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[29] viXra:2012.0233 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-31 21:28:52
Authors: Karol Szostek, Roman Szostek
Comments: 20 Pages. The new physical theory called the Special Theory of Ether (in Polish).
This article is a continuation of the paper [9]. In that article, a transformation of time and
position between the universal reference system and any inertial system has been derived. Transformation was derived with different assumptions than those adopted in the Theory of Relativity. In this article, based on the new transformation, a transformation of speed and a formula for the speed of light in the vacuum seen by any observer were derived. Finally, based on the new transformation, dependence on Doppler effect in the Special Theory of Ether has been derived. These study show that the Special Relativity Theory is not the only theory that explains the experiments in which the speed
of light is measured. The new theory is called the Special Theory of Ether. Its numerous properties
have been deduced in the works [4]-[8].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[28] viXra:2012.0232 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-31 21:39:30
Authors: Karol Szostek, Roman Szostek
Comments: 9 Pages. The new physical theory called the Special Theory of Ether (in Polish).
In the article, based on the geometric analysis of Michelson-Morley and Kennedy-Thorndike's experiments, we derive a different time and position transformation than the Lorentz transformation. We derive the transformation on the assumption that there is a universal frame of reference, which we call the ether.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[27] viXra:2012.0231 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-31 21:06:43
Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 4 Pages.
The Up neutron quark is in a 2-quark format to allow its birth in the 2nd cyclic universe in 2-digit form. No Wigner, Feynman, heavy neutrino, dark neutrino, cosmophoton, archaic electron, graviton, or 7th quark exists with 6- fold symmetry.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[26] viXra:2012.0222 [pdf] replaced on 2021-04-11 02:51:00
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 22 Pages.
Dirac’s themes were the unity and beauty of Nature. He identified three revolutions in modern physics – Relativity, Quantum Mechanics and Cosmology. In his opinion: “The new cosmology will probably turn out to be philosophically even more revolutionary than relativity or the quantum theory, perhaps looking forward to the current bonanza in cosmology, where precise observations on some of the most distant objects in the universe are shedding light on the nature of reality, on the nature of matter and on the most advanced quantum theories“ [Farmelo, G. (2009) The Strangest Man. The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom. Basic Books, Britain, 661p].
In 1937, Paul Dirac proposed: the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of the variable gravitational “constant”; and later added the notion of continuous creation of Matter in the World. The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing a different mechanism of matter creation. In this paper, we show that WUM is a natural continuation of Classical Physics and it can already serve as a basis for a New Cosmology proposed by Paul Dirac.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[25] viXra:2012.0196 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-27 03:29:27
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 7 Pages.
Here we consider stars from a wide range of masses that generate thermal energy through nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. Some boundary condition from the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) leads to the exact lifetime of the Sun equal to 11.95 gigayears. We also used the Wien's displacement law to determine the dependence of the mean mass of newly formed stars on the running radius of the Universe. We described the missing baryon problem.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[24] viXra:2012.0173 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-24 09:27:26
Authors: Suresh Kumar S
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
It is possible that relativistic particles experiencing time dilation and space contraction Lorentz transformation effects are measured to have velocities less than what they actually possess,based on relationality principle and interrelatedness of masses,which evidence as inertia. Hence possibilities for superluminal velocities to be measured as relativistic speeds tending to absolute velocity or conforming to the speed of light exists.
This can have implications for exotic matter and exotic geometries with quantum entanglement equivalence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[23] viXra:2012.0169 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-24 11:46:29
Authors: Jesus Delso Lapuerta
Comments: 4 Pages.
Electromagnetism and Gravity field equations are unified and described by a new E(4,0) tensor for Total Energy representing the new Conformal Energy tensor T(4,0) and the Stress–Energy tensor T(2,0).
In four dimensions electromagnetic field tensor is defined as a differential 2-form F that constructs electromagnetic stress–energy tensor as a combination of F and the Hodge dual of F, in Einstein field equations this role is played by the Weyl tensor C, the conformal tensor curvature is the only part of the curvature that exists in free space and governs the propagation of gravitational waves, so the conformal energy tensor can be defined as a combination of C and the Hodge dual of C.
The Hodge dual definition of electromagnetic tensor and Weyl tensor leads to electromagnetic field tensor embedded in Weyl tensor unifying Electromagnetism and Gravity, both tensors are related to the Conformal Energy tensor
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[22] viXra:2012.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-22 00:37:02
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 12 Pages.
This article provides a comparison of the Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) with the prevailing Big Bang Model (BBM) of the Standard Cosmology. The performed analysis of BBM shows that the Four Pillars of the Standard Cosmology are model-dependent and not strong enough to support the model. The angular momentum problem is one of the most critical problems in BBM. Standard Cosmology cannot explain how Galaxies and Extra Solar systems obtained their enormous orbital and rotational angular momenta. WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[21] viXra:2012.0151 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-21 09:26:44
Authors: Valentin Malinov
Comments: 14 Pages.
Why scientists stating that the Theory of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics they are not compatible, and one of them probably is wrong?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[20] viXra:2012.0144 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-19 19:38:48
Authors: Jesus Delso Lapuerta
Comments: 4 Pages.
Einstein's general relativity is a theory of the nature of time, space and gravity in which gravity is a curvature of space and time that results from the presence of matter or energy. Spacetime curvature caused by an inhomogeneous distribution of matter unveiled by a discontinuous pattern of fringes instead of the expected continuous pattern
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[19] viXra:2012.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-19 11:48:14
Authors: Ali Yousif Hassan Edriss
Comments: 50 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
The universe consists of an empty space in which light travels in straight lines and bends when there is energy, which is represented in masses. The universe consists of six dimensions, four of them are objects and tangibles, which is what relativity has proven and two of them cannot be seen or felt, which is what quantum theory has proven. The universe is the speed of light in a vacuum. Then came quantum mechanics and proved this matter through its theory of quantum entanglement. The reason why we do not see these additional dimensions is that they fall within the prohibited areas imposed by the quantum world, and in which we can not know the details of the events entered into except with some general, but not detailed. And praise be to God, I have developed a mathematical method for knowing and predicting events within these regions, and this method is by using algorithms and exponential functions. Perhaps God Almighty created these tools so that we can get closer to him and draw closer to him and his creativity, and we must know that quantum mechanics is not specific to the microscopic or subatomic world. Not only but the visual world, even and this in the case of very high fields, as we shall see. This book revolves around the hypothesis of the existence of other dimensions and the first person discovered was the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace. These dimensions are completely within the scope of the quantum world and are distinguished by having a gravitational field or any very high field, which led to the emergence of this quantum property. When moving within these dimensions, the body will experience very high speeds that exceed the speed of light in the four-dimensional billions of stages. This is not a violation of the relativity theory, because what we deal with is more than four dimensions. The first person to discover these dimensions was the Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, as I mentioned, and he described his biography in these dimensions in an impressive way.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[18] viXra:2012.0132 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-18 04:55:51
Authors: S. Opoku-Inkum
Comments: 6 Pages.
Presented here is a theory in theoretical physics that describes a cosmic gravitational force and how it manifests differently across different manifolds. This theory describes the cosmos to exist in levels of manifolds, each having degrees of freedom in a specific number of dimensions, which makes the cosmic force have deviant properties per each manifold. In support of this concept, a modified version of the Einstein Field Equations (EFE) is given to aid in description of the manifolds and to show the relationships and trends across the manifolds.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[17] viXra:2012.0124 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-17 12:55:45
Authors: Muhammed Omar Badr
Comments: 1 Page.
The formula e=mc² is maybe the most famous formula of the world. The Planck units are the fundamental units of Physics. The speed of light is a fundamental constant in physics.
Is there a connection between them? And what could a connection between them tell us? The following paper shall answer this question.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16] viXra:2012.0109 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-14 09:18:09
Authors: A. Macleod
Comments: 153 Pages.
