic medium. Since the quasiparticles fulfill Lorentz covariant wave equations, they perceive the universe as a 3+1 dimensional spacetime continuum lacking a preferred rest system. Any type of mass/energy induces curvature on the spacetime continuum as determined by the Einstein equations. The 24 known quarks and leptons arise as eigenmode excitations of a tetrahedral fiber structure, which is made up from 4 tetrons and extends into 3 additional `internal' dimensions. While the laws of gravity are due to the elastic properties of the tetron bonds, particle physics interactions take place within the internal fibers. I will concentrate on three of the most intriguing features of the model: (i) Understanding small neutrino masses from the conservation of isospin, and, more in general, calculating the spectrum of quark and lepton masses. This is obtained from the tetron model's interpretation of the Higgs mechanism. As a byproduct, the connection between the large top mass and the electroweak symmetry breaking becomes apparent. (ii) The possibility to determine the full size of the universe from future dark energy measurements. This is obtained from the tetron model's interpretation of the dark energy effect. In the course of discussion, the dark energy equation of state, i.e. the equation of state of the elastic tetron background will be derived. (iii) Finally, the origin of the big bang `Hubble tension' within the tetron scheme will be elucidated, and deviations from the standard picture such as a varying Newton constant are discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Algebraic Symmetry of Three Sets

Authors: Hajime Mashima
Comments: 22 Pages.

In this paper, the symmetry is shown for two and three pairs of rings.
Category: Number Theory

A Hundred Attacks in Distributed Systems

Authors: Arash Vaezi, Sara Azarnoush, Parsa Mohammadian
Comments: 37 Pages.

The objective of any security system is the capacity to keep a secret. It is vital to keep the data secret when it is stored as well as when it is sent over a network. Nowadays, many people utilize the internet to access various resources, and several businesses employ a dispersed environment to give services to their users. As a result, a more secure distributed environment is required, in which all transactions and processes can be effectively completed safely. It is critical in a distributed system environment to deliver reliable services to users at any time and from any place. As an example of a distributed system, Blockchain is a unique distributed system that has confronted lots of attacks despite its security mechanism. Security is a top priority in a distributed setting. This paper organizes many attacks that byzantine users may apply to take advantage of the loyal users of a system. A wide range of previous articles dealt considered diverse types of attacks. However, we could not find a well-organized document that helps scientists consider different attacking aspects while designing a new distributed system. A hundred various kinds of most essential attacks are categorized and summarized in this article.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Is Special Relativity Compatible with General Relativity?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 5 Pages.

Is special relativity theory applicable to the matter universe, as this theory was developed for places with no gravity or acceleration? Is Special Relativity compatible with General Relativity?
Category: Astrophysics

Geometrical Optics as U(1) Local Gauge Theory in Curved Space-time

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 4 Pages.

We treat the geometrical optics as an Abelian $U(1)$ local gauge theory in vacuum curved space-time. We formulate the eikonal equation in (1+1)-dimensional vacuum centrally symmetric curved space-time using null geodesic of the Schwarzschild metric and obtain mass-the U(1) gauge potential relation.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Cosmological Scale Versus Planck Scale: As Above, So Below!

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 7 Pages.

We will demonstrate that the mass (equivalent mass) of the observable universe divided by the universe radius is exactly identical to the Planck mass divided by the Planck length. This only holds true in the Haug universe model that takes into account Lorentz’s relativistic mass, while in the Friedmann model of the universe the critical mass of the universe divided by the Hubble radius is exactly equal to 1/2*mp/lp . This is much more than just a speculative approximation, for the findings are consistent with a new, unified, quantum gravity theory that links the cosmological scale directly to the Planck scale.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Energy is Gravitational Potential Energy or Energy of the Gravitational Field

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 20 Pages.

When the bound object acts on gravity, the gravitational action of gravitational potential energy is also included. Therefore, even in the case of the universe, the gravitational action of gravitational potential energy must be considered. Gravitational potential energy generates a repulsive force because it has a negative equivalent mass. Mass energy (Mc^2) is an attractive component, and the equivalent mass (-M_gp) of gravitational potential energy is a repulsive component. Therefore, if |(-M_gp)c^2}| < Mc^2, there is a decelerated expansion, and if |(-M_gp)c^2| > Mc^2, accelerated expansion is performed. |(-M_gp)c^2| = Mc^2 is the inflection point from the decelerated expansion to the accelerated expansion. Dark energy is gravitational potential energy or the energy of the gravitational field. Dark energy arises because any positive energy (mass) contained within the range of gravitational interaction creates negative gravitational potential energy. While positive mass energy is proportional to M, absolute value of gravitational potential energy increases faster because gravitational potential energy is proportional to -M^2/R. Therefore, as the universe ages and the range of gravitational interaction expands, a situation arises where the negative gravitational potential energy becomes greater than the positive mass energy, and thus the universe is accelerating expansion. I present Friedmann equations and dark energy function obtained through gravitational potential energy or gravitational self-energy model. There is no cosmological constant and dark energy is a function of time. This model predicts an inflection point where dark energy becomes larger and more important than the energy of matter and radiation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Halting Severe Chemotherapy Toxicity and Improving Patient Outcomes in Cancer Treatment

Authors: Dean Tatlow, Corinne Tatlow, Scarlet Tatlow, Savanah Tatlow
Comments: Pages.

In cancer treatment, there is a narrow therapeutic window with chemotherapy agents. The most common reason for chemotherapy dose reduction is neutropenia resulting in impaired survival. Chemotherapy dosage is calculated based on body surface area, with no adjustment recommendation for a patient's albumin level even though chemotherapy medications are highly protein-bound. The insight gained by mathematical modeling suggests an altered free/bound drug ratio in patients with low albumin results in severe side effects. Furthermore, mathematical modeling also reveals impaired survival in dose-reduced chemotherapy patients may be from decreased bound drug levels while free drug levels remain unchanged. Restoring the free/bound drug ratio by correcting a patient's albumin deficit will reduce chemotherapy side effects and improve patient outcomes. Finally, enhanced chemotherapy treatment is possible by capping the free drug level and maximizing the bound drug level. The mathematical model predicts the following chemotherapy medications will have altered free/bound drug ratio in patients with low albumin: cisplatin, oxaliplatin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, paclitaxel, eribulin, etoposide, vinorelbine, bendamustine, chlorambucil, and pemetrexed.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Three-way Catalysis with Bimetallic Supported Pd-Au Catalysts: Gold as a Poison and as a Promotor

Authors: Viktor Ulrich, Boris Moroz, Pavel Pyrjaev, Ilya Sinev, Andrey Bukhtiyarov, Evgeny Gerasimov, Valerii Bukhtiyarov, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya, Wolfgang Grünert
Comments: 48 Pages.

Three-way catalysts containing Au and/or Pd supported on either CeZrOx (CZ) or La2O3/Al2O3 (LA) were studied with respect to their performance in a model feed and characterized by various techniques (physisorption, CO chemisorption, TEM, XRD, XPS, XANES). A drastic support influence was found in both catalytic behavior and Pd-Au relation. While Au was a strong poison for all catalytic functions of Pd (oxidation, NO reduction) on LA, poisoning was much mitigated on CZ, rendering all Pd containing catalysts superior to a commercial reference. After ageing, the poisoning by Au was aggravated on LA. On CZ, Pd-rich bimetallic combinations retained better activity than Pd/CZ, which still outperformed the reference. As Au did not significantly contribute to propene oxidation and NO reduction, activity of Pd was markedly increased under a promoting influence of Au. Stabilization of PdII by ceria and delayed Pd-Au alloy formation are key features in the CZ-supported PdAu catalysts.
Category: Chemistry

Pt-Sn-Co Nanocubes as Highly Active Catalysts for Ethanol Electro-Oxidation

Authors: Rubén Rizo, Arno Bergmann, Janis Timoshenko, Fabian Scholten, Clara Rettenmaier, Hyo Sang Jeon, Yen-Ting Chen, Aram Yoon, Alexander Bagger, Jan Rossmeisl, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
Comments: 38 Pages.

