All Submission Categories

Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Role in Financial Services

Authors: Prudhvi Parne
Comments: 6 Pages.

Financial services are the economical backbone of any nation in the world. There are billions of financial transactions which are taking place and all this data is stored and can be considered as a gold mine of data for many different organizations. No human intelligence can dig in this amount of data to come up with something valuable. This is the reason financial organizations are employing artificial intelligence to come up with new algorithms which can change the way financial transactions are being carried out. Artificial Intelligence can complete the task in a very short period. Artificial intelligence can be used to detect frauds, identify possible attacks, and any other kind of anomalies that may be detrimental for the institution. This paper discusses the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the finance sector.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Einstein-Lorentzian SRT Transformation Factor as Solution of Planck-Scaled Oscillation Equation

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 4 Pages.

Shown is the derivation of Lorentz-Einstein k-Factor in SRT as amplitude-term of an oscillation- differential equation of second order with boundary conditions of Planck-scale. This case is shown for classical Lorentz-factor as solution of an equation for undamped oscillation and model of resonance.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Local Nonuniform Expansion Pressure as a Model for Dark Energy and Dark Matter

Authors: Patrick Raymond Kelley
Comments: 22 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

The paper outlines an early thought experiment regarding cosmology, takes it to further conclusions, and to possible predictions and problems. The model eventually involves the supposition of inhomogeneous negative pressure arising from the vacuum dependant upon void scale, and the effects that might be observed on larger scales as well as implications derived from this idea. It attempts to address the nature of dark matter and the halo problem, dark energy and accelerating expansion, and inflation. The possibility arises that all three (in addition to other observed effects of galactic evolution) could derive from the same modeled effect assumed to be negative pressure from the vacuum arising from non uniform expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Double Serial Operators Theory

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 27 Pages.

This paper is an advance of my work in serial operators. Here you can see 216 theoretical combinations of two serial operators with a 2-variable operation. The theory covers addition, subtraction, product, division, power and root. Moreover I am going to present 48 numerical examples.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Common Myth about Mechanical Resonance

Authors: Roman Vinokur
Comments: 2 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

The coincidence of the excitation and resonant frequencies is sufficient to create resonances only for a 1-DOF (one degree of freedom) mechanical system. For multi-DOF mechanical systems, this condition is necessary but may not be sufficient. The spatial distribution and orientation of the oscillating forces is important as well. This is important for many practical applications and therefore should be taken into account by design engineers to avoid potential failures with new projects.
Category: Classical Physics

The Photon Structure in Interference Processes, Quantum Entanglement and Self-Organized Cosmos

Authors: A. Bennun, N. Ledesma
Comments: 14 pages, 12 figures, 4 tables.

The standard framework of cosmology requires evaluating the quantum entanglement of primordial Planck bosons at a same quantum state. A thermodynamic feedback becomes evidence trough the Hubble’s law emanating from the comoving volume, responding to the coupling of the flow energy with the imprinted dimensionality of the space-time. The pair formation in which coherence between same quantum states will manifested in an oscillatory superposition. Therefore, two almost simultaneous positions displace a wavelength value. Thus, a small identical time shapes space-time, separating the event-distance between the interactions of two photons. Hence, the energy flow at the microscopic level aligns the evolution into homogeneous phases, indicating the presence of a regulatory process over expansion connected to the universe age under flatness. The distension-contraction due to the interference of the pair of photons (or electrons) involves a sum of angular moments, at the instant of the vector re-configuration of the electric and magnetic fields. Therefore, the transitory wavelength of the photon pair superposition can be characterized by two exclusive states: constructive (distension of the E field) or destructive (contraction of the E field). Quantum entanglement acts as a dissipative coherence-decoherence oscillatory potential, with momentum conservation between rest and inertial mass. Thus, this moderates the increase in entropy as a function of the bottleneck that is the velocity of light: c, and preserving the balance between open and closed curvatures, that is, flatness of the expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Нелинейные уравнения Максвелла (Nonlinear Maxwell Equations)

Authors: Sergey Y. Kotkovsky
Comments: 32 Pages. In Russian

На основании анализа бикватернионных квадратичных форм поля показано, что уравнения Максвелла возникают как следствие принципа сохранения потока энергии-импульса поля в пространстве-времени. При этом оказывается, что этот принцип предполагает существование более общих нелинейных уравнений поля. Классические линейные уравнения Максвелла особым образом вложены в новые нелинейные уравнения и являются их частным случаем. Показано, что в ряде важных случаев нелинейные уравнения в отличие от линейных допускают решения, обладающие закрученностью потока энергии. Решения полученных нами уравнений дают возможность волнового описания заряженных частиц в рамках нелинейной классической электродинамики. Особое внимание в работе уделяется проблеме разделения поля на «собственное» поле заряженной частицы и «внешнее» по отношению к нему поле. Из нелинейных уравнений поля следуют как сами классические уравнения Максвелла, так и уравнения движения заряда под действием силы Лоренца. Таким образом решается задача нахождения нелинейных уравнений поля, включающих в себя взаимодействие. В рамках нашего подхода заряд частицы является электромагнитным (комплекснозначным), периодически проходящим различные линейные комбинации электрического и магнитного зарядов от чисто электрического до чисто магнитного. В реальных процессах играет роль не сам заряд частицы, а его соотношение по фазе с другими зарядами и полями.

Based on the analysis of biquaternionic quadratic forms of the field, it is shown that Maxwell's equations arise as a consequence of the principle of conservation of the energy-momentum flux of the field in space-time. It turns out that this principle presupposes the existence of more general nonlinear field equations. The classical linear Maxwell equations are embedded in new nonlinear equations in a special way and are their special case. It is shown that, in a number of important cases, nonlinear equations, in contrast to linear ones, admit solutions with a swirling energy flux. The solutions of the equations obtained by us make it possible to describe the charged particles in the framework of nonlinear classical electrodynamics. Particular attention is paid to the problem of separating the field into the "own" field of the charged particle and the "external" field in relation to it. Both the classical Maxwell equations themselves and the equations of motion of the charge under the action of the Lorentz force follow from the nonlinear equations of the field. This solves the problem of finding nonlinear field equations that include interaction. Within the framework of our approach, the particle charge is electromagnetic (complex-valued), periodically passing through various linear combinations of electric and magnetic charges from purely electric to purely magnetic. In real processes, it is not the particle charge itself that plays a role, but its phase relationship with other charges and fields.
Category: Classical Physics

Infrared Spectroscopy of the Two Esters from 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-Oxepine Derivatives, New Nano Molecules

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari, Lauro Figueroa Valverde, Abhijit Mitra, Marcela Rosas Nexticapa, Maria López Ramos, Maria Virginia del Socorro Mateu Armad, Magdalena Alvarez Ramirez, Francisco Díaz Cedillo, Ibtihal Kadhim Kareem Dosh
Comments: 4 Pages.

The work focused on determining the Infrared spectroscopy (IRS) of the two compounds calculated are from two esters (compounds C1 and C2) from 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-oxepine derivatives, here called C1 and C2. The IRS was obtained via computational methods ab initio Restricted Hartree-Fock. Optimization of molecular structure via UFF, followed by PM3, RHF/EPR-II and RHF/STO-6G, thus obtaining a stable structure, in STP. The molecule was obtained, whose composition is C: 81.7%; H: 7.1%; N: 3.4%; O: 7.8%, 411.53536 g, and molecular formula: C28H29NO2 for C1 and C: 70.6%; H: 7.4%; N: 10.3%; O: 11.7%, 544.68439 g, and molecular formula: C32H40N4O4. The highest vibrational absorbance frequency peaks for the C1 and C2 molecule are found at the frequency of 1793.58 cm-1, 1867.14 cm-1 and 1956.39 cm-1, for C1 and 1368.99 cm-1, 1409.43 cm-1 and 1790.47 cm-1, for C2, respectively. Limitations our study has so far been limited to computational simulation via quantum mechanics (QM) an applied theory. Our results and calculations are compatible with the theory of QM.
Category: Condensed Matter

Monster Symmetry and Scalar Theory, Conformal Gravities: Birth of Symmetries from Euclidean Space

Authors: M. A. Thomas
Comments: 37 Pages. PDF of PPT presentation 37 slides (Some corrections, changes)

A physical theory combining the cosmological inflationary period and the low energy quantum vacuum utilizing global structure involving the Monster symmetry and the Standard Model. The placement of supergravities in the hierarchies are speculated upon.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Solution to Quantum Gravity and Other Enigmas of the Dominant Paradigm

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 17 Pages.

The main ideas of the future paradigm have been already stated, but were rejected owing to a lack of knowledge, untimeliness, or other reasons. It remains for us to look at the choices taken by traditional physicists at crucial points in history and to reconsider them with due regard to the accumulated knowledge. These new choices must eliminate as many contradictions in the present physical theories as possible. If we imagine physics as a crossword puzzle, then the goal is to choose those answers that do not contradict each other at the intersections.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The History of The Astronomical Campaign of Laplace Geodetic Points

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 17 Pages. In French.

In this note, we will describe the history of the astronomical observations and those of the measurements of the bases of the eight triangles of the Primordial Tunisian Geodetic Network carried out in 1982 in the framework of the works of the modernization of the Tunisian Geodesy started by the Office of Topography and Cartography (OTC).
Category: Geophysics

Living a Non-anthropocentric Future

Authors: Gennady Shkliarevsky
Comments: 36 Pages.

The climate change is one of the most contentious issues discussed in the public arena today. Environmental activists contend that the climate change is not an act of nature or God but is a result of human actions. Environmental critics do not see the degradation of the environment as merely a result of wrongheaded or misguided policies. Their critique goes much deeper. For many environmental activists, this degradation of reflects a fundamental flaw that is deeply rooted in our culture. They identify this flaw as anthropocentrism, or a worldview that assigns to humans and human values the primary place in the cosmic order. Their proposed solution is to reject this worldview and adopt a new egalitarian vision in which humans and the rest of nature will have equal value. This article agrees with the view that anthropocentrism presents a real problem for our civilization. However, it takes a much broader approach to this problem that goes beyond the critique of environmentalists. First, it sees that the source of anthropocentrism lies much deeper than the environmentalists think. The source is the pattern in human thinking that emerged when early humans began to walk the face of this earth. Early humans did not see the important role of the process of creation in the way they perceive, interpret, and represent reality. The article explains the importance of the process of creation in the way we think. The article sees the source of anthropocentrism in the failure to recognize the importance of the process of creation and in the way this failure affects our thinking. This failure has resulted in a view of reality that is limited, exclusionary, and ultimately subjective. This failure has left humans no choice but to view reality through the prism of mental constructs that they create, which is the main source of anthropocentrism. Also, environmentalists see the problem of anthropocentrism primarily in its relationship to the environment. This article emphasizes that anthropocentrism is a broad phenomenon that affect many areas of our life. Finally, the article examines major solutions that address the problem of anthropocentrism and offers their critique. It sees their principal common shortcoming in their exclusionary approach and outlines a new and inclusive approach.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Family of Determinantal Identities

Authors: Asutosh Kumar
Comments: 10 Pages. 4 tables, see also viXra:2109.0185, viXra:2109.0192, viXra:2109.0197

In this article, we establish a family of determinantal identities of which the Cassini's identity is a particular case.
Category: General Mathematics

A Special Theory of Life

Authors: Matthew Groom
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

This is going to be one strange and yet rewarding paper for everyone. It consists of two parts. 1.The Rapture is here [.] 2.I also provide a proof of our inner-self duality and answer the other question everyone wants to know, self - what makes you, you. This is what every AI researcher has requested.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Oxford Dictionary of Media and Communication and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 19 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Oxford Dictionary Of Media and Communication by Daniel Chandler and Rod Munday. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with βH = 0, in the absence of external magnetic field, H.β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Social Science

Networked Entangled Higgs Mechanisms, Dark Matter / Energy, Fractal Cosmology

Authors: Thomas Preusser
Comments: 35 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Vector current and axial current theory (M. Gell-Mann) is an important foundation of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and the Standard Model of Particle Physics.1 This paper extends vector current and axial current theory to networked Higgs mechanisms. These networked Higgs mechanisms provide a basis for "timing fast and slow periodicities" and "state flipping". The theory here (G. 't Hooft) is that "timing periodicities", and "state flipping", are important foundations of entanglement, dark matter, and bridging that which is quantum to that which is classical.2 Timing periodicities at the quantum level is in turn based on the theoretical concept of quantum clocking within a time-invariant dynamical system (Wilczek), which in this paper comes in the form of projective elliptics.22-23 Coincident with confirmation of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron collider (LHC), scientists proposed, as a next big step, the Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) to be completed in 2030.3-4 Much like the search for the Higgs drove the LHC, the search for dark matter will drive CEPC. This paper predicts a dark matter portal, and associated dark matter / energy, at the MeV, below electro-weak, scale. The Beyond the Standard Model Physics Working Group, and others, theorize that "... a viable possibility (for dark matter) is so called hidden sector physics, that comprises new particles with masses below the electro-weak (EW) scale that couple very weakly to the Standard Model (SM) world via portals".5-8
Category: Quantum Physics

Classification of Rice Varieties with Deep Learning Methods

Authors: Murat Koklu, Ilkay Cinar, Yavuz Selim Taspinar
Comments: 8 Pages.

Rice, which is among the most widely produced grain products worldwide, has many genetic varieties. These varieties are separated from each other due to some of their features. These are usually features such as texture, shape, and color. With these features that distinguish rice varieties, it is possible to classify and evaluate the quality of seeds. In this study, Arborio, Basmati, Ipsala, Jasmine and Karacadag, which are five different varieties of rice often grown in Turkey, were used. A total of 75,000 grain images, 15,000 from each of these varieties, are included in the dataset. A second dataset with 106 features including 12 morphological, 4 shape and 90 color features obtained from these images was used. Models were created by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Deep Neural Network (DNN) algorithms for the feature dataset and by using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm for the image dataset, and classification processes were performed. Statistical results of sensitivity, specificity, prediction, F1 score, accuracy, false positive rate and false negative rate were calculated using the confusion matrix values of the models and the results of each model were given in tables. Classification successes from the models were achieved as 99.87% for ANN, 99.95% for DNN and 100% for CNN. With the results, it is seen that the models used in the study in the classification of rice varieties can be applied successfully in this field.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Link Between Algebraic and Rational Homogeneous Linear Recurrences

Authors: Deepak Ponvel Chermakani
Comments: 3 Theorems and 7 pages with 1 example [Correction made by viXra Admin.]

We show that the nth term of an algebraic homogeneous linear-recurrence, can be expressed as a weighted sum of the nth terms of a finite number of rational homogeneous linear recurrences. The weights in this weighted sum belong to a finite set of algebraic constants, no two of which are rational multiples of each other.
Category: Algebra

Multifractals, Field Theory, and the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe

Authors: E. Goldfain
Comments: 5 Pages.

This brief pointer draws attention to the growing evidence for multifractal geometry in effective field theory and the large-scale structure of the Universe.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Sums of P-Sequences

Authors: Asutosh Kumar
Comments: 11 Pages. 7 tables, sequel of viXra:2109.0185 and viXra:2109.0192

In this article, we obtain closed expressions for odd and even sums, the sum of the first n numbers, and the sum of squares of the first n numbers of the "exponent" p-sequence whose "seeds" are (0,1,...,p-1).
Category: General Mathematics

Hidden Energy in the Destructive Interference

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 5 Pages.

Two simple experiments and a simulation show that energy can be hidden in invisible and immeasurable beams.
Category: Classical Physics

Golden Music System Phi^(n/7) and Mathematical Connections Between Prime Numbers and Landscape of String Theory

Authors: Christian Lange, Michele Nardelli, Giuseppe Bini
Comments: 45 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

In this paper, we have described the Golden Music System Phi^(n/7) and the possible mathematical connections between prime numbers and "Landscape" of String Theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Interval Quadripartitioned Neutrosophic Sets

Authors: Surapati Pramanik
Comments: 9 Pages.

Quadripartitioned neutrosophic set is a mathematical tool, which is the extension of neutrosophic set and n-valued neutrosophic refined logic for dealing with real-life problems. A generalization of the notion of quadripartitioned neutrosophic set is introduced. The new notion is called Interval Quadripartitioned Neutrosophic set (IQNS). Quadripartitioned neutrosophic set is developed by combining the Quadripartitioned neutrosophic set and interval neutrosophic set. Several set theoretic operations of IQNSs, namely, inclusion, complement, and intersection are defined. Various properties of set-theoretic operators of IQNS are established.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Arrow of Spacetime

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

The principle of locality asserts that an object is directly influenced only by its infinitesimal surrounding. But how come this ‘influence’, called causality, points to only one “direction”, as noticed by Heraclitus? Most importantly, why there is any ‘influence’ in the first place? Enter the arrow of spacetime.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Golden Ratios and Golden Angles

Authors: Asutosh Kumar
Comments: 16 Pages. 6 figures, 6 tables

In a p-sequence, every term is the sum of p previous terms given p initial values called seeds. It is an extension of the Fibonacci sequence. In this article, we investigate the p-golden ratio of p-sequences. We express a positive integer power of the p-golden ratio as a polynomial of degree p-1, and obtain values of golden angles for different p-golden ratios. We also consider further generalizations of the golden ratio.
Category: General Mathematics

From the Beginning of the World to the Beginning of Life on Earth

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 16 Pages.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]. In this paper, we provide seven Pillars of WUM: Medium of World; Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters; Creation of Matter; Multicomponent Dark Matter; Macroobjects; Volcanic Rotational Fission; Dark Matter Reactors. We describe the evolution of the World from the Beginning up to the birth of the Solar System and discuss the condition of the Early Earth before the Beginning of life on It.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological and Fermi Scales from Hamiltonian Chaos

Authors: E. Goldfain
Comments: 16 Pages.

A lesser-known property of Hamiltonian dynamics is that it can be formally mapped to the Riemannian geometry of classical gravitation. Taking advantage of this property, we explore here the possibility that the onset of Hamiltonian chaos in the ultraviolet (UV) sector of field theory generates the cosmological and Fermi scales. This finding supports the conjecture that both Standard and the Lambda-CDM models emerge as non-trivial attractors of the UV to infrared (IR) flow.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Classical Source-Free Electromagnetism is Equivalent to Free-Photon Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 3 Pages.

The classical source-free electric field is a polar transverse-vector field, but the classical magnetic field is an axial transverse-vector field. A derivative-related linear transformation (which is its own inverse) of the classical axial magnetic field in fact produces an alternate polar transverse-vector representation of the classical magnetic field. The classical source-free complex-valued electromagnetic polar transverse-vector field whose real part is the classical source-free polar electric field, and whose imaginary part is the alternate polar representation of the classical source-free magnetic field, turns out to satisfy the time-dependent Schroedinger equation whose Hamiltonian operator is that of the free photon. That classical source-free complex-valued electromagnetic polar transverse-vector field can, moreover, be slightly linearly modified to become the normalized wave function of the free photon.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Collatz Conjecture - A Definitive Proof

Authors: Peter G. Bass
Comments: [Pages resized by viXra Admin.]

This paper presents a proof of the Collatz Conjecture by showing that the sequence of numbers generated cannot either diverge, converge to a single number, possess more than one stable oscillation, or alternate indefinitely. The methods used are (i) Number pattern Recognition, (ii) basic analysis and (iii) simple interpretive logic.
Category: Number Theory

The Goldbach Conjecture - A Definitive Proof

Authors: Peter G. Bass
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper presents a proof of the Goldbach Conjecture by comparing the distribution of prime numbers with the inverse distribution of odd composite numbers.
Category: Number Theory

An Inequality Approach of the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Adarsha Chandra
Comments: 17 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

We define the Collatz Function F_col:N->N(n) as follows: F_col(n):= n/2 if n is even, and F_col(n):= 3n+1 if n is odd We define the two branches f:N->N and g:N->N of the above function as follows: f(n):= n/2 if n is even and g(n):= 3n+1 if n is odd Also, we define the 'functional sequence' of a number n as the set of functions applied consecutively on n (obeying the obtained parities), and show that any two g's in a functional sequence must be separated by at least one f. Next, we prove that all numbers n, under repetitive execution of the Collatz function, eventually yield a certain E < n. This is obvious for even n values, since- F_col(n) = n/2 < n for even n For odd n values, we prove that any odd number n which does not yield an E < n under repetitive execution of the Collatz function, must possess a functional sequence of the form- S={gfgfgfgfgfgf...} We then prove that the existence of a number possessing such a functional sequence is not possible, implying that our statement is true for odd numbers as well. Hence, it follows that any natural number n, under repetitive execution of the Collatz function, must yield an E < n. The truth of the Collatz Conjecture follows immediately from the above.
Category: Number Theory

Fibonacci Sequence, Golden Ratio and Generalized Additive Sequences

Authors: Asutosh Kumar
Comments: 28 Pages. 2 figures, 13 tables

In this article, we recall the Fibonacci sequence, the golden ratio, their properties and applications, and some early generalizations of the golden ratio. The Fibonacci sequence is a 2-sequence because it is generated by the sum of two previous terms. As a natural extension of this, we introduce several typical p-sequences where every term is the sum of p-previous terms given p initial values called seeds. In particular, we introduce the notion of 1-sequence. We then discuss generating functions and limiting ratio values of p-sequences. Furthermore, inspired by Fibonacci's rabbit pair problem, we consider a general problem whose particular cases lead to nontrivial additive sequences.
Category: General Mathematics

Equivalent ABC Conjecture Proved on Two Pages

Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 6 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong

By applying basic mathematical principles, the author proves an equivalent ABC conjecture.The equivalent ABC conjecture proved in this paper states that for every positive real number,ε, there exists only finitely many triples (A, B, C) of coprime positive integers, with A + B = C, such that C<K(rad(d))^(1+ε),where d is the product of the distinct prime factors of A, B and C; and K is a constant. From the hypothesis, A + B = C, it was proved that C<K(rad(d))^(1+ε).
Category: Number Theory

Fractals, P-Adic Numbers, Zeno's Paradoxes, Complex Systems: Number Asymmetry in Applied Mathematics (In Russian)

Authors: Mavrikidi Fedor
Comments: 418 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

The book puts forward the postulate of the functional asymmetry of nature, formed by two universal formation processes - compression and expansion, continuity and discontinuity. The duality of its fractal geometry is substantiated, which consists in the duality of their images - depending on the projection, either continuous sets of full measure or completely discontinuous zero-dimensional sets are obtained. It turns out the main systemic pair of oppositions "material - ideal". Its correlate in science is the “physics - informatics” pair. As a formal analogue of this duality, a model of numerical asymmetry is considered - the union of real R and p-adic numbers Qp into a single self-dual system. It is shown that it logically connects various mathematical results on duality, which are consistent with the binary nature of natural sciences and the phenomenology of general systems theory. Zeno's paradoxes are considered from the point of view of applications of mathematics - as a test for its adequacy to natural sciences. A unified interpretation of all known paradoxes from the point of view of numerical asymmetry is proposed. The possibilities of harmonizing mathematical concepts with the basic concepts of language, biology, consciousness, physics and religious worldview are considered. The book is addressed to applied mathematicians, all researchers who apply mahematics and systems ideas in their work.
Category: General Mathematics

Fibonacci Series, Golden Ratio and Ovaloids to Golden Section: Connections with String Theory.

Authors: Christian Lange, Michele Nardelli
Comments: 67 Pages. Research thesis in Italian

The aim of this work is to highlight the connections obtained between the Fibonacci Series, the Golden Ratio and the Golden Section Ovaloids, with String Theory. The first two chapters deal with (1) the Golden Angle and (2) the Fibonacci Series and the ovaloid (egg) with the golden section. The following chapters describe the mathematical theory of functional transformations and that of ovaloids, connected to it, from the point of view of the Theory of Complex Variable Functions, which will be followed by some interesting mathematical aspects of String Theory connected both to the ovaloids and to the relationship aureus and the golden section. Finally, a unitary theory of matter and the Universe by the scholar and theorist M. Giannone will be exhibited, in whose equations the golden section, the golden ratio and the constant of the musical system in the golden section are inherent. This work involves the very current research " frontier ”which are being implemented in this period as part of what is called the Langlands Program.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Mandela Effect & Déjà Vu: Are We Living in a Simulated Reality?

Authors: Deep Bhattacharjee
Comments: 4 Pages, 1 Figure, Simulation Hypothesis

If reality is being augmented as a simulation; then from the modern norm of physics, it is possible that everywhere around us, including us and what we perceive is a simulation simulated by a super powerful computer from a farfetched future times, taken the Einstein’an notion, that, past, present and future occur simultaneously. It is quite probable between two consecutive amplitudes that, the simulation can either be done by the super-civilization in ≥ Kardashev 3.0 scale or by some higher order entities existing in a dimensional domain beyond our perceiveness and notion of our understanding. To agree to the fact of the simulation hypothesis, there exists a mathematical foundation of the desired logic behind this simulation, which will be investigated throughout this paper whose another consequence might be the déjà vu or the Mandela effect. The errors arise in this simulation is a form of glitch in the matrix that should happen because of the commutable lagging of the super-intelligent computers of either future ones or higher-order ones. Preciseness about the calculations of dimensions opened a way for t+s = 2+10 where the non-locality of the time being perceived as a 2-dimensional entity opens up the door for further investigations. The more will be discussed in detail in this paper.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Notes on the Prouhet–Tarry–Escott Problem

Authors: Philip Gibbs
Comments: 12 Pages.

A summary of selected solutions to the ideal Prouhet–Tarry–Escott problem up to size 7
Category: Number Theory

Quantum Theory of Gravity: A New Formulation of the Gupta-Feynman Based Quantum Field Theory of Einstein Gravity II

Authors: Mir Hameeda, A. Plastino, M. C. Rocca
Comments: 23 Pages. [Correction to title made by viXra Admin]

In this manuscript we do the Quantum Field Theory (QFT) of Einstein's Gravity (EG) based on the developments previously made by Suraj N. Gupta and Richard P. Feynman, using a new and more general mathematical theory based on Ultrahyperfunctions \cite{ss} \\ \nd Ultrahyperfunctions (UHF) are the generalization and extension to the complex plane of Schwartz 'tempered distributions. This manuscript is an {\bf application} to Einstein's Gravity (EG) of the mathematical theory developed by Bollini et al \cite{br1, br2, br3, br4} and continued for more than 25 years by one of the authors of this paper. A simplified version of these results was given in \cite{pr2} and, based on them, (restricted to Lorentz Invariant distributions) QFT of EG \cite{pr1} was obtained. We will quantize EG using the {\bf most general quantization approach}, the Schwinger-Feynman variational principle \cite{vis}, which is more appropriate and rigorous than the popular functional integral method (FIM). FIM is not applicable here because our Lagrangian contains derivative couplings. \\ \nd We use the Einstein Lagrangian as obtained by Gupta \cite{g1,g2,g3}, but we added a new constraint to the theory. Thus the problem of lack of unitarity for the $S$ matrix that appears in the procedures of Gupta and Feynman.\\ \nd Furthermore, we considerably simplify the handling of constraints, eliminating the need to appeal to ghosts for guarantying unitarity of the theory. \\ \nd Our theory is obviously non-renormalizable. However, this inconvenience is solved by resorting to the theory developed by Bollini et al. \cite{br1,br2,br3,br4,pr2}\\ \nd This theory is based on the thesis of Alexander Grothendieck \cite{gro} and on the theory of Ultrahyperfunctions of Jose Sebastiao e Silva \cite{ss} \\ Based on these papers, a complete theory has been constructed for 25 years that is able to quantize non-renormalizable Field Theories (FT). \\ Because we are using a Gupta-Feynman based EG Lagrangian and to the new mathematical theory we have avoided the use of ghosts, as we have already mentioned, to obtain a unitary QFT of EG
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Optimality in Noisy Importance Sampling

Authors: F. Llorente, L. Martino, J. Read, D. Delgado
Comments: 14 Pages. Signal Processing, Volume 194, 2022, 108455 - doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2022.108455

Many applications in signal processing and machine learning require the study of probability density functions (pdfs) that can only be accessed through noisy evaluations. In this work, we analyze the noisy importance sampling (IS), i.e., IS working with noisy evaluations of the target density. We present the general framework and derive optimal proposal densities for noisy IS estimators. The optimal proposals incorporate the information of the variance of the noisy realizations, proposing points in regions where the noise power is higher. We also compare the use of the optimal proposals with previous optimality approaches considered in a noisy IS framework.
Category: Statistics

Causality as An Integral Characteristic of Our Universe

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 6 Pages.

The existence of causality between events is a consequence of the existence of the limiting speed of transmission of interactions in the Universe (speed of light). Therefore, using a single 4-dimensional space-time continuum and interval, it is shown that causality is an integral characteristic of our Universe. In the quantum world, causality also exists initially, since the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a consequence of the limiting speed of light in the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Discovery of Paternity: Solving the Mystery of Birth

Authors: James Decandole
Comments: 18 Pages.

The discovery of paternity by our ancestors is an intellectual achievement of the greatest importance. With the end of ignorance about sexual reproduction, our species ceased to be wild apes and embarked on humanity’s path to the future. We created the institution of marriage, of monogamous, exclusive mate selection, which made a child’s paternity certain. The founding of the family and a revolution in kinship, parenting, identity, and social status followed. A family is the set of relationships and functions that are fundamental to human culture.
Category: Social Science

Photon Structure and Behavior

Authors: Jianping Mao
Comments: Pages. European Journal of Applied Physics, 3(5), 63-66. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2021.3.5.110

One of possibilities for that why like charges repel and opposite charges attract was a photon possessing negative and positive two poles that with an up or down spin frequency – any integer -- offers a fresh insight into photon energies.
Category: Quantum Physics

Electromagnetism Premised on the Existence of "Aether" I ～About the Generation of Magnetic Force and the Mechanism of Action～(in Japanese)

Authors: Yukihiko Hoshino
Comments: 30 Pages. Paper on Neoaether theory (New Aether theory) No.5. Original Japanese paper.

As a result of considering the electromagnetic force on the premise of the existence of "aether", the following was found. The gravity quantum generated by the contraction of the nucleus flows from the electron cloud in which the electrons exist in pairs and the "aether" moves randomly, to the region where the "aether" of the electron cloud in which the electron exists alone is flowing in one direction. The moment it reaches the region, it changes into two magnetic quantum. The magnetic quantum is generated as a combination of an "aether" vortex rotating in the same direction as the "aether" flow of the electron cloud and a low "aether pressure" part above and below the vortex. After that, the magnetic quantum travels in the vertical direction perpendicular to the previous traveling direction while maintaining the rotation. Therefore, the direction of rotation with respect to the direction of travel of the magnetic quantum is opposite each other. Next, it is assumed that the magnetic quantum that rotates to the right in the direction of travel is the magnetic quantum that is generated from the N pole (N magnetic quantum), and the magnetic quantum that rotates to the left in the direction of travel is the magnetic quantum that is generated from the S pole (S magnetic quantum). And then the generation of magnetic force and the mechanism of action were investigated. As a result, the reason why the magnet exerts a repulsive force on the same magnetic poles and the attractive force acts on different magnetic poles, and the mechanism by which a ferromagnetic material such as iron is attracted to the magnet and the ferromagnetic material itself becomes a magnet were clarified. Therefore the structure and properties of the magnet could be explained theoretically, and the mechanism of generation and action of magnetic force was clarified.
Category: Classical Physics

Interval Pentapartitioned Neutrosophic Sets

Authors: Surapati Pramanik
Comments: 15 Pages.

Pentapartitioned neutrosophic set is a powerful mathematical tool, which is the extension of neutrosophic set and n-valued neutrosophic refined logic for better designing and modeling real-life problems. A generalization of the notion of pentapartitioned neutrosophic set is introduced. The new notion is called Interval Pentapartitioned Neutrosophic set (IPNS). Pentapartitioned neutrosophic set is developed by combining the pentapartitioned neutrosophic set and interval neutrosophic set. We define several set theoretic operations of IPNSs, namely, inclusion, complement, intersection. We also establish various properties of set-theoretic operators.
Category: General Mathematics

The Evolution of Wi-Fi Technology in Human Motion Recognition: Concepts, Techniques and Future Works

Authors: Mahmoud Amin, Noha Mohamed
Comments: 13 Pages.

Human motion recognition is an important topic in computer vision as well as security. It is used in scientific research, surveillance cameras industry and robotics technology as well. The human interaction with the objects creates a complex stance. Multiple artefacts such as clutter, occlusions, and backdrop diversity contribute to the complexity of this technology. Wi-Fi signals with the usage of their features could help solve some of these issues, with the help of other wearable sensors, such as: RGB-D camera, IR sensor (thermal camera), inertial sensor etc. This paper reviews various approaches for Wi-Fi human motion recognition systems, their analytical methodologies, challenges and proposed techniques along with the aspects to this paper: (a) applications; (b) single and multi-modality sensing; (c) Wi-Fi-based techniques; d) challenges and future works. More research related to Wi-Fi human related activity recognition can be encouraged and improved.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Bell's Theorem Refuted: Einstein and Locality Prevail

Authors: Gordon Stewart Watson
Comments: 5 Pages.

In our terms, this is Bell's 1964 theorem, ‘No local hidden-variable theory can reproduce exactly the quantum mechanical predictions.' Against this, and bound by what Bell takes to be Einstein's definition of locality, we refute Bell's theorem and reveal his error. We show that Einstein was right: the physical world is local; and we advance Einstein's quest to make quantum mechanics intelligible in a classical way. With respect to understanding, and taking mathematics to be the best logic, the author is as close as an email: eprb@me.com
Category: Quantum Physics

On Fermat's Last Theorem (III)

Authors: Richard Wayte
Comments: 6 Pages.

Fermat’s Last Theorem is proved using elementary arithmetic.
Category: Algebra

A Simple Model of Quantization: an Approach from Chaos (Spanish)

Authors: Moises Dominguez-Espinosa, Jaime Melendez-Martinez
Comments: 83 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

There is a paradigm in Quantum Mechanics that explains quantization through normal vibration modes called Eigenstates that arise from Schrodinger wave equation. In this contribution we propose an alternative methodology of quantization by using basic concepts of mechanics and chaos from which a Toy Model is built.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Temporal Mechanics, and em-Dir “particle Pair Production”

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 60 Pages.

Presented here is the Temporal Mechanics EM-DIR theory for “particle pair production” in detailing the derived EM temporal wave function and its associated transverse and longitudinal polarized quasiparticle features (and associated “phonon” phenomenon) in then explaining the process of “destructive interference resonance” (EM-DIR) of the temporal wave function, of the longitudinal wave function quasiparticles, as the key process of particle pair production. The scales of the electron and proton will then be derived and how those scales can be most accurately measured/verified, thence addressing the “proton radius puzzle”. Two experiments shall then be proposed for this new particle pair production process. As this paper shall highlight, time as an a priori is proposed to be the underlying principle to the existence of matter.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Guilherme Rocha de Rezende
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this article we will prove the problem equivalent to the Riemann Hypothesis developed by Luis-Báez in the article ``A sequential Riesz-like criterion for the Riemann hypothesis''.
Category: Number Theory

The Graphical Law Behind the NTC's Hebrew and English Dictionary by Arie Comey and Naomi Tsur

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas, Bawansuk Lyngkhoi
Comments: 24 Pages.

We study the NTC's Hebrew and English Dictionary, 2000 edition (The Most Practical and Easy-to-Use Dictionary of Modern Hebrew and English), by Arie Comey and Naomi Tsur. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of the Hebrew words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We find that the NTC's Hebrew words underlie a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in the presence of little external magnetic field. We obtain one third as the naturalness number of the Hebrew as seen through this dictionary.
Category: Linguistics

Proof of the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Jayesh Mewada
Comments: 36 Pages.

A beautiful pattern in Dirichlet Eta function is found. A new mathematical operator is introduced which reduces Dirichlet Eta function into a new function. It is shown that the function allows for 'Zero' at only one value of real component within the critical strip for any given value of imaginary component. Consequently it can be concluded that non-trivial 'Zeros' of Riemann Zeta function can only be on critical line, thereby proving the Riemann Hypothesis with absolute certainty. It is also shown that all the non-trivial 'Zeros' of the Riemann Zeta are simple 'Zeros'. It is then shown that the same method of proof can be generalised to the other Dirichlet L-Functions with suitable modifications, thereby proving the Generalised Riemann Hypothesis also to be true
Category: Number Theory

Weak-Measurement Induced Quantum Discord and Monogamy of X States

Authors: Asutosh Kumar
Comments: 5 Pages.

Weak-measurement induced quantum discord or super quantum discord (SQD) is a generalization of the normal quantum discord and is defined as the difference between quantum mutual information and classical correlation obtained by weak measurements in a given quantum system. This correlation is an information-theoretic measure and is, in general, different from entanglement-separability measures such as entanglement. Super quantum discord may be nonzero even for certain separable states. So far, SQD has been calculated explicitly only for a limited set of two-qubit quantum states and expressions for more general quantum states are not known. In this article, we derive explicit expressions for SQD for X states, a seven real-parameter family of two-qubit states and investigate its monogamy properties. The monogamy behaviour of SQD depends on the measurement strength. The formalism can be easily extended to N-qubit X states.
Category: Quantum Physics

Is The Riemann Hypothesis True? Yes, It Is. v(4)

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 9 Pages. Submitted to the journal " Communications On Pure and Applied Mathematics. Comments welcome.

In 1859, Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann announced the following conjecture, called Riemann Hypothesis: The nontrivial roots (zeros) $s=sigma+it$ of the zeta function, defined by: $$zeta(s) = sum_{n=1}^{+infty}frac{1}{n^s},,mbox{for}quad Re(s)>1$$have real part $sigma= ds frac{1}{2}$.We give the proof that $sigma= frac{1}{2}$ using an equivalent statement of the Riemann Hypothesis concerning the Dirichlet $eta$ function.
Category: Number Theory

Quantum Theory of Gravity: A New Formulation of the Gupta-feynman Based Quantum Field Theory of Einstein Gravity

Authors: Mir Hameeda, A. Plastino, M. C. Rocca
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this manuscript we do the Quantum Field Theory (QFT) of Einstein's Gravity (EG) based on the developments previously made by Suraj N. Gupta and Richard P. Feynman, using a new and more general mathematical theory based on Ultrahyperfunctions \cite{ss} \\ \nd Ultrahyperfunctions (UHF) are the generalization and extension to the complex plane of Schwartz 'tempered distributions. This manuscript is an {\bf application} to Einstein's Gravity (EG) of the mathematical theory developed by Bollini et al \cite{br1, br2, br3, br4} and continued for more than 25 years by one of the authors of this paper. A simplified version of these results was given in \cite{pr2} and, based on them, (restricted to Lorentz Invariant distributions) QFT of EG \cite{pr1} was obtained. We will quantize EG using the {\bf most general quantization approach}, the Schwinger-Feynman variational principle \cite{vis}, which is more appropriate and rigorous than the popular functional integral method (FIM). FIM is not applicable here because our Lagrangian contains derivative couplings. \\ \nd We use the Einstein Lagrangian as obtained by Gupta \cite{g1,g2,g3}, but we added a new constraint to the theory. Thus the problem of lack of unitarity for the $S$ matrix that appears in the procedures of Gupta and Feynman.\\ \nd Furthermore, we considerably simplify the handling of constraints, eliminating the need to appeal to ghosts for guarantying unitarity of the theory. \\ \nd Our theory is obviously non-renormalizable. However, this inconvenience is solved by resorting to the theory developed by Bollini et al. \cite{br1,br2,br3,br4,pr2}\\ \nd This theory is based on the thesis of Alexander Grothendieck \cite{gro} and on the theory of Ultrahyperfunctions of Jose Sebastiao e Silva \cite{ss} \\ Based on these papers, a complete theory has been constructed for 25 years that is able to quantize non-renormalizable Field Theories (FT). \\ Because we are using a Gupta-Feynman based EG Lagrangian and to the new mathematical theory we have avoided the use of ghosts, as we have already mentioned, to obtain a unitary QFT of EG \\
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Signal Transmission in the Schwarzschild Metric: an Analogy with Special Relativity

Authors: Miquel Piñol
Comments: 15 Pages.

From the perspective of a distant observer, a free-falling body in the Schwarzschild metric would require an infinite time to reach the Schwarzschild radius, whereas a comoving observer would measure just a finite interval of proper time along that path. This paradoxical situation is commonly interpreted considering the perspective of the distant observer as a simple “artifact” due to the enormous delay of the light signals emitted by the free-falling body during its fall, “already” completed. This interpretation of relativistic mechanics is intrinsically inconsistent, as shown in this article. We propose an alternative elucidation based on the analogy between the asymptotic trajectory of a free-falling body approaching the horizon event of a Schwarzschild black hole and an accelerated body exponentially asymptotically tending to the speed of light in Special Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof of the Strong Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Kurmet Sultan
Comments: 8 Pages.

The article provides a proof of the Strong (binary) Goldbach conjecture based on the regularities of the interval between successive primes.
Category: Number Theory

The Introduction of the Rule of 3x +1 Problem

Authors: Li Ke
Comments: 7 Pages. Innovative ideas and methods.

This article introduces a change rule of 3x+1 problem (Collatz conjecture), it’s named LiKe’s rule: For any positive integer, change by the Collatz conjecture, it will change to an odd number; the odd numbers will must change to a number of LiKe’s second sequence {3n-1∣n∈Z+}; then this 3n-1 will change to a smaller 3n-1 and gradually decrease to 8(that is 3^2-1) then back to 1 in theend.
Category: Number Theory

Diffusion Approximation for Counting Number of Primes

Authors: Gregory M. Sobko
Comments: 15 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Quite deterministic nature of prime numbers, due to the complexity of the recurrent generating algorithms, is mimicking ‘randomness’ and stimulates to apply probabilistic instruments to analyze number-theoretic problems. The key issue in the probabilistic analysis in a number-theoretic framework remains an enigmatic connection between the deterministic nature of integer sequences related to prime numbers and their apparent complicated (‘unpredictable’ or ‘chaotic’) behavior interpreted as ‘randomness’. We derive multiplicative and additive models with recurrent equations for generating sequences of prime numbers based on the reduced Sieve of Eratosthenes Algorithm and analyze their asymptotic behavior with the help of Riemann Zeta probability distribution. This allows interpreting such sequences as realizations of random walks on set of natural numbers and on multiplicative semigroups generated by prime numbers, representing paths of stochastic dynamical systems. We analyze in this work an additive continuous-time probabilistic model of counting function of primes pi(n) in terms of diffusion approximation of non-Markov random walks. We assume that ‘updating’ terms eta in the recurrent equation pi(n(k+1)) - pi(n(k)) = eta(n(k+1) follow Zeta probability distribution and calculate infinitesimal characteristics of the random walk, which approximate coefficients of the corresponding stochastic differential equation. Computer modeling illustrates graphically an impressive fitting of trajectories for the original counting function, the calculated trend function, and the Brownian approximation.
Category: Number Theory

Restrictions to Goldbach’s Conjecture Using Bertrand’s Postulate, Initiation to a Proof

Authors: Anass Massoudi
Comments: 8 Pages. [Fonts reduced by viXra Admin]

The Goldbach conjecture, also named the binary Goldbach’s conjecture, proposed by the Russian mathematician Christian Goldbach in 1742, states that for every even integer n bigger than 2, there is always two primes a and b such that n = a + b, and until now this conjecture remained unproven, in this paper, we use what’s known as Bertrand’s postulate to restrict the conditions for the two primes a and b that verify this conjecture for every even number n = 2p, namely proving the interesting fact that the Goldbach statement is valid if and only if we have p < a < 2p – 2 and b < p, leading to a clue to prove this conjecture in a simpler manner than attack it brutally without any knowledge about the properties of a and b and the inequality that we will prove, making at last an initiation for a proof of the Goldbach statement .
Category: Number Theory

The Egregema Explored

Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 22 Pages.

The article derives the Gauss Egregema by a novel technique and arrives at a surprising result that the Gauss curvature is equal to the normal curvature. This strange result leads to discrepancies like that the Gauss curvature of the sphere being zero. We arrive at a shocking result as that normal curvature should be zero.The difficulties with tensor transformations their corresponding Jacobian has been dealt with in detail.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Ejecta Ray from the 420km Southern Ocean Crater (West-Australia)_raman Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 35 pages, 68 images, 50 diagrams

The linear Fraser Range in Western Australia seems to be the result of an ejecta ray that was ejected from the Ø 420 km Southern-Ocean-Crater. Different geophysical maps indicate this impact crater on the floor of the Southern Ocean, which I think is a secondary crater of the Permian Triassic Impact Event. The best indication comes from a magnetic anomaly map of the ocean floor which shows a precise semi-circular anomaly (see map below). Further indicaten comes from a combination of a gravity anomaly map of Australia and a topographic map of Antarctica. The visible bow-shaped structures indicate an impact crater of up to Ø 420 km. To provide first evidence for this impact crater I collected rock samples from the linear Fraser Range, which I believe was caused by a massive ejecta ray from this crater ( see maps below ). With a Raman microscope I analysed rock samples which I collected in the Fraser Range. The Raman spectra of quartz grains from the sample sites 50, 52 and 55 provide first indication for a shock event, the impact of an ejecta ray from the Southern Ocean Crater, which probably formed the Fraser Range. The shifts of two main Raman peaks of the analysed quartz grains from sample site 55 (Stone 1) to the lower frequencies 263 and 205 cm-1 and to 261/264 and 205 cm-1, and the shifts of two main Raman peaks in the quartz grains from sample site 50 (Stone 2) to the lower frequencies 204 and 124 cm-1 and to 260/265 and 204 (200,209) cm-1 ( double peaks ), and similar shifts in samples from site 52, which are visible in the Raman Spectra provide a first indication that the quartz from these sample sites was exposed to a shock pressure in the range of 20 - 22 GPa. ( see diagram in Appendix at page 34). Microscopic images of some analysed quartz grains from site 50, 52 & 55 may provide further proof for a shock event ( see pages 7-9, 14 & 21 ) The rock material from sample sites 50 and 55 may provide further evidence for the ejecta ray theory. On site 55 the rock consists of glass-like material that contains pipe-shaped bubbles filled with air (gas). All spectra were made with a BRUKER Senterra-II Raman Microscope (wavenumber precision <0.1cm-1)
Category: Geophysics

On the Inverse Fourier Transform of the Planck-Einstein-de Broglie law

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 4 Pages.

Using results derived earlier by the author (viXra:2103.0006), in this letter after generalising E=hf, its inverse Fourier transform is calculated.
Category: Quantum Physics

One Hand Clapping

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages. [Fonts reduced by viXra Admin - This is the last reminder.]

Zen Buddhism is famous for its koans. These are paradoxical anecdotes or riddles that demonstrate the inadequacy of logical reasoning, and provoke deep enlightenment regarding our core being. We examine a famous koan, “the sound of one hand clapping,” and find a new level of understanding appropriate for our modern age.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Reckoning Dimensions

Authors: Asutosh Kumar
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this article, we seek an alternative avenue--in contrast to the conventional hypercube approach--to reckon physical or abstract dimensions from an information perspective alone. After briefly reviewing ``bit'' and ``quantum of information--it'', we propose a scheme to perceive higher dimensions using bits and concentric spherical shells that are intrinsically entangled.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Matter, Consciousness, and Causality--Space, Time, Measurement, and more

Authors: Asutosh Kumar
Comments: 17 Pages.

In this article, we refine the elements of physics. We consider [primordial] matter and consciousness as eternal and the causes of the creation of the universe via causality. We regard causality as the fundamental and ecumenical principle of theuniverse. Furthermore, we define space and time in terms of cause and effect, and revisitother important notions in physics.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Hypothesis of a Violation of Lorentz Invariance in the Aether Theory and Confirmation by the Experiments of D. C. Miller (English Version)

Authors: Sebastian Pliet
Comments: 25 Pages.

It is hypothesized that the refractive index of moving gases in their rest frame becomes anisotropic. Therefore interferometers with air in the light path should be able to measure a phase shift. The theoretical signal is derived from Lorentz's aether theory. The hypothesis is tested against historical data from Dayton C. Miller's experiments on Mount Wilson in 1925–1926. A suitable signal is found in selected data, confirming the aether theory. Using curve fitting, the speed v and the apex, in equatorial coordinates (α, δ), of the motion of the solar system in the aether were determined. The smallest deviation of the theory from the data results with the parameters v = (326 ± 17) km/s, α = (11.0 ± 0.2) h, δ = (-11 ± 5)°.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Langenscheidt Taschenwörterbuch Deutsch-Englisch / Englisch-Deutsch, Völlige Neubearbeitung and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 27 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study Langenscheidt Taschenwörterbuch Deutsch-Englisch / Englisch-Deutsch, VölligeNeubearbeitung, dictionary, 2014 edition. We draw the natural logarithm ofthe number of the German language words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of therank of the letter, normalised( unnormalised). We find that the words underlie a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in thepresence of little external magnetic field.We notice that there is no qualitative change compared to the Langenscheidt's German-English English-German Dictionary, 1970 edition.
Category: Linguistics

Diophantine Quadruples and Ideal Solutions of the Prouhet–Tarry–Escott Problem of Size Four

Authors: Philip Gibbs
Comments: 8 Pages.

A rational Diophantine m-tuple is a set of m rational numbers such that the product of any two is one less than a square. The Prouhet-Tarry-Escott problem seeks two different multisets of n integers such that the sums of like powers of each set are equal for all exponents up to some k < n. Here a new connection is established between rational Diophantine quadruples (m=4) and ideal solutions of the Prouhet–Tarry–Escott problem of size 4 (n=4, k=3) Both problems are shown to be related to finding 3 by 3 singular matrices of integers whose 9 elements are all square.
Category: Number Theory

Reply to ‘Rebuttal to M.E. Hassani's Foundations of Superluminal Relativistic Mechanics’

Authors: Mohamed Elmansour Hassani
Comments: 4 pages; 2 references

It has been critically argued by A. Sfarti [Communications in Physics, Vol.28, No.2 (2018), pp.189-190] that my paper ‘Foundations of Superluminal Relativistic Mechanics’ is wholly incorrect because it is based on a wrong premise. A careful study of the rebuttal reveals however a failure to correctly address the key idea on which my work is based. There is therefore no proof advanced of any alleged incorrectness in my work. Furthermore, the lack of mathematical rigour reinforced with the mathematical errors contained in the aforementioned rebuttal paper has hugely amplified the invalidity of the supposed disproof.
Category: Mathematical Physics

La Estructura Del Fotón en Los Procesos de Interferencia, Entrelazamiento Cuántico Y la Auto-Organización Del Universo

Authors: Alfredo Bennun, N. Ledesma
Comments: 13 Pages. Spanish Language, 11 figures, 4 tables.

El marco estándar de la cosmología requiere evaluar el entrelazamiento cuántico de los bosones Planck primordiales en un mismo estado cuántico. Una retroalimentación termodinámica regula volumen comóvil, a través de la ley de Hubble, respondiendo al acoplamiento del flujo de energía primordial con la dimensionalidad impresa al espacio-tiempo. La formación de pares en la que la coherencia entre los mismos estados cuánticos se manifestará en una superposición oscilatoria. Por lo tanto, dos posiciones casi simultáneas desplazan un valor de la longitud de onda. Así, un pequeño tiempo idéntico conforma el espacio-tiempo, separando la distancia-evento entre las interacciones de dos fotones. Por lo tanto, el flujo de energía a nivel microscópico alinea la evolución en fases homogéneas, lo que indica la presencia de un proceso regulador sobre expansión conectado a la edad del universo bajo planitud. La distensión-contracción debida a la interferencia del par de fotones (o de electrones) implica una suma de momentos angulares, en el instante de la re-configuración vectorial de los campos eléctrico y magnético. Por tanto, la longitud de onda transitoria de la superposición de fotones puede caracterizarse por dos estados excluyentes: constructivo (distensión del campo E) o destructivo (contracción del campo E). El entrelazamiento cuántico actúa como un potencial oscilatorio de coherencia-decoherencia disipativa, con conservación de momento entre la masa en reposo y la inercial. Así, moderando el incremento de entropía en función del cuello de botella que es la velocidad de la luz: c, y conservar el balance entre curvaturas abiertas y cerradas, o sea, planitud de la expansión.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Toward Viable Electron Model based on Classical Electrodynamics

Authors: Victor Vaguine
Comments: 14 Pages.

A brief review and analysis of historical models of the electron, such as the charged spin-ning sphere, Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck’s idea, and the charged spinning ring leads to dis-covery of principal component in the electron inner structure – the c-ring. The AQM intrinsic electron model based on the c-ring successfully explains the charge fractionation in quan-tum chromodynamics and the 3D configuration and the formation of Cooper pairs in super-conductivity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Adding Boundary Terms to Anderson Localized Hamiltonians Leads to Unbounded Growth of Entanglement

Authors: Yichen Huang
Comments: 6 Pages. Preprint number: MIT-CTP/5326

It is well known that in Anderson localized systems, starting from a random product state the entanglement entropy remains bounded at all times. However, we show that adding a single boundary term to an otherwise Anderson localized Hamiltonian leads to unbounded growth of entanglement. Our results imply that Anderson localization is not a local property. One cannot conclude that a subsystem has Anderson localized behavior without looking at the whole system, as a term that is arbitrarily far from the subsystem can affect the dynamics of the subsystem in such a way that the features of Anderson localization are lost.
Category: Quantum Physics

Two Proofs of Riemann Hypothesis by Vector Properties of Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: Tae Beom Lee
Comments: 24 Pages.

The Riemann zeta function(RZF) ζ(s) is useful in number theory for studing properties of prime numbers. The Dirichlet eta function(DEF) η(s) is modification of RZF. In this thesis, we treat each term of RZF and DEF as a vector. From the geometric properties of vectors, we got clues of proof from the fact that, in a complex variable s = α + iβ, α only affects the magnitude of each vector and β affects only the argument of each vector, independently. So, each vector with same n are parallel to each other, regardless of the value of α. This parallel property implies a very strict geometric restriction which lead to two successful proofs of Riemann Hypothesis(RH). One proof is from the contradictions which come from the trajectories of RZF, and the other proof is by applying Chauchy integral theorem to the trajectory of RZF. We tried to provide sufficient graphs and videos for the understanding of the vector geometry properties of RZF and DEF. In appendix, we provided the source programs for analyzing vectors and suggested two other possible proofs of RH for further studies.
Category: Number Theory

Centrifugal Explanation of Dark Energy

Authors: Carsten Quinlan
Comments: 5 Pages.

We shall use centrifugal forces to provide an explanation of dark energy by demonstrating that every orbit for a body has a centrifugal term in the radial equation of motion that balances gravity. Using the Schwarzschild solution of Einstein’s field equations, we replace the cosmological constant in the Friedman equations for the expansion of the universe with a term related to the ratio of rotational energy density to the rest mass energy density. The new equations explain how a flat universe can be expanding with a positive acceleration by spending internal rotational energy. This paper compliments the findings of several that have demonstrated serious problems with the analysis of experimental data justifying “dark energy". Instead of postulating dark energy, perhaps we should be taking a more careful look at the validity of the standard cosmological assumption of a homogenous and isotropic universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Basic Mathematical Reminders For Assistants and Technical Agents

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 46 Pages. In French.

In this booklet, we provide the mathematical foundations necessary to follow the training courses in geodesy and topography. It is a reminder of the main formulas and knowledge in mathematics for assistants and technical agents.
Category: General Mathematics

Hamiltonian Flow of the Riemann Zeta-Function

Authors: Wiroj Homsup
Comments: 6 Pages.

The Riemann zeta-Function can be expressed as zeta(s) = u(x,y)+iv(x,y) where s=x+iy. The structure of a Hamiltonian flow in the critical strip, 0 ≤ x ≤1, 0≤y≤∞ of x ̇ = u(x,y), y ̇ = - v(x,y) is determined by its behavior near zeros of zeta(s). Phase portraits are considered and proved that all zeros of the Riemann zeta-Function on the critical line are saddle points.
Category: General Mathematics

Asymptotic Distribution of Residuals Within Congruence Classes Generated by Primes

Authors: Gregory M. Sobko
Comments: 10 Pages.

By using the Dirichlet characters for a finite abelian group Gp = Zp=Z/(pZ), where p is a prime, and the corresponding characteristic functions Ф(v(n)), we discuss asymptotic distribution for sums of residuals r = mod(v, p) = [v]p for p from P, a set of all prime numbers. Here vi is a random variable with a certain probability distribution on the set of all natural numbers N, and v(n) is a sum v1 + v2 + … + vn of independent random integers (not necessarily equally distributed). We prove that the residuals of sums [v(n)]p = [v1]p +[v2] + … + [vn]p are asymptotically uniformly distributed on Gp for every prime p ( Gp is a congruence class generated by p ). Then, we prove that the components of the vector of residuals r(v(n))=(r1, r2, …, rpi(n)) are asymptotically independent random variables.Type equation here.
Category: Number Theory

对情杀案件的心理因素分析
Analysis of Psychological Factors in Cases of Love Killing

Authors: Wen-Qi Chen
Comments: 10 Pages.

This article analyzes the nature, influencing factors, and countermeasures of love killings, and proposes that love killings are extreme incidents of killing because of emotional conflicts and entanglements. The emotional disputes are divided into four types: breakup disputes, love rival disputes, emotional infidelity, and courtship rejection. kind. The author tried to explore the psychological factors related to the occurrence of love killings: social rejection, frustration, stress, self-esteem, parental rearing styles, and psychological flexibility. Based on the above factors, the author quoted Fromm's views on love to explain what mature love is, and proposed that in order to avoid more love killings, it is advocated to improve the psychological flexibility of individuals, and to know how to identify and stay away from dangerous lovers in time.
Category: Social Science

Beyond A Quartic Polynomial Modeling the DNA Double Helix Genetic Code

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 14 Pages.

By combination of finite number theory and quantum information the complete quantum information in the DNA genetic code has been made likely by Planat et al. (2020). In the present contribution a varied quartic polynomial contrasting the polynomial used by Planat et al. is proposed that considered apart from the golden mean also the fifth power of this dominant number of nature to adapt the code information. The suggested polynomial is denoted as 〖g(x)=x〗^4-x^3-(4〖-φ^2)x〗^2+(4-φ^2)x+1, where φ=(√5-1)/2 is the golden mean. Its roots are changed to more golden mean based ones in comparison to the Planat polynomial. The new coefficients 4-φ^2 instead of 4 would implement the fifth power of the golden mean indirectly applying 4-φ^2=3+φ=√(13+φ^5 )=√(2+φ^(-5) )=3.6180... As an outlook it should be emphesized that the connection between genetic code and resonance code of the DNA may lead us to a full understanding of how nature stores and processes compacted information and what indeed is consciousness linking everything with each other suggestedly mediated by all-pervasive dark constituents of matter respectively energy.
Category: Number Theory

A Proposed Solution to Problems in Learning the Knowledge Needed by Self-Driving Vehicles

Authors: J Gerard Wolff
Comments: 15 Pages.

Three problems in learning knowledge for self-driving vehicles are: how a finite sample of information about driving, N, can yield an ability to deal with the infinity of possible driving situations; the problem of generalising from N without over- or under-generalisation; and how to weed out errors in N. A theory developed with computer models to explain a child’s learning of his or her first language, now incorporated in the SP System, suggests: compress N as much as possible by a process that creates a grammar, G, and an encoding of N in terms of G called E. Then discard E which contains all or most of the errors in N, and retain G which solves the first two problems.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

DNA Protein Pharmacology

Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: 2 Pages.

The dna of medicinal plants contain the protein structure to obtain natural drugs from hystorical sources and traditional medicine.
Category: Physics of Biology

Is Gravity Quantum?

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 16 Pages. Rjected by arXiv in March 2021.

We'll discuss several experiments aimed at proving gravity is a quantum, not classical, field theory. Some of the experiments are more "thought experiments" than practical; others are aimed toward being practically feasible; others have already been done. The net effect of our arguments, I think (even without performing any of the not-yet-done experiments), is to make it clear gravity must be quantized, in the sense gravitational fields are made of "gravitons" obeying Planck's energy-quantization condition E=hf.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Riemann Hypothesis and Tachyonic Off-Shell String Scattering Amplitudes

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 15 Pages.

The study of the ${\bf 4}$-tachyon off-shell string scattering amplitude $ A_4 (s, t, u) $, based on Witten's open string field theory, reveals the existence of a continuum of poles in the $s$-channel and corresponding to a continuum of complex spins $ J $. The latter spins $ J$ belong to the Regge trajectories in the $ t, u$ channels which are defined by $ - J (t) = - 1 - { 1\over 2 } t = \beta (t)= { 1\over 2 } + i \lambda $; $ - J (u) = - 1 - { 1\over 2 } u = \gamma (u) = { 1\over 2 } - i \lambda $, with $ \lambda = real$. These values of $ \beta ( t ), \gamma (u) $ given by ${ 1\over 2 } \pm i \lambda $, respectively, coincide precisely with the location of the critical line of nontrivial Riemann zeta zeros $ \zeta (z_n = { 1\over 2 } \pm i \lambda_n) = 0$. We proceed to prove that if there were nontrivial zeta zeros (violating the Riemann Hypothesis) outside the critical line $ Real~ z = 1/2 $ (but inside the critical strip) these putative zeros $ don't$ correspond to any $poles$ of the ${\bf 4}$-tachyon off-shell string scattering amplitude $ A_4 ( s, t , u ) $. One of the most salient features of these results is the $collinearity$ of the ${\bf 4}$ off-shell tachyons. We may speculate that this spatial $collinearity$ is actually reflected in the $collinearity$ of the poles of the string amplitude, lying in the critical line : $ \beta = \gamma^* = { 1\over 2 } + i \lambda$, where the nontrivial zeta zeros are located. We finalize with some concluding remarks on continuous spins, non-commutative geometry and other relevant topics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Ontological Model of Reality

Authors: Anders Lindman
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper presents an ontological model of reality (OM) based on time as a single category of being. The basis for the model is a zero time delay as an initial node for an expanding complete graph starting with a self-loop. A geometric series formula is introduced for mapping the zero time delay to physical time together with a multiverse tree model that allows physical time to progress in discrete finite steps larger than zero.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

An Arabic Dictionary: "Al-Mujam al-W\'{a}fi" Or, "Adhunik Arabi-Bangla Abhidhan" and the Onsager's Solution

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 18 Pages.

