| viXra.org > All Submission Categories > 2007 |
 |
 |
| viXra.org > All Submission Categories > 2007 |
|
|
[206] viXra:2007.0246 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-31 16:02:42
Authors: Gene H. Barbee
Comments: 31 Pages. Please contact me at genebarbee@msn.com
If we consider particles and space together (particle-space) a simpler view of nature emerges. Perspective is recognized as a real physical effect. Nature is encoded in equal and opposite energy components of the proton. There are a huge number of duplicates that collectively represent the universe. Protons are central. Each proton defines the space and time around it and moves in that space without changing fundamental time. It is uniform throughout nature. Energy components in the proton also define Newtonian gravitational relationships. The proton contains space-time relationships that expand the universe. Because you are made of particles you adopt local particle-space as a viewing platform and your perspective becomes an information property, only sometime related to energy. Particle-space means that each particle is maintaining an exact total energy consisting of two parts, the particle itself and the space it exists in.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[205] viXra:2007.0244 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-31 15:38:35
Authors: Aziz Arbai
Comments: 8 Pages.
In this paper we will give the formula of second roots (square root) of a complex number z=a+ib, which is very important and useful especially
when we cannot write the complex number a+ib in the exponential or the geometric form. And, we will propose a precise direct method and fast to
solve the equations of the second degree in the general case (which means with complex coefficients). We will also propose an algorithm that will make our calculations more easy and resolve fastly all type of equations of the
second degree .
Category: General Mathematics
[204] viXra:2007.0243 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-31 20:07:02
Authors: Aziz Arbai
Comments: 6 Pages.
We propose the demonstration of the Riemann hypothesis, thus we explicitly expose (an infinity of complex numbers α=(1/2)+ic ) the zeros (having for real part 1/2) of the Zeta function of Riemann, which will also give exactly the distribution and location of the prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory
[203] viXra:2007.0242 [pdf] replaced on 2023-01-10 16:11:04
Authors: Alberto Mananga Bifica
Comments: Pages.
O produto formado pelas equações v_e v_g=c^2 e E_e E_g=m^2 c^4 presentes nas interações F_e F_g=0 que actua no processo de expansão e F_e F_g=c^8/(16G^2 ) que atua em toda matéria ou Universo, criam a plena unificação da Gravidade com Eletromagnetismo que ocorre especificamente no centro da matéria (R=0), na expansão do Universo, no processo contínuo de energia criar matéria e matéria se transformar em ondas eletromagnéticas em função do tempo quando massa e carga tendem para infinito (M=∞ e Q=∞) onde v_e 〖=v〗_g, F_e=F_g, E_e=E_g, sendo que F_g=(GMmc^4)/〖(Rc^2+2GM)〗^2 e F_e=(πεm^2 Zq^2 c^4)/〖(2πεmc^2 R+Zq^2)〗^2 . Através das equações postuladas, nota-se que o estado mais profundo de interação F_e e F_g ocorrem através da energia e como também mostram que a luz é uma ação causado pelas suas respetivas unificações, ou seja, é o responsável pelo comportamento onda-partícula da matéria.
Category: Classical Physics
[202] viXra:2007.0240 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-30 21:01:00
Authors: D Williams
Comments: 15 Pages.
An alternative model of probability theory is give and compared with the standard version. Difficulties in extending the Central Limit Theorem for sums of random variables (rather than averages) are shown then resolved using the new model and dx-less integrals.
Some new types of sample means are proposed and tested against the standard version.
Category: Statistics
[201] viXra:2007.0239 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-31 10:51:11
Authors: N. N. Leonov
Comments: 17 Pages. English and russian texts
Analysis of the "neutrino" problem has shown that the proton is obtained not in quantum fairy tales, but in reality, as a result of the collision of a neutron with a photon, electron-anti-electron dipole. This understanding of the transformation of a free neutron into a proton dispenses with the use of a fantastic “neutrino” that does not exist in the material World, revealing the real reasons for seventy years of experimental failures in the “neutrino” problem.
Analysis of the "thermonuclear" problem has shown that the quantum understanding of nuclear fusion in the Sun and in the "hydrogen" bomb with the release of huge "thermonuclear" energy is wrong. Therefore, this understanding of productive fusion reactions, taken as the basis for the operation of controlled power reactors on light nuclei, led to fruitless experimental attempts in the "thermonuclear" problem. Analysis of the "neutrino" problem made it possible to understand that real "cold" nuclear fusion really exists. It does not need to overcome the electrical barrier, since such a barrier does not exist in "cold" fusion. The magnetic barrier, in comparison with "hot" fusion, is as ridiculous as 13.65keV. "Cold" fusion is sequential neutron-photon fusion. Using the example of a "hydrogen" bomb, the productive work of "cold" fusion from a "thermonuclear" charge of a "hydrogen" bomb of unstable, instantly decaying, with the release of "thermonuclear" energy, 5Li and 8Ве nuclei is described.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[200] viXra:2007.0230 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-30 11:46:02
Authors: Eugenio Ullauri
Comments: 9 Pages.
The Universe is a finite system possessing a cyclic behavior and its density is subjected to continuous variations. The density increases from particles like photons and neutrinos to dense objects like black holes. This behavior is the reason that local groups are gradually becoming denser. But objects cannot have infinite density so they reach a state where they become unstable and explode. This means that black holes will explode into particles photons and neutrons, and the density increasing behavior starts again.
Analyzing requires an observer which is itself a part of this Universe and possesses capabilities to analyze information. But everything is a part of this Universe and to analyze an object (a part of this Universe), we must do it in the function of another object.
This means A is perceived differently by B and different by C. The a, b or c may or may not be observers. However, in practice we need at least one observer otherwise we would not able to calculate. This observer is of course an object that influences the objects that are being analyzed by it. The energy of an object in relation to another object is given as:
Energy of A in reation to B=change in acceleration*difficulty to move
There nothing exists in the Universe that is has a constant value and everything can be described by the interaction of one object in relation to another. The difficulty to move is equivalent to difficult to become denser. That is the black hole that has low difficulty to move also has low difficulty to become denser. If it is translated to the bendable space which is difficult to move, we can say that A bends space in a way to B and in another way to C also. The difficulty to move can be defined by the following equations as:
E=∆a*difficulty to move
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[199] viXra:2007.0229 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-14 13:07:16
Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 5 Pages.
In MHCE8S theory the stable isotopes are of special interest.Data from Wikipedia. 1st duplication is for sulfur.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[198] viXra:2007.0227 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-28 21:17:53
Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 7 Pages. Thank you for reading
Solutions of unified theory equations of gravity and electromagnetism satisfy Einstein-Maxwell equation. Hence, solutions of the unified theory is Reissner-Nordstrom solution in vacuum. We found in revised Einstein gravity tensor equation, the condition is satisfied by 2-order contravariant metric tensor two times product and Gauss symbol..
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[197] viXra:2007.0226 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-03 13:01:15
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 7 Pages.
We have shown over recent years that the dynamics of quantum fields is likely to slide outside equilibrium above the Fermi scale of electroweak interactions. In proximity to this scale, spacetime dimensionality flows with the probing energy and leads to the concept of minimal fractal manifold (MFM). It is known that modeling the physics on fractal manifolds requires use of fractional differential and integral operators. Here we show that deploying such operators on the MFM adds a non-vanishing correction to the standard orbital momentum, which can be identified with quantum spin. Our analysis paves the way towards a deeper understanding of the relationship between spin and several phenomenological aspects of quantum field theory (QFT).
Category: Quantum Physics
[196] viXra:2007.0225 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-27 01:55:43
Authors: Gordon Stewart Watson
Comments: 5 Pages.
‘Experiments violating a Bell inequality [BI] thus leave [‘realists'] no option: the principle of relativity is false [sic]. The world is nonlocal [sic],' Wiseman & Cavalcanti (2015). But we show that even high-school math violates a BI; in fact, all BIs—being inadequate for experiments with highly correlated outcomes—are false. Moreover: under the principle of relativity, elementary math shows that wholistic mechanics (WM)—classical mechanics extended to include Planck's constant—also violates BIs. So, with 3 ways to violate a BI—experiment, high-school math, WM—true-realists find: Bellians are being rather silly, as Bell (1990) half-expected; quantum correlations are wholly explicable via WM in our relativistically local world; the principle of relativity is true, nonlocality false. Importantly: for STEM teachers, and against popular opinion-pieces about quantum nonlocality, our results require no knowledge of QM. Let's see.
Category: Quantum Physics
[195] viXra:2007.0224 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-28 23:45:53
Authors: Gunn Quznetsov
Comments: 8 Pages.
The properties of neutrinos (the electric charge, the neutrino mass, rhe neutrino velocity, the oscillation of neutrinos) are obtained from the neutrino matricies representation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[194] viXra:2007.0223 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-27 22:56:42
Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 34 Pages.
This paper, a continuation of the previous 22 papers, takes the description of time and space and those associated dimensional mechanics to a new theoretical level, primarily examining in detail the nature of what is termed the time-space field (TSF) and how that field is able to explain the wave-nature of light beyond that of the contemporary explanation of the photon. The basis of the description is central to the new time-algorithm as accounted for in the preceding 22 papers detailing time-points in space that have associated to them the quality of a time-space spin (TSS) relative to each other in the general back-drop of the 3-d spatial vacuum. From this TSF is described a time-space template (TST) for the development of atomic elementary particle phenomena and associated fundamental interactions, deriving charge and mass for atomic particles, beyond which is explained the time-space wave (TSW) phenomenon of the TSF for both EM and Gravity, highlighting a new phenomenon that exists between EM and the proposed EMDIR (gravity analogue) field. This then finally gives allowance for the description of a time-space pulse (TSP) phenomenon as the simplest relationship between the wave mechanics of EM and G, highlighting the EMDIR-EM repulsive effect in nature, nature, deriving the Vacuum constant of space, finally proposing an application for this new science.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[193] viXra:2007.0222 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-28 19:02:42
Authors: Alfonso Leon Guillen Gomez
Comments: 114 Pages.
En este ensayo el autor supera la contradicción teórica existente entre la Relatividad General que define el campo gravitacional como un aspecto geométrico del espaciotiempo, bien como potencial o curvatura, y la Gravedad Cuántica que lo define como una fuerza de interacción fundamental, con el cambio de la concepción del espaciotiempo de propiedad geométrica estructural del campo gravitacional, a la concepción del espaciotiempo propiedad geométrica estructural de la materia en movimiento.
El espaciotiempo no es continente de la materia (Substancialismo) sino que por el contrario está contenido en la materia en cuanto constituye la estructura geométrica que le da su forma y permite sus cambios, a la cual como espacio le confiere su capacidad de contener y como tiempo su capacidad de devenir. Tampoco, el espaciotiempo es la categoría de las relaciones geométricas de los cuerpos materiales y sus eventos (Relacionismo), puesto que, no es una propiedad relacional de la materia sino la propiedad estructural espacio-temporal geométrica de la materia, a la cual la dota con sus capacidades de auto contenerse y transformarse.
La teoría del autor sobre el espaciotiempo es la de la materia intrínsecamente dinámica, dotada estructuralmente de las cuatro dimensiones de espaciotiempo, autocontenida espacialmente y auto deviniendo temporalmente, puesto, que la materia en su capacidad de contener dinámicamente ésta ensimisma contenida y transformándose.
La partícula-onda, de la materia y del campo, no existe en el espaciotiempo, sino que éste es la propiedad geométrica intrínseca estructural de la partícula-onda, por lo tanto, adherida a su propia naturaleza interna, como su propiedad geométrica dimensional intrínseca, que con fuerza de ley se manifiesta en sus mediciones cuantitativas, bien cuando es tomada la partícula-onda en sí o en relación con otras.
Así, sólo son posibles las teorías sobre la gravedad provenientes de la Gravedad Cuántica, aunque, deben reformularse renunciando a integrarlas con la visión geométrica derivada de las ecuaciones de la llamada “General Relatividad”.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[192] viXra:2007.0220 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-15 04:22:51
Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 16 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong
After proving the strong Goldbach conjecture (viXra:2006.0226), the author, in this paper, covers both the weak Goldbach conjecture and the strong Goldbach conjecture. The strong Goldbach conjecture states that every even integer greater than 4 can be expressed as the sum of two odd primes. The weak Goldbach conjecture states that every odd integer greater than 7 can be expressed as the sum of three odd primes. The approach in the coverage of the weak Goldbach conjecture is similar to the approach used in proving the strong conjecture. However, two approaches for producing Goldbach partitions for the weak conjecture are covered. In the first approach, one applies the principles used in finding partitions for the strong conjecture. Beginning with the partition equation, 9 = 3 + 3 + 3, and applying the addition of a 2 to both sides of this equation, and subsequent equations, one obtained Goldbach partitions for 26 consecutive odd integers. In the second approach, one produces the partitions from the partitions of the strong conjecture by adding a 3 to both sides of a strong conjecture partition equation. For the strong conjecture, one will begin with the partition equation 6 = 3 + 3, and apply the addition of 2 to both sides of the equation to produce the partition for the next even number, 8. From the partition equation, 8 = 5 + 3, one will repeat the 2-addition process to obtain the partition for the next even integer, 10. From the partition for 10, the process can continue indefinitely. This repetitive process was compared to the repetitive process in compound interest calculations. It is shown that given an equation for a Goldbach partition, one can produce a Goldbach partition for any even integer greater than 4 as well as produce a partition for any odd integer greater than 7. A consequent generalized procedure also produced Goldbach partitions for non-consecutive even and non-consecutive odd integers. In addition to directly producing partitions of the strong conjecture, one can also produce partitions of the strong conjecture from the partitions of the weak conjecture and vice versa. Formulas derived for the Goldbach partitions show that every even integer greater than 4 can be written as the sum of two odd prime integers; and also that every odd integer greater than 7 can be written as the sum of three odd prime integers. Importantly, in addition to showing that the Goldbach conjectures are true, this paper shows how to produce Goldbach partitions.
Category: Number Theory
[191] viXra:2007.0219 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-06 01:19:42
Authors: Vedat Tanrıverdi
Comments: 10 Pages.
In this work, we give the modern version of Euler's derivation of equations governing rigid body rotations. This derivation helps understand the rigid body rotations.
Category: Classical Physics
[190] viXra:2007.0218 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-28 10:06:13
Authors: Valeriy V. Dvoeglazov
Comments: 5 Pages. Talk at the LXII Congreso Nacional de Fisica. 6-11/10/2019. Villahermosa, Tab., Mexico.
We begin with the comprehensible review of the basics of the Lorentz, (extended) Poincare Groups and O(3,2) and O(4,1). On the basis of the Gelfand-Tsetlin-Sokolik-Silagadze research~[1-3], we investigate the definitions of the discrete symmetry operators both on the classical level, and in the secondary-quantization scheme. We studied the physical content within several bases: light-front form formulation, helicity basis, angular momentum basis, on several practical examples. The conclusion is that we have ambiguities in the definitions of the the corresponding operators P, C; T, which lead to different physical consequences.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[189] viXra:2007.0217 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-28 10:11:10
Authors: Valeriy V. Dvoeglazov
Comments: 5 Pages. This Resource Letter has been presented at the IF-UNAM SEMINAR (12-11-1993).
Resource Letter: 2(2S+1)- Component Model
and Its Connection with Other Field Theories.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[188] viXra:2007.0216 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-28 11:08:38
Authors: Marla Wagner
Comments: Thank you sincerely for your time and consideration (Note: 1st page format corrected/rearranged by viXra Admin).
Jim Sawyer (1948-2018) of Buffalo, New York, challenged the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and the current Cloud Theory. He concurred with Einstein that there exists a uniform electromagnetic quantum gravity field (Einstein, 1927). Sawyer independently researched to prove order exists in the universe, and that the locations of atomic particles can be located with high probability. Polyhedral analysis of the Periodic Table of the Elements reveals a geometric pattern that can be used to map the locations of spinning electrons at rest mass. I, Marla Wagner, assisted Sawyer in the development of his theory and now I am continuing to present his theory in his honor.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[187] viXra:2007.0215 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-15 16:24:51
Authors: Yichen Huang
Comments: Pages. v2: title changed and abstract expanded. IOP SciNotes 1 (3), 035205, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1088/2633-1357/abd1e2
My previous work [arXiv:1902.00977] studied the dynamics of R\'enyi entanglement entropy $R_\alpha$ in local quantum circuits with charge conservation. Initializing the system in a random product state, it was proved that $R_\alpha$ with R\'enyi index $\alpha>1$ grows no faster than ``diffusively'' (up to a sublogarithmic correction) if charge transport is not faster than diffusive. The proof was given only for qubit or spin-$1/2$ systems. In this note, I extend the proof to qudit systems, i.e., spin systems with local dimension $d\ge2$.
Category: Quantum Physics
[186] viXra:2007.0214 [pdf] replaced on 2024-06-03 21:22:45
Authors: Noah G. King
Comments: 13 Pages.
This paper discusses a variety of newlydiscovered numbers that have particularly useful and universalmathematical applications, and a geometric method using avariety of these numbers to prove their efficacy in simplifyingmodern mathematical operations.
Category: General Mathematics
[185] viXra:2007.0213 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-27 18:46:05
Authors: John Hodge
Comments: 8 Pages.
The Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) suggests the four fundamental forces are emergent properties of the magnetic field of permanent magnets. The STOE postulates the fractal (self--similar) principle that suggests small size scales are similar to our everyday size scale. Thus, the assembly of permanent magnets into a sphere is similar to a nucleon. The magnetic force from the sphere varies as the inverse cube of the distance from the center of the sphere (nucleon) which is approximately exponential, it has short range attractive field, it is an assembly of gluons (short photons), it explains the one proton to one electron atomic structure despite the large difference in mass, it suggests a size limit to the nucleon, it reminds of strong and weak forces, and it suggests a structure of the nucleus has protons on an outside shell. The STOE has the feature of the other sense of a ``Theory of Everything'' - that of a ``Grand Unified Theory'' (GUT).
Category: Classical Physics
[184] viXra:2007.0212 [pdf] replaced on 2024-06-21 11:39:02
Authors: Shaun O'Kane
Comments: 18 Pages.
Abstract In recent years there has been a move away from the Copenhagen Interpretation towards alternative interpretations of Quantum Mechanics. There has also been an acknowledgement that there is no definitive version of the Copenhagen Interpretation because the originators, Bohr, Heisenberg et. al., did not agree over all aspects of the interpretation. This paper revisits the philosophical approach taken by Bohr. The result is a new interpretation, named the Ticker-Tape Interpretation, which is closely related to Copenhagen. The formalism of Quantum Mechanics is derived from simple principles. The interpretation leads to some conjectures.
Category: Quantum Physics
[183] viXra:2007.0211 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-27 09:10:28
Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 13 Pages. the original article
The Coulomb and Yukawa potentials of particles are derived from the Schwinger field
theory at zero and the finite temperature. At the same time the correction to the Coulomb
potential is determined for the two charges interacting in the photon black-body sea by the
photon exchange mechanism. The running coupling constant is determined in dependence
on the mean free path of photons in the photon sea. The relation to the Cooper pairs and
phonon-phonon interaction at finite temperature is discussed.
Category: Condensed Matter
[182] viXra:2007.0209 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-27 06:26:13
Authors: Arshita Kalra, Arnav Bhavsar
Comments: 5 Pages.
Lunar landings by esteemed space stations around the world have yielded an abundance of new scientific data on the Moon
which has helped scientists to study our closest neighbour and hence have provided evidence for understanding Earth’s past and
future. This paper is about solving the challenge on HackerEarth about classifying the lunar rock into small or large rock. These
tasks have historically been conducted by visual image inspection, thereby reducing the scope, reliability and accuracy of the
retrieval. The competition was to build a machine learning model to reduce human effort of doing a monotonous task. We built
a Support Vector Machine model, used widely in classification problems, feeding features extracted from images in the dataset
using OpenCV, only to obtain an accuracy of 99.41%. Our source code solving the challenge and the dataset are given in the
github repository https://github.com/ArshitaKalra/Lunar-Rock-classification.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[181] viXra:2007.0208 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-27 09:11:03
Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 14 Pages. This is a rewritten and carefully checked version of my 2011 paper.
The paper presents a counterexample to the Hodge conjecture.
Category: Topology
[180] viXra:2007.0207 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-26 11:50:56
Authors: Oleg G. Verin
Comments: 19 Pages.
This article is a continuation of the previous study [1] devoted to the physical phenomena, connected with a surface tension of liquid. The meniscus of liquid at a vessel wall is one of the most known effects of such nature.
As well as the problem of the form of hanging and sitting drops of liquid, the analysis of meniscus form traditionally is based on the solution of Laplace equation [2].
In the given article the problem of meniscus is examined from the point of view of mechanical balance of a liquid under surface tension, gravity and wettability of a wall surface. The obtained solutions are convenient for computer calculations, and at the same time have necessary universality.
More and more exact and detailed knowledge about, apparently, well-known physical phenomena are indispensable for the development of modern technologies and technical equipment. In the full measure it concerns the study of liquid properties caused by surface tension [3].
Category: Condensed Matter
[179] viXra:2007.0206 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-11 10:16:11
Authors: Victor L. Mironov, Sergey V. Mironov
Comments: 22 Pages.
We present a generalization of the equations of hydrodynamics based on the noncommutative algebra of space-time sedeons. It is shown that for vortex-less flow the system of Euler and continuity equations is represented as a single non-linear sedeonic second-order wave equation for scalar and vector potentials, which is naturally generalized on viscous and vortex flows. As a result we obtained the closed system of four equations describing the diffusion damping of translational and vortex motions. The main peculiarities of the obtained equations are illustrated on the basis of the plane wave solutions describing the propagation of sound waves.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[178] viXra:2007.0205 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-21 09:45:38
Authors: Yukihiro Sano
Comments: 31 Pages.
In the Ulam spiral, there are places where prime numbers appear continuously on line. Integers are arranged in a square spiral in the Ulam spiral. I thought that if integers are arranged differently, other continuous prime numbers would appear. Therefore, I arrange integers in the angles of 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, 315, 153, 160 degrees, etc.. Then, prime numbers appeared continuously on line. And usually, integers are arranged, but I wonder what would happen if I arranged odd numbers. I arrange odd numbers in the angles of 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, 315, 360, 153, 160 degrees, etc.. Then, twin prime numbers appeared continuously on line etc.. I found many polynomials generating 14 to 4 consecutive twin prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory
[177] viXra:2007.0204 [pdf] replaced on 2025-03-30 00:57:08
Authors: Ionel Dinu, Lori Gardi
Comments: 9 Pages.
The necessity of acknowledging the existence of a new chemical element is discussed. A new view of the electric current as a diffusion wave in a wire is advanced. The production of a magnetic field by an electric current is explained in terms of mechanics of surface waves.
Category: Classical Physics
[176] viXra:2007.0203 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-05 18:52:38
Authors: Dmitry G. Kiryan, George V. Kiryan
Comments: 14 Pages. 6 Figures, 1 Table
The problem of the two-body gravitational interaction has been solved numerically based on the classical mechanics principles. One of the bodies is a deformable three-axis ellipsoid (central body) and the other is a material point (satellite). The relationship of the angular discrepancy between the calculated and actual positions of the satellite pericenter with central body’s gravity anomaly has been established.
Category: Classical Physics
[175] viXra:2007.0201 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-25 11:12:22
Authors: Xianbo Wu
Comments: 55 Pages.
Western decision makers once held the belief that economic openness and prosperity could ultimately result in a democratic China, and such an idea provided important justifications for engaging China into the global economic system. Today China is the second largest economies in the world and one of the major supporters of globalization. However, the country has not made significant progress in political openness in the past few decades. This paper attempts to delve into the puzzle why economic openness and development fail to promote political openness and liberalization in China. It argues that the country’s current socio-political structure and international context form an unfavorable combination that gives the ruling-class no major incentives to consult with social classes especially the middle class. While a strategy engaging China into the liberal economic system is justifiable, the insufficient time and effectiveness to implement such a strategy importantly explain China’s political status quo.
Category: Social Science
[174] viXra:2007.0200 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-24 19:27:40
Authors: J. Gerard Wolff
Comments: 34 Pages.
This paper, a companion to "Problems in AI research and how the SP System may help to solve them", describes problems in AI research and how the "SP System" (described in sources detailed in the paper) may help to solve them. Most of these problems are described by leading researchers in AI in interviews with science writer Martin Ford, and reported by him in his book "Architects of Intelligence". Problems and their potential solutions that are described in this paper are: the need to rebalance research towards top-down strategies; how to minimise the risk of accidents with self-driving vehicles; the need for strong compositionality in the structure of knowledge; the challenges of commonsense reasoning and commonsense knowledge; establishing the key importance of information compression in AI research; establishing the importance of biological validity in AI research; whether knowledge in the brain is represented in 'distributed' or 'localist' form; the limited scope for adaptation of deep neural networks; and reasons are given for why the important subjects of motivations and emotions have not so far been considered. The evidence in this paper and its companion paper suggests that ***the SP System provides a firmer foundation for the development of artificial general intelligence than any alternative***.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[173] viXra:2007.0198 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-24 19:29:41
Authors: Muhammed Omar Badr
Comments: 1 Page.
In the holy Quran Babylon is written one time (in verse 2:102). As explained in the following paper it contains the dimensions of the Tower of Babylon.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[172] viXra:2007.0196 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-24 19:32:55
Authors: Mohammed zohal
Comments: 18 Pages. in this papers there is a proof of the Twin Prime conjecture
We will prove the next results :
1. there exist infinite twin primes .
2. there exist infinite cousin primes .
3. The cousin primes are equivalent to twin primes in infinity.
Category: Number Theory
[171] viXra:2007.0195 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-24 19:31:12
Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 6 Pages.
Weak equivalence principle (the bodies are gravitating equally per inertial mass irrespective of the chemical composition) was confirmed for barionic matter with very high accuracy. However, a priory it is not clear, how to check weak equivalence principle for the mixture of barionic and non-barionic matter (light is inside the ordinary matter). For example, how fast would the sphere full of photons fall in the Earth gravity field? The experiment is not possible on Earth. However, such verification is possible for stars using the observational data on binary stars. In this article the analysis of the mass-luminosity was made for similar stars forming binary versus different stars forming binary and the slopes were found the same with accuracy of 6%. That would be the accuracy of confirmation of the equivalence principle for non-barionic matter (actually a mixture of barionic and non-barionic matter with around 0.14% of non-barionic matter ratio). While some violations of weak equivalence principle are still possible (the idea of strong gravitation of slow light) the scale of such violations is clearly well below the level expected for explanation of dark matter.
Category: Astrophysics
[170] viXra:2007.0194 [pdf] replaced on 2023-05-10 06:02:23
Authors: Herman Schoenfeld
Comments: 5 Pages.
A very simple modification to the standard W-OTS scheme is presented called W-OTS# that achieves a security enhancement similar to W-OTS+ but without the overhead of hashing a randomization vector in every round of the chaining function. The idea proffered by W-OTS# is to simply thwart Birthday-attacks altogether by signing an HMAC of the message-digest (keyed with cryptographically random salt) rather than the message-digest itself. The signer thwarts a birthday attack by virtue of requiring that the attacker guess the salt bits in addition to the message-digest bits during the collision scanning process. By choosing a salt length matching the message-digest length, the security of W-OTS# reduces to that of the cryptographic hash function. This essentially doubles the security level of W-OTS and facilitates the use of shorter hash functions which provides shorter and faster signatures for same security. For example, W-OTS# 128-bit signatures have commensurate security to standard W-OTS 256-bit signatures yet are roughly half the size and twice as fast. It is proposed that Blake2b-128 and Winternitz parameter w=4 (i.e. base-16 digits) be adopted as the default parameter set for the W-OTS# scheme.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[169] viXra:2007.0192 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-24 10:51:18
Authors: Leonov N.N.
Comments: 34 Pages. English and russian texts
The first Nobel laureate for the discovery of superfluidity of helium, Kapitza until the end of his days did not understand the true nature of this phenomenon, considering it to be "purely quantum" and not paying attention to the experimental evidence of the absence of indivisible quanta of energy in the material World [1]. This misunderstanding corrected the theory of nonlinear oscillations, finding that all surprising, at first sight, contradictory properties of superfluid helium due to the presence of liquid helium very long, macroscopic length, "one-dimensional" molecules.
The surprising behavior of the superfluid "neutron fluid" in "neutron stars" is due to straightforward "one-dimensional" chains kilometer length, from neutrons under tremendous pressure.
Harvard physicists have shown commendable tenacity, extremely persistent in trying to restructure hydrogen using huge pressure, hoping to get it "stable "metallic" form. And although they found a completely different, but also extremely interesting, for many years does not give anyone but them – superfluid hydrogen! Harvard physicists have shown commendable tenacity, extremely persistent in trying to restructure hydrogen using huge pressure, hoping to get it "stable "metallic" form. And although they found a completely different, but also extremely interesting, for many years does not give anyone but them – superfluid hydrogen!
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[168] viXra:2007.0190 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-23 12:33:26
Authors: Zefu Feng, Jiao Xu, Kun Zhao, Changjiang Zhu
Comments: 32 Pages.
In this paper, we investigate the time-asymptotically nonlinear stability to the
initial-boundary value problem for a coupled system in (p, q) of parabolic conservation laws
derived from a Keller-Segel type repulsive model for chemotaxis with singular sensitivity and
nonlinear production rate of g(p) = p
γ
, where γ > 1. The proofs are based on basic energy
method without any smallness assumption. We also show the zero chemical diffusion limit
(ε → 0) of solutions in the case ¯p = 0.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[167] viXra:2007.0188 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-23 11:09:34
Authors: Oleg G. Verin
Comments: 16 Pages.
Recently opened experimental regularity typical for hydrogen-like atoms and ions (having only one outer shell electron) was presented in several papers, for example [1] and [2].
Chief matter of the opening consists in the fact that effective main quantum numbers of outer electron, i.e. in consideration of quantum defect (Rydberg correction), along with integers can be expressed in common fractions, having substantial constraint on denominator number.
Sensational results of the study caused quite expected alert reaction and even criticism of many readers, because it affects basic foundation of modern physics – atom theory.
Main objection of opponents can be reduced to the assertion that cited facts can be explained with series of random coincidences.
So it was exercised supplementary mathematical treatment of data array of experimental characteristics not only of atoms and ions in ground state, but also of hydrogen-like atoms in excited states.
This statistical treatment completely confirms the nonrandom character of discovered experimental law, and is subject of this paper.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[166] viXra:2007.0187 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-23 05:23:30
Authors: Jan Helm
Comments: 73 Pages.
This paper presents in a concise way the main characteristics of life from the physical point of view and the
most successful theories of biogenesis, together with a mathematical formulation and simulation of protobiogenesis.
Part 1 is a state-of the-art report on the genetic foundations (genetic code, DNA, RNA, protein synthesis), the
building blocks (amino acids, nucleobases), the structure and hierarchy of life (cells, tree of life) and the
chemistry of life (metabolic pathways).
Part 2 describes the evolution of terrestrial life according to the current knowledge. For the first three stages
(extra-terrestrial prebiotic synthesis, prebiotic evolution, proto-PNA-RNA world) plausible scenarios are
presented, for the next two stages (LUCA, DNA world) the evolution is described according to our current
knowledge.
Part 3 presents the mathematical formulation and simulation of the genetic proto-code model based on an
empirical reaction model developed for life chemistry. Here the transition from the prebiotic chemistry to the
first life cycle is calculated for two realistic scenarios: hydrothermal vent and lipid-bubbles.
Category: Biochemistry
[165] viXra:2007.0186 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-23 08:31:10
Authors: Alberto Coe
Comments: 8 Pages.
The reason for this article is to give an account of the numerical relationship between the gravitational potential energy and the quantum energy of einstein-planck. By means of discrete numerical quantities and by quantifying the harmonic oscillators involved by means of a special parameter we have found that the ratio of both energies is equal to the value of the fine structure constant alpha .
Category: Classical Physics
[164] viXra:2007.0185 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-20 12:10:17
Authors: Ayman Kassem
Comments: 29 Pages.
The recurrence of high order dimensionless ratios of the physical and cosmological parameters had for long fascinated scientists, Paul Dirac was one of the first to notice this, and after him this phenomena was named (Dirac large number hypothesis) , where he tried to explain such a recurrence in terms of varying gravitational constant. Here, we will discuss some of the physical cosmological parameters and their
ensuing large number ratios and relate them to each other using concepts developed in the (quanton based model of field interactions)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[163] viXra:2007.0184 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-22 20:13:47
Authors: Osvaldo F. Schilling
Comments: 3 Pages. 1 figure
In recent publications we have proposed a quantitatively successful model for the origin of baryons, which should condense from a state at 3.71 GeV energy. From the analysis of Cosmic Rays protons data we conclude that such level should provide a measure also of the temperature at protons formation ( the origin of material Universe?), 4.3x10^13 K.
Category: Astrophysics
[162] viXra:2007.0183 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-22 14:33:24
Authors: Karl De Paepe
Comments: 3 Pages.
We consider a frame of reference moving along a line with respect to an inertial frame of reference. We expect the rate of total energy expectation value not to depend on the order of transformations of a transformation that is a composition of a translation and a transformation that has a frame of reference accelerating with a time dependent acceleration with respect to an inertial frame of reference.
Category: Quantum Physics
[161] viXra:2007.0182 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-11 08:04:07
Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 8 Pages. This paper has been submitted to IJNS journal. Your comments are welcome.
In a recent paper, we discussed possible use of quadruple Neutrosophic Numbers in order
to expand the definition of statistical standard deviation in uncertainty modeling of various
engineering systems and elsewhere. In the meantime, in literature there are many
discussions on linear programming for various cases, there is only few discussion to take
into account the uncertainties involved in the power production of PV/Wind system. In this
paper, we consider integer linear programming by considering bi-level values as suggested
by Pramanik and Pratim Dey. The purpose of this study is to show that it is possible to
consider uncertainties in energy production in the linear programming model.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy
[160] viXra:2007.0181 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-27 18:33:40
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.
Iterated maps are deterministic models of dynamical systems in discrete time. A key feature of these models is the concept of invariant density associated with the asymptotic onset of stationarity. Drawing from the minimal fractality of spacetime near the Fermi scale, we show here that invariant density enables a step-by-step derivation of Quantum Mechanics from iterated maps.
Category: Quantum Physics
[159] viXra:2007.0180 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-22 08:11:10
Authors: Zefu Feng, Jiao Xu, Kun Zhao
Comments: 19 Pages.
In this paper, we are concerned with the time-periodic solutions to the threedimensional compressible viscoelastic flows with a time-periodic external force in a periodic
domain. By using an approach of parabolic regularization and combining with the topology
degree theory, we show the existence and uniqueness of the time-periodic solution to the model
under some smallness and symmetry assumptions on the external force.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[158] viXra:2007.0178 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-22 08:12:33
Authors: Zefu Feng, Jiao Xu, Kun Zhao, Changjiang Zhu
Comments: 22 Pages.
In this paper, we investigate the time-asymptotically nonlinear stability to the
initial-boundary value problem for a coupled system in (p, q) of parabolic conservation laws
derived from a Keller-Segel type repulsive model for chemotaxis with singular sensitivity and
nonlinear production rate of g(p) = p
γ
, where γ > 1. The proofs are based on basic energy
method without any smallness assumption.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[157] viXra:2007.0177 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-19 20:03:32
Authors: Martin Nicholson
Comments: 9 Pages. A new theorem, and a new section with a proof, and 5 new references are added. Discussion section is updated. Discussion of some open questions is added.
We generalize several integrals studied by Glaisher. These ideas are then applied to obtain an analog of an integral due to Ismail and Valent.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[156] viXra:2007.0175 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-21 19:05:55
Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 4 Pages. Original article
We consider the string, the left end of which is fixed and the right end of this string is in a periodic motion. We, show that the law of the action-reaction symmetry is broken during the string motion.
Category: Classical Physics
[155] viXra:2007.0174 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-21 17:49:37
Authors: Agnius Vasiliauskas
Comments: 1 Page.
In current paper we try to approximate fine-structure constant with fractional elementary charge expressions, ignoring charge measurement units, using only elementary charge absolute value of 1.602176634 x 10^-19.
Category: Quantum Physics
[154] viXra:2007.0173 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-21 18:04:56
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 5 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model.
Since the work of Coleman, it is known that vacuum may be false in the universe with truer vacuum reachable by quantum tunneling. With the discovery and analysis of the Higgs boson, it has been estimated that, with the mass of the Higgs boson, our universe is right on the stable side, but the edge of instability; playing the fire, or rather the risk of a bubble of nothing erasing everything in the universe. In this paper we show that by adding non-negligible gravity to the standard model, the universe can move further away from the brink of instability; a reassuring thought. This satisfying result help us further argue for systematically considering adding gravity to the Standard Model.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[153] viXra:2007.0172 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-21 19:19:52
Authors: Denis Nepveu
Comments: 9 Pages.
The universe appears to be expanding, and the expansion is accelerating at different rates when measured by different methods. Looking at the cosmic microwave background (CMB) gives a value of around 68 km/s per megaparsec for the Hubble constant, whereas Type 1A supernovas (SN1A) yield a value of around 74 km/s per megaparsec. That is, the acceleration of the expansion of the cosmos increased by about 9% over 4 or 5 billion years. Given the time difference, a binary choice seems natural: Is there something about the data reaching us from different epochs or the space they traversed that skews the answers, or has dark energy gotten stronger over time? A third option is to make the passage of time itself an explicit factor in the measurement of distance. If there are physical effects that depend on the amount of time that an object has existed in a given place, the rate of apparent expansion might be equalized across all epochs. The specific proposal being made here is that spacetime should not be exempted from physical laws like inertia, conservation, and E=mc^2. In turn, imaginary constructs like gravity wells should have real physical effects, beyond gravitation, that manifest by means of spacetime's actions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[152] viXra:2007.0170 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-20 22:22:37
Authors: Ji Xueshi
Comments: 7 Pages.
Objects with mass, such as stars, drag the ether around them to move together. The ether has mass, and the ether may be dark matter. The density of the ether is distributed according to the magnitude of gravity, and the closer to a planet, the greater the density of the ether. Light has only a constant speed relative to the ether in which it travels. The T-CUP camera, developed by California Institute of technology, has a shooting speed of 100 billion frames per second. Put this camera on an airplane and fly at supersonic low altitude and uniform speed. By measuring the speed of light in all directions with this camera, we can determine whether relativity is correct or wrong.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[151] viXra:2007.0169 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-21 11:12:52
Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 6 Pages.
The article explores certain properties of tensors with reference to the rank two covariant tensor. The metric tensor plays a crucial role in the discussion. An interesting fact emerges that in order to avoid certain controversies the metric tensor and in general the rank two tensor will necessarily be null tensors.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[150] viXra:2007.0168 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-21 00:02:32
Authors: Cesar B. Pronin, Andrey V. Ostroukh
Comments: 11 Pages.
This article highlights the development of a “Quantum Parallel For Loop” algorithm for performing iterated parallel quantum calculations. The developed algorithm’s potential real life applications and potential efficiency were analyzed and compared to its classic counterpart.
Category: Quantum Physics
[149] viXra:2007.0167 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-23 22:47:05
Authors: Kenneth C. Johnson
Comments: 24 Pages.
This presentation outlines design concepts for maskless and mask-projection (holographic) EUV lithography at wavelength 13.5 or 6.7 nm.
Category: Classical Physics
[148] viXra:2007.0165 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-21 20:19:23
Authors: Jean-Yves Boulay
Comments: 18 Pages.
The analysis of the quantum structure of the five atomic elements composing the coded twenty amino acids and the four coding nucleotides of DNA working in the organization of the genetic code reveals an opposition of their respective constituents in always an arithmetic ratio of value 3/2 according to the parity of the number of their quantum shells. Also, the quantum analysis of the amino acid Glycine, the smallest component of peptides that can be confused with saturated base, reveals the same arithmetic oppositions of 3/2 value of its components by the differentiation, operated according to their number of protons, of its five chemical groups.
Category: Quantum Physics
[147] viXra:2007.0163 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-20 20:12:01
Authors: Friedwardt Winterberg
Comments: 14 Pages.
To bypass Lehmann’s theorem against Heisenberg’s “Unified Field Theory of Elementary Particles,” requiring a Hilbert space with an indefinite metric, which is in conflict with the quantum mechanical probability interpretation, it was proposed by the author that Lorentz invariance, on of the fundamental assumptions made by Heisenberg, is a dynamic symmetry, approximately only valid for energies small compared to the Planck energy of ~10^19 GeV, with the fundamental symmetry of nature the Galilei group, in agreement with Mach’s principle. There then Heisenberg’s theory can be reformulated as an exactly non-relativistic quantum field theory with a positive definite metric in Hilbert space. With the Hamiltonian operator in such a theory commuting with the particle number operator, Heisenberg’s ground state of the vacuum is permitted to be a zero temperature plasma made up of positive and negative Planck mass particles which are one Planck mass per Planck length volume, interacting with the Planck force over a Planck length. Making for this Planck mass plasma the Hartree-Foch approximation, one obtains the Landau-Ginzburg equation of a super-fluid, and from the Boltzmann equation the quantum potential of the Madelung transformed Schrödinger equation. Quantum mechanics is thereby explained as a completely deterministic theory, as required by Kant’s law of causality.
This paper was inspired by a remarkable paper recently published by I. Licata [1], who compared the work by the author for a deterministic interpretation of quantum mechanics to the work of ‘t Hooft with the same goal.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[146] viXra:2007.0162 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-27 11:09:21
Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 38 Pages.
Physicists have endeavored for decades to ‘reconcile’ Einstein’s theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, and have failed. This paper reveals that this ‘reconciliation’ should have occurred in the genesis of the two theories, not after the two theories have been developed separately and dogmatized. The two theories developed separately from apparently unrelated problems in the behavior of light, namely: 1. The problem of absolute motion and the speed of light 2. Quantum phenomena. The mainstream view is that these two theories have addressed and solved all the puzzles in physics. However, experimental evidences increasingly challenge and disprove this view. I have been searching for an explanation for each of these apparently unrelated problems, by considering them as separate problems, and have gained crucial insights that have eluded physicists for centuries. However, these insights did not lead to a complete solution of the problems. I was finally able to find the missing link for the quantum puzzles and, profoundly, that turned out to be the missing link for the light speed problem also. The mystery is that nature acts as if it had a foreknowledge of the observer’s motions and actions, which is another way of saying that God exists and directly intervenes in the operation of the universe. In the “Which-Way” and Quantum Experiments, God foresees the experimental set up and, literally, aims each photon accordingly. In the case of light speed experiments, from a foreknowledge of the observer’s motion, God emits a photon from the right point in space and time, with the right velocity of the center of the wave fronts , so that the behavior of light speed in the different experiments and observations is the way it is. One of the long standing puzzles in physics is whether the speed of gravity is finite (light speed) or infinite. Suppose that the Sun disappeared suddenly. Will gravity of the Sun on Earth disappear instantaneously or with the delay of the speed of light? Nature emits zero gravitational field towards the Earth 8.3 minutes before the actual disappearance of the Sun. The zero gravitational field travels at the speed of light and reaches the Earth exactly at the instant the Sun disappears. By apparent violation of causality, nature allows the speed of gravity to be both finite and infinite.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[145] viXra:2007.0160 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-28 05:06:18
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 18 Pages. Submitted to Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras
It is shown how the algebra $ {{\bf J } }_3 [ { \bf C \otimes O } ] \otimes {Cl(4, {\bf C}) } $
based on the tensor product of the complex Exceptional Jordan $ {{\bf J } }_3 [ { \bf C \otimes O } ]$, and the complex Clifford algebra $ Cl(4, {\bf C}) $,
can describe all of the spinorial degrees of freedom of three generations of fermions in four-spacetime dimensions,
and, in addition, to include the degrees of freedom of three sets of pairs of complex scalar Higgs-doublets $\{ {\bf H}^i_L, {\bf H}^i_R\}; i = 1,2,3$, and their conjugates.
A close inspection of the fermion structure of each generation reveals that it fits naturally with the $ {\bf 16}$ complex-dimensional
representation of the internal left/right symmetric gauge group $ G_{LR} = SU(3)_C \times SU(2)_L \times SU(2)_R \times U(1)$. It is reviewed how the latter group
emerges from the intersection of $ SO (10) $ and $ SU(3) \times SU(3) \times SU(3) $ in $E_6$.
In the concluding remarks we briefly discuss the role that the extra Higgs fields may have as dark matter candidates;
the construction of Chern-Simons-like matrix cubic actions; hexaquarks and Clifford bundles over the complex-octonionic projective plane $ { \bf (C \otimes O) P^2 } $ whose isometry group is $ E_6$.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[144] viXra:2007.0159 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-07 02:35:34
Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 3 Pages.
Scientific genius is not only about creating original ideas. It is equally about the ability to instantly recognize novel ideas proposed by others, from a maze of wrong ideas. These qualities are intimately related and, in fact, may be two sides of the same coin. Einstein had both these qualities. The process of scientific publication is crucial for the advancement of science and should be effective in its goal of communicating new ideas to the scientific community. The great majority of today’s mainstream physicists controlling journal publications have neither of these qualities. Journal editors and reviewers need to have a good perception of possible new insights in submitted papers. Science needs more Einsteins, not more Einstein followers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[143] viXra:2007.0158 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-20 05:28:22
Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 33 Pages.
In Quantum FFF Theory, the new Black Hole based Herbig Haro interpretation is assumed to change our physical life as a whole.
Free Energy from the vacuum between two new physics black holes is found in Herbig Haor systems and around all stars called Birkeland Currents.
Based on the new dual string knot black hole interpretation of Q-FFF Theory, It is a logic proposal that future Herbig Haro micro ball lightning black hole systems will produce most of our need for electric energy.
In contrat with the evaporating black hole suggested by S. Hawking, all Black Holes grow, only by eating other black holes, vacuum particles (dubbed Axion-Higgs), all radiation and Neutrinos. However, BHs, do NOT eat Fermions.
The smallest BHs ( Ball Lightning) are unstable, but need radiation support to stay stable.
Large ( M87) black holes are observed with rings of plasma which is not eaten by the black hole, but distributed as Fermi bubbles perpendicular to the plane of the Galaxy.
However equal sized black holes do repel each other, often leaving a plasma bar in between, as the start of a celestial object. Like a star later a Galaxy or failed star dependent of the scale of the Herbig haro system.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[142] viXra:2007.0157 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-20 10:26:46
Authors: Muhammed Omar Badr
Comments: 3 Pages.
The purpose of this paper was the research whether there are hidden mathematical structures in the holy Quran, regarding the chapter- and verse numbers of the holy Quran. The chapter- and verse numbers were put in special orders to check them for mathematical similarities. The result is important because it shows that the chapter- and verse numbers in the holy Quran are not randomly distributed and chosen but have a special structure that was not found before and shows its divine origin. It is an easy to understand and to proof but hard to copy structure (without a computer that has not existed at the time of the revelation of the holy Quran). The structure will be described in the following text. The paper is interesting for mathematicians but also for the general reader.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[141] viXra:2007.0156 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-19 14:26:15
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 2 Pages.
In modern physics, the de Broglie wavelength is considered to be the matter wave. However, the de Broglie wave has a series of strange properties. It is not mathematically defined for a rest-mass particle, when v=0. However, one can claim a particle never stands still and that the de Broglie wavelength only converges towards infinite when v converges to zero. An infinite matter wavelength would also be strange. We have good reasons to think that the de Broglie wavelength only is a mathematical derivative of the true matter wavelength, which we believe is the Compton wavelength. Although noted briefly here, this has already been described by Haug \cite{Hau20UnifiedA} and is a topic for another article. What we will focus on here is that the length of the de Broglie wavelength, if we use an observational window of one second and the minimum observable velocity, is the Planck length per second. Then the de Broglie wavelength for a proton actually has a length very close to the assumed radius of the observable universe. We think most likely this is a coincidence, particularly since one second is an arbitrarily chosen time unit, and not a fundamental time unit such as the Compton time, or the Planck time, for example. Still, we think this finding is worth mentioning and could be the basis for further discussion.
Category: Quantum Physics
[140] viXra:2007.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-19 20:51:06
Authors: Michael J. Bucknum, Eduardo A. Castro
Comments: 7 pages, author contact mjbucknum@yahoo.com
A possible philosophy of life and faith-based Worldview is proposed.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism
[139] viXra:2007.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-19 10:54:35
Authors: John Peel
Comments: 6 Pages. There may be logical errors as in all work presented.
Perhaps information depends upon patterns rather than binary values. The definition of information given here is that it is that of opposites. This is justified by the use of curves (functions) and basic calculus (continuity). An essential formulae denoting a structure is given. It is very similar to the fundamental equation of dualities in black holes expounded in previous papers. There may not be a more absolute opposite than that of zero and infinity. Taking the inverse of each gives the other so the polarity should be obvious. But what is in the middle? Patterns! There is not anything particularly new in this paper but the main point is to assert that information should be defined as the opposite implicit criteria.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[138] viXra:2007.0152 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-19 10:45:27
Authors: Osvaldo Domann
Comments: 25 Pages. Copyright. All rights reserved. The content of the present work, its ideas, axioms, postulates, definitions, derivations, results, findings, etc., can be reproduced only by making clear reference to the author.
Our present standard model is based on basic laws for forces which were mathematically introduced by matching equations with experimentally obtained curves. The basic laws are Coulomb, Ampere, Lorentz, Maxwell, Gravitation, etc. The equations were not deduced mathematically from the interactions of one postulated field, resulting the need to introduce for each particular manifestation of the force a different field, namely electric, magnetic, strong, weak and gravitation. In the present paper a model is presented where each known force is the product of a particular interaction of one field which consists of longitudinal and transversal angular momenta of a Fundamental Particle (FP). It shows that electrons and positrons neither attract nor repel each other when the distance between them tends to zero. This allows to represent muons, tauons and hadrons as swarms of electrons and positrons called quarks. The paper then concentrates on relativity showing that it is a speed and not a time-space problem, and that time and space are absolute variables. It also shows that photons are emitted with light speed from their source and move with speeds different than light speed relative to a moving reference system.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[137] viXra:2007.0151 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-19 10:59:45
Authors: Sascha Vongehr
Comments: 14 Pages. 7 figures, 42 refs
At the nano-scale, surface phenomena such as attractive VdW forces strongly dominate; explosions may well be thought impossible. We confirm nano explosions that are important for a fractal (hierarchical, scale invariant) pore structure, greatly increasing pore access. Analyzing only microscope images, image analysis and statistical error reduction algorithms alone provide conclusive evidence of explosively expelled material. The results reconfirm that computer image recognition and statistical analysis are a widely applicable and inexpensive technique for determining parameters which are otherwise unavailable, such as the densities of single nano shapes. The explosion mechanism explains optimum calcination temperatures for cobalt-hydroxide and why slow heating optimizes porosity. Slow heating increases the accessible surface area by 60% with this supercapacitor material.
Category: Condensed Matter
[136] viXra:2007.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-18 19:25:33
Authors: Yuri K. Shestopaloff
Comments: 40 Pages. Previous versions are on https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.09421
The present view of biological phenomena is based on a biomolecular paradigm that development of living organisms is entirely defined by information stored in a molecular form as some genetic code. However, new facts and discoveries indicate that biological phenomena cannot be reduced to a biomolecular realm alone, but are also governed by mechanisms of other nature. These mechanisms, acting in tight cooperation with biochemical mechanisms, define life cycles of individual organisms, and, through this, the origin and evolution of the living world. Here, we present such a physical mechanism (General growth law), which represents a new physical law of nature. It acts at cellular, organ, system and whole organism scale levels, directing growth and reproduction together with biomolecular mechanisms by imposing uniquely defined constraints on distribution of nutrients between biomass production and maintenance, thus defining the composition of biochemical reactions, their change and irreversibility during the organismal life cycle. Mathematically, this law is represented by the growth equation. Using this equation, we introduce growth models and explain division mechanisms for unicellular organisms. High adequacy of obtained results to experiments proves validity of the General growth law and of the new physical paradigm of Life based on this law.
Category: Physics of Biology
[135] viXra:2007.0149 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-18 19:12:53
Authors: Alexander Bolonkin
Comments: 8 Pages.
The author suggests a unique method of movement using the energy of the medium of motion. The fact that the braking force (resistance) when extracting energy from the flow and thrust of the propulsion unit depend on the mass of the medium, which is involved in the inhibition (with energy recovery) and deadlift. If it is the same (or the same) mass, then the drag and thrust forces are equal. But if these masses are different (or the medium is different), then the forces are also different. This difference has long been widely used by mankind when the environment is different (wind-earth) (wind generators) or when the energy source is separated from the environment (all modern engines, rockets). The peculiarity of the author's new engine is that its engine extracts energy and creates thrust in the same medium by redistributing energy (speeds) within the medium, using DIFFERENT masses of this medium. The difference in forces can be used to move (decelerate or accelerate) the aircraft. In this case, the laws of conservation of energy and momentum of the system as a whole (apparatus-medium) are fulfilled. For us, the important thing is that we can fly and launch into space for free, without the need for massive quantities of expensive fuel. This may seem like a fantastic, unprincipled far-out dream, but simple experiments can confirm or disprove the presented theory.
Category: Classical Physics
[134] viXra:2007.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-18 19:19:41
Authors: Yuri K. Shstopaloff
Comments: 37 Pages.
Using polarization measurements in remote sensing and optical studies allows retrieving more information. We consider relationship between the reflection coefficients of plane and rough surfaces for linearly polarized waves. Certain polarization properties of reflected waves and polarization invariants, in particular at incident angle of forty five degrees, allow finding amplitude and phase characteristics of reflected waves. Based on this study, we introduce methods for finding dielectric permittivity, temperature and geometrical characteristics of observed surfaces. Experimental results prove that these methods can be used for different practical purposes in technological and remote sensing applications, in a broad range of electromagnetic spectrum.
Category: Classical Physics
[133] viXra:2007.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-18 13:36:03
Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 4 Pages.
: It was claimed that a brachiosaurus would suffocate while walking in a shallow body of water because of the pressure of the water. People in the early 1900’s painted dinosaurs walking in shallow bodies of water, as the artist Zdenek Burian did, using its neck as a snorkel. Fast forward, paleontologists claimed that this would not be possible because the pressure in the water would collapse the dino’s lungs, so then they placed dinos above and out of the water. Now we are going back to dinos easily navigating the shallow seas underwater, because of the ancient atmosphere being much denser during the existence of dinosaurs, of 3-5 bar. Brachiosaurus could snorkel because he/she would only be at ~102- 112% ambient atmospheric pressure. Humans can breath at 109%. Some screen shots and pictures are presented to explain.
Category: Physics of Biology
[132] viXra:2007.0145 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-18 14:43:51
Authors: Ivan Savelyev, Max Myakishev-Rempel
Comments: 12 Pages.
The theory of the morphogenic field suggests that chemical signaling is supplemented by electromagnetic signaling governing the structure and shape of tissues, organs and the body. The theory of DNA resonance suggests that the morphogenic field is created by the genomic DNA which sends and receives electromagnetic signals in a sequence-specific manner. Previously, the authors have proposed the existence of HIDERs, genomic elements that serve as antennas in resonance signaling and demonstrated that they occur nonrandomly and are conserved in evolution. Here, it is proposed that longitudinal hydrogen bonds exist in the double helix, that chains of these bonds form delocalized proton clouds, that the shapes of these clouds are sequence-specific and form the basis of sequence-specificity of resonance between HIDERs. Based on longitudinal hydrogen bonds, a proton DNA resonance code was devised and used to identify HIDERs which are enriched 20 fold in the genome and conserved in evolution. It was suggested that these HIDERs are the key elements responsible for DNA resonance signaling and the formation of the morphogenic field.
Category: Physics of Biology
[131] viXra:2007.0144 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-17 22:41:42
Authors: Md Monzur Morshed
Comments: 5 Pages. This is a strategy paper
Bangladesh is one of the high TB burden countries in the world and TB is still a major public health problem in the country. To eradicate TB in Bangladesh and to ensure proper monitoring and better health care service, digital interventions may play a pivotal role. Over the years Bangladesh Government has been actively working to hold a control over TB with the help of donors, local and international NGOs. For sustainability there has been a need to develop mHealth strategy for Bangladesh to align with the Digital Bangladesh Vision 2021.
Category: Education and Didactics
[130] viXra:2007.0143 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-18 12:35:11
Authors: Robert S. Adlemir, Robert S. Adlemir, Chris K. Wong
Comments: 5 Pages.
We identify a major security flaw in modern gift transaction protocol that allows for malicious entities to send questionable metadata to insecure1 recipients. To address these
weaknesses we introduce the Blockcard protocol, a novel variant of Blockchain technology
that uses an asymmetric proof-of-work CPU cost function over payload metadata to provide
a cryptographically secure and efficient method of verifying that gift-givers thought enough
about the recipients payload or lack thereof for it to count. This has the advantage of
making it computationally infeasible and socially awkward for adversarial gift-givers to
double-spend, spoof, or precompute their celebratory thoughts.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[129] viXra:2007.0142 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-19 10:27:53
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 6 Pages.
At present, the measurement accuracy error of the gravitational constant is relatively large. When I was thinking about the energy of the electrostatic field a few days ago, I had an assumption that the energy distribution of the electrostatic field is a basic factor of space-time composition. Therefore, the change in the energy distribution of the electrostatic field directly means that the structure of spacetime has changed. The change of space-time structure directly affects the gravitational constant. We can notice that the distribution of the electrostatic field energy in the entire solar system is directly related to the orbits of the planets. Among them, Jupiter has the greatest influence on the energy distribution of the electrostatic field on the earth's position. The mass of Jupiter is approximately one thousandth of the mass of the sun. If only the gravitational influence is considered, experiments on the earth to measure the gravitational constant can offset Jupiter's gravitational influence through technical means. But if the energy distribution of Jupiter's electrostatic field changes, it will cause changes in the space-time structure around the earth. This change in the space-time structure directly leads to a change in the gravitational constant, which results in different values of the gravitational constant measured by experiments completed at different times. The purpose of this article is to remind experimental physicists who measure the gravitational constant that their experimental results may be related to the orbital position of Jupiter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[128] viXra:2007.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-17 21:28:29
Authors: Miguel Cerdá Bennassar
Comments: Pages.
No se puede entender este escrito si no se conocen los anteriores de Agosto y Noviembre 2019. Para visualizar los gráficos, aconsejo descargar y ampliar el pdf. En la siguiente tabla están los números pares y los resultados posibles de dividirlos entre 2. Los de color verde solamente admiten una división, mientras que los de color rojo admiten más de una. El color amarillo señala los números pares que son el resultado de aplicar 3n+1 a los números impares n.
(It is not possible to understand this writing if the previous ones of August and November 2019 are not known. To view the graphics, I recommend downloading and enlarging the pdf. In the following table are the even numbers and the possible results of dividing them by 2. Those of green color only admit one division, while those of red color admit more than one. The yellow color indicates the even numbers that are the result of applying 3n + 1 to the odd numbers n.)
Category: Number Theory
[127] viXra:2007.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-16 23:53:06
Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 4 Pages.
There is a mystery in particle physics. What is the reason for the generations? What is the reason for the masses of the particles in the Standard Model. This paper shows that spinning sphere theory may explain the reason for the generations. In spinning sphere theory our universe starts with one particle for zero-dimensional point. Two particles for a one-dimensional string that corresponds to the Muon, Six particles for a two-dimensional ring, corresponding to the electron. 42 particles for the 2nd layer of a cuboctahedron for a three-dimensional particle, corresponding to the tauon. This paper specifically focuses on the tauon. More papers will come for the electron. Previously the mass of the muon being about one ninth the mass of the proton or neutron was discussed. This paper explains why the mass of the Tauon is about 17/9 of the proton or neutron.
This paper finds that the masses of the 2nd and 3rd generation particles, for the leptons, are related to the ratio of energies jumping from one orbital to another orbital. These are not the orbitals of the proton electron orbitals, but rather within their own fields. They could be orbitals within the leptons themselves.
This theory also proposes that, like De Broglie waves, where matter has wave like properties, there are dark orbitals, where jumping between orbital becomes the matter that we observe when the wave function collapses. This theory of dark orbitals comes directly from the prediction for the masses of particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[126] viXra:2007.0137 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-21 13:34:06
Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 7 Pages.
An example in which a patient was referred to a psychiatrist by the otolaryngologist for olfactory reference syndrome. The case actually had a strong nasal smell. I name the following condition as nasal secretion deficiency syndrome. This is a new concept of ozena. No abnormalities were found on computed tomography
(CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , but only a rough nasal mucosa was observed with endoscope. If look over the Internet, many people suffer from similar condition. Almost all complain of an abnormally dry nose. Although the frequency of this disease is high, it has been diagnosed as olfactory reference syndrome. There was no crusting and atrophy of nasal cavity, and only nasal mucosa was found to be degraded by an endoscope.
Because it was hidden by a veil of atrophic rhinitis and ozena, it was overlooked and now overlooking conditions. It can be said that all women at least have olfactory reference syndrome. The excretion of bacteria stays on the nasal mucosa, and emits a bad smell. It is mainly caused by chronic rhinosinusitis, but may also be caused by other causes. Many people say that it gets worse during the cold and dry season. The underlying cause of this condition is lack of secretion of runny nose. The devastation of the nasal mucosa of nasal cavity, goblet cells that produce nasal secretions are damaged, the organization of nasal secretions is strongly reduced.
Category: Mind Science
[125] viXra:2007.0135 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-17 08:29:38
Authors: Shubham Mittal
Comments: 8 Pages.
The Indian stock market saw many frauds/scams in the past decades. These activities stumbled
the investors’ belief many times in the stock market and due to which this market is seeing
drastic fluctuations from a very long time. And in the times of increasing non-performing assets
(NPAs) combined with the fears of potential stock market frauds, the financial markets of India
are suffering badly. In this study, I tried to compare the relationship between NPAs and Stock
Market Scams (SMCs) and listed out possible scenarios where such relationships have
impacted the financial sector of the Indian economy.
Category: Economics and Finance
[124] viXra:2007.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-17 11:06:36
Authors: Leonov N.N.
Comments: 31 Pages. English and russian texts
The search for the causes of "red shift" of atomic spectra led to the discovery that the air tightly enough to fill the entire Universe, its density increases with distance from Central areas to the periphery of the Universe, and the density of the ether increases with time in the vicinity of any point of the Universe. These properties of air explain the nature of "red shift" of atomic spectra, the cause of the "spontaneous" decay of atomic nuclei, talking about a closed Universe and capture its "parvulescu" from the Schwarzschild sphere.
Open mechanism formation of the spectrum of atomic radiation. His rule was universal. fit for every atom. The same rules are arranged as a separate singlet lines of protium, and the whole set is extremely close multi-blade block lines of heavier atoms.
Discovered that "fast" photonic dipole capable, in its motion, radiate, in arbitrary time intervals, an electromagnetic wave with a floating rate, the value of which depends on the density of the oncoming ether.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[123] viXra:2007.0133 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-17 06:32:19
Authors: Thomas J. Buckholtz
Comments: 108 pages
We try to solve three decades-old physics challenges. List all elementary particles. Describe dark matter. Describe mechanisms that govern the rate of expansion of the universe. We propose new theory. The theory uses an extension to harmonic oscillator mathematics. The theory points to all known elementary particles. The theory suggests new particles. Based on those results, we do the following. We explain ratios of dark matter amounts to ordinary matter amounts. We suggest details about galaxy formation. We suggest details about inflation. We suggest aspects regarding changes in the rate of expansion of the universe. We interrelate the masses of some elementary particles. We interrelate the strengths of electromagnetism and gravity. Our work seems to offer new insight regarding three branches of physics. The branches are elementary particles, astrophysics, and cosmology.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[122] viXra:2007.0132 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-17 08:26:48
Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 2 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture.
A parity symmetry can be established between any pair of identical clocks. The rest frames of each clock can also form a parity
symmetry. The time of each rest frame is independent of the direction of the motion of each clock. The elapsed time is
identical for both rest frames. Consequently,
the elapsed time is conserved in all reference frames. Conservation of elapsed time is a property of parity symmetry.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[121] viXra:2007.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-17 11:11:26
Authors: Sascha Vongehr
Comments: 16 Pages. 2 figures, 11 refs
Virtual Reality (VR) and “reality” are indistinguishable. The implied limit on low probabilities is very similar or even description-dual to the Planck length. Resolving Newcomb's Predictor Paradox further elucidates the nature of causality in such “timeless” physics. All these support that Many Minds (MM) analytic logic “prunes plenitude” to less than the unfettered fecundity of unitary quantum physics. It must avoid Real-VR-mistakes such as VR or brains “giving rise” to associated minds. Such is unacceptable without addressing obvious ethical objections. This in turn results at once in conclusions relevant to religion. VR administrators doubt their own reality. This reformulates the “fundamental creator gods” regress. A secular religion emerges. An “all seeing eye” demands merit, not mere belief. Finding “one's self” resurrected necessitates memory passing judgment.
Category: Quantum Physics
[120] viXra:2007.0129 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-16 20:31:44
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 17 Pages. 73 figures
With my study I want to advance a hypothesis that Phyllotaxis is caused by a lattice of Ice-Crystals or large Water Clusters which are stablized (coated) by certain proteins, e.g. special Ice-binding- or Water-Cluster-binding-proteins.
The microscopic Image of the remains of an evaporated water droplet shows a phyllotactic pattern that formed during the evaporation of the water droplet on a silicon wafer. This image is a proof that Water itself must be the main contributor which causes Phyllotaxis ! The pysical process Evaporation, and electric charge and coloumb forces caused by evaporation also seem to play a role in the pattern formation and in the precise orientation and positioning of the water clusters in the pattern.
Important for the formation of a phyllotactic Fibonacci pattern seems to be a large central Water Cluster, that may have icosahedral MacKay-geometry, consisting of large icosahedral Sub-Clusters formed by the stable icosahedral water clusters (H2O)100 or (H2O)280. Typical cluster numbers of Mackay-Clusters are 13 and 55 which are Fibonacci Numbers ! Additional proof comes from SEM-Images of the Sunflower Capitulum. These images indicate that new primordia are caused by rhombic crystals, which seem to be either ice-crystals or large water cluster crystals that formed with the help of ice-binding proteins or similar. Proof for a physical cause of Phyllotaxis is also provided by a study about variations in the Fibonacci-spiral patterns of twigs of the three “Pinus Mugo“ which shows that the Fibonacci-pattern variation depends on altitude and temperature- /radiation- conditions. With the results of this study I developed an infinite Fibonacci-Number-Sequences-Table that contains all existing Fibonacci-Sequences and all natural numbers. Finally I present a mathematical discovery regarding constant Phi. All natural numbers and their square roots, as well as constant Pi (π), can be expressed by only using constant Phi (1.618…) and the base unit 1.
Category: Physics of Biology
[119] viXra:2007.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-16 19:49:36
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages.
Under the assumption that $\sum \limits_{n\leq N}\Upsilon(n)\Upsilon(N-n)>0$, we show that for all even number $N>6$ \begin{align} \sum \limits_{n\leq N}\Upsilon(n)\Upsilon(N-n)=(1+o(1))K\sum \limits_{p|N}\sum \limits_{\substack{n\leq N/p}}\Lambda_{0}(n)\Lambda_{0}(N/p-n)\nonumber
\end{align}for some constant $K>0$, and where $\Upsilon$ and $\Lambda_{0}$ denotes the master and the truncated Von mangoldt function, respectively. Using this estimate, we relate the Goldbach problem to the problem of showing that for all $N>6$ $(N\neq 2p)$, If $\sum \limits_{p|N}\sum \limits_{\substack{n\leq N/p}}\Lambda_{0}(n)\Lambda_{0}(N/p-n)>0$, then $\sum \limits_{\substack{n\leq N/p}}\Lambda_{0}(n)\Lambda_{0}(N/p-n)>0$ for each prime $p|N$.
Category: Number Theory
[118] viXra:2007.0127 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-18 03:28:40
Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 6 Pages.
The structure of the nuclei begins with the so-called lower-order nuclei, as the deuterium, tritium and helium He-3, which evolve into helium nucleus He-4 and then first upper-order oxygen nucleus O-16. The second upper-order calcium nucleus Ca is based on the fundamental natural phenomenon of mirror symmetry, by repetition of the first upper-order oxygen nucleus and one half of it, i.e. at the 2.5 factor. The same stands with the third upper-order tin nucleus Sn, which emerged from the second upper-order calcium nucleus, according to the mirror symmetry and the same 2.5 factor. Furthermore, orion nucleus Or-307 forecast, as a theoretical construction, is derived by repetition of the third upper-order tin nucleus and one half of it for the connection as the fourth upper-order nucleus, according to the mirror symmetry. The atomic numbers Z of the above four upper-order nuclei are the so-called four magic numbers, i.e. Z1=8, Z2=8x2.5=20, Z3=20x2.5=50 and Z4=50x2.5=125. That is the simple and elegant structure model, according to which the nuclei consist of fixed helium nuclei He-4 (plus deuterium, tritium and helium He-3, all evolving into helium He-4) and neutrons rotating around of them. It is noted that the word orion comes from the Greek όριον, meaning the limit. Thus, orion nucleus Or-307 means the limited nucleus of Nature that cannot be further divided, due to the indivisible original deuterium. Additionally, orion nucleus Or-307 is the corresponding hypothetical chemical element with atomic number Z=126 and placeholder symbol Ubh (Ubh-310 or Ubh-354), also known as element 126 or eka-plutonium.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[117] viXra:2007.0126 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-21 14:44:41
Authors: Imrich Krištof, Josef Pokorný
Comments: 17 Pages.
These widespread redistribution phenomenons play the main role on all fields of Modern Physics, namely as The Superstring Theory, M–Theory, D–branes Theory, Elementary Particles Standard Model Theory, Quantum Field Theory (QFT), Conformal Field Theory (CFT), Quantum Mechanics, Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), Quantum electrodynamics (QED), Quantum flavourdynamics (QFD), SUSY (SUPERSYMMETRY THEORY), SUGRA (SUPERGRAVITY THEORY), QUANTUM THEORY, THEORY OF RELATIVITY, LOOP GRAVITY, TOE (THEORY OF EVERYTHING). The first strategic focus is concentrated on Brownian Motion, which was discovered with the law of Photoelectric effect by young Albert Einstein 1921 Nobel Prize Winner for Physics, he received his Nobel Prize one year later in 1922 of Brownian Motion resp. diffusion. The Einstein–Stokes equations described in this article are practically useful on these days, when the All Planet suffered by Coronavirus SARS-Cov2 resp. COVID 19 and namely older died. By this Einstein–Stokes equation we can calculate velocity of diffusion of virus μm – nm (10-6 – 10-9 m) virion particles, which can potentially diffused and infected fresh air or water or soil or blood, these four surroundings so strategic and important for Man and Mankind and all life on the Planet Earth. Asymptotic freedom is very important in QCD for so called hypercharge or color or flavor of quarks and elementary particles. Calculation of Asymptotic freedom is realized by β Function and is different in QCD, QED, and in Non Abelian Gauge Theory. In this text are incorporated Figures of Concept and Evidence of Asymptotic Freedom from LEP (CERN). D–instantons are connected with a geometric understanding of the non–perturbative sector of a wide range of gauge theories (D–branes). D–instantons have significance in the BRANE PHYSICS WORLD. Psi|J Particle is also called PSION (OR MESON Ψ|J) and was discovered in November 1974, when the Elementary Particle Physics and Standard and Quark Model of Particles were on the top of world science interest. Psion is composed from charm quark and antiquark, so called “charmonium” like a “bottomium” – beauty or bottom quark and antiquark –and were the first steps to SUSY (SUPERSYMMETRIC THEORY OF PARTICLES), which says “that each particle has his own antiparticle (superpartner) for example electron e- has positron e+.” Heterotic string theory is connected with 11 DIMENSIONAL SUPERGRAVITY (SUGRA), BRANE GAS, MULTIDIMENSIONAL BRANES, known for the name of Czech Physicist Petr Hořava and Ed Witten (M–Theory).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[116] viXra:2007.0125 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-24 19:24:33
Authors: Bharath Raj G. N.
Comments: 8 Pages.
This is a brief analysis of some errors as they appear in standard Special Relativity as taught in Universities. Specifically regarding the energy - momentum balance during light emission process and in the concept of simultaneity. We also analyse the problems with light clock thought experiments and discuss a consequence of Lorentz time transformation which causes material objects in relative motion to dematerialise. Further we show some misconceptions about electromagnetism created in Relativity and some inherited from Maxwell and others.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[115] viXra:2007.0124 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-16 11:13:57
Authors: Bharath Raj G. N.
Comments: 3 Pages.
According to General Relativity, i)A frame of reference experiencing free fall due to Gravity is equivalent to an inertial frame of reference in free space and ii)A frame at rest on the surface of Earth experiencing Gravity is equivalent to a frame in free space being accelerated with constant acceleration. Here we describe two simple experiments which prove the above statements wrong.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[114] viXra:2007.0123 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-16 11:19:44
Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 4 Pages.
There are at least two strategies: 1 - to look for reasonable ones, such as us, and 2 - to look for strangers who are sharply different from us in the type and speed of communication.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[113] viXra:2007.0122 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-18 10:34:01
Authors: Osvaldo F. Schilling
Comments: 8 Pages. 4 figures. The Analysis section has been improved
This work quantitatively deals with the fundamental issue of the origin of particles. By focusing initially on the relation between mass and magnetic moments for baryons, we then show that a wealth of experimental data, including the form of the observed flux profiles of cosmic rays protons can be consistently analyzed together if one takes as the starting point of the model that these particles condense from a vacuum, in the form of loops of charge. This brings back the long standing issue of whether particles should strictly be treated theoretically as point-like objects, or otherwise might have an intrinsic motion formally accounted for, which might be related to an effective finite size. Such issue arises in the socalled zitterbewegung solution of the point-like particle´s Dirac equation, which introduces the intrinsic motion of a “point” electron in the center of mass frame. The present treatment also applies the Dirac equation, and we obtain regularized loop-like solutions for the fields representing embryonic baryons. The fundamental “proton state” is taken as a substrate, as proposed by Barut many years ago. A loop can be regarded as a particle “embryo” and is a sizeable ( wavepacket) rather than a point-like object, tenths of a femtometer big when detached from the vacuum parent state. Such vacuum state is predicted as 2.7 GeV above the proton rest mass, which is consistent with the average protons energy in the energy profile of interstellar cosmic rays. According to statistical mechanics, this characterizes U0 =3.71 GeV as the environment equilibrium energy in which protons were formed(big-bang conditions?). Other features of such energy profile can readily be understood from the present analysis.
Category: Astrophysics
[112] viXra:2007.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-15 20:03:48
Authors: Rick Smith
Comments: 4 Pages.
The Temple of Hathor at Dendera contains wall decorations containing scenes depicting characteristics not seen in other ancient
Egyptian art. The scenes are analyzed using ray-trace techniques.
Category: Archaeology
[111] viXra:2007.0118 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-28 22:57:03
Authors: Victor Christianto
Comments: 10 Pages. This paper has not been submitted to any journal. Your comments are welcome.
Considering the persistence effect of recent covid-19, developing countries need to accelerate education for small business owners in order they can contribute better in national growth. In a recent paper, there is discussion on a validation process using the Neutrosophic Logic for the formation of the competence entrepreneurship in high education in Havana, Cuba confirmed its feasibility of use. Now, in this paper we will review possible implementation of online business education, which seems to be more favorable for millennial and Z generation who mostly prefer an easy and hassle-free forms of learning. More research and development are still needed.
Category: Economics and Finance
[110] viXra:2007.0117 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-15 00:20:47
Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 7 Pages. This paper has not been submitted to a journal. Comments are welcome
In a recent paper, there is a discussion aiming to propose a mathematical method for measuring the transformational leadership degree in the company. The method is based on the opinion of colleagues and subordinates of the leader about its leadership capacity, rather than on the study of its own personality. The method is derived from the neutrosophical psychology theory, since it is considered not only the concepts of
Category: Social Science
[109] viXra:2007.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-15 00:59:51
Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 7 Pages. Rejected by many top journals without review
There are tens of self-proclaimed proofs for the Riemann Hypothesis and only 2 or 4 disproofs of it in arXiv. I am adding to the Status Quo my very short and clear results even without explicit mentioning of the prime numbers. One of my breakthroughs uses the peer-reviewed achievement of Dr.Sole and Dr.Zhu, published just 4 years ago in a serious mathematical journal INTEGERS.
Category: Number Theory
[108] viXra:2007.0115 [pdf] replaced on 2021-07-27 18:49:17
Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 5 Pages.
I derive a new equivalent formulation of Goldbach's strong conjecture and present several proofs of Goldbach's strong conjecture and other conjectures. You are free not to get enlightened about that facts. But please pay respect to new dispositions of the conjectures and research methods in this note.
Category: Number Theory
[107] viXra:2007.0114 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-15 01:04:48
Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 5 Pages. Rejected by many top journals without review
Relying on the validity of Dr.Dahmen's peer-reviewed result, I am refuting the abc-conjecture even without explicit mentioning prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory
[106] viXra:2007.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-15 01:07:12
Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 8 Pages. Rejected by many top journals without review
Besides the proof of the mathematical conjecture, a new form for the three-dimensional euclidean sphere is given. This sphere can be embedded
into pseudo-euclidean metric, making the new description for the Universe.
Category: Topology
[105] viXra:2007.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-15 01:11:33
Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 8 Pages. Rejected by many top journals without review
My MOND proposal includes General Relativity as a special case, i.e. I have effects of General Relativity in many areas of spacetime. I argue that my proposal can describe Dark Matter as well if one understands the modification
of gravity as a tensor field X^{\mu\nu}(t,x,y,z) in the Einstein equations, i.e. as an additional mathematical parameter filling the Universe without correspondence to new particles. Notably, there are many different fields in
nature, e.g. the Higgs field, the inflaton field, and the temperature distribution field T(t,x,y,z). My testable prediction that they will never find weakly interacting Dark Matter particles is well-realized up to today; therefore, Popper's falsifiability criterion is satisfied because the underground detectors could report the signal. On the other hand, the testable proof would be the indirect discovery of the sterile neutrino. As it does not interact
with visible matter even weakly, it is an example of X^{\mu\nu}. This justified theory, applied to key problems of Physics, provides satisfactory answers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[104] viXra:2007.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-15 03:01:17
Authors: Prajnanaswaroopa S
Comments: 4 Pages. Comments are welcome
In this short note, we give a proof for the fact that the chromatic number of the EFL graph formed by the adjoining of k cliques such that any two cliques share at most one vertex is k
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[103] viXra:2007.0110 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-15 03:03:23
Authors: Orçun Oruç
Comments: 24 Pages.
Industrial manufacturing has become more interconnected between smart devices such as the industry of things edge devices, tablets, manufacturing equipment, and smartphones. Smart factories have emerged and evolved with digital technologies and data science in manufacturing systems over the past few years. Smart factories make complex data enables digital manufacturing and smart supply chain management and enhanced assembly line control. Nowadays, smart factories produce a large amount of data that needs to be apprehensible by human operators and experts in decision making. However, linked data is still hard to understand and interpret for human operators, thus we need a translating system from linked data to natural language or summarization of the volume of linked data by eliminating undesired results in the linked data repository. In this study, we propose a semantic question answering in a restricted smart factory domain attaching to various data sources. In the end, we will perform qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the semantic question answering, as well as discuss findings and conclude the main points with regard to our research questions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[102] viXra:2007.0109 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-15 12:13:18
Authors: René Friedrich
Comments: 6 Pages.
La gravitation a été modélisée par Einstein et Grossmann en tant qu'espace-temps courbe, mais tous les essais de quantisation ont échoué. Il s'est avéré que l'espace-temps courbe n'est pas compatible avec la mécanique quantique.
Cependant, il existe bien un modèle alternatif pour la gravitation : La dilatation du temps gravitationnelle. Nous démontrerons ici à l'exemple de la métrique de Schwarzschild que la gravitation peut être décrite non seulement comme la courbure de l'espace-temps, mais aussi comme la dilatation du temps gravitationnelle dans l'espace R3 - plane et non courbé - les deux conceptions sont parfaitement équivalentes. Au lieu d'agir sur la variété de l'espace-temps, la dilatation du temps gravitationnelle agit sur les lignes d'univers, et les lignes d'univers deviennent ainsi un élément central de la gravité quantique.
Dans la gravité quantique, pour être invariantes de Lorentz, les lignes d'univers doivent se débarrasser de leurs coordonnées d'espace-temps. Pour cela, elles ne doivent pas être paramétrées par le temps selon les coordonnées d'un quelconque observateur, mais par leur temps propre respectif. La dilatation du temps gravitationnelle ralentit ce paramètre de temps propre des lignes d'univers des particules et des systèmes quantiques.
Le résultat : Grâce au paramétrage invariant de Lorentz des lignes d'univers, la relativité générale harmonise parfaitement avec la mécanique quantique, ou en bref : "GR likes QM."
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[101] viXra:2007.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-15 12:15:50
Authors: René Friedrich
Comments: 6 Pages.
Gravitation wurde von Einstein und Grossmann als gekrümmte Raumzeit modellisiert. Alle Versuche der Quantisierung schlugen jedoch fehl. Es zeigte sich, dass das Modell der gekrümmten Raumzeit mit der Quantenmechanik nicht vereinbar ist.
Doch gibt es ein alternatives Modell für Gravitation: Die gravitative Zeitdilatation. Es wird hier am Beispiel der Schwarzschild-Metrik gezeigt werden, dass sich Gravitation nicht nur in der Form gekrümmter Raumzeit darstellen lässt, sondern auch in der Form der gravitativen Zeitdilatation im flachen ungekrümmten R3 Raum - beide Konzepte sind vollständig äquivalent. Gravitative Zeitdilatation wirkt nicht auf die Raumzeit sondern auf die Weltlinien, und von daher werden Weltlinien zu einem zentralen Element der Quantengravitation.
Weltlinien müssen sich im Rahmen der Quantengravitation, um Lorentz-invariant zu sein, ihrer Raumzeitkoordinaten entledigen. Hierzu ist es erforderlich, sie nicht durch die Koordinatenzeit eines beliebigen Beobachters zu parametrisieren, sondern durch ihre jeweilige Eigenzeit. Die gravitative Zeitdilatation verlangsamt diesen Eigenzeitparameter der Weltlinien von Teilchen und Quantensystemen.
Das Ergebnis: Dank der Lorentz-invarianten Parametrisierung der Weltlinien harmoniert die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie nahtlos mit der Quantenmechanik, kurz gesagt: GR "likes" QM.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[100] viXra:2007.0107 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-15 12:19:09
Authors: René Friedrich
Comments: 6 Pages.
Gravity was modeled by Einstein and Grossmann as the curvature of spacetime, but all attempts to quantize curved spacetime have failed. Curved spacetime revealed to be not compatible with quantum mechanics.
However, an alternative model for gravity does exist: Gravitational time dilation. It will be shown here at the example of the Schwarzschild metric that gravity may be expressed not only in the form of spacetime curvature, but also in the form of gravitational time dilation in flat, uncurved R3 space - both concepts are perfectly equivalent. Instead of acting on spacetime, gravitational time dilation is acting on worldlines, and worldlines are becoming the central element of quantum gravity.
In quantum gravity, in order to be Lorentz-invariant, worldlines must get rid of their spacetime coordinates. For this purpose, they must not be parameterized by the coordinate time of some arbitrary observer, but rather by their respective proper time. Gravitational time dilation is slowing down this proper time parameter of the worldlines of particles and of quantum systems.
The result: Thanks to the Lorentz-invariant parametrization of worldlines, general relativity harmonizes seamlessly with quantum mechanics, or in short: GR "likes" QM.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[99] viXra:2007.0106 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-15 06:43:32
Authors: Abhishek Majhi
Comments: 11 Pages. This work is neither completely philosophical, nor completely scientific, yet it can be useful to the reader if he/she can give meaning to it.
Do you believe that science is based on contradictions? Let me consider the common experience of seeing a dot of the pencil on a paper. If I call the dot ``zero length dimension'' or ``zero extension'', then certainly I have seen `nothing'. But, if I have seen `nothing', I wonder how I can refer to `nothing', let alone naming `nothing' as ``a point''. Therefore, the expression ``zero length dimension'' is a contradiction. Mathematical science, as of now, is based on this contradiction that results from the attitude of exactness, because exact ``zero'' is non-referable and inexpressible. Such attitude leads to incomplete statements like ``infinitesimal quantities'' which never mention ``with respect to'' what. Consequently, as I find, science becomes fraught with singularity. I avoid this contradiction, by accepting my inability to do exact science. Therefore, I consider the dot as of ``negligible length dimension''. It is a practical statement rather than a sacrosanct axiom. The practicality serves the purpose of drawing geometry, that becomes impossible if I decide or choose to look at the dot through a magnifying glass. It then answers a different practical question, namely, what the dot is made up of. Certainly, reality of the dot depends on how I choose or decide to observe it. This is the essence of ``relational existence''. On the contrary, modern mathematical science is founded upon belief of ``independent existence''(invariant). My belief in inexact mathematical science and relational existence needs the introduction of an undecidable length unit to do arithmetic and leads to non-singular gravity. Further, the quest for justification of my choice or decision leads to my incompleteness -- ``I''-- the undecidable premise beyond science, the expression of which is a (useful) contradiction in itself as ``I'' is inexpressible.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[98] viXra:2007.0105 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-20 21:11:58
Authors: Dante Servi
Comments: 42 Pages. Copyright by Dante Servi. With this revision I update "summary" and the "conclusion" both at the end of Appendix 1.
The prime numbers have a distribution that is only apparently random, with this article I will demonstrate that the distribution derives from the combination of the sequences of the various prime numbers, giving a demonstration that I define as graphic. I trust that this demonstration will prove the validity or otherwise of Riemann's hypothesis (I believe in validity).
Category: Number Theory
[97] viXra:2007.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-15 12:19:21
Authors: Tim Moon
Comments: 22 Pages.
Written entirely from an untutored viewpoint, this essay can only very tentatively venture some thoughts about a concept that very much belongs to the discipline of physics. This is the classical notion of naturally-moving reference systems; a concept central to thought experiments published a century ago, by Albert Einstein. A critical reading of one of these original accounts forms a springboard for detailed discussions; eventually they give rise to an argument for re-appraising the reference system concept. In the account in question, Einstein famously uses an imaginary train struck by lightning to illustrate his reasoning for the relativity of simultaneity. It seems this argument has been received with a widespread and almost unanimous approval, over the years. Yet it’s equally apparent that Einstein’s argument drew solely on classical mechanics; and it’s troubling that in preferring this simple logic, he allowed it to contradict the predictive force of his own famous postulates. So a sort of remedial analysis was undertaken: it accepted his postulates and applied them to the train scenario, independently of the classical transformation he chose. It is shown how this meticulous reanalysis leads unambiguously to the conclusion, not that simultaneity is relative, but that simuitaneity is conserved. Evaluating what to make of this disparate outcome leads to pursuing its resolution in much more philosophical terms. First, a review portrays how theoretical physicists’ views on the status of space have radically evolved over the last century. Adopting and adapting their current understanding, it’s suggested how naturally-moving systems might be newly characterised, not only in the old sense, by a spatial framework of material bodies, all moving uniformly in unison, but also by an additional content of equally co-moving segments of spatial field — areas which hitherto were seen only as abstractions from a stationary and homogenous background of empty space, through which the framework of matter moved. From the much newer perspective, these additional co-moving frame contents have highly dynamic substance. Taken together across multiple moving frames, they constitute super-plastic and holistically extended dynamic fields — such as electric and magnetic fields. On this speculative basis it’s explained how light waves would indeed show a constant ‘vacuum’ velocity in all frames, just as Einstein and Maxwell required — but would also be Galilean in nature, just like sound. A recent report of measurements directly supporting the reality of a Galilean view of light is cited.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[96] viXra:2007.0103 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-04 20:05:39
Authors: Karan R. Takkhi
Comments: 10 Pages. 15 figures (The paper was submitted to one of the most prestigious astronomy journals. Reviewer's Report: “The author has presented a novel interpretation of the redshift-distance relationship of observed supernovae”)
The comparison of redshift-distance relationship for high and low-redshift supernovae has revealed the surprising transition of Universe’s expansion from deceleration to acceleration. As compared to local supernovae, remote supernovae are further away than expected. The expansion rate obtained for local supernovae is higher with low redshifts as compared to the expansion rate obtained for remote supernovae with high redshifts. Since observed redshifts provide an estimate of recession velocities in order to determine the expansion rate (km/s/Mpc) of the local and the remote Universe, therefore, it is very disturbing to find that low recession velocities indicate acceleration (faster rate of expansion), whereas high recession velocities indicate deceleration (slower rate of expansion). In this paper I unravel an undiscovered aspect that perfectly mimics cosmic acceleration. I show in this paper that remote structures began expanding into the Universe before the expansion got initiated for the local structures, for this reason, remote structures are not only further away than expected, but they also happen to yield a slower rate of expansion as compared to the expansion rate obtained for the local structures. The analysis is based on the redshift-distance relationship plotted for 580 type Ia supernovae from the Supernova Cosmology Project, 7 additional high-redshift type Ia supernovae discovered through the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope from the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey Treasury program, and 1 additional very high-redshift type Ia supernova discovered with Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 on the Hubble Space Telescope. The results obtained by the High-Z Supernova Search Team through observations of type Ia supernovae have also been analysed.
Category: Astrophysics
[95] viXra:2007.0102 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-14 13:49:14
Authors: Dhananjay Phatak
Comments: 79 Pages.
In the literature [1],
Carmichael Numbers that satisfy additional
constraints $(p+1) \mydivides (N+1)$ for every prime divisor
$p \mydivides N$ are referred to as
``Williams' Numbers''\footnote{more precisely, ``1-Williams Numbers''~;
however~; the distinctions between different types of
Willliams' numbers are not relevant in this document and therefore,
we refer to 1-Williams Numbers~ simply as Williams' numbers.}.
%
In the renowned Pomerance-recipe~\cite{pomerance1984there}
to search for Baillie-PSW pseudoprimes; there are
heuristic arguments suggesting that the number of Williams'
Numbers could be large (or even unlimited). Moreover,
it is shown~\cite{pomerance1984there}
that if a Williams' number
is encountered during a search in accordance with all of the
conditions
in that recipe~\cite{pomerance1984there}~;
then it must also be a Baillie-PSW pseudoprime.
We derive new analytic bounds on the prime-divisors of
a Williams' Number.\\
Application of the bounds to
Grantham's set of 2030 primes~(see ~\cite{grantham-620-list})
drastically reduces the search
space from the impossible size $\approx 2^{(2030)}$ to less than
a quarter billion cases (160,681,183 cases to be exact, please
see the appendix for details).
We tested every single case in the reduced
search space with maple code. The result showed that
there is \underline{NO Williams' number (and therefore NO Baillie-PSW
pseudo-prime which is also a Williams' number)} in the entire space of
subsets of the Grantham-set. The results thus demonstrate that
Williams' numbers either do not exist or are extremely rare.
We believe the former; i.e., that No such
composite (i.e., a Williams' Number of this type) exists.
Category: Number Theory
[94] viXra:2007.0101 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-14 20:32:55
Authors: Suraj Deshmukh
Comments: 3 Pages.
In this paper we establish the Differential form of increments and provide a physical interpretation of them. Also we write the dynamical equation in terms of increments.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[93] viXra:2007.0100 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-17 00:07:56
Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 4 Pages.
There is a mystery in particle physics. What is the reason for the generations? What is the reason for the masses of the particles in the Standard Model. This paper shows that spinning sphere theory may explain the reason for the generations. In spinning sphere theory our universe starts with one particle for zero-dimensional point. Two particles for a one-dimensional string that corresponds to the Muon, Six particles for a two-dimensional ring, corresponding to the electron. 42 particles for the 2nd layer of a cuboctahedron for a three-dimensional particle, corresponding to the tauon. This paper specifically focuses on the muon. More papers will come for the electron and the tauon.
This paper finds that the masses of the 2nd and 3rd generation particles, for the leptons, are related to the ratio of energies jumping from one orbital to another orbital. These are not the orbitals of the proton electron orbitals, but rather within their own fields. They could be orbitals within the leptons themselves.
This theory also proposes that, like De Broglie waves, where matter has wave like properties, there are dark orbitals, where jumping between orbital becomes the matter that we observe when the wave function collapses. This theory of dark orbitals comes directly from the prediction for the masses of particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[92] viXra:2007.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-14 17:07:20
Authors: Miloje M. Rakočević
Comments: 38 Pages. Supplement to paper in: Polyhedron 153 (2018) 292–298 (Elsevier)
In the original work, for which this is a Supplement, I presented analogies of the genetic and chemical code (Rakočević 2018b, in relation to the source work from 1991). (Further: instead of "Rakočević" I use the abbreviation "MMR".) There I gave three Tables of the Periodic System of the Elements (PSE) in which I dealt with the problem of stable and unstable elements; in the sense that an unstable element is one that possesses at least one primordially unstable isotope, while elements that do not possess such isotopes are stable. I have shown that for the number of stable and the number of unstable elements there are strict regularities and a strict law; the same law that is valid for the association of codons to more complex and to less complex amino acids in the genetic code. I have not dealt with the question of the number of stable and the number of unstable isotopes, what I do now in this Supplement.
Category: Chemistry
[91] viXra:2007.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-13 22:03:59
Authors: Robert Mereau
Comments: 13 Pages. This method can be applied to light, charge and mass.
It has been shown that linear combinations of Heisenburg uncertainty equations can derive probability field equations which have fundamental characteristics similar to gravitational (and electric) forces. This paper extends previous work into 2Dimensional fields and fields with mass separation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[90] viXra:2007.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-14 04:08:20
Authors: Zbigniew Osiak
Comments: 14 Pages.
In the framework of general relativity the new model of a black hole was presented. A description of the gravitational field under the event horizon became possible when modifications of previously known concepts appeared. The black hole is a homogeneous ball with a radius smaller than the Schwarzschild radius, but not less than half the Schwarzschild radius. Equations describing gravitational acceleration inside a black hole correspond to Gaussian gravitational law. The gravitational acceleration outside the black hole is directed from its center. At distances from the center larger than the Schwarzschild radius, gravitational acceleration is directed to the center.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[89] viXra:2007.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-14 04:11:10
Authors: Zbigniew Osiak
Comments: 14 Pages.
W ramach ogólnej teorii względności przedstawiono mowy model czarnej dziury. Opis pola grawitacyjnego pod horyzontem zdarzeń stał się możliwy, gdy pojawiły się modyfikacje znanych wcześniej koncepcji. Czarna dziura jest jednorodną kulą o promieniu mniejszym od promienia Schwarzschilda, ale niemniejszym od połowy promienia Schwarzschilda. Równania opisujące przyspieszenie grawitacyjne wewnątrz czarnej dziury korespondują z grawitacyjnym prawem Gaussa. Przyspieszenie grawitacyjne na zewnątrz czarnej dziury jest skierowane od jej centrum. W odległościach od centrum większych od promienia Schwarzschilda przyspieszenie grawitacyjne jest skierowane do centrum.
###
In the framework of general relativity the new model of a black hole was presented. A description of the gravitational field under the event horizon became possible when modifications of previously known concepts appeared. The black hole is a homogeneous ball with a radius smaller than the Schwarzschild radius, but not less than half the Schwarzschild radius. Equations describing gravitational acceleration inside a black hole correspond to Gaussian gravitational law. The gravitational acceleration outside the black hole is directed from its center. At distances from the center larger than the Schwarzschild radius, gravitational acceleration is directed to the center.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[88] viXra:2007.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-14 11:02:16
Authors: Florent Raynal
Comments: 3 Pages. French writing
Syracuse theory demonstration in French.
Category: Number Theory
[87] viXra:2007.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-13 12:56:42
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 2 Pages.
Here we show that the number 888 associated with Christ the Redeemer (Jesus) relates to the degrees of freedom of the non-rotating-spin neutrinos (8 + 8 + 8 = 24) i.e. to the components of the dark-matter (DM) structures. We claim that the spiritual world is built of the DM structures. On the other hand, the distribution of naturals with periodicity 24 leads to a cross.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism
[86] viXra:2007.0093 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-13 21:14:15
Authors: Daniel L. Jassby
Comments: 17 Pages. Author E-mail: dljenterp@aol.com
The nature of fusion energy research & development is characterized by a dozen axioms and their corollaries covering predicted vs actual performance of experimental devices, consumption of electric power and tritium, and the promotion of the R&D enterprise to the public. Explanations of these axioms show that the course of fusion R&D is as strongly influenced by behavioral science as by scientific and technological developments.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[85] viXra:2007.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-13 16:00:58
Authors: Richard M. Smith
Comments: 1 Page.
A three-dimensional model of Mars is used to test the hypothesis that certain linear features on Mars are remanent shorelines.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[84] viXra:2007.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-13 21:12:26
Authors: Thomas Müller
Comments: 1 Page.
Converting the time for light to travel to an object and back into information. The advantage of an infinite universe is that you can place an object at every possible position. You send light to a far away mirror and the mirror will reflect the light and it will return. The time it takes the light for its travel is information and because the universe is infinite, it’s possible to store any amount of information with this method. The more information you want to store, the further away the mirror has to be placed. You could theoretically store all information on earth with a flashlight and a mirror.
Category: Classical Physics
[83] viXra:2007.0090 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-13 17:52:48
Authors: Mohammed zohal
Comments: 14 Pages.
In the letter sent by Goldbach to Euler in 1742 (Christian, 1742) he stated that its seems that
every odd number greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of three primes. As reformulated
by Euler, an equivalent form of this conjecture called the strong or binary Goldbach conjecture
states that all positive even integers greater or equal to 4 can be expressed as the sum of two primes which are sometimes called a Goldbach partition. Jorg (2000) and Matti (1993) have verified it
up to 4.1014. Chen (1973) has shown that all large enough even numbers are the sum of a prime
and the product of at most two primes... The majority of mathematicians believe that Goldbach's conjecture is true, especially on statistical
considerations ,on the subject we give the proof of Goldbach's strong conjecture whose veracity is
based on a clear and simple approach.
Category: Number Theory
[82] viXra:2007.0089 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-13 21:04:22
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages.
In this short note we introduce and develop the concept of a string. We examine the various elementary properties of a string. Further, we relate the concept of the string to the concept of continuity of a function. In fact we prove that the two are loosely connected.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[81] viXra:2007.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-13 18:13:21
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 10 Pages.
In this paper we study a particular class of polynomials. We study the distribution of their zeros, including the zeros of their derivatives as well as the interaction between this two. We prove a weak variant of the sendov conjecture in the case the zeros are real and are of the same sign.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[80] viXra:2007.0087 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-13 21:01:37
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages.
In this paper we introduce a complex space, which we choose to call the space of generators M. This space is basically a complex space $\mathbb{C}$ equipped with the bilinear map $<;> : \mathbb{C} \times \mathbb{C} \longrightarrow \mathbb{C}$ called the generator. We study a particular example of this space and define the generator on any two element in the space $
Category: General Mathematics
[79] viXra:2007.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-13 20:59:01
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages.
Using some properties of the prime, we establish an estimate for the sum \begin{align}\sum \limits_{k\geq 2}\bigg(\frac{1}{2}+o(1)\bigg)\int \limits_{2}^{x}\frac{\pi_k(t)}{t}dt=\frac{x}{2}+O\bigg(\frac{x}{\log x}\bigg).\nonumber
\end{align}
Category: Number Theory
[78] viXra:2007.0085 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-29 20:10:57
Authors: Zeyue Xia, Mohamad Nadim Barakat, Serri Matula, Zijun Hui, John Stavrakakis
Comments: 7 Pages. Computer Vision
Vivo confocal microscopy allows scientists to better understand eye health and systemic diseases. Microneuromas could play a role, however, monitoring their growth from a mosaic of images is error prone and time consuming. We used automated image stitching as a solution; focusing on accuracy and computational speed of three different feature detection algorithms: SIFT, SURF, and ORB. The results illustrated that SURF was computationally efficient with our data. Future investigation is to create a global solution that can replace the need for manual image stitching in this application.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[77] viXra:2007.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-12 21:45:42
Authors: Yige Xue, Yong Deng
Comments: 16 Pages.
The belief entropy has high performance in handling uncertain information, which is the extension of information entropy in Dempster-shafer evidence theory. The Tsallis entropy is an extent of information entropy, which is a nonextensive entropy. However, how to applied the idea of belief entropy to improve the Tsallis entropy is still an open issue. This paper proposes the nonextensive belief entropy(NBE), which consists of belief entropy and Tsallis entropy. If the extensive constant of the proposed model equal to 1, then the NBE will degenerate into classical belief entropy. Furthermore, When the basic probability assignment degenerates into probability distribution, then the proposed entropy will be degenerated as classical Tsallis entropy. Meanwhile, if NBE focus on the probability distribution and the extensive constant equal to 1, then the NBE is equate the classical information entropy. Numerical examples are applied to prove the efficiency of the proposed entropy. The experimental results show that the proposed entropy can combine the belief entropy and Tsallis entropy effectively and successfully.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[76] viXra:2007.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-12 21:44:24
Authors: Salvatore Gerard Micheal
Comments: 2 Pages.
after some past deliberation, a feasible decisive test of temporal curvature physics is developed and presented, it should not be prohibitively expensive nor technologically infeasible
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[75] viXra:2007.0082 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-13 10:58:50
Authors: Jeff Linahan
Comments: 5 Pages.
We discuss an exception handling optimization that achieves zero overhead in both space and time compared to ordinary C-style error handling control flow when the compiler can see which catch block a given throw expression will land in. The technique brings exceptions more in line with the design goals of C++, reducing the need for alternate error handling mechanisms.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[74] viXra:2007.0081 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-29 12:45:20
Authors: Radhakrishnamurty Padyala
Comments: 10 Pages. 6 Figures
Fermat posed a challenge problem thus: Given three points find a fourth in such a way that the sum of its distances from the three given points is a minimum. The solution point is called Fermat Point (FP). The problem involved three given points and the minimization of sum of three distances. The solution contained some interesting special cases which involved the three given points but only two distances whose sum was a minimum. We found the special cases provide a simple method for exposing the inconsistency between FP and Fermat’s least time principle (FLTP). The perfect setting for our finding was provided by the natural phenomena of reflection and refraction of light. In the application of FLTP to these processes also, we have the same conditions of three given points and two distances. The three points are: the end points of the broken line path and the point of incidence. The two distances are: the lengths of the two broken line segments - travelled before and after reflection or refraction. We show in this article that FP and FLTP lead to contradictory results about the point connecting the given points that provides the minimal sum of the distances. In optimization parlance this means that FP and FLTP give different points to locate a service facility catering to three given towns. Our result leads to the conclusion that FP and FLTP are mutually inconsistent. Simply put, we pitch FP against FLTP and show the inconsistency between the two.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[73] viXra:2007.0080 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-12 15:41:12
Authors: Saverio Donnini
Comments: 5 Pages.
Here, we speculate on the causes of negative parallaxes of stars. We first summarize the concepts of refractional and gravitational lens, and we highlight the similarities between the two. We then analyze the relation between negative parallaxes and temperature of stars, and negative parallaxes and distance of stars. We observe that warmer and more distant stars show a larger number of negative parallaxes, with respect to colder and closer stars, respectively. Is refraction of light through a medium of astronomical bodies the cause of the observed stars parallaxes ? And moreover, could these astronomical bodies explain dark matter?
Category: Astrophysics
[72] viXra:2007.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-12 15:58:08
Authors: Vladimir Leonov
Comments: 9 Pages, 6 Figures. International Conference «Process Management and Scientific Developments» Birmingham, United Kingdom, June 9, 2020, pp. 173-182, DOI:10.34660/INF.2020.54.74.001
The electric field of a plane lattice of sign-alternating axes can be represented by a complex potential. Separating the real and imaginary parts of the complex potential, we find the electric field strength function and its modulus. Analysis of the electric field of a plane lattice of sign-alternating axes shows us that this field is short-range. When moving away from the lattice, its electric field strength decreases very quickly. We see that at a distance equal to the lattice step 1.0a, the field strength decreases by an order of magnitude, and at a distance of two steps 2.0a from lattice its electric field can be neglected in practical calculations. Our analysis shows us that the electric field of the lattice of sign-alternating axes is a very inhomogeneous field and this is a short-range field at a distance of one step of the lattice. Sign-alternating fields are widely used in my fundamental theory of Superunification: sign-alternating superstrings, sign-alternating shells of nucleons and others [1-5].
Keywords: sign-alternating fields, short-range fields and forces, theory of Superunification, sign-alternating superstrings, bifilar winding, quantum engines, Universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[71] viXra:2007.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-12 16:36:20
Authors: Vladimir Leonov
Comments: 10 Pages, 5 Figures, 3 photos. International Conference «Process Management and Scientific Developments» Birmingham, United Kingdom, June 9, 2020, pp. 183-192, DOI:10.34660/INF.2020.60.43.001.
We present the design of a Leonov dynamic interferometer for detecting the field of dark matter particles and obtained positive results from its testing. Unlike the Michelson interferometer, in which the arms of the interferometer are located at an angle of 90 degrees and rotate in a horizontal plane, in the Leonov interferometer, the shoulders are turned in opposite directions at an angle of 180 degrees and the light rays from the laser in the shoulders also move in opposite directions and converge on the screen, forming interference fringes. In this case, the slightest deviation of the arms of the interferometer from the horizontal leads to a sharp shift of the interference fringes on the screen. We have given a theoretical justification for the fact that the shift of interference fringes is caused by the deformation (Einstein curvature) of the field of dark matter in the field by terrestrial gravity. We have shown that the spherical field of terrestrial gravity is formed as a result of spherical deformation of the field of dark matter, which is a four-dimensional quantized space-time. We found that the carrier of the field of dark matter is a four-dimensional particle - a quantum of space-time (quanton), which has no mass but accumulates electromagnetic energy. Quanton is the only four-dimensional particle that combines time and space, and is the carrier of electromagnetism and gravity. The concentration of quantons in a unit volume characterizes the quantum density of the medium, which in accordance with the theory of Superunification sets the speed of light in vacuum. In the Earth’s gravitational field, a field of dark matter is deformed, which leads to a change in the quantum density of the medium in the vertical direction (along the radius). This leads to a change in the speed of light in the radial direction relative to the earth's horizontal. We see this fact as a shift of interference fringes when the shoulders of the dynamic interferometer are turned relative to the horizontal (Leonov effect), thereby registering a change in the concentration of dark matter particles. This experiment confirms the validity of the theory of Superunification [1-5].
Keywords: dark matter, quanton, quantized space-time, quantum density of the medium, speed of light, interferometer, gravity, theory of Superunification.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[70] viXra:2007.0077 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-12 21:07:00
Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages.
If negative or abusive actions in interpersonal relations that lead to trauma are more common than known and if victims of abuse to some degree promulgate these very same actions at a multiplicative rate then there may be an inherent need to increase focus and spending on mental health initiatives from an inherent misunderstanding of the scale of the problem and its subsequent major impact on the well being of entire societies.
Category: Social Science
[69] viXra:2007.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-12 00:57:40
Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 3 Pages. -
The probable etymology of the words NUANCE and OPTION of Russian is considered.
Category: Linguistics
[68] viXra:2007.0074 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-28 20:35:56
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 8 Pages.
There were enough evidences to prove that the radius of electrons is very small. In fact, this radius reflects the very small charge radius of electrons. After all, if the charge radius of an electron is large enough, our existing technology can certainly measure it. The problem now is that if the charge radius of the electron is very small, then the energy of the electrostatic energy possessed by the electron will be very large, at least much larger than the mass of the electron itself. However, in various calculation processes, we had ignored this electrostatic energy of electrons. For example, when calculating the energy level of hydrogen atoms, we only needed to consider the mass of electron, not the energy possessed by the electrostatic field of electrons. So where did the static electricity of this part go? This article believed that this part of the electrostatic energy distribution corresponded to the so-called "space-time" concept, and it was probably an important part of what we called "dark energy". This article made some estimates of the distribution of electrostatic energy, and estimated the distribution of electrostatic energy for the electron, the earth, and the Milky Way based on the assumed distribution of electrostatic energy in the solar system.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[67] viXra:2007.0073 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-12 11:53:06
Authors: Tony Bermanseder
Comments: 178 Pages. Youtube presentation available Video link: https://youtu.be/zOVag2pcApo https://www.bitchute.com/video/mMVoAb4t9xtg/
The Dirac quantization condition and its relationship to the electromagnetic finestructure constant alpha is derived from the initial boundary conditions of the Quantum Big Bang Singularity (QBBS). The QBBS is shown to form a 2/11-dimensional mirror membrane as a 1-dimensional Dirac string relating timespace of a string-membrane epoch preceding the QBBS to the spacetime following the creation event. The Dirac monopole then transforms as a point particle into a space extended elementary particle known as the classical electron and is electro charge coupled as an electropole to the magneto charge of a magnetopole. The electron as a point particle of QFT and QED so becomes the monopolar form of the Dirac monopole as the Dirac electron, but coupled to the elementary quantum geometric templates of the scalar Higgs boson with a dark matter particle defined as a RMP or Restmass Photon. The space occupying classical electron is shown to oscillate on the fermi scale of the nuclear interactions of colour charge asymptotic gluon-quark confinement, with the ground state for the electron defining the wormhole singularity of the QBBS in spacetime as the fifth transformation of superstring classes (heterotic class 64) from the timespace era. The Dirac string so manifests as a membrane-mirror for a 4-dimensional spacetime embedded within a 5-dimensional spacetime and descriptive for a 3-dimensional surface embedded as volumar within a higher dimensional cosmology, described in the properties of a Möbian-Klein Bottle geometric connectivity for a one-sided manifold becoming two-sided in the original form of the Dirac string as a one-dimensional mathematical singularity mirroring itself in the monopolar string self-duality of a multidimensional holographic cosmology...[truncated by Admin]
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[66] viXra:2007.0072 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-13 21:25:37
Authors: Daniel Archer
Comments: 6 Pages. v2 / i moved the picture under title below the abstract as requested
In Stellar Metamorphosis dinosaurs originate and live in the Pre-Earth phase of astron evolution. This paper looks at discoveries about certain dinosaurs and what those discoveries can tell us about the conditions that exist on these worlds.
Category: Astrophysics
[65] viXra:2007.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-12 12:21:17
Authors: Pedro Hugo García Peláez
Comments: 2 Pages.
We can find all prime numbers in steps of Fibonacci or Lucas numbers.
Category: Number Theory
[64] viXra:2007.0070 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-13 08:33:23
Authors: Vidamor Cabannas
Comments: 230 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin]
Este Comentário Número 9 à Teoria da Objetividade tem como objetivo demonstrar a quantidade de lados que compõem o ponto esférico que ocorria antes do surgimento do Universo e confirmar que não é possível a construção de uma esfera mínima, perfeita e lógica sem que ela seja composta na sua circunferência máxima por menos que sessenta e quatro lados retos. Em sequência, são demonstrados os desdobramentos da construção lógica dos elementos geométricos derivados da esfera perfeita, aferindo uma realidade espacial que supera as três dimensões convencionais da matemática humana, comprovando a existência de uma quarta dimensão espacial e uma quinta dimensão lógica para todo elemento geométrico. A Teoria da Objetividade é também denominada de “A Terceira Via” ou “A Terceira Teoria”, como referência de ser uma terceira explicação alternativa do surgimento do universo, diferente da Teoria do Big Bang e do Criacionismo.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[63] viXra:2007.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-12 11:10:17
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 5 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model.
It has always been intriguing to explain why there seems to be only 3 generations of Fermions, for each family, including neutrinos. In this paper, we show that there are only 3 regimes defined in the Standard Model Lagrangian complemented with gravity, when it comes to the contribution of fermion masses interacting with Higgs bosons. As a result, differentiations of mass implies only 3 generations. It is another surprising result, from adding non-negligible gravity to the Standard model. While shown in the context of a multi-fold universe, the result can be extended to any model where gravity is not negligible at small scales.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[62] viXra:2007.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-11 19:35:45
Authors: Pedro Hugo García Peláez
Comments: 4 Pages.
We can find infinite prime numbers with the separation we want and we can express every even number as the sum of two prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory
[61] viXra:2007.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-11 19:14:08
Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 1 Page.
The mysterious increase in mass of the Higgs boson by 0.09 GeV is matched by another signal of 0.09 grams/cm^3 for twice the density of lead compared to the density of osmium.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[60] viXra:2007.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-11 19:47:37
Authors: Betasha Felix Chawaza
Comments: 2 Pages.
A petty business grows big over the years due to a certain principle adopted/applied by its owner. This principle is known as the compound interest principle. Albert Einstein in the 20th Century identifies compound interest as one of the greatest discovery of the Century due to its amazing nature of turning a smaller number to a bigger number which is actually applicable in reality.
Category: Economics and Finance
[59] viXra:2007.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-11 12:02:19
Authors: isreal Morawo
Comments: 4 Pages.
In this short paper, I will expresss and prove the volume of n-dimensional Spherical balls. The evaluation corely is expressed via multivariate calculus, factorials and special function.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[58] viXra:2007.0063 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-07 10:34:35
Authors: Karim Baina, Boualem Benatallah
Comments: 20 Pages.
With the disruption produced by extensive automation of automation due to advanced research in machine learning, and auto machine learning, even in programming language translation, the main goal of this paper is to discuss the following question "Is it still worth the cost to teach compiling in 2020 ?". Our paper defends the
"Yes answer" within software engineering majors. The paper also shares the experience of teaching compiling techniques course best practices since more than 15 years, presents and evaluates this experience through Hortensias, a pedagogical compiling laboratory platform providing a language compiler and a virtual machine. Hortensias is a multilingual pedagogical platform for learning end teaching how to build compilers front and back-end. Hortensias language offers the possibility to the programmer to customise the compiler associativity management, visualise the intermediary representations of compiled code, or customise the optimisation management, and the error management language for international students communities. Hortensias offers the
possibility to the beginner programmer to use a graphical user interface to program by clicking. Hortensias compiling pedagogy evaluation has been conducted through two surveys involving in a voluntarily basis engineering students and alumni
during one week. It targeted two null hypothesis : the first null hypothesis supposes that compiling teaching is becoming outdated with regards to current curricula evolution, and the second
null hypothesis supposes Hortensias compiling based pedagogy has no impact neither on understanding nor on implementing compilers and interpreters. During fifteen years of teaching
compiler engineering, Hortensias was a wonderful pedagogic experiment either for teaching and for learning, since vulgarising abstract concepts becomes very easier for teachers, lectures follow
a gamification-like approach, and students become efficient in delivering versions of their compiler software product in a fast pace.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[57] viXra:2007.0062 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-17 12:35:34
Authors: Michael Harney
Comments: 21 Pages.
A model of gravitational waves is proposed using a complex Yukawa potential which is non-singular and predicts a dual-wave structure composed of incoming and outgoing waves. Using this potential, a fundamental gravitational wave frequency associated with the mass of the Universe is calculated to be the equal to Hubble’s Constant. The characteristic out wave frequency of the Earth is calculated to be 3.38 x 10^(-5) Hz, which is in good agreement with the range of frequency of gravitation waves as predicted by Hawking and Israel. Also, the Lorentz transformation of the outgoing wave speed to the incoming wave speed predicts the same time dilation as the G44 solution from the Einstein field equations. Measurements with a high-resolution accelerometer sampled at 200 Hz over a period of 16, 24 and 32 hours demonstrates the signals with the expected frequencies of the Earth and Moon masses. These measurements show the Moon signal having a broader and more distinct peak during Full Moon and more diffuse during New Moon, consistent with the interaction of gravitational waves on the Sun side of the measurement, which diffuses the regular Moon signal to a lower level than the Full Moon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[56] viXra:2007.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-10 20:05:17
Authors: Yaroslav Shitov
Comments: 12 Pages.
Let f be a homogeneous polynomial of degree d with coefficients in a field F satisfying char F = 0 or char F > d. The Waring rank of f is the smallest integer r such that f is a linear combination of r powers of F-linear forms. We show that the Waring rank of the polynomial
x1 y2 z3 + x1 y3 z2 + x2 y1 z3 + x2 y3 z1 + x3 y1 z2 + x3 y2 z1
is at least 16, which matches the known upper bound.
Category: Algebra
[55] viXra:2007.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-10 11:24:53
Authors: Leonov N.N.
Comments: 30 Pages. English and russian texts
Physics, back in the century before last, as a result of an erroneous interpretation of the results of the Oersted experiment (1821), considered one of the four types of interactions that determine the structure of the material World – magnetism, a secondary, unworthy of attention, phenomenon. Since then, all stretch before it "deaf, crooked devious paths..." [1], not received correct detailed information about any object, any phenomenon, wasted huge, more than half a century, scientific forces and material resources in the "neutrino" and" thermonuclear " problems... .
The theory of nonlinear oscillations, having discovered these, to put it mildly, unpleasant errors, began to correct them. Here we will talk about the magnetism of the electron, neutron and proton. Then it will be shown how macrodiamagnetism and macroparamagnetism are born from microdiamagnetism. After that, let us trace to what distance the mystery of the existence of the primary sources of magnetism goes.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[54] viXra:2007.0059 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-10 11:18:52
Authors: Fabrizio Vassallo
Comments: 1 Page.
The infinite sum of a "fractal" set of numbers is found. The result is intended as an example of recreational mathematics, so we don’t worry about mathematical rigor.
Category: Number Theory
[53] viXra:2007.0058 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-02 13:01:34
Authors: Edward G. Lake
Comments: 8 Pages. Added another picture (Figure 7) and minor changes.
While the symptoms of Covid-19 are well-known, I encountered a different kind of problem which evidently resulted from a grocery store’s measures to prevent the spread of Covid-19.
Category: Physics of Biology
[52] viXra:2007.0057 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-18 17:19:17
Authors: Marco Ripà
Comments: Pages.
In this paper, we present the clockwise-algorithm that solves the extension in k-dimensions of the infamous nine-dot problem, the well known two-dimensional thinking outside the box puzzle. We describe a general strategy that constructively produces minimum length covering trails, for any k∈N−{0}, solving the NP-complete (3×3×⋯×3)-points problem inside a 3×3×⋯×3 hypercube. In particular, using our algorithm, we explicitly draw different covering trails of minimal length h(k) = (3^k − 1)/2, for k = 3, 4, 5. Furthermore, we conjecture that, for every k ≥ 1, it is possible to solve the 3^k-points problem with h(k) lines starting from any of the 3^k nodes, except from the central one. Finally, we cover 3×3×3 points with a tree of size 12.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[51] viXra:2007.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-08 20:08:18
Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 1 Page.
The critical density of matter divided by the density of lead yields a strange dimensionless ratio
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[50] viXra:2007.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-08 19:12:34
Authors: Robert Mereau
Comments: 5 Pages.
Using a linear combination of Heisenburg uncertainty equations, it is possible to derive a mathematical probability (field equation) in which has fundamental characteristics similar to gravity. This is accomplished by substituting universal minimum and maximum values to position and momentum uncertainties.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[49] viXra:2007.0054 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-08 11:26:44
Authors: Wen-Xiang Chen
Comments: 5 Pages.
The cosmic censorship hypothesis has not been directly verified, and some physicists also question the validity of the cosmological censorship hypothesis. Through theoretical prediction, it pointed out that the existence of naked singularities is possible.This article puts forward a point that, under the quantum gravity equation, although there is no concept of wormholes, the chronology protection conjecture may not be true.
Category: Astrophysics
[48] viXra:2007.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-08 11:41:22
Authors: Gennady Brazhnik
Comments: 210 Pages.
Мы живем в реальном материальном мире. Но что такое реальность в структуре мироздания со своими законами физического взаимодействия, объединенная в согласованную матрицу эфирной среды мультиверса Вселенной? В чем сущность пространства и времени как основных субстанций и процессов, влияющих
на существование объективной реальности в процессе бесконечного движения и преобразования многочисленных физических форм и явлений бытия? Возможны ли путешествия во времени, и каким образом можно их осуществить? Рассмотрению этих вопросов и посвящена настоящая публикация.
We live in a real material world. But what is reality in the structure of the universe with its laws of physical interaction, combined into a consistent matrix of the ether medium of the multiverse of the universe? What is the essence of space and time as the main substances and processes that influence on the existence of objective reality in the process of endless movement and transformation of numerous physical forms and phenomena of being? Are time travel possible, and how can it be done? These issues are the subject of this publication.
Category: Classical Physics
[47] viXra:2007.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-08 06:55:50
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 4 Pages.
We provide a new asymptotic for formulae for the factorial function $n!$.
Category: General Mathematics
[46] viXra:2007.0050 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-08 08:27:36
Authors: Alfredo Dimas Moreira Garcia
Comments: 171 Pages.
The Special Theory of Relativity takes us to two results that presently are considered “inexplicable” to many renowned scientists, to know:
-The dilatation of time, and
-The contraction of the Lorentz Length.
The solution to these have driven the author to the development of the Undulating Relativity (UR) theory, where the Temporal variation is due to the differences on the route of the light propagation and the lengths are constants between two landmarks in uniform relative movement.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[45] viXra:2007.0049 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-08 09:13:04
Authors: Klaus Pourvoyeur
Comments: 13 Pages.
The unification of general relativity and quantum mechanics is a century long quest. This paper presents a gedankenexperiment how the unification of general relativity and quantum mechanics could look like. The basic assumption of the gedankenexperiment is that any velocity is a probability mixture between being static and moving with lightspeed. Furthermore, it is assumed that matter is allowed only to exist at discrete locations in space. Within the gedankenexperiment, two gluons share the burden of a hypothetical graviton; three fermions form a gravitino. Existing measurements from general relativity can be explained within the stated gedankenexperiment.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[44] viXra:2007.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-07 14:43:35
Authors: Elio Conte
Comments: 15 Pages.
A new theorem is demonstrated. There is a class of biquaternions for which the power of the biquaternions at the order n is so that Rn-1≠0 and Rn= 0. This theorem is of interest not only in the mathematical tool of the biquaternion field but it is of particular interest also in the applications of biquaternion algebra in quantum mechanics.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[43] viXra:2007.0047 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-25 10:59:26
Authors: Tamas Lajtner
Comments: 41 Pages.
There are three paradoxes that summarize the working method of thought. 1) “Your thoughts change even when they do not change.” 2) “If you are thinking today what you thought yesterday, you are already thinking something else.” 3) ”In order to remain in one place you should run.” To understand the three paradoxes of thought, we have to understand what thought is. Thought is force. This force is a real force that makes impacts on living and inanimate, e.g. thought force creates the brain’s electromagnetic signals. The existence of thought force can be captured by appropriate mechanical and electronic devices, where thought power and energy can be also measured. This study presents some values of thought power and energy measured by the first electric Thought Power Meter in the world. Knowing these values, using devices like this it is possible to control objects like computer, switch on the wall etc. by thought force. The mainstream science refuses to accept the existence of thought force.
In the second part of the study a short physics explanation is given that describes how thought force works. This physics necessarily goes beyond mainstream physics giving new definition of time and space.
Thought force is in a given size range. Like all forces, thought force also creates its own counterforce. (Thought force itself can also be a counterforce of other forces.) There is no way to understand how thought works without accepting the human experience on thought’s counterforce. The counterforce and other forces in this size range can be created by lining and inanimate (non-living). Saying this, thought force can be created with and even without brains. This new recognition causes the three paradoxes of thought.
Category: Mind Science
[42] viXra:2007.0046 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-16 18:08:36
Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 28 Pages.
200 million Soviet citizens have previously attended school. And everyone has always understood everything. Except for one person who did not understand. It was me. It's time to explain it. The translation of article from Russian into English is enclosed.
Category: Linguistics
[41] viXra:2007.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-07 11:07:19
Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 3 Pages. including 1 figure
The act of measurement has caused the world land speed record to take up discrete values directly related to the speed of light.
Category: Quantum Physics
[40] viXra:2007.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-07 06:01:43
Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 32 Pages.
In Quantum FFF Theory, Fermions are supposed to be small rigid transformer strings with a propeller shape, able to become compound particles to form Quarks.
Different elementary particles have different qualities by their different complex stringy shape. Leptons and Quarks have a propeller shape with left or right handed pitch creating charge difference. Gluons, Photons and Neutrino particles have no comparable pitch.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[39] viXra:2007.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-07 08:53:40
Authors: Jan Hakenberg
Comments: 10 Pages.
We construct biinvariant vector valued functions of relative distances using the influence matrix, and the Mahalanobis distance defined by scattered sets of points on Lie groups. The functions are invariant under all group operations. Distance vectors define an ordering of the points in the scattered set with respect to a group element. Applications are classification, inverse distance weighting, and the construction of generalized barycentric coordinates for the purpose of deformation, and domain transfer.
Category: Geometry
[38] viXra:2007.0042 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-07 15:25:58
Authors: Roberto Amato
Comments: 5 Pages. Preprint of Paper accepted for publication in International Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science, Volume 16, no. 1, 2021, 143–147.
Some relations among Pythagorean triples are established. The main tool is a fundamental characterization of the Pythagorean triples through a cathetus that allows to determine the relationships between two Pythagorean triples with an assigned cathetus a and b and the Pythagorean triple with cathetus a · b.
Category: Number Theory
[37] viXra:2007.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-06 11:41:13
Authors: Bruno R Galeffi
Comments: 17 Pages.
The emergence of the observable universe from the self-division of a preexisting Substance at high entropy is further developed [1]. Using a four-parameter Weibull growth model without inflation, the emanant 5-component vacuum comprising (+) and ( ) energy densities is further described in connection with: the origin and anisotropy of the Thermal IR radiation (CMB observed today); the expansion of a fluid within another fluid; the Hubble parameter associated with a drag coefficient; Bekenstein entropy linked to entanglement information and driving the arrow of time; the decoupling of ρ+/ρ leading to the twin universes; and the golden ratio embedded in the multiple and successive divisions of the Substance. Finally, the nature of the preexisting Substance will be discussed in the context of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, and the 3rd law of thermodynamics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[36] viXra:2007.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-06 11:54:41
Authors: Aditi Singh, Raju Ranjan
Comments: 3 Pages.
When it comes to road safety, detection and monitoring of car speed is one of the major tasks. The use of a simple camera and image processing software eliminated the primary tools of speed detection like handheld radar gun. In these techniques, the speed is calculated as the car passes through the camera’s field of view (FOV). The speed is calculated by noting the time taken by car between entering and exiting FOV. Some systems used individual cameras at entry and exit FOVs. Thus, it does now calculate the speed in between this interval. This paper proposes a technique to measure speed of car the moment it enters into the camera’s FOV till the time it exits the FOV. Using the Deep Learning Single Shot Detector (SSD) implemented using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), the cars entering FOV are detected and based on the distance they travel in FOV and time taken to cover that distance the speed of car is calculated
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[35] viXra:2007.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-06 20:06:00
Authors: Dhananjay Mewati, Jerald Nirmal Kumar
Comments: 3 Pages.
This paper proposes a technique of using the movement of eyes to control the movement of cursor on monitor screens. Thereby, creating new ways of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and also helping physically handicapped people to interact with computer devices more efficiently. Earlier eye gaze optical mouse comprised of a head gear which had an eye motion sensor attached and were more hardware based. The input gathered through these sensors helped in cursor movement on screen. With the advancement in the field of Image Processing Techniques and Artificial Intelligence, a simple web camera attached with computer can be used to perform this task. In this paper, pupil of the eye is detected. The coordinates gathered by tracking pupil movement are mapped with the coordinate of display monitor. Based on this mapping the mouse cursor can be moved on the screen.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[34] viXra:2007.0038 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-30 04:49:14
Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 24 Pages. This is a abridged version of the paper, to be submitted very soon.
This paper proves that the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture fails in rank one, unlike is claimed in the CMI problem statement.
Category: Number Theory
[33] viXra:2007.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-06 16:50:38
Authors: Dan Visser
Comments: 5 Pages.
In reaction on the debate about the crises in cosmology, held at the Kavli Institute California USA, I bring forward to Dr. Adam Riess (John Hopkins University) a proposal, which exactly connects to the result of HOLiCOW measurements of a cosmological constant of 73.3 km/s/Mpc.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[32] viXra:2007.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-06 17:26:30
Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 8 Pages. The title of the paper will be very fine with the result.
In this very short note, a pleasant relation of the basic idea of differential quotients $dy/dx$ of Leipniz and division by zero $1/0=0$. This will give a natural interpretation of the important result $\tan (\pi/2)=0$.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[31] viXra:2007.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-06 18:22:57
Authors: Arnaud Andrieu
Comments: 4 Pages. 5 Figures
Based on the functioning of the mechanism of the anharmonic oscillator, the particle would oscillate between singularity and final matter. The path of the particle which therefore travels between singularity and final matter, passes through different steps and physical stage. Indeed the probability of presence of the particle is very high at the two edges of its well of potential (singularity and final matter), and where between two, its acceleration would be then almost instantaneous. In this case of the almost instantaneous displacement of the particle, this one becomes a flow, expressed in the quantum vacuum.The convergence of the energy of the quantum vacuum, in a smaller space, close to the singularity, then becomes in turn dark matter. At its opposite is the divergence of matter, expressed by quantum chromodynamics.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[30] viXra:2007.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-05 21:02:19
Authors: Michael Sgroi, Doug Jacobson
Comments: 23 Pages.
This paper discusses malware detection in personal computers. Current malware detection solutions are static. Antiviruses rely on lists of malicious signatures that are then used in file scanning. These antiviruses are also very dependent on the operating system, requiring different solutions for different systems. This paper presents a solution that detects malware based on runtime attributes. It also emphasizes that these attributes are easily accessible and fairly generic meaning that it functions across systems and without specialized information. The attributes are used in a machine learning system that makes it flexible for retraining if necessary, but capable of handling new variants without needing to modify the solution. It can also be run quickly which allows for detection to be achieved before the malware gets too far.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[29] viXra:2007.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-05 21:21:29
Authors: Qasim Nawaz
Comments: 33 Pages. N/A
Sentiment Analysis is one of the primary areas of natural language processing and information retrieval being tackled by researchers to date, and for good reason; the internet. The internet is a mostly untapped source of rich amounts of data that can be used to gauge the opinions of people, in reference to any number of topics. Twitter is one such platform designed for people to voice their opinions in the form of tweets about any topic they desire. My project will set out to investigate the best way to be able to analyse the sentiment of these aforementioned tweets using machine learning techniques. I will be training word vector-based, and paragraph vector-based models on a dataset consisting of 1.6 million tweets, in conjunction with various classifiers in order to find the best performing method in which to obtain the sentiment of tweets.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[28] viXra:2007.0031 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-06 04:09:56
Authors: Abhishek
Comments: 3 Pages.
One of the classical problems in the field of computer vision and machine learning and subsequently deep learning is image classification. While Deep Learning solves the much difficult hurdles like feature extraction and presents us with better optimizations like gradient descent and Adam optimizer, most deep learning models still need a lot of raw computational power to train models on local Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) or Tensor Processing Units (TPUs) in the cloud. All of this computational power is not readily available in all environments and systems and hence the concept of pre-trained models can help to reduce training time by a huge margin. Initial models get trained on large array of GPUs and do feature extraction. The classification part is for the end-user to customize in accordance to the problem at hand and can be completed in very less time.
We tackled the multi-class classification botanical problem of identifying flowers of 5 types, namely, Sunflower, Rose, Dandelion, Daisy, and Tulip. The feature extraction part is done with the model (Google’s Inception-v3) and fully connected softmax layers were trained on local machine on a Nvidia GeForce GTX 950 (with CUDA activated) within 30 minutes time and total steps/epochs were 4000 only. The total number of training images is 3,500 (approx.). The finished model produced results with final test accuracy as 91.9% on new images (N=664).
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[27] viXra:2007.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-06 04:28:45
Authors: Ritesh Kumar Bharadwaj
Comments: 5 Pages.
Text Summarization as a phenomenon has always been present and rather an evolving one with the advent of new technologies both in terms of data collection as well for the processing of this data. One reason of using text summarization is the huge amount of data floating over the internet in the form of text files, comments which is though potent enough to be used to extract useful information. but since the amount of text present in these sources is too huge, so the need of text summarization becomes justified by every argument. Some of the areas where text summarization is vastly used is applications involved in providing capsule information such as compact news applications, or websites providing academic notes for various examinations
This paper presents an auto text summarizer application which takes the URL of a web page as input, performs summarization on the selected elements and then presents this summarized text content on the front end of a web application. At the backend, the process of scraping of web page content (if an http URL is provided as input) using beautiful soup library or reading of text provided takes place. news in short forms, or micro blogging websites.
The scraped content after being preprocessed properly is summarized using a suitable library which in our case is one among NLTK, Spacy, Genism and Sumy. The summarized content is presented at the frontend using flask framework of Python. The results produced using different libraries are compared in the end in terms of reading time of the summarized content.
The application uses extractive text summarization technique in order to achieve its result which is a compact summary of the textual data prepared from the keywords already present in the document
Keywords: Auto Text Summarizer, URL, Flask, Web Scraping, Nltk, Spacy, Sumy, Gensim, Extractive Text Summarization
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[26] viXra:2007.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-06 05:18:45
Authors: Mohammed Tahir
Comments: 3 Pages.
The recent surge of Deep Learning has led to breakthrough
advancements in almost every field of its application. A
particular deep learning architecture, arguably the most popular
one is the Convolution Neural Networks. The interest in
convnets has seen an exponential increase due to their
effectiveness and scalability. CNNs have become the go-to
solution for image data problems and has provided results that
are at par with if not better than human standards. The
simplicity of the CNN architecture is another big factor of its
success. The image processing and classification capabilities of
CNN have found great usage in medical field, making it
possible to detect and classify diseases as severe as Cancer
effectively for the sake of better care. In this project, I’ve
initiated an elaborate study of Convolution Neural Networks,
built multiple architectures from scratch and furthered our
understanding with the preparation of an elementary dog-cat
CNN classifier model followed by a more extensive CNN
model for detection of lung cancer in a patient. The project is
built on Google’s interactive and versatile cloud platform for AI
development Google Colaboratory, using the open-source
neural network library ‘Keras’ for model development and
libraries such as matplotlib and tensorboard (tensorflow) for
result plotting and analysis. Data for training and testing our
model was extracted from the ‘ LUNA 2016 medical image
database ’. The model was tuned using Grid-Search and
achieved over 97% test accuracy in its final iterations. To
culminate,I have enlisted some future-work prospects like
De-convolution/Translated-Convolution,implement one or more
named CNN networks like Inception or Alexnet, test the model
on larger images etc
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[25] viXra:2007.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-06 09:36:54
Authors: Alain Haraux
Comments: 14 Pages.
A close inspection of Zwicky's seminal papers on the dynamics of galaxy clusters reveals that the discrepancy discovered between the dynamical mass and the luminous mass of clusters has been widely overestimated in 1933 as a consequence of several factors, among which the excessive value of the Hubble constant $H_0$, then believed to be about seven times higher than today's average estimate. Taking account, in addition, of our present knowledge of classical dark matter inside galaxies, the contradiction can be reduced by a large factor. To explain the rather small remaining discrepancy of the order of 5, instead of appealing to a hypothetic exotic dark matter, the possibility of a inhomogeneous gravity is suggested. This is consistent with the ``cosmic tapestry" found in the eighties by De Lapparent and her co-authors, showing that the cosmos is highly inhomogeneous at large scale. A possible foundation for inhomogeneous gravitation is the universally discredited ancient theory of Fatio de Duillier and Lesage on pushing gravity, possibly revised to avoid the main criticisms which led to its oblivion. This model incidentally opens the window towards a completely non-standard representation of cosmos, and more basically calls to develop fundamental investigation to find the origin of the large scale inhomogeneity in the distribution of luminous matter.
Category: Astrophysics
[24] viXra:2007.0026 [pdf] replaced on 2021-08-24 08:02:47
Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: 14 Pages.
A hypothesis that a physical body in different inertial frames of reference can vary so that it can exist in one frame of reference and not exist in another has been considered. This substantiates the need to modify the principle of causality, as the principle of causality becomes applicable for events considered in the same inertial frame of reference only. As a result, informational isolation of inertial frames of reference arises. It has been shown that within the framework of this hypothesis physical bodies, from the viewpoint of observer, have properties identical across all frames of reference, despite existing differences. The special theory of relativity has been obtained as space-time transformations from the viewpoint of observer. The equations of special theory of relativity remain unchanged. A new type of transformations of space-time-fields emerges, complementary to space-time and fields transformations from the viewpoint of observer. The hypothesis may be viewed as a generalization of the special theory of relativity for the case where the principle of causality is applicable to the events considered in the same inertial frame of reference only.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[23] viXra:2007.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-05 13:34:11
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 4 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model.
The strong CP violation problem is one of these issues: QCD predicts CP violation, yet no CP violation has ever been observed involving the strong interaction (when it occurs, it is for the weak interaction). In this paper we show that when adding gravity to the Standard Model, in a multi-fold universe, gravity allows the mass of the up quark to be smaller (close to, or equal to zero). This symmetry, or quasi symmetry, is a way to eliminate the CP violation contributions in QCD, therefore resolving the problem. It argues for evolving the Standard Model to add gravity, if non negligible at very small scales. No New Physics are introduced as new particles, which could also explain why axions have never been observed, and we may have to remove them as candidates to explain dark matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[22] viXra:2007.0024 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-06 04:53:04
Authors: Vasilis Valatsos
Comments: 1 Page.
“Cogito, ergo sum” is a Latin phrase used by René Descartes as a philosophical proposition, which became a fundamental axiomatic truth within the boundaries of Western Philosophy, and was used to assert the reality of one’s own mind. In this paper, we try to review this statement using Propsitional Logic.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[21] viXra:2007.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-04 11:30:54
Authors: Suresh Kumar S
Comments: 5 Pages.
The paper argues that supermassive spinning black holes at Galaxy centers are spinning whirlpools which translate impulse energy acting towards blackhole centers as cosmological expansion energy and gravitational energy,one almost balancing the other.
The blackhole interiors are quantum entangled with spin coupled states high in mutual information,leading possibly to negative information,that can express as dark matter.
The cosmological fluids in blackhole interiors have quantum vortex flows and turbulence,so that the ergodic boundaries can cause negative temperature states,with dark energy like effects in blackhole interiors,prior to onset of turbulent vortex flows and ultrafast thermalization of event horizons,with coalescence of white hole like entities,associated with worm holes or ER bridges as Susskind equivalents of quantum entangled states.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[20] viXra:2007.0021 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-04 06:35:26
Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 3 Pages.
In strong interaction, asymptotic freedom and quark confinement are still two unsolved puzzles. Here I propose that color charge field is like magnetic field to have zero divergence. Thus, no single colored charge can be isolated just like we cannot isolate magnetic monopole. In addition, the closer the two or three quarks, there won’t be more interaction force like electric force or gravity. Thus, this can explain the two phenomena: asymptotic freedom and quark confinement.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[19] viXra:2007.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-03 17:55:11
Authors: Boris Dubetsky
Comments: 2 pages
An anomaly of the Earth gravitational field could increase the second-order gravity-gradient tensor more than an order of magnitude and third-order gravity-gradient tensor more than 4 orders of magnitudes. As a result estimates of the systematic errors in the atomic gravimetry considered in the articles [1, 2] should be proportionally enlarged.
Category: Quantum Physics
[18] viXra:2007.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-03 19:03:51
Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 4 Pages.
Using stellar metamorphosis we can figure out what TOI-849b really is. Is it a remnant planetary core in the fictional hot Neptunian Desert, or a normal ocean world? It is up for the readers to decide. The main paper is archived here as proof: http://archive.is/FOb17 and the interpretation by the media is here: http://archive.is/hCX2l.
Category: Astrophysics
[17] viXra:2007.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-03 10:43:14
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 4 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. In particular with chirality flips of fermion induced by gravity, right-handed neutrinos (and left-handed anti-neutrinos) can appear in flight and now acquire mass when encountering Higgs bosons; two mysteries can be explained in one shot in a multi-fold universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[16] viXra:2007.0017 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-07 08:29:48
Authors: Jo Ke
Comments: 41 Pages. Improved analysis to cover non-spherically symmetric systems
We put forward the conjecture that the energy scale can vary from location to location. This simple idea is all that we need to explain those astronomical situations where dark matter is assumed to exist. So, without invoking dark matter, or postulating the existence of exotic particles, or changing the laws of gravity, we can explain: galaxy rotation curves; the high velocities of galaxies in clusters; collisions between clusters of galaxies; gravitational lensing by galaxy clusters; the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background; physical cosmology; the growth of structure. If variations of the energy scale exist, then we can make a series of predictions, many of which can be tested now. We have nothing to say about dark energy.
Category: Astrophysics
[15] viXra:2007.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-03 10:50:16
Authors: Leonov N.N.
Comments: 30 Pages. English and russian texts
Unable to correctly interpret the results of the experiments of Oersted (1821) and Fizeau (1851), due to insufficient scientific preparation, physics excluded ether and magnetic interactions between microobjects from the paradigm of the microworld theory. Failing, because of this, to apply the "classical" Newton methods to identify atomic structures, she was forced to turn to the false idea of the existence of indivisible energy quanta. This, in turn, led to the emergence of false concepts of positronium collapse and annihilation, mass and energy equivalence, ..., and more than half a century of fundamental failures in the neutrino and thermonuclear problems.
Having restored scientific justice by taking into account the ether and returning to magnetism its objective role in the material World, the theory of nonlinear oscillations began to develop the “classical” theory of the microworld from mathematical models of unexcited atoms, from the structures of photons and excited atoms.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[14] viXra:2007.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-03 12:08:45
Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 20 Pages.
In earlier papers on Atomic Structure and Energy Fields, Artificial Intelligence (AI)
was used to explore the structure of the atom, and the size of the electron, by
analyzing the results of established experiments on ionization energies and spectral
emissions. Radio-isotope transitions were analyzed to propose the nature of the
nucleus and allotropes. In this paper, an AI model is used to propose the nature of the
crystal lattice, and the nature of molecular structure.
Category: Chemistry
[13] viXra:2007.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-02 13:53:25
Authors: Frank H. Makinson
Comments: 2 Pages.
All solar science is based upon the premise that the activity of the Sun is not influenced by anything that is outside of the Sun. That premise is based upon the theories presented by Eddington and carried forward to the present. Eddington's knowledge about electromagnetic waves was limited to what was known about them when he developed his theories It is now known that there are EM waves with periods that exceed one second in duration and their frequencies are being presented as 10s fractions of a second. This means our current EM frequency scale is nonlinear. An error was made some two centuries ago when the duration of the second was selected to present EM frequencies. Solar activity is being incorrectly interpreted because of the nonlinear EM frequency scale scale implies EM waves with frequencies below 1 Hz do not exist. Physical law equations that use frequency directly or indirectly, using the speed of light (c), have a validity issue because of the frequency issue.
Category: Astrophysics
[12] viXra:2007.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-02 19:50:29
Authors: Xuan Zhong Ni
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this article, we use method of a modified sieve of Eratosthenes to prove the Goldbach Conjecture.
Category: Number Theory
[11] viXra:2007.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-02 00:18:19
Authors: Stephen Hosier
Comments: 32 Pages.
It has been over 150 years since light was first considered a form of electromagnetic radiation. There is substantial evidence that the current well-established theory, that light quanta (photons) are a form of electromagnetic radiation, is incorrect. This is largely because the theory was first introduced based on assumptions not evidence. The experimental evidence, and the requirements of quantum mechanics, are largely incompatible with the existing theory and the conceptual models regarding the nature of light quanta. Several inconsistencies associated with the current belief and the associated conceptual model are identified. An entirely new and radically different conceptual model is proposed. A conceptual model that embraces what is currently known about light quanta, from both a classical and quantum-mechanical perspective. The proposed conceptual model strongly supports the Information Interpretation of quantum mechanics; a growing belief that information is a fundamental aspect of nature. Several examples of common phenomena, such as the double-slit experiment, are discussed to show how the proposed model of light quanta provides a simpler and more consistent explanation of experimental results and removes many of the apparent mysteries.
Category: Quantum Physics
[10] viXra:2007.0011 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-22 11:42:36
Authors: R. Rama Chander
Comments: 21 Pages. This paper proposed three novel and unique methods to achieve the much desired Integer multiplication in time O(n).
This paper attempts to disprove the asymptotic in time O(n log n) prediction of Schönhage-Strassen, claiming its ‘best possible’ result and remarking that no one will ever find a faster multiplication algorithm. Accordingly, this paper postulates that, the most desired complexity in time, i.e. O(n) is as achievable using only two basic arithmetic operations.
We present four algorithms for large integer multiplications. First algorithm is based on the place value approach and achieves the much desired complexity of O(n), based on Nearest Place Values (NPV) approach. Second algorithm extends and improves Karatsuba algorithm for any ordered pairs greater than 2. It is important to remind that the present version of Karatsuba algorithm works only for ordered pairs of 2. Third algorithm called Addition and Subtraction (AnS) achieves time complexity of O(n) for very large integer multiplications using only repeated additions and subtractions. The fourth algorithm is called the Repeated Doubling Method (RDM), which is an improvised version of AnS algorithm and achieves time complexity of O(n).
Category: Number Theory
[9] viXra:2007.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-02 10:55:50
Authors: John Peel
Comments: 4 Pages. No particularily new ideas but may be of interest.
The main assumption here is that a rotation through any angle(s) is a change in dimension. Also that operating on the structure of energy can alter the space of dimension. The matrix operator Q is related to the choice function E or B. Using ideas from previous papers the very structure of a particle is a logical entity and here is represented by matrices.
A change in energy is a change in the number of variables of space(time). This may mean that the number of rows in the structure of a particle is a redundant energy, contributing to entropy.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[8] viXra:2007.0009 [pdf] replaced on 2021-12-15 16:20:10
Authors: Colin Walker
Comments: 9 Pages.
A relativistic composition of gravitational redshift can be implemented using the Volterra product integral. Using this composition as a model, expressions are developed for gravitational potential energy, escape velocity, and a metric. Each of these expressions alleviates a perceived defect in its conventional counterpart. Unlike current theory, relativistic gravitational potential energy would be limited to rest energy (Machian), escape velocity resulting from the composition would be limited to the speed of light, and the associated metric would be singularity-free. These ideal properties warrant investigation, at a foundational level, into relativistic compositions based on product integration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[7] viXra:2007.0008 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-01 12:58:38
Authors: Ortho Flint
Comments: 3 Pages.
The deterministic polynomial time algorithm that determines satisfiability of 3-SAT can be generalized for SAT.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[6] viXra:2007.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-01 16:30:51
Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 20 Pages.
In this paper, we tried to use the non-Born probability (NBP, developed in SunQM-4) to describe Earth atmosphere’s phenomenon in θφ-2D dimension. After analyzing Earth atmosphere’s global circulation pattern, we found that it is related only to the θ-1D QM. Because the spinning Earth’s θ-1D dimensional matter wave is in a true standing wave mode, we found that the Born probability analysis gives more sharp and conclusive result than that of the NBP analysis. Earth atmosphere’s elliptical shape is caused by that the |2,1,1> QM state is the most heavily populated (by air mass); its Hadley/Ferrel/Polar global circulation cells are formed by the |2,1,1> QM’s mass-peaking effect at 0° latitude and |2,1,0> QM’s mass-peaking effect at 60° latitude; and its jet streams may can be explained as the residue |3,2,1> and |3,2,0> states embedded in the extremely suppressed |2,0,0> sub-shell. To describe Earth’s local weather, we have to use NBP because it gives φ (besides θ) dimensional information. We demonstrated that a hurricane’s low air pressure center can be described by a NBP density minimum center (or a negative peak of a combined Re[Y(l,m)] wave functions); an hurricane array can be described by that a single wave function mode of Re[Y(l,m)] is (unevenly) amplified; the polar vortex’s low air pressure center can be described by a NBP density minimum center (or a negative peak of a combined Re[Y(l,m)] wave functions) of low temperature; a single day (7/22/2018)’s extreme weather can be described by that a single wave function mode of Re[Y(l=9,m=7)] was (unevenly) amplified; El Nino related warm/cold water pools oscillation can also be explained by NBP in a combined Re[Y(l,m)], or by the 1D infinitely deep potential well QM. This work clearly revealed the true physical meaning of the QM’s wave function: it is the probability density of a physical variable’s value, although in the wave form. Also, the physical meaning of the Schrodinger equation becomes: it directly describes a dynamic distribution of a physical variable’s value (although in its probability’s wave form).
Category: Quantum Physics
[5] viXra:2007.0006 [pdf] replaced on 2023-04-10 19:50:05
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 5 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from eIn a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles or regions. When applied to astrophysics, these effects are analogous to additional matter within or around galaxies. This way, we recover behaviors that match expected and observed effects when dark matter would be present or missing. No New Physics is introduced in terms of new particles beyond the Standard Model or modifying long range gravity: only the modeling of gravity as emerging from entanglement, in a multi-fold universe.ntanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles or regions. When applied to astrophysics, these effects are analogous to additional matter within or around galaxies. This way, we recover behaviors that match expected and observed dark matter effects, when present or missing. No New Physics is introduced in terms of new particles beyond the Standard Model or modifying long range gravity: only the modeling of gravity as emerging from entanglement in a multi-fold universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[4] viXra:2007.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-01 11:29:17
Authors: Aaron Chau
Comments: 3 Pages.
实际上寻找质数与函数根本无关, 比如在西方的古希腊, Euclid证明质数无限, 他是用(乘除法)来表述反证法；而现时在东方香港，本文同时来证明孪生质数无限, 黎曼假设不成立；筆者是用(加减法来表述多与少)是永恒。
Category: Number Theory
[3] viXra:2007.0003 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-06 16:46:37
Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 4 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture.
An unproven lagrangian generates erroneous theory. The unknown lagrangian can be validated with Hamiltonian.
The invalid lagrangian can be formulated into a valid lagrangian with a three-phase process based on
Euler-Lagrange equation and conservation law. The formulation process modifies the lagrangian
with system invariant. The process is superior to the popular trial-and-error approach.
Category: Classical Physics
[2] viXra:2007.0002 [pdf] submitted on 2020-07-01 11:14:07
Authors: Jeremy Dunning-Davies, Richard Lawrence Norman
Comments: 3 Pages.
Following massive changes in the direction of thinking in physics towards the beginning of the twentieth century, it is beginning to seem that some articles which should have been seen as providing potentially significant developments were effectively consigned to the archives to be buried for posterity. Others appearing much later in the century appear to have suffered a similar fate by being published in obscure journals. Here four such articles – two in each category – are examined briefly to highlight the dangers of such action.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[1] viXra:2007.0001 [pdf] replaced on 2024-07-12 20:53:24
Authors: Sergey V. Shevchenko, Vladimir V. Tokarevsky
Comments: 66 Pages.
This article presents Planck scale informational physical model that is based on 3 main points. First of all on the 2007 "The Information as Absolute" conception, where the fundamental phenomena/notions "Matter", "Consciousness", "Space", "Time", "Energy", "Information", which are fundamentally transcendent in conventional philosophy and sciences, are rigorously scientifically defined. The conception completely rigorously scientifically legitimates the outstanding C. F. von Weizsäcker "Ur hypothesis", and E. Fredkin "Digital Philosophy/Physics", which posit that Matter is constructed from some binary reversible logical elements; what is postulated in the model; and on all reliable experimental data. Correspondingly in the model it is postulated that Matter’s ultimate base is the [4+4+1]4D dense lattice of primary [4+4+1]4D binary reversible fundamental logical elements [FLE], which is placed in the corresponding Matter’s fundamentally absolute "Cartesian" [4+4+1]4D spacetime with metrics (cτ,X,Y,Z, g,w,e,s,ct), while everything in Matter is/are some specific disturbances in the lattice. Basing on the above in the model a number of fundamental physical problems are either solved or essentially clarified, e.g. of what is/are the physical sense of Lorentz transformations; uncertainty and wave-particle duality in QM; particles and antiparticles, etc., besides initial Planck scale models of particles and fundamental Gravity, Electric, and Nuclear/Strong Forces are developed, where it is shown that these Forces strengths ratio is in accordance with experimental values only if the FLE size and FLE flip time are Planck length and Planck time; the model rather probably really scientifically clarifies some cosmological problems, including the ‘matter-antimatter asymmetry’ one. Etc. more of the problems see in the article. Besides in the article some rather comprehensive conventional list of fundamental problems is commented in Appendix. NOTE also, that calculation of clocks tock rates gravitational slowing in section 6.2.1. "Initial model of Gravity Force, statics" is incorrect, the correction see in article "Planck scale informational physical model and fundamental problems in physics"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/395113364_Planck_scale_informational_physical_model_and_fundamental_problems_in_physics
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
| Third-Party Links: |
|