Direct ethanol fuel cells are among the most promising clean electrochemical power sources. Nevertheless, the high cost and low efficiency of the Pt-based catalysts hinder their commercialization. Here, Pt-Sn-Co nanocubes with a Pt- and Sn-rich shell show improved performance towards the electrochemical ethanol oxidation reaction. Mechanistic and structural insights were obtained by synergistically combining different in situ and operando spectro-electrochemical techniques, including electrochemical mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In particular, electrochemical conditioning and EOR were found to induce Sn leaching from the core and shell, leading to electrochemically-accessible Pt sites adjacent to partially-oxidized Sn sites on a Pt3Co-like core. The increased activity of the Pt-Sn-Co nanocubes was assigned to the formation of a higher amount of C1 (CO2) and C2 (acetic acid/acetaldehyde) products during EOR as well as to their high ability to remove adsorbed CO from the Pt surface when compared to similarly-sized cubic Pt-Sn or Pt NPs. Beneficial strain and ligand effects are combined here through a catalyst design resulting in adjacent Pt and Sn sites at the overlayer on top of a Pt3Co alloy core.
Category: Chemistry

On the Calculation of a Polynomial Approximation of Numerical Table Values Using Matrix Algebra

Authors: Aloys J. Sipers, Joh. J. Sauren
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this communication, we propose a computational method involving matrix algebra to approximate numerical values of a given table by a second order polynomial.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Kinematics of Keplerian Velocity Imposes Another Interpretation of Newtonian Gravitation

Authors: Herve Le Cornec
Comments: 12 Pages.

The velocity of any Keplerian orbiter is well known, but its time derivative is a centripetal acceleration, not an attractive one. Furthermore the rectilinear accelerated trajectory of Newton's attraction is not part of the Keplerian conics. Newton's postulate of attraction is therefore not consistent with Kepler's laws. We demonstrate this geometric reality by the factual kinematics and expose its consequences from the bodies falling, to the rotation speed of the galaxies, passing through Einstein's equivalence principle or the stability of the solar system.
Category: Astrophysics

On Class Field Theory from a Group Theoretical Viewpoint

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 4 Pages.

The main goal of Class Field Theory, of characterizing abelian field extensions in terms of the arithmetic of the rationals, is achieved via the correspondence between Arithmetic Galois Theory and classical (algebraic) Galois Theory, as formulated in its traditional form by Artin. The analysis of field extensions, primarily of the way rational primes decompose in field extensions, is proposed, in terms of an invariant of the Galois group encoding its structure. Prospects of the non-abelian case are given in terms of Grothendieck's Anabelian Theory.
Category: Algebra

On Addition Chains of Fixed Degree

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper we extend the so-called notion of addition chains and prove an analogue of Scholz's conjecture on this chain. In particular, we obtain the inequality $$\iota^{\lfloor \frac{n-1}{2}\rfloor}(2^n-1)\leq n+\iota(n)$$ where $\iota(n)$ and $\iota^{\lfloor \frac{n-1}{2}\rfloor}(n)$ denotes the length of the shortest addition chain and the shortest addition chain of degree $\lfloor \frac{n-1}{2}\rfloor$, respectively, producing $n$.
Category: Number Theory

Proof of Twinprime Conjecture , Goldbach's Conjecture

Authors: Ryujin Choe
Comments: 21 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Powerpoint form is not acceptable form - Please replace and do not use in the future)

Proof of Twinprime conjecture , Goldbach's conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Black Holes and the Evolution of Matter Inside Them

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 6 Pages.

