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[12] viXra:2111.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2021-11-20 18:36:31
Authors: X. D. Dongfang
Comments: 7 Pages. Einstein's nonsense that the speed of light is constant is purely the assumption of lack of sound thinking. This paper only gives the logical reasoning and conclusion of sound thinking about the speed of light from one aspect.
Einstein's assumption that the speed of light is constant is a fundamental principle of modern physics with great influence. However, the nature of the principle of constant speed of light is rarely described in detail in the relevant literatures, which leads to a deep misunderstanding among some readers of special relativity. Here we introduce the unitary principle, which has a wide application prospect in the logic self consistency test of mathematics, natural science and social science. Based on this, we propose the complete space-time transformation including the Lorentz transformation, clarify the definition of relative velocity of light and the conclusion that the relative velocity of light is variable, and further prove that the relative variable light speed is compatible with Einstein's constant speed of light. The specific conclusion is that the propagation speed of light in vacuum relative to the observer's inertial reference frame is always constant c, but the propagation speed of light relative to any other inertial reference frame which has relative motion with the observer is not equal to the constant c; observing in all inertial frame of reference, the relative velocity of light propagating in the same direction in vacuum is 0, while that of light propagating in the opposite direction is 2c. The essence of Einstein's constant speed of light is that the speed of light in an isolated reference frame is constant, but the relative speed of light in vacuum is variable. The assumption of constant speed of light in an isolated frame of reference and the inference of relative variable light speed can be derived from each other.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[11] viXra:2111.0090 [pdf] submitted on 2021-11-19 10:41:29
Authors: C. A. Laforet
Comments: 16 Pages.
In this paper, it is proposed that to fully describe the Cosmology of the Universe, we need to consider two metrics together: the FRW metric and the internal Schwarzschild metric.
In static spacetime, if you zoom into a local region of the spacetime, you get the Minkowski metric locally. In this case, where the spacetime is dynamic, if we zoom in to a specific time slice of the internal Schwarzschild metric, we get the Minkowski-equivalent FRW metric for flat space with a spatial scale factor that depends on the specific time slice at which we are looking. By solving for the unknowns in the internal Schwarzschild metric using cosmological data, we obtain values for the scale factor at different times which can then be used in the FRW metric to obtain energy densities of the Universe at various times. No cosmological constant is required because the internal Schwarzschild metric provides a scale factor that generates a slowing expansion for some time after the Big Bang followed by an accelerated expansion that ultimately ends in a Big Rip. The entire Schwarzschild metric in Kruskal-Sezekeres coordinates is examined and we see that it describes two CPT symmetric Universes moving in opposite directions in the time dimension. One Universe contains matter while the other contains antimatter. When these Universes meet at the singularity, they annihilate each other resulting in a single, massless, pure radiation Universe. This state regenerates the Big Bang conditions where the radiation decays into matter and antimatter pairs, resulting in a new cycle where the two Universes again fall in time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[10] viXra:2111.0089 [pdf] submitted on 2021-11-19 22:07:02
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 95 Pages.
The main objective of a paper is to discuss the most important Concepts for any Cosmological model: Space, Time, and Gravitation; Cosmological principle (homogeneous and isotropic universe); Universality of physical laws; Law of the conservation of angular momentum; Expansion of universe; Content of the World; Formation of galaxies and large-scale structures; Speed of light in vacuum; Origin of cosmic microwave background radiation. The performed analysis shows that Big Bang Model (BBM) fails to account for these Concepts and should be obsolete.
Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]. WUM and BBM are principally different Models: 1) Instead of the Initial Singularity with the infinite energy density and the extremely rapid expansion of the space (Inflation) in BBM; in WUM, there was a Fluctuation (4D Nucleus of the World with an extrapolated radius equals to a basic unit of size a) in the Eternal Universe with a finite extrapolated energy density (four orders of magnitude less than the nuclear density) and a finite expansion of the Nucleus in Its fourth spatial dimension with speed c that is the gravitodynamic constant; 2) Instead of a practically Infinite Homogeneous and Isotropic Universe around the Initial Singularity in BBM; in WUM, the 3D Finite Boundless World (the Hypersphere of the 4D Nucleus) presents a Patchwork Quilt of different Luminous Superclusters ( ≳10^3), which emerged in different places of the World at different Cosmological times. The Medium of the World is Homogeneous and Isotropic. The distribution of Macroobjects in the World is spatially Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic and temporally Non-simultaneous. The Absolute Age of the entire World (determined by the parameters of the Medium) is 14.22 Gyr. The Medium of the World, Dark Matter, and Angular Momentum are the main Three Pillars of WUM.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[9] viXra:2111.0087 [pdf] submitted on 2021-11-18 13:46:29
Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 5 Pages.
Energy and the Energy Conservation Principle might be the most important building blocks of the Physical Sciences.Until the discovery, in the 20th century, that the Universe expands much faster than the expansion that can be justified by the amount of the calculated Energy in the whole Universe, the Energy was believed to be composed of only Traceable Energy components. After the above-mentioned discovery, the notion of Untraceable Energy (or Dark Energy) was introduced in the science of Physics. However, the exact origin of this Dark Energy is still a mystery. The acceptable notions are that Dark Energy must be looked for in Gravitation using Einstein’s General
Relativity Theory. This article argues that the origin of most of the Dark Energy might be in Electromagnetism. This article also provides other new insights into the Energy entity, which might also explain additional issues and
paradoxes that were yet ignored.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[8] viXra:2111.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2021-11-16 20:50:22
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 10 Pages. This paper is an advancement and a correction of a previous one [2.]
Discussed is the role of rest-mass and possible negative restenergy in SRT of fourth-order. Given is an action, and a Lagrangian for this case. Also the term of advanced kinetic energy and its possibility of negative form is mentioned resp. the corresponding Hamilton-function
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[7] viXra:2111.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2021-11-16 18:28:15
Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 6 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.
After proposing the Principle of Minimum Gravitational Potential, in a pursuit to find the explanation behind the correction to Newton's gravitational potential that accounts for Mercury's orbit, by finding all the higher-order corrections it is shown that the consequences of the existence of speed of light for gravity are not yet fully explored.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[6] viXra:2111.0059 [pdf] replaced on 2021-12-01 22:44:09
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 19 Pages.
The main objective of the paper is to discuss the most important Concepts for any Cosmological model: Space, Time, and Gravitation; Cosmological principle (homogeneous and isotropic universe); Universality of physical laws; Law of the conservation of angular momentum; Expansion of universe; Content of the World; Formation of galaxies and large-scale structures; Speed of light in vacuum; Origin of cosmic microwave background radiation. The performed analysis shows that Big Bang Model (BBM) fails to account for these Concepts and should be obsolete.
Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]. WUM and BBM are principally different Models: 1) Instead of the Initial Singularity with the infinite energy density and the extremely rapid expansion of the space (Inflation) in BBM; in WUM, there was a Fluctuation (4D Nucleus of the World with an extrapolated radius equals to a basic unit of size a) in the Eternal Universe with a finite extrapolated energy density (four orders of magnitude less than the nuclear density) and a finite expansion of the Nucleus in Its fourth spatial dimension with speed c that is the gravitodynamic constant; 2) Instead of a practically Infinite Homogeneous and Isotropic Universe around the Initial Singularity in BBM; in WUM, the 3D Finite Boundless World (the Hypersphere of the 4D Nucleus) presents a Patchwork Quilt of different Luminous Superclusters ( ≳10^3), which emerged in various places of the World at different Cosmological times. The Medium of the World is Homogeneous and Isotropic. The distribution of Macroobjects in the World is spatially Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic and temporally Non-simultaneous. The Absolute Age of the entire World (determined by the parameters of the Medium) is 14.22 Gyr. The Medium of the World, Dark Matter, and Angular Momentum are the main Three Pillars of WUM.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[5] viXra:2111.0043 [pdf] replaced on 2022-06-24 11:05:04
Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 21 Pages.
