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[53] viXra:2008.0219 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-17 13:50:22
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 4 Pages.
Here we show that the Hubble tension, i.e. the two different values of the Hubble constant for the early Universe (about 68)and near Universe (about 74), is the result of a step change in the value of the density parameter for the part of baryonic matter that due to the weak force interacts with dark matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[52] viXra:2008.0211 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-28 20:21:14
Authors: Genrih Leonidovich Arutyunov
Comments: 6 Pages.
Einstein's proof is based on unreal virtual time, which is used to translate the clock hands when synchronizing the clock.(language Russian )
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[51] viXra:2008.0210 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-17 20:26:11
Authors: A. Bennun, N. Ledesma
Comments: 10 Pages. 4 figures
The Big-Bang may have started from a single Planck particle, the maximum density of energy that is equivalent to a mini-black hole. The concept of an initial locus of the universe, allows predicting that in the bases of the fundamental constants, pre-horizon energy would undergo quantification and this would shape as a black body emission spectrum. This conform a sequential quanta-compounding mechanisms that plays the role of the horizon, for the emerged quantum structure energy-space-time, within the self-contained universe. The incorporation and quantification of the energy, during inflation by the joint or coupled: Cooperative interactions of Planck quanta-compounding and parametric down-conversion (PDC) interact to function cooperatively. Since the mechanism proposes, that along the cosmos radius integration of the radius of new photons determine inflationary velocity, the velocity of light is never exceed at any one point. However, it does predicts the exponential increase of the volume of the inflationary universe and the changing of energy density by a mechanism of photon spectrum-elongation and increase in the constitutive photon number, until arriving at the present CMB values. The newly form photons emerge distributed uniformly along the universe as a function of time and would be observable after galactic formation as a recessionary force, not subject of gravitation. The horizon role of recession velocity could be predicted, from the fact that if the Hubble’s constant 72 Km/s/Mpc multiplied by the total number Mpc in the universe radius (4134 Mpc) equals the velocity of light. The detection from all the space directions of the image of last dispersion (LD) may correspond with a holographic image reproduction. This is so, because holography allows obtaining multiple images of same event but at lower resolution, when a single photographic plate is divided. This effect, could be obtained because the same image becomes reproduced 1000 times, when the number of CMB photons increases by this number from the LD period to the present. Uniform amplification and dispersion of LD images becomes associated to the increase of the universe volume by 10^12 during this time, which the resultant loss of resolution. The expansion dominated by radiation can be modeled by its spectrum according to Planck’s law. The relative amount of the CMB photon population, its frequency v, and energy hv in a thermal radiation of temperature T, by unit of volume, were correlated by the Planck integral function.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[50] viXra:2008.0209 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-17 20:35:05
Authors: A. Bennun, N. Ledesma
Comments: 6 Pages. 1 figure
The predominance of matter over antimatter, leads to develop an alternative conjecture, which does not violate the primordial symmetry of particle-antiparticle pairs, resulting in annihilation. To be able to predict a phenomenon that could generate a greater number of particles over antiparticles, we resorted to a mechanism capable to transfer out of the system, the antimatter characteristics. The mass’s action law indicates that if a reactant or product escapes the reaction mixture, is left without any action over the equilibrium. For example, gas emission, precipitate formation, etc. Hence, if annihilation is not completed during inflation, the reactions in the quark-gluon plasma, would allow that the generated neutrinos and antineutrinos, would be able to elude annihilation and transfer the antimatter characteristics out of the system. It was assumed that neutrinos and antineutrinos becomes “transparent” or escape at a greater decoupling temperature than 1 MeV. The antineutrinos preserve the antimatter characteristics, because of the near null interaction with other particles. Therefore, becomes isolate from the matter system. Hence, there is not initial violation of CP symmetry (charge and reflect-on parity). The problems to detect neutrinos or antineutrinos, explain the non-observation of antimatter and the failure to be exposed to very large quantities of lethal gamma radiation, the product of annihilation. These leptons, along the cosmic chronology, remain without interaction and the reactions irreversibility become determinant of the time arrow. In a primordial open system, trough the separation of pathways, reactions could be thermodynamically structured to avoid conservation of symmetric interactions, and function to maintain the arrow of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[49] viXra:2008.0208 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-25 11:36:06
Authors: A. Bennun, N. Ledesma
Comments: 7 Pages.
The universe in expansion and with flat curvature requires to fits the cosmological parameters, like critical energy density. This is generated from the relation of kinetic versus gravity, and has been postulated within the great scale context of a homogenous distribution of matter. The dark energy at 70% contribution to density is one of the solutions proposed to compensate the observable density, and theoretical preserve a flat geometry for the universe. However, the universe geometry of the universe shows a heterogeneous distribution of matter-energy, which would turn the finding of iterative geometrical parameters a complex task to achieve. The present work studies the chronology lapse, from the Era of Last Dispersion to the present, and is centered in the evolution of voids as a function of temperature. The latter, parameter gives a homogenous character to the space-time. Thus, De Broglie’s wavelength relationship to emission temperature, dimensions quantum properties like radiation pressure and zero point energy. Dark energy has not been described physically. Therefore, we treated the emergence of the Zero Point Energy, as the one which could be implicated in the re-acceleration of expansion. Using a superior limit, for the ZPE of 10% of the critic density and a universe density of 40%, the resulting calculation predicts re-acceleration at 4400 million years after the Big Bang. The accumulation of ZPE depends of the volume-voids evolution of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) system. The chronology increase in volume of voids exerts a pressure that would reinforce the local gravity of filaments attraction of cold and hot matter. The formation of cumulus and super-cumulus, when draining voids of particles, favors and reinforces the joint action of ZPE-CMB distending the space. Thus, the adiabatic CMB-system allows formulating parameters of temperature-density and redshift, in relation to ZPE time-dependent accumulation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[48] viXra:2008.0205 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-28 08:19:13
Authors: Genrih Leonidovich Arutyunov
Comments: 2 Pages.
Einstein's proof of gravitational time dilation is [false] based on virtual time ([text is in] Russian).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[47] viXra:2008.0187 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-25 10:50:52
Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 18 Pages.
The discovery of the Cosmological Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) in 1964 was decisive in determining that the Big Bang Theory (BBT) is the acceptable cosmological model over its rival, the Steady State Model. However, the CMBR can be explained with such notions as the escape velocity, Einstein’s Equivalence Principle and some probability considerations. There is no need of a cosmological model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[46] viXra:2008.0186 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-24 20:54:29
Authors: Valery Timin
Comments: 68 Pages. timinva@yandex.ru, in Russian
Doing this work, I proceed from the paradigm of the lifetime of a wave object proportional to the "wave interval" of its life path. The concept of "wave interval" corresponds to the fact that each object has its own scalar time (life?), which does not correspond to the coordinate "time", and it is proportional to the change in the accompanying frame of reference invariant phase of the wave field and the invariant, phase–independent, metric scalar "interval". This does not mean that the object itself is a wave object, but it is allowed. And this all means that the moving object "lives" longer, because the speed of the wave time of its "life" slows down.
The purpose of this work is to analyze different types of space – time (ST) with the so–called correspondence of their metrics to the "interval" metric of the "continuous" absolute reference system environment. The analysis is based on the selection of a certain "reference" wave device–a resonator, which is used to create standards for the length and time of the SP, and changes in its metric properties when the state of motion changes from these selected standards.
The ultimate associated goal is to convert ST for Tangherlini and special relativity A.Einstein based on the properties of the selected wave standard.
The main conclusion: no matter what transformations of the ST are used, it is important that in any coordinate system there is a metric tensor "interval" responsible for the metric properties of the ST.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[45] viXra:2008.0178 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-23 20:14:17
Authors: Gene H. Barbee
Comments: 27 Pages. Please contact me at genebarbee@msn.com
New observations indicate that stars and star clusters form earlier than previously thought.
WMAP reported that re-ionization occurred at expansion ratio Z=20. This is 138 million years
after the beginning. There are observations of stars after 200 million at Z=8. It is also observed that massive black holes form early. This raises questions regarding how structure forms.
The author has been developing a model of the proton and applying it to cosmology. The model
contains energy values that define time and space. It also defines the Newtonian constant G and
initial expansion kinetic energy. These features form the basis of a cosmology expansion model
previously reported.
This paper indicates how the model treats accumulation of mass in stars, galaxies and clusters. It
also calculates the Hubble constant and uses observations to verify an expansion model that
includes the number of stars. Based on this model there is no dark matter, nor dark energy. Star
densification and fusion initiation explain why we observe stars at about Z=8, although mass
accumulation starts earlier.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[44] viXra:2008.0171 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-29 21:20:06
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 4 Pages.
This article discusses the effect of the possible changes in the gravitational constant on the precession of Mercury's perihelion. The analysis results show that based on the current more accurate theoretical calculations of relativity, if the correction of the change of the gravitational constant is added, the theoretical calculation results can be improved to a certain extent to make them consistent with the observation results.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43] viXra:2008.0169 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-22 19:18:51
Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich
Comments: 11 Pages.
Using the particle-wave dualism of microparticles, it is strictly shown that the Universe has a limiting speed of movement of elementary particles, which is equal to the speed of light in vacuum. Since all material bodies are composed of microparticles, therefore, no object in the Universe can move faster than the speed of light. Further, using the limit of the speed of light in the Universe, the photometric and gravitational paradoxes are explained (Olbers' and Bentley's paradoxes).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[42] viXra:2008.0164 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-06 10:06:52
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 23 Pages.
