All Submission Categories

Langenscheidt's German-English English-German Dictionary and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 33 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study Langenscheidt's German-English English-German Dictionary. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of the German language entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised( unnormalised). We find that the words underlie a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in the presence of little external magnetic field.Moreover, we compare the German language with two Romance languages, the Basque and the Romanian, respectively,with respect to Spin-Glass magnetisation.
Category: Linguistics

On Spin-Charge Separation

Authors: Andrzej Okniński
Comments: 4 Pages. One reference added

Recently, we have demonstrated that the Dirac equation can be cast into a form involving higher-order spinors. We have shown that the transformed Dirac equation splits into two equations, describing charged spin $0$ and (massless) spin $\frac{1}{2}$ particles. We apply this result to the problem of spin-charge separation.
Category: Quantum Physics

An Equation Relating Planck Length, Planck's Constant and the Golden Ratio

Authors: Ankur S Bhatt, F.M. Becker
Comments: 2 Pages. Just realized I placed my author name without my middle initial before. so would like it to be listed with my other papers. Thank you

Planck's constant, Planck length and the golden ratio can all be written as a simple equation. It is not yet clear if this is simply a mathematical coincidence or rather something with a deeper fundamental meaning. A few ideas will be suggested that might be physical in nature.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Fundaments of a Theory of Aether – Part 2

Authors: Ionel Dinu
Comments: 17 Pages.

In this work computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is for the first time applied to the field of electrostatics. It is possible to treat electrostatics mechanically because the interacting particles, which present science calls “charged with electricity”, are in this theory considered to be charged with energy, vibrating and transmitting their vibrations to one another through the liquid aether. The aim of this work is to show that the concept of “electric charge” in use today, employing action at a distance and explaining nothing as to how the action of charged particles on one another takes place, can be replaced with the concept of energy charge which, besides being simpler, has the advantage of offering a mechanical explanation of the electrostatic action. The attractions and repulsions produced by energy charged particles vibrating in a liquid are consistent with those observed in electrostatic phenomena, which makes the concept of “electric charge” an unnecessary and artificial invention.
Category: Classical Physics

Why a Universe?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 2 Pages.

A short and informal essay speculating on the possible reasons why a simulated Universe might be created. Themes in literature and art are compared with high-level observations and theories of our physical and natural world as points suggesting the Universe is one of many used to programmatically mine, filter, search, or create a special solution or result.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Problem on Sum of Powers of Binomial Coefficients

Authors: Suaib Lateef
Comments: 5 pages

In this paper, we present a problem concerning the sum of powers of Binomial coefficients. We prove two special cases of the problem using some simple identities involving Binomial coefficients, and list another two cases but without proof.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Interpretation of Some Nuclear Phenomena

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 8 Pages.

The stability of nickel nucleus Ni-68 compared to the Ni-60 and the instability of light nuclei with many neutrons are interpreted. Also, the elongation of heavy nuclei and the mechanism that acts as a catalyst for the nuclear fission of uranium U-235 are interpreted.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Instances of Functional Heterochiral Replication of the J. Byl Structure Supported by Two State-Set Permutations

Authors: Perry W Swanborough
Comments: 7 Pages.

Previous work demonstrates that strict heterochiral replication of self-replicating loops in two-dimensional cellular automaton space is not possible under any single cell-state transition function, but a less-strict functional heterochirality is possible with the introduction of a different broken symmetry: a cell state-set permutation applied exclusively to left- (or right-) handed replication. A new result reported here is that up to two different state-set permutations applied to one replication chirality can support functionally-heterochiral replication of the J. Byl self-replicating structure in one common cellular automata space.
Category: Physics of Biology

A Dictionary of Modern Italian, the Graphical Law and Dictionary of Law and Administration, 2000, National Law Development Foundation

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 27 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study A Dictionary of Modern Italianby John Purves.We draw the natural logarithm of thenumber of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of therank of the letter, normalised( unnormalised).We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH=0) i.e. amagnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours in absence of external magnetic field. H is external magnetic field,β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature andk_B is the Boltzmann constant. Moreover, we compare the Italian language with other Romance languages. These are the Spanish, the Basque and the Romanianlanguages respectively. On the top of it, we compare A Dictionary of Modern Italian withDictionary of Law and Administration, 2000, by National Law Development Foundation.We find a tantalizing similarity between the Modern Italian and the jargon of law and administartion.
Category: Condensed Matter

о нерешённых загадках современной наблюдательной космологии (On the Unsolved Mysteries of Modern Observational Cosmology)

Authors: Nikolay Lutsenko
Comments: 32 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Выполнен анализ 15-ти самых загадочных явлений в космологии, не нашедших понимания в рамках стандартной ЛСДМ-модели Доказано кризисное состояние современной космологической науки, носящее системный характер Показана невозможность решения названных загадок и выхода из системного кризиса без создания новой Теории устройства Вселенной.

An analysis of 15 of the most mysterious phenomena in cosmology that have not found understanding within the framework of the standard LSDM model has been carried out The state of crisis of modern cosmological science, which is of a systemic nature, has been proved. The impossibility of solving the aforementioned riddles and getting out of the systemic crisis without creating a new Theory of the structure of the Universe is shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Feminism in Science: an Imposed Ideology and a Witch Hunt

Authors: Martín López Corredoira
Comments: 24 Pages. English+Spanish version. Published in Scripta Philosophiae Naturalis, 20, 3 (2021). Conference at 8th Symposium of the "Circle of Natural Philosophy", Facultes Libres de Philosophie et de Psychologie de Paris, 2021 June 2nd-4th

Metaphysical considerations aside, today’s inheritors of the tradition of natural philosophy are primarily scientists. However, they are oblivious to the human factor involved in science and in seeing how political, religious, and other ideologies contaminate our visions of nature. In general, philosophers observe human (historical, sociological, and psychological) processes within the construction of theories, as well as in the development of scientific activity itself. In our time, feminism—along with accompanying ideas of identity politics under the slogan “diversity, inclusion, equity”—has emerged in science policies. The vast majority of scientists (including myself) are convinced that discrimination is reprehensible. We also believe that all individuals of any sex, race, ethnic group, or ideology should be valued in academia solely based on his or her merits and potential through equality programs. However, as I will show in this article, political indoctrination has inadmissibly undertaken the struggle for equality in academic institutions in Western countries. I argue here that universities and research institutes should be politically free (neutral) to encourage academic freedom. One negative aspect of equality programs is that worldwide, scientists are harassed for expressing opinions related to the “gender” issue. This situation severely restricts scientists’ freedom of expression, even within the limits of the law. Codes of conduct extending beyond legal boundaries are examples of this issue. Scientists who express their views about “gender” are often harassed, bullied, and socially or academically excluded. Thus, we are witnessing a wave of proselytizing in research institutes and science-associated media. Today, there is widespread biased propaganda of “victimhood”. This propaganda proposes positive discrimination and increasing women’s participation in unnatural ways. It also bends the history of science by overvaluing the creations of forgotten women, offering lectures on indoctrination, organizing congresses on gender and science, and persecuting anyone who sees the subject differently. All of this covered by a multitude of associations that financially benefit from these discourses through succulent subsidies of public money. Apparently, feminism is no longer about fighting against discrimination. Instead, it is about imposing an ideology and giving more power to one group of people. Thus, we must ask whether the end justifies the means.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Ontological Necessity of Nonmetricity: a Sketch

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 2 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

In this short letter we present a well-defined energy-momentum tensor of spacetime (gravitational field) which will have important ontologic consequences.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Completeness of One Analytical Solution in Electrodynamics

Authors: Zafar Turakulov
Comments: 5 Pages.

An analytical solution of the equation $\dif\,{}^\ast\dif\alpha=0$ where the 1-form $\alpha$ stands for ``vector potential'' of electromagnetic field of uniformly accelerated charge presented in the work \cite{jgp}, was obtained in an incomplete coordinate system. Incompleteness of the system used gives rise to doubts about correctness of the solution because of possible presence of extra sources of the filed beyond the chart of the covered by coordinates. A rigorous criterion of existence or non-existence of extra sources of this sort is proposed which was appliel to the solution. As a result, it is found that no extra sources beyond the chart exist and hence, the solution describes the field on uniformly accelerated charge properly. However, this fact discloses another discrepancy in foundations of the field theory.
Category: Classical Physics

The 40x33 km Elliptical Pilbara Crater Near Port Hedland (NW-Australia)_raman Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 20 pages, 33 images, 28 diagrams

Raman spectra of quartz samples collected at the sample sites 25, 11 and 10 provide first evidence for this 40 x 33 km elliptical Impact Crater and for the secondary impact-structures produced by this crater The impact crater is located near Port Hedland in Western Australia. Because of the ellipical shape of the crater it is the result of an oblique impact. That means the impactor which formed the crater impacted in a very shallow angle of probably less then 10°. Because of the shallow impact angle, fragments of the impactor were ejected from the crater and caused complex secondary impact structures 40 km and 80 km further east of this elliptical crater. One of the secondary impact structures is Mount Goldsworthy which contained the world’s richest deposits of ferrous (iron)-ore with a share of up to 68 % iron. Beside the Raman spectra which I present as evidence and first verification for this elliptical crater and its secondary impact structures, there is additional geo-physical evidence provided from a magnetic anomaly map, which clearly indicates the elliptical crater, including a center-line structure in the crater, and which shows the secondary impact structures in detail. The shifts of the main Raman peaks to the lower frequencies 463, 261, 198/205 and 125 cm-1 in a quartz sample from the sample site 25 ( Stone 2 ), which was collected inside the crater area, clearly indicates that the quartz was exposed to a shock pressure of around 22 GPa. ( see explanation at page 19 ). Further evidence for an impact event is provided by quartz samples from sample sites 10 & 11 which are located in the area of the secondary impact-structure Mt Goldsworthy. These quartz samples show shifts of the main Raman bands ( peaks ) to the lower frequencies 463, 260, 204 and 126 cm-1 which also indicates a shock pressure of around 22 GPa. Further evidence comes from a microscopic image of sample 25 (stone 3) which indicates planar deformtion features (PDFs). All spectra were made with a BRUKER Senterra-II Raman Microscope (wavenumber precision <0.1cm-1) Images of the analysed rock samples and photos of the sample sites are in the Appendix at page 17. Images of all sample sites are available on www.permiantriassic.de or www.permiantriassic.at
Category: Geophysics

The 30 km Mount Warning Impact Crater and the 1.5 km Impact Crater (East-Australia)_raman Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 18 pages, 33 images, 20 diagrams

Raman spectra of samples taken from the sample sites 8-B2, 8-B3 and 15-B and 15-C provide evidence for an impact scenario in the Mt Warning area in East-Australia. The 30 km crater-shaped Mt Warning area and a smaller diameter 1.5 km circular crater structure, which is located directly near the crater-rim of the Mt Warning Crater, seem to belong to a large-scale impact event caused by the 320 km Cape York Crater in NE-Australia. The possible 320 km Cape York Crater belongs to a Secondary Impact Crater Chain along the NE-coast of Australia which was caused by ejecta from the giant 1270 x 950 km Permian Triassic Crater in the Arctic Sea. According to the current geological theory Mount Warning is a strongly erroded shield volcano. Refering to my Permian-Triassic Impact Hypothesis Mt Warning is the result of an impact of a big ejecta-fragment from the Cape York Crater or from the PT-Impact Crater, that caused this 30 km secondary crater which fractured Earth’s crust and resulted in the growth of a large shield volcano on top of the crater. The Raman spectra of quartz from sample site 8-B2, from the foot of the hypothtical main crater-wall of the Mt Warning Crater, provides first evidence for an impact event ! The shifts of the main Raman peaks to the lower frequencies 463, 260, 205 and 127 cm-1 which are visible in the Raman Spectra of the quartz-sample, clearly indicate that the quartz from this site was exposed to a shock pressure of around 20 - 22 GPa (see page 17). Further evidence comes from the quartz inclusions of rock sample 8-B3 from the same location. The shifts of the main Raman peaks to the lower frequencies 263 and 205 cm-1 indicate the same shock pressure of around 20 - 22 GPa. The spectra of the rock samples from site 15-B and 15-C, the central mountain in the Mt Warning Crater, all indicate magmatic rocks which seems to confirm the fomation of a volcano in the crater-center, in contrast to the real impact-(wall)-structures on the crater-rim. All spectra were made with a BRUKER Senterra-II Raman Microscope ( wavenumber precision <0.1cm-1 ). Images of the analysed rock samples and photos of the sample sites are in the Appendix at page 12. Images of all sample sites are available on www.permiantriassic.de or www.permiantriassic.at
Category: Geophysics

The 160 km Salerno Impact Crater (Italy)_raman Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 29 pages, 53 images, 41 diagrams

Raman spectra of quartz samples collected at sample site 21 near Ascea on the west-coast of Italy ( near Sapri ) provide first indication for the 160 km Salerno Impact Crater described in my hypothesis. The yet unknown 160 km “Salerno Crater“ belongs to a larger Secondary Impact Crater Chain, which was caused by impacting ejecta material that was ejected by the 1270 x 950 km Permian Triassic Impact Crater (PTI), located in the Arctic Sea near Alaska, according to my hypothesis. The samples which I collected to proof the “Salerno Crater“ did not provide the same clear evidence for a secondary impact crater, as for example the samples from Cabo de Creus in Spain, which provided solid evidence for the 130 x 110 km „Bay of Lyon Impact Crater“, that belongs to the same Secondary Impact Crater Chain as the “Salerno Crater“, caused by the PT Impact-Event. But the Raman spectra of quartz from sample site 21 at least provide a first indication for a shock event. The shifts of the main Raman bands (peaks) to the lower frequencies 261, 204 and 125 cm-1 (Stone 1) and to 260 and 205 cm-1 (Stone 2) which are visible in the Raman Spectra of these quartz-samples from sample site 21 at least give a first indication that the quartz was exposed to a shock pressure in the range of 20 - 22 GPa. The shock pressure probably was just below the treshold of 22 GPa so that the main quartz line at 464 didn’t shift to a lower frequency ( see explanation in the Appendix at page 28 ) Quartz in the samples from the sample site 20 also show shifts in one or two of the main Raman bands ( peaks ) to the lower frequencies 263 and 205 cm-1. The microscopic images of some of the analysed quartz grains in samples from site 21 & 20 may provide further proof for a shock event caused by an impact (see page 5 & 6). The images show complex micro-fracture-patterns in the analysed quartz grains. All spectra were made with a BRUKER Senterra-II Raman Microscope (wavenumber precision <0.1cm-1). Images of the analysed rock samples and photos of the sample sites are in the Appendix at page 24. More images of all sample sites are available on www.permiantriassic.de or www.permiantriassic.at
Category: Geophysics

Space Billionaire Fantasies

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages.

There’s something otherworldly about individuals owning and commanding many billions of dollars. Things get interesting when mega-billionaires start believing they know more than they know. It’s not enough to control some of Earth’s basic industries. Hubristic titans desire the global glory of rescuing our arrogant species.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Recommendations for Improving the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Data Practices for Pneumonia, Influenza, and COVID-19

Authors: John F. McGowan, Tam Hunt, Josh Mittledorf
Comments: 26 Pages.

During the pandemic, millions of Americans have become acquainted with the CDC because its reports and the data it collects affect their day-to-day lives. But the methodology used and even some of the data collected by CDC remain opaque to the public and to the community of academic epidemiology. In this paper, we highlight areas in which CDC methodology might be improved and where greater transparency might lead to broad collaboration. (1) "Excess" deaths are routinely reported, but not "years of life lost", an easily-computed datum that is important for public policy. (2) What counts as an "excess death"? The method for computing the number of excess deaths does not include error bars and we show a substantial range of estimates is possible. (3) Pneumonia and influenza death data on different CDC pages is grossly contradictory. (4) The methodology for computing influenza deaths is not described in sufficient detail that an outside analyst might pursue the source of the discrepancy. (5) Guidelines for filling out death certificates have changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, preventing the comparison of 2020-21 death profiles with any previous year. We conclude with a series of explicit recommendations for greater consistency and transparency, and ultimately to make CDC data more useful to outside epidemiologists.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Experimental Supersymmetry: Processing the Dimensional Barrier

Authors: Richard L Amoroso
Comments: 54 Pages. Preprint: Prespacetime Journal (PSTJ) July 2021

A radical, albeit pragmatic protocol for experimental access to putative String/M-theoretic, Einstein Unified Field Mechanical (UFM) additional dimensionality (XD) of the brane-bouquet bulk is presented. If successful, results demonstrate the existence dimensionality beyond the metric of observed physical reality provided by the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics and Cosmology. Quantum Mechanics (QM), as well-known is incomplete and further, should not be considered the basement of reality; meaning, Locality and Unitarity – the fundaments of quantum theory are an insufficient basis for extending the representation of reality. A seminal model of Tight Bound States (TBS) below the lowest Bohr orbit in hydrogen, proposed by Vigier, is extended to a Kaluza-Klein-like (KK) cyclical tier of XD hyperspherical cavities defined within a finite radius manifold of uncertainty (MOU) up to a semi-quantum limit, predicting, in its domain, additional spectral lines in Hydrogen. The proposed protocol for this process, with phase modifications, provides efficacy of large-scale additional dimensions (LSXD) of the brane bulk; XD-LSXD incursion duality accesses nonlocal Einsteinian UFM phenomena, leading to myriad new classes of technological innovation beyond the SM.
Category: Mathematical Physics

UV Lithography System

Authors: Kenneth C. Johnson
Comments: 29 Pages.

A multifunction UV or DUV (ultraviolet/deep-ultraviolet) lithography system uses a modified Schwarzschild flat-image projection system to achieve diffraction-limited, distortion-free and double-telecentric imaging over a large image field at high numerical aperture. A back-surface primary mirror enables wide-field imaging without large obscuration loss, and additional lens elements enable diffraction-limited and substantially distortion-free, double-telecentric imaging. The system can perform maskless lithography (either source-modulated or spatially-modulated), mask-projection lithography (either conventional imaging or holographic), mask writing, wafer writing, and patterning of large periodic or aperiodic structures such as microlens arrays and spatial light modulators, with accurate field stitching to cover large areas exceeding the image field size.
Category: Classical Physics

Replacing Special Relativity

Authors: John C. Hodge
Comments: 13 Pages.

The Special Theory of Relativity applies where gravitation is insignificant. There are many observations that remain poorly explained by the standard models of either the big of cosmology or the small of Quantum mechanics. The strength of the Scalar Theory Of Everything (STOE) is its ability to describe an extremely wide range of observations and to predict observations. Each of the STOE axioms has been used in the development of models of observations in the big and the small. The axioms that replace Special Relativity are: (1) Time is an abstraction of the duration between events causing events. (2) The diameter of the hods is the same throughout the universe. (3) The distance between hods is related to plenum density$\rho$. Higher $\rho$ reduces the distance between hods. (4) The speed of photons and hods (light) is the greatest of any matter in a given environment. (5) The speed of the plenum wave is much faster than the speed of the hods. The STOE passes the tests of Special Relativity and does much more. The STOE is a major paradigm shift.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

58 Answers for Division by Zero

Authors: David Njeru Kathuri
Comments: 108 Pages.

58 Answers for Division by Zero is about my Academic Review & Answers for Division by Zero questions, mostly based on this chart, in Quora forums. link to chart: https://zenodo.org/record/4637008) In this version 3, Elaborative & conclusive answers to questions therein have been added (as Part I – IV) after the 58 answers. This has been done to perfect my view on the subject of Division by Zero.
Category: General Mathematics

Experimental Study of Multiquantum, Multiphoton Resonances and Bloch-Siegert Shifts in Low-frequency EPR Spectra

Authors: Ilmas Sadykov
Comments: 20 Pages.

The EPR from the DPPG was investigated on a spectrometer with different angles between a constant polarization field and an adjustable RF pump field at a frequency of 20 MHz in a continuous mode and a receiver tuned to the second harmonic frequency of the EPR signal. A technique for processing and more accurate measurement of the parameters of the EPR lines and the Bloch – Siegert shift is proposed. The conditions for maximizing the signal of even EPR harmonics are obtained depending on the angle of inclination of the HF field to the constant field. On the basis of experimental data and numerical solutions of the Bloch system of differential equations, the effect of asymmetry and a change in the sign of the second harmonic of the EPR line when the direction of the constant field is reversed is discovered and explained. An additional effect of displacement of the resonance line was discovered due to the inhomogeneous polarization of this line during scanning of the polarizing field. The effect of the appearance of the observed and possible resonant EPR harmonics is explained by the frequency modulation of the resonance conditions by both the perpendicular and parallel components of the RF pump field. It is concluded that the Bloch equations describe well in quality and satisfactory in accuracy all the observed parameters of EPR lines, such as intensity, width, shape, and their shifts. It is also shown that these equations describe the experiment on Bloch-Siegert shifts at least five times more accurately than the data of competing theories. A detailed description of the spectrometer is given and a computer program for the numerical calculation of the EPR spectra is presented.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Proof of Twin Prime Conjecture by Using Twin Prime Model Table and Sieve Functions

Authors: Tae Beom Lee
Comments: 12 Pages.

Twin Prime Conjecture(TPC) states that there are infinitely many prime pairs (p, p + 2), where p is prime. But, up to date there is no valid proof of TPC. To prove TPC we devised Twin Prime Model Table(TPMT) and Sieve Functions(SFs). TPMT is a 2-dimensional table representation of all possible twin prime pairs(TPPs). SF is a sine function, f_i (x)=sin πx/p_i , where pi is the ith prime. SFs functionally represent the sieve of Eratosthenes because all zeros of f_i (x) can’t be prime exept the first zero. TPMT explicitly shows the mechanism of how TPPs are found from the possible twin prime pairs. To functionally represent this mechanism we introduced various sinusoidal functions. And by using properties of sinusoidal functions we proved TPC.
Category: Number Theory

Saturn Hexagon - A Telltale of Quantum Gravity

Authors: Farid Abrari
Comments: 8 Pages. The article uses the quantum model of gravity (vixra:2107.0004) and its stable polygonal orbits (vixra:2107.0012) to show that Saturn’s hexagon is the result of the quantum effects of gravity.

The quantized model of Newtonian gravity indicates that the quantum effects of gravity become apparent when particles of sufficiently small mass are in the orbit of a gravitating body of mass. In particular, the stable orbital path of particles in such conditions are shown to be polygons. The stable circular path of classical mechanics emerges when the side counts of these polygons increase to infinity, as the quantum effects of gravity vanish due to the excessive mass of the orbiting particles. In this article, it is hypothesized that the particle mass in Saturn's North Pole jet stream is such that the quantum effects of gravity have become apparent. The hexagonal shape of Saturn's jet stream is therefore used to constrain the mass of its cloud particles to 7.4E-20 (kg). This in turn constrains the dimensions of ammonia ice crystals in the clouds to less than 100 nanometers. This theory also indicates that polygons of different side counts are also feasible at different latitudes, should the local particle mass permit the quantum effects of gravity to become visible. This aspect of the theory is also consistent with the presence of faint but still visible edges of some polygons at lower latitudes.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Not so Difficult Guide to Rocket Science

Authors: Deep Bhattacharjee
Comments: 15 Pages, 7 Diagrams, Rocket Science Simplified Without Equations, Submitted To SARC Magazine SPACE MATRIX

A comprehensive analyses on rocket science with and without space shuttle with extensive analysis of docking mechanism of the shuttle with MIR and ISS.
Category: Astrophysics

Delayed-Choice Quantum Erasure Experiment: A Causal Explanation Using Wave-Particle Non-Duality

Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 22 pages, 6 figures

According to the recently proposed ``wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation of quantum mechanics", the physical nature of Schrodinger's wave function is an `instantaneous resonant spatial mode' in which a quantum flies akin to the case of a test particle moving along a geodesic in the curved space-time of general theory of relativity. By making use of this physical nature, a causal explanation is provided for the delayed-choice quantum erasure experiment.
Category: Quantum Physics

Birth and End of Universe & Grand Unified Theories

Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 11 Pages.

Birth and end of universe is described in this article. In the birth of our universe, planck scale plays a key role in the initiation of our universe. The Yin-Yang in the origin of universe cause a black hole. The primordial black hole evaporates and starts the big bang and universe inflation. In the end of universe, light pressure causes the dark energy to cause our universe to expand to nearly infinity. And, grand unified equation is obtained from combining Stefan's law, Larmor formula, and Unruh effect.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Time model

Authors: Hui Liu
Comments: 6 Pages.

There is an absolute space-time framework in the universe, and time is the state and result of the system moving in the absolute space-time framework.
Category: Astrophysics

Generating Function of Periodic Sequences with Eligible Cycle

Authors: Miguel Cerdá Bennassar
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

we present in this paper a generating function of periodic sequences with eligible cycle.
Category: Number Theory

An Axiom of Time Resolving Entropy, CP Violation, and the Isotropic CMBR

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 34 Pages.

Presented here is an axiom for time underwriting a time-equation hatching a temporal wave function for space and associated atomic locale temporal descriptors, together with forming the basis of entropy as time’s arrow, as per a formalism of logic called Temporal Mechanics, delivering a more precise account of time as a new mathematical temporal wave function and associated calculus (presented here as temporal calculus), removing the need for probabilistic wave function mathematics (Schrödinger) and associated spatial mathematical transformation formalisms (Lorentz), delivering a temporal wave function that translates as an EM signature, able to derive all the key energy equations and constants. Through this process, it can then be shown that the time-equation is able to underwrite the process of entropy for time’s arrow, while also delivering an explanation for CP violations and the isotropic CMBR.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Material-Structure Integrated Design for Ultra-Broadband Microwave Metamaterial Absorber

Authors: Mengyue Peng, Faxiang Qin, Liping Zhou, Huijie Wei, Zihao Zhu, Xiaopeng Shen
Comments: 26 Pages.

We propose herein a method of material-structure integrated design for broadband absorption of dielectric metamaterial, which is achieved by combination of genetic algorithm and simulation platform. A multi-layered metamaterial absorber with an ultra-broadband absorption from 5.3 to 18 GHz (a relative bandwidth of as high as 109%) is realized numerically and experimentally. In addition, simulated results demonstrate the proposed metamaterial exhibits good incident angle and polarization tolerance, which also are significant criteria for practical applications. By investigating the working principle with theoretical calculation and numerical simulation, it can be found that merging of multiple resonance modes encompassing quarter-wavelength interference cancellation, spoof surface plasmon polariton mode, dielectric resonance mode and grating mode is responsible for a remarkable ultra-broadband absorption. Analysis of respective contribution of material and structure indicates that either of them plays an indispensable role in activating different resonance modes, and symphony of material and structure is essential to afford desirable target performance. The material-structure integrated design philosophy highlights the superiority of coupling material and structure and provides an effective comprehensive optimization strategy for dielectric metamaterials.
Category: Condensed Matter

Index Type Hand Symbol

Authors: Manaka Shunyuu
Comments: 12 Pages.

We apply the principle of index type keyboard to hand sign. Because the learning is very easy, not only a person without hearing but also a person with that can make full use of it.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Invalidating Cantor’s Continuum Hypothesis and Solving Hilbert’s #1 Problem II

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this short paper, we provide a mathematical proof that in set theory, developed in a mathematical universe following the ZFC axioms, Cantor’s continuum hypothesis does not hold: the cardinality of the continuous set of all reals is ��, and not א1, i.e., there are infinity א1 (and maybe more than one) between ��, the cardinality of the continuum, and the cardinality of the infinite set of naturals, א0.The proof is derived from combinatorics, relying on ZFC solely for the model of Cantor and Gödel defining א0. It provides input to the still unresolved first of Hilbert famous 23 math problems of interest.This paper, resolves the first of the 23 Hilbert problems with invalidation of the continuum hypothesis.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Some Results of Derivatives of Reimann Xi Function from Analytical Expression of Riemann Xi Function ξ(s)

Authors: Debasis Biswas
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper some properties of integer order derivatives of Riemann Xi functions directly derived from expression of Riemann Xi function ξ(s)]
Category: Mathematical Physics

Mother Nature and the 32 Crystal Classes

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 45 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Starting from the 32 crystal classes, we find a complete classification scheme of the same with 5 bits. That's not simply reorganization, that's philosophy. The Nature follows a repetitive sequence. The repetitive sequence I consider is the whole 3-bit sequence 000, 00c, 0m0, 0mc, 200, 20c, 2m0, 2mc. The protagonist of this novel, Mother Nature, is so satisfied with this sequence, or with this physical behavior, that she repeats it 4 times. She does it with an additional 4 axis. Then she does it again with axis 3. And finally with a combination of axes 2 and 3, parallel or askew. I write everything as a novel, and try to replace the entire sequence of Hermann Mauguin and Schoenflies symbols too, with ad hoc symbols. Mathematical proofs are inside.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Is the Gravity-matter System Time-reversible?

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 6 Pages.

Presented are logical arguments for Dark Matter. You are free not to get enlightened about that fact. But please pay respect to new dispositions of the Dark Matter and research methods in this note.
Category: Astrophysics

Acceptable Facts Point to Validity of Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this short note, I provide a proof for the Riemann Hypothesis. You are free not to get enlightened about that fact. But please pay respect to new dispositions of the Riemann Hypothesis and research methods in this note. I start with Dr.Zhu who was the first to show me that instead of the known 40 %, the maximum percentage of the zeroes of the Riemann zeta function belongs to the 1/2 critical line.
Category: Number Theory

An Algebraic Treatment of Congruences in Number Theory

Authors: Konstantinos Smpokos
Comments: 9 Pages. Published in the Bulletin of the Hellenic Mathematical Society.

In this article we will examine the behavior of certain free abelian subgroups of the multiplicative group of the positive rationals and their relationship with the group of units of integers modulo $n$.
Category: Number Theory

On the Lehmer's Totient Problem on Number Fields

Authors: Konstantinos Smpokos
Comments: 11 Pages.

Lehmer's totient problem asks if there exists a composite number $d$ such that its totient divide $d-1$. In this article we generalize the Lehmer's totient problem in algebraic number fields. We introduce the notion of a Lehmer number. Lehmer numbers are defined to be the natural numbers which obey the Lehmer's problem in the ring of algebraic integers of a number field.
Category: Number Theory

Diversity of Aquatic Insects in Lake Pichhola of Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

Authors: Farha Naz, Sweety Nalwaya, Rahul Yadav, Kanan Saxena
Comments: 8 Pages. Published at online at: https://www.bpasjournals.com/zoology [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

The present study conducted on Lake Pichhola with regard to its insect diversity revealed a total of 24 species during the period from October 2019 to March 2020 and these 24 species of insects belonged to 6 orders and 12 families. Maximum insect species were recorded from the littoral zone (vegetation rich site) and minimum insect species from limnetic zone and disturbed sites of the lake. A number of insect species and their immature stages from orders Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera and Trichoptera were observed. The insect fauna from the order Odonata dominated over Ephemeroptera and the second most dominant order was Hemiptera. Aquatic insects are best known for their ability to indicate the water quality and monitoring of aquatic insect diversity and abundance can expedite the conservation of these lake ecosystems.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Geometrisation of Electromagnetism

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 8 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

After generalising the equivalence principle and introducing gravito-electric and gravito-magnetic transformations, we show that a metric which has the same form as the Kerr metric correctly describes the electrodynamics of a charged singularity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Measurement Space Partitioning for Estimation and Prediction

Authors: Glenn Healey, Shiyuan Zhao
Comments: 31 Pages.

An important and challenging problem in the evaluation of baseball players is the quan- tification of batted-ball talent. This problem has traditionally been addressed using linear regression on the value of a statistic derived from a set of observations. We use large sets of trajectory measurements acquired by in-game sensors to show that the predictive value of a batted ball depends on its physical properties. This knowledge is exploited to estimate batted-ball distributions defined over a multidimensional measurement space from observed distributions by using regression parameters that adapt to batted ball properties. This process is central to a new method for estimating batted-ball talent. The domain of the batted-ball distributions is defined by a partition of measurement space that is selected to optimize the accuracy of the estimates. We present examples illustrating facets of the new approach and use a set of experiments to show that the new method generates estimates that are significantly more accurate than those generated using current methods. The new methodology supports the use of fine-grained contextual adjustments and we show that this process further improves the accuracy of the technique.
Category: Statistics

The 130x110 km Bay-of-Lyon Impact Crater (France) Raman Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 17 pages, 35 images, 20 diagrams

Raman spectra of quartz samples collected at sample site 27-B near Cabo de Creus ( “Cape de Creus“ ) at the Bay of Lyon in NE-Spain provide strong evidence for the 130 x 110 km elliptical Impact Crater described in my hypothesis, which is responsible for the formation of the semi-circular Bay of Lyon. The yet unknow 130 x 110 km “Bay of Lyon“ Impact Crater (BLC) belongs to a larger Secondary Impact Crater Chain, which was caused by impacting ejecta material that was ejected by the 1270 x 950 km Permian Triassic Impact Crater (PTI), located in the Arctic Sea near Alaska, according to my hypothesis. Beside the Raman spectra which I present as evidence and first verification for the existence of the impact crater, there is additional geo-physical evidence from gravity anomaly- and magnetic anomaly maps, which both show a strong anomaly in the center of the assumed 130 x 110 km impact crater. The Raman spectra of quartz from sample site 27-B provide strong evidence for an Impact Event ! Sample Site 27-B is the closest sample site in relation to the assumed center of the 130 x 110 km Crater. It is located on the last remaining (small) section of the crater-rim of the “Bay of Lyon“ Crater directly near the lighthouse at Cabo de Creus ( “Cape de Creus“ ). The whole rest of the 130 x 110 km Crater is located on the ocean floor of the Mediterranean Sea. The shifts of the main Raman bands ( peaks ) to the lower frequencies 461 and 125 cm-1 ( Stone 6 ) and to 463, 261, 205 and 125 cm-1 ( Stone 3 ) and to 463 and 260 cm-1 ( Stone 2 ) which are visible in the Raman Spectra of these three quartz-samples from sample site 27-B, clearly indicate that the quartz was exposed to a shock pressure in the range of 22 – 24 GPa. ( see explanation in the Appendix at page 16 ). Images of the analysed rock samples and photos of the sample sites are in the Appendix at page 13. Images of all sample sites are available on www.permiantriassic.de or www.permiantriassic.at [truncated by viXra Admin]
Category: Geophysics

A 30 km Impact Structure and a 1.6 X 1.2 km Elliptical Impact Crater in Southern Spain Raman Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 25 pages, 41 images, 29 diagrams

Raman spectra of samples taken from the sample sites 50, 30 and 19 provide evidence that the large bow-shaped structure visible on the satellite image ( see image below ) was caused by an impact event. This bow-shaped structure diameter approx. 30 km belongs to a large-scale impact event which according to my hypothesis was caused by ( impacting ) ejecta material from the Permian Triassic Crater in the Arctic Sea The bow-shaped impact structure is located near Puerto de Mazarron in the state of Murcia in Andalucia. This impact structure belongs to large Secondary Crater Chain of the PT-Impact Event. Further evidence for the large-scale impact event in Southern Spain comes from rock-samples collected in a small elliptical Crater with 1.6 x 1.2 km near the town of Rodalquilar. This elliptical crater in the remote East of Andalucia, which belongs to the assumed large-scale impact event in Southern Spain, has the potential to provide precise evidence for my hypothesis, because it provides the precise trajectory and impact angle of the impactor (  ejecta from the P/T-Crater ) ! The Raman spectra of quartz from sample site 50 on the outside of the crater-wall of the bow-shaped impact structure ( near the tunnel exit of the AP7 ) provides clear evidence for an impact event ! The shift of the main Raman bands ( peaks ) to the lower frequencies 463, 261, 205 and 127 cm-1 which is visible in the Raman Spectra of the quartz-sample, clearly indicates that the quartz was exposed to a shock pressure of around 22 GPa. ( see explanation in the Appendix at page 24 ). Similar shifts of the Raman bands are visible in the spectra of samples 19 & 30 from the center of the structure The spectra of the quartz sample 40-B from the center of the 1.6 x 1.2 km elliptical Crater shows similar shifts of the Raman bands, e.g. the measured bands at 463, 261/263, 203 and 127 cm-1, which also indicate a shock pressure of approx. 22 GPa that can only be the result of an impact event ! All spectra were made with a BRUKER Senterra-II Raman Microscope (wavenumber precision <0.1cm-1). Images of the analysed rock samples and photos of the sample sites are in the Appendix at page 19. Images of all sample sites are available on www.permiantriassic.de or www.permiantriassic.at A shock pressure of 22 GPa far exceeds every pressure caused by normal terrestrial metamorphism. Therefore the quartz was clearly shocked by an impact event. The indicated shock pressure of 22 GPa is lower than the shock pressure that occured in other large impact craters on Earth, which can reach 100 GPa. This indicates that the bow-shaped structure was caused by an oblique impact That means the impactor which formed the struture ( ejecta of the PT-Crater ) impacted in a very shallow angle. The same is true for the yet unknown Ø 1.6 x 1.2 km elliptical Impact Crater near Rodalquilar.
Category: Geophysics

The 320 km Cape York Impact Crater in ne-Australia Raman Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 31 pages, 50 images, 41 diagrams

Raman spectra of quartz from the sample sites 46, 49, 50 and 60 provide evidence that the large 320 km circular structure that is visible on gravity anomaly maps, just off the coast of the Cape York Peninsula in the North-East of Australia, was caused by an impact event ! The 320 km yet unknow Cape York Crater (CYC) belongs to a large Secondary Impact Crater Chain, which was caused by impacting ejecta material, which was ejected by the 1270 x 950 km Permian Triassic Impact Crater (PTI), located in the Arctic Sea near Alaska, according to my hypothesis. This Secondary Impact Crater Chain of the PT-Impact Event formed the North-East Coast of Australia. It was caused by at least three to four large Secondary Impact Craters resulting from the PT-Impact. The Raman spectra of quartz from sample site 46 provides the clearest evidence for an impact event ! Sample Site 46 is the closest sample site in relation to the 320 km Cape York Crater that I could reach. It is located approximately 75 km away from the crater-rim of the Cape York Crater. The shift of the main Raman bands ( peaks ) to the lower frequencies 463, 261, 203 and 126 cm-1 which is visible in the Raman Spectra of the quartz-sample, clearly indicates that the quartz was exposed to a shock pressure of around 22 GPa. The spectra of the quartz from sample site 50 also provides evidence for the large-scale impact event. It shows similar shifts of the Raman bands of the quartz to the lower frequencies 263, 204/205 and 127 cm-1, which indicates a shock pressure of 20 - 22 GPa which is the result of an impact event ! From quartz samples of sample sites 49 (Black Mountains) and 60 ( both around 180 km from the crater rim ) further indication is provided for a large-scale secondary impact event. However the evidence provided by the Raman spectra is weaker than from the samples from site 46 and 50. Here the shifts of the Raman bands (peaks) to 263 and 204/205 provide indication for a shock pressure of around 20 GPa. All spectra were made with a BRUKER Senterra-II Raman Microscope (wavenumber precision <0.1cm-1) See explanation and references in the Appendix at page 30 & 31. [Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words – Please conform!)
Category: Geophysics

A Simple Cellular Automaton Model of Visible and Dark Matter

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 20 Pages.

We apply 6D phase space analysis and the deterministic Cellular Automaton Theory to propose a simple deterministic model for fundamental matter. Quantum mechanics, the Standard Model and supersymmetry are found to emerge from cell level. Composite states of three cells are manifested as quarks, leptons and the dark sector. Brief comments on unification, cosmology, and black hole issues are made.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Breaking Free from the Stability-Plasticity Dilemma with Incremental Domain Inference on Sequential Data

Authors: Romain Mouret
Comments: 5 Pages.

We make the case for identifying the input domain prior to running downstream models and propose an architecture that opens the door to lifelong learning systems that forget at a decreasing rate as the tasks grow in complexity. Our model accurately identifies domains and is compatible with other continual learning algorithms, provided they benefit from knowing the current domain beforehand.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Big Bang's Quantum Problem

Authors: John P Wallace, Michael J. Wallace
Comments: 7 Pages. Correction to figure labeling and caption.

The early twentieth century produced the beginnings of relativity, quantum mechanics, and the big bang, but then went off the rails like much of the world in the early 1930s. The rest of the world recovered but quantum mechanics did not recover. Physics was weighed down with a continuum geometry that did not allow quantum mechanics and relativity to be united. Then came 30 years of cold fusion experiments that could not be explained. To get things back on track we will dispense with the creation myth of this New Age physics that Edwin Hubble’s work produced, the big bang. There is an intimate connection between cold fusion and the improbability of any great bang emanating from a point. The underlying problem was the suppression of the development of both quantum mechanics and relativity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Open Science with Respect to Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Sagnik Mazumder
Comments: 4 Pages.

Artificial Intelligence is one of those fields in computer science that is currently being extensively studied. In this paper, the author attempts to summarise the current state of research in the field with respect to openness to the general community, and has found a profound lack of opportunity to contribute to the field as a novice, and a near monopoly of effective research by large industries while production environments continue to largely remain safe from such influences.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Progress on the Binary Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 8 Pages. A revision file

In this paper we develop the method of circle of partitions and associated statistics. As an application we prove conditionally the binary Goldbach conjecture. We develop series of steps to prove the binary Goldbach conjecture in full. We end the paper by proving the binary Goldbach conjecture for all even numbers exploiting the strategies outlined.
Category: Number Theory

A Proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem by Relating to Two Polynomial Equations

Authors: Tae Tae Beom
Comments: 11 Pages.

Fermat's Last Theorem(FLT) states that there is no positive integer set (a,b,c,n) which satisfies a^n+b^n=c^n when n≥3. In this thesis, we related FLT to two polynomial equations. By doing so, we could analyze whether those two equations have equivalence properties in four aspects, ①irreducible factoring equivalence, ②constant term equivalence, ③ rational root factor equivalence and ④ odd-even property equivalence of a,b,c. What we found is that those two equations can not have equivalence properties in all four aspects which is enough to prove FLT.
Category: Number Theory

A Unique Step Function and Stitching Piecewise Defined Functions

Authors: William Blickos
Comments: 12 Pages. thoughtfarm@live.com

This paper discusses a unique complex logarithmic function that can be used as an alternative to piecewise defined step functions such as the Heaviside function. It describes how to create second tier logical functions such as multi-steps, boxcars, and valleys, and it provides a method to stitch the components of piecewise functions into a single function.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Canonical Representation for Composite Numbers and Prime Numbers.

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper we are going to see two theoretical expressions in reference of canonical representations. Based in the classic definition of positive integers we can use some mathematical tools to define the subsets of composite and prime numbers in their canonical form.
Category: Number Theory

The Theory on Thing's Limits Part 2: A Brief Analysis of the New Knowledge of Newton's First Law

Authors: Ding Jian
Comments: 16 Pages.

According to the norm of identifying truth in this theory, and Newton's first law which is a basis that can look at the overall situation. By virtue of the electron storage ring as an experimental fact, it is pointed out: Only in reality can there be inertia, and vice versa. Inertia represents the continuity of the development of thing. As the speed gradually approaches to the c, the particle's mass also approaches to zero along with its static mass, which is the energy shrinkage effect of high-speed particles, and also the primary factor causing the spectrum redshift. Therefore, the Big Bang theory is wrong. All photons are produced from the high-density particles through electromagnetic radiations. Wherever there is fluctuation, there must be mass, and vice versa. This is the correct understanding of "wave-particle duality". No matter the high-speed electrons or the photons produced by them all have different static masses, but their charge-mass ratio is always the same physical constant, and not affected by relativistic effects and electromagnetic radiations. Which constitutes the internal mechanism of the uncertainty principle and conforms to the experimental facts related to it. It can be proved that in a constant magnetic field, the high-speed electron or photon with a relatively large curvature radius, which has a high moving speed and less mass, energy and wave frequency. Since Einstein used the absolute space-time established by Newton as the criterion and came to the conclusion that relative space-time was curved, then he should no longer make circular arguments, that was, used the relative space-time as the criterion, to change the unit length and time established by the absolute space-time.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Introduction to the Theory of Graphs: a Methodological Information Description of the Origem Problem and Applications to the Problem for Solution

Authors: Faustino A. Maciala
Comments: 18 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

The present work presents a study about the introduction to graph theory,of the problem that originated them and looks at the resolution of some problems that involve it. The first section, the introduction, presents an introductory approach to graph theory, problematization and justification of the choice of theme. In the second section, we present a historical review,its importance and the teaching process learning the same theme adding the concept of graph and different types of graphs. In the third section, Results and Discussion, we present the problem of bridges in the city of K ̈onigsbergand some application problems, such as color or 4-color problem, telephone calls and Minimum Longitude Path.

O presente trabalho traz um estudo sobre a introdução a teoria de grafos, do problema que os originou e faz um olhar a resolução de alguns problemas que o envolvem. A primeira secção, a introdução, faz-se uma abordagem introdutória da teoria de grafos, da problematização e da justicativa da escolha do tema. Na segunda secção, apresentamos uma resenha histórica, sua importância e o processo de ensino aprendizagem do mesmo tema acrescendo o conceito de grafo e diferentes tipos de grafos. Na terceira secção, resultados e Discussão, apresenta-se o problema das pontes de Na cidade de Khonigsberg e apresenta-se alguns problemas de aplicação, tais como, problema de coloração ou das 4 cores, chamadas telefónicas e Caminho de Longitude Mínima. Palavras Chave: Grafos, Teoria de Grafos e Resolução de Problemas.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Spin & Geometry

Authors: Yuri Danoyan
Comments: 2 Pages. Reference [1] attempts to apply this double analogy.

The double analogy of Fermi-Riemann----Bose-Lobachevsky revealed Reference added
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Proton and Electron Model Based on Dark Matter

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 6 Pages. 4 figures

I constructed a relatively simple dark matter model a few days ago. After several days of thinking, I found that this dark matter model can also be used to explain some basic problems in modern physics. Among them, how are the gravitational field, electric field and magnetic field generated, and why the masses of electrons and protons are not equal, and so on. Considering that dark matter is an elastic medium, when there is energy, the elastic dark matter will be squeezed. At this time, the strain and stress generated by dark matter correspond to the bending and gravitational force of time and space. For electromagnetic interaction, it can be explained by the microscopic effects of dark matter molecules. If one considers that the "covalent bond" between dark matter molecules exists in both stretch and compression, it can be foreseen that the dark matter molecules are stretched, which means that the space occupied by the entire dark matter will expand. Considering that dark matter fills the universe, this also means that a part of dark matter molecules will be stretched, and another part of dark matter molecules will be compressed. If the stretched dark matter molecules are regarded as a negative electric field effect, the compressed dark matter molecules correspond to a positive electric field effect. Considering the Covalent bond force model inside the molecule, it is necessary to stretch and compress the same distance, and the energy required for compression is greater than the energy required for stretching. We can think of molecules being stretched as a negative electric field, corresponding to electrons. Compression is regarded as a positive electric field, corresponding to protons. This also means that the energy of the electron and the proton, that is, the mass, are not equal. Due to the existence of certain boundary conditions or Dirac charge quantization conditions, the charge and mass of all electrons or protons are equal. This can even provide a theoretical basis for the "multi-world" model: Planck's constant is different in different worlds.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Topological Approach to the Twin Prime and De Polignac Conjectures

Authors: Antoni Cuenca
Comments: 17 Pages.

Abstract. We introduce a topology in the set of natural numbers via a subbase of open sets. With this topology, we obtain an irreducible (hyperconnected) space with no generic points. This fact allows proving that the cofinite intersections of subbasic open sets are always empty. That implies the validity of the Twin Prime Conjecture. On the other hand, the existence of strictly increasing chains of subbasic open sets shows that the Polignac Conjecture is false for an infinity of cases.
Category: Number Theory

The Theorem on the Magnetic Field of Rotating Charged Bodies

Authors: Sergey G. Fedosin
Comments: 13 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org] Published in Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 103, pp. 115-127 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/PIERM21041203.

The method of retarded potentials is used to derive the Biot-Savart law, taking into account the correction that describes the chaotic motion of charged particles in rectilinear currents. Then this method is used for circular currents and the following theorem is proved: The magnetic field on the rotation axis of an axisymmetric charged body or charge distribution has only one component directed along the rotation axis, and the magnetic field is expressed through the surface integral, which does not require integration over the azimuthal angle ϕ . In the general case, for arbitrary charge distribution and for any location of the rotation axis, the magnetic field is expressed through the volume integral, in which the integrand does not depend on the angle ϕ . The obtained simple formulas in cylindrical and spherical coordinates allow us to quickly find the external and central magnetic field of rotating bodies on the rotation axis.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometry of the Ellipse and the Ellipsoid

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 24 Pages.

It is a chapter that concerns the geometry of the ellipse and the ellipsoid of revolution. We give the formulas of the 2D plane coordinates and the 3D Cartesian coordinates $(X,Y,Z)$ in function of the geodetic coordinates $(\varphi,\lm,he)$. A section is devoted to the geodesic lines of the ellipsoid of revolution. We give the proofs of the differential equations of the geodesic lines and their integration.
Category: Geophysics

If “It from Bit”, What Mean 1836 ?

Authors: Yuri Danoyan
Comments: 9 Pages.

An attempt have been convert conceptually ratio of the present epoch Mpr/Mel=1836 to Mpr/Mel=1 at the final stage of the Universe. After the proton-electron annihilation the remaining neutrons during the process of beta decay (p,e,neutrino) provided means for the next cycle of the Universe. What would be happen with fundamental constants when mention above transform masses of the proton and the electron could be real.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

20 Years in Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 11 Pages.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through Dark Matter Particles (DMPs) and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems – how do they obtain it; Hubble Tension – disagreement in the values of Hubble’s constant obtained by various teams; Fermi Bubbles – two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic Centre; Coronal Heating problem in solar physics – temperature of Sun's corona exceeding that of photosphere by millions of degrees; Cores of Sun and Earth rotating faster than their surfaces; Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded Objects in Solar system and their Internal Heat; Lightning Initiation problem – electric fields observed inside thunderstorms are not sufficient to initiate sparks; Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes – bursts of high energy X-rays and gamma rays emanating from the Earth. The Model solves Missing Baryon problem related to the fact that the observed amount of baryonic matter did not match theoretical predictions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements. In 2013, Model predicted the values of the following Cosmological parameters: Gravitational, Hubble’s, Concentration of Intergalactic plasma, and the Minimum energy of photons, which were experimentally confirmed in 2015 – 2021. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 “The Discovery of a Supermassive Compact Object at the Centre of Our Galaxy" confirmed one of the most important predictions of WUM: "Macroobjects of the World have cores made up of the discussed DM particles. Other particles, including DM and baryonic matter, form shells surrounding the cores”. Hypersphere World-Universe Model is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology. According to WUM, Superclusters are the principal objects of the World. Macroobjects form from the top (Superclusters) down to Galaxies and Extrasolar systems in parallel around different Cores made up of different DMPs. Formation of galaxies and stars is not a process that concluded ages ago; instead, it is ongoing.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculation of The Integrals of The Geodesic Lines of The Torus

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this second paper about the geodesic lines of the torus, we calculate in detail the integrals giving the length $s=s(\fii)$ and the longitude $\lm=\lm(\fii)$ of a point on the geodesic lines of the torus.
Category: Geometry

An Identity Involving Tribonacci Numbers

Authors: Suaib Lateef
Comments: 6 pages

In this paper, we present an identity involving Tribonacci Numbers. We will prove this identity by extending the number of variables of Candido's identity to three.
Category: Number Theory

Using {N,n//6} QM to Explore Elementary Particles and the Possible Sub-quark Particles

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 11 Pages. [Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

A {N,n//6} QM structure periodic table with n = 1..12, and N ≤ -15 was built for the elementary particles (based on their mass, not on their sizes). The analyzed result suggested that: 1) All the down-type quarks have {N,2//6}o QM structures, while all the up-type quarks have {N,1//6}o QM structures; 2) The 1st generation of quarks may belong to {-17,n//6} QM structures, the 2nd generation of quarks may belong to {-16,n//6} QM structures, and the 3rd generation of quarks may belong to {-15,n//6} QM structures. 3) A proton (at size of {-15,1//6}) may be the ground state of both Charm quark and Bottom quark, Charm quark {-15,1//6}o may be the first excited state of proton {-15,1//6}, and the Bottom quark {-15,2//6}o may be the second excited state of proton {-15,1//6}. If it is correct, then based on this new elementary particle {N,n//6} QM structure, we may need to make some modification in the current Standard Model: Charm quark may be the 3rd (instead of the 2nd) generation of up-type quark; Top quark may be the 4th generation, although can be up-quark, but its mass fits to the down-quark much better. A new method to expand {N,n//6} QM structure periodic table from n=1..12 to n=1..36, (or even to n=1..6^3, n=1..6^4, etc.) has been proposed. This method seamlessly bridged the {N,n} QM to the classical physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Sabda Sakti: Power of Words in India's Linguistic Tradition

Authors: Sunil Sondhi
Comments: 21 Pages.

Language is always cultural, it is shaped by and in turn shapes the cultural context from which it emerges. In Sanskrit, and in Indian languages derived from Sanskrit, like Hindi and Bengali, the term Saktihas been a cultural concept since the Vedic age. “There is no word of wider content in any language than this Sanskrit term meaning ‘Power’” (Woodroffe, p.17).In the Indian notions about Sabda Sakti, meaning the ‘Power of the Word’, language is seen from the earliest times as creative power both at cosmic and human levels. Modern science sees energy as the ultimate form of reality. In India language has been worshipped and used as a manifestation of the energy of the goddess Saraswati since the Rg Veda. This article traces the evolution of the concept of Sabda Sakti from the time it first occurs in the Rg Veda. This cultural conceptualization of language continues later in the Atharva Vedaand Yajur Vedain the form of religious and cultural practices. The development of the concept continues in other Indian classical texts like theBrahmanas, the Aranyakas, and the Upanishads, where Sabda Saktiis related to the origin of the universe, and the umbilical relationship of the cosmic energy and human speech is recognised. These ancient notions of Sabda Saktiwere restated and further developed in Kashmir Shaivism in the 10th and 11th centuries. While the Vedas and Upanishads emphasized the contemplative aspect of Sabda Sakti, the Shaiva texts focused more on language as moralized power which is active and can be used for action. The study of Indian concept of Sabda Sakti as a cultural schema can be helpful in a better understanding of cultural roots of language and communication in India, and can contribute to further research in the field of cultural linguistics. Keywords: Veda, Upanishad, Cultural Linguistics, Indian Culture, Intercultural Communication.
Category: Linguistics

Do We Perceive the Topological Features of Visual Images? No, We Don’t!

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 3 Pages.

How do we perceive a visual image? Some authors suggest that we have topological perceptions of visual objects. Here we show that the human mind does not perceive topological findings of visual images, rather it uses a fully different (and still unknown) mechanism.
Category: Mind Science

Extra-Spatial Basis of Spatial World. Principles of Panory

Authors: A. N. Pan
Comments: 33 Pages.

A description of the matter and the world structure based on the action-duration change is proposed. The concept of place and spatial relations for its harmonics are introduced. The world emergence from extra-spatial noise and its development to the over-noisy spatial structure are studied. The environment hidden behind the seemingly empty space has a huge density and is the cause of electric and gravity fields. There is an endless chain of interconnected and controlled worlds. An explanation of the particle structure was proposed. Modern physical theories may be derived from this representation.
Category: Classical Physics

Unforeseen Extinction

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 13 Pages.

Human information systems are sufficiently powerful for us to comprehend what is happening within our climate. Still, we all do nothing beyond weak gestures, while the downhill slope to global disaster becomes steeper. Why? Several decades ago most intelligent people didn’t fully understand the unforeseen danger. More recently, many people are reluctant to admit to what they now know. It is easy to blame willful ignorance. People do little or nothing, because serious remediation locally seems too expensive and ineffective for meaningful global amelioration. We thus embrace climate delusions, not critical climate wisdom.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Spin Connection Field Hypothesis

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 10 Pages. Final Version

In this short paper i presented a simple mathematical model that can be solution to quantum gravity problem. It uses connection as mathematical model and spin field matrix that represents possible particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Schrodinger’s Cat and Gravitational Waves

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 6 Pages.

Schrodinger’s cat describes a paradox in which a cat is located in a sealed black box with a poison sealed capsule inside it. Radioactive source decays and emits radiation, which activates a Geiger counter, The Geiger counter generates a signal to release poison from the capsule and kill the cat. Since the decay of a radioactive source is a random sub atomic event, based on quantum mechanics we can only derive a probability-based assumption on the exact time that the decay of the radioactive atom will occur. The Copenhagen interpretation says that until an observer opens the box, the entire system is in superposition and the cat is both dead and alive. In this paper, I will show that we can extrapolate this superposition of the wave function to entropy level, to the fabric of space – time, to the information paradox of black holes, new dimensions and to the multiverse theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Smart Contracts on Algorand

Authors: Archie Chaudhury, Brian Haney
Comments: 16 Pages. Blockchain, Computation, and Cryptocurrency

This Paper makes three main contributions. First, this Paper surveys Algorand Smart Contracts and the Algorand Network, including software systems and algorithmic architectures. Second, this Paper discusses various software mechanisms enabling developers to execute transfers on the Algorand Network. Third, this Paper advances Algorand Smart Contracts by introducing the Algogeneous Smart Contract. Algogeneous Smart Contracts are a new type of Algorand Smart Contract, which are simpler to develop and utilize artificial intelligence to ensure contracts are legally compliant and enforceable.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Twin Primes

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 15 Pages. Published in an international mathematics journal. Thoroughly edited & re-arranged by the Editor-in-Chief of the journal.

The primes, including the twin primes and the other prime pairs, are the building-blocks of the integers. Euclid’s proof of the infinitude of the primes has generally been regarded as elegant. It is a proof by contradiction, or, reductio ad absurdum, and it relies on an algorithm which will always bring in larger and larger primes, an infinite number of them. However, the proof is also subtle and has been misinterpreted by some with one well-known mathematician even remarking that the algorithm might not work for extremely large numbers. A long unsettled related problem, the twin primes conjecture, has also aroused the interest of many researchers. The author has been conducting research on the twin primes for a long time and had published a paper on them in an international mathematics journal in 2003. This informative paper presents some important facts on the twin primes which would be of interest to prime number researchers, with some remarks/reasons that point to the infinitude of the twin primes, including a reasoning which is somewhat similar to Euclid’s proof of the infinity of the primes; very importantly, 2 algorithms (refer to Appendix 3) for sieving out the twin primes from the infinite list of the integers are also presented, which would be of interest to cryptographers and even computer programmers.
Category: Number Theory

Original ABC Conjecture Proved on a Single Page

Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 5 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong

The author proves the original ABC conjecture which states that if A, B and C are three coprime positive integers such that A + B = C, and d is the product of the distinct prime factors of A, B and C, then d is usually not much smaller than C. The author will adhere to the wording of the original conjecture and not to any equivalent conjecture, since if one proves an equivalent conjecture, logically, one would also have to prove the equivalency, otherwise, the proof of the original conjecture would be incomplete. The author assumes that the statement " d is usually not much smaller than C" means the difference between C and d is usually less than a small positive number, say, ε.. Then, one obtains |C– d |< ε., which would be the conclusion. If A + B - C = 0, then for a very small positive number, δ > 0, one can write |A + B – C| < δ, From above, the hypothesis would be |A + B – C| < δ, and the conclusion would be |C– d |< ε. The author has proved that if |A + B – C| < δ, then |C– d |< ε.
Category: Number Theory

Black Holes and Cosmology

Authors: G. N. N. Martin
Comments: 6 Pages.

I have written two papers arguing that the usual description of a black hole is misleading, and since the behaviour of space/time outside the black hole is not affected, that might seem to be at least one paper too many. The second paper looked at what meaning one might ascribe to the present tense when describing distant objects, and in particular, black holes, and to the implication of time running slow near massive bodies. In this paper I point out some possible cosmological implications.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Heuristic Instruction as Pedagogical Praxis in the Teaching of Absolute Value Equations: A Case Study in High Schools in Cabinda, Angola

Authors: F. Maciala, A. Puindi
Comments: 15 Pages.

Mathematics is an area of knowledge whose learning is done in a phased manner. Each of these phases is filled with learning from mathematical entities or entities that in turn serve as a support for learning other new concepts, considered more complex in relation to those already seen. However, for the learning of the new concepts to occur without difficulties, it is necessary that the basic concepts are very well retained. And for the retention of these new concepts, this work presents a proposal in which one can work with modular equations, implementing heuristic instruction, supporting the literary G. Polya. The proposed approach is applied to the treatment of modular equations in the Second Cycle of Secondary Education.
Category: Algebra

Eintein-Rosen Proposition in 1935 Revisited

Authors: T. L. A. Periat
Comments: 22 Pages. This version is deepening and hopefully reformulating the first version with more precision.

This document proves the existence of a link between (i) each Bowen-York solution for the Einstein's equations and (ii) the main part of the decomposition of a deformed angular momentum. The intrinsic method is the tool supporting the demonstration. The strange and unlikely concept of deformed angular momentum is explained in a formal way referring to quantum physics. This explanation suggests that any tetra-polar polarization is related to a quantified spin field. The thematic of the asymptotic flatness is examined at the end of this exploration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Magical Wormholes

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 6 Pages.

Wormholes as popularly conceived are the goofy juice of theoretical physics, and a fertile field for bad science fiction. Wormholes on human scales cannot long exist within the physics we know. Their theoretical persistence pushes cosmology toward a dark ditch of our own making.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Gravity, and the Calculation of Maximum Sol Mass

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 33 Pages.

Here Temporal Mechanics shall derive the mass of the electron using the same system of logic that derived the mass of the neutrino in paper 35 (Temporal mechanics (E): Time-Space Logistics) to then derive new equations for gravity via a process of equating time to space, and thus in theory, providing a theory for quantum gravity. There, an equation for gravity will be proposed that calculates the minimum and maximum limits of mass for a gravitational field, thence deriving the maximum mass of a sun from the mass of the neutrino, subsequently presenting a key insight to cosmology theory. From here, an equation proposing the maximum and minimum limits of space shall be derived in supporting the proposed time-equation and the temporal event of time not passing at the speed of light c, successfully deriving the Planck length, putting into question the current one-dimensional mathematical formalisms for time.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Brief Study Describing the Essential of Economics

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 3 Pages.

Understanding money, which is created from bartering, is essential in economics. The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanism of money from a fundamental perspective, and succeeded in describing the structure of modern consumption and even trends in the industrial economy in the coming decades.
Category: Economics and Finance

White Dwarf, Neutron Star, and Black Hole Explained by Using {N,n//6} QM

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 14 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

In the previous paper (SunQM-5), we developed a brand new nuclear {N,n//6} QM. In current paper, we used the nuclear {N,n//6} QM to analyze how a (Sun-like) star quantum collapses from {0,2} to a black hole {-5,1} QM structure. Two different atom-based models have been proposed and analyzed. In the “atom shrink model”, a Sun {0,2} quantum collapse to {-5,1}, shrink by ΔN = -5 plus Δn = -1, was explained as directly caused by the shrink of hydrogen atom {-12,1}o (or e1{0,1}o) orbital shell by ΔN = -5 plus Δn = -1 to a quark-sized virtual atom {-17,1} (or e1{-5,1}), with fixed (or unchanged) total number of (virtual) atoms. In the “atom fusion model”, a celestial body’s quantum collapse was explained as that it was caused by the fusion of atoms, from H, to He, C, O, Ne, Fe, Og, then to the (pseudo) Z number = 3E+5, 1.2E+13, 1.25E+21, up to 4.5E+56, until all protons are merged with electrons, so that the whole Sun become a single gigantic atom with a single nucleus containing 1.19E+57 neutrons (= Sun mass / proton mass), and with zero proton or electron left. Our {N,n} QM analysis revealed that the super heavy elements (Z >> 118) are formed during the quantum collapse of {-1,1} white dwarf to {-2,1} sized celestial bodies. So on a pre-neutron star (like a {-2,1} = {-3,6} sized celestial body) that right before quantum collapse (or explode) into a {-3,2} sized neutron star, the atoms in the out-edge shell within the {-3,6} sized (solid) celestial body are all super heavy atom with Z ≥ 118. This is because under the super high G-pressure, the equilibrium reaction of “nuclear fusion <=> nuclear fission” shifted to the fusion side. During the neutron star explosion, part of these (super heavy) atoms in the out-edge shell is exploded away. Then these (exploded away) super heavy atoms start to fission into smaller atoms (after the super high G-pressure is released, and the equilibrium reaction shifted to the fission side). If this model’s result is meaningful, then most (if not all) of heavy atoms in our daily-world (from Co (Z=27) to U (Z=92) or even heavier) are the product of nuclear fission (rather than the nuclear fusion) reaction of the previous Z > 118 atoms right after the neutron star explosion.
Category: Quantum Physics

Baryon Color & Flavour Transformations

Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

An examination and description of Baryon color and flavor transformations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

An Explanation for the Violation of Lepton Universality in Beauty-Quark Decays: the Binary Isotope Mixture of Beauty-Quarks

Authors: Ding-Yu Chung
Comments: 12 Pages. Published in Journal of Modern Physics, 2021, 12, 971-982 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

This paper purposes an explanation for the recent evidence for the violation of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. A beauty meson (B+) transforms into a strange meson (K+) with the emission of either electron-positron (e+e−) or muon-antimuon (µ+µ−). The ratio (RK) of branching fractions for B+ → K+µ+µ− and B+→ K+e+e− decays is measured to be RK = 0.846 instead of 1 in the violation of lepton universality in the Standard Model. This paper proposes that the violation is derived from the binary isotope mixture of two beauty-quarks, b7 (4,979 MeV mass) and b8 (143,258 MeV mass) whose masses are calculated from the periodic table of elementary particles. b7 is the observable B, while b8 is the hidden B to preserve the generation number symmetry between the three lepton family generations and the three quark family generations in the Standard Model. The preservation of the generation number symmetry forbids b8 to decay into K+µ+µ−. In the transition state involving the virtual particles (γ, W± and Z°) before the decay, b7 and b8 emerge to form the binary isotope mixture from B. The rates of emergence as the rates of diffuse in Graham's law of diffusion are proportional to inverse square root of mass. The rate ratio between b8 /b7 is (4,979 /143,258) 1/2 = 0.1864. Since b7 decays into K+, e+e−, and µ+µ−, while b8 decays into K+ , e+e− , and forbidden µ+µ−, the calculated ratio (RK) of branching fractions for B+ → K+µ+µ− and B+→ K+e+e− is 0.5/(0.1864 x 0.5+ 0.5) = 0.843 in excellent agreement with the observed 0.846. The agreement between the calculated RK and the observed RK confirms the validity of the periodic table of elementary particles which provides the answers for the dominance of matter over antimatter, dark-matter, and the mass hierarchy of elementary particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Unifying Theory of Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and Baryonic Matter in the Positive-Negative Mass Universe Pair: Protogalaxy and Galaxy Evolutions

Authors: Ding-Yu Chung
Comments: 32 Pages. Published in Journal of Modern Physics, 2020, 11, 1091-1122 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

This paper modifies the Farnes’ unifying theory of dark energy and dark matter which are negative-mass, created continuously from the negative-mass universe in the positive-negative mass universe pair. The first modification explains that observed dark energy is 68.6%, greater than 50% for the symmetrical positive-negative mass universe pair. This paper starts with the proposed positive-negative-mass 11D universe pair (without kinetic energy) which is transformed into the positive-negative mass 10D universe pair and the external dual gravities as in the Randall–Sundrum model, resulting in the four equal and separate universes consisting of the positive-mass 10D universe, the positive-mass massive external gravity, the negative-mass 10D universe, and the negative-mass massive external gravity. The positive-mass 10D universe is transformed into 4D universe (home universe) with kinetic energy through the inflation and the Big Bang to create positive-mass dark matter which is five times of positive-mass baryonic matter. The other three universes without kinetic energy oscillate between 10D and 10D through 4D, resulting in the hidden universes when D > 4 and dark energy when D = 4, which is created continuously to our 4D home universe with the maximum dark energy = ¾ = 75%. In the second modification to explain dark matter in the CMB, dark matter initially is not repulsive. The condensed baryonic gas at the critical surface density induces dark matter repulsive force to transform dark matter in the region into repulsive dark matter repulsing one another. The calculated percentages of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter are 68.6 (as an input from the observation). 26, and 5.2, respectively, in agreement with observed 68.6, 26.5, and 4.9, respectively, and dark energy started in 4.33 billion years ago in agreement with the observed 4.71  0.98 billion years ago. In conclusion, the modified Farnes’ unifying theory reinterprets the Farnes’ equations, and is a unifying theory of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter in the positive-negative mass universe pair. The unifying theory explains protogalaxy and galaxy evolutions in agreement with the observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Formal-logical Analysis of the Starting Point of Mathematical Logic

Authors: Temur Z. Kalanov
Comments: 14 Pages.

The critical analysis of the starting point of mathematical (symbolic) logic is proposed. Methodological basis of the analysis is the unity of formal logic and rational dialectics. It is shown that mathematical logic represents incorrect mathematical theory. Arguments are as follows. (1) Pure mathematics operates on mathematical quantity. Pure mathematics and mathematical (symbolic) logic ignore the correct methodological basis (i.e., criterion of truth) of science. (2) Mathematics and mathematical (symbolic) logic abolishes (deletes) essence (central point) of formal logic: concept and proposition (as a logical form of verbal expression (statement) of thought). But thought without words does not exist. If concepts and propositions as meaning contents are removed from consideration, then formal logic is destroyed. (3) Mathematical (symbolic) logic replaces proposition by the property of proposition: “truth” or “false”. But the concepts “proposition” and “property of proposition” are not identical. In this case, the formal logic is destroyed. In addition, the concepts “proposition” and “property of proposition” do not represent mathematical quantities, and the concepts cannot be in mathematical formalism. (4) The starting point of mathematical (symbolic) logic represents several symbols that connect (join, unite) the words “truth” and “false” in truth tables. But words “truth” and “false” do not represent mathematical quantities, and words “truth” and “false” cannot be in mathematical formalism. The symbols are erroneously called propositional connectives. The symbols denote the words “negation”, “and”, “or”, “if, then”, “if and only if”, etc. (5) The symbols of common truth-functional operations are not mathematical symbols (i.e., symbols of mathematical operations). The definition of symbols is based on set theory. But set theory is an erroneous theory. Therefore, the use of these symbols in mathematical (quantitative) expressions is a gross mistake. (6) The essences of formal logic and mathematics are different. The qualitative aspect (i.e., meaning content) is the essence of formal logic; the quantitative (i.e., numerical) aspect is the essence of mathematics. Since formal logic has no quantitative aspect, and mathematics has no qualitative aspect, the union (join, conjunction, combination, synthesis) of formal logic and mathematics is a gross methodological error. Thus, mathematical logic is a thoughtless, absurd theory in science.
Category: General Mathematics

Argentest, Primality Test for Sophie Germain's Prime Numbers and Safe Prime Numbers.

Authors: Zeolla Gabriel Martín
Comments: 10 Pages.

As there is no special primality test for Sophie Germain primes and safe primes as is the case with Fermat primes and Mersenne primes. Argentest is born, a personal research project that develops a new exclusive deterministic primality test for Sophie Germain's prime numbers and safe prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Comment on “Criticism to the Twin´s Paradox” by Luís Dias Ferreira

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 8 Pages.

In a recent paper “Criticism to the Twin´s Paradox” Luís Dias Ferreira consider the Twin Paradox conundrum affirming that “the so-called “twin´s paradox” is consider an important issue in special relativity theory because implies a profound understanding of space time structure. And yet, since its original formulation in 1911 by Paul Langevin, numerous alleged explanations for this disturbing paradox have been produced; as it seems, unsuccessfully. This remains a subject for heated debate. Why?” In this comment we refer our previous answer to this issue that is not referred in the paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Neutrino Ocsillations Theoretical Data

Authors: Cvavb Chandra Raju
Comments: 7 Pages. The mass eigen values of the neutrinos are used to find two flavor mixing

Using Cabibbo type of mixing theoretical data is presented for obtaining the probability of neutrino oscillations
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On a Modular Property of Tetration

Authors: Pranjal Jain
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper generalizes problem 3 of the 2019 PROMYS exam, which asks to show that the last 10 digits (in base 10) of the n-th tetration of 3 are independent of ]n if n>10. The generalization shows that given any positive integers $a$ and b satisfying certain conditions, the last n digits (in base b) of the m-th tetration of a are independent of m if m>n. We use numerical patterns as a guide towards the solution and explore an additional numerical pattern which shows a relation between decimal expansions and multiplicative inverses of powers of 3 modulo powers of 10.
Category: Number Theory

Values of the Barnes Function

Authors: Denis Gallet
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, I study particular values of Barnes G-function and we can simplify several integrals logarithm gamma.
Category: Number Theory

Self-Consistent EM field

Authors: Wu Sheng-Ping
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article try to unified the four basic forces by Maxwell equations, the only experimental theory. Self-consistent Maxwell equation with the e-current coming from matter current is proposed, and is solved to electrons and the structures of particles and atomic nucleus. The static properties and decay are reasoned, all meet experimental data. The equation of general relativity sheerly with electromagnetic field is discussed as the base of this theory. In the end the conformation elementarily between this theory and QED and weak theory is discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Aerodynamic Shape Optimization Study of Diffuser in Turbulent Flow

Authors: Shlomy Shitrit
Comments: 15 Pages.

Diffusers are the integral parts of many engineering applications and flow systems. An improperly designed diffuser may cause flow separation and low efficiency. The following study presents an approach of a single-point aerodynamic shape optimization of diffusers in turbulent flow. The objective in this study is to maximize the pressure recovery by shaping the diffuser's geometry, taking into account geometrical and aerodynamic constraints. Mesh warping and geometry parametrization is accomplished by fitting the multi-block structured grid to a B-spline volumes and performing the mesh movements by using surface control points embedded with free-form deformation (FFD) volumes. The aerodynamic model solves the RANS equations with SpallartAlmaras turbulence model. A gradient based optimization algorithm is used with an adjoint method in order to compute the objectives and constraints derivatives with respect to the design variables. The single-point optimization simulation increased the pressure recovery coefficient by 12% using 46 design variables. The effect of varying the number of shape design variables is examined. Also, nearly identical configuration is obtained while starting the simulation with a deformed geometry, and the final optimized pressure recovery values differ by 0.8% only. The accuracy and scalability of the presented method make it possible perform shape design optimization for diffusers characterized with complicated geometries under various flow conditions.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Asymmetric Big Bang: no Antimatter

Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: 1 Page.

An hypothesis on a big bang divided into a region with matter and another with antimatter
Category: Astrophysics

Explicit Correspondence of Pauli Matrices, the Basis of Cl(3,0) to 7 Esoteric Principles and to the Bagua.

Authors: Alex Kritov
Comments: 4 Pages. Text is in Russian

The article shows the correspondence of the seven principles of the esoteric doctrines, the Chinese trigrams Gua Fu Xi with Pauli matrices, which are the basis of the corresponding Lie algebras and groups, and widely used in modern fundamental physics. This article is intended for a very narrow category of readers, namely, for those who are familiar with the mathematical apparatus of the theory of groups and algebras Clifford in their application to the physical world, with binary (bit) operations and, at the same time, with the esoteric teachings of Theosophy as presented by H.P. Blavatsky, Subba Row. For mathematicians, this work may be interesting in connection with the proposed method for enumerating Pauli matrices using bitwise operations. [in Russian]
Category: Algebra

Combinatorial Optimization Problem Solving Method by Correlation Coefficient of Ising Model Order Parameter

Authors: Akira Saito
Comments: 4 Pages.

任意の相互作用パラメータを持つイジングモデルの秩序変数を相関係数で表すことができた。これにより検定力分析で決まるサンプル数によって、ある精度の条件下で、秩序変数を求めることができる。温度0でのイジングモデルの秩序変数は、組み合わせ最適化問題の解となることが知られている。各秩序変数によりyesなのかnoなのかを知りたいだけであれば、サンプル数で求まる秩序変数で判断することができる。つまり、組み合わせ最適化問題を、計算ステップ数 T 、入力サイズ N に対してT∼O(N^k)で解くことができる可能性がある。このことはNP困難問題を多項式時間で解ける可能性を示しており、P=NPを暗示している。
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Bose-Einstein Condensate Macroscopic Entanglement Teleportation and Water a Climate Stop-Gap Solution.

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages.

Bose Einstein Condensate teleportation using quantum entanglement is discussed as a potential future technology for the large-scale transport of inorganic matter. This concept is the then extended into the scaling of small-scale entanglement teleportation devices into mass-produced assemblies to transport simple substances like ocean water and the potential application of this concept for global challenges like sea level rise from global climate change induced ice melt.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Theory About Rounding of Real Numbers.

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 3 Pages.

With a very intuitive notation, we are going to see in this paper a solution of the approximation to a determinate position digit in whole and fractional numbers. We are going to use ceiling and floor functions to give precision to the rounding.
Category: General Mathematics

Semicircles in the Arbelos with Overhang and Division by Zero

Authors: Hiroshi Okumura
Comments: 8 Pages.

We consider special semicircles, whose endpoints lie on a circle, for a generalized arbelos called the arbelos with overhang considered in [4] with division by zero.
Category: Geometry

A Study on the Causes of the Constancy of the Speed of Light

Authors: KyeongDo Kwak
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper studied why the speed of light is always constant regardless of the speed of the light source or the observer. I also studied that the theory of relativity can be described only with the basic properties of time and space without introducing the constancy of the speed of light as a basic principle. This logical process presupposes that the correct length change in the special theory of relativity is length expansion, not length contraction, and I have confirmed that length expansion is consistent with known relativistic experimental results.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Modification of Cantor Sets With Potential Infinities

Authors: Anders Lindman
Comments: 3 Pages.

In continuous Euclidean space all lines have an infinite number of points, e.g. a line A = 10 cm has the same number of points as a line B = 5 cm. In this paper a new set theory (MST for modified set theory) is defined so that lines of different lengths always contain different numbers of points. Instead of allowing several actual infinities only one actual infinity is defined. All other sets are either finite or have potential infinite cardinality. This makes the logic of sets more straightforward than with Georg Cantor’s transfinite sets.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Development of Hypersphere World-Universe Model. Narrative. Part V. Paradigm Shift in Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 130 Pages.

The main objective of a paper is to discuss the most important Concepts for any Cosmological model: universality of physical laws; cosmological principle (homogeneous and isotropic universe); Space, Time, and Gravitation; speed of light in vacuum; structure and content of the World; dark matter and ordinary matter; origin of matter (singularity or continuous creation); Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum; Primary Cosmological Parameters; Four Pillars of Standard Cosmology (SC) – expansion of Universe, nucleosynthesis of light elements, formation of large-scale structures, origin of cosmic background radiation. The performed analysis shows that SC fails to account for most of these concepts. The most intriguing result is that there was no Initial Singularity: all galaxies are gravitationally bound with their Superclusters. Proposed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology. According to WUM, Superclusters are, in fact, the principal objects of the World. Macroobjects form from the top (Superclusters) down to galaxies and extrasolar systems in parallel around different Cores made up of different Dark Matter Particles. Formation of galaxies and stars is not a process that concluded ages ago; instead, it is ongoing.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fizikçilerin Dil Beceriksizliği (The Imperfect Language of Physicists)

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 9 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Scientific analysis and experiment steps, results and interpretations are formed in the brain accompanied by imagination, word and concept coding. Proper reporting of results is also important. Especially in theoretical physics, skill and carefulness of language is becoming a more obvious need in new subjects at the border of existing knowledge. There are those from other fields who are ready to misunderstand and spark these discourses/conclusions; they product books from a few bytes of information such as “yes/no/maybe”; occult misinformations emerges, examples of which are mostly from the fields of special relativity theory and quantum physics. Science must not use the phrases which are supported the paleolithic mind.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

On Prime Numbers in Linear Form

Authors: Alexey Ponomarenko
Comments: 7 Pages.

A lower bound is given for the number of primes in a special linear form less than N, under the assumption of the weakened Elliott-Halberstam conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Twitter Sentiment Analysis using Deep Learning

Authors: Vedurumudi Priyanka
Comments: 17 Pages.

In this report, address the problem of sentiment classification on twitter dataset. used a number of machine learning and deep learning methods to perform sentiment analysis. In the end, used a majority vote ensemble method with 5 of our best models to achieve the classification accuracy of 83.58% on kaggle public leaderboard. compared various different methods for sentiment analysis on tweets (a binary classification problem). The training dataset is expected to be a CSV file of type tweet_id, sentiment, tweet where the tweet_id is a unique integer identifying the tweet, sentiment is either 1 (positive) or 0 (negative), and tweet is the tweet enclosed in "". Similarly, the test dataset is a CSV file of type tweet_id, tweet. Please note that CSV headers are not expected and should be removed from the training and test datasets. used Anaconda distribution of Python for datasets for library requirements specific to some methods such as keras with TensorFlow backend for Logistic Regression, MLP, RNN (LSTM), and CNN. and xgboost for XGBoost. Usage of preprocessing, baseline, Naive Bayes, Maximum entropy, Decision Tree, random forest, multi-layer perception etc are implemented
Category: Artificial Intelligence

An Approach of an Information-Measure for Attractors from Multi.Reduction-Copy-Machines

Authors: Udo E. Steinemann
Comments: 16 Pages.

C. E. SHANNON - with his theory of communication - was the first one who developed a concept for capturing information quantitatively. He found a measure for a kind of information relevant when rarity of events is decisive. His approach aimed on character-sequences of equal lengths and composed of elements from a symbol-set. Each symbol possesses its individual meaning and may appear differently often in a selected sequence. In such an environment it’s possible to specify a probability of any symbol found in an arbitrary sequence. In the following a similar attempt is made in order to find an information-measure for attractors decoded or encoded by Multi-Reduction-Copy-Machines (MRCMs). But in contrast to SHANNON’s theory where the approach is based on statistical considerations, the new measuring-method is guided by considering complexity of structures.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Application of Environmental DNA in the Investigation of Rare or Introduced Varieties with Carps, Bluegills, and Frogbits

Authors: Jung Choi
Comments: 10 Pages. 10 p, Korean, CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0

In this research project, I promote research for the application of environmental DNA to investigate rare or introduced varieties. In particular, I have focused on the development of estimating biomass by environmental DNA concentration in reservoirs and streams, the estimation of the exotic varieties’ distribution and biomass, application of environmental DNA technique on introduced or rare water plants. In study A, I measured biomass at the whole reservoir by collection when the reservoir is fully dehydrated and compared the biomass and environmental DNA amount. As a result, there are explicit correlation between eDNA amount and biomass, and its behaviour was not related to where samples were collected such as shore or buffer. In study B, I have done the development of real-time PCR primer probe and outdoor investigation on Hydrilla verticillate of and Egeria densa which are submerged plants of Hydrocharitaceae to confirm usefulness of eDNA analysis as aquatic plant distribution estimation method. As consequence, it was found that there is a correlation between biomass and eDNA amount and there are more plant eDNAs in some particles where animal eDNAs aren’t. The eDNA technique developed in this study is expected to be an effective mean to estimate biomass in various species, investigate organism distribution, determine the invasion scale of exotic genotype quickly.
Category: Quantitative Biology

On the Elementary Function y=|x| and Division by Zero Calculus

Authors: Hiroshi Okumura, Saburou Saitoh, Keitarou Uchida
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, we will consider the elementary function $y=|x|$ from the viewpoint of the basic relations of the normal solutions (Uchida's hyper exponential functions) of ordinary differential equations and the division by zero calculus. In particular, $y^\prime(0) =0$ in our sense and this function will show the fundamental identity with the natural sense $$ \frac{0}{0} =0 $$ with the sense $$ \frac{1}{0} =0 $$ that may be considered as $0$ as the inversion of $0$ through the Uchida's hyper exponential function.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Feather and Glass Momentum Paradox of Special Relativity

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 2 Pages.

A very light mass entity like a feather, a grain of sand or a leaf being in one inertial frame and a fragile entity like a vine glass, a lightbulb or a vase being in another inertial frame will relativistically impact together. The Lorentz factor is enormous, let say 1 billion as it is not limited. At the point of observation of the resting feather the glass is enormously heavy and has a momentum of gigantic value while the feather itself does have its normal rest mass and none momentum in the own inertial frame. Therefore the impact result will be evidently that glass stays whole and the feather will get an enormous momentum and after impact will move in same direction as the fragile glass entity would keep its moving nearly unchanged. But if we set us as observer into the inertial frame of the fragile glass piece, then the feather will have an enormous momentum and energy now and then its clear that the fragile glass piece in own inertial frame having rest mass and no momentum will be broken. Even if we place a lot of glass pieces into the way of the fast moved feather they all would be destroyed too. And that are two different realities of contradicting events, which we've got just by using Special Relativity's Relativity Principle which means that all inertial frames are “equally righted” and we can replace observation points as we did it.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Muons and New Physics

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 6 Pages.

Muons are somewhat like heavy electrons, but they briefly persist, whereas ordinary electrons have a long life. Why? Muon particles are beloved by the small army of experimental physicists at Fermilab and the LHC. Results outside expectations indicate that an upgrade to the standard particle physics model, and to its cosmological principle, is in order. This essay offers fresh perspectives on several key questions, and it points experimentalists toward a better model of fundamental physics.
Category: Astrophysics

On the Origin of Italian Renaissance Radio Centric Cities

Authors: Ricardo Alvira
Comments: 11 Pages.

From mid-fifteenth century to the first third of the sixteenth century, several architects proposed novel radio centric urban layouts in the north of Italy. There is lack of agreement between scholars on the origin/sources of these radio-centric layouts. Broadly, we can divide them into two groups. The main group of scholars asserts Vitruvius' De Reaedificatoria was the main source of these designs. However, a smaller and more differentiated group, points out to several other sources, including both Greek and medieval sources. In this brief communication we compare these two approaches, pointing out to the greatest consistency of Greek Sources, and specifically, to Plato's dialogues as origin of these radio centric layouts.
Category: Archaeology

How Hard is the Tensor Rank?

Authors: Yaroslav Shitov
Comments: 26 Pages. added results on matrix rigidity

We build a combinatorial technique to solve several long standing problems in linear algebra with a particular focus on algorithmic complexity of matrix completion and tensor decomposition problems. For all appropriate integral domains R, we show the polynomial time equivalence of the problem of the solvability of a system of polynomial equations over R to • the minimum rank matrix completion problem (in particular, we answer a question asked by Buss, Frandsen, Shallit in 1999), • the determination of matrix rigidity (we answer a question posed by Mahajan, Sarma in 2010 by showing the undecidability over Z, and we solve recent problems of Ramya corresponding to Q and R), • the computation of tensor rank (we answer a question asked by Gonzalez, Ja'Ja' in 1980 on the undecidability over Z, and, additionally, the special case with R = Q solves a problem posed by Blaser in 2014), • the computation of the symmetric rank of a symmetric tensor, whose algorithimic complexity remained open despite an extensive discussion in several foundational papers. In particular, we prove the NP-hardness conjecture proposed by Hillar, Lim in 2013. In addition, we solve two problems on fractional minimal ranks of incomplete matrices recently raised by Grossmann, Woerdeman, and we answer, in a strong form, a recent question of Babai, Kivva on the dependence of the solution to the matrix rigidity problem on the choice of the target field.
Category: Algebra

SunQM-5: Using the Interior {N,n//6} QM to Describe an Atom’s Nucleus-Electron System, and to Scan from Sub-quark to Universe (Drafted in April 2018)

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 23 Pages.

In this paper, we proposed a brand new nuclear {N,n//6} QM. It showed that like the Sun-planet system, the atom’s nucleus-electron system also follows the {N,n//6} QM. By using the nucleus-electron system’s interior {N,n//6} QM with the ground state electron’s orbit as e1{0,1}, the nuclides of hydrogen (Z=1), He (Z=2), Li (Z=3), Ne (Z=10), Fe (Z=26), Pd (Z=46), and Og (Z=118) atoms have the interior QM structure (in size) of e1{-3,1//6}, e1{-3,2//6}, e1{-3,3//6}, e1{-3,6//6} = e1{-2,1//6}, e1{-2,2//6}, e1{-2,3//6}, and e1{-2,6//6} = e1{-1,1//6}, respectively. Although all nucleons in those nuclides structured in {N,n//6} QM, this property actually is a hidden property (like a “recessive gene”) that only showed up at the interior e1{N,n//6} QM using electron’s n=1 shell as the reference point. This is because the strong EM-force shrank the orbital r1e to r1e/Z. The study revealed that Fe atom’s nucleus is the only one that has the 100% nucleon occupancy in the n = 1 nucleon orbital shell space (among the size n=2 nuclides from Z = 11 to Z = 26), so that Fe element’s nucleus has the most stable nuclear {N,n//6} QM structure in comparison to that of its adjacent elements. This result explains why Fe is more abundant than its adjacent elements, and why Fe atom is the heaviest nucleus that a nuclear fusion reaction can go without adding extra energy. This is exactly like why the inert element Ne is chemically most stable among the electron period 2 elements, because it has the outmost electron shell completely filled (or it has the 100% electron occupancy in the n=2 electron orbital shell space). This analysis revealed that the atom’s nuclear {N,n//6} QM structure stability played an important role in determining the abundancy of each element in our universe. Therefore, the nuclear {N,n//6} QM structural analysis significantly improved our knowledge on the nuclear physics. Further analysis showed that although the {N,n//q} QM structures of both atom’s nucleus shell and atom’s electron shells are primarily in {N,n//6} QM at the low Z#, at the high Z#, both of them shifted to the {N,n//7} QM. Another analysis revealed that {-10,1//6} is the maximum (ever-possible) size of an atom. It also revealed that although {N,n//6} is the fundamental {N,n//q} QM structure in our universe, the disruption of either the primary EM-force or G-force formed {N,n//6} QM structure will form {N,n//q} QM structure with q quantum number other than 6.
Category: Quantum Physics

Preset Boundary Conditions and the Possibility of Making Time Crystals

Authors: Wen-Xiang Chen
Comments: 3 Pages.

Using the quaternion algebraic tools widely used at the end of the 19th century, we deduce a novel theory of space-time unity that can enhance the theories of special relativity and general relativity.When the preset boundary condition-the ratio of the temperature of the two systems is a complex number, then the entropy can be constructed into the ring structure of the algebraic system, and the entropy and the time dimension are in the same direction, then it is possible to construct a time crystal.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

One Fundamental Theorem Concerning Infinite Countable Sets

Authors: Nhat-Anh Phan
Comments: Copyright. All rights reserved. Orthographic error on page 2; added comments on page 8-9.

For A an infinite countable set containing infinitely many distinct natural integersand B an infinite countable set containing infinitely many distinct natural integerssuch that ∀n ∈ A, n ∈ B and ∀m ∈ B, m ∈ A, we demonstrate that it is possiblethat A≠B by exposing infinitely many counter-examples in which, for each counter-example, A and B are respectively two sample spaces of two probability spaces havingdifferent probabilities for similar events. We thus prove that the axiom of extensionality is false for infinite countable sets.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

New Insight Into Introducing a (2-ℇ)-Approximation Ratio for Minimum Vertex Cover Problem

Authors: Majid Zohrehbandian
Comments: 9 Pages.

Vertex cover problem is a famous combinatorial problem, which its complexity has been heavily studied over the years and it is known that there is not any mathematical programming formulation that approximates it better than 2-o(1), while a 2-approximation for it can be trivially obtained. In this paper, by a combination of a well-known semidefinite programming formulation and a randomized procedure, along with satisfying new properties, we introduce an approximation algorithm for the vertex cover problem with a performance ratio of 1.999999 on arbitrary graphs, en route to answering an open question about the unique games conjecture.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

A Recursive Algorithm Generating Consecutive Sequences of Goldbach Sets

Authors: Gregory M. Sobko
Comments: 24 Pages. The title of the original submission has been changed.

A Recursive Algorithm described here generates consecutive sequences of Goldbach sets GP(m) = {p,p’| p + p = 2m} where p and p’ are prime numbers and m >2, toward the proof of the Strong Goldbach Conjecture (SGC). The approach suggested here is based on the fundamental principle of mathematical induction and uses rather elementary set-theoretical technique and the property of shift-invariance of Goldbach sets with respect to specific mappings. The main idea of this work is to develop a recursive algorithm for building the sequence of consecutive Goldbach sets {GP(k) | k = 3, 4, …, m} representing solutions to the system of Goldbach equations {x + y = 2k| k is in [3, m]} in the intervals of integers I = [3, 2k – 3] The validity of the algorithm is based on the proved here recursive formula, generating Goldbach set GP(m) given the created consecutive sets GP(k), which are not empty for all k = 3,4, …, m-1, due to inductive assumption. The paper includes some discussion of the Diophantine geometry of Goldbach sets related to Goldbach function, twin- and t-primes, as well as the text of the computer script in R with realization of the suggested recursive algorithm.
Category: Number Theory

High-Sensitivity MEMS Pressure Sensor Utilizing Bipolar Junction Transistor with Temperature Compensation

Authors: Mikhail Basov
Comments: 12 Pages. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2019.111705

The paper presents MEMS pressure sensor chip utilizing novel electrical circuit with bipolar-junction transistor-based (BJT) differential amplifier with negative feedback loop (PDA-NFL). Pressure sensor chips with two circuits have been manufactured and tested: the first chip uses circuit with vertical n-p-n (V-NPN) BJTs and the second – circuit with horizontal p-n-p (L-PNP) BJTs. The demonstrated approach allows for increase of pressure sensitivity while keeping the same chip size. It also can be used for chip size reduction and increase of pressure overload capability while maintaining the same pressure sensitivity. Significant reduction of both noise and temperature instability of output signal has been demonstrated using transistor amplifier with negative feedback loop.
Category: Classical Physics

Development of High-Sensitivity Pressure Sensor with on-Chip Differential Transistor Amplifier

Authors: Mikhail Basov
Comments: 10 Pages. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ab82f1

A mathematical model of a high-sensitivity pressure sensor with a novel electrical circuit utilizing piezosensitive transistor differential amplifier with negative feedback loop (PDA-NFL) is presented. Circuits utilizing differential transistor amplifiers based on vertical n-p-n and lateral p-n-p transistors are analyzed and optimized for sensitivity to pressure and stability of output signal in operating temperature range. Parameters of fabrication process necessary for modeling of I-V characteristics of transistors are discussed. The results of the model are sufficiently close to the experimental data.
Category: Classical Physics

Development of High-Sensitivity Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors for 0.5…+0.5 Kpa

Authors: Mikhail Basov
Comments: 8 Pages. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ab9581

A mathematical model of an ultrahigh sensitivity piezoresistive chip of a pressure sensor with a range from -0.5 to 0.5 kPa has been developed. The optimum geometrical dimensions of a specific silicon membrane with a combination of rigid islands to ensure a trade-off relationship between sensitivity (Ssamples = 34.5 mV/kPa/V) and nonlinearity (2KNL samples = 0.81 %FS) have been determined. The paper also studies the range of the membrane deflection and makes recommendations on position of stops limiting diaphragm deflection in both directions; the stops allow for increasing burst pressure Pburst up to 450 кPa. The simulated data has been related to that of experimental samples and their comparative analysis showed the relevance of the mathematical model (estimated sensitivity and nonlinearity errors calculated on the basis of average values are 1.5% and 19%, respectively).
Category: Classical Physics

Investigation of High Sensitivity Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors for 0.5…+0.5 Kpa

Authors: Mikhail Basov, D. Prigodskiy
Comments: 7 Pages. IEEE Sensors, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.2980326

The investigation of the pressure sensor chip’s design developed for operation in ultralow differential pressure ranges has been conducted. The optimum geometry of a membrane has been defined using available technological resources. The pressure sensor chip with an area of 6.15х6.15 mm has an average sensitivity S of 34.5 mV/кPa/V at nonlinearity 2KNL = 0.81 %FS and thermal hysteresis up to 0.6 %FS was created. Owing to the chip connection with stop elements, the burst pressure reaches 450 кPa.
Category: Classical Physics

Ultra-High Sensitivity MEMS Pressure Sensor Utilizing Bipolar Junction Transistor for -1…+1 kPa

Authors: Mikhail Basov
Comments: 7 Pages. IEEE Sensors, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.3033813 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

The theoretical model and experimental characteristics of ultra-high sensitivity MEMS pressure sensor chip for the range of -1...+1 kPa utilizing a novel electrical circuit are presented. The electrical circuit uses piezosensitive differential amplifier with negative feedback loop (PDA-NFL) based on two bipolar-junction transistors (BJT). The BJT has a vertical structure of n-p-n type (V-NPN) formed on a non-deformable chip area. The circuit contains eight piezoresistors located on a profiled membrane in the areas of maximum mechanical stresses. The circuit design provides a balance between high pressure sensitivity (S = 44.9 mV/V/kPa) and fairly low temperature dependence of zero output signal (TCZ = 0.094% FS/°C). Additionally, high membrane burst pressure of P = 550 kPa was reached.
Category: Classical Physics

High Sensitive, Linear and Thermostable Pressure Sensor Utilizing Bipolar Junction Transistor for 5 kPa

Authors: Mikhail Basov
Comments: 8 Pages. Physica Scripta, https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/abf536

Research of pressure sensor chip utilizing novel electrical circuit with bipolar-junction transistor-based (BJT) piezosensitive differential amplifier with negative feedback loop (PDA-NFL) for 5 kPa differential range was done. The significant advantages of developed chip PDA-NFL in the comparative analysis of advanced pressure sensor analogs, which are using the Wheatstone piezoresistive bridge, are clearly shown. The experimental results prove that pressure sensor chip PDA-NFL with 4.0x4.0 mm2 chip area has sensitivity S = 11.2 ± 1.8 mV/V/kPa with nonlinearity of 2KNLback = 0.11 ± 0.09 %/FS (pressure is applied from the back chip side) and 2KNLtop = 0.18 ± 0.09 %/FS (pressure is applied from the top chip side). All temperature characteristics have low errors, because the precision elements balance of PDA-NFL electric circuit was used. Additionally, the burst pressure is 80 times higher than the working range.
Category: Classical Physics

Schottky Diode Temperature Sensor for Pressure Sensor

Authors: Mikhail Basov
Comments: 12 Pages. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2021.112930

The small silicon chip of Schottky diode (0.8x0.8x0.4 mm3) with planar arrangement of electrodes (chip PSD) as temperature sensor, which functions under the operating conditions of pressure sensor, was developed. The forward I-V characteristic of chip PSD is determined by potential barrier between Mo and n-Si (ND = 3 × 1015 cm-3). Forward voltage UF = 208 ± 6 mV and temperature coefficient TC = -1.635 ± 0.015 mV/⁰C (with linearity kT <0.4% for temperature range of -65 to +85 ⁰C) at supply current IF = 1 mA is achieved. The reverse I-V characteristic has high breakdown voltage UBR > 85 V and low leakage current IL < 5 μA at 25 ⁰C and IL < 130 μA at 85 ⁰C (UR = 20 V) because chip PSD contains the structure of two p-type guard rings along the anode perimeter. The application of PSD chip for wider temperature range from -65 to +115 ⁰C is proved. The separate chip PSD of temperature sensor located at a distance of less than 1.5 mm from the pressure sensor chip. The PSD chip transmits input data for temperature compensation of pressure sensor errors by ASIC and for direct temperature measurement.
Category: Classical Physics

Investigation of Sensitive Element for Pressure Sensor Based on Bipolar Piezotransistor

Authors: Mikhail Basov, D.M. Prigodskiy
Comments: 12 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

The paper summarizes results of investigation of high-sensitivity MEMS pressure sensor based on a circuit containing both active and passive stress-sensitive elements: a differential am-plifier utilizing two n-p-n piezotransistors and for p-type piezoresistors. A comparative analysis of a sensor utilizing this circuit with a pressure sensor based on traditional piezoresistive Wheatstone bridge and built on the same mechanical part is provided. MEMS pressure sensor with the differential amplifier (PSDA) has sensitivity of S = 0.66 mV/kPa/V, which exceeded the sensi-tivity of the element with piezoresistive Wheatstone bridge (PSWB) by 2.2 times. The sensitivity increase allows for the following sensor improvements: die size reduction, increase of diaphragm mechanical strength while keeping high pressure sensitivity, and simplifying requirements to ex-ternal processing of the pressure sensor output signal. There are two main challenges related to the use of PSDA-based pressure sensors: strong dependence of output signal on temperature and higher than in PSWB noise reducing the dynamic range of the device to 103. The article describes methods of addressing these problems. The temperature dependence of sensor output signal can be minimized with help of an offset thermal compensation circuit and by eliminating me-tallization at the thin part of the diaphragm. The noise can be minimized by reducing the thick-ness of the active base region of the transistor. Circuit analysis with software NI Multisim shows that sensitivity of PSDA-based pressure sensor can be increased 2.3 times by circuit optimization.
Category: Classical Physics

Modeling of Sensitive Element for Pressure Sensor Based on Bipolar Piezotransistor

Authors: Mikhail Basov, D.M. Prigodskiy
Comments: 12 Pages.

The paper describes modeling of high-sensitivity MEMS pressure sensor based on a circuit containing both active and passive stress-sensitive elements: a differential amplifier utilizing two n-p-n transistors and four p-type piezoresistors. The analysis on the basis of the developed mathematical model for a pressure sensor with traditional piezoresistive Wheatstone bridge and theoretical conclusions regarding the change in the electrical parameters of a bipolar transistor under the influence of deformation was carried out.
Category: Classical Physics

Proof of Erdos Conjecture about Brocard's Problem

Authors: Babacar Gueye
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

This article talk about Brocard's problem. This problem consist to find the solution of the diophancian equation n! + 1 = m^2. Paul Erdos conjecture that the only solutions are the Brown numbers corresponding to the values 4, 5 and 7 of n. Using here on fondamental result of number theory and studing some fonction between whitch the neperian logarithm we proof that there are any solution corresponding to a value of n greater than 10.
Category: Number Theory

A Simple Dark Matter Model

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 8 Pages. 1 table; 2 figures

This article proposes a new and very simple dark matter model. This article believes that the most basic particle that constitutes dark matter is called "dark particles", which is labeled in Chinese Anzi. The model assumes that there are two anzis with opposite signs and equal mass. Anzi of two different signs can be combined into dark matter atoms similar to the interaction between positive and negative electrons, and then form dark matter molecules, and finally form dark matter gas or liquid. Similar to electromagnetic interaction, the interaction between anzi is realized by exchanging dark wave quantum. By comparing the speed of light and sound, this article believes that the propagation speed of dark waves is one million times that of electromagnetic waves. This article is convinced that if dark waves can be detected and used well, humans’ vision in the existing universe can be increased by one million times.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Improvement of the Matlab Program Proposed in Vixra:2103.0018

Authors: Joh. J. Sauren, Aloys J. Sipers
Comments: 8 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org]

In this article, the Matlab program proposed in the article viXra:2103.0018 is improved. Further, the constant d3 depends on the constants d2 and a3. Three theorems are stated on the generating functions for the constants d2 and a3. The first two theorems provide analytical expressions for these generating functions, whereas the third theorem relates them.
Category: Statistics

A Proof of P ≠ NP ⇔ NP = Exptime

Authors: Victor Porton
Comments: 3 Pages.

My proof of P ≠ NP ⇔ NP = EXPTIME.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Consideration of Electron-Positron Pair Annihilation by Thermal Oscillations and an Inelastic Collision

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, we discuss the phenomenon that in the photons generated after electron-positron annihilation, the sources of thermal potential energy that make up the electrons and positrons are equally divided. As a result, the photon contains one thermal point each for the electron and positron, and a picture of a single system emerges. This annihilation could be predicted to occur at the point where the two domains intersect if the electron and positron phases are properly aligned on the Riemann surface. Taking advantage of the model in which the interior of the electron radiates and radiates thermophores, the electron-positron annihilation could be likened to an inelastic collision observed from opposite directions in time. In addition, we consider that the oscillation caused by thermal radiation inside the electron cancels out that of the positron, causing the electron and positron to lose mass and transform into a photon.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Theory on Thing's Limits. Part 2: a Brief Analysis of the New Knowledge of Newton's First Law (In Chinese)

Authors: Ding Jian
Comments: 11 Pages. The energy that every one of radiated photons has will take away a part of the static mass (that is, a certain amount of matter). In this regard, there has been no consensus. And this is exactly the objective fact that modern physics must face.

According to the norm of identifying truth in this theory, and Newton's first law which is a basis that can look at the overall situation. By virtue of the electron storage ring as an experimental fact, it is pointed out: Only in reality can there be inertia, and vice versa. Inertia represents the continuity of the development of thing. As the speed gradually approaches to the c, the particle's mass also approaches to zero along with its static mass, which is the energy shrinkage effect of high-speed particles, and also the primary factor causing the spectrum redshift. Therefore, the Big Bang theory is wrong. All photons are produced from the high-density particles through electromagnetic radiations. Wherever there is fluctuation, there must be mass, and vice versa. This is the correct understanding of "wave-particle duality". No matter the high-speed electrons or the photons produced by them all have different static masses, but their charge-mass ratio is always the same physical constant, and not affected by relativistic effects and electromagnetic radiations. Which constitutes the internal mechanism of the uncertainty principle and conforms to the experimental facts related to it. It can be proved that in a constant magnetic field, the high-speed electron or photon with a relatively large curvature radius, which has a high moving speed and less mass, energy and wave frequency. Since Einstein used the absolute space-time established by Newton as the criterion and came to the conclusion that relative space-time was curved, then he should no longer make circular arguments, that was, used the relative space-time as the criterion, to change the unit length and time established by the absolute space-time.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Physics since Einstein

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 155 Pages. In version 5, in chapter XXIII, has been added the section 9.8: Contemplation about the "Free neutron decay"

Each scientist in physics has the moral responsibility to try to adapt mathematics to physics. Einstein adapted physics to his mathematics in his Special Theory of Relativity, with which the decay of physics began.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Observations in the Spectrum of C-Radiation Revealed Threats to the Safety of Humanity and Astronauts and the Origin of the Pandemic

Authors: Vasyl Korniienko
Comments: 15 Pages.

We first established that matter has a quantum electromagnetic field (QEF). As a result, any loads applied to matter cause the perturbation of its QEF in the form of waves of quantum electromagnetic energy (S-radiation). This causes the origin of cosmic S-radiation, including geopathic radiation (GR), as well as the fact that the technique generates technogenic S-radiation, and all of them, like GR, cause diseases. In the spectrum of S-radiation, we observed how in the summer of 2003 the Earth and the Sun occupied the energy information field (EIF). Since then, the EIF has sucked energy from these bodies, due to which polar ice melts and the stability of the parameters of the Sun is disturbed and a threat to the security of mankind is brewing. In addition, the total impact of EIF and the above-mentioned varieties of C-radiation causes various diseases in the population, including coronavirus infection. Spacecraft do not have protection from all these S-radiation and EIF, so in the conditions of flying to Mars, the health of astronauts is subject to great risks. Proposed measures that will neutralize all these threats.
Category: Astrophysics

Experimental and Numerical Study of Cavitation in Headform Configurations

Authors: Aviad Gofer, Shlomy Shitrit
Comments: 17 Pages.

A novel facility was constructed for investigating the motion of high-speed underwater bodies. The testing facility consists of a pneumatic piston capable of accelerating a specially designed underwater body to speeds as high as 30 m/s, hence achieving the cavitation range. The body maintains an approximately constant velocity for a few tens of milliseconds. Preliminary experimental work was performed to evaluate the performance of the novel testing equipment, using a high-speed camera to analyze different geometries at different velocities. Results showed good agreement in terms of cavitation bubble size when compared with numerical calculations using CFD.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Real Schur Flows

Authors: Jian-Zhou Zhu
Comments: 37 Pages.

The problem of a flow with its velocity gradient being of \textit{real Schur form} uniformly in a cyclic box is formulated for numerical simulation, and a semi-analytic algorithm is developed from the precise structures. Computations starting from two-component-two-dimensional-coupled-with-one-component-three-dimensional initial velocity fields of the Taylor-Green and Arnold-Beltrami-Childress fashions are carried out, and some discussions related to turbulence are offered for the multi-scale eddies which, though, present precise order and symmetry. Plenty of color pictures of patterns of these completely new flows are presented for general and specific conceptions.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Calculation of Everything

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: Pages.

In this study, the masses of various particles in physics and the processes of cosmic changes were precisely calculated. Given six variables (three generation neutrino masses, photon mass, gluon mass, and electromagnetic force), everything is calculated. The core is to understand the characteristics of quantum space. Particles have no proper mass. Logarithmically compressed three generation quantum space imparts mass to the particle. The calculated values are such as follows: electron neutrino 0.1533 eV, weak force 1.011E-6, gravitational force 5.906E-39, up quark 2.250 MeV, charm quark 1275.1 MeV, down quark 4.766 MeV, strange quark 95.28 MeV, H boson 125.02 GeV, cosmological constant 1.1056E-52 /m2, dark energy : dark matter : ordinary matter = 69.5% : 25.8% : 4.7%. From the cosmological constant, the radius of Planck star is calculated as 10.05 billion years. The 73% (=10.05/137.7) is called the proportion of dark energy, and the 27% (=37.2/137.7) is called the proportion of matter. Therefore, it proves that the definition of dark energy is wrong. The standard for calculating our universe is not 5.391E-44 seconds, but 10.05 billion years. That is, right after the Big Bang, the universe began at about the size of our solar system.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Paradigm Shift in Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 22 Pages.

The main objective of a paper is to discuss the most important Concepts for any Cosmological model: universality of physical laws; cosmological principle (homogeneous and isotropic universe); Space, Time, and Gravitation; speed of light in vacuum; structure and content of the World; dark matter and ordinary matter; origin of matter (singularity or continuous creation); Law of the Conservation of Angular Momentum; Primary Cosmological Parameters; Four Pillars of Standard Cosmology (SC) – expansion of Universe, nucleosynthesis of light elements, formation of large-scale structures, origin of cosmic background radiation. The performed analysis shows that SC fails to account for these Concepts and should be obsolete. The most intriguing result is that there was no Initial Singularity: all galaxies are gravitationally bound with their Superclusters. Proposed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology. According to WUM, Superclusters are, in fact, the principal objects of the World. Macroobjects form from the top (Superclusters) down to galaxies and extrasolar systems in parallel around different Cores made up of different Dark Matter Particles. Formation of galaxies and stars is not a process that concluded ages ago; instead, it is ongoing.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Zu Den Induktionskonstanten ε_0 Und μ_0 (About the Induction Constants ε_0 and μ_0)

Authors: Dieter Grosch
Comments: 2 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org - Please conform!]

Es wird gezeigt, dass die Induktionskonstanten, die heute noch als Naturkonstanten betrachte werden, nur reziproke Feldstärken der Erde sind, die durch ihre Bewegung entstehen, mit denen man die elektrischen Einheiten definiert. Dadurch ist man in der Lage, sie als Verhältnis zu diesen zu beschreiben.

It is shown that the induction constants, which are still considered to be natural constants today, are only reciprocal field strengths of the earth that arise through its movement, with which the electrical units are defined. This enables one to describe them as a relationship to them.
Category: Classical Physics

Quantity in Quantum Mechanics and the Quantity of Quantum Information

Authors: Vasil Penchev
Comments: 9 Pages.

The paper interprets the concept “operator in the separable complex Hilbert space” (particalry, “Hermitian operator” as “quantity” is defined in the “classical” quantum mechanics) by that of “quantum information”. As far as wave function is the characteristic function of the probability (density) distribution for all possible values of a certain quantity to be measured, the definition of quantity in quantum mechanics means any unitary change of the probability (density) distribution. It can be represented as a particular case of “unitary” qubits. The converse interpretation of any qubits as referring to a certain physical quantity implies its generalization to non-Hermitian operators, thus neither unitary, nor conserving energy. Their physical sense, speaking loosely, consists in exchanging temporal moments therefore being implemented out of the space-time “screen”. “Dark matter” and “dark energy” can be explained by the same generalization of “quantity” to non-Hermitian operators only secondarily projected on the pseudo-Riemannian space-time “screen” of general relativity according to Einstein's “Mach’s principle” and his field equation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Set Theoretic Proof ~~X ≠ X

Authors: Salvatore Gerard Micheal
Comments: 2 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

We prove that ~~X ≠ X where ~ = "not" in a logical/set-theoretic context (ALL mathematics and logic), X represents ANY logical statement equivalent to a set of associated facts (which many times is countably infinite or more), ~X, read "not X", represents the logical / set-theoretic complement of X, which is comprised of the complementary set of associated facts with respect to X. We give a proof by contradiction and the solitary exception to the rule regarding phi, the null/empty set.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Relation Between the Resting Mass and the Radius of the Proton

Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 1 Page.

The rest mass of the proton and the rest mass of the electron can be expressed by the radius of the proton and the radius of the electron.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Erklärung Der Quantentheorie Mit Hilfe Der "Dynamischen Gravitationstheorie"
Explanation of Quantum Theory with the Help of "Dynamic Gravity Theory"

Authors: Dieter Grosch
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Da die „Dynamische Gravitationstheorie“ von der Existenz nur eines universellen "Elementaren Teilchens" eT ausgehet deren verschiedenen Darstellungsformen entweder durch Clusterbildung, oder durch veränderte Bewegungszustände beschrieben werden können, ist dieses Teilchen der einzige Grund für die Einführung von Quanten in die Physik. Welche Auswirkungen das hat, soll hie beschrieben werden.

Since the "Dynamic Gravity Theory" assumes the existence of only one universal "elementary particle" eT, whose different representations can be described either by clustering or by changing states of motion, this particle is the only reason for the introduction of quanta into physics. What effects this has, shall be described here.
Category: Quantum Physics

Polygonal Orbital Path of Quantum Gravity

Authors: Farid Abrari
Comments: This article is written in English and has 9 pages. Building on viXra:2107.0004, it is shown that a stable orbital path under quantum effects of gravity is polygonal. Saturn's hexagon is a manifestation of this phenomenon.

The quantum effects of gravity become apparent when particles of sufficiently small mass are located in the gravitational field of a large body of mass. In such conditions, the particles would experience the stepwise variation of the gravitational field as a series of rings in which the gravitational strength remains constant. Consequently, in such quantized gravitational fields, the orbital path of the particles would deviate from the circular path of the smooth classical gravity. In this article it is shown that under quantum effects of gravity, the path of an orbiting particle would look like a polygon with rounded vertices; like those of Saturn's hexagon. The side-count of such polygonal paths is shown to be a direct function of the width of the ring of constant gravity, which itself is a direct function of the mass of the orbiting particle. In the case of the polygonal paths of large side-count, each rounded vertex and its pair of immediate connecting edges, constitute a parabolic trajectory that the particle takes while traversing the width of the ring of constant gravity. The parabolic path of the particle is such that it gets tangent to the boundaries of the ring of constant gravity at two altitude extremes. In one extreme, when the path is tangent to the circle of high altitude, the particle velocity is less than what is required to maintain its altitude, hence, it descends afterward. In the other extreme, when the path is tangent to the circle of low altitude, the particle velocity is more than what is required to remain at that altitude, hence, it ascends afterward. This repeated altitude drops and gains results in the polygonal orbital path of the quantum gravity. The circular path of the classical mechanics emerges when the quantum effects of gravity is fully vanished by reducing the width of ring of constant gravity to zero, hence, increasing the polygon side-count unboundedly. In this limiting case, the circular path of the classical mechanics would be made of infinitesimal parabolas each fully tangent to the circular path at their vertices.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Is the Universe Static?

Authors: David F. Crawford
Comments: 11 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Observations of the light curve widths and peak flux densities of type Ia supernovae are traditional measurements for investigating cosmology. It is shown that a static, tired light, cosmology theory predicts the same redshift dependence of width$\propto (1+z)$, as an expanding cosmology. A completely new analysis of 1,413 type Ia supernovae and 653,338 quasar magnitudes is used to investigate whether a static cosmology is viable.

The aim is to show that the observations are consistent with a simple model of type Ia supernovae and then to use the measurements of their light curve widths and magnitudes to compare a static cosmology with an expanding cosmology.} {The light curve widths of the type Ia supernovae are determined by the direct fit of the observed flux densities as a function of epoch to a standard template. This provides width and peak magnitude estimates for each supernova. Number density and magnitudes of quasars as a function of redshift provide additional data.

It is shown that the regression equation for the observed widths is $w=(1.043\pm0.006)+(0.948\pm0.027)z$. The regression of peak absolute magnitude as a function of redshift is $M(z) = -(19.088\pm0.012)-(0.124\pm 0.107)z$. Both regressions are consistent with both cosmologies. The number density and magnitudes of quasars provides additional evidence for a static universe.

Although an expanding universe could be valid, there is strong evidence that the universe is static.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Macroeconomics Money Flow

Authors: Osvaldo Duilio Rossi
Comments: 11 Pages.

Economics have begun only recently to translate its laws in the language of quantum statistics, approaching only specific areas of interests (like Baaquie 2004; Orrell 2018), leaving unaltered the groundings of mainstream economics. Schmitt (1972; 1984) suggested a complete reformulation of neoclassic macroeconomics, but he did it introducing the concepts of wave distribution and transformation only in a humanistic frame, leaving unaltered the mathematics underneath. Here – on the basis of Rossi (2019-2020) – I suggest a basic reformulation of money theory, applying a slightly altered algebra of Dirac (1930), which I am giving account for (particularly in composition of matrices and vectors); and applying the basic principles of quantum mechanics coded by Feynman/Leighton/Sands (1963/2013), in order to explain how money flows through an economic system, meaning a circular model of money supply. That should explain why "natural" distributions of money (out of political control) tend to realize unfair or unsustainable solutions.
Category: Economics and Finance

Medllecta. Hematological Preventive Method (HPM)

Authors: Egger Mielberg
Comments: 17 Pages.

Qualitatively new mechanisms for the analysis of blood cells and blood plasma proteins may open up the possibility of constructing a hematological data model (HDM) for early detection of a pathological process during the latent period of the disease. As such mechanisms, we use the algorithms of Sense Theory, a new mathematics for artificial intelligence. In this article, we use the results of a clinical blood test as a practical example.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Nuclear Magnetic Moments, Stretched Octaves, Tones, and the Golden Ratio. a Symphony.

Authors: Bruno R Galeffi
Comments: 12 Pages.

The boundless variety of oscillatory patterns pervading the vacuum constitutes the background of the physical universe. Nuclear magnetic moments appear to be the partition played by nuclides in relation to this musical universe, conducted by the master golden ratio. A classification of chemical elements through their nuclear moments is set forth with respect to nine stretched octaves and thirty six tones.
Category: Classical Physics

The Free Fall of the String

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 8 Pages. original article

We consider the motion of string in free fall in gravity. The solutions are not identical with the string accelerated kinetically by acceleration a. So, we distinguish between non-inertial field and the gravity field and we discuss the principle of equivalence. In conclusion we suggest to drop the charged objects from the very high tower Burj Khalifa in order to say crucial words on the principle of equivalence.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Description of Newtonian Gravity

Authors: Farid Abrari
Comments: 13 Pages. This article is in English and has 13 papers. Using the findings of combined theory of SR-QM (https://viXra.org/abs/2106.0167) smooth Newtonian gravity is quantized. An experimental procedure is proposed to validate predictions of the quantum gravity.

The smooth Newtonian model of gravity is quantized using the results obtained from the combined theory of Special Relativity (SR) and Quantum Mechanics (QM). The resulting quantum model of gravity, unlike the classical Newtonian model, predicts that there exists an upper limit to the distance between a given pair of masses, called the action distance, beyond which they become gravitationally unbound. Equivalently, at any given radial distance from a large gravitating body of mass, there exists a minimum mass below which the particle would not gravitationally bind to the gravitating body. The attractable mass limit of a gravitating body is determined by equating action distance with the surface radius of the body. Moreover, the quantum model of gravity indicates that the escape velocity from a large gravitating body is a function of the mass of the escaping particle as well. This quantum effect of gravity become significant if the mass of the escaping particles, such as the gas molecules from the exosphere of a planet, are comparable to the attractable mass limit of the planet. The significant discrepancy observed in the escape rates of CH_4 and N_2 species from Pluto's exosphere is used to constrain the reference mass of the combined SR-QM theory to m= 3.2E-45 (kg). The latter is thought to be the physical cut-off limit for massless particles. An Earth-bound experiment is also proposed to test the predictions of the combined SR-QM theory and determine the reference mass with a higher accuracy.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Transmission of a Single-Photon Through a Polarizing Filter: an Analysis Using Wave-Particle Non-Duality

Authors: N Gurappa
Comments: 15 pages, 4 figures

The inner-product, $<\psi|\psi>$, between a state vector, $|\psi>$ and its dual, $<\psi|$, is thoroughly analyzed using the recently developed `wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation of quantum mechanics'; here, $|\psi>$ is a solution of the Schrodinger wave equation. Using this analysis, ``questions about what decides whether a photon is to go through or not and how it changes its direction of polarization when it does go through a polarizing filter" - a statement by Prof. Dirac - is unambiguously explained.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Logarithmic Integral and Related Integrals

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this note we give some formulas related with the integral: integral from 0 to infinity (-ln x)/(sqrt(x)*(1+x^2)*(1+x^3))dx=2(pi^2)/(3*sqrt(3))
Category: General Mathematics