Without relying on the cosmological principle, which has been the foundation of all the progress in physical cosmology such as the interpretation of Hubble’s law, Friedman-Roberson-Walker (FRW) metric in general theory of relativity, the expanding of the universe in the Big Bang theory, etc., but still disputable for its validity as a principle in physical science, we can find comprehensive explanations in 4-D complex space for many unsolved problems such as the variation of fine-structure constant on cosmological scale, dark matter (hypothetical matter) in astrophysics, dark energy (hypothetical energy) in physical cosmology, and so on. With introducing new galactic dynamo process, the cosmological magnetic fields, which has been one of unsolved problems in astrophysics, is explained. For physical cosmology in 4-D complex space, new theory is introduced.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2111.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2021-11-07 22:45:01
Authors: Robert Nazaryan, Hayk Nazaryan
Comments: 88 Pages. In Armenian, TXu 1-843-370, VAu 1-127-428, 978-1-4675-6080-1
By using the principle of relativity (first postulate), together with new defined nature of the universal speed (our second postulate) and homogeneity of time-space (our third postulate), we derive the most general transformation equation of relativity in one dimensional space. According to our new second postulate, the universal (not limited) speed c in Armenian Theory of Special Relativity is not the actual speed of light but it is the speed of time which is the same in all inertial systems. Our third postulate - the homogeneity of time-space is necessary to furnish linear transformation equations. We also state that there is no need to postulate the isotropy of space. Our book is the accumulation of all efforts from physicists to fix the Lorentz transformation equations and build correct and more general transformation equations of relativity which obey the rules of logic and fundamental group laws, without internal philosophical and physical inconsistencies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3] viXra:2111.0033 [pdf] replaced on 2021-12-17 09:00:24
Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 5 Pages.
In the author's model of low-energy quantum gravity, the
cosmological redshift, additional darkening of distant objects and
a diffuse cosmic optical background, presumably detected by the
New Horizons mission, can be interpreted, without cosmological
expansion and dark energy, as a result of the scattering of
photons on superstrongly interacting background gravitons. The
constancy of the ratio H(z)/(1+z) in this model is consistent
with observations of the Hubble parameter H(z). There is a
possibility of interpreting dark matter as a gas of virtual
massive gravitons.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[2] viXra:2111.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2021-11-03 02:39:29
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 7 Pages.
The results of measurements of the Hubble’s constant H_0 , which characterizes the expansion rate of the universe, shows that the values of H_0 vary significantly depending on Methodology. The disagreement in the values of H_0 obtained by the various teams far exceeds the standard uncertainties provided with the values. This discrepancy is called the Hubble Tension. In this paper, we discuss Macrostructures of the World (Superclusters and Galaxies); explain their Origin and Evolution in frames of the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM), which is, in fact, the Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]; and provide the explanation of the Hubble Tension. The main difference between WUM and Big Bang Model (BBM) is: Instead of the Infinite Homogeneous and Isotropic Universe around the Initial Singularity in BBM, in WUM, the 3D Finite Boundless World (the Hypersphere) presents a Patchwork Quilt of different Luminous Superclusters ( ≳10^3), which emerged in various places of the World at different Cosmological times. In WUM, the Medium of the World is Homogeneous and Isotropic. The distribution of Macroobjects in the World is spatially Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic and temporally Non-simultaneous.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[1] viXra:2111.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2021-11-03 06:12:07
Authors: Maria Giannopoulou
Comments: 19 Pages.
In this paper I study the applications of the f(R)=R^2 gravity in gravitational waves. The choice of this action emerges naturally from the field equations of a general action f(R) in order to get a wave equation of the scalar curvature R and the Ricci tensor Rìí.
The new field equations (NFE) seem to be applicable to non-conservative systems (as a collapsing binary). They are derived from the action of f(R)=R^2 assuming that the Lagrangian matter depends on gìí and xë: L(gìí, xë). The radiated energy causes a non-static space-time.
In the case of gravitational waves these equations turn out to be more general than the existing ones that are being produced from the action of f(R)=R. They predict both the transverse as well as the longitudinal and time oscillations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
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