This is my earliest paper analyzing the influence of spacetime structure changes on the gravitational constant. In the process of establishing the model, some calculation errors were found, so the model was changed and several papers on the influence of Jupiter on the measurement of the gravitational constant were published a few days ago. Now it seems that the new model that was subsequently established actually has serious problems, so now I try to change back to the original model for analysis. Although the two models are very different, they can obtain basically the same results in analyzing the influence of Jupiter on the gravitational constant. This article believes that the accumulation of electrostatic energy in matter is the basic origin of spacetime. Since the distribution of electrostatic energy produced by matter is very wide, for a matter of a large mass like a star, the accumulated electrostatic energy distribution can reach a range of one or two light-years, which is very huge relative to the mass distribution of stars. However, due to the motion of some huge planets, such as Jupiter, the electrostatic energy distribution structure of galaxies like the entire solar system, that is, the spacetime structure, will change. This change in the spacetime structure will result in the changes of the gravitational constant measured on the earth. In addition, due to the elliptical orbit of the earth, the earth appears at different positions in the spacetime structure, which brings greater uncertainty to the measurement of the gravitational constant on the earth. The analysis results of this paper show that the change of the gravitational constant caused by the change of the spacetime structure can explain the large error of the measurement result of the gravitational constant to a certain extent.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[41] viXra:2008.0162 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-02 20:23:27
Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 4 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture.
David Hilbert derived a different metric for the same manifold described by Schwarzschild's metric.
The geodesic in Hilbert's manifold is a curve in Newton's manifold with radial acceleration similar to Newton's
gravity. The similarity exists only if time is excluded from Hilbert's metric of Schwarzschild manifold.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[40] viXra:2008.0160 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-21 11:36:32
Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 5 Pages.
The concept of matter-antimatter repulsion (MAR) [1] suggest that the evolution of the cosmos consists of an ongoing process of phase separation of matter and antimatter leading to ever-growing clusters of each type. To illustrate this process we have devised a lattice model in which densities of the two species are located at the points of a cubic lattice. The results are presented in two videos that show the time-evolution of the model. Final states are reasonably comparable with galaxy distributions in the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[39] viXra:2008.0157 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-21 10:58:23
Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 4 Pages. 1 figure
Analysis, that introduces from relativity theory, originals relationships between radiation energy and its space coordinate. The latter, even for spontaneous process, shows changes of such magnitude, which could be correlated with the duality configuration photon-wavelength. Parametric up-conversion, in which two photons generate one of half wavelength, may allow Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) photons to shrink within their locus space-time configuration (Casimir Effect). CMB Parametric up- and down-conversion could allow CMB wavelength fluctuations in vacuum. These, could be difficult to detect because may occur within the range of its black body spectra (between 5×10^-1 cm. to 2×10^-1 cm.). The relic CMB photons, by number (411 cm 3 ), and by their very low energy (2.71 K), means a large space-time dimension may be, therefore, not only dimensioning the vacuum, but also generating its fluctuations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[38] viXra:2008.0156 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-21 11:12:02
Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 9 Pages. 4 figures
The results of a simulation by parametric down-conversion (PDC) fitted observational evidence. This data was plotted in relationship to the radius of the universe in Mpc multiplied by Hubble’s constant (H_0), characterizing expansion as subject to velocity of light (c), functioning as a relativistic causality horizon. PDC allowed describing expansion as a function of the observable increment of photon number. This one multiplied by the increment of the quantum dimensional locus (Compton-volume) equals the increment of the universe volume. The nature and frequency of primordial energy differ by much that of its residual cosmic microwave background (CMB), but the simulation concerns only to relate their frequency by a mathematical treatment, and hereby both may be refer indistinctly. The following theoretical treatment, of the proposed quantum and relativistic parameters, were amalgamated into a single equation and verify by simulation. The plotting of the dimensions of radius of the Universe and the radius of CMB-photon vs time of the Universe and time of localization shows that all this parameters must increment simultaneously, in order to preserve the constants. A sequential cascade of PDC-cycles which by generating photons of lower
and lowers energy, could maintain “a continuum of decreasing dissipative potential”. Hence, because the product from a preceding PDC-cycle becomes the substrate for a subsequent one, accumulation of product is prevented, as if were open thermodynamic systems. This state of the system, without any considerable reversibility, would endure until near extinction of the energy of CMB. The continuum of lambda-CMB and
its time of localization continuously generate entropy at the level of increment of photons and Compton-volume structuring the arrow of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[37] viXra:2008.0155 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-17 20:14:24
Authors: A. Bennun, N. Ledesma
Comments: 7 Pages. 5 figures
Simulations relating the Big-Bang-chronology to primordial quanta incrementing in number and elongating into CMB, suggested a quantum dependent-expansion based in parametric down-conversion (PDC). The PDC-dependent increase in the number of photons, by uniformly emerging and aggregating, when measure along the cosmos radius, yields per Mpc the Hubble’s constant value. Seeking to elucidate the correspondence between quantum-microscopic and macroscopic scalar-levels, their interaction was idealized by assuming that a quantum of space-time could be represented as an adiabatic Schrödinger’s box. Conjugation of the time-independent equation allowed a 3D-visual description of the intra- or inter-relationship between energy and space for a PDC-turnover. A chain of PDC turnover events, by conforming steps of lower and lower dissipative potential, operate a quasi-open thermodynamic system. Hence, allowing that at each of the sequence of PDC turnovers, the product, two photons of twice wavelength, do not accumulate, because in turn these become substrates for subsequent turnovers. The schematic representation of this process in a Schrödinger’s box, allowed predicting a photon-division transition as a two-peak wave. To analyze a theoretical bridge between gravitational independent sequences of PDC process, that by incrementing photon number and by their self-dimensioning expansion shows best-fit with the data obtain by astronomical observation. It is widely accepted that the increment in the universe volume could be related to the energy axis from Planck limit to present CMB. This has been idealized as a dissipative potential, of frequency decreasing in function of expanding Schrödinger’s boxes. This could become integrated as a dissipative potential, conforming a continuum of decreasing frequency density.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[36] viXra:2008.0145 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-19 20:30:03
Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 1 Page.
