All Submission Categories

The Accurate Values of Bohr Radius, the Classical Electron Radius, Electron Mass and Positron Mass

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 12 Pages.

Based on the exact values of the fine-structure constant (α) and the speed of light in atomic units (cau) determined by our corresponding formulas and CODATA current (2018) recommended Rydberg constant (R∞ or RH), we calculated out much more accurate values of Bohr radius (a0= 5.2917721093848(101)×10-11m), the classical electron radius (re=2.8179403267674(54)×10-15 m) and electron mass (me=9.1093837003120(175)×10-31 kg) than CODATA current (2018) recommended values which are a0=5.29177210903(80)×10-11 m, re=2.817940 3262(13)×10-15 m and me=9.1093837015(28)×10-31 kg respectively. In addition, we also calculated out accurate value of the positron mass (me+=9.1093836486490(174)×10-31 kg) which was supposed to be slightly less than that of electron mass. In the end, we suggest more reasonable definitions of atomic units and predict Rydberg constant for anti-hydrogen atom (R∞/e+=10973731.505923(21) m-1) which is a little different to Rydberg constant for ordinary hydrogen atom (R∞=10973731.568160(21) m-1).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

New Approach for Extraction of LiOH from Salar Geothermal Brines: Strong Magnetic Stimulations of Nuclear Magnetic Moments

Authors: Reginald Little
Comments: 9 Pages.

The theory of the author for nucleon spins and orbital momenta relativistically accelerating in interacting with the surroundings by the tiniest perturbations relative to huge energy and momenta densities of nucleons and nuclei for fractional, reversible fissing of nucleons in to nuclei and nuclei into surrounding electronic shells is further developed for in general explaining quantum mechanics as by fractional reversible fissing and fusing of electrons (leptons) and nucleons (hadrons) and nuclei for wave particle duality and the formation of wavefunctions as composite complex electric and magnetic fields and waves. The alterations of the transient fissed fields by varying nuclear magnetic moments of isotopes of elements is further developed for novel isotope effects on transportations, transformations, thermodynamics, particles/fields and transmutations is further developed as negative NMMs twist the surrounding space counterclockwise to the bright NMMs twisting clockwise. On basis of such different NMMs of alkali cations is consider for inventing novel method of separating alkali from salar geothermal brines and the larger positive NMMs of Li+ cations relative to Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+ cations is used to employ strong magnetic fields, strong electric fields and Intense radio frequency fields for extracting LiOH from the salar brine in novel way.
Category: Chemistry

Researching Blockchain Technology and Its Usefulness in Higher Education

Authors: Shankar Subramanian Iyer
Comments: 22 Pages. https://airccse.org/csit/V11N12.html

The current paper focuses on the potential of using Blockchain Technology (BCT) in the Higher Education Domain and explores its usefulness in solving Higher Education issues. This research discusses the Blockchain features, challenges and its benefits in education, followed by review of some current Blockchain Higher Education applications. This paper reviews the Blockchain Technology (BCT) and its implementation in Higher Education. This research used a quantitative methodology and stratified clustered simple random sampling approach. Data has been gathered through an online survey instrument and the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) technique applied to 383 responses. Blockchain technology has its unique features, benefits that can solve Education system requirements, and its successful implementation issues discussed. An effort made to gather enough consensus to build future implementation. The integrated model of Blockchain features matched to the needs of the Education System by agreement of the experts (discussions), and a survey conducted involving the students, teachers, educationists, Blockchain experts, and professionals, is tested and validated by SEM using PLS.
Category: Education and Didactics

Comparative Study of Pulsars Based on Emission Mechanisms

Authors: Sri Vrushank Ayyagari, T Anjali Shivani Reddy, Anirudh Salgundi, Akash Sharma, Rithika S, Catherine Vandhana, Carlin R J, SriVishnu S, Ramkumar M, Megha Babu, Atharva Sawarkar, Aryan Bhake, Aniket Ganguly, Gina Mystica M, Athira J Shenoy, Ashwin S
Comments: 51 Pages.

Using the database obtained from the Australian Telescope National Facility (ATNF), an attempt to analyze different types of pulsars based on emission mechanism was made. Twenty-eight pulsars are taken from the catalog and are categorized into groups for comparison. A few cases of pulsars with unique characteristics are considered. Precise observational data on parameters (with respect to J2000 coordinates) is obtained from the ATNF database. Few parameters are obtained from empirical relations and are used for analysis. In an attempt to understand the behavior of pulsars from observational data, pulsars that have high parametric values, distinguished properties, and surroundings are included. It is observed that for some pulsars, that the surroundings affect them more than their interior properties. Comparative analysis of different pulsars provides us an understanding of existing data and explore and examines non-categorized objects.
Category: Astrophysics

Acoustic Levitation Using Arduino

Authors: Sri Vrushank Ayyagari
Comments: 6 Pages.

This project is about levitating low-density objects using ultrasonic transducers, and other components are driven by Arduino board, H-Bridge, etc. The levitation is done using acoustic waves(sound), which are produced by ultrasonic transducers with a certain frequency. The idea is to form standing waves that will counteract the gravitational force of the earth acting downwards, where these waves create nodes and anti-nodes opposite to the g-force, enabling the object to levitate mid-air.
Category: Classical Physics

Warp Drive Propulsion Using Magnetic Fields to Distort Space-Time

Authors: John R. Cipolla
Comments: 14 Pages.

First Successful Warp Drive Flight: This analysis provides insight into how magnetic fields may be combined to produce a warp bubble like the expansion-compression warp bubble predicted by Alcubierre’s solution derived from Einstein’s theory of general relativity but without the requirement for negative energy. The shape of the magnetic field warp bubble generated by this analysis indicates a subluminal (v < c) type of warp drive propulsion based on magnetic fields may be technically possible. These results are based on the theory that magnetic field forces of attraction and repulsion are a relativistic effect caused by fast moving electrically charged particles that distort space-time. Where, magnetic field forces of attraction and repulsion are a relativistic effect because space-time length contraction in the direction of moving electrons increases the density of charged particles and associated electrical forces. The expansion of space-time and the simultaneous compression of space-time in regions around intense magnetic fields described here are similar in principle to Alcubierre’s superluminal (faster than light) warp drive. This newly defined and simplified mechanism is in fact a true warp drive. Where, it is postulated that objects whose inertia has been reduced by a magnetic field warp bubble can accelerate to speeds and altitudes greater than similar objects of equivalent mass. As discussed in "Introducing Physical Warp Drives" the magnetic field warp bubble proposed in this paper only requires standard methods of propulsion to accelerate. Finally, an experimental device based on the magnetic field warp bubble successfully accelerated a projectile to altitude and speed greater than objects of equivalent mass when accelerated by magnetic-pole to magnetic-pole field orientation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Immediate Impact of Aphysical Quantum Mechanics on Fundamentals of Particle Physics

Authors: Victor Vaguine
Comments: 7 Pages.

Aphysical Quantum Mechanics as a deeper quantum theory has resulted in immediate foundational transformation of particle physics, including discovery of 3D inner structures of perfect geometry for each class of elementary particles and the explanation of the origin of their self-mass. The electron is not a fundamental fermion as claimed by the Standard Model. The electron is a composite fermion, consisting of the intrinsic electron and the electron neutrino. The electron neutrino is a duo-fermion. The electron neutrino inner structure consists of intrinsic neutrino with negative weak electric charge and intrinsic antineutrino with positive weak electric charge of opposite helicity, thus preventing electron neutrino from its self-annihilation. Electron neutrino self-mass and weak electric charge are determined with the precision of five digits. Electron neutrino self-mass is equal to 296.118 828 eV. This is one of the greatest triumphs of Aphysical Quantum Mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Generative Adversarial Networks

Authors: Amey Thakur, Mega Satish
Comments: 19 pages, 23 figures, Volume 9, Issue VIII, International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37723

Deep learning's breakthrough in the field of artificial intelligence has resulted in the creation of a slew of deep learning models. One of these is the Generative Adversarial Network, which has only recently emerged. The goal of GAN is to use unsupervised learning to analyse the distribution of data and create more accurate results. The GAN allows the learning of deep representations in the absence of substantial labelled training information. Computer vision, language and video processing, and image synthesis are just a few of the applications that might benefit from these representations. The purpose of this research is to get the reader conversant with the GAN framework as well as to provide the background information on Generative Adversarial Networks, including the structure of both the generator and discriminator, as well as the various GAN variants along with their respective architectures. Applications of GANs are also discussed with examples.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Universe in the Form of a Vortex Thor Does Not Need Dark Energy (Part 1)

Authors: Nikolay Lutsenko
Comments: 19 Pages. in Russian [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

A new model of the structure of the Universe in the form of a vortex torus has been proposed. Equations were obtained for the dependence of the change in the volume of space, the dependence of the rate of change in the volume and the dependence of the acceleration/deceleration of the change in the volume of the space of the vortex torus, depending on the parametric angle of its generating circle. A number of observational cosmic facts that have not been explained within the framework of the existing standard cosmological model have been verified for their full compliance with the proposed New Model of the Universe in the form of a vortex torus. For the first time, an explanation of some unsolved space problems was obtained using a single Model, i.e. proof "from one place", without darning existing standard theories and without attracting additional new ad hoc hypotheses to replace the old ones that do not work. A new concept of the accelerated expansion of the Universe was presented. It is shown why the currently observed accelerated expansion of space is cyclical and not constant. The riddle of Dark Energy has been solved: the reason for the accelerated expansion of the space of the Universe in the form of a vortex torus has been found, due solely to its topology, which does not require the presence of any physical forces, neither known nor hypothetical. The road has been cleared for further accelerated development of cosmological science as the leading science of the future.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Elliptic Equations of Heat Transfer and Diffusion in Solids

Authors: Victor L. Mironov
Comments: 11 Pages.

We propose a modified phenomenological equation for heat and impurity fluxes in solids by analogy with the Cattaneo-Vernotte concept. It leads to the second-order elliptical equations describing the evolution of temperature and impurity profiles with finite rate of propagation. The comparison of transfer peculiarities in the framework of parabolic and elliptic equations is discussed.
Category: Condensed Matter

GEE Descriptors

Authors: Robert L. Jackson
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper introduces a new set of descriptors for usage in cheminformatics.
Category: Chemistry

Differential Coefficients at Corners and Division by Zero Calculus

Authors: Saburou Saitoh, Keitaroh Uchida
Comments: 5 Pages.

For a $C_1$ function $y=f(x)$ except for an isolated point $x=a$ having $f^\prime(a-0)$ and $f^\prime(a+0)$, we shall introduce its natural differential coefficient at the singular point $x=a$. Surprisingly enough, the differential coefficient is given by the division by zero calculus and it will give the gradient of the natural tangential line of the function $y=f(x)$ at the point $x=a$.
Category: Functions and Analysis

On Fermat’s Last Theorem

Authors: Méhdi Pascal
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper is a correction of the last paper I published in viXra in 2021, "On the signs of Lagrange " I had made some big mistakes, and since it's really very important, so I'm correcting it.This paper contains a proof of Fermat's theorem for the first cases, a link between Fermat's theorem and a work by Lagrange, and a link between Fermat's theorem and Galois theory.
Category: Number Theory

1H NMR Spectroscopy of the New Xalapa Molecule

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari, Lauro Figueroa Valverde, Abhijit Mitra, Marcela Rosas Nexticapa, Maria López Ramos, Maria Virginia del Socorro Mateu Armad, Magdalena Alvarez Ramirez, Francisco Díaz Cedillo
Comments: 6 Pages.

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance in NMR spectroscopy with respect to 1H within the molecules of a substance, in order to determine the structure of its molecules. The work focused on determining the 1H NMR spectrum of the molecule here called Xalapa, in homage of the city of Xalapa, the capital city of the Mexican state of Veracruz and the name of the surrounding municipality. The 1H NMR spectrum was obtained via computational methods ab initio Restricted Hartree-Fock. Optimization of molecular structure via UFF, followed by PM3, RHF/EPR-II and RHF/STO-6G, thus obtaining a stable structure, in STP, NMR via the GIAO(Gauge-Independent Atomic Orbital) method. The IUPAC name of the molecule was obtained, whose composition is C: 81.7%; H: 7.1%; N: 3.4%; O: 7.8%, formula weight: 411.53536 g, and molecular formula: C28H29NO2. Limitations our study has so far been limited to computational simulation via quantum mechanics (QM) an applied theory. Our results and calculations are compatible with the theory of QM, but their physical experimental verification depends on experimental data that should be laboratory for experimental biochemical.
Category: Condensed Matter

Functional Proofs of Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Tae Beom Lee
Comments: 25 Pages.

Goldbach's Conjecture(GC) states that any even integer ≥ 4 can be represented by the sum of two prime numbers. This was conjectured by Christian Goldbach in 1742 and still remains unproved. In this thesis we proved GC by introducing, we called them, Goldbach Partition Model Table(GPMT) and Sieve Functions(SFs). GPMT is a 2-dimensional table of all possible pair of two numbers (x, 2n – x), whose sum can be any even number 2n. To functionally treat the sieve of Eratosthenes, we devised SFs that have sinusoidal symmetry and period properties. By using GPMT and the SFs, we could induce GC False Conditions(GCFC) that must be satisfied if GC is false. And we proved that GCFC can not be satisfied, so, GC is true.
Category: Number Theory

Experimental Investigation of an Unusual Induction Effect and Its Interpretation as a Necessary Consequence of Weber Electrodynamics

Authors: Steffen Kühn
Comments: 7 Pages.

The magnetic force acts exclusively perpendicular to the direction of motion of a test charge, whereas the electric force does not depend on the velocity of the charge. This article provides experimental evidence that, in addition to these two forces, there is a third electromagnetic force that (i) is proportional to the velocity of the test charge and (ii) acts parallel to the direction of motion rather than perpendicular. This force cannot be explained by the Maxwell equations and the Lorentz force, since it is mathematically incompatible with this framework. However, this force is compatible with Weber electrodynamics and Ampère's original force law, as this older form of electrodynamics not only predicts the existence of such a force but also makes it possible to accurately calculate the strength of this force.
Category: Classical Physics

Inadequacies of Sommerfeld's Front Velocity Definition

Authors: Steffen Kühn
Comments: 6 Pages.

Current practice defined the front velocity of a signal as the limit of the phase velocity for infinitely high frequency. However, the present article provides evidence that the propagation velocities of signal fronts for input signals of nonzero temporal duration result from the phase velocities in the low-frequency range. In conclusion, although the impulse response propagates at the so-called front velocity, this is shown not to be true for the step response, and this aspect is shown not to represent a contradiction.
Category: Classical Physics

Dirac Equation in Cosmological Inertial Frame

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 3 Pages. Thank you for reading

Dirac equation is a first order wave equation. Wave function is interpreted as probability amplitude in quantum mechanics. We make Dirac Equation from Type A wave function in cosmological inertial frame. The Dirac equation satisfy Klein Gordon equation in cosmological inertial frame.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

We Should Control the Economy and Not Let the Economy Control Us: Is this Achievable and How Is This Achievable?

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 5 Pages.

This article raises some important points about the economy and economic policies, and proposes some important solutions. Economic problems that plague us seem intractable and seem to require some radical counter-measures. One of the root causes of a recession is that people are not spending sufficiently. To overcome this problem a radical change in our monetary system could be effected. This article is the revised and expanded version of an article which had been published in a journal of a well-established professional body for economists, whose editor remarked that the ideas in the article are against conventional wisdom.
Category: Economics and Finance

The Effect of Artificial Amalgamates on Identifying Pathogenesis

Authors: Philip Naveen
Comments: 13 pages, associated with Godwin High School

The purpose of this research was to define acceleration in diagnostic procedures for airborne diseases. Airborne pathogenicity can be troublesome to diagnose due to intrinsic variation and overlapping symptoms. Coronavirus testing was an instance of a flawed diagnostic biomarker. The levels of independent variables (IV) were vanilla, sparse, and dense amalgamates formed from multilayer perceptrons and image processing algorithms. The dependent variable (DV) was the classification accuracy. It was hypothesized that if a dense amalgamate is trained to identify Coronavirus, the accuracy would be the highest. The amalgamates were trained to analyze the morphological patches within radiologist-verified medical imaging retrieved from online databanks. Using cross-validation simulations augmented with machine-learning, the DV was consulted for each amalgamate. Self-calculated t-tests supported the research hypothesis, with the dense amalgamate achieving 85.37% correct classification rate. The null hypothesis was rejected. Flaws within the databanks were possible sources of error. A new multivariate algorithm invented here performed better than the IV. It identified Coronavirus and other airborne diseases from 96-99% accuracy. The model was also adept in identifying heterogeneity and malignancy of lung cancer as well as differentiating viral and bacterial pathogenicity of infections. Future modifications would involve extending the algorithm to diseases in other anatomical structures such as osteopenia/osteoporosis in the vertebral column.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Machine Learning and Deep Learning Technologies

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 9 Pages.

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in variety and velocity, which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention. Such minimal human intervention can be provided using machine learning, which is the application of advanced deep learning techniques on big data. This paper aims to analyse some of the different machine learning and deep learning algorithms and methods, as well as the opportunities provided by the AI applications in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Skills Mapping and Career Development Analysis Using Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 8 Pages.

Artificial intelligence has been an eye-popping word that is impacting every industry in the world. With the rise of such advanced technology, there will be always a question regarding its impact on our social life, environment and economy thus impacting all efforts exerted towards continuous development. From the definition, the welfare of human beings is the core of continuous development. Continuous development is useful only when ordinary people’s lives are improved whether in health, education, employment, environment, equality or justice. Securing decent jobs is a key enabler to promote the components of continuous development, economic growth, social welfare and environmental sustainability. The human resources are the precious resource for nations. The high unemployment and underemployment rates especially in youth is a great threat affecting the continuous economic development of many countries and is influenced by investment in education, and quality of living.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Using Statistical Analysis Algorithm in Artificial Intelligence for Online Learning

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 6 Pages.

The assessment outcome for many online learning methods are based on the number of correct answers and than convert it into one final mark or grade. We discovered that when using online learning, we can extract more detail information from the learning process and these information are useful for the assessor to plan an effective and efficient learning model for the learner. Statistical analysis is an important part of an assessment when performing the online learning outcome. The assessment indicators include the difficulty level of the question, time spend in answering and the variation in choosing answer. In this paper we will present the findings of these assessment indicators and how it can improve the way the learner being assessed when using online learning system. We developed a statistical analysis algorithm which can assess the online learning outcomes more effectively using quantifiable measurements. A number of examples of using this statistical analysis algorithm are presented.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Use of Big Data in AI Development And Applications

Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 8 Pages.

In the information era, enormous amounts of data have become available on hand to decision makers. Big data refers to datasets that are not only big, but also high in volume, velocity, variety and veracity (the four V’s of big data), which makes them difficult to handle using traditional tools and techniques. Due to the rapid growth of such data, solutions need to be studied and provided in order to handle and extract value and knowledge from these datasets. Furthermore, decision makers need to be able to gain valuable insights from such varied and rapidly changing data, ranging from daily transactions to customer interactions and social network data. Such value can be provided using big data analytics, which is the application of advanced analytics techniques on big data. This paper aims to analyse some of the use of big data for the artificial intelligence development and its applications in various decision making domains.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Electromagnetic Field in Curvilinear Coordinates

Authors: Anatoly Parfyonov
Comments: 18 Pages.

Having considered the electromagnetic field in a curvilinear coordinate system, a theory has been created that expands our understanding of the electromagnetic field, the nature of quarks, the nature of strong interaction, and the connection between strong interaction and electromagnetic interaction.
Category: Classical Physics

Introduction to Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion

Authors: A. I. Andreus
Comments: 8 Pages. In Russian and English of Google

These elementary calculations can be attributed to the nineteenth century of the study of a homogeneous monatomic ideal gas with Ludwig Boltzmann's constant, now you will not even come across the concept of an electron by J.J. Thomson, who discovered it in 1897, but these calculations did not open up prospects for this topic for an electron gas at that time. The following centuries led to this introduction with their continuing studies of the structure of the micro- and macrocosm. The matter of electrino and positrino opens up new perspectives for the structure of the world. To implement elementary calculations, it is necessary and sufficient to obtain electrino and positrino for research and make measurements.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Harmonisation of Classical Wave Equation

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 3 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

In this short letter we present a technique using which one attributes frequency and wavevector to (almost) arbitrary scalar fields. Our proposed definition is then applied to the classical wave equation to yield a novel nonlinear PDE.
Category: Classical Physics

Two-Dimensional Fourier Transformations and Double Mordell Integrals II

Authors: Martin Nicholson
Comments: 6 Pages.

Several Fourier transforms of functions of two variables are calculated. They enable one to calculate integrals that contain trigonometric and hyperbolic functions and also evaluate certain double Mordell integrals in closed form.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Inverting Generator of Gan Through Direction Embedding Discriminator

Authors: Jeongik Cho
Comments: 10 Pages.

Generators in generative adversarial networks map latent distributions into data distributions. GAN inversion is mapping data distribution to latent distribution by inverting the generator of GAN. In this paper, I introduce a direction embedding discriminator GAN in which the discriminator learns the inverse mapping of the generator. In the suggested method, when the latent vector is sampled from an i.i.d. (independent and identically distributed) random variable, the latent vector is considered as angular coordinates of spherical coordinates. Thus, the latent vector can be transformed into a point on the surface of the hypersphere in cartesian coordinates. Discriminator embeds the generated data point into cartesian coordinates. The direction of embedded coordinates represents predicted cartesian coordinates of latent vector, and the log of magnitude represents an adversarial value (real/fake). The generator and discriminator are trained cooperative to decrease the angle between the embedded cartesian coordinates from the discriminator and the cartesian coordinates converted from the latent vector considered as angular coordinates of spherical coordinates. The suggested method can be applied during GAN training, does not require additional encoder training, and does not use a reconstruction loss.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

If Rest Is Impossible, then the Speed Must Not Depend on the Observer

Authors: Cavași Ioan Abel
Comments: 2 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm -Please conform!]

Only regular curves have a well-defined curvature. As the rest implies the appearance of singular points, it results that in the rest the curvature is indefinite. So rest is impossible. Due to the fact that rest is impossible, it follows that the speed must be independent of the observer. I have already argued on several occasions why rest is impossible. I remind you of these arguments in more detail now, and I will draw clearer conclusions from them.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Introduction to Clifford’s Geometric Algebra

Authors: Stephane Breuils, Kanta Tachibana, Eckhard Hitzer
Comments: 10 Pages. To accompany "New Applications of Clifford’s Geometric Algebra" by the same authors.

A brief application-oriented introduction to W.K. Clifford's geometric algebras, including conformal geometric algebra (CGA).
Category: Algebra

Cosmology in a Physical Reality Context

Authors: W. Berckmans
Comments: Pages.

Being part of a global and coherent PhR model, any partial theory about large scale phenomena has to respect the rules and laws, proposed for or applicable to the smallest objects and processes that constitute the cosmos we belong to.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How Quantum Mechanics Could be Hidden Within the Spacetime

Authors: Xavier Pillet
Comments: 8 Pages.

The article shows how Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity could be unified within Einstein-Cartan spacetime which can be both compressed and torqued. The compression is responsible as well-known for astronomic gravity whereas the torsion for microscopic quantum effects as the Compton wavelength appearing into the Kerr metric strongly suggests. This could lead to a better understanding of both theories and promising applications such as macroscopic quantum and gravitational science and engineering based for instance on tremendous angular momenta.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Digital Bookstore

Authors: Amey Thakur, Mega Satish
Comments: 12 pages, 12 figures, Volume 9, Issue VII, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2021. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36609

The project's main goal is to build an online book store where users can search for and buy books based on title, author, and subject. The chosen books are shown in a tabular style and the customer may buy them online using a credit card. Using this Website, the user may buy a book online rather than going to a bookshop and spending time. Many online bookstores, such as Powell's and Amazon, were created using HTML. We suggest creating a comparable website with .NET and SQL Server. An online book store is a web application that allows customers to purchase ebooks. Through a web browser the customers can search for a book by its title or author, later can add it to the shopping cart and finally purchase using a credit card transaction. The client may sign in using his login credentials, or new clients can simply open an account. Customers must submit their full name, contact details, and shipping address. The user may also provide a review of a book by rating it on a scale of one to five. The books are classified into different types depending on their subject matter, such as software, databases, English, and architecture. Customers can shop online at the Online Book Store Website using a web browser. A client may create an account, sign in, add things to his shopping basket, and buy the product using his credit card information. As opposed to a frequent user, the Administrator has more abilities. He has the ability to add, delete, and edit book details, book categories, and member information, as well as confirm a placed order. This application was created with PHP and web programming languages. The Online Book Store is built using the Master page, data sets, data grids, and user controls.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

A Model of a Gravitational Flux Tube Between Two Stars

Authors: Kurt Becker
Comments: 23 Pages.

Astronomers are observing fast radio bursts. Some of these may be due to viewing flux tubes between stars. The narrow cones of space-time between two distant stars have a very special geometry. This geometry results in bending geodesics towards the line-of-centers between these two stars which results in increasing gravity between these two stars. This paper may provide a mathematical model to explain the empirical equation of Modified Newtonian Dynamics. The hypothesis of gravitational flux tubes between stars also predicts a great increase in brightness when stars are viewed less than one milli arc-sec from the line-of-center between our Sun and that star. Pointing a telescope within one milli-arc sec is currently impossible to achieve. It can only be accidentally passed through and since the Earth rotates, viewing will only last for milli seconds.
Category: Astrophysics

Car Rental System

Authors: Amey Thakur
Comments: 12 pages, 18 figures, Volume 9, Issue VII, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2021. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36339

Customers will be able to reserve their vehicles from anywhere in the world due to the Car Rental System. Consumers provide information to this application by filling in their personal information. When a consumer creates an account on the website, he or she can reserve a car. The proposed system is an online system that is fully integrated. It effectively and efficiently automates manual procedures. Customers are aided by this automated method, which allows them to fill in the specifics according to their needs. It contains information on the sort of car they want to hire as well as the location. The goal of this system is to create a website where customers can book their automobiles and request services from anywhere in the world. There are three phases to this car rental system mentioned in the introduction.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Momentum as a Fundamental Category of Physics

Authors: Aduhakim Khadjibaev
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

It is known that the most complete description of the concept of «momentum» as «quantity of motion» (Latin: quantitas motus) was given by Rene Descartes in the first half of the 17th century. Later this definition was refined by Newton (1687), who first introduced the concept of «mass of an object» into science. According to Newton «the quantity of motion is a measure of motion, established in proportion to velocity and mass of an object». At present, it is generally accepted that «momentum» is a vector physical quantity, which is a measure of mechanical motion of an object.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Proof of the Correctness of the Twin Prime Conjecture

Authors: Ibrahima Sambegou Diallo
Comments: 16 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

In this paper, the author proposes to establish, using relatively simple means, that the quantity of twin primes is infinite, and therefore that the conjecture concerning this notion is in fact a theorem.
Category: Number Theory

17 Essays On Modern Physics: From Sonoluminescence To Superconductivity

Authors: Deep Bhattacharjee
Comments: 15 Pages, 17 Essays, General Physics

Physics is beautiful & amazing. This paper contains 17 easy-to-read essays on modern physics over various aspects that can easily manifest a curiosity in the young minds. Essays are there without any math which entails for a easier read. They are, Complexity of Physical Law In Unification, Levitation Using Superconductivity, Cryogenics, Nuclear Energies, Speed of The Sound, To Travel In Time Is To Travel In Space, Restricted 3-Body Problem of Mechanics, Sonoluminescence, Acoustic Levitation, Evolution & Physics, 11-Dimensional Super-Gravity, Black Hole Titbits, Frequency & Wavelength (Å), Investigating The Possible shapes Of The Universe, Chaos & Unpredictability, Cat’s Schrodinger, Isoperimetric Inequality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Model of the Origin of the Universe: Stationary or Creationist?

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 6 Pages.

After analyzing the stationary and creationist models of the Universe, it is shown that the most scientifically substantiated model is the stationary Universe with various equilibrium, dynamic processes and phenomena. All creationist models, both scientific and religious, come into insurmountable contradiction with A. Einstein's STR, since they postulate the primary existence of an ideal world before the formation of the Universe, that is, before the formation of space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Main Role of Court Interpreter in Legal System – Final Outcome

Authors: Mirzakhmet Syzdykov
Comments: 3 Pages.

While the past research work was focused on the abstract concepts of the judicial (legal) system and the role of court interpreter in it, in this short article we give the exact answer why the role of court interpreter is important to us with respect to the situation on relativism of social constructionism and the practical meaning of the main question.
Category: Social Science

The Inertial Time

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 10 Pages. English

In this article, we introduced a new universal constant to explain the saturation current of a photoelectric cell. One consequence is that the Universe must be expanding.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gravitational Quantum Bit

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Quantum Computers use qubits (or qbits), the quanta bits, which can assume values 0 or 1, or a superposition of both. In this work, we propose a new type of quantum bit, the Gravitational Quantum Bit or Gqbit, which can be used as an information unit. The concept of the Gqbit is based on the theory of the Gravitational Electromotive Force (Gemf) [1], which shows that, when an electron absorbs a quantum of energy sufficient strong, the gravitational force acting upon it (its weight) changes of direction. The weight of the electron can assume two fundamental statuses. For up, (gravitational force in opposite direction to the gravity g )and, for down (gravitational force in the same direction of g ). Conventionally, we can then assume that for up, the weight of the electron represents the number 0, and that for down, it represents the number 1, similarly to the spin of the electron, which can be interpreted as if the electron rotates in one direction or the other - in this case, rotation in one direction would represent 0 and, in the other, it would represent 1.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Fundamentals of Neural Networks

Authors: Amey Thakur, Archit Konde
Comments: 22 pages, 15 figures, Volume 9, Issue VIII, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2021. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37362

The purpose of this study is to familiarise the reader with the foundations of neural networks. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are algorithm-based systems that are modelled after Biological Neural Networks (BNNs). Neural networks are an effort to use the human brain's information processing skills to address challenging real-world AI issues. The evolution of neural networks and their significance are briefly explored. ANNs and BNNs are contrasted, and their qualities, benefits, and disadvantages are discussed. The drawbacks of the perceptron model and their improvement by the sigmoid neuron and ReLU neuron are briefly discussed. In addition, we give a bird's-eye view of the different Neural Network models. We study neural networks (NNs) and highlight the different learning approaches and algorithms used in Machine Learning and Deep Learning. We also discuss different types of NNs and their applications. A brief introduction to Neuro-Fuzzy and its applications with a comprehensive review of NN technological advances is provided.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Tendency of Mass People to Misunderstand (Intentionally or Not) the Agony of the Psychiatric Patient and Tormenting Them as a Subject of Mockery with an Emphasize on Somatic-Symptom Disorder

Authors: Deep Bhattacharjee
Comments: 2 Pages, Psychology, Cognitive Sciences, Mental Disorders, Social Awareness

Psychiatric disorders’ or as emphasized in the paper in the form of somatic-symptom disorder, a sub-category of Schizophrenia has been from the ancient of the human civilization, when the medicinal approach and treatment of the subject hasn’t been developed yet, the notion of the affected subject to be under some spiritual subjugation has automatically been implied on the minds of the people which leads to immense torture and torment of the subject by the society. However, in the modern medical scenario, the situation has shifted from spiritual/evilness to the extreme derision where it has been already implied on the healthy societies brain that, the subject is intentionally acting like a patient or it’s a ‘disease of the mind’ with no associated physical pain which being attributed to the tendency of late diagnosis and recovery, makes the subject a sheer block of ‘sarcasm’ among the healthy society where they tries their best to make ‘the fun out of him’ as regards to his continuous pain and suffering. This generally amplified by the delay in the starting of the treatment for the difficulty of the doctors to diagnose the disease, as not so developed instruments are still in their infancy to detect and derelict the mental disorders, where in most of the time, the golden period of diagnosis is either over or even if psychiatric treatment is initiated can lead to a more defocused effects as doctors itself finds it difficult to approach the right medicine to the disordered person, where, in case, they have to go from one doctor to another in the risk of a trial and error effect.
Category: Mind Science

An Accurate Deduction of Space-time Transformation

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 22 Pages. in Chinese

The paper provides a simple and accurate derivation of space-time transformation, with detailed explanation as well. The derived space-time transformation completely conforms the real observation process of two relatively moving observers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What Is Really Going on in Young's Double-slit Experiment at a Single-quantum Level?

Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 26 Pages. Talk presented at Phronesis_2nd Webinar on Quantum Mechanics (iquantum-2021)_https://phronesisonline.com/iquantum/index.php

A new `wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation at a single-quantum level' is presented by showing the physical nature of Schrodinger's wave function as an ‘instantaneous resonant spatial mode’ to which a particle's motion is confined. The initial phase associated with a state vector is identified to be related to a particular position eigenstate of the particle and hence, the equality of quantum mechanical time to classical time is obtained; this equality automatically explains the emergence of classical world from the underlying quantum world. Derivation of the Born rule as a limiting case of "the relative frequency of detection" is provided for the first time, which automatically resolves the "measurement problem". Also, the Born rule derivation is supplemented with a geometrical interpretation. It's shown that the non-dualistic interpretation statistically yields the Copenhagen interpretation. ``What’s really going on?" in Young's double-slit experiment is explained at a single-quantum level. Also, an interference experiment is proposed to verify the correctness of the non-dualistic interpretation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Wormholes Do Not Exist, They are Mathematical Artifacts from an Incomplete Gravitational Theory (?)

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Schwarzschild solution of the Einstein field equation leads to a solution that has been interpreted as wormholes. Many have been skeptical about this interpretation. However, many researchers have also been positive about it. We show that wormholes are not mathematically allowed in the spherical metric of a newly- released unified quantum gravity theory known as collision space-time [1–3]. We therefore have reasons to believe that wormholes in general relativity theory are nothing more than a mathematical artifact due to an incomplete theory, but we are naturally open for discussions about this point. That wormholes likely do not exist falls nicely into line with a series of other intuitive predictions from collision space-time where general relativity theory falls short, such as matching the full specter of the Planck scale for micro black “holes”.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Addressing Anomalies in Extreme Cosmic Environments, A Fatio / Le Sage Push-Gravity Approach

Authors: Francois Zinserling
Comments: 25 Pages.

This study investigates the efficacy of the Fatio-Le Sage push-gravity model in explaining phenomena that traditional models struggle to resolve. Objections to push-gravity are overcome without violating causality. The ‘Quantum Vacuum Inertia’ of Alfonso Rueda and Bernard Haisch offers an electrodynamic model for the dynamic aether as an isotropic radiant energy density. The correlated ‘Photon Pairs’ of Patrick Grahn, Arto Annila, Erkki Kolehmainen shows matter to be mostly transparent to the aether and offers a transformation mechanism whereby the ‘energy problem’ is avoided. Newtonian gravity is derived from first principles, which reveals an exponential component that conflicts with Standard Cosmology, yet bears solutions to some current cosmic anomalies. The findings might be directly applicable to improve existing gravity models, including relativistic models, and the resultant equations reveal the beginnings of a path to a quantum solution.
Category: Classical Physics

An End of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Sight?

Authors: Edward J Steele, Reginald M Gorczynski, Robert A Lindley, Gensuke Tokoro, Daryl H. Wallis, Robert Temple, N. Chandra Wickramasinghe
Comments: 6 Pages.

We have set out to assess the data on the intensity of the COVID-19 pandemic with a view to making plausible predictions of its decline. A plot of “ % COVID-19 Associated Death per Day” versus the timing and extent of the roll out of national vaccination campaigns in Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy and USA shows that the decline in the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic was well advanced noticeably before vaccinations began or could have become a significant contributory factor. Israel is an outlier in its manifest decline pattern, yet the data also demonstrate that vaccination has had no discernible impact at all on % Deaths per Day in Israel.
Category: Physics of Biology

Functional Hypothesis of Complexity Classes

Authors: Mirzakhmet Syzdykov
Comments: 7 Pages.

This work describes the hypothesis of the relation between the classes of complexity: for this purpose we define the functions over algorithms or state machines for which the equality holds true and, thus, the decision can be made towards polynomial reduction of the computational complexity of algorithms. The specific class of impractical or exponential measures of complexity against the polynomial ones is also discussed – for this case we divide these classes according to the discrete numbers which are known to the present time. We also present the approximate algorithm for the classical NP-complete problem like Traveling Salesman using the memory construction. The question of P and NP equality is important in decision-making algorithms which commonly decide inequality of these classes – we define the memory factor which is exponential and space consumption is non-deterministic. The memory consumption problem within the memorization principle or dynamic programming can be of varying nature giving us the decision to build the approximation methods like it’s shown on the example of Traveling Salesman problem. We also give the notion of the past work in theory of complexity which, in our opinion, is of the same consideration in most cases when the functional part is omitted or even isn’t taken into account. The model theorem with its proof of the equality of classes over congruent function is also given in the end of this article.
Category: General Mathematics

Local Search in Non-deterministic Finite Automata with Extensions

Authors: Mirzakhmet Syzdykov
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this work we present the theoretical approach over solving the back-reference problem in regular expression matching within the almost polynomial time using local search within the memory, while within the growth of capturing groups we obtain the exponential results: for this purpose we develop the modified matching algorithm operating on non-deterministic finite automata within the modified search algorithm and presence of the specific method also over extended regular expressions. This is made due to the algorithm which can be adjusted for approximate searching allowing us to imply extended operators and features of modern regular expressions like intersection, subtraction and complement, as well as backreferences. The review of past work on this issues is also done: to the present time there is no discrete algorithm in systems like automata for local search. Thus, we obtain the new result of matching the pattern locally while the simulating algorithm works as usual. The obtained result also refers to the membership problem with local bound which can be set in the main algorithm presented in this article.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Membership Problem in Non-deterministic Finite Automata for Extended Regular Expressions in Linear Polynomial Time

Authors: Mirzakhmet Syzdykov
Comments: 5 Pages.

Membership Problem in Non-deterministic Finite Automata for Extended Regular Expressions in Linear Polynomial Time
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

The Theodorus Constant

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this note we give some formulas related with the Theodorus constant T=1.860025...
Category: General Mathematics

Social Force in Pedestrian Crowd

Authors: Peng Wang, Xiaoda Wang
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper provides a new perspective to understand existing controversy on the social force model. These issues include that the social force disobeys Newton 3rd Law, oscillation phenomenon when one agent is approaching another as well as some questions on the faster-is-slower effect. From the perspective of physics these problems seem difficult to explain. This paper provides a new perspective to understand these issues. We introduce a new concept of desired interpersonal distance to explain how the social force is generated from conscious mind of human. Although the social force disobeys Newton 3rd Law, the whole model is exactly within the Newton Laws to characterize pedestrian motion. The oscillation phenomenon may exist in non-physics entity (i.e., desired velocity and desired interpersonal distance) rather than physics entity (i.e., actual velocity and actual distance), and such oscillation is mitigated by treating non-physics entity as variable rather than constant. Very interestingly, the desired velocity represents the motivation level of pedestrian motion, and the faster-is-slower effect is thus explained by Yerkes–Dodson law, explaining how motivation level could improve or impair human performances in a collective sense. This inverted-U effect is further studied with a falling-down model and the numerical testing is exhibited by using FDS+Evac.
Category: Social Science

Mach's Principle and Gravitational Induction

Authors: Wenceslao González
Comments: 3 Pages.

We formulate Mach's principle and show that the inertial force is the gravitational induction force the Universe exerts on an accelerated body. We show that inertial mass depends on cosmic time, which has measurable consequences.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Redefinition of New Physics Philosophical Principles for Explaining Motion Phenomenon

Authors: Mohammad Asadi-Dalir
Comments: 30 Pages.

In this research, a fundamental revision is made on the Newtonian mechanics to provide a new theory having a more diverse range of phenomena explained. The first and second laws are reformed and the third one is held while the general law of gravity has been removed. The basic concepts of Newtonian mechanics are location, mass and absolute time. The absolute time being held, mass is included as a more general concept and location is not an original concept, but a second order one. Motion in 3D frame is considered to be an inherent property for 3D objects and location is its integration. On the other hand, location for light as a 4D object is not sensible. The free fall phenomenon is described without using Newton’s general law of gravity. The well-known experimentally verified results of relativity theories (special and general) are covered by three postulations of the new theory. The gravity is a result of Ether’s motion as a fluid among cosmological masses and the accelerating expansions of galaxies as well as the fast motion of objects in the galaxies margin are shown to be explainable without needing some unknowns such as dark energy and dark matter. The philosophical aspects of new theory are analyzed at the end
Category: Classical Physics

Prologue to Aphysical Quantum Mechanics, a Deeper Quantum Theory

Authors: Victor Vaguine
Comments: 9 Pages.

Aphysical quantum mechanics (AQM) is a deeper quantum theory. It introduces the position parameter. All quantum enigmas are explained. Quantum optics and particle physics undergo dramatic founda-tional transformation. Quantum laws are not universal. Quantum reality is subset of objective reality. Understanding of quantum reality is expanded by adding two more fundamental categories: aphysical category and elementary consciousness of elementary particles. The gap between consciousness of non-living matter and living matter is closed. All elementary particles have inner structures of perfect geometry, well-defined position or trajectory. A self-entangled elementary particle can be in several locations at the same time, physically always in one and aphysi-cally in all others. Fundamental understanding of quantum computing is possible only on the basis of AQM. AQM opens the floodgates of new physics. The gap between quantum physics and classical physics is closed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Measurement Unification

Authors: Ken Krechmer
Comments: 9 Pages. Measurement September 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109625

In many measurement experiments and thought experiments, unexplained results appear. As example, entangled particles appear to interact instantly across distances. A 2018 Measurement paper proposed that the calibration of a measuring apparatus to a reference is required in both quantum measurement models and empirical measurement results. Measuring apparatus intervals are equalized by calibration. Current quantum measurement models assume equal units, but do not formally include the equalization required. Not recognizing this equalization in quantum mechanics creates the unexplained results. Including calibration explains the results of the particle spin experiments, quantum teleportation experiments, and Mach-Zehnder interferometer experiments, as well as Mermin's device, Schrödinger's Cat, and other thought experiments.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Entanglement is Explained in Classic Terms

Authors: Ken Krechmer
Comments: 2 Pages. 17 August 2021 ScienceX https://sciencex.com/news/2021-08-quantum-entanglement-classic-terms.html

In many quantum measurement experiments and thought experiments, measurement results appear that do not seem to have classic explanations. As example: In quantum particle spin experiments, entangled particles appear to interact instantly across distances; and in interferometer experiments, one measurement result appears to be split over two paths. Currently, these measurement phenomena are treated as unique to quantum mechanics and not understandable in classic physics. Recognizing calibration in theory explains and resolves all the differences that appear to occur between classic and quantum measurements.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Novel Solution for the General Diffusion

Authors: Luisiana Cundin
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Fisher-KPP equation is a reaction-diffusion equation originally proposed by Fisher to represent allele propagation in genetic hosts or population. It was also proposed by Kolmogorov for more general applications. A novel method for solving nonlinear partial differential equations is applied to produce a unique, approximate solution for the Fisher-KPP equation. Analysis proves the solution is counterintuitive. Although still satisfying the maximum principle, time dependence collapses for all time greater than zero, therefore, the solution is highly irregular and not smooth, invalidating the traveling wave approximation so often employed.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Definition and Application of Anti-Factorial

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper I want to show a new concept, the anti-factorial. This is the inverse operator of the factorial. I introduce a full (and necessary) new notation for this concept. The main idea is to develop an operator (notated by n¡) that is able of do the inverse form of an expanded number n to a contracted number k and if you do the factorial of k you will end up back at n, that is k!=n.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Primality Test for Twin Prime Numbers. (Argentest Ii).

Authors: Zeolla Gabriel Martín
Comments: 11 Pages.

Argentest II is born, a personal research project that develops a new exclusive probabilistic primality test for Twin prime numbers. I present a test referenced in Fermat's little theorem.
Category: Number Theory

Proof of Polignac's Conjecture for Gap Equal to Six (Proof that Exist Infinitely Many Sexy Primes)

Authors: Marko V. Jankovic
Comments: 13 Pages.

In this paper proof of the Polignac's Conjecture for gap equal to six is going to be presented. Consecutive primes with gap six are known as sexy primes. The proof represents an extension of the proof of the twin prime conjecture. It will be shown that sexy primes could be obtained through two stage sieve process, and that will be used to prove that infinitely many sexy primes exist.
Category: Number Theory

Solar System, Angular Momentum & Dark Matter Reactors

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 15 Pages.

The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is consistent with all Concepts of the World [1]. In WUM, we postulate the principal role of Angular Momentum and Dark Matter in Cosmological theories of the World. The most widely accepted model of Solar System formation, known as the Nebular hypothesis, does not solve the Angular Momentum problem – why is the orbital momentum of Jupiter larger than rotational momentum of the Sun? WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with this Fundamental Law. The Nebular hypothesis does not solve Internal Heating and Diversity problems for all Planets and Moons in Solar system – why the actual mean surface temperature of them is higher than their effective temperature calculated based on the Sun’s heat for them and how could each one be so different if all of them came from the same nebula? The proposed concept of Dark Matter Reactors in Cores of all gravitationally-rounded Macroobjects successfully resolves these problems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Proof of Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Zhang Tianshu
Comments: 16 Pages.

First, let us expound certain basic concepts relating to Collatz conjecture. Next, list the mathematical induction that proves the conjecture. Then again, prepare several judging criteria, which are solely used to determine whether each such operational result fits the conjecture. After that, we sort positive integers successively and prove directly one of certain sorts after each sorting, until the last two sorts are proved bidirectionally. The bidirectional proofs mean that for these two sorts of integers, on the one hand, start with several proven kinds of integers to expand successively the scope of proven kinds of integers, up to all kinds of integers. On the other, each unproven kind of integers is operated by the operational rule to find an integer expression that is less than the unproven kind of integers, from this, it meets a judging criterion, such that the unproven kind of integers is proved to fit the conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

[eliminating the Irrelevant and Proving the Equations and Inequalities Related to Beal’s Conjecture]

Authors: Tianshu Zhang
Comments: 16 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin on name and title - Please conform!)