We consult an Arabic dictionary: "al-Mujam al-w\'{a}fi" or, "adhunik arabi-bangla abhidhan" by Dr. M. Fazlur Rahman. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter. We find that the words underlie a magnetisation curve. The magnetisation curve i.e. the graph of reduced magnetisation vs reduced temperature is the exact Onsager solution of two dimensional Ising model in the absence of external magnetic field.
Category: Condensed Matter

Delphi 3A

Authors: M. W. Roberts
Comments: 19 Pages.

The design of Delphi 3 is modified to produce an ultra-fast, long range optical communication system. This system should be especially useful for deep space communications.
Category: Quantum Physics

Using the Partial Sums of the Alternating Harmonic Series to Prove the Harmonic Series is Divergent

Authors: Robert Spoljaric
Comments: 5 Pages.

Many proofs of the divergence of the harmonic series have been given since the first proof by Nicole Oresme (1323-1382). In this article we shall give a simple proof using the partial sums of the alternating harmonic series. A simple consequence of this is an approximation that follows as a corollary. We then show that every harmonic number is the sum of partial sums of the alternating harmonic series. Finally as a corollary we show that the sequence of subseries of the harmonic series is converging to ln2.
Category: Number Theory

Riemann's Functional Equation When Zeta(s) = 0 = Zeta(1-s)

Authors: Michael C. Dickerson
Comments: 1 Page. Contacting author at michaeldickerson89@gmail.com [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Riemann's Functional equation zeta(s) has values where zeta(s) = 0 at negative even integers of s (-2,-4,-6...) when the function sin(pi*s/2) equals 0. This paper demonstrates that the only other case where zeta(s) = 0 in Riemann's functional equation is when zeta(s) = zeta(1-s) which is only true when the real part of s = 1/2.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Unishox a Hybrid Encoder for Short Unicode Strings

Authors: Arundale Ramanathan
Comments: 17 Pages.

Unishox is a hybrid encoding technique, with which short unicode strings could be compressed using context aware pre-mapped codes and delta coding resulting in surprisingly good ratios.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Binary Stars

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 2 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Circular/elliptical paths of stars in a binary/multi-star system (and elliptical planetary orbits about their central bodies) are untenable and physically impossible propositions.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Monopole

Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: 2 Pages.

I prove the existence of a new exact solution of the Einstein field equation for a massless gravitoelectromagnetic monopole in the case of the linear approach for a weak gravitational field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Future of Online Learning Using Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages. AIAA CONFERENCE 2021 (NOV 2021), DUBAI, UAE

Online learning is the emerging technique in education and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Traditional learning is a complex process as learning patterns, approach, skills and performance varies from person to person. Adaptive online learning focuses on understanding the learner’s performance, skills and adapts to it. The use of advanced technology also provides a means to analyse the behavioural learning pattern. As it provides the detailed skill mapping and performance which enables the learner to understand the areas needs to be improved. The information can also be used by assessors to improve the teaching approach. Advanced online learning system using artificial intelligence is an emerging concept in the coming years. In this new concept, the classes are not taken face-to-face in a classroom but through an electronic medium as a substitute. These virtual learning approach are gaining importance every day and very soon they are going to be an integral part of our world. Taking up these virtual learning through an electronic medium is termed as online learning. We proposed two new models which are powered by artificial intelligence (AI) tools. A number of examples of using these new models are presented.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Use of Big Data in Machine Learning Algorithm

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages. ACITY CONFERENCE 2021 (NOV 2021), DUBAI, UAE

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention. Such minimal human intervention can be provided using big data analytics, which is the application of advanced analytics techniques on big data. This paper aims to analyse some of the different machine learning algorithms and methods which can be applied to big data analysis, as well as the opportunities provided by the application of big data analytics in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Using ai to Learn Industry Specific Big Data for Business Operation and Crisis Management

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages. SCAI CONFERENCE 2021 (NOV 2021), ZURICH, SWITZERLAND

Artificial intelligence has been a buzz word that is impacting every industry in the world. With the rise of such advanced technology, there will be always a question regarding its impact on our social life, environment and economy thus impacting all efforts exerted towards sustainable development. In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets for different industries and business operations. Numerous use cases have shown that AI can ensure an effective supply of information to citizens, users and customers in times of crisis. This paper aims to analyse some of the different methods and scenario which can be applied to AI and big data, as well as the opportunities provided by the application in various business operations and crisis management domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Using Different Assessment Indicators in Supporting Online Learning

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 6 Pages. BIOM CONFERENCE 2021 (OCT 2021), VIENNA, AUSTRIA

The assessment outcome for many online learning methods are based on the number of correct answers and than convert it into one final mark or grade. We discovered that when using online learning, we can extract more detail information from the learning process and these information are useful for the assessor to plan an effective and efficient learning model for the learner. Statistical analysis is an important part of an assessment when performing the online learning outcome. The assessment indicators include the difficulty level of the question, time spend in answering and the variation in choosing answer. In this paper we will present the findings of these assessment indicators and how it can improve the way the learner being assessed when using online learning system. We developed a statistical analysis algorithm which can assess the online learning outcomes more effectively using quantifiable measurements. A number of examples of using this statistical analysis algorithm are presented.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Applying ai and Big Data for Sensitive Operations and Disaster Management

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages. MLNLP CONFERENCE 2021 (SEP 2021), COPENHAGEN, DENMARK

Artificial intelligence has been a buzz word that is impacting every industry in the world. With the rise of such advanced technology, there will be always a question regarding its impact on our social life, environment and economy thus impacting all efforts exerted towards sustainable development. In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets for different industries and business operations. Numerous use cases have shown that AI can ensure an effective supply of information to citizens, users and customers in times of crisis. This paper aims to analyse some of the different methods and scenario which can be applied to AI and big data, as well as the opportunities provided by the application in various sensitive operations and disaster management.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Applying Machine Learning Process Using Big Data

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages. IJAIA JOURNAL (2021) VOL. 12, NO. 5

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention. Such minimal human intervention can be provided using big data analytics, which is the application of advanced analytics techniques on big data. This paper aims to analyse some of the different machine learning algorithms and methods which can be applied to big data analysis, as well as the opportunities provided by the application of big data analytics in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources Development

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 8 Pages. EEIJ JOURNAL (2021), VOL. 7, ISSUE. 3

Artificial intelligence has been an eye-popping word that is impacting every industry in the world. With the rise of such advanced technology, there will be always a question regarding its impact on our social life, environment and economy thus impacting all efforts exerted towards continuous development. From the definition, the welfare of human beings is the core of continuous development. Continuous development is useful only when ordinary people’s lives are improved whether in health, education, employment, environment, equality or justice. Securing decent jobs is a key enabler to promote the components of continuous development, economic growth, social welfare and environmental sustainability. The human resources are the precious resource for all nations. The high unemployment and underemployment rates especially in youth is a great threat affecting the continuous economic development of many countries and is influenced by investment in education, and quality of living.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Future of Internet of Things (Iot) and ai

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 8 Pages. ARIA CONFERENCE 2021 (DEC 2021), SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. The Internet of Things, or "IoT" for short, is about extending the power of the internet beyond computers and smartphones to a whole range of other things, processes and environments. IoT is at the epicentre of the Digital Transformation Revolution that is changing the shape of business, enterprise and people’s lives. This transformation influences everything from how we manage and operate our homes to automating processes across nearly all industries. This paper aims to analyse the relationships of AI, big data and IoT, as well as the opportunities provided by the applications in various operational domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Using ai Applications on Internet of Things (Iot)

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 8 Pages. NeTIOT CONFERENCE 2021 (DEC 2021), SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. The Internet of Things, or "IoT" for short, is about extending the power of the internet beyond computers and smartphones to a whole range of other things, processes and environments. IoT is at the epicentre of the Digital Transformation Revolution that is changing the shape of business, enterprise and people’s lives. This transformation influences everything from how we manage and operate our homes to automating processes across nearly all industries. This paper aims to analyse the relationships of AI, big data and IoT, as well as the opportunities provided by the applications in various operational domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Using Big Data for Machine Learning Applications

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages. SIPR CONFERENCE 2021 (OCT 2021), SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention. Such minimal human intervention can be provided using big data analytics, which is the application of advanced analytics techniques on big data. This paper aims to analyse some of the different machine learning algorithms and methods which can be applied to big data analysis, as well as the opportunities provided by the application of big data analytics in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Ai with Big Data

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 8 Pages. IJCST JOURNAL 2021 OCT, VOL. 9, ISSUE. 6

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in volume, velocity, variety and veracity (the four V’s of big data), which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. Furthermore, decision makers need to be able to gain valuable insights from such varied and rapidly changing data, ranging from daily transactions to customer interactions and social network data. Such value can be provided using big data analytics, which is the application of advanced analytics techniques on big data. This paper aims to analyse some of the use of big data for the artificial intelligence development and its applications in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Applying ai in Human Resources Advancement

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages. IJCST JOURNAL 2021 OCT, VOL. 9, ISSUE. 6

Artificial intelligence has been an eye-popping word that is impacting every industry in the world. With the rise of such advanced technology, there will be always a question regarding its impact on our social life, environment and economy thus impacting all efforts exerted towards continuous development. From the definition, the welfare of human beings is the core of continuous development. Continuous development is useful only when ordinary people’s lives are improved whether in health, education, employment, environment, equality or justice. Securing decent jobs is a key enabler to promote the components of continuous development, economic growth, social welfare and environmental sustainability. The human resources are the precious resource for all nations. The high unemployment and underemployment rates especially in youth is a great threat affecting the continuous economic development of many countries and is influenced by investment in education, and quality of living.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Use of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in Crisis Management

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 6 Pages. IJCST JOURNAL 2022 FEB, VOL. 10, ISSUE. 1

Artificial intelligence has been a buzz word that is impacting every industry in the world. With the rise of such advanced technology, there will be always a question regarding its impact on our social life, environment and economy thus impacting all efforts exerted towards sustainable development. In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets for different industries and business operations. Numerous use cases have shown that AI can ensure an effective supply of information to citizens, users and customers in times of crisis. This paper aims to analyse some of the different methods and scenario which can be applied to AI and big data, as well as the opportunities provided by the application in various business operations and crisis management domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Understanding the Relationships of Ai, Machine Learning and Deep Learning

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 10 Pages. IJCST JOURNAL 2022 FEB, VOL. 10, ISSUE. 1

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention. Such minimal human intervention can be provided using machine learning, which is the application of advanced deep learning techniques on big data. This paper aims to analyse some of the different machine learning and deep learning algorithms and methods, as well as the opportunities provided by the AI applications in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Applying Effective Assessment Indicators in Online Learning

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages. IJIT JOURNAL 2021 DEC, VOL. 7, ISSUE. 6

The assessment outcome for many online learning methods are based on the number of correct answers and than convert it into one final mark or grade. We discovered that when using online learning, we can extract more detail information from the learning process and these information are useful for the assessor to plan an effective and efficient learning model for the learner. Statistical analysis is an important part of an assessment when performing the online learning outcome. The assessment indicators include the difficulty level of the question, time spend in answering and the variation in choosing answer. In this paper we will present the findings of these assessment indicators and how it can improve the way the learner being assessed when using online learning system. We developed a statistical analysis algorithm which can assess the online learning outcomes more effectively using quantifiable measurements. A number of examples of using this statistical analysis algorithm are presented.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Future of Machine Learning and Deep Learning

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 9 Pages. IJIT JOURNAL 2021 DEC, VOL. 7, ISSUE. 6

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention. Such minimal human intervention can be provided using big data analytics, which is the application of advanced analytics techniques on big data. This paper aims to analyse some of the different machine learning algorithms and methods which can be applied to big data analysis, as well as the opportunities provided by the application of big data analytics in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Applying New Assessment Indicators in Online Learning Model

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages. IJIT JOURNAL 2022 FEB, VOL. 8, ISSUE. 1

The assessment outcome for many online learning methods are based on the number of correct answers and than convert it into one final mark or grade. We discovered that when using online learning, we can extract more detail information from the learning process and these information are useful for the assessor to plan an effective and efficient learning model for the learner. Statistical analysis is an important part of an assessment when performing the online learning outcome. The assessment indicators include the difficulty level of the question, time spend in answering and the variation in choosing answer. In this paper we will present the findings of these assessment indicators and how it can improve the way the learner being assessed when using online learning system. We developed a statistical analysis algorithm which can assess the online learning outcomes more effectively using quantifiable measurements. A number of examples of using this statistical analysis algorithm are presented.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Applying Big Data for Machine Learning Process

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages. IJIT JOURNAL 2022 FEB, VOL. 8, ISSUE. 1

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention. Such minimal human intervention can be provided using big data analytics, which is the application of advanced analytics techniques on big data. This paper aims to analyse some of the different machine learning algorithms and methods which can be applied to big data analysis, as well as the opportunities provided by the application of big data analytics in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Evaluate the Features of Big Data Analytics and Machine Learning

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages. IJETA JOURNAL 2021 DEC, VOL. 8, ISSUE. 6

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention. Such minimal human intervention can be provided using big data analytics, which is the application of advanced analytics techniques on big data. This paper aims to analyse some of the different machine learning algorithms and methods which can be applied to big data analysis, as well as the opportunities provided by the application of big data analytics in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Applying Artificial Intelligence in Internet of Things (Iot)

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 8 Pages. IJETA JOURNAL 2021 DEC, VOL. 8, ISSUE. 6

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. The Internet of Things, or "IoT" for short, is about extending the power of the internet beyond computers and smartphones to a whole range of other things, processes and environments. IoT is at the epicentre of the Digital Transformation Revolution that is changing the shape of business, enterprise and people’s lives. This transformation influences everything from how we manage and operate our homes to automating processes across nearly all industries. This paper aims to analyse the relationships of AI, big data and IoT, as well as the opportunities provided by the applications in various operational domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Power of Big Data in TODAY’S World

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 8 Pages. IJETA JOURNAL 2022 FEB, VOL. 9, ISSUE. 1

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in volume, velocity, variety and veracity (the four V’s of big data), which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. Furthermore, decision makers need to be able to gain valuable insights from such varied and rapidly changing data, ranging from daily transactions to customer interactions and social network data. Such value can be provided using big data analytics, which is the application of advanced analytics techniques on big data. This paper aims to analyse some of the use of big data for the artificial intelligence development and its applications in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Relationships in Ai, Big Data and Internet of Things (Iot)