One Electron Volt x 0.09 = 1.782 x 0.09 = ((4 x 4 x 100) +4)) x 10^- 40Kg - an easily remembered formula
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[35] viXra:2008.0140 [pdf] replaced on 2022-03-16 06:16:43
Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 35 Pages.
This work is based on the model published in viXra:1310.0189. Because the CMBR follows the PLANCK's radiation rule more or less exactly, it should, because of the indistinguishability of individual photons, apply to a whatever black emitter. Therefrom arises the guess, that the existence of an upper cut-off frequency of the vacuum could be the cause for the decrease in the upper frequency range. Since the lower-frequent share of the curve correlates with the frequency response of an oscillating circuit with the Q-factor 1/2, it is examined, whether it succeeds to approximate the Planck curve by multiplication of the initial curve with the dynamic, time-dependent frequency response of the above mentioned model. Reason of the time-dependence is the expansion of the universe.
This version considers the correction of a calculating error in viXra:1310.0189, effecting the frequency- and phase-response as well as the phase- and group delay. Furthermore, an updated value of H0 is used, based on the electron mass specified in viXra:2201.0122. Deutsche Version verfügbar in viXra:2008.0139.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[34] viXra:2008.0139 [pdf] replaced on 2022-03-16 06:14:35
Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 35 Pages. German version
Diese Arbeit basiert auf dem in viXra:1906.0321 veröffentlichten Modell. Da die kosmologische Hintergrundstrahlung mehr oder weniger exakt der PLANCKschen Strahlungsformel gehorcht, muss dies aufgrund der Ununterscheidbarkeit einzelner Photonen fuer jeden beliebigen schwarzen Strahler gelten. Daraus ergibt sich die Vermutung, dass der Abfall im oberen Frequenzbereich Ursache der Existenz einer oberen Grenzfrequenz des Vakuums sein koennte. Da der niederfrequente Teil der Kurve dem Frequenzgang eines Schwingkreises mit der Guete 1/2 entspricht, wird untersucht, ob es gelingt, durch Multiplikation dieser Ausgangskurve mit dem dynamischen, zeitabhaengigen Frequenzgang o.g. Modells, die Plancksche Kurve zu approximieren. Ursache der Zeitabhaengigkeit ist die Expansion des Universums.
Diese Version berücksichtigt die Korrektur eines Rechenfehlers in viXra:1906.0321, der Auswirkungen auf den Frequenz- und Phasengang sowie die Phasen- und Gruppenlaufzeit hat. Weiterhin kommt ein aktualisierter Wert von H0, basierend auf der Elektronenmasse, berechnet in viXra:2201.0121 zur Anwendung. English version available in viXra:2008.0140.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[33] viXra:2008.0129 [pdf] replaced on 2023-03-10 02:05:20
Authors: Chan Rasjid Kah Chew
Comments: 10 Pages.
Isaac Newton was a genius. His greatest achievement was undoubtedly his discovery of the laws of motion and the universal law of gravitation. They are as if "gifts of God" concerning the laws of the natural world, laws that are universal and valid for all times. Any attempt to provide alternatives to such laws could only end in failure.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[32] viXra:2008.0128 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-16 16:38:55
Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 31 Pages.
In this paper, it will be shown a generalization of the series of the exponential function using non-integer and negative exponents for the correspondent polynomial such as:e^x=⋯-Γ(7/2)/π x^(-7/2)+Γ(5/2)/π x^(-5/2)-Γ(3/2)/π x^(-3/2)+Γ(1/2)/π x^(-1/2)+1/Γ(3/2) x^(1/2)+1/Γ(5/2) x^(3/2)+1/Γ(7/2) x^(5/2)+⋯Being Γ(z) the gamma function. The series with negative exponents seems to diverge. But it will be demonstrated that they can be calculated using the following integral. This integral converges and therefore, it can be solved, leading for the exact result for the exponential function.e^x=x^(-1/2)/π ∫_0^∞〖(t^(-1/2) e^(-t))/(1+t/x) dt〗+1/Γ(3/2) x^(1/2)+1/Γ(5/2) x^(3/2)+1/Γ(7/2) x^(5/2)+⋯A generalization with complex exponents for the series will be shown in the paper.The Newton binomial theorem is also generalized this way (being w a free complex parameter):(m+1)^s=∑_(k=-∞@k=integer)^∞〖m^(k+w) Γ(s+1)/Γ(k+w+1)Γ(s-k-w+1) ==⋯+m^(-2+w) Γ(s+1)/Γ(-1+w)Γ(s+3-w) +m^(-1+w) Γ(s+1)/Γ(w)Γ(s+2-w) 〗+m^w Γ(s+1)/Γ(w+1)Γ(s+1-w) +m^(1+w) Γ(s+1)/Γ(w+2)Γ(s-w) +m^(2+w) Γ(s+1)/Γ(w+3)Γ(s-1-w) +⋯.It will be also shown that there are infinite solutions for the fractional derivative of a constant. But the only one that at the same time keeps the derivative of the exponential function being itself again, is the following:(d^(1/2) C)/(dx^(1/2) )=C/π ∫_0^∞〖(t^(-1/2) e^(-t) x^(-1/2))/(1+t/x) dt〗Again, a generalization for fractional derivatives of zth grade (being z a general complex number) of a constant will be shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[31] viXra:2008.0127 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-17 20:02:14
Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 8 Pages.