The subject of this article is exactly to analyze Beal’s conjecture and prove it. First, we classify mathematical expressions which consist of AX, BY and CZ, according to the parity of A, B and C, then get rid of two combinations of AX, BY and CZ, for they have nothing to do with the conjecture. After that, we exemplify AX+BY=CZ under the necessary constraints, where A, B, and C have at least one common prime factor. Secondly, divide AX+BY≠CZ under the necessary constraints into two kinds, and prove one kind thereof in which any two terms have a common prime factor while another term has not it. Next, under known constraints, divide another kind of AX+BY≠CZ into four inequalities. Furthermore, we derive four conclusions from the interrelation between an even number as the symmetric center and a sum of two odd numbers. This is just a preparation for proving the first two inequalities. Then, the first two inequalities are proved by the mathematical induction, fundamental theorem of arithmetic and the binomial theorem. Then again, other two inequalities are proved by the reduction to absurdity.Finally, after comparing AX+BY=CZ and AX+BY≠CZ under the necessary constraints, we came to the conclusion that Beal's conjecture is true.
Category: Number Theory

A Proof of the Erdös-Straus Conjecture

Authors: Zhang Tianshu
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this article, we classify positive integers step by step, and use the formulation to represent a certain class therein until all classes. First, divide all integers ≥2 into 8 kinds, and formulate each of 7 kinds therein into a sum of 3 unit fractions. For the unsolved kind, again divide it into 3 genera, and formulate each of 2 genera therein into a sum of 3 unit fractions. For the unsolved genus, further divide it into 5 sorts, and formulate each of 3 sorts therein into a sum of 3 unit fractions. For two unsolved sorts i.e. 4/(49+120c) and 4/(121+120c) where c≥0, we use an unit fraction plus a proper fraction to replace each of them, then take out the unit fraction as 1/x. After that, we take out an unit fraction from the proper fraction and regard the unit fraction as 1/y, and finally, prove that the remainder can be identically converted to 1/z.
Category: Number Theory

Deflection of Light by Kink Mass

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: Written in English, 2 pages, no figure.

The relation of an angle of deflection-mass is given where we replace mass with the mass of kink (anti-kink). The mass of kink (anti-kink), in turn, can be replaced with topological charge and winding number. Because mass is related with the refractive index, the angle of deflection can be formulated in relation with the decomposed form of refractive index.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Photo Puzzle About the Sun’s Size

Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 1 Page.

The apparent size of a self-luminous body in its photograph is the size of the glow halo, which for light sources such as the Sun can exceed the size of the body itself by 3-4 orders of magnitude.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Swahili, a Lingua Franca, Swahili-English Dictionary by C. W. Rechenbach and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 23 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Swahili-English Dictionary by Charles W. Rechenbach. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of the words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We find that the dictionary is classified by BP(4,βH=0.04). β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature and k_B is the Boltzmann constant. BP(4,βH=0.04) is the magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours in the presence of little external magnetic field, H, such that βH is equal to 0.04. Moreover, the words of the dictionary go over to the Onsager solution on successive normalisations.
Category: Condensed Matter

Theory for Motion Observation

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 193 pages, in chinese language

The objectively existing in nature transformation of space-time for the case of observers’ mutual uniform motion and limited light velocity is firstly revealed. The discovered transformation, referred to as Galilean-Zhou Transformation , is logically derived by author, using both the principle of relativity and the postulate of constancy of the light velocity. The Galilean-Zhou Transformation is actually and essentially the General Galilean Transformation. A new theory of special relativity, referred to as ‘Theory for Motion Observation’ is put forward. The theoretical interpretation for Hubble’s Law is firstly revealed by author, and the Kepler’s Law is as well reviewed, utilizing Galilean-Zhou Transformation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics and Wave-Particle Dualism

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 5 Pages.

Based on the wave-particle duality and the principle of quantum superposition, it is shown that an elementary particle is an oscillator in which a periodic process of energy conversion takes place. Then, the transition from particle to wave, that is, the transition from one quantum state to another, is a simple change in the oscillator when the frame of reference is changed. Consequently, the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics does not make sense, since there is one real Universe with elementary particles exhibiting wave and corpuscular properties.
Category: Quantum Physics

Refractive Index and Mass of Kink in Curved Space

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: Written in English, 2 pages, no figure.

The proposals that mass-energy is topological charge and topological charge is winding number are given. The refractive index-mass relation using the decomposed form of refractive index is showed where we replace mass with topological charge and winding number.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Psychoanalysis of Sleep-Paralysis – Perspectives on Oneirology

Authors: Deep Bhattacharjee
Comments: 2 Pages, 1 Diagrams, Oneirology

Dream is the reflection of our unconscious mind when we are in deep slumber. The duration of dream varies from 14 sec - 40sec and are characterized by Rapid Eye Movement (REM). Dreams occur in the transition period from light sleep to deep sleep or from deep sleep to light sleep. The associated study of dreams is known as Oneirology. It is sometimes associated by physical bodily movement.
Category: Mind Science

A New Interpolation Approach and Corresponding Instance-Based Learning

Authors: Shiyou Lian
Comments: Pages.

Starting from finding approximate value of a function, introduces the measure of approximation-degree between two numerical values, proposes the concepts of “strict approximation” and “strict approximation region”, then, derives the corresponding one-dimensional interpolation methods and formulas, and then presents a calculation model called “sum-times-difference formula” for high-dimensional interpolation, thus develops a new interpolation approach, that is, ADB interpolation. ADB interpolation is applied to the interpolation of actual functions with satisfactory results. Viewed from principle and effect, the interpolation approach is of novel idea, and has the advantages of simple calculation, stable accuracy, facilitating parallel processing, very suiting for high-dimensional interpolation, and easy to be extended to the interpolation of vector valued functions. Applying the approach to instance-based learning, a new instance-based learning method, learning using ADB interpolation, is obtained. The learning method is of unique technique, which has also the advantages of definite mathematical basis, implicit distance weights, avoiding misclassification, high efficiency, and wide range of applications, as well as being interpretable, etc. In principle, this method is a kind of learning by analogy, which and the deep learning that belongs to inductive learning can complement each other, and for some problems, the two can even have an effect of “different approaches but equal results” in big data and cloud computing environment. Thus, the learning using ADB interpolation can also be regarded as a kind of “wide learning” that is dual to deep learning.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Hoe Bouw je Een Universum?

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 77 Pages. Dit is onderdeel van het Hilbert Book Model Project

Een universum creëren uit het niets lijkt een onmogelijke taak. Een nader onderzoek toont aan dat sommige moeilijke stappen problemen opleveren, maar de meeste stappen zijn haalbaar en realistisch. Dit document legt de realistische stappen uit en analyseert de stappen die problemen opleveren. De analyse past intensief het concept van de vectorruimte en de uitbreidingen van dit concept toe, zoals getalsystemen, de Hilbertruimte en de Hilbert-opslagplaats. De verzamelingenleer speelt een belangrijke rol bij de verkenning van het gedrag van het universum. Het artikel laat zien dat het onmogelijk is om de fysieke realiteit te begrijpen zonder deze delen van de wiskunde te begrijpen. Het artikel laat ook zien dat de genoemde wiskundige concepten nog niet volledig zijn onderzocht en mogelijk meer van de geheimen van de fysieke realiteit kunnen onthullen. Voor het begrijpen van de fysieke realiteit is het cruciaal om de verandering in het gedrag van een reeks getallen te kunnen begrijpen wanneer irrationale getallen worden toegevoegd aan de rationale getallen. Dit gebeurt in de eendimensionale reële getallen en de eendimensionale of driedimensionale ruimtelijke getallen. Het lijkt erop dat de verandering in het gedrag van ruimtelijke getallen de oorsprong van zwaartekracht verklaart. Het typische gedrag verklaart ook het bestaan van donkere energieobjecten en donkere materieobjecten.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Unlikelihood of Stochastic Paths in Multidimensional Phase Spaces

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 8 Pages.

The methodological/operational virtues of stochastic approaches allow us to assess biophysical phenomena in terms of random walks, Brownian motions, Markov chains, etc. We argue that these approaches are not profitable when stochastic paths occur in high-dimensional phase spaces. Indeed, contrary to the two-dimensional random walks, the higher-dimensional random walks do not resume to the starting point: the more the phase space’s dimension, the more the (seemingly) stochastic paths are confined/constrained. The mathematical impossibility of high-dimensional random paths has numerous implications, both epistemological and operational. Stochasticity should no longer be used for the evaluation of real-world systems, since the experimental assessment of multifactorial biophysical phenomena requires numerous parameters, each one standing for a different dimension in the phase space. Furthermore, multidimensional trajectories cannot generate circular, recurrent paths returning to the starting point, making unnecessary powerful methodological weapons correlated with cyclic configurations such as the Jordan curve theorem and the Betti number. Since higher-dimensional trajectories are unable to cross all the microstates with the same probability, our account suggests the unlikelihood of ergodic paths in multidimensional phase spaces, casting also doubts on the Shannon’s account of information entropy in the continuous case. Next, we describe how the memory of old events is preserved in high-dimensional phase spaces, since memoryless events disconnected from the past, e.g., stochastic resetting and Markov chains, are banned. We want to end up with an epistemological consideration. The Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle does not allow to measure at the same time both the position and the velocity of a quantum object. The chaotic logistic map does not allow to know exactly the particle location when the phase parameter is between 3 and 4. The Godel’s theorem does not allow to find statements about natural numbers that are at the same time true and provable within a consistent formal system. In these three examples from quantum dynamics, nonlinear dynamics and mathematical foundations, the unfeasibility to reach a single univocal result and to express simultaneously well-defined conjugate properties by a single value does depend on neither technical difficulties, nor failures in the observational devices of the current technology, nor our ignorance of some fundamental property of reality, rather it stands for an insurmountable, irreducible, universal feature that is intrinsic to the system under evaluation and cannot be even in theory solved. In our case, too, the unfeasibility of random paths in high dimensions stands for an intrinsic mathematical feature of the system, an epistemological boundary that cannot be overtaken by methodological tricks. Once expunged the randomness from the evaluation of multiparametric phenomena, the sole approach to partially rescue its methodological/operational virtues is to limit ourselves to the study of oversimplified, lower-dimensional systems.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Antenna Designs Showing Riemann Zeros

Authors: Brian Scannell
Comments: 12 Pages.

The nulls in antenna radiation patterns show the non-trivial Riemann zeta zeros. Here we simulate antenna designs that show the zeros
Category: Number Theory

Asymmetry in the Real Number Line and: A Proof that \pi + e is an Irrational Number

Authors: Alexander C Sarich
Comments: 7 Pages.

The set of all Real numbers, R, consists of all Rational numbers, Q, being any ratio of two Integer numbers that does not divide by 0. All other Real numbers that are not a Rational number are contained in the set of Irrational numbers, R/Q. These two subsets comprising all of the Real numbers are known to have distinct cardinalities of differing magnitudes of infinity[2]. When a consecutive ordering of all Rational numbers is established, whereby any unique Rational number can be shown to be disconnected from all other Rational numbers[3], a theorem regarding asymmetry on the Real number line is established. This theorem simplifies the necessary requirements to prove that the summation of two known Irrational numbers is Rational or Irrational.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Further Observations of Structure of a Possible Unification Algebra

Authors: Robert G Wallace
Comments: 16 Pages.

The trigintaduonion Cayley-Dickson algebra can be combined with the complexified geometric algebra of space-time to generate an algebra with features corresponding to the Clifford algebra of space-time, the complex doublet of the Higgs mechanism, three families of fundamental particles and anti-particles of the standard model, dark matter and dark energy.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Gravitons Explained

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 11 Pages.

There are two totally different gravity paradigms within physics and astrophysics. Separate models of gravitons support each paradigm. These gravity paradigms could be called Tractor-Beam Gravity, and Push/Shadow Gravity. This introductory essay examines each paradigm, with a surprising winner.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Superconducting-Like and Magnetic Transitions in Oxygen-Implanted Diamond-Like and Amorphous Carbon Films, and in Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu, Charles R. Ebbing, John P. Murphy, Benjamin T. Pierce, Timothy J. Haugan
Comments: Pages.

In our previously published work, we have reported colossal magnetoresistance, Andreev oscillations, ferromagnetism, and granular superconductivity in oxygen-implanted carbon fibers, graphite foils, and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). In this follow-up research, more results on these oxygen-implanted graphite samples are presented. We show results from transport measurements on oxygen-implanted diamond-like carbon thin coatings, amorphous carbon films, and HOPG. Significantly, a three-order magnitude drop in the electrical resistance of the oxygen-implanted diamond-like carbon films is observed at the 50 K temperature that we have previously reported for the transition to the superconducting state. Below 50 K, the films' resistance oscillates between the high and low resistance states, less when the sample is under a transverse magnetic field. This metastability between the insulating and superconducting-like states possibly reflects the evolution of the amplitude for the superconducting order parameter also known as the longitudinal Higgs mode. Transitions to low resistance state and metastability are also observed for amorphous carbon films. Finally, the HOPG samples’ resistance have a thermally activated term that can be understood on the basis of the Langer–Ambegaokar–McCumber–Halperin model applied to narrow SC channels in which thermal fluctuations can cause phase slips. We also find that in oxygen-implanted carbon materials, the electron charge and spin correlations do not compete and their interplay rather facilitates the emergence of high-temperature superconductivity, and thus, additional unexpected effects like Heisenberg spin waves and magneto-structural transitions are observed.
Category: Condensed Matter

On Quest of Higher Dimensions – Superstring Theory and the Calabi-Yau Manifolds

Authors: Deep Bhattacharjee, Sanjeevan Singha Roy
Comments: 11 Pages. DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/tcb3y

Higher dimensions are impossible to visualize as the size of dimension varies inversely proportional to its level. The more the dimension ranges, the least its size. We are a set of points living in a particular point of space and a particular frame of time. i.e, we live in space-time. The space has more dimensions that meets the human eye. We are living in a world of hyper-space. Our world being a smaller dimension is floating in higher dimensions. The quest for the visually of higher dimensions has been a fantasy to mankind but this aspect of nature is completely locked. We can transform dimensions i.e., from higher to lower dimensions, or from lower to higher dimensions, but only through mathematics. The relative notion of mathematics helps us to do the thing, which is perhaps impossible in the experimental part of physical reality. Humans being an element of 3 Dimensions – length, breath, height can only perceive one higher dimensions, that is space-time. but beyond that the notion of dimension itself changes. The dimensions got curled up in every intersection of the coordinates of space in such a way that the higher dimensions remain stable to us. But in reality it is highly unstable. In the higher dimensions, above 4, the space is tearing apart and joining again spontaneously, but the tearing portion itself covered by 2 dimensional Branes which acts as a stabilizer for the unstable dimensions. Dimensions will get smaller and smaller with the space-time interwoven in it. But at Planks length that is 10^-33 meter, the notion of space-time itself breaks down thereby making impossible for the higher dimensions to coexist along with space. Without space, there will be no identity of any dimension. The space itself is the fabric for the milestone of residing higher dimensions. Imagine our room, which is 3 dimensional. But what is there inside the room. The space and of course the time. Space-time being a totally separate entity is not quite separate when compared with other dimensions because it makes the residing place for the higher dimensions or the hyperspace itself. We all are confined within a lower dimensional world within a randomness of higher dimensions. Time being alike like space is an arrow which has the capability of slicing space into different forms. (Note: Truncated to <400 words by viXra Admin)
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Simplified Guide to Rocket Science and Beyond – Understanding The Technologies of The Future

Authors: Deep Bhattacharjee, Sanjeevan Singha Roy
Comments: 29 Pages, 14 Images, Submitted to Engineering Archive

Rocket science has always been fairly complex. Its not because, it deals only the properties of rocket dynamics, attitude control, propulsion systems but the complexity arises mostly as a result of its payload, whether its manned or unmanned, how to make that payload reaches to orbit? How to assemble them in orbit to make giant structures like space stations? And most importantly, the mechanisms and aerodynamics of the shuttle associated with the lifting of the rocket. This paper, not only helps to make ease out the complex terminology, rigorous mathematics, pain stroking equations into a simplified norms, like a non-fiction for the general readers but also, no pre-requisite knowledge in the field is needed to study this paper. However, every possible attempt have been make to simplify the dynamics of rocket sciences and control mechanisms to the most easier way that one can imagine, still, there are some complex terminologies but pictures are provided deliberately with facts and histories to boost up the way of understanding the subject much more better than before. It has been deliberately proved in this paper that rockets along with orbital mechanics, Kessler’s syndrome, Lunar and Martial landing of the Apollo and the Curiosity rovers, is not the future of the humanity to reach out to the stars. Therefore, to eliminate time completely, to warp the space in a new way, to make the gravity constant at 1g Earth gravity, physics of Elec-trohydrodynamics – Or, the physics beyond the rocket propulsion by harnessing the Anti-Gravity is discussed in details with various types of engines and experiments carried out throughout the globe. Just as a rocket become incapable of taking humans to some exoplanets millions of light years apart, Electrohydrodynamics have shown humanity hopes that, this can be achieved by applying clever physics by eliminating the hindrances of time, gravity, acceleration and fuels. Thus arrives the need to consider a totally different form of propulsion technology unknowingly discovered by Tesla and later put forward by Thomas Townsend Brown. The technology of the super-intelligent humans that the Earthmen have gathered by reverse engineering the crashed Unidentified Flying Objects which involves the perpetual motion mechanism of Anti-Gravity governed by Semi-Quantum Kinetics.
Category: Astrophysics

Refractive Index and Mass in Curved Space

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: Written in English, 2 pages, no figure.

The refractive index-mass relation in curved space is derived using the decomposed form of refractive index. The curvature-mass relation is also showed.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Resolution of Polynomial Equation with Rational Coefficients

Authors: Juan Jorge Isaac Lopez
Comments: 4 Pages.

Identities of the coefficients of the polynomial equations are created in function of the parameters that define their roots, and with their application it is created a process to solve polynomial equations with rational coefficients.
Category: General Mathematics

Coherent and Cat States of Open and Closed Ttrings

Authors: Mir Hameeda, M. C. Rocca
Comments: 40 Pages.

The covariant quantization and light cone quantization formalisms are followed to construct the coherent states of both open and closed bosonic strings. We make a systematic and straightforward use of the original definition of coherent states of harmonic oscillators to establish the coherent and their corresponding cat states. We analyze the statistics of these states by explicitly calculating the Mandel parameter and obtained interesting results about the nature of distribution of the states. A tachyonic state with imaginary mass and positive norm is obtained
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Supercoherent States of the Open NS World Sheet Superstring

Authors: Mir Hameeda, M. C. Rocca
Comments: 16 Pages.

The supercoherent states of the RNS string are constructed using the covariant quantization and analogously the light cone quantization formalisms. Keeping intact the original definition of coherent states of harmonic oscillators, we extend the bosonic annihalation operator into the superspace by inclusion of fermionic contribution to oscillator modes thus construct the supercoherent states with supersymetric harmonic oscillator. We analyse the statistics of these states by explicitly calculating the Mandel parameter and obtained interesting results about the nature of distribution of the states.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

An Universe Age of 13.807 Billion Years and a Proton Radius of 0.8403 fm Would Fit Perfectly Dirac/eddington's Large Number Hypothesis

Authors: George Bailey
Comments: 22 pages

Like Hermann Weyl and Arthur Eddington before, Paul Dirac also noticed that the ratio between the dimensions of the universe (visible size and age) and the protons (diameter, duration of the passage of light through the proton) constitutes a large number of about 10^40. And that the ratio of the gravitational force and the electromagnetic force between an electron and a proton is roughly the same. From this he deduced a time-variation of at least one fundamental "constant" (he preferred the gravitational constant for this). He could only make a rough estimate, because of course he did not yet know the more precise value of 13.8 billion years world age assumed today. Especially the evaluation of the data from the Planck space telescope has produced this value in the last 10 years. So today we are in a position for a more detailed evaluation. We will show that gravity could result from an universal time-energy uncertainty relation if we assume that the universe's age is 13.8 billion years. We will give by this approach a precise and straightforward formula for the gravitational constant G without magic factors, powers or roots. Furthermore there has been a lot of guesswork in recent years about the size of the proton radius. It was triggered in 2010 by the measurements at the Swiss Paul Scherrer Institute, which measured approx. 0.84 femtometers, a radius value that is around 4 percent smaller than the independent measurements previously made. But in the meantime, this smaller value has been confirmed by several other independent measurements and is now considered the more accepted value. We are sure that the value of 0.84 femtometers will soon be rid of any last doubts. Because in a finite-time universe there can be no frequencies smaller than the reciprocal of the universe age Tu and accordingly all energy values in the universe must be an integer multiple of h/(2pi*T(u)). Thus all electromagnetic energy amounts must be rounded down by half of this value on average. We will show that for a proton radius of 0.84 femtometers, that energy value rounding is exactly in the same ratio as the gravitational force between proton and electron. So we will derive a simple equation for the proton radius from other fundamental constants. And we will show that the ratio between the Hubble radius and the proton radius is obviously a constant that gives the appearance of being invariant in time.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Notes on the Collatz Conjecture II

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper is a resume of my investigation on the Collatz conjecture. We take a look to the hypothesis of infinite systems of iterations or combined iterations.
Category: Number Theory

An Upper Bound for the Erd\h{o}s Unit Distance Problem in the Plane

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 8 Pages. A few technicalities resolved regarding the scale of compression and the inequality in the notion of points contained in a compression ball has been made strict. This is because the case of equality is treated separately as admissible points.

In this paper, using the method of compression, we prove a stronger upper bound for the Erd\H{o}s unit distance problem in the plane by showing that \begin{align} \# \bigg\{||\vec{x_j}-\vec{x_t}||:\vec{x}_t, \vec{x_j}\in \mathbb{E}\subset \mathbb{R}^2,~||\vec{x_j}-\vec{x_t}||=1,~1\leq t,j \leq n\bigg\}\ll_2 n^{1+o(1)}.\nonumber \end{align}
Category: Geometry

Riemann Hypothesis Proof Using an Equivalent Criterion of Balazard, Saias and Yor

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this manuscript we denote a unit disc by $\mathbb{D}=\{z\in \mathbb{C} \mid |z|<1\}$ and a semi plane as\\ $\mathbb{P}=\{s\in\mathbb{C}\mid \Re(s)>\frac{1}{2}\}$. We denote, $\mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}=\{x\in \mathbb{R}\mid x\geq 0\}$ and $\mathbb{R}_{\geq 1}=\{x\in \mathbb{R}\mid x\geq 1\}$. Considering non negative real axis as a branch cut, we define a map from slit unit disc to the slit plane as $s:\mathbb{D}\setminus \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}\to \mathbb{P}\setminus\mathbb{R}_{\geq 1}$ defined as $s(z)=\frac{1}{1-\sqrt{z}}$ which is proved to be one-one and onto. Next, we define a function $f(z)=(s-1)\zeta(s)$ where $s=s(z)$ and both $s(z)$ and $f(z)$ are proved to be analytic in $\mathbb{D}\setminus \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}$. Next we prove that $s=s(z)$ is a conformal map. We also show that $f$ is continuous at $0$. Using Cauchy's residue theorem to a keyhole contour and Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem along with Schwarz reflection principle, we prove that, $$\int_{-\infty}^\infty \frac{\log|\zeta(\frac{1}{2}+it)|}{\frac{1}{4}+t^2}dt=0$$ This settles the Riemann Hypothesis because this relation is an equivalent version of Riemann Hypothesis as proved by Balazard, Saias and Yor [1].
Category: Number Theory

Correlation Between Hubble ho Early-to-Late Universe, and Photon Energy/wavelength Between the uv and Far-Infrared Region of the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Authors: Douglas K. Robinson
Comments: 3 Pages.

The intrinsic nonlinear energy/wavelength ratio of electromagnetic radiation between the ultraviolet and far infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, is compared to the velocity/distance interpretation of spectral shifts in ancient starlight. The correlation at 8% suggests a review of the velocity-distance interpretation of spectral shifts is warranted. Given the potential impact for the standard lambda CDM cosmological model, and notwithstanding a credible theory to account for photon energy loss over millennia in transit, the correlation nevertheless challenges the current interpretation of redshift for determining the Hubble constant H0 for the early and late universe and dark energy, the existence of which has been speculatively introduced to account for the increasing rate of redshifts observed in the late universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Indirekte Energiemessung Der Destruktiven Lichtinterferenz (Indirect Energy Measurement of Destructive Light Interference)

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 4 Pages. In German [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

This article is about indirect energy measurement of the destructive light interference.
Category: Classical Physics

Physics Use of Mathematics

Authors: John Hodge
Comments: 13 Pages.

Orthodox physics makes extensive use of number relation mathematics such as mapping, probability, and infinite series. This mathematics is devoid of causative relations. Other scientific disciplines such as medicine and chemistry use causative models. Using causative models would advance physics. Causation should be overtly stated in the mathematics. Causation is linked with emergence philosophy and not reductionism.
Category: General Mathematics

Use of the Fundamental Problem of Statistics to Define the Validity Limit of Occam's Razor Principle

Authors: Andrea Berdondini
Comments: 6 Pages.

In statistics, to evaluate the significance of a result, one of the most used methods is the statistical hypothesis test. Using this theory, the fundamental problem of statistics can be expressed as follows: "A statistical data does not represent useful information, but becomes useful information only when it is shown that it was not obtained randomly". Consequently, according to this point of view, among the hypotheses that perform the same prediction, we must choose the result that has a lower probability of being produced randomly. Therefore, the fundamental aspect of this approach is to calculate correctly this probability value. This problem is addressed by redefining what is meant by hypothesis. The traditional approach considers the hypothesis as the set of rules that actively participate in the forecast. Instead, we consider as hypotheses the sum of all the hypotheses made, also considering the hypotheses preceding the one used. Therefore, each time a prediction is made, our hypothesis increases in complexity and consequently increases its ability to adapt to a random data set. In this way, the complexity of a hypothesis can be precisely determined only if all previous attempts are known. Consequently, Occam's razor principle no longer has a general value, but its application depends on the information we have on the tested hypotheses.
Category: Number Theory

Extending QED to the Full Eight-component Vacuum Wavefunction in the Geometric Representation of Clifford Algebra

Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 17 Pages. video is available here https://indico.cern.ch/event/1034469/contributions/4428154/ [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Clifford algebra is the math language of quantum mechanics, known to most physicists in the matrix representations of Pauli and Dirac. Less familiar (but far more intuitive) is the original geometric intent of Clifford, the algebra of interactions of fundamental geometric objects - point, line, plane, and volume elements. In geometric representation, the 3D vacuum wavefunction is comprised of one scalar point, three vector line elements (orientational degrees of freedom), three bivector area elements, and one trivector volume element. Various combinations of the four fundamental constants that define the dimensionless electromagnetic coupling constant alpha (speed of light, permittivity of space, electric charge quantum and angular momentum quantum) permit assigning geometrically and topologically appropriate electric and magnetic flux quanta to the eight wavefunction components, increasing `dimensionality' of the model to the ten degrees of freedom of string theory. Time (quantum phase) emerges from wavefunction interactions, in the dimension-increasing property of Clifford algebra wedge products. Such a 6D Yang-Mills model is naturally gauge invariant, finite, confined, asymptotically free, background independent, and contains the four forces [1,2]. [1]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335240613_Naturalness_begets_Naturalness_An_Emergent_Definition [2]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335976209_Naturalness_Revisited_Spacetime_Spacephase
Category: Quantum Physics

QED Model of Massless Neutrino Oscillation in the Geometric Representation of Clifford Algebra

Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 34 Pages. video is available here https://indico.cern.ch/event/1034469/contributions/4428157/ [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

All experimental data is consistent with massless neutrinos. There exist possibilities other than rest mass differences to explain oscillation. The two-component photon wavefunction is comprised of electric and magnetic flux quanta, coupled by Maxwell's equations. In the basic photon-electron interaction of QED, opposing phase shifts of the electron's inductive and capacitive impedances decouple the photon's flux quanta, breaking Maxwell's equations, transferring energy and momentum. Extending the two-component Dirac wavefunction (scalar charge and bivector magnetic moment) to the full eight-component vacuum wavefunction in the geometric representation of Clifford algebra permits assigning topological magnetic charge to the spin 1 3D pseudoscalar. A simple three-component neutrino wavefunction model might then be comprised of the two photon components, topologically protected by magnetic charge. Curiously, in SI units 1D vector magnetic flux quantum and 3D trivector magnetic charge quantum are numerically identical yet geometrically and topologically distinct. We discuss the mixing matrix that results from such a model. https://indico.fnal.gov/event/19348/contributions/186426/
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Introduction to a Quantum Impedance Model

Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 45 Pages. presented to the India Association of Physics Teachers summer school on quantum simulation [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Two fundamental conceptual structures have been lost in quantum mechanics - geometric representation of Clifford algebra and quantization of wavefunction interaction impedances. This presentation outlines their histories and how their synthesis opens a new window on the standard model.
Category: Quantum Physics

Notes on Spacetime Engineering

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 13 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Brief notes on spacetime engineering.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Positive Nuclear Magnetic Moments Driving Ferrochemical Cycles of Life: Negative Nuclear Magnetic Moments for Neutrons Altering Biochemistry for Disease

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 10 Pages.

A new detailed theory is developed for how isotopes of nonzero nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs) provide nuclear pressures for hidden stimulations for driving transportations locally for agitations; for transformations for chemical, catalytic and enzymatic activities; for thermodynamics for novel energetic, equilibrium and entropic redistributions; and for transmutations reversibly and fractionally. Such are basis for normal life activities by positive NMMs of 1H, 14N and 31P and other less abundant NMMs from stable isotopes of other elements as in vital minerals: 25Mg, 63Cu, 65Cu, 64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn, 57Fe, 43Ca, 23Na, 55Mn, 95Mo, 97Mo, 53Cr, 77Se, 19F, 39K, 40K and 41K and others. Where bolds have negative NMMs, boldless have positive NMMs, and italics have 100% or nearly compositional 100% relative abundances. On the basis of such more details are added for aging of living organisms as isotopes redistribute in biomolecules for clumping into specific chemical bonds on nanoscales and possibly gradual to cataclysmic enrichments in nano-domains of uncommon isotopes of 13C, 15N, 17O, 25Mg, and 33S for altering the nuclear pressures for dissipative cycles of 1H, 14N, and 31P for causing aging and disease. The passage of these isotopes are considered during cellular replications. The catalytic prominent role of 17O for aging and cancer is demonstrated. The basis for accelerated enrichment by external electromagnetic waves and static magnetic fields and electric fields is developed. The stronger property shift by greater altering electrons is reasoned by multiple cataclysmic fractional, reversible fissing and fusing. Distinct effects of nanodomains of all positive NMMs, all negative NMMs, homogeneous mix of positive and negative NMMs, and heterogeneous mix of positive and negative NMMs are developed. The contributions of these different stable isotopes by their NMMs to normal logistics and cancer logistics are developed. The differing impacts of these stable isotopes are reasoned based on their electronic states and the change in NMMs by replacing common primordial isotopes by uncommon nonprimordial isotopes.
Category: Condensed Matter

Three Different Effects of the Same Quantum Nature

Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 4 Pages. Poster contribution to the European Physical Society conference on high energy physics (EPS-HEP2021), July 26-30, 2021, virtual

In the model of low-energy quantum gravity by the author the cosmological redshift and additional dimming of remote objects may be interpreted as results of scattering of photons on gravitons of the background. A tentative detection of a diffuse cosmic optical background by the New Horizons mission may be connected with non-forehead collisions of photons with gravitons, too. The conjecture about the local quantum-gravitational nature of the redshift may be verified in a ground-based laser experiment partly using advanced LIGO technologies.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Is Complex Number Theory Free from Contradiction

Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 6 Pages. A new attempt. This is rewritten after comments .

With simple basic mathematics it is possible to demonstrate a conflicting result in complex number theory using Euler’s identity, simple trigonometry and deMoivre’s formula for n=2.
Category: Number Theory

Redundant Primes In Lemoine’s Conjecture

Authors: Marcin Barylski
Comments: 5 Pages.

Lemoine’s conjecture (LC), still unsolved, states that all positive odd integer ≥ 7 can be expressed as the sum of a prime and an even semiprime. But do we need all primes to satisfy this conjecture? This work is devoted to selection of must-have primes and formulation of stronger version of LC with reduced set of primes.
Category: Number Theory

On Fast Search of First Confirmation Of Goldbach’s Strong Conjecture

Authors: Marcin Barylski
Comments: 10 Pages.

Goldbach strong conjecture states that all even integers n>2 can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers (Goldbach partitions of n). Hypothesis still remains open and is confirmed experimentally for bigger and bigger n. This work studies different approaches to finding the first confirmation of this conjecture in order to select the most effective confirmation method.
Category: Number Theory

Set Theory Inc^# _∞^# Based on Infinitary Intuitionistic Logic with Restricted Modus Ponens Rule (Part.iii): Hyper Inductive Definitions.application in Transcendental Number Theory.generalized Lindemann-Weierstrass Theorem

Authors: Jaykov Foukzon
Comments: 57 Pages.

In this paper intuitionistic set theory INC# in infinitary set theoretical language is considered. External induction principle in nonstandard intuitionistic arithmetic were derived. Non trivial application in number theory is considered.The Goldbach-Euler theorem is obtained without any references to Catalan conjecture. Main results are: (i) number e^{e}is transcendental; (ii) the both numbers e+pi and e-pi are irrational.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Using the Methodology of the Relativity Theory in Describing the Orbital Motion of Mercury

Authors: Nikolay Ostrovskiy
Comments: 7 Pages.

The theory of relativity, the subject of which is the comparison of the results of observations (calculations) carried out in different reference frames, is used in the description of the planets movement in connection with the following aspects. (1) Astronomers observe the motions of the planets in the geocentric coordinate system and then recalculate the elements of motion for the heliocentric system. (2) The motion of the planets relative to the Sun is composite and includes motion in the orbital plane and rotation of the orbital plane (precession). (3) Observers on Earth record the position of the planet that it occupied earlier. The time interval depends on the distance between the Earth and the planet and it changes depending on the change in this distance. These aspects are considered in the article on the example of the Mercury.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Waves and the Black Hole Information Paradox

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 2 Pages.

The black hole information paradox is a contradiction between quantum mechanics and general relativity. Information which enters the black hole can never escape due to the extreme gravitational curvature of space-time, while at the same time the black hole slowly evaporates through the Hawking radiation due to virtual pairs generated at the surface of the event horizon. This collision of the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics with the extreme gravitation predicted by general relativity can generate new ideas regarding the behavior of space-time. This paper suggests that information can escape from the black hole gravitational grip due to gravitational waves in the fabric of space time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Solvable Quintic Equation of the Bring Jerrard Form X^5 + ax + B = 0

Authors: Quang Nguyen Van
Comments: 2 Pages.

In the previous post, we gave one more irreducible equation of the shape x^5 + ax^2 + b = 0, which is solvable. In this paper, we give an irreducible equation of the shape x^5 + ax + b = 0, which is also solvable, contrary to some available arguments.
Category: Algebra

On the Generalized Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Ming-Cheng Chen, Chao-Yang Lu, Jian-Wei Pan
Comments: 10 Pages.

Generalized Uncertainty Principle (GUP), which manifests a minimal Planck length in quantum spacetime, is central in various quantum gravity theories and has been widely used to describe the Planck-scale phenomenon. Here, we propose a thought experiment based on GUP – as a quantum version of Galileo's falling bodies experiment – to show that the experimental results cannot be consistently described in quantum mechanics. This paradox arises from the interaction of two quantum systems in an interferometer, a photon and a mirror, with different effective Planck constants. Our thought experiment rules out the widely used GUP, and establishes a Quantum Coupling Principle that two physical systems of different effective Planck constants cannot be consistently coupled in quantum mechanics. Our results point new directions to quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On 6k ± 1 Primes in Goldbach Strong Conjecture

Authors: Marcin Barylski
Comments: 3 Pages.

Goldbach strong conjecture, still unsolved, states that all even integers n>2 can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers (Goldbach partitions of n). Each prime p>3 can be expressed as 6k ± 1. This work is devoted to studies of 6k ± 1 primes in Goldbach partitions and enhanced Goldbach strong conjecture with the lesser of twin primes of form 6k − 1 used as a baseline.
Category: Number Theory

Redundant Primes In Goldbach Partitions

Authors: Marcin Barylski
Comments: 5 Pages.

Goldbach Strong Conjecture (GSC), still unsolved, states that all even integers n>2 can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers (Goldbach partitions of n). But do we need all primes to satisfy this conjecture? This work is devoted to selection of must-have primes and formulation of stronger version of GSC with reduced set of primes.
Category: Number Theory

Goldbach Strong Conjecture Verification Using Prime Numbers

Authors: Marcin Barylski
Comments: 4 Pages.

Goldbach strong conjecture, still unsolved, states that all even integers n>2 can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers (Goldbach partitions of n). We can also formulate it from the opposite perspective: from a set of prime numbers you may pick two primes, sum them, and you will be able to build every even number n>2. This work is devoted to studies on sum of two prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Studies on Twin Primes in Goldbach Partitions of Even Numbers

Authors: Marcin Barylski
Comments: 4 Pages.

Goldbach strong conjecture states that all even integers n>2 can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers (Goldbach partitions of n). This work is devoted to studies on twin primes present in Goldbach partitions. Based on executed experiments original Goldbach conjecture has been extended to a form that all even integers n>4 can be expressed as the sum of twin prime and prime.
Category: Number Theory

Science: Newton Versus Einstein

Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 17 Pages.

The Scientific Revolution matured in the seventeenth century through Newton’s science, which has continued into the beginning of the twenty-first century, in which the entire scientific community still follows the mechanical universe approach. However, this first scientific enlightenment continues to linger despite an avalanche of discoveries of the laws of nature. Science inevitably needs the second scientific enlightenment, Einstein’s science of principle theory and the cosmos, to transform itself. In this paper, we first describe the Scientific Revolution thus far. We then apply the second scientific enlightenment to examine the first one currently practiced in elementary particle physics and cosmology. Finally, we use our two new discoveries in Einstein’s science, the success/failure system and cosmic inertia, to elucidate and declare the second scientific enlightenment. This paper is our sober reflection on science and on our progressive learning of Einstein’s science, which we have set out in earlier papers that we suggest examining before studying this paper.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Physical Constants Starting with “6” or “1/6” at Various Scales: Mere Coincidence or Sixfold Symmetry in Spacetime ?

Authors: Bruno R Galeffi
Comments: 7 Pages.

The variety of physical constants starting with "6" or "1.6" seems to postulate the existence of a sixfold symmetry in spacetime, a fundamental property found in the geometry of the so-called “flower-of-life”. Further, a formula bridging the cosmic and the Planck scales through the fine-structure constant is also presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

From Einstein Theory to Spin 2 Gravity

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 14 Pages. original article

We consider here the simple derivation of the Einstein equations by Fock. Then, we approach the way from the spin 1 fields to the spin 2 fields for massive and massless particles and we derive the gravity equations from this base. In conclusion, we discuss the principle of equivalence in classical Einstein theory and in the Schwinger spin 2 gravity
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Theoretical Foundations for Engineering a Conscious Quantum Computer

Authors: Richard L Amoroso
Comments: 13 Pages. Preprint: Mind Versus Computer, Were Dreyfus & Winograd Right? (1997) M. Gams, M. Paprzycki & X. Wu (Eds.) pp. 141-155, Amstrrdam: IOS Press

Mind<>Computer: Attempts to mimic human intelligence through methods of classical computing have failed because implementing basic elements of rationality has proven obstinate to the design criterion of machine intelligence. A radical definition of Consciousness describing awareness, as the dynamic representation of a noumenon comprised of three base states; and not itself fundamental as generally defined in the current reductionistic view of the standard model, which has created an intractable hard problem of consciousness as defined by Chalmers. By clarifying the definition of matter a broader ontological quantum theory removes immateriality from the Cartesian split bringing mind into the physical realm for pragmatic investigation. Evidence suggests that the brain is a naturally occurring quantum computer, but the brain not being paramount to awareness does not itself evanesce consciousness without the interaction of a nonlocal conscious process; because Mind <> computer and cannot be reduced to brain states alone. The proposed cosmology of consciousness is indicative of a teleological principle as an inherent part of a conscious universe. By applying the parameters of quantum brain dynamics to the stack of a specialized hybrid electronic optical quantum computer with a heterosoric molecular crystal core, consciousness evanesces through entrainment of the non local conscious processes. This 'extracellular containment of natural intelligence' probably represents the only viable direction for AI to simulate 'conscious computing' because true consciousness = life.
Category: Quantum Physics

An Introduction to Cartesian Interactive Dualism

Authors: Richard L Amoroso
Comments: 135 Pages. Preprint excerpt: Complementarity of Mind and Body: Realizing the Dream of Descartes, Einstein and Eccles, 2012, NOVA Science Publishers

The noetic model of Cartesian interactive dualism is the first mind-body theory of any kind to explain qualia in physical, rather than just philosophical terms. The formal delineation of the life principle or élan vital explains not only the origin of self-organization in complex living systems, providing the basis for the first comprehensive dualist theory, but also is what makes the model empirically testable allowing this volume to make history. The floodgates seem about to open to almost unimaginable advances in the field of consciousness studies. This monograph introduces a comprehensive empirically testable model of dualism-interactionism to legitimize the interactionist model at a level tantamount to any other avenue of epistemological investigation of the mind-body problem.
Category: Mind Science

Formation of Energetic Charged Particles in Lower Magnetosphere and Their Sporadic Showers Through Ecliptic Window, Explains All Total Solar Eclipse Related Phenomena.

Authors: Ashok Saxena, Rakesh Saksena, Ashwarya Saxena, Surekha Saxena
Comments: 41 Pages. Part of this research work was first presented at international seminar on Total Solar Eclipse, organized at Chung-Li Taiwan, MAY5-6, 1996 and later on it was published by its first author in his book INSIDE A WAVE, 2005. [18] The relevance of this work

One of the biggest mysteries to solve in ‘Astro-particle physics’ has been to find out source of origin of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays, very high-energy neutrinos and high-energy gamma rays.[1] All energetic charged particles coming to earth and originating from any source are conventionally called ‘cosmic rays’. Few ‘cosmic rays’ moving at the speed of light are reported to be coming from Sun and out side of the solar system, from supernovas in our galaxy, galactic centre or from far off galaxies while abundant lesser energy charged particles coming to our atmosphere have different sources which should be explored. Some of the high energy charged particles reaching Earth are generated in the Sun and there number becomes significant during periods of solar flare. “It has been observed that Jupiter is absorbing a lot of sulfur from its volcanic moon Lo, and the gigantic magnetosphere of Jupiter generates billions of volts of electric field and energetic charged particles. In one study based on Galileo probe data, the presence of He ion as tracer for solar wind, sulfur ions coming from its natural satellite ‘Lo’ and oxygen ions coming from Jovian atmosphere itself, were studied. The charged particle acceleration mechanisms in Jovian magnetosphere were reported as ‘Alfven waves’, noadiabatic ion interaction with current sheet and by induced current fields”. [2] Could these magnetospheres of all planets (except Venus and Mars which are devoid of magnetospheres) and few natural satellites of planets having magnetospheres can trap and generate energetic charged particles apart from low energy cosmic rays in our solar system apart from high energy charged particles are coming from our Sun? Let us first study the possible mechanism of generation of energetic charged particles in our magnetosphere itself. Our aim will be to find out that from where the magnetosphere of Earth gets raw material for generation of charged particles? What is the mechanism of their production? How Magnetosphere can provide these particles, so much energy that they acquire the nature of cosmic rays? [Truncated by viXra Admin] This fundamental research studies the role of Moon in the formation of energetic charged particles in our magnetosphere and in regulation of its daily flux coming to Earth.
Category: Astrophysics

Load-Dependent Increase of Space-Time-Energy Contraction Generating Four Forces and Leading to Quantum Gravity

Authors: Ashok Saxena, Surekha Saxena
Comments: 26 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Kurt Gödel proved in his ‘Incompleteness theorem’, that there are problems which can not be solved by any mathematical procedures. With such a paradox of existing pure mathematical string models, a new approach of ‘model dependent realism’ is adopted to carve ‘Super symmetrical geometrical string model’ of structure and working of universe. The proposed mathematically consistent, Logistic ‘Treo model’ investigates ‘basic of all basics of the universe’, beyond the domain of mathematics, to find out ‘where do the laws of nature come from’. With the Introduction of Energy conventional, four dimensional space-time is converted in omnipresent Ten Dimensional Space Matrix (Space -Time-Energy). Since Newton written equations of gravitational field, we are only searching the equations of all force fields, without exploring how these basic four fields are formed. Without photon ‘EM forces’, without nucleons ‘binding strong nuclear forces’ and without alpha, beta and gamma particles ‘week forces’ can not erupt and at least a body is required for eruption of gravitational force. Mere presence of all these, exert a load (of mass or momentum) on space matrix which is neutralized by four generation of kinetic coloumn (four bosons), which all together unite to form field of respective force. Load (ACTION) dependent, layer by layer increasing contraction of unit Space- matrix (Space-Time-Energy) according to proposed coloumn geometry (2n-1 units are in any nth layer and n^2 units in any n layered kinetic coloumn), successively involves all four dimensions of space-time of one unit space, to concentrate and direct energy ‘for equal and opposite REACTION’. Thus with this changing geometry the solo force in nature, changes its magnitude and also type of force erupted, and thus generates fields of all four basic forces, and thus ‘Unites All Four Forces’ and leads us to Quantum Gravitation. The dispersing load at centre of cosmic body is first supported by four dimensional kinetic coloumn which forms gravitational sphere around its gravitational centre. This central load then disperses and neutralized by ‘three dimensional spherical deformation’, in which parent cosmic body is accommodated. Still distally in two dimensional elliptical deformations at various gravitational field quantum levels, according to gravitational kinetic energy levels in its orbits all baby bodies are placed.[Truncated by viXra Admin]
Category: Astrophysics

Quantum Gravity and Gravity Control

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 32 Pages. TESLA Extraordinary Conference presentation Aug. 13, 2021 [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Quantizing the qubit space, i.e. the SU2 gauge group, yields the Platonic solids as fundamental states. They correspond to triplets of flavored quarks, in duality. The structure of the positive electric charge of the proton, and of the neutral neutron in first approximation, is claimed to yield Gravity as a residual force. The ensuing breaking the isotropy symmetry allows for the use of Dynamical Nuclear Orientation to control the gravitational potential and hence inertial mass, the corresponding effective charge. This Gravity theory in a thermodynamic formulation was first proposed and tested by Dr. Frederick Alzofon in the 1980s. The above foundations based on the SM were added only recently by the author. Moreover, the current Standard Model gauge group U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3) is just a “blow-up” of the local parameterization of SU(2) viewed as a Hopf fibration (see Piotr Zenczyhowski, Elementary particles and Emergent Phase Space). This approach leads to a true unification of “fundamental” interactions. The ppp presents the main idea in a simple and intuitive way. For additional insights see the author’s recent preprints.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Examining Modern Mechanics as a Three-System Classical Mechanics-Based Theory of Moving Systems

Authors: Steven B. Bryant
Comments: 17 Pages. Keywords: Physics, Relativity, Special Relativity Theory, Moving Systems, Classical Mechanics, Modern Mechanics

Supported through a century of investigation, experimental support, and observational evidence, relativity is accepted as being conceptually sound, mathematically correct, and theoretically valid. Because it is believed to be the only theory that quantitatively explains certain experiments and yields E=mc^2, there is widespread support that any improvement will take the form of an enhancement to, rather than a replacement of the theory. Despite this degree of support, the seminal derivation of special relativity theory found in Section 3 of On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies contains a mathematical contradiction that must be remediated. Specifically, the τ and ξ equations are expressed in terms of x, y, and t, where Einstein derives ξ as ξ=τc, which is immediately followed by his stating the ξ and τ equations as: τ=β(t-vx/c^2 ) and ξ=β(x-vt), where β=1/SQRT(1-v^2/c^2 ). The contradiction occurs because the mathematical equality of ξ=τc is not maintained when both equations are evaluated using most combinations of x, y, and t. As a concrete example of the contradiction, when x=1, v=0, and t=0, we find that ξ=1 and τ=0, such that ξ≠τc. Here, we introduce Modern Mechanics, a three–system, classical mechanics–based model of moving systems, that does not contain the contradiction. While Modern Mechanics shares a common mathematical kernel with relativity, it uses different equations that can be viewed as an enhancement, or improvement, to the special relativity mathematics. Experimentally, Modern Mechanics yields E=mc^2 and produces a quantitatively better result for the Michelson-Morley experiment. Conceptually, Modern Mechanics differs from relativity because it removes the contradiction, concepts, and restrictions associated with relativity; integrates kinematics and electromagnetism while retaining the translation equation for moving systems; and offers novel insights into Einstein’s two–system relativity theory derivation (including discussing where and how the inequality is introduced).
Category: Classical Physics

A Very Easy Guide To Basic Heliophysics

Authors: Deep Bhattacharjee
Comments: 2 Pages, 3 Diagrams

Heliophysics is the physics of the Sun. The study of the Sun with detailed aspects of Heliomagnetodynamics, Proton-Proton chain reaction, instability fields, coronal mass ejections, sigmoid signatures and other basic properties has been reflected in this paper.
Category: Astrophysics

Function Hypergraphs

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 3 Pages. 2 images.

In this paper we are going to introduce the notion of function hypergraph. In hypergraphs we have sets of vertices linked by other elements (sub-sets) called edges and the sets can be distributed in many ways. My idea with function hypergraphs is develop a practical use of the theory using defined functions and variables instead of sets.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Essential Dutch Dictionary by G. Quist and D. Strik, the Graphical Law Classification

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 15 Pages. change in conclusion

We find that the Essential Dutch Dictionary by G. Quist and D. Strik is classified by a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in the presence of little external magnetic field.
Category: Condensed Matter

Explaining Relativity: Summary of TAU - A Unified Theory

Authors: Andrew Holster
Comments: 116 Pages.

This is a summary presentation of TAU, a theory proposed to explain relativity and unify physics. It is a radical change, because it proposes six dimensions of space, instead of the usual three (normal physics) or nine (string theory). It starts with an alternative foundation for Special Relativity, and leads to a unified theory of physics. It is a realist theory because it is realist about space and time. The TAU concept is briefly introduced here, and its results explained in three main areas, particles, gravity and cosmology. In these areas it makes strong predictions and has several tests. This presentation is based around these applications and the key questions of completing a full particle model, and completing tests of gravity and tests of cosmology. These will decide its fate as an empirical theory. The aim here is to give an overview, in reasonable detail for generalists to see how the model works, but with a minimum of theoretical derivations, so we do not get too bogged down in equations. There are a lot of illustrations instead. Please note this is only a survey of the theory, and a more detailed introduction with proofs follows in Chapters 2-6, where it is developed in stages. In the first half here, we go quickly over the main concepts, in the second half, we give some equations for cosmology and gravity solutions in more detail, because they are more novel.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Extended Bohr Theory

Authors: Paul K. Hoszowski
Comments: 11 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

The Extended Bohr Theory allows calculation of successive ionization energies (E_ion from I to VIII) for elements Z = 1 to Z = 18. Without using the Schrödinger equation it is possible to calculate singular spectral lines for many elements.For 1-electron systems accuracy is better than 0.001 eV. For 2-electron systems accuracy is better than 0.02 eV.For 3-electron systems accuracy is better than 0.02 eV.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Relevance of the Significant Reduction of X-ray Dose while Increasing the Resolution of Diagnostic Radiology

Authors: Avsharov Evgeny Mikhailovich
Comments: 9 Pages. In Russian

Currently existing approaches to the construction of x-ray diagnostic systems do not allow to combine in one product characteristics such as: - reduce x-ray dose by an order of magnitude, - reduction f the focal spot x-ray tube to a value of 0.1*0.1 mm and less in the millisecond time shooting the x-ray image; - decrease integral radiation power of the image frame coinciding with the period of radiation without increasing the instantaneous power of x-ray tube; - increasing resolution, dynamic x-ray detectors with a simultaneous increase in the speed of frames per second; - reducing the value of the ratio signal/noise and to increase the resolution of diagnostic images through mathematical processing of images. The output from the system of constraints is only possible through the creation of a new class of x-ray diagnostic systems, built on technology “Microsecond Radiology”, which incorporates the best of all three rentgenologii – Standard, Microfocus and Nanosecond rentgenology.
Category: Physics of Biology

Unknown Pattern of Prime Numbers

Authors: Zeolla Gabriel Martín
Comments: 11 Pages.

This text develops and formulates the discovery of an unknown pattern for prime numbers, with amazing and calculable characteristics. Using a mechanism similar to the Collatz conjecture. The latest version includes Python program
Category: Number Theory

Эфирный Электро-Магнетизм Часть 1: Статика Электростатика
Etheric Electromagnetism Part 1. Statics Electrostatics

Authors: Avsharov Evgeny Mikhailovich
Comments: 26 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

На сегодня нет доказательных опытов по электронной проводимости металлов и полупроводников, даже наоборот - приводит к физическому не пониманию например взаимосвязи и перпендикулярности токов, направлений движения и магнитных явлений, инерционности токовых процессов во времени, свойств "сверхпроводимости", эффектов в "Вилке Авраменко", в "эффекте Сигалова" и т.д. Эти же опыты, как будет показано ниже, могут быть объяснены эфиродинамическим подходом "Градиентной Эфиродинамики" с большей логической сходимостью причинно-следственных связей процессов при протекания токов, при генерации напряжений, во взаимосвязи токов и магнитных полей в пространстве и времени, исходя из единственного ключевого базового предположения: "электрический ток" в материальной среде представляет собой направленный поток эфира, порожденный разностью давлений эфира внутри локального пространства металлического проводника в локальном промежутке времени.

To date, there are no conclusive experiments on the electronic conductivity of metals and semiconductors, even on the contrary, it leads to a physical misunderstanding, for example, of the interconnection and perpendicularity of currents, directions of motion and magnetic phenomena, the inertia of current processes in time, the properties of "superconductivity", the effects in the "Avramenko Fork", in the "Sigalov effect", etc. The same experiments, as will be shown below, can be explained by the ether-dynamic approach "Gradient Etherodynamics" with greater logical convergence of cause-and-effect relationships of processes with the flow of currents, with the generation of voltages, in the relationship of currents and magnetic fields in space and time, proceeding from the only key basic assumption: the "electric current" in the material medium is a directed flow of ether generated by the difference in ether pressures inside the local space of a metal conductor in a local time interval.
Category: Classical Physics

Эфирный Электро-Магнетизм Часть 2: Статика Магнитостатика (Градиентная Эфиродинамика)
Etheric Electro-Magnetism Part 2: Statics Magnetostatics (Gradient Etherodynamics)

Authors: Avsharov Evgeny Mikhailovich
Comments: 19 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Это вторая часть публикации - "Эфирный Электро-Магнетизм. Часть 2. Статика" - "Магнитостатика". C точки зрения эфиродинамических процессов под термином "Статика", представляются все динамические процессы движения эфира, в которых первая производная любого макро процесса по времени в любой точке окружающего пространства, где протекают эти процессы, ровна нулю: dProcxx/dt = 0, т.е текущие эфиродинамические процессы в эфире стационарны!

This is the second part of the publication - "Etheric Electro-Magnetism. Part 2. Statics" - "Magnetostatics". From the point of view of ether-dynamic processes under the term "Static", all dynamic processes of ether movement, in which the first derivative of any macro process in time at any point of the surrounding space, where these processes occur, is equal to zero: dProcxx / dt = 0, i.e. current ether-dynamic processes in ether are stationary!
Category: Classical Physics

Эфирный Электро-Магнетизм Часть 3: Динамика "Электро-Магнитных" процессов (Градиентная Эфиродинамика)
Etheric Electro-Magnetism Part 3: Dynamics of "Electro-Magnetic" Processes (Gradient Etherodynamics)

Authors: Avsharov Evgeny Mikhailovich
Comments: 21 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Это третья часть публикации - "Эфирный Электро-Магнетизм. Часть 3. Динамика "Электро-Магнитных" процессов". C точки зрения эфиродинамических процессов под термином "Динамика", представляются все динамические процессы движения эфира, в которых первая производная любого макро процесса по времени в любой точке окружающего пространства, где протекают эти процессы, не ровна нулю: 0 < dProcxx/dt < 0, т.е текущие эфиродинамические процессы в эфире не стационарны!

This is the third part of the publication - "Etheric Electro-Magnetism. Part 3. Dynamics of" Electro-Magnetic "processes". From the point of view of ether-dynamic processes, the term "Dynamics" represents all dynamic processes of ether movement, in which the first derivative of any macro process in time at any point of the surrounding space, where these processes take place, is not equal to zero: 0 <dProcxx / dt <0, that is, the current ether-dynamic processes in the ether are not stationary!
Category: Classical Physics

Nuclear Fusion Research and Development Need New Relativistic Mass and Energy Correction Given by the Information Relativity Theory

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 21 Pages.

Hundred years after the conjecture of the British astronomer Eddington that the sun is powered by nuclear fusion of hydrogen, new physics theory may help making energy harvesting by nuclear fusion soon a reality. Researchers as well as investors funding the fusion megaprojects are asked to deal with new relativistic corrections for mass and energy proposed by Suleiman in his Information Relativity Theory (IRT). It will help to decide whether a venture will be successful and to save big investments when in doubt. Nature is governed by the golden ratio and criticality of physical systems influenced by it, and nuclear physics is not an exception. Computer simulations of the underlying controlled nuclear fusion processes should gain profit from IRT corrected starting information and may tackle anew possible low energy nuclear transmutations considering the wave-like dark components of matter and energy. The assumed optimal kinetic energy for controlled nuclear fusion must be corrected to a somewhat higher level. At very high kinetic energy in the upper GeV range it remains not enough baryonic mass to be transformed in energy. The fusion probability faded out to zero already at the golden limit of the recession speed of v/c=φ=(√5-1)/2 between target nucleon and projectile nucleon. Cold nuclear fusion, if ever possible, is recommended for protons rather than deuterons at highest experimental possible temperatures around 1000(K) and needs fine-tuned kinetic nucleon energy. It would be also of interest whether a golden ratio based nuclear fuel confinement chamber could be beneficial. In this connection also cold nuclear fusion setups should be discussed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Logic and Intuition

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper aims to inspire thinking on the capabilities and potential of the human brain. The brain apparently has great potential for development and great untapped capabilities. Practically everyone is keen on improving his mental capacity, especially the capability of logical reasoning, that is, the ability in utilising logic to achieve the desired outcomes. It appears that logic is equated with intelligence and is regarded as the most important aspect of thinking by many (though emotional intelligence is now the new kid in the block which seems to be gaining traction). The author here looks at reasoning or logic, as well as intuition, from a different and perhaps unique perspective.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Information Theory Applied to Bayesian Network for Learning Continuous Data Matrix

Authors: Ait-Taleb Nabil
Comments: 34 Pages.

In this paper, we are proposing a learning algorithm for continuous data matrix based on entropy absorption of a Bayesian network.This method consists in losing a little bit of likelihood compared to a chain rule's best likelihood, in order to get a good idea of the higher conditionings that are taking place between the Bayesian network's nodes. We are presenting the known results related to information theory, the multidimensional Gaussian probability, AIC and BIC scores for continuous data matrix learning from a Bayesian network, and we are showing the entropy absorption algorithm using the Kullback-leibler divergence with an example of continuous data matrix.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Curbing the Spread of Covid-19

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 6 Pages.

Covid-19 has made its unexpected entrance into the world some time in late 2019 causing much fear, economic disasters, suffering and fatalities throughout the world. This paper suggests a more aggressive intervention and strategy, for humanity should not let themselves be sitting ducks waiting for the virus to attack, and some possible methods for stopping Covid-19 in its path. (A useful summary is included just below.)
Category: Physics of Biology

On Reality

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 6 Pages. Please Note: The Abstract of the paper has been revised/changed. Thanks a lot!

One may wonder what reality, which is abstract and intangible, is. This paper examines the various concepts of reality which is nevertheless an important mental construct.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Some Inconsistence in Logic

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper brings up some important points about logic, e.g., mathematical logic, and also an inconsistence in logic as per Godel’s incompleteness theorems which state that there are mathematical truths that are not decidable or provable. These incompleteness theorems have shaken the solid foundation of mathematics where innumerable proofs and theorems have pride of place. The great mathematician David Hilbert had been much disturbed by them. There are much long unsolved famous conjectures in mathematics, e.g., the twin primes conjecture, the Goldbach conjecture, the Riemann hypothesis, et al. Perhaps, by Godel’s incompleteness theorems the proofs for these famous conjectures will not be possible and the numerous mathematicians attempting to find solutions for these conjectures are simply banging their heads against the metaphorical wall. Besides mathematics, Godel’s incompleteness theorems will have ramifications in other areas involving logic. The paper looks at the ramifications of the incompleteness theorems, which pose the serious problem of inconsistency, and offers a solution to this dilemma. The paper also looks into the apparent inconsistence of the axiomatic method in mathematics.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Relativity’s Fundamental Ideas

Authors: Edward G. Lake
Comments: 8 Pages. minor corrections

Einstein’s 1905 and 1915 papers on Relativity contain fundamental ideas that deserve individual study and understanding. Looking at them as specific "ideas," instead of as "principles" or "concepts," allows a clearer understanding of how they work together, separate from the many different ways they can be expressed mathematically.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Shortest Addition Chain of Numbers of Special Forms

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper we study the shortest addition chains of numbers of special forms. We obtain the crude inequality $$\iota(2^n-1)\leq n+1+G(n)$$ for some function $G:\mathbb{N}\longrightarrow \mathbb{N}$. In particular we obtain the weaker inequality $$\iota(2^n-1)\leq n+1+\left \lfloor \frac{n-2}{2}\right \rfloor$$ where $\iota(n)$ is the length of the shortest addition chain producing $n$.
Category: Number Theory

Influence of Time on the Movement of Matter

Authors: Anton Chernikov
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

The article considers the possible influence of time on the movement of matter. The concept of time perturbation is introduced. The influence of the gradient of the inhomogeneity of the course of time on the motion of matter is described.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Is the Universe Still Flat?

Authors: Thomas Neil Neubert
Comments: 6 Pages.

Is the universe still flat? Why do so few scientists understand, accept, and discuss the systemic problems inherent in a flat universe metatheory (a.k.a. the Standard Model of Cosmology)? Furthermore, why are the majority of physicists and astrophysicist so certain, that in the upcoming CERN antimatter gravity free fall experiments, that antihydrogen will fall down in the Earth’s gravitational field? And why are the remaining minority so certain that antihydrogen will fall up? Why does no one predict a null result (as I do)? The upcoming 2022 CERN ALPHA antimatter gravity free fall experiments are crucial tests of quantum gravity. But the predictions, that antihydrogen atoms will fall down or up, are based on false confidence in classical gravity analogies. Much physics is gravitationally unsolved or disputed. Baryon asymmetry, cosmic inflation, extra dimensions, size and shape of the universe, black hole information paradox, white holes, the equivalence principle, the graviton, quantum gravity, dark matter, and whether gravitational waves carry energy or not are disputed or unsolved gravity physics problems. If antihydrogen atoms fall down in the Earth’s gravitation field, we learn little; if they fall up, we learn a bit more. But with a high precision null result, in CERN’s upcoming antimatter gravity free fall experiments, physics and astronomy will need to reconsider everything. I cannot think of another gravity experiment, that is possibly more consequential to the development of quantum gravity and that opens the floodgates of new physics. So why aren’t theorists sharpening their pencils and developing hypotheses that would explain a null result to the upcoming CERN antimatter gravity experiment? Lack of imagination? Overconfidence? Certainty? Let’s try to loosen the authority of the peer reviewed crowd. Galileo said, “In science the authority of thousands of opinions is not worth as much as one tiny spark of reason in an individual man.” If in the CERN antimatter gravity free fall experiments antihydrogen falls up or down; then my recent paper A Toy Gravity Universe and the Quantum Graviton (which predicts a null result) is absolutely incorrect. With a null result, my paper may be mostly correct. Either way, physics needs a quantum gravity metatheory to guide experimental and mathematical physics. This paper describes how to developing such. The foundation prediction of my quantum gravity metatheory is that antimatter will neither fall up nor down in Earth’s gravitational field. Fortunately, CERN has been preparing the necessary experiment for decades.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Bell’s Spaceship Paradox from the Perspective of Length Expansion

Authors: KyeongDo Kwak
Comments: 4 Pages.

Many researchers argue that strings break when discussing Bell's spaceship paradox. This is described under the premise that the length contraction is correct. However, I studied the spaceship parable from the point of view of length expansion, not length contraction. I examined whether there were logical contradictions among observers, and I also examined the relationship between the basic rule of relativity and causality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Phase Transition in Econophysics

Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: 2 Pages.

Thermodynamics applied to economy: phase and critical exponent. Liquid and solid economic phase with critical points.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Attitude Propagation Using Slewing and Rotational Transformations of a Single Axis

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 19 Pages.

The exact slewing attitude transformation of a single axis that moves along a conical trajectory was derived. The result was used to increase the attitude propagation accuracy using a single axis by incorporating the slewing motion of the angular rate vector into the attitude propagation algorithm. It was shown that when the slew rate of the angular rate vector has a fixed orientation in the body frame and has a magnitude proportional to the angular rate vector magnitude, the attitude can be propagated with only numerical roundoff error. The findings not only agree with previously published results, but provide and additional new solution due to the commutative property of the associated slewing and rotational transformations. The algorithm was applied to pure coning motion having time dependent angular rate magnitude and the coning motion of axisymmetric vehicles with time dependent angular rate magnitude. Numerical examples that demonstrate the improvement in accuracy are included.
Category: Classical Physics

Uncertainty Principle Fully Explained by Simple Novel Example

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 4 Pages.

Simple thought experiment is used to explain how Uncertainty Principle arises from the conflict between the results of measurement on a real system and the restrictions of our conceptual model needed to make it conceivable to classical mind
Category: Quantum Physics

Inexplicability of the Beth’s Experiment Within the Framework of Maxwell's Electrodynamics

Authors: R. I. Khrapko
Comments: 6 Pages.

It is shown that the electromagnetic field in the well-known Beth's experiment contains no linear momentum. This means that the angular momentum of the field in the Beth’s experiment is zero, since the angular momentum, by definition, is the moment of the linear momentum. Nevertheless, the half-wave plate in the Beth’s experiment receives an angular momentum from the field, which, by definition, does not have this angular momentum. This means that the definition of the angular momentum of an electromagnetic field should be changed to explain the Beth’s experiment. The angular momentum of an electromagnetic field contains a spin term that does not depend on linear momentum.
Category: Classical Physics

Бивекторная алгебра (Bivector Algebra)

Authors: S. Y. Kotkovsky
Comments: 17 Pages. In Russian

В настоящей работе изучается алгебра икватернионов ненулевой меры с их главной подалгеброй в виде комплекснозначных трехмерных векторов, которые в свою очередь подразделяются на моновекторы и бивекторы. Исследуются свойства комплексных векторов аналогичные параллельности и ортогональности обычных вещественных векторов. Найдены векторные структуры, цикличные относительно произведения, и доказана теорема о тождественности векторного цикла и ориентированного базиса. Как мы выяснили, базисы комплексного векторного пространства так же, как и в вещественном случае распадаются на две ориентации, непереводимые друг в друга непрерывными преобразованиями. Сравнение свойств бивекторов и нульвекторов при унитарных преобразованиях и их циклических структур позволяет говорить об однозначном соответствии этих алгебр заряженным частицам и свету. Тем самым даётся алгебраическое обоснование ключевого для физики векторного характера электромагнитного поля.

In this paper, we study the algebra of nonzero measure icaternions with their principal subalgebra in the form of complex-valued three-dimensional vectors, which in turn are subdivided into monovectors and bivectors. The properties of complex vectors similar to the parallelism and orthogonality of ordinary real vectors are investigated. Vector structures that are cyclic with respect to the product are found, and a theorem on the identity of a vector cycle and an oriented basis is proved. As we have found out, the bases of the complex vector space, as in the real case, split into two orientations, which cannot be translated into each other by continuous transformations. Comparison of the properties of bivectors and zero vectors under unitary transformations and their cyclic structures allows us to speak about the unambiguous correspondence of these algebras to charged particles and light. Thus, an algebraic substantiation of the key vector nature of the electromagnetic field for physics is given.
Category: Algebra

Numerical Analysis of Micromixer Based on Microrobots

Authors: Abdurrahim Yilmaz, Ali Anil Demircali, Beste Baban, Serra Ozkasap, Yegor Samoylenko, Krishiv Chadha, Huseyin Uvet
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this study, performances of a micromixer based on microfluidics are estimated numerically. Faster and more efficient an active micromixer model that minimizes human contact was presented by making numerical calculations with basic microfluidic equations. In the model that we created, two liquids of the same type were given to the micromixer environment based on microrobotic-shaped mixer with 0.005 second steps for the 3 seconds. The concentration of the first liquid was 1 mol/m3, and the concentration of the second liquid was 5 mol/m3. As a result of mixing, the new concentration of the mixed two liquids was expected to be 3 mol/m3 at ideal conditions. According to the value calculated as a result of the simulation, the concentration of the liquid was 2.945 mol/m3. The mixing efficiency obtained from the model examined in the study was 98.181%. In order to better interpret the efficiency of the presented model, it was compared with other active micromixer models.
Category: Mathematical Physics

In the World of the Observer

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 17 pages, 18 figures

The numerical value of any measurement outcome is mapped by any function of the observer’s choosing onto integers and fractions of a denomination of the observer’s choosing. Measurement outcomes that are closely related in the mind of the observer result in symmetrically related integers and fractions. From the totality of measurements, the observer apprehends a self-consistent reality ruled by theories believed by the observer.
Category: Quantum Physics

Radii of Electron, Proton, Neutron, Deuteron and Helium Nucleus

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 14 Pages. 2 figures.

In our previous papers, we once gave formulas and value for the classical electron radius (re=2.81794032658(43) fm) and the proton charge radius. In this paper, we give new and more reasonable formulas and values for the proton charge radius, and the values should be different according to the three different measurement methods, so we give three values, i.e., rp/H=0.8330977868 fm, rp/H-μ=0.8419605292 fm and rp/e=0.8311047299 fm. In addition, we also give formulas and values for the neutron charge radius (rn/e=0.3312876729 fm), the deuteron charge radius (rd/D=2.142299805 fm, rd/D-μ=2.125297426 fm and rd/e=2.127921954), the neutron equivalent radius in deuteron (rn/D=1.309202018 fm) and the charge radius of helium nucleus (α particle) (rα/He= 1.688564465 fm, rα/He-μ= 1.678205173 fm and rα/e=1.681409530).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Area Efficient Decoder and Simulation Study Using Quantum Dot Cellular Automata

Authors: Aarthi Nadarajan
Comments: 3 Pages.

The progress and dominance of the microelectronics industry has been based on scaling and maintaining functionality at ever smaller scales. The resulting changes in size and package density have limitations due to the physical laws that govern the transistor paradigm. Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) offer a solution to accomplish device functionalities at nanometer scales. This paper details QCA implementation with simulation results which intuitively prove they are much smaller than the same circuits in standard CMOS technology. The proposed area efficient decoder in this paper is optimal in terms of usage of number of quantum dot cells with a simpler clocking scheme and good performance. The field of quantum dots is relatively at its infancy with significant opportunities for future growth and real time implementations.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

A Pronunciation System for Binary Numbers

Authors: Matthew C. Bartsh
Comments: 10 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

The author propose a pronunciation system for binary numbers. The system is optimized for ease of learning, since an easily learned algorithm generates the names. The system is secondarily optimized for speed of pronunciation, using very short names for the binary numbers.
Category: Education and Didactics

A Simple Proof for Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Gaurav Krishna
Comments: 11 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

The approach to the problem is in the reverse. Instead of moving from 3n+1, we move from the final answer and extract all the possible values of n. They key was to find out a unique way of all the possible n’s that emanate from 2y. Tried it the other way round, gets messier. So just sharing the final simpler version. The paper contains tables, which are basically equations for sets of data and rearrangement of those tables is just playing with the underlying equations. The solution: Redefining the problem → Identifying the pattern → analyzing the pattern → eliminating rouge data → testing for all the possible values of n.
Category: Number Theory

Why Uranus and the Other Planets of the Solar System Are Better Prospects Than Mars in Understanding Biological Life

Authors: Pardis Tabaee Damavandi
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

This an opinion article about why uranus and the other planets of the solar system are better prospects than mars in understanding biological life.
Category: Astrophysics

On the Geometrical Optics and the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: Written in English, 2 pages, no figure.

We assume that the curvature in the Atiyah-Singer index theorem is related with the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor where the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor is decomposed into the unrestricted electric (scalar) potential part and the restricted magnetic (vector) potential part. This decomposition is a consequence of the magnetic symmetry existence for the gauge potential in the geometrical optics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Muon Catalyzed Fusion Might be the “ignition Key” for Lattice-Assisted Nuclear Reactions

Authors: Jozsef Garai
Comments: 3 Pages.

The required conditions for igniting and maintaining the lattice-assisted nuclear reactions are different. The required conditions are strict for the ignition, and looser for maintaining the reaction. The ignited reaction is stable and remains active for a very long period of time. These observations indicate that the experimental conditions in the deuterium-palladium electrochemical system meet the requirements for sustaining the reaction, and the so-called reproducibility problem arising from the uncertainty of ignition of the process. It is hypothesized that muon catalyzed fusion ignites the reaction, which then becomes self-sustained. The random nature of the cosmic ray produced muons is consistent with the observed reproducibility problem. Cosmic ray muons, collimated by electric, and/or magnetic fields, might be the right tool to reliably ignite the LANR process. The optimum energy and flux density of muons, which can activate the fusion, could be experimentally defined. Planetary and astrophysical aspects of the proposed hypothesis are briefly discussed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

How to Create a Universe

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 71 Pages. This is part of the Hilbert Book Model Project

Creating a universe out of nothing seems an impossible task. A closer investigation shows that some difficult steps pose problems, but most steps are feasible and realistic. This document explains the realistic steps and analyses the steps that pose problems. The analysis intensively applies the concept of vector space and the extensions of this concept, such as number systems, the Hilbert space, and the Hilbert repository. Set theory plays an important role in the exploration of the behavior of the universe. The paper shows that it is impossible to comprehend physical reality without comprehending these parts of mathematics. The paper also shows that the mentioned mathematical concepts are not yet fully explored and might reveal more of the secrets of physical reality. For comprehending physical reality, it is crucial to be able to grasp the change in behavior of a set of numbers when irrational numbers are added to the rational numbers. This occurs in the one-dimensional real numbers and the one-dimensional or three-dimensional spatial numbers. It appears that the change in the behavior of spatial numbers explains the origin of gravity. The typical behavior also explains the existence of dark energy objects and dark matter objects.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Candidates for Novel EM Propulsion

Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 28 Pages. Presented at APEC Conference 10th July 2021 [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Activities currently falling into 3 main areas – 2nd Law exceptions, FTL exceptions and Electromagnetic propulsion. No intention of having 3 such contentious projects, enquiries just ended up that way. I like things with a “mechanism” (a rationale, in the sense of a chemist – atoms, objects in motion etc.), not just a mathematical proof, something physical a prelude to experiment. Shall focus on EM propulsion today and if there’s time, maybe a little bit about the other projects.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Submarine Paradox from the Perspective of Length Expansion

Authors: KyeongDo Kwak
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this study, the submarine paradox proposed by Supplee was approached with the length expansion theory rather than the length contraction theory. I looked at how the density of submarines changes and whether this paradox can be solved without contradiction. In addition to what Supplee described, I have studied this problem by adding an observer to the sky. As a result, I looked to see if additional contradictions arise in this paradox or if the contradictions are resolved. Additionally, I studied the commonalities between this paradox and the paradox of the constancy of the speed of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Machine Prototype to Assist Differently Abled People

Authors: Shiv Kokroo
Comments: 2 Pages. Creative Commons license.

Here, I describe a machine prototype that allows differently-abled people to walk again. The unique feature of this machine is that it can be mass-produced for a very reasonable cost and the hardware/software is mostly open source.
Category: Digital Signal Processing