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages. BIBC CONFERENCE 2021 (OCT 2021), SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. The Internet of Things, or "IoT" for short, is about extending the power of the internet beyond computers and smartphones to a whole range of other things, processes and environments. IoT is at the epicentre of the Digital Transformation Revolution that is changing the shape of business, enterprise and people’s lives. This transformation influences everything from how we manage and operate our homes to automating processes across nearly all industries. This paper aims to analyse the relationships of AI, big data and IoT, as well as the opportunities provided by the applications in various operational domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Effectiveness of Using Artificial Intelligence for Online Learning

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 8 Pages. JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE, ICCSIT 2021, PARIS, FRANCE

Online learning is the emerging technique in education and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Traditional learning is a complex process as learning patterns, approach, skills and performance varies from person to person. Adaptive online learning focuses on understanding the learner’s performance, skills and adapts to it. The use of advanced technology also provides a means to analyze the behavioral learning pattern. As it provides the detailed skill mapping and performance which enables the learner to understand the areas needs to be improved. The information can also be used by assessors to improve the teaching approach. Advanced online learning system using arti=icial intelligence is an emerging concept in the coming years. In this new concept, the classes are not taken face-to-face in a classroom but through an electronic medium as a substitute. These virtual learning approach are gaining importance every day and very soon they are going to be an integral part of our world. Taking up these virtual learning through an electronic medium is termed as online learning. We proposed two new models which are powered by arti=icial intelligence (AI) tools. A number of examples of using these new models are presented.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Understanding the Features of Internet of Things (Iot) and Big Data Analysis

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 8 Pages. CIoT CONFERENCE 2021 (SEP 2021), TORONTO, CANADA

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. The Internet of Things, or "IoT" for short, is about extending the power of the internet beyond computers and smartphones to a whole range of other things, processes and environments. IoT is at the epicentre of the Digital Transformation Revolution that is changing the shape of business, enterprise and people’s lives. This transformation influences everything from how we manage and operate our homes to automating processes across nearly all industries. This paper aims to analyse the relationships of AI, big data and IoT, as well as the opportunities provided by the applications in various operational domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Ai, Machine Learning and Deep Learning Development and Applications

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 10 Pages. BMLI CONFERENCE 2021 (DEC 2021), CHENNAI, INDIA

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention. Such minimal human intervention can be provided using machine learning, which is the application of advanced deep learning techniques on big data. This paper aims to analyse some of the different machine learning and deep learning algorithms and methods, as well as the opportunities provided by the AI applications in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Fresh Hope of Proving Goldbach Conjecture (1+1)

Authors: Li Ke
Comments: 3 Pages. -

This paper provide a new way of proving Goldbach conjecture - LiKe sequence (This method was published in 2019). And briefly introduces the proof process of this method: by indirect transformation, Goldbach conjecture is transformed to prove that, for any prime sequence (3,5,7,…,Pn), there must have no LiKe sequence less than 3×Pn. This method only studies prime numbers and composite numbers, which is very important for the study of Goldbach conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

The French, Larousse Dictionnaire De Poche and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 23 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study Larousse Dictionnaire De Poche, Français Anglais / Anglais Français.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of French words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH=0) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours in absence of external magnetic field. H is external magnetic field, β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant. We infer that the French, the Italian and the Spanish come in the same language group.Moreover, we put two dictionaries of philosophy and science on the same platform with that of the French.We surmise that philosophy owes more to the French speakers than science does.
Category: Linguistics

Displacement of Center of Mass Causes Rotation of Torsional Device

Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 6 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!]

It is experimentally shown the twisting of the suspension thread when the weight of the working medium changes. It is proposed to carry out experiments 2, 3, 4 with variable dimensions of the working medium.
Category: Classical Physics

Mechanism of Nucleosynthesis: Formation of Lighter Nuclei with Proton-Neutron Pair as the Building Block

Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen
Comments: Pages.

A novel and unique model based on the singlet state of (proton–neutron) pair as a building block is postulated for nucleosynthesis of different nuclei. The presently accepted alpha cluster model is inadequate for the explanation of the formation of 7Li, 8Be, 10B, their stability and abundance. Problem of Beryllium bottleneck and the explanation of Hoyle’s state of 12C appear to be insurmountable by the cluster model. Proton and neutron combine to form deuteron (spin 1) and another species (isomeric with deuteron, with spin 0) obeying Pauli Exclusion Principle and is termed Paulion. The corresponding element is Christianized as Paulium (Pl), hitherto unrecognized isomer of hydrogen. The newly identified species, is capable of formation of alpha particle following Bose-Einstein Statistics. The Paulion condensation model is applied to build-up different isotopes of Li, Be, B, C, N and O and can resolve the existing puzzle in the nucleosynthsis of stable 12C. It can explain the abundance and the properties of different nuclei. An empirical equation A = Z (p – n) pair + (A - 2Z) n explains the composition of different nuclei where A is the mass of the nucleus, Z being its number of proton.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

An Inconsistency Between the Gravitational Time Dilation Equation and the Twin Paradox

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 24 Pages.

It is shown in this monograph that the Gravitational Time Dilation Equation, together with the well-known Equivalence Principle relating gravitation and acceleration, produce results that contradict the required outcome at the reunion of the twins in the famous twin ‘paradox’. The Equivalence Principle Version of the Gravitational Time Dilation Equation (the “EPVGTD” equation) produces results that say that, when the traveling twin (he) instantaneously changes his velocity, in the direction TOWARD the distant home twin (her), that he will conclude that her age instantaneously becomes INFINITE. It is well known that, according to her, at their reunion, she will be older than him, but both of their ages will be FINITE. The twins clearly MUST be in agreement about their respective ages at the reunion, because they are co-located there.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Evolutionary-Ontogenetic Epistemology of Clinical Oncology

Authors: Atabek B. Kutlumuratov, Bakhodir M. Khayitbajev
Comments: 6 Pages. Typographical misprints and stylistic errors were corrected.

Based on the previous works of the authors and the concept of multilevel natural selection of E. Mayr, an evolutionary-ontogenetic approach to the development of the epistemology of clinical oncology has been proposed. This approach includes Darwinist and Lamarckist models of evolution and does not conflict with all experience in the development of clinical oncology. It will allow to improve the effectiveness of clinical thinking in the field of oncology. We assume that it is applicable for the development of both the prevention and treatment of cancer based on the individuation of doctoring. During that physician can involve psychophysiological determinants of human cultural evolution. Key words: evolution, natural selection, Darwinism, Lamarckism, ontogenesis, individuation, psychophysiology, oncology.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

New Argentest Primality Test Algorithm

Authors: Zeolla Gabriel Martin
Comments: 23 Pages. Original language Spanish translated into English

This text develops a new Primality Algorithm, this one obtains opposite results to Fermat's little theorem, since it uses similar mechanisms but applied to the analysis of patterns. In Fermat's Theorem there are always Pseudoprimes hidden among the primes, which does not give certainty about the primality of an odd number analyzed, beyond the change of bases as happens with the Pseudoprime number 561. In the Argentest algorithm, the opposite happens, the pseudoprimes do not pass the test, so we can confirm the primality of a number with absolute certainty and determination, but there is a percentage of primes that do not pass the test either, so we go to the change of base to re-analyze the patterns and confirm primality later.
Category: Number Theory

Interaction of Complex Scalar Fields and Electromagnetic Fields in Klein-Gordon-Maxwell Theory in Cosmological Inertial Frame

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 4 Pages. Thank you for reading

We found equations of complex scalar fields and electromagnetic fields on interaction of complex scalar fields and electromagnetic fields in Klein-Gordon-Maxwell theory from Type A of wave function and Type B of expanded distance in cosmological inertial frame.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Orthogonality of Two Lines and Division by Zero Calculus

Authors: Hiroshi Okumura, Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we will give a pleasant representation of the orthogonality of two lines by means of the division by zero calculus. For two lines with gradients $m$ and $ M$, they are orthogonal if $ m M = - 1. $ Our common sense will be so stated. However, note that for the typical case of $x,y$ axes, the statement is not valid. Even for the high school students, the new result may be pleasant with surprising new results and ideas.
Category: Geometry

Revised Collatz Graph Explains Predictability

Authors: Steven M. Tylock
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Collatz Conjecture remains an intriguing problem. Expanding on an altered formula first presented in “Bits of Complexity”, this paper explores the concept that “3N + Least-Significant-Bit” of a number allows the complete separation of the step of “dividing by two on an even number” within the Collatz Conjecture. This alternate formula replaces the original Collatz on a one-for-one basis. The breadth and depth of graphs of the resulting path of numbers resolving with this new formula illustrate its fractal nature. Lastly, we explore the predictability of this data, and how the ultimate goal of reaching one prevented previous work from finding the key to understanding 3N+1.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

The Egocentricity of Special Relativity

Authors: Richard L. Marker
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper assumes the existence of a fabric of space that is locally Euclidean with a preferred coordinate system. These assumptions are shown to produce the special relativity transformations for two bodies in colinear motion. Of primary importance is the insight gained into the transformations of special relativity. There is an observational error factor and an actual component factor for each transformation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The 8 X 7 km Elliptical Warwick Impact Crater (East-Australia)_raman Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 29 pages, 56 images, 33 diagrams

The Ø 8 x 7 km elliptical Warwick Crater is located in East-Australia 150 km south-west of Brisbane, near the town Warwick. The crater is visible on the Magnetic Intensity Map as a precise elliptical structure. This elliptical ring structure indicates an oblique impact crater. This means the impactor arrived in a very shallow angle of probably < 10°. The orientation of the elliptical ring structure corresponds to the orientation of the assumed ejecta blanket. The age of the oblique impact in all probability is 252 Ma. ( PT-boundary age ). The red- and pink colored rock types on the geological map, which present ejecta of the crater, formed 230-250 Ma ago ! The impact direction of the elliptical Warwick Crater points towards the Cape York Crater (-chain ). Therefore the Ø 8 x 7 km Warwick Crater probably was caused by a large ejecta fragment of the Cape York Impact Event. I have analysed some rock samples which I have collected inside the Ø 8 x 7 km elliptical Warwick Crater. The Raman spectrum of quartz from sample site 43 provides first evidence for an impact shock event as the probable cause of the elliptical ring structure of the Warwick Crater. The shifts of the main Raman peaks, of the analysed quartz, to the lower frequencies 463 and 204 cm-1, provide indication for an impact shock event that caused a shock pressure of around 22 GPa. Further indication comes from the Raman spectra of quartz grains from sample site 53 which show shifts of the main Raman peaks to the lower frequencies 263 and 205 ( 204 ) cm-1 , and from Raman spectra of sample site 51 and 54, which show shifts of the main Raman peaks of the analysed quartz grains to the lower frequencies 263 and 205 cm-1 , to 260 and 126 cm-1 and to 262 (265) and 204 (207) cm-1, indicating a shock pressure of 20-22 GPa. Microscopic images of some of the analysed quartz grains may provide further proof for a shock event ( see pages : 7, 11, 12 and 22 ). All spectra were made with a BRUKER Senterra-II Raman Microscope (wavenumber precision <0.1cm-1). Images of the analysed rock samples and photos of the sample sites are in the Appendix at page 23. More images of all sample sites are available on www.permiantriassic.de or www.permiantriassic.at
Category: Geophysics

Human Resources Development Using AI

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages.

Artificial intelligence has been an eye-popping word that is impacting every industry in the world. With the rise of such advanced technology, there will be always a question regarding its impact on our social life, environment and economy thus impacting all efforts exerted towards continuous development. From the definition, the welfare of human beings is the core of continuous development. Continuous development is useful only when ordinary people’s lives are improved whether in health, education, employment, environment, equality or justice. Securing decent jobs is a key enabler to promote the components of continuous development, economic growth, social welfare and environmental sustainability. The human resources are the precious resource for all nations. The high unemployment and underemployment rates especially in youth is a great threat affecting the continuous economic development of many countries and is influenced by investment in education, and quality of living.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Alternative ai Assessment Methods for Online Learning

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages.

Online learning is the emerging technique in education and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Traditional learning is a complex process as learning patterns, approach, skills and performance varies from person to person. Adaptive online learning focuses on understanding the learner’s performance, skills and adapts to it. The use of advanced technology also provides a means to analyse the behavioural learning pattern. As it provides the detailed skill mapping and performance which enables the learner to understand the areas needs to be improved. The information can also be used by assessors to improve the teaching approach. Advanced online learning system using artificial intelligence is an emerging concept in the coming years. In this new concept, the classes are not taken face-to-face in a classroom but through an electronic medium as a substitute. These virtual learning approach are gaining importance every day and very soon they are going to be an integral part of our world. Taking up these virtual learning through an electronic medium is termed as online learning. We proposed two new models which are powered by artificial intelligence (AI) tools. A number of examples of using these new models are presented.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Applying Big Data Analytics in Machine Learning Algorithms

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages. IJETA JOURNAL 2021 OCT, VOL. 8, ISSUE. 5

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention. Such minimal human intervention can be provided using big data analytics, which is the application of advanced analytics techniques on big data. This paper aims to analyse some of the different machine learning algorithms and methods which can be applied to big data analysis, as well as the opportunities provided by the application of big data analytics in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Dealing Disaster Management Using ai

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 9 Pages. IJETA JOURNAL 2021 OCT, VOL. 8, ISSUE. 5

Artificial intelligence has been a buzz word that is impacting every industry in the world. With the rise of such advanced technology, there will be always a question regarding its impact on our social life, environment and economy thus impacting all efforts exerted towards sustainable development. In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets for different industries and business operations. Numerous use cases have shown that AI can ensure an effective supply of information to citizens, users and customers in times of crisis. This paper aims to analyse some of the different methods and scenario which can be applied to AI and big data, as well as the opportunities provided by the application in various business operations and disaster management domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Understanding the Relationships Between Big Data and ai

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 8 Pages. IJIT JOURNAL 2021 AUG, VOL. 7, ISSUE. 4

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in volume, velocity, variety and veracity (the four V’s of big data), which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. Furthermore, decision makers need to be able to gain valuable insights from such varied and rapidly changing data, ranging from daily transactions to customer interactions and social network data. Such value can be provided using big data analytics, which is the application of advanced analytics techniques on big data. This paper aims to analyse some of the use of big data for the artificial intelligence development and its applications in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Understanding the Features of Deep Learning

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 6 Pages. IJIT JOURNAL 2021 AUG, VOL. 7, ISSUE. 4

Deep learning is a type of machine learning that trains a computer to perform human-like tasks, such as recognizing speech, identifying images or making predictions. Instead of organizing data to run through predefined equations, deep learning sets up basic parameters about the data and trains the computer to learn on its own by recognizing patterns using many layers of processing. This paper aims to illustrate some of the different deep learning algorithms and methods which can be applied to artificial intelligence analysis, as well as the opportunities provided by the application in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Advanced Deep Learning Approach and Applications

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 6 Pages. IJIT JOURNAL 2021 OCT, VOL. 7, ISSUE. 5

Deep learning is a type of machine learning that trains a computer to perform human-like tasks, such as recognizing speech, identifying images or making predictions. Instead of organizing data to run through predefined equations, deep learning sets up basic parameters about the data and trains the computer to learn on its own by recognizing patterns using many layers of processing. This paper aims to illustrate some of the different deep learning algorithms and methods which can be applied to artificial intelligence analysis, as well as the opportunities provided by the application in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Understanding the Features of Machine Learning for Internet of Things (Iot)

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 9 Pages. IJIT JOURNAL 2021 OCT, VOL. 7, ISSUE. 5

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention. Such minimal human intervention can be provided using big data analytics, which is the application of advanced analytics techniques on big data. This paper aims to analyse some of the different machine learning algorithms and methods which can be applied to big data analysis, as well as the opportunities provided by the application of big data analytics in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Machine Learning Algorithms Using Big Data Analysis

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages. IJCST JOURNAL 2021 OCT, VOL. 9, ISSUE. 5

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention. Such minimal human intervention can be provided using big data analytics, which is the application of advanced analytics techniques on big data. This paper aims to analyse some of the different machine learning algorithms and methods which can be applied to big data analysis, as well as the opportunities provided by the application of big data analytics in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Features of Deep Learning Algorithms

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 6 Pages. IJCST JOURNAL 2021 OCT, VOL. 9, ISSUE. 5

Deep learning is a type of machine learning that trains a computer to perform human-like tasks, such as recognizing speech, identifying images or making predictions. Instead of organizing data to run through predefined equations, deep learning sets up basic parameters about the data and trains the computer to learn on its own by recognizing patterns using many layers of processing. This paper aims to illustrate some of the different deep learning algorithms and methods which can be applied to artificial intelligence analysis, as well as the opportunities provided by the application in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Advanced Deep Learning Algorithms

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 6 Pages. IJCST JOURNAL 2021 AUG, VOL. 9, ISSUE. 4

Deep learning is a type of machine learning that trains a computer to perform human-like tasks, such as recognizing speech, identifying images or making predictions. Instead of organizing data to run through predefined equations, deep learning sets up basic parameters about the data and trains the computer to learn on its own by recognizing patterns using many layers of processing. This paper aims to illustrate some of the different deep learning algorithms and methods which can be applied to artificial intelligence analysis, as well as the opportunities provided by the application in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Understanding the Features of Machine Learning and Big Data Analysis

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages. IJCST JOURNAL 2021 AUG, VOL. 9, ISSUE. 4

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention. Such minimal human intervention can be provided using big data analytics, which is the application of advanced analytics techniques on big data. This paper aims to analyse some of the different machine learning algorithms and methods which can be applied to big data analysis, as well as the opportunities provided by the application of big data analytics in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Advanced Skills Mapping and Career Development Using ai

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 8 Pages. NATL CONFERENCE 2021 (NOV 2021), LONDON, UK

Artificial intelligence has been an eye-popping word that is impacting every industry in the world. With the rise of such advanced technology, there will be always a question regarding its impact on our social life, environment and economy thus impacting all efforts exerted towards continuous development. From the definition, the welfare of human beings is the core of continuous development. Continuous development is useful only when ordinary people’s lives are improved whether in health, education, employment, environment, equality or justice. Securing decent jobs is a key enabler to promote the components of continuous development, economic growth, social welfare and environmental sustainability. The human resources are the precious resource for nations. The high unemployment and underemployment rates especially in youth is a great threat affecting the continuous economic development of many countries and is influenced by investment in education, and quality of living.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Advanced Deep Learning Model

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 6 Pages. CRBL CONFERENCE 2021 (OCT 2021), VIENNA, AUSTRIA

Deep learning is a type of machine learning that trains a computer to perform human-like tasks, such as recognizing speech, identifying images or making predictions. Instead of organizing data to run through predefined equations, deep learning sets up basic parameters about the data and trains the computer to learn on its own by recognizing patterns using many layers of processing. This paper aims to illustrate some of the different deep learning algorithms and methods which can be applied to artificial intelligence analysis, as well as the opportunities provided by the application in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Dealing Crisis Management Using ai

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 7 Pages. ITCCMA CONFERENCE 2021 (SEP 2021) COPENHAGEN, DENMARK

Artificial intelligence has been a buzz word that is impacting every industry in the world. With the rise of such advanced technology, there will be always a question regarding its impact on our social life, environment and economy thus impacting all efforts exerted towards sustainable development. In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets for different industries and business operations. Numerous use cases have shown that AI can ensure an effective supply of information to citizens, users and customers in times of crisis. This paper aims to analyse some of the different methods and scenario which can be applied to AI and big data, as well as the opportunities provided by the application in various business operations and crisis management domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Pinhole Cameras and Division by Zero Calculus

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 4 Pages.

From the elementary example of pinhole cameras, the essential fact of the division by zero calculus may be looked and at the same time, some great impacts to rational mappings are referred with the basic interrelation with zero and infinity. Some strong discontinuity property at infinity may be looked as a very interesting property.
Category: Algebra

Feynman Diagrams to Explain Superconductivity in Ybco

Authors: Valeriy Kizka
Comments: 6 Pages. 4 Figures. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33254.96329

Using the Feynman diagrams, I tried to explain the existence of a pseudogap in YBCO and why below the critical temperature, the YBCO sample has zero resistivity, but a finite value of the superconducting current flowing through the sample.
Category: Condensed Matter

Proof of Infinity of Twin Primes and Cousin Primes

Authors: Kurmet Sultan
Comments: 3 Pages. In Russian

The article provides a proof of the infinity of twin primes and cousin primes, as well as a proof of the correctness of the Polignac conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Authors: Jeremy Dunning-Davies
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this short note, attention is drawn to the fact that the Second Law of Thermodynamics specifically refers to cycles and certainly does not state that the entropy is, as some seem to think, a non-decreasing entity.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Neuro-Fuzzy: Artificial Neural Networks & Fuzzy Logic

Authors: Amey Thakur, Karan Dhiman, Mayuresh Phansikar
Comments: 7 pages, 7 figures, Volume 9, Issue IX, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37930

Neuro Fuzzy is a hybrid system that combines Artificial Neural Networks with Fuzzy Logic. Provides a great deal of freedom when it comes to thinking. This phrase, on the other hand, is frequently used to describe a system that combines both approaches. There are two basic streams of neural network and fuzzy system study. Modelling several elements of the human brain (structure, reasoning, learning, perception, and so on) as well as artificial systems and data: pattern clustering and recognition, function approximation, system parameter estimate, and so on. In general, neural networks and fuzzy logic systems are parameterized nonlinear computing methods for numerical data processing (signals, images, stimuli). These algorithms can be integrated into dedicated hardware or implemented on a general-purpose computer. The network system acquires knowledge through a learning process. Internal parameters are used to store the learned information (weights).
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Mystery of Potential Energy Wells

Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 6 Pages.

Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity proposes the distortion of the fabric of space by an object, creating a Potential Energy well. But how and why does this happen? In this paper we question some aspects of PE wells. For a spaceship orbiting a PE well, how can the energy, speed and direction of the spaceship change when there appears to be no force acting on it? Would Newton have viewed the Earth’s PE well differently if he had observed a water-filled balloon falling from a tree instead of an apple? Would he have written “energy” equations instead of “force” equations? Perhaps the understanding of the mysterious nature of Potential Energy wells could be one of the "keys to the universe".
Category: Classical Physics

The Informational Conception and Basic Physics

Authors: Sergey V. Shevchenko, Vladimir V. Tokarevsky
Comments: 40 Pages. That is last https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.0707.4657 version

In our previous arXiv papers ("The Information and the Matter", v1-v5, and earlier versions of this paper (more systematically the informational conception is presented in the paper "The Information as Absolute", 2017) it was rigorously proven that Matter in our Universe — and Universe as a whole - are some informational systems (structures), which exist as uninterruptedly transforming [practically] infinitesimal sub-Sets of the absolutely infinite and fundamental "Information" Set. Such a conception allows not only to clear essentially a number of metaphysical and epistemological problems in philosophy but, besides, allows to suggest a reasonable physical model. Since Matter in Universe is an informational system where every interaction between Matter’s sub-structures, i.e. — particles and systems of the particles — happens always as an exchange by exclusively true information between these structures, the model is based on the conjecture that Matter is some analogue of computer. This conjecture, in turn, allows to introduce in the model the basic logical elements that constitute the material structures and support the informational exchange - i.e. interactions - between the structures. The model is experimentally testable and yet now makes be more clear a number of basic problems in special relativity, quantum mechanics, and, rather probably, in [now — in Newtonian] gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Maxwell’s Demon with no Energy Consumption

Authors: Jiarun Deng
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this study, we design two devices that can achieve the function of Maxwell’s demon without consuming energy by making use of upconversion materials (βNaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+).
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Time and Meaningful Time

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 9 Pages. [Fonts reduced by viXra Admin - Please conform!]

Human time is existential and relative. Each of us dwells within our historical time bubble. There is also a physical time that just exists until defined socially as meaningful. Spacetime, with its myriad geometric point “observers” is easy to grasp, but more wrong than right. Below our everyday world are physics dimensions logarithmically far inside where we could measure with photon instruments. The primary quasi-quantum dimensions have very high frequency electromagnetic time physics.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Is the Higgs Field a Positive and Negative Mass Planckion Condensate, and Does the LHC Produce Extreme Dark Energy?

Authors: Christopher Pilot
Comments: Pages.

Assuming a two component, positive and negative mass, superfluid/supersolid for space (the Winterberg model), we model the Higgs field as a condensate made up of a positive and a negative mass, planckion pair. The connection is shown to be consistent (compatible) with the underlying field equations for each field, and the continuity equation is satisfied for both species of planckions, as well as for the Higgs field. An inherent length scale for space (the vacuum) emerges, which we estimate from previous work to be of the order of, l_+ (0)=l_- (0)=5.032 E-19 meters, for an undisturbed (unperturbed) vacuum. Thus we assume a lattice structure for space, made up of overlapping positive and negative mass wave functions, ψ_+ , and, ψ_- , which together bind to form the Higgs field, giving it its rest mass of 125.35 Gev/c^2 with a coherence length equal to its Compton wavelength. If the vacuum experiences an extreme disturbance, such as in a LHC pp ̅ collision, it is conjectured that severe dark energy results, on a localized level, with a partial disintegration of the Higgs force field in the surrounding space. The Higgs boson as a quantum excitation in this field results when the vacuum reestablishes itself, within 〖10〗^(-22) seconds, with positive and negative planckion mass number densities equalizing in the disturbed region. Using our fundamental equation relating the Higgs field, φ, to the planckion ψ_+and ψ_-wave functions, we calculate the overall vacuum pressure (equal to vacuum energy density), as well as typical ψ_+ and ψ_- displacements from equilibrium within the vacuum.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Independence of Velocity and Acceleration of a Moving Particle on Selection of Reference Frame

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 5 Pages. in Chinese

In this paper, a proof to evidence the independence of velocity of moving particle on selection of reference frame is presented. The velocity of a moving particle is actually constant to different observers, and this is also the case for the acceleration and all high order time derivatives. In consequence, the light propagates in empty space with constant velocity , independently on the selection of reference frame. Any particle always belongs to both moving reference frame and ‘rest’ reference frame .
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Invariance of Mass of Particle

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 4 Pages. in Chinese

This paper presents a proof to evidence the invariance of mass of particle, i.e.the independence of the mass of particle on selection of reference frame. The mass of particle is always constant to different observers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Regarding Pi

Authors: Probir Roy
Comments: 12 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

From the title of the little article, it seems that esteemed readers have already understood, what we are speaking about and whose contributions are trying to speak. Yes, we would like to say something about a beautiful and correct constant Greek letter Pi that gave birth to the ancient, great Scientist, Greek mathematician, physicist, astronomer, and inventor, Archimedes of Syracuse (287 – 212 BC). In addition to this, we think readers should also draw their attention to the unexpected, unnecessary, and inevitable conflict created by Tau with Pi.
Category: General Mathematics

The Free Fall of Photon in Gravity

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 7 Pages. Original article

We calculate the acceleration of point mass and photon by gravity. We discuss the motion of photon accelerated by gravity and we discover substantial statements leading to the physical meaning of photon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Black Hole Information Concealed in Gravitational Waves

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.

The black hole information paradox is a contradiction between quantum mechanics and general relativity. Information in the form of matter and energy , which enters the black hole can never escape due to the extreme gravitational curvature of space-time, while at the same time the black hole slowly evaporates through the Hawking radiation due to virtual pairs generated at the surface of the event horizon. This collision of the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics with the extreme gravitation predicted by general relativity can generate new ideas regarding the behavior of space-time. This paper suggests that information can escape from the black hole gravitational grip, in the form of gravitational waves, as they ripple the fabric of space time.A black hole is an extreme case in which the curvature of space time transforms the information concealed in matter and energy into a sequence of ripples in the fabric of space time. The black hole is also a unique case in which the extreme curvature transforms virtual particles in the vacuum to radiation (Hawking radiation) as it slowly evaporates . These ripples in space time can influence the Hawking radiation in a way that it will radiate, together with the gravitational waves, the concealed information from the black hole singularity back to outer space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Simulation of Crowd Escape Under Hazardous Condition

Authors: Peng Wang, Timo Korhonen
Comments: 7 Pages.

This brief report presents a model to characterize evacuees' response to hazardous stimuli during emergency egress, especially in smoke and fire condition. The model is developed in consistency with stress theory, which explains how an organism reacts to environmental stimuli. We integrate the theory in the well-known social-force model and apply the model to simulate crowd evacuation in fire emergency. The algorithm is being tested in FDS+EVAC.
Category: Physics of Biology

Sedeonic Generalization of Hydrodynamic Model of Vortex Plasma

Authors: Victor L. Mironov
Comments: 16 Pages.

The noncommutative algebra of space-time sedeons is used for the generalization of the system of nonlinear self-consistent equations in hydrodynamic two-fluid model of vortex plasma. This system describes both longitudinal flows as well as the rotation and twisting of vortex tubes taking into account internal electric and magnetic fields generated by fluctuations of plasma parameters. As an illustration we apply the proposed equations for the description of sound waves in electron-ion and electron-positron plasmas.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Function of Two Variables and Sequences Eventually Periodic

Authors: Miquel Cerdà Bennassar
Comments: 5 Pages.

I present an algorithm that defines a function generator of sequences eventually periodic, with eligible cycle values and starting with any integer.
Category: Number Theory

Earth's Mass Overestimated (Additional Suggestions 1)

Authors: Edgars Alksnis
Comments: 7 Pages.

Taking into account public interest in topic, I will criticize heavy Earth concept here more broadly. This results in indigestible mix of astrophysics, celestial mechanics, history of solar system, planetary science, geochemistry, geology, magnetism, seismology, and so on. Hydrogen and hydrous Earth concepts get some points.
Category: Geophysics

Proof of Polignac's Conjecture for Pap Equal to Eight

Authors: Marko V. Jankovic
Comments: 17 Pages.

In this paper proof of the Polignac's Conjecture for gap equal to eight is going to be presented. It will be shown that consecutive primes with gap eight could be obtained through two stage sieve process, and that will be used to prove that infinitely many primes with gap eight exist. The proof represents an simple extension of the recently presented proof that infinitely many sexy prime exist. The major contribution of this paper is presentation of all elementary modules that are necessary for the proof of Polgnac's conjecture in general case.
Category: Number Theory

Review of the Serial Operators Theory

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 13 Pages. If you find an error please send me an e-mail.

In this paper, I want to explain with definitions and examples the 36 possible combinations of conjunction of a serial operator and operation inside it. I am going to remember to the reader the basic theory of the 6 basic serial operators (Summation or Sigma notation, Restory or Rho notation, Productory or Pi notation, Divisory or Delta notation, Exponentory or Theta notation and Divisory or Zeta notation), then I will do the 6 x 6 categories.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Dynamic Latent Scale GAN for GAN Inversion

Authors: Jeongik Cho
Comments: 22 Pages.

Generator of generative adversarial networks (GAN) maps latent random variable into data random variable. GAN inversion is mapping data random variable to latent random variable by inverting the generator of GAN. When training the encoder for generator inversion, using the mean squared error causes the encoder to not converge because there is information loss on the latent random variable in the generator. In other words, it is impossible to train an encoder that inverts the generator as it, because the generator may ignore some information of the latent random variable. This paper introduces a dynamic latent scale GAN, a method for training a generator that does not lose information from the latent random variable, and an encoder that inverts the generator. When the latent random variable is an i.i.d. (independent and identically distributed) random variable, dynamic latent scale GAN dynamically scales each element of the latent random variable during GAN training to adjust the entropy of the latent random variable. As training progresses, the entropy of the latent random variable decreases until there is no information loss on the latent random variable in the generator. If there is no information loss on the latent random variable in the generator, the encoder can converge to invert the generator. The scale of the latent random variable depends on the amount of information that the encoder can recover. It can be calculated from the element-wise variance of the predicted latent random variable from the encoder. Since the scale of latent random variable changes dynamically in dynamic latent scale GAN, the encoder should be trained with a generator during GAN training. The encoder can be integrated with the discriminator, and the loss for the encoder is added to the generator loss for fast training. Also, dynamic latent scale GAN can be used for continuous attribute editing with InterFaceGAN.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Trinity of Magic Squares

Authors: Zeolla Gabriel Martin
Comments: 141 Pages. Original version in Spanish, translated into English 2021

A work inspired by the mysterious and enigmatic Magic squares and the magnificence numbers referred to by Nikola Tesla. If you knew the magnificence of the numbers 3-6-9 you would have a key to the universe.
Category: General Mathematics

In Situ Experiment on Fractal Corresponds with Cosmological Observations and Conjectures

Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: 30 Pages.

Fractal geometry is an accepted mathematical description of nature. One of the great questions in cosmology—along with what is the ‘dark energy’ and the other cosmic anomalies—is whether the universe is also fractal? The 2012 WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey found, in agreement with fractal-cosmology proponents, the small-scale observable universe is fractal, the large-scale is not fractal. Fractals have not been modelled from the perspective of being within a growing one. Can a (different) fractal model explain all cosmological observations and conjectures, and if so, are we are modelling the fractal universe incorrectly? An experiment was conducted on a ‘simple’ (Koch snowflake) fractal, testing the perspective of an in-situ observer within a growing/emergent fractal — ‘looking back’ in iteration-time to its origin. New triangle sizes were held constant allowing earlier triangles in the set to expand as the set iterated. Classical kinematic equations of velocities and accelerations were calculated for the total area total and the distance between points. Hubble-Lemaitre's Law and other cosmological observations and conjectures were tested for. Results showed area(s) expanded exponentially from an arbitrary starting position; and as a consequence, the distances between points — from any location within the set — receded away from the ‘observer’ at increasing velocities and accelerations. It was concluded, at the expense of the cosmological principle, that the fractal is a geometrical match to the cosmological problems, including the inflation epoch, Hubble-Lemaitre and accelerated expansion; inhomogeneous (fractal) galaxy distribution on the small and homogenous on large scales; and other problems — including the cosmological catastrophe. The fractal may offer a direct mechanism to the cosmological problem and can further explain the quantum problem — unifying the two realities as being two aspects of the same geometry.
Category: Number Theory

Thought Force Moves Human Cells

Authors: Tamas Lajtner
Comments: 6 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Thought force is able to move human cells in blood. Blood is significantly diluted with water in the sample placed under a microscope. Many cell can be moved by one thought force into the same direction at the same time. Different thought forces have different results. It is possible to move e.g. two targeted cells into different directions using two different thought forces at the same time. Conscious application of thought force can be a new method in medicine as well as in technology.
Category: Mind Science

Gupta-Feynman Based Quantum Theory of Gravity and the Compressed Space

Authors: Mir Hameeda, M. C. Rocca
Comments: 17 Pages.

In this work we develop the quantum theory of gravity in the gravitational compressed space. The equivalence of spatial compression to the Lorentz contraction of special relativity, supported by the relative gravitational red-shift using the black hole clock leads to the brane potential and gives the minimum length at which the extra dimensions become dominant, comparable to that of the Schwarzschild radius. For Planck mass the minimum length is almost Planck's length. When doing the quantization of the theory, we find that those responsible for the evolution of time for luminous matter, graviton and for dark matter, the axion, have the property that in compressed gravitational space, naked and dressed propagators are equal and coincide with the corresponding naked propagators.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Sums of Product of Powers of Palindromic Sequence and Arithmetic Progression

Authors: Lateef Suaib
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper, we combine a real or complex palindromic sequence and arithmetic sequence to produce the sums of product of powers of palindromic-arithmetic sequences. As a result, we generate new expressions for Franel numbers as well as first Strehl identity.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Regarding the Experimental Study of Nonlocality in Quantum Physics

Authors: V. A. Kuz`menko
Comments: 3 Pages.

Two simple ways of experimentally studying the properties of the nonlocal memory of quantum systems are discussed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Principles of the Interaction of Time and Space

Authors: Choon Hwan Park
Comments: 16 Pages.

Time-space of opposing properties interact to create everything. Proposition 1 : Energy is the combination of time-space Proposition 2 : Time is positive ( + ), space is negative ( - ) 1. Time has dynamic divergence property ( positive ) and space has static convergence property ( negative ). These are unique properties of time-space. Main phenomena of convergence is gravity and particles, and anti-gravity and waves are the divergence phenomena. 2. Mutual combination of time and space which are opposite elements, and the mutual exclusion of time-time, space-space which are the same elements is their interrelationship properties. Main combining phenomena are energy formation, movement, electromagnetic attraction, and exclusion phenomena are time delay, length contraction, electromagnetic repulsion. 3. Unique and interrelationship properties coexist or combine with opposite properties, but offset each other. Gravity and anti-gravity coexist, and positive and negative charges are combined, but they all offset and balance each other. 4. Cosmos formation process is Chaos → time-space → light and darkness → basic particles → atoms and molecules → stars and galaxies 5. Everything is time-space. Energy ( mass, charge ), movement, and field ( gravity field, electromagnetic field, quantum field ) are all time-space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Magic Squares with Centrally Embedded Squares of Odd Order: A Construction Method

Authors: Clarence Gipbsin, Lamarr Widmer
Comments: 5 Pages.

We present a method which modifies a magic square of odd order n and then adds two outer rows and two outer columns to produce a magic square of order n + 2 . The modification of the original square will preserve the equality of sums of the rows, columns, and main diagonals as well as other significant properties. This modified square will be centrally embedded in the magic square of order n + 2 .
Category: General Mathematics

Nuevo Algoritmo de Prueba de Primalidad Argentest (New Argentest Primality Test Algorithm)

Authors: Zeolla Gabriel Martin
Comments: 23 Pages. Español

Este texto desarrolla un nuevo Algoritmo de Primalidad, este obtiene resultados opuestos al pequeño teorema de Fermat, ya que utiliza mecanismos similares pero aplicados al análisis de patrones. En el Teorema de Fermat siempre hay Pseudoprimos escondidos entre los primos, lo cual no da certezas sobre la primalidad de un número impar analizado, más allá del cambio de bases como sucede con el número Pseudoprimo 561. En el algoritmo Argentest sucede lo contrario los pseudoprimos no pasan el test, por lo cual podemos confirmar la primalidad de un número con absoluta certeza y determinación, pero hay un porcentaje de primos que tampoco pasan el test, por lo cual acudimos al cambio de base para volver a analizar los patrones y confirmar la primalidad luego.

This text develops a new Primality Algorithm, this one obtains opposite results to Fermat's little theorem, since it uses similar mechanisms but applied to the analysis of patterns. In Fermat's Theorem there are always Pseudoprimes hidden among the primes, which does not give certainty about the primality of an odd number analyzed, beyond the change of bases as happens with the Pseudoprime number 561. In the Argentest algorithm, the opposite happens, the pseudoprimes do not pass the test, so we can confirm the primality of a number with absolute certainty and determination, but there is a percentage of primes that do not pass the test either, so we go to the base change to re-analyze the patterns and confirm primality later
Category: Number Theory

Proposal of a New Experiment to Determine the Authenticity of Length Contraction: Cross-Collision

Authors: KyeongDo Kwak
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this study, I will propose a new experimental method to confirm whether length contraction or length expansion is correct. When proponents of length contraction prove or interpret it, they reverse the logic or change the observers. This is not the right way. However, in the case of the cross-collision experiment presented in this study, it is impossible to interpret it backwards or change the observers. Therefore, I think it is possible to determine whether the length contraction is correct or incorrect through this method.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fundamental Role of Proper Time in General Relativity and in Quantum Mechanics

Authors: René Friedrich
Comments: 8 Pages.

Special relativity provides time with a precise physical concept: In a first step, time is generated by rest energy in the form of proper time, and in a second step, an observer may measure the corresponding coordinate time.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Possible Logical Constraint on the Validity of General Relativity for Strong Gravitational Fields

Authors: Wolfgang Oehm
Comments: 7 Pages. Published in Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics (Vol. 15, 2021, no. 1)

The axiomatic foundation of Einstein's theory of General Relativity is discussed based on an epistemological point of view, yielding a possible logical restriction on the range of validity regarding the strength of gravitational fields. To be precise, the validity of the geodetic equations of motion derived from the Einstein Equivalence Principle is examined in view of Einstein's thought experiment, where an observer situated in a closed elevator cannot distinguish between acceleration and gravitation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Fundamental Problem in Physics (Mass vs Electric Charge )

Authors: Hoa Van Nguyen
Comments: 13 Pages. 2 figures

In modern physics there are two opposite trends towards the feature of the mass : 1/ the mass ( of an electron ) varies with its velocity ; 2/ the mass is invariant in all physical conditions . In the case when the mass is regarded as invariant , a mathematical equation describing the variability of the electric charge can be derived . A thought experiment is proposed to demonstrate this variability and some consequences related to this feature .
Category: Classical Physics

The EQUATION  Earth Gravity & the Great Pyramid of Giza

Authors: Jean Seimple
Comments: 69 Pages.

We will demonstrate that the gravitational characteristics of the Earth conducive to the emergence of life as we know it, appear indisputably in the dimensions of the Great Pyramid of Giza and that these same dimensions are linked to a very simple, unique, and magnificent equation. That the anomaly observed of 6° of the orbit of the Earth with the the plane of the equator of the sun is engraved deeply inside the architecture of the Great Pyramid and that it is as well the reason for the divergence between the flattening factors of the Earth. Factors defined by : 1- Its theoretical value 2- Its measured dimensions 3- Satellite measurements. Finally, we will show that this equation allowed us to determine the fundamental forms of G and c, as well as new fundamental formulas.
Category: Geophysics

Proof that the Center of Buoyancy is Equal to the Center of Pressure by means of the Surface Integral of Hydrostatic Pressure Acting on the Inclined Ship

Authors: Tsutomu Hori
Comments: 21 Pages, 4 Figures, 36 Equations, 46 References, 2 Appendices.
Published in the Bulletin of Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science in Japan, 2022 (January), Vol.61, No.2, Research Notes in Mathematical and Physical Science, pp.135~154.

 In this paper, we prove that the center of buoyancy of a ship is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure. This subject is an unsolved problem in physics and naval architecture, even though the buoyancy taught by Archimedes' principle can be obtained clearly by the surface integral of hydrostatic pressure. Then we thought that the reason why the vertical position of the center of pressure could not be determined was that the horizontal force would be zero due to equilibrium in the upright state.
 As a breakthrough, we dared to assume the left-right asymmetric pressure field by inclining the ship with heel angle. In that state, the force and moment due to hydrostatic pressure were calculated correctly with respect to the tilted coordinate system fixed to the floating body. By doing so, we succeeded in determining the center of pressure.
 Then, by setting the heel angle to zero, it was proved that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy, i.e., the centroid of the cross-sectional area under the water surface. Specifically, the above proof is first shown for a rectangular cross-section, and then for an arbitrary shape of floating body by applying Gauss's integral theorem. And we show an extension to the center of buoyancy for a 3-D floating body.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Law of Invariance of Spacetime Interval for Minkowski Space-time

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 24 Pages. in Chinese

The paper presents evidence that invariance of spacetime interval for Minkowski space-time is true only for the case of two relatively rest observers ,but it is a false proposition for the case of two relatively moving observers.In case of either relative rest or relative motion of two observers,the observers’ observation vectors should compose a vector triangle via the distance between observers.A detailed comparison between Lorentz Transformation and Galilean-Zhou Transformation is carried out in the paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Different Researchers’ Opinion Based Survey: on the Insights and the Beliefs’ Regarding the Existence of God in Various Religions to the Atheistic Belief with ‘no Presence of God at All’

Authors: Deep Bhattacharjee
Comments: 7 Pages, 30 Surveys, Philosophy & Science, Religion & Science, PhilArchive: https://philarchive.org/archive/BHADROv1

If this can be seen as a long way from the beginning of the ancient history, where humans have envisioned different new things and then invented them to make their life’s working smoother and easier, then it can be found that they have attributed their discoveries to various aspects and names of Gods and tried to signify their belief in the form of portraying the God’s powers through the nature of their discovery. Rather, in much modern times, when humans have developed the natural insights and prorated those in the form of a much more logically biased discovery, then, the atheists have started to dominate the scientific arena for their foreplay in the work of their discoveries. However, as time passes by, five special types of research communities have gathered to allocate their discovered data’s in the respective norms as such, i) Atheists to whom, there is in essence no God and nothing in this universe can be attributed to them. ii) Believer of only one God as a whole, where the principle of religious biasing is effluent and supreme in their regards of the physical laws associated with the life and stimuli, iii) Believer of multiple God’s as a whole which poses no such scientific evaluation but can be thought of as a conjugate mechanism for the creator of the universe, iv) A divine supreme, where there is exactly no God, but the whole universe is a manifestation of the nature, where nature indirectly focuses the presence of God’s or the supreme creator that maintains symmetry and working of the universe, v) The not-so-sure about mechanism of the God’s presence, where the researcher sometimes tends to belief in God when something magical happens and attribute all to their divine grace, or in times of failures where they accused them for not being philosophically intrinsic as to their own needs, and in times with the believe that, ‘we won’t believe what we can’t see!’, either in the middle of the good or bad moments or in general in a casual and carefree mode. But, this should be kept in mind, that, the Eastern mysticism has always signifies God’s action in terms of every scientific actions with a proper mythological essence which when accompanied by knowledge produces something so scientific in the ancient of the days, that modern day researchers also have had no options left than to attribute affirmation to the fantastic achievements in the ‘so’ ancient times discovery with a strict modern effluence. Therefore, to model this paper, I have gathered data’s and ideas from researchers of various fields mostly (PhDs) in their respective discipline, so as to emulate their minds in the norms of God and its associated beliefs.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Proposed Mechanism for Quantum Gravity Transmission

Authors: Richard L Marker
Comments: 2 Pages.

This note postulates the existence of a fabric of space with certain characteristics. The characteristics provide the basis for a mechanism that transmits quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Magic Squares with Centrally Embedded Squares: A Construction Method

Authors: Clarence Gipbsin, Lamarr Widmer
Comments: 7 Pages.

We present a method which modifies a magic square of order n and then adds two outer rows and two outer columns to produce a magic square of order n + 2 . The modification of the original square will preserve the equality of sums of the rows, columns, and main diagonals. This modified square will be centrally embedded in the magic square of order n + 2 .
Category: General Mathematics