In MHCE8S theory the stable isotopes are of special interest. Data from Wikipedia. 1st doubling is for sulfur. 3rd doubling is for calcium. Both are essential in forming the human body.In addition, we have a signal in the fact that 50 tin -28 nickel =22, whereas undoubled stable isotope data indicate 21. Also 82 lead -50 tin = 32. In this case however, the data also show undoubled stable isotopes = 32, as expected.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[30] viXra:2008.0121 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-16 20:38:20
Authors: Vladimir Leonov
Comments: 20 Figures, Russian. – 1. Leonov V. S. Quantum Energetics. Volume 1. Theory of Superunification. Cambridge International Science Publishing, 2010, 745 pages. 2. V.S. Leonov. Quantum Energetics: Theory of Superunification. Viva Books, India, 2011
It is shown that the birth mass of an elementary particle is a result of spherical deformation of the quantized space-time based on the concept of gravity of the curved four-dimensional space-time of Einstein. Theorists mistakenly believe that Einstein's theory of gravity does not fit into the Standard Model (SM). It is shown that on the contrary the SM does not fit into the Einstein's theory of gravity. Higgs boson is contradicts the concept of curved space-time as the basis of gravity. Therefore, Higgs boson is cannot carry the mass of an elementary particle. Mechanism for the generation of mass of an elementary particle discussed in detail in the theory of Superunification.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[29] viXra:2008.0119 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-03 22:08:25
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 4 Pages.
Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. To be consistent with this Fundamental Law, WUM discusses in detail the Beginning of the World. The Model introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.4 billion years) and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.8 billion years). Big Bang discussed in Standard Cosmology is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning Dark Matter (DM) Supercluster’s Cores and self-annihilation of Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). WUM envisions Matter carried from the Universe into the World from the fourth spatial dimension by DMPs. Luminous Matter is a byproduct of DM self-annihilation. WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems – how do they obtain it; Fermi Bubbles – two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center; Mysterious Star KIC 8462852 with irregular dimmings; Coronal Heating problem in solar physics – temperature of Sun's corona exceeding that of photosphere by millions of degrees; Cores of Sun and Earth rotating faster than their surfaces; Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded Objects in Solar system and their Internal Heat; Lightning Initiation problem – electric fields observed inside thunderstorms are not sufficient to initiate sparks; Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes – bursts of high energy X-rays and gamma rays emanating from Earth. Model solves Missing Baryon problem related to the fact that the observed amount of baryonic matter did not match theoretical predictions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements. In 2013, Model predicted the values of the following Cosmological parameters: gravitational, concentration of Intergalactic plasma, relative energy density of protons in the Medium, and the minimum energy of photons, which were experimentally confirmed in 2015 – 2018. The Narrative consists of four Parts: World-Universe Black-Hole Model; 5D World-Universe Model; Hypersphere World-Universe Model; Hypersphere World-Universe Model. New Physics (See Parts I, II, III, and IV on viXra).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[28] viXra:2008.0118 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-15 22:33:18
Authors: Kenichi Takayama
Comments: 2 Pages.
Since the beginning of human history, the way of thinking about time has changed with the times. Various concepts of time existed for a time according to religions and philosophies, but in the late 17th century, Sir Isaac Newton's (1643-1727) concept of "absolute space and time" spread. Later, special relativity proposed by Albert Einstein (1879-1955) at the beginning of the 20th century made it clear that this was not the case. However, if one process is added after the paradox that is emerging in special relativity, we get a result that indicates the existence of absolute time. Therefore, I present the need to rethink the concept of "time" again.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[27] viXra:2008.0106 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-15 09:53:54
Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 2 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture.
The length of a rod in motion may be different from the length of another identical rod at rest.
The difference in length between two rods is independent of the direction of the motion of the moving rod.
The isotropic symmetry demands that the difference in length is conserved in any direction.
All moving rods are of identical length as long as the speed of motion is identical.
The center of two rods in anti-parallel motion will coincide. The ends will also coincide.