The problem of energy conservation in the universe is investigated both in the context of conventional cosmology and alternatives.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[15] viXra:2012.0101 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-09 14:43:36
Authors: Capt. Joseph H. Forrington
Comments: 25 Pages
A proof of the gravitational dynamics developed here-in is LIGO’S Sept. 14, 2015 detection of a “gravity wave”, and a proof of the nature of the evolving continuum is IBEX failing to find a shock wave at the edge of the heliopause and the “dead zone” discovered by Pioneer 1. This is a Time Dilation-based cosmology. The evolution of time is the primary, irresistible, force in the universe, as all events in space must evolve forward with time. This is the Fundamental Direction and Rate of Evolution, herein represented by Einstein’s Fundamental Metric, which is the basis of the tensors describing a null gravitational field. Fluctuations in the CMB are fluctuations in the rate of time. When a standing wave forms a dilation pit, we also see an irresistible Gravitational Direction and Rate of Evolution. Dilation creates a density at the faster end due to contraction to maintain c and an increase in energy and pressure due to an increase in frequency. Gravitational evolution translates the fundamental energy of time into kinetic energy. When the gravitational evolution impedes at the central focus of a spherical dilation pit, the kinetic energy is translated into thermal energy. The resultant of the FDE & GDE is the curvature in evolution we see as the spacetime/quantum continuum evolves forward. We have 2 event horizons we appear to evolve between where time appears to stop, “Limits of Relativity”. We apparently evolve toward the event horizon of the galactic MECO (“black hole”) and away from the outer, cosmic, horizon. The passage of proper time within our own inertial frames has an acceleration aspect of ~2.2686*10^-18 s/s that manifests the Hubble shift through time dilation in older frames and time appears to stop at ~13.9 Gly looking outwards. This acceleration eliminates singularities and infinite expansions when added to the time elements of Einstein’s field equations. Each galaxy can be considered a branching of the evolution of the universe. Both of these event horizons retreat when approached and the dilation gradient shifts, so if the 1 s/s limit is considered the edge of the universe, MECO’s are gateways to other universes without end. The proof that the ~2.2686*10^-18 s/s acceleration in the inertial frame exists is in the fact that life forms grow up, against the GDE (gravity). Galactic rotation velocities are explained. The origin of spacetime is explained. This model replaces LamdaCDM/Big Bang.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[14] viXra:2012.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-13 08:09:52
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 3 Pages.
The original Compton wavelength published by Arthur Compton [1] in 1923 was not full relativistic, but this has been extended to a full relativistic Compton wavelength by Haug [2]. This means also the standard Compton edge not is full relativistic, here we extend the Compton edge to be full relativistic.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[13] viXra:2012.0093 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-03 03:00:26
Authors: Jesus Delso Lapuerta
Comments: 4 Pages.
In four dimensions with the Minkowski metric the electromagnetic field tensor is defined as a differential 2-form F that constructs the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor as a combination of F and the Hodge dual of F, in Einstein field equations this role is played by the Weyl tensor C, the conformal tensor curvature is the only part of the curvature that exists in free space and governs the propagation of gravitational waves, so the conformal energy tensor can be defined as a combination of C and the Hodge dual of C
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[12] viXra:2012.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-11 16:17:35
Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 5 Pages. Thank you for reading
In the general relativity theory,we find Klein-Gordon wave function is in Robertson-Walker and Schwarzschild space-time.Specially , this article is that Klein-Gordon wave equation is treated by gauge fixing equations in Robertson Walker space-time and
Schwarzschild space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[11] viXra:2012.0078 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-04 20:08:41
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 43 Pages. 75 figures, 12 tables
In 1945 Albert Einstein wrote a letter about his thoughts to the correct foundation of a Universal Theory to the physicist & friend Ilse Rosenthal-Schneider. Einstein wrote that the true constants of a universal theory must be of a “rationell“-type, like Pi (π) & e, constants which are transparent constructions out of number 1, and which all have values based on the logical base of the complete theory. (chapter 1)
My mathematical discovery described in chapter 3.1, shows that all irrational square roots of the natural numbers and even constant Pi (π) can be expressed by only using the most irrational constant Phi (ϕ) and Number 1 as base units. I made this discovery with the help of an algebraic term found in Peter Danenhower’s study “Phase Spaces in Special Relativity : Towards eliminating gravitational singularities“
The base constants of a Universal Theory must be constant Phi (ϕ) and Number 1 !
Constant PhI (ϕ) seems to be the fundamental constant that defines the distribution of waves and “particles“ in the universe, and the base unit (number) 1 seems to represent a base energy/wave element. (chapter 3.3)
Direct after the Big-Bang only energy existed. Therfore the fundamental physical theory must be able to explain how matter formed out of “massless energy“. However this energy (“matter“) may not be distributed in a flat-space universe but instead in a universe with a structure that is similar to a spatial 3-hypersurface with a hyperbolic Poincare-Dodecahedral-Space (PDS)-structure.
The filament structure of our universe and the final image sequence of the EHT2017 project, which shows the structure of the M87 central black hole shadow, seem to confirm this ! The EHT2017-images seem to show a dodecahedral structure, indicated by 3 - 4 full-pentagonal rings and some half-pentagonal rings.
Based on the Platonic Solids and on constant ϕ, I also present a first concept of the Universal Theory and a new calculable model of the atomic nucleus. ( see chapter 3 to 3.4 , and my Study )
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[10] viXra:2012.0076 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-10 19:32:52
Authors: Volkmar Müller
Comments: 5 Pages.
The lower limit of cosmological expansion postulated by standard cosmology is called into question for both theoretical and observable reasons. The cosmological redshift is not interpreted here as a Doppler effect and numerical increase in distance, but as an expansion of the space-time scale. All objects dominated by gravity, including small objects such as the Earth, participate in cosmological expansion contrary to standard theory. We give a number of examples for the extreme, 18-digit accordance of expansion rates of different knowledge areas with the cosmological expansion rate. This accordance means that a common cause is almost inevitable. The space expands with its content while maintaining the numerical distance, radius, rotation time and density. The Earth therefore shows no expansion, but a scale drift with a drift rate of the size of the Hubble constant. This intrinsic drift apparently also applies to distant galaxies. The expansion of galaxies assumed here makes the assumption of dark matter superfluous. The continents and our usual everyday environment are not involved in the expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[9] viXra:2012.0070 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-30 22:34:13
Authors: Gene H. Barbee
Comments: 48 Pages. My email is genebarbee@msn.com.
The WMAP and PLANCK missions [3][5][17] measured and analyzed the Cosmic Background
Radiation. They published V/R=2.26e-18/sec for the current expansion rate and critical density
Rhoc= 9.2e-27 Kg/m^3. Using this density, the indicated composition of nature is about 5%
normal matter, 23% dark matter and 72% dark energy.
Insight is great (and why this is important to me). The WMAP team error is now clear. They
assumed that Cosmic Background Radiation temperature 2.725 K is scaled back to the equality
of mass density/photon mass density and decoupling. Shortly after the beginning neutrons and
protons fused to He4 and released energy. Much later stars released energy. Currently the CBR
temperature 2.725 K consists of 60% He4 energy and 40% star energy. But stars didn’t exist
during the equality period. This means that the temperature then was lower than the WMAP
assumption for each early expansion radius. The criteria for decoupling and equality are obeyed
but they occur earlier in time than the WMAP analysis. With earlier equality, the radius was
smaller when mass and photon density were equal. The mass associated with density is
consistent with protons only. Since the WMAP data was based on angles they could not discern
when the significant events occurred.
This paper compares two expansion analysis that agree with WMAP 9 year data [5]. Both are
based on the Hubble constant converted to kinetic energy. The first analysis replicates WMAP
data and explains why it requires a high critical density with only 5% baryons. The second
analysis is based on three sources of kinetic energy. This analysis is based on protons and there
is no missing matter or dark energy. This is detailed in Part 1 of this document.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[8] viXra:2012.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-07 19:50:08
Authors: Valentín Ibáñez Fernández
Comments: 219 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
The paper examines the unsubstantiated statements of the modern scientific community that the speed of light is a universal constant. At the same time, these statements are based on the work of A. Einstein's<< special theory of relativity >> and claim that this is an uncontested experimentally proven essence of nature, which has received irrefutable confirmation with the development of science and the results of experiments in electrodynamics and quantum mechanics.
A huge influence on these judgments left the work of Maxwell in electrodynamics. Maxwell left already at that time the theoretical views that the nature of electromagnetic waves is one with the nature of light waves and from here the idea of previous planetary studies advanced that the speed of light is constant. But Maxwell never dealt with the theory of the propagation of light waves inside inertial systems of motion and in his works emphasized that the medium in which the electromagnetic wave propagates is at rest and is material, as in the mechanics of continuous media on which his theory is based.
El artículo examina las afirmaciones no fundamentadas de la comunidad científica moderna de que la velocidad de la luz es una constante universal. Al mismo tiempo, estas afirmaciones se basan en el trabajo de la relatividad especial de A. Einstein y afirman que esta es una esencia probada experimentalmente no cuestionable de la naturaleza, que recibió una confirmación irrefutable con el desarrollo de la ciencia y los resultados de los experimentos obtenidos en electrodinámica y mecánica cuántica.
Una gran influencia en estos juicios dejó el trabajo de Maxwell en electrodinámica. Maxwell dejó ya en ese momento, las opiniones teóricas de que la naturaleza de la onda electromagnética, es de la naturaleza de las ondas dela luz y desde aquí ha avanzado la idea de estudios planetarios anteriores que la velocidad de la luz es constante. Pero Maxwell nunca se dedicó a la teoría de la propagación de ondas de luz dentro de los sistemas de movimiento inercial y en sus obras enfatizó que el medio en el que se propaga la onda electromagnética está en reposo y es material, como en la mecánica de medios sólidos sobre la cual se basa su teoría.
Аннотация.
В статье рассматривается не обоснованные утверждения современной научной общественности, что скорость света, есть универсальная постоянная. При этом, эти утверждения опираются на работу специальная теория относительности А. Эйнштейна и утверждают, что это не оспоримая экспериментально доказанная сущность природы, получившая неопровержимое подтверждение с развитием науки и результатов полученных экспериментов в электродинамике и квантовой механике.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[7] viXra:2012.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-05 12:50:05
Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 21 Pages.
Previous studies have shown that the time dilation of a process (e.g., a ticking clock) is caused by the velocity of the process relative to a medium that supports the propagation of nature’s force particles. Proper operation of the Global Positioning System requires that the Earth and this medium move in concert about the Sun and about the galactic center. Absent this concerted motion there would be a cyclic variation in the time dilation of the GPS satellite clocks, a variation that is not observed. We examine two models of gravity to determine which supports the concerted motion of the medium, the Sun and the Earth. We find that only one of the two models supports this concerted motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[6] viXra:2012.0024 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-06 09:17:23
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 11 Pages.
Here we show that the Titius-Bode (TB) law is a characteristic feature of the surroundings of various types of black holes. Only a star that is a remnant of a black hole may be surrounded by rings (or planets) whose radii (or semi-major axes) are defined by TB law. We explained the origin of Neptune and other massive planets, Kuiper belt and Oort cloud. We also described mathematically the 11-year sunspot cycle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[5] viXra:2012.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-04 07:19:19
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 4 Pages.
Here we show that the rotation of the CMB linear polarization is the result of the electromagnetic interaction of photons with the rotating electric charges of electrons.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2012.0017 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-04 08:42:53
Authors: Jianping Mao
Comments: 11 Pages. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2021.3.1.51
A hypothesis is that in cosmic background, primordial photon lattice where emerges a way to empirical mass conservation, a photon was disturbed to create a spin then lead to its neighbors one by one raining -- microwave background radiation -- into this a small ripple, which poles apart spin directions pointing to a world was made of matter or antimatter. Now cosmos looks like a bigger and bigger hole in photon lattice that can serve as an isotropic gravity reference system seemingly influencing on everything. As a result, virtual inertia will become more real.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3] viXra:2012.0006 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-19 23:56:47
Authors: Ninh Khac Son
Comments: 62 Pages.
Time is a complex category not only in philosophy but also in mathematics and physics. In one thought about time, the author accidentally discovered a new way to explain and solve problems related to time dilation, such as solving the problem of Muon particle when moving from a height of 10 km to the earth’s surface, while the Muon’s lifespan is only 2.2 microseconds, or explaining Michelson-Morley experiment using the new method.
In addition, the author also prove that the speed of light in vacuum is the maximum speed in the universe, and discovered the red shift effect while there is no increase in distance between objects. To do this, the author has built two axioms based on the discontinuity in the motion of the object and draw two consequences along with the law of conservation of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[2] viXra:2012.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-02 09:26:53
Authors: Ilgaitis Prūsis, Peteris Prūsis
Comments: 5 Pages. 5 figures
If there are two observers, then each of them can be considered at rest and everyone else is moving. Both observations individually correspond exactly to the Theory of Relativity, but comparison of their observations is mutually exclusive. This contradiction can only be resolved on the assumption that both observations are apparent, an illusion. The real values are at the rest frame. The TR allow from observations calculate real (rest) values.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[1] viXra:2012.0001 [pdf] replaced on 2026-02-16 17:55:01
Authors: Friedrich-Karl Boese
Comments: 16 Pages.
The paper proves that General Relativity (GR) is not needed to explain the effects mentioned in the title. It will be shown that Newton’s laws are sufficient if the influence of the far distant masses of the universe is included into the calculation, i.e., if Mach’s principle is truly obeyed. The quantitative result with the perihelion shift of Mercury is very close to that of the GR, whereas there is a small, but possibly measurable, difference in the size of the event horizon of static black holes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
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