It is shown that black holes, initially containing quark-gluon plasma, with a further increase in their mass, due to gravitational pressure, transform matter into photons, and then into a Bose-Einstein condensate. Photons of the Bose Condensate in the lowest energy state, having no momentum, begin to leave the black hole, which causes the black hole to explode and emit high-energy photons in the form of gamma rays that fill the Universe. That is, the evolution of matter inside black holes turns matter into light.
Category: Astrophysics

A Disproof of Strong Goldbach's Conjecture

Authors: Marko V. Jankovic
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper it is going to be proved that strong Goldbach's conjecture can not hold. The proof is based on fundamental theorem of arithmetic.
Category: Number Theory

Pi / (2+sn+cn)

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 6 Pages.

We give some formulas for pi/(2+sn+cn),n=1,2,3,...
Category: General Mathematics

On Finite Groups and Galois Theory

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 5 Pages. Preliminary version

We comment on Artin's reformulation of Galois Theory incorporating MacLane's non-abelian extensions theory, and Eilenberg's Category Theory ideology.
Category: Algebra

Arithmetic Galois Theory (Part II)

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 20 Pages. Beamer (LaTex) presentation

A brief historic introduction to Galois Theory is followed by "Arithmetic Galois Theory", which applies the concepts of Galois objects to the category Z of cyclic groups.
Category: Algebra

On the Average Number of Integer Powered Distances in $\mathbb{r}^k$

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages.

Using the method of compression we obtain a lower bound for the average number of $d^r$-unit distances that can be formed from a set of $n$ points in the euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^k$. By letting $\mathcal{D}_{n,d^r}$ denotes the number of $d^r$-unit distances~($r>1$~fixed) that can be formed from a set of $n$ points in $\mathbb{R}^k$, then we obtain the lower bound \begin{align} \sum \limits_{1\leq d\leq t}\mathcal{D}_{n,d^r}\gg n\sqrt[2r]{k}\log t.\nonumber \end{align}for a fixed $t>1$.
Category: Geometry

A Fluid Model of Dark Matter

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 10 Pages. 2 figures

This paper further constructs a new dark matter model based on my previous work. In this model, it is assumed that the dark matter existing in the universe exists in the form of a fluid. This dark matter fluid may be gaseous and possibly liquid. Since the scale of the universe is very large, and the dark matter fluid may encounter various disturbances when it flows, the thermodynamic parameters of dark matter in different locations, including pressure and temperature, may change. And these changes in temperature, pressure, etc., may lead to changes in the flow velocity and viscosity coefficient inside the dark matter fluid. These changes will cause changes in the Reynolds number of dark matter fluids. In fluid mechanics, we already know that if the Reynolds number exceeds a certain critical value, then the fluid will produce turbulent flow. There are many forms of turbulence, among which vortex is one of the forms of turbulence. Among the various galaxies we have observed so far, spiral galaxies are relatively common. If these spiral galaxies are turbulent flows of dark matter fluids, then we can explain many incomprehensible galactic phenomena. For example, why the scale of the Milky Way reaches 100,000 light-years, but the gravitational effect of the Milky Way can cover the entire Milky Way. In fact, using the dark matter fluid model, these problems can be easily solved if we think of each galaxy as a swirling airflow like a hurricane on Earth. In this paper, some properties of dark matter fluid are calculated, and the relationship between the viscosity coefficient and gravitational constant of dark matter fluid is analyzed. I also point out that if we can understand how the variation of the viscosity coefficient of the dark matter fluid is related to the inhomogeneity of the dark matter fluid, then we can hope to calculate the variation of the gravitational constant. So as to solve the problem of why it is difficult for us to accurately measure the gravitational constant. In addition, I have also estimated the velocity of the dark matter fluid based on some known data, and obtained approximate results of the dark matter mass, flow velocity, and viscosity coefficient. It is believed that these results will be helpful for us to further analyze the thermodynamic properties of dark matter. This paper assumes that dark matter also conforms to the laws of thermodynamics. Dark matter has volume, temperature, and pressure, and the interaction between dark matter conforms to the van der Waals equation. The dark matter fluid conforms to the conservation of momentum and energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Antenas Escalares - Scalar Antennae

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 15 Pages. Contacto por email: carloschiappini@gmail.com

Teoremas deducidos de la ecuaciones de Maxwell determinan la geometría y las medidas de la unidad elemental de radiación en el vacío. Las antenas escalares se basan en esos datos. La caractarística práctica es minimizar el tamaño sin perjuicio del rendimiento. Como tarea experimental resultan interesantes, porque refuerzan la confianza en los teoremas que permiten diseñarlas.

Theorems deduced from Maxwell's equations determine the geometry and measurements of the elementary unit of radiation in a vacuum. Scalar antennas are based on these data. The practical feature is to minimize the size without sacrificing performance. As an experimental task they are interesting, because they reinforce confidence in the theorems that allow them to be designed.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Integral’s Substitution Rule

Authors: Yang Liu
Comments: 19 Pages.

The first part of the article mainly gives some concepts and lemmas, such as the definition of some function spaces, Radon integral and its basic properties, $L^1-$seminorm, the definition of Lebesgue integral and so on. These basic concepts and lemmas are very helpful in proving the main theorem later. The proof of the main theorem is divided into two parts. The main idea is to locally approximate the transformation $\phi:U\to V$ around a point $a\in U$ by an affine map. In order to be able to use this local approximation meaningfully, we decompose the given function $\psi\in C_c\left(V\right)$ into a sum of functions with very small support, so that the approximation of $\phi:U\to V$ by the local affine approximation is very good. This is done with the help of the $\zeta-$function introduced below, which provides a practical partition of the one on $\mathbb{R}^n$. In the second part, the proof will be performed on suitable approximations of any integrable function.
Category: Functions and Analysis

FinSim Rocket Equation Burnout Velocity Accuracy Compared to Finite Difference and TR-10 Prediction

Authors: John R. Cipolla
Comments: 12 Pages.

The rocket equation in a form that accounts for the force of gravity or rocket weight was included in the latest version of FinSim to determine drag-free burnout velocity and drag-free burnout altitude for single stage rockets launched from the surface of the Earth. This new feature was implemented on the Fin Geometry for Aeroelastic Analysis screen, where burnout velocity and burnout altitude are plotted with the red Vb designation on the flutter velocity verses altitude plot when using the NACA 4197 Flutter Velocity Tool. This new feature in FinSim makes it possible to immediately compare predicted flutter velocity to rocket equation burnout velocity and burnout altitude for any single stage rocket using FinSim. However, the question by several FinSim users was “how accurate is the rocket equation for predicting burnout velocity and burnout altitude”. This simple question was the genesis for this paper which attempts to quantify the accuracy of the rocket equation compared to the finite difference method and TR-10 model rocket altitude prediction method for computing burnout velocity and burnout altitude. One not so surprising result is the accuracy of the rocket equation verses altitude increases as the dimensions, mass and rocket motor performance including thrust and burn time is increased. This analysis helps to quantify the accuracy of the rocket equation for burnout velocity and burnout altitude verses mass fraction using FinSim’s new NACA 4197 Flutter Velocity Tool.
Category: Classical Physics

Einsteintensor - Grundlagen und Berechnung (Einstein Tensor: Basics and Calculation)

Authors: Thomas Heiko Günther
Comments: 33 Pages.

The paper is concerned with the mathematical basics for the calculation of the Einstein tensor. Einstein's tensor is part of Einsteins field equations in General Relativity.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Implementing Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management

Authors: Atul Anand, A. Seetharaman, K. Maddulety
Comments: 14 Pages. Conference: 3rd International Conference on Data Mining and Machine Learning (DMML 2022)

This paper is aimed at studying the factors influencing the implementation of blockchain in supply chain management to solve the current issues faced in the supply chain ecosystem. Supply chains are part and parcel of every business and have multiple inefficiencies in the system. Some of these inefficiencies can be managed by usage of blockchain Platform .Technology, intracompany synergies, intercompany collaboration, extrinsic factors, and innovation are critically evaluated for adoption of blockchain in supply chain. A pilot study is conducted in form survey for analysis of these factors. Hypotheses are derived for these factors for quantitative research. Subsequently these hypotheses are examined with the help of ADANCO2.3 for structural equation modelling. As an outcome, it is evident that Innovation and Extrinsic factors are significantly impacting the adoption of blockchain in supply chain management.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Possibility of Silicon-Based Life

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijit Mitra, Alireza Heidari, Lauro Figueroa Valverde
Comments: 6 Pages.

Silicon is the most obvious potential substi- tute for carbon, and the Possibility of Silicon- Based Life is the focus of the work. An analysis of the sites of action of four silicon-based exobiological nanomolecules, determined by the distribution of electrical charges around the nanomolecules atoms called: ASi, CSi, GSi and TSi. The Van der Waals radius distribution calculations have been determined via ab initio Hartree-Fock methods, Unrestricted and Restrict (UHF and RHF) in the set of basis used Effective Core Potential (ECP) minimal basis, and CC-pVTZ (Correlation-consistent valenceonly basis sets triple-zeta). Polymers can also be assembled as chains of alternating elements such as Si-C, Si-O, and B-N. Alternation with carbon is used to some extent in terran organisms (such as C-C-N in proteins and C-C-C-O-P-O in nucleic acids), and silated compounds play important structural roles in the cells of many organisms on Earth.
Category: Astrophysics

Age of Universe 19.28 Gyrs

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 6 Pages. LCS method convert astronomical data to simultaneous values.

A four-dimensional detailed geometric analysis (Light Coordinate System) method is proposed to convert astronomical observation data into simultaneous values and calculate the age of the universe. With this detailed method, the age of the universe is determined as 19.28 +/- 0.50 Gyrs.
Category: Astrophysics

Generating and Deconstructing Prime Numbers

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 3 Pages. Preliminary version based on the presentation available at https://about.illinoisstate.edu/lmiones/research/

Prime numbers have a rich structure, when viewed as sizes of finite fields. Iteration of an analysis as Klein geometry yields their deconstruction into simpler primes: the POSet structure. Reversing the process is Euclid's trick of generating new primes. A generalization of this is used by McCanney to cover the set of primes away from primorials as centers. This fast algorithm has a ``propagation'' flavor. Generating primes in this manner is also related with Goldbach's Conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Quantity Theory and the Continuum Hypothesis

Authors: Ron Ragusa
Comments: 12 Pages.

How far away is the nearest galaxy to the Milky Way? How long is the distance from Boston to New York? How deep is the Marianas Trench? How high is the tallest building? How many marbles are in that bag? The above questions all require measuring quantities to arrive at an answer. Measuring the number of light-years from the Milky Way to the other galaxies in the local group will reveal which is closest. Measuring the number of miles from Boston to New York will reveal the distance between them. The Marianas Trench will contain a measurable number of feet that will be its depth. The tallest building will contain a measurable number of feet that will be its height. Counting the marbles will yield the quantity of marbles contained in the bag. While the units of measure of quantities and methods of obtaining measurements vary, all measurable quantities have one thing in common; they can all be expressed as real numbers.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

General Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations and Division by Zero Calculus - New Type Examples

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 6 Pages.

We examined many examples of the relation between general solutions with singular points in ordinary differential equations and division by zero calculus, however, here we will introduce a new type example that was appeared from some general solution of an ordinary differential equation.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Mesons As Helmholtzian Factorizations

Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 3 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form)

Mesons may be written as simple Helmholtzian factorizations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Mathematical Modeling in Delphi

Authors: A. V. Serghienko
Comments: 38 Pages.

The literature on Delphi numbers many manuals. However among them there are few books, oriented to the solution of scientific and technical problems. The work contains the examples of programs in Delphi. Depending on the type of problems it is convenient to use or graphic (usual), or console applications of Delphi. Graphic applications are applicable for the plotting of functions. Console applications are applicable especially, when we needn’t the visualization, and it is necessary to introduce by hand lots of data. One can tell the console applications from the graphic ones with the presence of the next line in the text of program: {$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Theory of Everything

Authors: Junichi Hashimoto
Comments: 55 Pages.

This universe is the so-called clockwork organism. If a metagalaxy is compared to clock, each part of which that's composed will be each object (galaxy, star, elements, and atom). Those have to be equipped with the individuality in the purpose which is the organization. It's possible to be continuing this universe by existences with the peculiar feature in the size, the mass and speed harmonizing in one structure. The natural world is formed by such harmony principle. If it's so, to elucidate such mechanism of harmony has to be the main purpose of physical science. The key which solves the mystery is to concider natural law by the angle as the interaction of the substance and the energy. If we look back to history of physics, we will find that a study has developed through the angle of the approach action. But the natural reality couldn't be made that clearly. The methodology reached the limit already, and it didn't seem to lead any more development by such approach. A completely new way of thinking is needed for us to get correct and deep understanding to nature at present. I thought the members in this world are harmonized by exerting the force and the energy each other by a remote action and produced relational physics newly. As a result, I succeeded to explain all force which exists in the natural world in one structure.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Small Cycles of the Generalized Shells

Authors: Elmar Guseinov
Comments: Pages.

The Erdős-Gyárfás conjecture (EGC) states that every graph with minimum vertex degree of at least 3 contains a cycle whose length is a power of 2. The statement has not been proven even for cubic graphs. Moreover, it has not been proven for cubic Hamiltonian graphs. On the other hand, we can see that every cubic Hamiltonian graph has an even number of vertices 2k and can be obtained by adding k edges to a 2k-cycle. It will be shown that adding this number of edges to a given vertex of the cycle always gives a 4-cycle. This suggests the validity of EGC for cubic Hamiltonian graphs. This theorem is a consequence of a more general result the proof of which is the main content of the paper. Namely, we will determine the maximum number of edges the addition of which to a given vertex of a cycle does not give a cycle of a sufficiently small length.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Shrinking Matter Theory with Variable Speed of Light (SMTwVSL)

Authors: Azor Romão da Mota Filho
Comments: 34 Pages.

This is an alternative theory of the evolution of the universe, which considers the possibility of the evolution of matter over time, which allows the variation of parameters that we consider constant, but which can vary so slowly over time, which is difficult in our lifetime that we notice any change.The two main constants that govern the behavior of the universe are the speed of light and Planck's constant. In this theory we are considering the possibility of the variation of the speed of light, because we know that it is very sensitive to variations in medium, which can be the key to solving the problems found in the theory of the expansion of the universe, thus explaining observed redshift emissions from deep space objects, without the need for its expansion.The SMTwVSL and the expanding universe theory are equivalent. If we make our world as the reference frame, the universe should expand. If we make the universe as the reference frame, matter should shrink. Laws of physics work to both theories.The main difference of the expanding universe and the SMTwVSL is what causes the longer wavelength emissions observed of the deep space objects.The Doppler shift (redshift) is well known in the expanding theory.In the SMTwVSL, the universe is the reference frame, so there is not expansion to cause redshift (except in the systemic local movements like rotation, orbits, binary systems, turbulence, ejection, gravitational effect and gravitational falling), so, the longer wavelengths observed are actually longer emission lines due the bigger size of atoms in the past.If we assume the speed of the light varies along the time and the Planck constant keeps the same value, light speed "c" decreases by the factor of (1+Z)^(-1/3) along the past time.The factor (1+Z)^(-1/3) is not a magic number. It is the factor that enables compatible results of the emission lines and others definitions in the Bohr model.Then, the classical formula would be: c(f) = c(o) (1+Z)^(-1/3). In this theory, the shrinking speed in one meter is about 4.84 nm/C (nanometers per century), and the light speed should grow about 7.25 mm/s per year, at present.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology