Relativity and Cosmology

Classical Kaluza-Klein Vacuum Fluctuations

Authors: John French
Comments: 15 Pages. This paper has been published in Physics Essays

We look at the classical Kaluza-Klein theory allowing the metric to vary in the fifth dimension. Considering only linear terms we then use a Lorentz invariant distribution of the metric terms to find out how the metric terms vary with respect to frequency. We find that they blow up at high frequency, so that non-linear terms would have to be taken into account.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Does the Transition From Pre Planckian to Planckian Space Time Physics Allow Octonionic Gravity Conditions to Form?

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 22 Pages. Correction to title made by viXra Admin

We ask if Octonionic quantum gravity is a relevant consideration near the Planck scale.Furthermore, we examine whether gravitational waves would be generated during the initial phase of the universe when an increase in degrees of freedom have in setting initial phase so that the result can be observed by a gravitational detector. . We present how a Gaussian mapping, combined with a strange attractor for recycling prior universe matter-energy enables quantum gravity to form. The key development to be workedupon would be turning into a strange attractor [2] the supposition R. Penrose made as to re cycling the ‘history’ of the universe without the necessity of a ‘big crunch’. The nature of the attractor would be instrumental in helping us come up with pre Planckian embedding of non linear ‘ analog reality’ (‘classical’) physics meshing into, with an increase in degrees of freedom into ‘digital reality’(‘quantum mechanics’) and quantum gravity
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Study on the Absolute Stationary Inertial Frame and the Relative Velocity, Inertia Mass, Momentum and Kinetic Energy in the Inertial Frame Moving Relative to it

Authors: Jinil Mok
Comments: 21 Pages. In Korean

Assuming that an absolute stationary inertial frame exists in the universe and the speed of light is constant only in the absolute stationary inertial frame, new equations for inertial mass, momentum and kinetic energy in a moving inertial frame are derived.In the process of deriving the new equations, an experiment was presented to obtain the velocity of the inertial frame moving relative to the absolute stationary inertial frame. If this experiment is successful, we could find out how fast and in which direction our Earth is moving in space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Non-Stellar Black Holes

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 9 Pages.

This article derives an equation similar to the Schwarzschild Equation for a Stellar Black Hole. The equation relaxes and shifts the condition of a Black Hole forming from a Star collapsing at the end of its life, to a condition in which only the equation and values need to be satisfied, even for masses much lower than stellar masses. In fact, microscopic Black Holes formed right after the Inflationary Period ended up following the Big Bang. The equation indicates that Black Holes could form right up to their radii of the order of Planck's Length. The equation also acts as the first step towards the unification of General Relativity with Quantum Mechanics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Relativity Principle and the Indetermination of Special Relativity

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 19 pages, Ciência & Tecnologia dos Materiais, vol.16, nº 1, 74 (2004)

The indetermination of Special Relativity (SR) is analysed. Our thesis is that as a result of the indetermination of the one-way speed of light we can not determine the movement at every frame. We only can observe a description of the movement with Lorentz co-ordinates. Only as an approximation this correspond to the movement with synchronized clocks. The Galilean Relativity Principle only holds as an aproximation since for large distances we can have large desynchronizations. To determine the movement in every frame we must know the one-way speed of light in one frame. The meaning of Relativity Principle rise from this analysis.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Dark Matter Phenomenon is a Result of the Existence of Yukawa Potential

Authors: Miroslav Sukenik, Jozef Sima
Comments: 4 Pages.

The analysis of the rotation curves of the galaxies, the analysis of the gravitational lenses as well as the fluctuations of the relict radiation point to the existence of dark matter, which is not subject to strong or electromagnetic interaction. The second possibility is a modification of Newtonian dynamics - MOND theory. So far, no dark matter has been found, and the MOND theory still stands only on observation, without a deeper theoretical explanation. A theoretical starting point could be the introduction of the gravitational Yukawa potential, which explains the observations within the framework of the MOND theory sufficiently well.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Measuring the One-Way Speed of Light

Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 6 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

In this paper, we present a method for measuring the one-way speed of light. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to solve two problems. The first problem is how to synchronize the clocks at the source and the detector, and the second problem is to prove that the slow movement of one of the clocks does not significantly affect the already established synchronization between the two clocks.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[ Exploration on Upgrading] Theory of Relativity (In Chinese)

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 14 Pages.

在不同时期对正统理论的态度有三种：第一种是完全相信和支持的右倾；第二种是属于左倾的完全排斥和否定；第三种是在创新过程中修改旧理论 (折衷)。推动科学发展功功劳最大的一类人正是承认旧理论存在不足而锐意发展正统理论的一群人。将1.0版相对论升级到2.0版的相对论正是上述第三种态度。对于这种努力，即使今天还不能成功，也是在正确的道路上稳步前进（提出的新东西一定有借鉴作用）。持这种态度看待并改造相对论，得到的结果是承认绝对静止系存在但承认相对效应，且将相对论性运动效应应用到电动力学和广义相对论之中的新的理论体系。

There are three attitudes towards orthodoxy theory in different periods: The first is the right leaning who fully believes in and supports; the second is to completely reject and deny the same (left leaning); The third is to modify the old theory in the process of innovation (compromise). The people who have made the greatest contribution to promoting scientific development are those who admit that the old theory has shortcomings and are determined to develop the orthodox theory. Upgrading the 1.0 version of relativity to the 2.0 version of relativity is the third attitude mentioned above. With this attitude, we view and reform relativity, and get a new theoretical system that recognizes the existence of absolute stationary system but retains the relativistic effect, and applies the relativistic motion effect to electrodynamics and general relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[ Exploration on Upgrading] Theory of Relativity

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 10 Pages.

There are three attitudes towards orthodoxy theory in different periods: The first is the right leaning who fully believes in and supports; the second is to completely reject and deny the same (left leaning); The third is to modify the old theory in the process of innovation (compromise). The people who have made the greatest contribution to promoting scientific development are those who admit that the old theory has shortcomings and are determined to develop the orthodox theory. Upgrading the 1.0 version of relativity to the 2.0 version of relativity is the third attitude mentioned above. With this attitude, we view and reform relativity, and get a new theoretical system that recognizes the existence of absolute stationary system but retains the relativistic effect, and applies the relativistic motion effect to electrodynamics and general relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Time Dilation Conundrum and the Ageing of the Twins

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 14 Pages.

In previous works we establish a mathematical expression like the time dilation expression, a time dilation-like (time dilation is valid in relation to a preferred frame) and considered by the standard formulation the time dilation expression, valid reciprocally. This conundrum has also been previously eliminated. Now we show how we can use this time dilation-like expression eliminating the twin paradox conundrum that standard formulation is unable to accomplish, since erroneously attribute the meaning of a reciprocal relation to the ageing of the twins. Therefore, we calculate the classic example of the twins whatever the frames considered. The twin that returns is the younger because the cumulative effect of the ageing is not reciprocal. Since the time dilation like exist and can be used, originating the idea of "seeing the other twin ageing slower"- the origin of the conundrum. This cannot subsist because the relation between ageing is a relation between proper times. The time dilation-like expression is a relation between proper times only for the preferred frame.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Secret of Special Relativity Theory and New Method

Authors: Ozgen Ersan
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper elicits and revises the hidden faulty postulate of the special relativity theory and presents new "Light Coordinate System: LCS" method. This method allows for cosmological analysis and provides a detailed calculation of the age of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why the Fifth Dimensional Space-Time is Also a Proof of God

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 5 Pages.

In "Unified Principles of Nature" it was shown that, contrary to Einstein's assumption, space-time is not four-dimensional, but five-dimensional. In "Search for the World Formula" this is explained in detail and explained that "time" as a physical dimension has the measure of an angle (i.e. determined by three points in space), while the length in space is the measure of the distance between two points.Here it should be explained to both the layman and the expert why and in what way space-time is five-dimensional and how this is connected with the existence of God.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Choice of Reference Frame to Determine Time Duration and Simultaneity in Special Relativity

Authors: Per Hokstad
Comments: 7 Pages. A version of this work appears in J Mod App Phy. Vol 6 No 1 March 2023.

Rather than adopting the conventionality of simultaneity, we discuss the possible identification of a ‘correct’ Reference Frame for analysing time duration and simultaneity of phenomena. Four standard examples are reviewed to illustrate the approach. The discussion includes use of the concepts, time vector and event graph.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Kilogram, Inertial Mass, Gravitational Mass and Types of Universal Free Fall

Authors: Abhishek Majhi
Comments: 20 Pages.

When gravitational motion of test objects are studied, two distinct concepts of mass are invoked in principle, namely, inertial mass and (passive) gravitational mass. If inertial mass and gravitational mass are quantities, then according to the definition of ``quantity'' available in the standard literature of metrology, there need to be specific units corresponding to inertial mass and gravitational mass. The possibilities of such definitions and the associated obstacles of reason are discussed. A recent classification of ``kilogram'' as a unit of inertial mass, that depends on the realization of kilogram through atom count method involving the use of matter wave interferometers, is critically analyzed. The process of reasoning that leads to such a classification is misleading because the equivalence between inertial mass and gravitational mass is an implicit assumption, in the process, both at the macroscopic level (mass measurement of silicon sphere) and the microscopic level (mass measurement of silicon atom with atom wave interferometers) resulting in no a priori distinction between inertial mass and gravitational mass in the concerned literature. Further inquiry reveals a crucial, but hitherto unexplained, difference between the working principles of neutron wave interferometers and atom wave interferometers. In neutron wave interferometers, the universal free fall of neutrons is attributed to the equality of inertial mass and gravitational mass, whereas in atom wave interferometers the distinction between inertial mass and gravitational mass is not made in the first place and universal free fall of atoms is attributed to either mass difference of the different species of atoms or different energy states of the same species of atom. Such observations result in the recognition of different {it types} of universal free fall that are studied in the literature which, however, has hitherto not been recognized assertively.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[explorations on the Possible Errors] of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Sheng-bin Wang
Comments: 31 Pages.

At the end of the 19th century, at the celebration of the Royal Society of Great Britain to welcome the coming of the new century, Lord Kelvin proudly declared: "The theoretical building of physics has been built, and future physicists only need to do some patchwork." However, in the atmosphere of joy, there are still "two disturbing dark clouds", one is the zero result of the Michelson Morey experiment on the measurement of the speed of the ether, and the other is the ultraviolet disaster problem related to black body radiation. The first dark cloud gave birth to Relativity, and the second dark cloud gave birth to Quantum mechanics. Relativity and Quantum mechanics are called the two pillars of modern physics. However, more than 100 years later, Relativity and Quantum mechanics have not been integrated. Not only that, there are many irreconcilable contradictions between the two. In the past century, theoretical physics has not made any breakthrough, even at a standstill. We have never heard of a theory that can drive the new physics revolution. There may be three reasons why Relativity and Quantum mechanics cannot be unified: 1. One of the two theories is incorrect, 2. Neither of the two theories is correct, 3. Both of the two theories are correct, but no method has been found to unify them. In this paper, we will carry out mathematical derivation and analysis from the core formula of Relativity and Quantum mechanics, and then give the answer. In the end, we will find that the modern physics theory system has chosen two dark clouds, however, gave up the whole sky.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Lagrangian Approach to Deriving the Gravity Equations for a 3D-brane Universe

Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 12 Pages.

Recently some arguments were suggested saying that our universe should be considered as a three-dimensional brane equipped with a Riemannian metric depending on the cosmological time. These arguments are based on the concept of temporal coexistence applied to events in the four-dimensional spacetime. Relying on the three-dimensional brane presentation of our universe, the four-dimensional Einstein’s gravity equations were rewritten as three-dimensional time-evolution equations for the three-dimensional metric presenting the gravitational field in the framework of this three-dimensional brane model. In the present paper some of these time-evolution equations for the three-dimensional metric are rederived using the Lagrangian approach.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proper Times, Time Dilation, Lorentz-FitzGerald Contraction and Distance, Time Ageing, Time Dilation-like and the Twin Paradox Conundrum

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper it is considered the physical meaning of proper times, time dilation, Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction and distance, time ageing, time dilation-like and the twin paradox conundrum. Connected to the concepts of simultaneity and synchronization, that has also been addressed in other previous papers based on the existence of a Preferred Frame (designated by Einstein Frame, EF) - where the one-way speed of light is isotropic with the two-way value c. Usually in the standard Special Relativity what is considered is Einstein simultaneity and Einstein synchronization that has been introduced by Einstein in the 1905 article "by definition". In the standard interpretation simultaneity and synchronization are not considered since the Einstein speed of light is considered the speed of light. However, in our previous work we have shown that this is a terminological confusion, a paralogism. Now, we show, through a designated time ageing mathematical expression, that the time dilation expression only is the relation of the ageing of the twins when one of the frames is the preferred frame. Time can be dilated or contracted, and naturally the ageing is the same when the velocities of the twins are symmetrical in relation to the preferred frame. A similar relation is established for the distance mathematical expression that is only the Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction expression when one of the frames is the preferred frame. This analysis is related to the problem of the formulation of distance in the context of acceleration in the twin paradox conundrum. Therefore, it is explained why this is so with a very simple concise formalism using two clocks in every point of a frame, frame that is moving in relation to the Preferred Frame, a synchronized clock, and a Lorentzian clock. The non-equivalence of the frames emergewith physical meaning through the analysis of the Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction and Larmor time dilation mathematical expressions. Therefore, the twin paradox conundrum can be resolved in the context of the formulation of Special Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Maybe Richard Feynman Was Right?

Authors: V. E. Yumashev
Comments: 2 Pages.

According to generally accepted theories, gravity, when deepening into the Earth, first increases and then decreases to zero at its center [1]. At the same time, there is the effect of gravitational time dilation [2]. The less gravity, the faster time flows. Therefore, in the center of the Earth, the speed of the passage of time must be greater than on the surface. However, current theories argue that this is not the case. Time in the center of the Earth slows down under the "accumulated action of gravity", as written in the article [3]. Richard Feynman, in his lectures, said that "one should be much more careful in the future when talking about the age of objects such as the Earth, since the center of the Earth should be a day or two youngers than its surface" [4]. In article [3], based on PREM, they calculated that the center of the Earth is 2.49 years younger than its surface, assuming that Richard Feynman misspoke. Let us consider this question from the point of view of the existence of a chronofield in our universe [5].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Poincaré Dodecahedral Space Solution of the Shape of the Universe

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 17 Pages.

According to a recent theory the Universe could be a dodecahedron. It is surprising that Plato used a dodecahedron as the quintessence to describe the cosmos. In this paper we will prove the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. From the dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions will propose a possible solution for the density parameter of baryonic matter,dark matter and dark energy. The sum of the contributions to the total density parameter at the current time is Ω0=1,0139. This result answers the ancient question of whether space is finite or infinite,while retaining the standard Friedmann—Lemaître foundation for local physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology