All Submission Categories

The Powers of π are Irrational

Authors: Tim Jones
Comments: 17 pages.

Transcendence of a number implies the irrationality of powers of a number, but in the case of π there are no separate proofs that powers of π are irrational. We investigate this curiosity. Transcendence proofs for e involve what we call Hermite�s technique; for π�s transcendence Lindemann�s adaptation of Hermite�s technique is used. Hermite�s technique is presented and its usage is demonstrated with irrationality proofs of e and powers of e. Applying Lindemann�s adaptation to a complex polynomial, π is shown to be irrational. This use of a complex polynomial generalizes and powers of π are shown to be irrational. The complex polynomials used involve roots of i and yield regular polygons in the complex plane. One can use graphs of these polygons to visualize various mechanisms used to proof π², π³, and π⁴ are irrational. The transcendence of π and e are easy generalizations from these irrational cases.
Category: Number Theory

NTEP: Chapter 8. Nonlinear Quantum Electron Equation

Authors: Alexander G. Kyriakos
Comments: 11 pages.

The derivation of nonlinear quantum electron equation in the framework of nonlinear theory of elementary particles (NTEP) is presented. It can help to understand many aspects of the quantum description of elementary particles. In particular, it is shown that the fields self-action is �the mechanism�, which introduces the mass into the quantum electron equation. This mechanism has a similarities with the Higgs mechanism of mass generation, however it is not needed a Higgs boson. The results of the experiments, which were set until now, to find the Higgs's boson, are negative. At the same time the NTEP has not difficulties, which will appear in Standard Model theory, if Higgs's boson is not discovered.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Experiments to Determine the Mass Related Lightspeed Extinction Volume

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 15 Pages. 15

According to Einstein’s relativity theory, is the speed of light for every observer the same in all reference frames. However, there seem to be incidental differences in the lightspeed if we observe the outliers of GPS satellite to CHAMP satellite distance measurements of 180m. At the same time in the literature I found tiny structural but characteristic unexplained irregularities in Planetary radar-pulse reflection measurements, made by I.I. Shapiro in 1964, between the Earth and Venus. Both observations support the idea of the existence of ellipsoidal lightspeed extinction (or vacuum adaptation) volumes around massive objects like the earth. Such a volume I will call LASOF or Local Asymmetric Oscillating Vacuum Frame. Other historic lightspeed experiments support the idea that all objects with mass are equipped with some extinction volume. As a consequence I propose new triangular trajectory lightspeed comparison experiments between the earth and dual satellites or dual balloons and even in the laboratory to support these lightspeed extinction and adaptation ideas.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Auras of Circles and Other Abstract Geometry, Their Interaction with Space-Time, and Their Effects on the Mind�s Perception.

Authors: Jeffrey S. Keen
Comments: 9 pages.

Using the well documented technique of dowsing abstract geometrical shapes, this paper is one of several demonstrating that perception and hence consciousness is linked into the structure of universal space-time as evidenced by a linear relationship to geometry with a high correlation coefficient and the possible involvement of universal constants. This is augmented by local space-time variables such as the earth�s spin, magnetism and orientation also affecting auras of abstract geometrical shapes, and hence the mind�s perception.
Category: Mind Science

Atomic Nuclear Geometry Based on Magic Number Logic.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 4 pages.

Proposal for an atomic nuclear polar ring geometry, based on Magic Number logic. The numerology of magic numbers was reason to do research on geometrical solutions for the shape and structural system of nucleons (protons and neutrons) inside atom nuclei. We found only one solution, which was not only able to match the sequence of magic number numerology in a surprising way. but also the well known axis-symmetrical shape of some atomic electron clouds.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Decoded Secrets of the Mankind's Prohibited and Forgotten History

Authors: K.L. Margiani
Comments: 105 Pages.

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Category: Archaeology

Construction Principles for Chiral “atoms of Spacetime Geometry” Including Space Curvature Around Massive Objects.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 15 Pages. 15

Construction principles for chiral “atoms of spacetime” based on geometrical 3-D chiral lattice models and some consequences for spacetime, general relativity based space curvature and Time variation, including cyclic Universal time, and local time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Diophantine Equations A² ± M B² = Cⁿ, A³ ± M B³ = D² and Y₁⁴ ± M Y₂⁴ = R²

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 9 pages.

The Diophantine equations a² ± m b² = cⁿ , and a³ ± m b³ = d² have infinitely many nonzero integer solutions, Using the methods of infinite descent and infinite ascent we prove y₁⁴ ± m y₂⁴ = R² .
Category: Number Theory

Energy Transfer and Differential Entropy of Two Charged Systems that Show Potential Difference

Authors: Xianzhao Zhong
Comments: 8 pages.

In the process to combine two charged systems, potential-different systems, we testified that energy would transfer from the high-potential system to the low-potential one, during which the entropy of the two systems show corresponding changes.
Category: Classical Physics

The Partition Function Z and Lagrangian Multiplier 1/(qΦ) of a Particle-Charged System

Authors: Xianzhao Zhong
Comments: 7 pages.

In a system consisting of a large number of charged particles, the potential energy of the in-system particles satisfy probability distribution. Starting from such consideration, we defined the partition function Z and get the particles in-system distribution function N_i, and obtained the Lagrangian multiplier 1/(qΦ) by using the Lagrange's multiplication method.
Category: Classical Physics

The Potential Function and Entropy Function of a System that Carries Large Number of Charged Particles

Authors: Xianzhao Zhong
Comments: 9 pages.

If a system is consisted of a large number of charged particles, any one of the system's particles would couple with its neighbors by dissimilar strengths. Therefore, the system's particles would produce dissimilar potentials, which satisfy the probability distribution. To make the potential induced by wave number k an exact differential, we introduced the function λ. In this way, we defined the potential function Φ and entropy function S of the system.
Category: Classical Physics

A Comment on World Population Growth Rate and World3 Simulation

Authors: V. Christianto
Comments: 13 pages.

In the present article the writer discuss a number of alternative model of world population growth.
Category: Economics and Finance

Jiang and Wiles Who Has First Proved Fermat Last Theorem (1)

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 16 pages.

D.Zagier(1984) and K.Inkeri(1990) said[7] Jiang mathematics is true, but Jiang determinates the irrational numbers to be very difficult for prime exponent p>2.In 1991 Jiang studies the composite exponents n=15,21,33,...,3p and proves Fermat last theorem for prime exponent p>3[1].In 1986 Gerhard Frey places Fermat last theorem at elliptic curve ,now called a Frey curve.Andrew Wiles studies Frey curve.In 1994 Wiles proves Fermat last theorem[9,10].Conclusion:Jiang proof is direct and very simple,but Wiles proof is indirect and very complex. If China mathematicians and Academia Sinica had supported and recognized Jiang proof on Fermat last theorem,Wiles would not have proved Fermat last theorem,because in 1991 Jiang had proved Fermat last theorem[1].Wiles has received many prizes and awards, he should thank China mathematicians and Academia Sinica.To support and to publish Jiang Fermat last theorem paper is prohibited in Academia Sinica. Remark. Chun-Xuan Jiang,A general proof of Fermat last theorem(Chinese),Mimeograph papers,July 1978. In this paper using circulant matrix,circulant determinant and permutation group theory Jiang had proved Fermat last theorem for odd prime exponent.
Category: Number Theory

Multi-Matrices and Arithmetical Operations with Multi-Matrices

Authors: Constantin Scheau
Comments: 8 pages.

The multi-space structure has been defined by Fl Smarandache as a union spaces with some additional conditions hold. The mathematician L. Mao wrote a series of works in which he introduces the concepts of multi-group, multi-ring, multivector - space etc. In [1] (Smarandache Multi-Space Theory (I)), at open problems section, he suggests the introduction of a theory of matrices and applications defined on the multi-linear spaces. This paper will give an example of a multi-ring structure, introduces the notion of multi-matrix and defines the multi-matrix addition and multiplication.
Category: Algebra

What Does Free-Fall Acceleration Due to Gravity Tell Us About the Speed of Light in the Space of the Earth?

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 2 pages.

It is a surprise to learn that free-fall acceleration in the space of the earth actually indicates that the speed of light in earth�s space is reduced. We calculate the indicated reduction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Producing Matter and Energy from Time

Authors: M. Mantovani
Comments: 11 pages.

In this paper we propose a quantum field theory involving Dark Matter and Dark Energy, explaining the expansion of the Universe. The theory is presented through a Feynman diagram.
Category: Classical Physics

NTEP: Chapter 7. Classical Nonlinear Electron Theories and Their Connection with Qed

Authors: Alexander G. Kyriakos
Comments: 18 pages.

In this chapter of nonlinear theory of elementary particles (NTEP) a review of the nonlinear field theories in the framework of classical electrodynamics is presented. It is shown that the results found within these theories can be transferred to quantum theory. These results can also help us to understand many aspects of the quantum description of elementary particles. In particular, they explain why electron can be interpreted as a point and non-point particle simultaneously.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Quantum Universality of Phase Transitions

Authors: Shpend Mushkolaj
Comments: 21 pages.

The most astonishing properties of condensed matter are the formation of collective quantum states of superconductivity, magnetic order, electric order and crystalline order. In this paper, new universal formulas for transition temperatures are derived, that depend simply on atomatom distances, atomic masses and electron masses. The universality of these formulas is tested by comparing the calculated values and experimental data for critical temperatures of different systems and phases.
Category: Condensed Matter

What the Null Energy Condition Tells us About Gravitational Wave Frequencies in / for Relic Cosmology?

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 17 pages, one table. Attempt to start preparing for bridge to actual experimental measurements. Based upon some structural considerations as far as space time geometry.

We introduce a criterion as to the range of HFGW generated by early universe conditions. The 1 to 10 Giga Hertz range is constructed initially starting with what Grupen writes as far as what to expect of GW frequencies which can be detected assuming a sensitivity of h ~ 10^-27 . From there we examine the implications of an earlier Hubble parameter at the start of inflation , and a phase transition treatment of pre to post Planckian inflaton physics. We close with an analysis of how gravitational constant G may vary with time , the tie in with the NEC condition and how to select a range of relic GW frequencies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Planetary Magnetism

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 9 Pages. Originally published in General Science Journal

It is generally believed that planetary magnetism is the result of motion of molten iron alloys in planetary body’s core region. An assumed dynamo mechanism, in core region of a planetary body, generates magnetic field by feedback loop: electric current loops in the region creates magnetic field and changing magnetic loops in turn creates electric fields. This assumption uses circular logic. As linear speed of a spinning planetary body is much greater than (tangential) linear motion of its constituent matter particles due to planetary body’s spin speed, every matter particle in spinning planetary body always moves in same direction in space. Spin motion of a planetary body is an illusion and it is valid only for considerations with respect to static reference of planetary body’s spin axis. As real motion of all matter particles of a spinning planetary body (with respect to absolute reference) is always in same linear direction, swirling motion of a planetary body’s interior is a myth. To consider this imaginary swirling motion of planetary body’s magma, as the cause of planetary magnetism is not tenable. Even for dynamo effect to occur, a primary source of magnetism is required, which is absent in this case. Cause and nature of planetary magnetism, described in this article, is based on a radically different concept, presented in ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’. For details, kindly refer to same [1].
Category: Astrophysics

A Beautiful Theory of Everything: How Simplexity Leads to Reality!

Authors: Ayind T Mahamba
Comments: 8 Pages. Submissions for FQXi essay contest.

The quest to explain the true nature of reality is one of the great scientific goals. In fact, this essay contest asks: is Nature fundamentally continuous or discrete and how can these two different but very useful concepts be fully reconciled? Physical science is vast, complex and remains mysterious [10]. Since long ago, the great thinkers and scholars have dedicated their lives to the attempted comprehension1 of this reality that has become so abstract. Throughout the centuries and through experimentation, they have established numerous laws, concepts, theories, and principles concerning the fundamental notions of reality (centered on matter-energy and spacetime). I propose a central theory (MIT), based on the information of, and compatible with, the contemporary scientific knowledge; the existing fundamental relation between the �physical entities� passes through the determined quantitative transmission (quantity) of this preserved transcendent greatness (quality). In addition to a �formal� relationship (existence) which creates an informal description of what is real, there is a causal relationship between �phenomena� (relativity). My informational approach has been productive in several domains where many enigma persist; solutions for these problems must be envisaged globally, using ideas and concepts from numerous different fields, with a coherent schema... The �Theory of Universal Relativity� (TUR as a ToE) proposed here lays bridges between domains which, at first glance, have nothing to do with each other; it also provides insight into how we can improve our knowledge by understanding the interplay of complexity and simplicity. Therefore emerging from simplexity (contraction of simplicity and complexity), reality is both digital and analogue (and between) and also more! We know there is a strange and mysterious world that surrounds us, a world largely hidden from our senses with extra dimensions and as a mathematical concept of reality, MIT may confirm that we are part of a cosmic hologram (a paradigm shift). My theory has the advantage of being extremely simple, not limited to scientists because everyone can understand it (I = 1 ± i). So, in this essay, I will try to explain why and how [1][13][48][51].
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Nature�s Selection of Cubic Roots

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 10 Pages.

The English naturalist Charles Darwin established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection. In fact, Darwin theory dealt with the evolutional phenomena of the biosphere, not its origins. Further more, there exist the natural worlds other than our beloved one. Compared to the large-scale structure of galaxies, the biosphere is �microscopic�. The electromagnetic and nuclear forces which rule the world disappear in the formation of large-scale galaxy structure. Similarly they disappear in the formation of the solar system. My previous papers showed that large-scale galaxy structure originates rationally from an algebraic cubic equation. This paper presents the nature�s selection of the cubic roots and its application to the galaxy NGC 3275.
Category: Astrophysics

No Elementary Scalars in Experimental Supersymmetry

Authors: Alejandro Rivero
Comments: 2 Pages.

This sheet presents an extreme interpretation of the global SU(5) symmetry that has been gradually discovered in the spectrum of scalar particles of the Supersymmetric Standard Model. It postulates that such scalars are actually the different aspects of the QCD string. If so, only the gauginos and perhaps two neutral higgs particles are candidates for discovery in the LHC.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Projective Properties of Informational Voltage in the Periodic System of the Socion

Authors: Yu. N. Bratkov
Comments: 17 pages English, 19 pages Russian.

The periodic system of the socion (PSS) gives direction and intensity of informational voltage between two people. The first version of the PSS (G. A. Shulman) was a flat table with two poles. There exists some voltage between the two poles. New version of the PSS (the author) is a two-dimensional projective manifold with two maps. The second map defines some gluing of the two poles of the PSS. It means propagating informational voltage through the glued poles, i.e. through some abstract infinity. One could see correlation with Euler-Varshamov projective arithmetic (by Euler, negative numbers are greater than infinity). Algebraic interpretation of intuition is given.
Category: Mind Science

Programming Relativity as the Mathematics of Perspective in a Planck Simulation Hypothesis Universe

Authors: Malcolm Macleod
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Simulation Hypothesis proposes that all of reality is in fact an artificial simulation, analogous to a computer simulation, and as such our reality is an illusion. Outlined here is a method for programming relativistic mass, space and time at the Planck level as applicable for use in (Planck-level) Universe-as-a-Simulation Hypothesis. For the virtual universe the model uses a 4-axis hyper-sphere that expands in incremental steps (the simulation clock-rate). Virtual particles that oscillate between an electric wave-state and a mass point-state are mapped within this hyper-sphere, the oscillation driven by this expansion. Particles are assigned an N-S axis which determines the direction in which they are pulled along by the expansion, thus an independent particle momentum may be dispensed with. Only in the mass point-state do particles have fixed hyper-sphere co-ordinates. The rate of expansion translates to the speed of light and so in terms of the hyper-sphere co-ordinates all particles (and objects) travel at the speed of light, time (as the clock-rate) and velocity (as the rate of expansion) are therefore constant, however photons, as the means of information exchange, are restricted to lateral movement across the hyper-sphere thus giving the appearance of a 3-D space. Lorentz formulas are used to translate between this `3-D space' and the hyper-sphere co-ordinates, relativity resembling the mathematics of perspective.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Deciphering and Fathoming Negative Probabilities in Quantum Mechanics?

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 11 pages, no figure, no tables.

As currently understood since its discovery, the bare Klein-Gordon theory consists of negative quantum probabilities which are considered to be physically meaningless if not outright obsolete. Despite this annoying setback, these negative probabilities are what led the great Paul Dirac in 1928 to the esoteric discovery of the Dirac equation. The Dirac equation led to one of the greatest advances in our understanding of the physical World. In this reading, we ask the seemingly senseless question, �Do negative probabilities exist in quantum mechanics?��. In an effort to answer this question, we arrive at the conclusion that depending on the choice one makes of the quantum probability current, one will obtain negative probabilities. We thus propose a new quantum probability current of the Klein-Gordon theory. This quantum probability current leads directly to positive definite quantum probabilities. Because these negative probabilities are in the bare Klein-Gordon theory, intrinsically a result of negative energies, the fact that we-here arrive at a theory with positive probabilities, it means that negative energy particles are not to be considered problematic as is the case in the bare Klein-Gordon theory. From an abstract-objective stand-point; in comparison with positive energy particles, the corollary is that negative energy particles should have equal chances to exist. As to why these negative energy particles do not exist, this is redolent to asking why is it that Dirac�s antimatter does not exist in equal proportions with matter. This problem of why negative energy particles not exist in equal proportions with positive energy particles is a problem that needs to be solved by a future theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

What Violations of the Null Energy Condition Tell us About Information Exchange Between Prior to Present Universes? How to Obtain Spectral Index Confirmation?

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 17 pages.

The universe is now dominated by DE leading to renewed acceleration, so what we can do is to examine how DE arose in the first place, and what role cosmologies not obeying the null energy condition play in terms of facilitating information exchange from a prior to the present universe. So how do we test for this, and what are the data collection protocols? Based upon a Rencontres De Moriond, 2008 article, we present a glimpse as to how to ascertain data collection procedures via inputs into a spectral index model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Neutrosophic Interpretation of Tao Te Ching

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, Fu Yuhua
Comments: 210 pages. English-Chinese Bilingual

The purpose of this book is to extend the foundation and application range of 'Tao Te Ching'. The reasons for this are as follows. Firstly, we are willing to point out that 'Tao Te Ching' already has some limitation, because many questions we are interested in cannot be answered within 'Tao Te Ching'. For example, 'Tao Te Ching' basically discussed the matters in China, however considering all possible situations it should matter in foreign countries as well, i.e. the �global village�. This was impossible in Lao Tzu�s time. Secondly, if the original �Tao Te Ching� is regarded as �Positive Tao Te Ching�, its opposite is �Negative Tao Te Ching�, while the intermediate or compound state is �Neutral Tao Te Ching�. Thus, our book presents the way to extend the original �Tao Te Ching� in various neutrosophic interpretations.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Planck Scale in the Light of Psychological Enquiry

Authors: Diego Meschini
Comments: v3: English version, typeset anew and light-handedly amended, 32 pages. v2: Spanish version, translated by the author, 38 pages.

A psychological enquiry into the Planck scale in quantum gravity, as guided by the application of Garrett Hardin's three filters against folly: literacy (what are the words?), numeracy (what are the numbers?), and ecolacy (and then, what?).

Una indagación psicológica sobre la escala de Planck en la gravedad cuántica según los tres filtros contra la zoncera de Garrett Hardin: alfabetismo (¿cuáles son la palabras?), numerismo (¿cuáles son los números?) y ecolismo (¿y después, qué?).

Scale Dimension as the Fifth Dimension of Spacetime

Authors: Sergey G. Fedosin
Comments: 5 pages. Turkish Journal of Physics, 2012, Vol. 36, No 3, pp. 461-464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/fiz-1110-20

The scale dimension discovered in the theory of infinite nesting of matter is studied from the perspective of physical implementation of well-studied four-and n-dimensional geometric objects. Adding the scale dimension to Minkowski four-dimensional space means the necessity to use the five-dimensional spacetime.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Spacetime Deformations Evolution Concept

Authors: Jacek Safuta
Comments: 10 pages.

I frame a concept that the matter and energy have evolved from a primordial, conformally flat spacetime (starting before the Planck Era). I apply the theory of Darwinism beyond its original sphere of organic evolution on Earth. Finally I present some points of view on computability of the actual Universe and its evolution.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Is Nature Fundamentally Continuous or Discrete, and What Violations of the Null Energy Condition Tell us About Information Exchange Between Prior to Present Universes ?

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 19 pages, one figure one table. Two themes. First that Octonionic gravity breaks down

Our contention, is that reality is actually analog, but that at a critical limit, as when the Octonian gravity condition kicks in, that for a time it is made to appear discrete. This due to an initial phase transition just at the start of the big bang. Our second consideration is, that symmetry breaking models, i.e. the Higgs boson are in themselves not appropriate or necessary for the formation of particles with mass just before Octonionic gravity which could arise in pre Planckian physics models without a potential. Also the necessity of potentials for pre Octonionic gravity physics can be circumvented via judicious use of Sherrer k essence physics The universe is now dominated by DE leading to renewed acceleration, so what we can do is to examine how DE arose in the first place, and what role cosmologies not obeying the null energy condition play in terms of facilitating information exchange from a prior to the present universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Analytical Approach to Polyominoes and a Solution to the Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Aziz Sahraei
Comments: 7 pages.

Always, when viewing papers whose writers show polyominoes graphically, this question crossed my mind, are there any equations which may be given to avoid the need for drawings? Polyominoes are sometimes called by the number of faces (like triomeno or tetraomino). In this paper, I try to formulate polyomino shapes and establish a correspondence between them and polynominals. About the final part where I refer to the Goldbach conjecture, I must to say that my aim is to give a geometric representation of the proof of this conjecture so that if a special chain of subsets such as, (see paper) exists in a set Ω, where both ends of the chain include trivial subsets, and if the conjecture be true for at least one arbitrary member of this chain, then it will be true for all the other members of the chain.
Category: Number Theory

Heating by Cooling

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 3 pages.

When a body is quickly cooled by thrusting it in a very cold medium, does its internal temperature go up? We examine the case of a heatstroke patient thrust in ice-water to lower his or her temperature. Recent research in photon science suggests that core temperature increases.
Category: Physics of Biology

Astrophysics at Home. Micrometeorites.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 11 pages.

As stated in P. Rochette et al., �Micrometeorites from the transantarctic mountains�, micrometeorites constitute the main part of the flux of extraterrestrial matter accreting on Earth. They are very important to understanding the composition of the solar system. Micrometeorites have been recovered from a variety of terrestrial surfaces (desert, beach sands etc.), showing that their deposition can be evidenced on any surface, provided that the accumulation time is sufficient, and discrimination from terrestrial particles is feasible. I present here my amateur activity of micrometeorite collector in the backyard and in desert sand. Sahara desert sand brought to me by my friend Silvia Calamity.
Category: Astrophysics

A Mathematical Model of the Quark and Lepton Mixing Angles (2011 Update)

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 18 Pages.

A single mathematical model encompassing both quark and lepton mixing is described. This model exploits the fact that when a 3 × 3 rotation matrix whose elements are squared is subtracted from its transpose, a matrix is produced whose non-diagonal elements have a common absolute value, where this value is an intrinsic property of the rotation matrix. For the traditional CKM quark mixing matrix with its second and third rows interchanged (i.e., c - t interchange), this value equals one-third the corresponding value for the leptonic matrix (roughly, 0.05 versus 0.15). By imposing this and two additional related constraints on mixing, and letting leptonic φ₂₃ equal 45^°, a framework is defined possessing just two free parameters. A mixing model is then specified using values for these two parameters that derive from an equation that reproduces the fine structure constant. The resultant model, which possesses no constants adjusted to fit experiment, has mixing angles of θ₂₃ = 2.367445^°, θ₁₃ = 0.190987^°, θ₁₂ = 12.920966^°, φ₂₃ = 45^°, φ₁₃ = 0.013665^°, and φ₁₂ = 33.210911^°. A fourth, newly-introduced constraint of the type described above produces a Jarlskog invariant for the quark matirx of 2.758 ×10⁻⁵. Collectively these achieve a good fit with the experimental quark and lepton mixing data. The model predicts the following CKM matrix elements: |V_us| = √0.05 = 2.236 × 10⁻¹, |V_ub| = 3.333 × 10⁻³, and |V_cb| = 4.131 × 10⁻². For leptonic mixing the model predicts sin²φ₁₂ = 0.3, sin²φ₂₃ = 0.5, and sin²φ₁₃ = 5.688 × 10⁻⁸. At the time of its 2007 introduction the model's values for |V_us| and |V_ub| had disagreements with experiment of an improbable 3.6σ and 7.0σ, respectively, but 2010 values from the same source now produce disagreements of just 2.4σ and 1.1σ, the absolute error for |V_us| having been reduced by 53%, and that for |V_ub| by 78%.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Is Nature Fundamentally Continuous or Discrete, and How Can These Two Different But Very Useful Conceptions be Fully Reconciled? (Expanded Version)

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 14 pages, one table, one figure. This is the complete article. Sent to Pre space time, for article processing if the FQXi entry does not get a prize.

Our contention, is that reality is actually analog, but that at a critical limit, as when the Octonian gravity condition kicks in, that for a time it is made to appear discrete. This due to an initial phase transition just at the start of the big bang. Our second consideration is, that symmetry breaking models, i.e. the Higgs boson are in themselves not appropriate or necessary for the formation of particles with mass just before Octonionic gravity which could arise in pre Planckian physics models without a potential. Finally, that the necessity of potentials for pre Octonionic gravity physics can be circumvented via judicious use of Sherrer k essence physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Nature Fundamentally Continuous or Discrete, and How Can These Two Different But Very Useful Conceptions be Fully Reconciled? Queries from L. Crowell and J. Dickau Fxqi Contest , 2011, Presented and Partly Answered

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 12 pages, 24,981 characters. Actual entry for the FQXi contest. One figure one table. This document incorporates feed back from L. Crowell and J. Dickau, in its text, with replies from the author, which the author views as pertinent. The feed back was accumulated through the FXQi conference in commentary.

Our contention, is that reality is actually analog, but that at a critical limit, as when the Octonian gravity condition kicks in, that for a time it appears discrete. This due to al phase transition at the start of the big bang. Our second consideration is, that symmetry breaking models, i.e. the Higgs boson are not necessary for the formation of particles with mass just before Octonionic gravity which could arise in pre Planckian physics models without a potential. Finally, the necessity of potentials for pre Octonionic gravity physics can be circumvented via Sherrer k essence physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Systems, Subsystems, Composite Systems and Entanglement

Authors: Elemér E Rosinger
Comments: 7 pages.

It is shown that under suitable compositions of systems, arbitrary large amounts of entangled type states can easily be obtained.
Category: Quantum Physics

Jiang and Wiles Proofs on Fermat Last Theorem (4)

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 20 pages.

1637 Fermat @@wrote: �It is impossible to separate a cube into two cubes, or a biquadrate into two biquadrates, or in general any power higher than the second into powers of like degree: I have discovered a truly marvelous proof, which this margin is too small to contain.� part (4)
Category: Number Theory

Helical CMBR Asymmetry, Pre Big 'Bang' State, Dark Matter and the Axis of Evil, The Architecture of the Universes

Authors: Peter A. Jackson
Comments: 5 pages.

We describe a solution to Cosmic Microwave background Radiation (CMBR) quadrupolar asymmetry and anisotropy, predicted by the discrete field model (DFM) described in earlier papers, and explain how it could have taken it's spiral, or, we predict; 'helical' form. Also explaining the so called 'axis of evil', and the big bang, (or more appropriately big 'whoosh'), and implied pre big bang conditions. We provide logical and photographic evidence. Apparent 'magic bullet' properties of the DFM and are found as part of a falsification exercise which has recently also provided a new galactic secular evolutionary sequence. We explore how the model unites Relativity with a Quantum mechanism, using the postulates of Special Relativity (SR) but applies conceptual refinement to one assumption for a better fit to observation and improved understanding, giving it a basis precisely equivalent to General relativity (GR) and better defining Quantum mechanics. We find a 3rd way, with fields but no absolute frame, with no new physics or maths but using a different way of thinking, as anticipated necessary by Einstein and Bragg. This is an interim report pending consideration of further fuller papers, which will be followed up here.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Un Model Pentru O Geometrie Smarandache

Authors: S. Bhattacharya
Comments: 2 pages. Romanian language.

Prezentam aici un model simplu al geometriei Smarandache si invitam cititorul, ca o distractie matematica, sa compuna alte modele.
Category: Geometry

O Introducere În Geometriile Smarandache

Authors: L. Kuciuk, M. Antholy
Comments: 4 pages. Romanian language.

O Geometrie Smarandache este o geometrie care are cel putin o axioma negata in mod smarandachean (1969). Spunem ca o axioma este negata smarandachean daca axioma se comporta cel putin in doua moduri diferite in acelasi spatiu (i.e. validata si negata, sau numai negata dar in mai multe moduri diferite).
Category: Geometry

The Fine Structure Constant Derived from the Broken Symmetry of Two Simple Algebraic Identities

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 4 Pages.

The fine structure constant is shown to arise naturally in the course of altering the symmetry of two algebraic identities. Specifically, the symmetry of the identity M² = M² is "broken" by making the substitution M → M − y on its left side, and the substitution Mⁿ → Mⁿ − x^p on its right side, where p equals the order of the identity; these substitutions convert the above identity into the equation (M − y)² = M² − x². These same substitutions are also applied to the only slightly more complicated identity (M / N)³ + M² = (M / N)³ + M² to produce this second equation (M − y)³ / N³ + (M − y)² = (M³ − x³) / N³ + M² − x³. These two equations are then shown to share a mathematical property relating to dy/dx, where, on the second equation�s right side this property helps define the special case (M³ − x³) / N³ + M² − x³ = (10³ − 0.1³) / 3³ + 10² − 0.1³ = 137.036, which incorporates a value close to the experimental fine structure constant inverse.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Distribution of Prime Numbers,Twin Primes and Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Subhajit Ganguly
Comments: 5 pages.

The following paper deals with the distribution of prime numbers, the twin prime numbers and the Goldbach conjecture. Starting from the simple assertion that prime numbers are never even, a rule for the distribution of primes is arrived at. Following the same approach, the twin prime conjecture and the Goldbach conjecture are found to be true.
Category: Number Theory

The Mirror Neutrino Dark Matter Hypothesis

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard, G. Dungworth
Comments: 15 pages.

In a quantum information approach to quantum gravity, one naturally extends the Bilson-Thompson braid particle spectrum by a right handed neutrino sector. This suggests a parity restoring non local form of mirror matter, considered as a novel contributor to the dark matter sector. In the non standard Riofrio cosmology, where the entire dark matter sector is approximated by black hole states, the mirror matter should occupy a space on the other side of our conformal horizons, which are present everywhere in our universe. In particular we note that the Koide matrix antineutrino rest mass prediction of 0.00117 eV corresponds precisely to a black body peak temperature of 2.73 K, the CMB temperature, as a result of its annihilation with mirror antineutrinos. Initial consequences of these ideas for dark matter profiles are discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Stability of Linear Systems

Authors: Daniele Sasso
Comments: 7 pages, 5 figures.

The criteria of stability defined in the standard theory of linear systems aren�t exhaustive and show some inconsistencies. In this article we define new criteria of stability more consistent with real physical situations. In particular we distinguish between static stability and dynamic stability in order to analyse the stability of systems in the time domain and in Laplace�s equivalent domain. Let introduce then the frequency stability in order to analyse the stability of systems in the Fourier domain.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Jiang And Wiles Proofs On Fermat Last Theorem (3)

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 18 pages.

D.Zagier(1984) and K.Inkeri(1990) said[7]:Jiang mathematics is true,but Jiang determinates the irrational numbers to be very difficult for prime exponent p.In 1991 Jiang studies the composite exponents n=15,21,33,...,3p and proves Fermat last theorem for prime exponenet p>3[1].In 1986 Gerhard Frey places Fermat last theorem at the elliptic curve that is Frey curve.Andrew Wiles studies Frey curve. In 1994 Wiles proves Fermat last theorem[9,10]. Conclusion:Jiang proof(1991) is direct and simple,but Wiles proof(1994) is indirect and complex.If China mathematicians had supported and recognized Jiang proof on Fermat last theorem,Wiles would not have proved Fermat last theorem,because in 1991 Jiang had proved Fermat last theorem.Wiles has received many prizes and awards,he should thank China mathematicians.
Category: Number Theory

Entropy Production and a Toy Model as to Irregularities in the CMBR Spectrum

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 36 pages, 15 pages of article, 21 pages of optional appendix entries. Sent to Pre space time editor, Johanthan Dickau, where I expect it to undergo drastic revisions. NO problem.

While assuming the relatively narrow spectrum of graviton frequencies in the onset of inflation, it is necessary to examine how this could tie into instanton-anti-instanton production. We do so via a thermal input from the prior universe model. We also discuss how the break up of such structure could influence later inflationary cosmology �physics. The following paper attempts a thought experiment as to how to present a genesis of irregularites in the CMBR spectrum. This is not meant to be a substitute for Sakar�s ground breaking work, but an addendium as to how the initially very smooth start of inflation could lead to the pronounced irregularities Dr. Sarkar commented upon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Un Model Simplu de Geometrie Smarandache Construit Exclusiv cu Elemente de Geometrie Euclidiana

Authors: Ovidiu Sandru
Comments: 3 pages.

A model formed by two parallel plans is constructed which behaves the Smarandache geometries.
Category: Geometry

Open Questions as to What a Large Vacuum Energy Implies for Graviton Production in a Relic Setting, I.e. a Toy Model to Consider

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 6 pages. 3 tables, 1 figure. Meant as a companion piece to the Octonionic gravity work done earlier for possible inclusion in the Nova Book Chapter of Cosmology.

If we have a non infinite but huge negative value of the cosmological vacuum energy in the wormhole, then we have 10¹⁰ bits of computing information. When we leave the wormhole, we have 10¹²⁰ bits of computing information We specify a transition between the two regions in terms of a causal discontinuity regime created by a(t) chaotic behavior due initially to the initially very large value of thermal vacuum energy transmitted. Note that this is a toy model to account for thermal transfer of energy from a prior to a present universe perhaps enabling graviton production. This is a companion piece to the Octonian gravity document.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Several Routes to Determining Entropy Generation in the Early Universe

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 10 pages. Submitted to the Hadronic journal, to senior Editor, Christian Corda, PhD

We analyze how entropy could be generated via a semi classical argument as well as by multiple braneanti brane combinations leading to an initial soliton-instanton formation. The supposition is that the two different types of methods give similar initial conditions for entropy and information/ computational bits of information in the initial universe. We close then with observations we think are pertinent to entropy increase . This is linkable to a table of computational bits as presented by Smoot in 2007.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Detailing Coherent, Minimum Uncertainty States of Gravitons, as Semi Classical Components of Gravity Waves, and How Squeezed States Affect Upper Limits to Graviton Mass

Authors: A. Beckwith, F.Y. Li, N. Yang, J. Dickau, G. Stephenson, L. Glinka, R. Baker
Comments: 31 pages, companion piece to the following two articles. A.W. Beckwith, � Energy content of Gravition as a way to Quantify both Entropy and Information Generation in the early Universe�, accepted for publication in JMP, February 2011 Is Octonionic Quantum Gravity Relevant Near the Planck Scale? if Gravity Waves Are Generated by Changes in the Geometry of the Early Universe, How Can We Measure Them?

This document will out line what the authors suppose is relevant to squeezed states of initial space time and how that affects both the composition of relic GW, and also gravitons. A side issue to consider is if gravitons can be configured as semi classical �particles� , which is akin to the Pilot model of Quantum Mechanics as embedded in a larger non linear �deterministic� background. In addition, as the main author has discussed with Stuart Allen in long evening talks, the relative classical embedding of QM will be linkable to upper bounds to the graviton mass, for reasons brought up in the manuscript.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Big Bash Alternative Model of the Universe

Authors: Mickey Thompson
Comments: 12 Pages. Please replace version 3 of the paper with the attached version 4.

Evidence of a big bang is overwhelming and most scientists accept that we live in a region of space that began its expansion some 13.8 billion years ago. The currently supported model of the universe, however, has encountered several anomalies that are not well accommodated by that model. This paper presents an analysis of these anomalies and presents an alternative model that seems to better fit the data. It also provides an architecture that’s predictive of much additional evidence we might expect to encounter in the near future. This new model is based on the view that dark energy; matter/antimatter disparity; cosmic microwave background texture; anthropic conditions; and the genesis of early stars and galaxies are a coherent body of evidence which suggests that the big bang did not occur in an empty void.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Origin of Physical Dynamics and Special Relativity.

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 12 pages.

The origin of physical dynamics and the reason of existence of special relativity are explored. This endeavour is started by analysing the logic of nature. Next, only mathematics is used in order to explore the dynamics of this model of physical reality. The model that is described here annihilates the old reality and creates a new reality at each dynamic step. Hilbert space cannot treat dynamics. It contains nothing that supports dynamics. In the contrary, dynamics manages the Hilbert spaces. Like traditional quantum logic, Hilbert space cannot treat physical fields. By embedding the separable Hilbert space in a rigged Hilbert space, it can house fields by representing them as blurred sets of Hilbert vectors. The field is the convolution of the blur with a set of Dirac delta functions that represent Hilbert vectors. When the blur is differentiable, then the field is differentiable as well. The field values are attached to the Hilbert vectors. In this way traditional quantum logic can be expanded, such that it also treats fields. This extended quantum logic still cannot handle dynamics. The logic only describes a static status quo. Dynamics let nature step from one status quo to the next. It does that by letting nature transform from configuration space to Fourier space. There the fields control the difference between the past and the future status quo. The Fourier transform converts the rather complicated differentiation into a simple multiplication and since the multiplication factors are close to unity, this comes down to still simpler addition. After the confrontation in Fourier space, nature returns back to configuration space. Feynman's path integral approach exploits this fact. The up and down Fourier transforms reshuffle the Hilbert vectors. All Hilbert vectors are affected. The Hilbert vectors represent virtual or actual quanta and present themselves as shot noise.
Category: Quantum Physics