Such end-to-end match exists in all reference frames. The length of a rod is independent of reference frame and motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[26] viXra:2008.0101 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-14 20:03:59
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 16 Pages. 1 Figure; Including a Chinese Version
This article attempts to use mathematical methods to solve the influence of the change of space-time structure on the gravitational constant. After adopting a purely mathematical method, it means that if there is a problem with the conclusion, you only need to find the reason in the axiom system proposed in this article. This can make the discussion of the problem more concise.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[25] viXra:2008.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-14 20:23:00
Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 18 Pages. special relativity, Doppler effect, absolute motion, time dilation, length contraction
The special relativity theory is a very successful and popular theory that can explain many relativistic phenomena. However, the inconsistencies in some of the detail of the theory are largely ignored by physicists. This paper examines the issues in the theory and finds that they are not solvable within the current framework of the theory. In order to overcome these inconsistencies, the paper calls for a new theory to update or replace the current special relativity theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[24] viXra:2008.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-14 20:25:28
Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 8 Pages.
It is generally held that Lorentz transformation is superior to Galilean
transformation. However, this paper reveals that the Lorentz’s application of both transformations to derive the electromagnetic wave equation
for two inertial reference frames is logically flawed. This logical mistake
makes the superiority of Lorentz transformation questionable. The paper also demonstrates that both Lorentz and Galilean transformations
can generate standard equations for electromagnetic waves, while both
cannot keep the transformed Maxwell’s equations consistent. Since the
relativity theory is based on the belief that the Lorentz transformation
can keep physics law in the same form for different reference frames, the
findings of this paper have important implications: Either the relativity
theory is not one hundred percent correct or our understanding of the
theory needs updating in light of the new knowledge
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[23] viXra:2008.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-14 20:30:29
Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 21 Pages. photon density; relative mass; relativistic Doppler effect; mass energy equation
By linking photon density to relative mass, this paper presents an alternative to the special relativity theory. The new theory uses only a few intuitive assumptions and reveals the cause and mechanism for relativistic phenomena – the speed of the object alters the average density of the photons and thus changes the relative mass. With this mechanism, the photon density theory discards Lorentz transformation, length contraction and time dilation, and restores the separate universal space and time. Some predictions from the new theory are the same as those from the special relativity theory, such as the unmatchable speed of light, mass increasing with speed, the mass-energy equation, the high-order Doppler effect, and the equivalence of the inertial reference frames; however, the photon density theory suggests that the Doppler effect of light is also asymmetric and that the mass energy equation works only from mass to energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[22] viXra:2008.0093 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-14 20:34:19
Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 21 Pages. Photon matter interaction; special relativity; Fizeau experiment; Michelson-Morley experiment; Hoek experiment; Sagnac experiment
The postulate of constant speed of light for all reference frames is the foundation of relativity theories. The resultant time dilation and length contraction are generally accepted but still perplexing for most people. By re-examining the historical evidence, this paper confirms Einstein’s postulate and reveals the mechanism for the constant speed of light: the interaction between photons and matter can impart the speed of an inertial frame to the photons and thus result in the same speed of light for different inertial reference frames. This mechanism can consistently explain all major experiments on the constant speed of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[21] viXra:2008.0084 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-05 01:59:48
Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 38 Pages.
Centuries of experimental and theoretical investigations on the speed of light have shown that light does not behave consistently in the various experiments. In some experiments light appeared to behave according to classical ether theory, in other experiments it appeared to behave according to emission theory, and yet in other experiments according to neither theory. In some experiments the speed of light appeared to be constant and in other experiments it appeared to be variable. These confusions have also been expressed in other ways. Is it only the two-way speed or the one-way speed of light also that is constant (or not constant)? Does the speed of light depend on observer’s velocity? Does the speed of light depend on mirror velocity? In this paper, we propose and show that the constancy of the vacuum speed of light, regardless of source/observer/ mirror uniform or non-uniform motions, underlies all the apparent contradictions in the behavior of the speed of light. The fact that some experiments showed non-constancy of the speed of light is only apparent and the speed of light is fundamentally constant c in vacuum for all observers. According to the new theory, Apparent Source Theory (AST ), the speed of light is constant and absolute motion exists at the same time. AST reveals a new distinction that the ether doesn’t exist but absolute motion does exist. Albert Einstein correctly proposed the constancy of the speed of light. However, his interpretation of the light postulate, which is the relativity of space and time, is logically inconsistent and has been disproved experimentally. In this paper, we propose a new interpretation that the constancy of the speed of light points to an intelligent being, God, Who always adjusts the point in space and time where and when light is emitted and the velocity of the center of the wave fronts, so that the speed of light in vacuum is always constant c relative to all observers. In this paper, we show that absolute motion and constancy of the speed of light can co-exist.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[20] viXra:2008.0081 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-12 09:10:20
Authors: Oleg Avramenko
Comments: 2 Pages. in Russian
I consider the hypothesis that star-type black holes transform with the release of huge energy in the form of GRB and gravitational waves when a certain superdense state is reached.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[19] viXra:2008.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-12 05:28:58
Authors: Priyam Das; Nilakshi Senapati; Shayan Garai
Comments: 14 Pages. The paper is written as an individual work by me and my team. It is not an theses.
We have used the concept of De Broglie's matter wave associated with particles to derive a inverse square law of gravitation like the new-ton's law of gravitation at the plank's length with a slight modification. Obtaining the Newtonian form we have further extrapolated it to formulate Einstein's field equation, which generally is embedded with a slight modification.The Schwarzschild solution is calculated from the modified field equation, which gives us the Schwarzschild radius of a miniature black hole. Using the solution, the entropy and the hawking temperature is also modeled theoretically for the miniature black hole at the plank's order.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[18] viXra:2008.0072 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-14 07:58:48
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 8 Pages.
The power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) quantifies the distribution of relic radiation left over from the early Universe. As of today, CMB data acquired by Planck and WMAP satellites exhibit certain anomalies that challenge the standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM). The goal of this brief report is to sketch up an intriguing connection between CMB anomalies and self-organized criticality (SOC). Our proposal bypasses the interpretation of CMB anomalies based on Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[17] viXra:2008.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-10 12:13:49
Authors: Tim Moon
Comments: 10 Pages.
Current and widespread political unrest is leading to a critical reappraisal of the records of some of our celebrated historical figures. Even our own personal idols and heroes may prove to have had unexpected human weaknesses. Intellectually speaking, my lifelong idol is Albert Einstein. But recently, I’ve discovered he too displayed a significant flaw in intellectual terms. This essay explains how I found that his celebrated thought experiment about a train hit by lightning — the one which demonstrated we’re all deceived if we think the passage of time we call ‘now’ is simply a universal and objective fact — was itself highly deceptive. I show how his apparently scientific argument was actually specious. Not only that, it then becomes apparent that his famous postulates of Special Relativity really lead to a very different conclusion. I doubt very much that Einstein consciously intended to mislead us. Nevertheless he did, and what you might call a blot in an otherwise brilliant theoretical career should be recognised. Not in order to denigrate his huge contribution to science, but to put straight our record of the proper scientific inference from this particular thought experiment. The proper conclusion is that simultaneity is conserved when changing perspective.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16] viXra:2008.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-09 13:27:20
Authors: Christopher Pilot
Comments: 32 Pages.
We propose a model for gravity based on the gravitational polarization of space. With this model, we can relate the density parameters within the Friedmann model, and show that dark matter is bound mass formed from massive dipoles set up within the vacuum surrounding ordinary matter. Aggregate matter induces a gravitational field within the surrounding space, which reinforces the original field. Dark energy, on the other hand, is the energy density associated with gravitational fields both for ordinary matter, and bound, or induced dipole matter. At high CBR temperatures, the cosmic susceptibility, induced by ordinary matter vanishes, as it is a smeared or average value for the cosmos as a whole. Even though gravitational dipoles do exist, no large scale alignment or ordering is possible. Our model assumes that space, i.e., the vacuum, is filled with a vast assembly (sea) of positive and negative mass particles having Planck mass, called planckions, which is based on extensive work by Winterberg. These original particles form a very stiff two component superfluid, where positive and negative mass species neutralize one another already at the submicroscopic level, leading to zero net mass, zero net gravitational pressure, and zero net entropy, for the undisturbed medium. It is theorized that the gravitational dipoles form from such material positive and negative particles, and moreover, this causes an intrinsic polarization of the vacuum for the universe as a whole. We calculate that in the present epoch, the smeared or average susceptibility of the cosmos equals, (χ_0 ) ̅=.842, and the overall resulting polarization equals, (P_0 ) ̅=2.396 kg/m^2. Moreover, due to all the ordinary mass in the universe, made up of quarks and leptons, we calculate a net gravitational field having magnitude, (g^((0)) ) ̅=3.771 E-10 m/s^2. This smeared or average value permeates all of space, and can be deduced by any observer, irrespective of location within the universe. This net gravitational field is forced upon us by Gauss’s law, and although technically a surface gravitational field, it is argued that this surface, smeared value holds point for point in the observable universe. A complete theory of gravitational polarization is presented. In contrast to electrostatics, gravistatics leads to anti-screening of the original source field, increasing the original value, (g^((0)) ) ⃗, to, g ⃗= (g^((0)) ) ⃗+ (g^((1)) ) ⃗>(g^((0)) ) ⃗, where (g^((1)) ) ⃗ is the induced or polarized field. In the present epoch, this leads to a bound mass, M_B=(χ_0 ) ̅/(K_0 ) ̅ M_F=5.33〖 M〗_F , where 〖 M〗_F is the sum of all ordinary source matter in the universe, and (K_0 ) ̅ equals the relative permittivity. A new radius, and new mass, for the observable universe is dictated by the density parameters in Friedmann's equation, and Gauss’s law. These lead to the very precise values, R_0=3.215 E27 meters, and, M_F=5.834 E55 kg, respectively, somewhat larger than current less accurate estimates.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[15] viXra:2008.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-09 13:30:01
Authors: Christopher Pilot
Comments: 29 Pages.
Based on a model of Winterberg, where the vacuum is made up of a two component, positive and negative mass superfluid/ supersolid, we derive scaling laws for the polarization of space, i.e., the vacuum. Upon expansion of the universe, this vast assembly (sea) of positive, and negative mass planckions form a rigid, ether-like, medium, which at sufficiently low temperatures, can be polarized through gravitational alignment/ ordering of planckion mass dipoles. Two models for susceptibility of the vacuum as a function of the cosmic scale parameter, a , are presented. We also consider the possibility that Newton’s constant can scale, i.e., G^(-1)=G^(-1) (a), to form the most general scaling laws for polarization of the vacuum. The positive and negative mass of the planckion, is inextricably related to the value of, G, and as such, both are intrinsic properties of the vacuum. Scaling laws for the non-local, cosmic susceptibility, χ ̅ (a), the cosmic polarization, P ̅(a), the cosmic macroscopic gravitational field, g ̅(a), and the cosmic gravitational field mass density, (ρ_gg ) ̅ (a), are worked out, with specific examples. At the end of recombination, i.e., the era of last scattering, using the polarization to explain dark matter, and the gravitational field mass density to explain dark energy, we find that, (Ω_(rad,1) ,〖 Ω〗_(b,1 ),Ω_(c,1),Ω_(Λ,1))=(.37,.19,0,.44). While this is an unconventional assignment, differing from the ΛCDM model, we believe this is correct, and we give our reasons why. Among them is the fact that localized dark matter (LDM) contributions can be much higher in this epoch than smeared values for susceptibility. The above assignments are cosmic averages, and will not apply locally. We also evaluate the transition from ordinary matter dominance, to dark matter dominance, for the cosmos as a whole. We obtain for the transition points, z=1.66, for susceptibility model I, and, z=2.53, for susceptibility model II.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[14] viXra:2008.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 13:31:30
Authors: Berkouk Mohamed
Comments: 5 Pages.
Réconciliation des sciences dites exactes, comme la relativité .., avec le Coran , exemple la vitesse de la lumière et l'age de l'univers.
(Reconciliation of so-called exact sciences, such as relativity .., with the Koran, for example the speed of light and the age of the universe.)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[13] viXra:2008.0050 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 11:22:13
Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 10 Pages. 3 tables
It was assumed that primordial energy could be described as a wave function. A simulation using parametric down-conversion which increments the number of photons, but at a longer wavelength, allows to show a natural unfolding of the space-time. The process, from the Planck energy limit to the present Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB), could be described as a gradient or continuum. In this, the length of the primordial wave, the number of photons and the associated time double 107 times. Thus, allowing the natural surging of parameters for time and wavelength of localization which could be added to the usual time-energy or temperature axis. Cosmic volume grows naturally as a function of multiplying the continuous increments in volume of localization by that of photon number. The end of Inflation corresponds to the time of localization needed for the change of phase involved in scission of forces.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[12] viXra:2008.0049 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 11:29:57
Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 3 Pages. 2 figures
Parametric down-conversion (PDC) and parametric up-conversion (PUC) had been experimentally observed as spontaneous energy conservation processes. The first one could increase cosmic entropy by decreasing energy density. In a Casimir effect experiment could be calculated that the space between plates contracts, because PUC allows that from every two, low energy Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) photons could be created one of higher energy. This decrease in photon number and increase in photon energy density allow shrinking of the volume of CMB photon localization. This effect reduces initial volume to 6.25% per each pair of integrated photons. This process would be observable as a decrease of the space separating the parallel plates. The higher energy photons are generated from CMB-containing (constituted?) vacuum, and therefore, could be inconsistently attributed as coming out of nothingness an assumption reserved to virtual energy in accordance to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. CMB is subject to gravity, but its elongation by PDC is not. Accordingly, PDC present splitting CMB rate was evaluated as equivalent to that of the Hubble’s constant (H 0 ). PDC continuously generates new photons, the summa of their radius could be assumed to reach a length of about to 70 km per Mpc per second. This value, because the photons emerge uniformly into space, would add as the summa of the number of parsecs that separates two galaxies. Accordingly, multiplying the PDC equivalent to H 0 70 km/sec by a distance of about 4300 Mpc, the inter-galactic velocity of recession would approach that of the propagation of light in vacuum. However, the photon themselves are only expanding to expand CMB intergalactic vacuum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[11] viXra:2008.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 11:43:46
Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: Pages.
The premise of an earlier universe, dominated by radiation, lead to a simulation based in that a decrease in energy of primordial-quanta, eventually yielding matter and a residual Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) of 0.012% from total energy. Characterization of the latter, in terms of a continuum of energy-space-time quantum dimensioning dynamics, shows that a decrease in energy density of photons, with an increase in their relationship radius vs. time of localization equal to c. This relationship corresponds, with the increment of the cosmic space radius vs. universe time similarly conforming to c, the velocity of light. Parametric down-conversion (PDC), fits as energy conservation mechanism, which allows a continuous renewal of a dissipative potential, by splitting a photon into two of twice the original wavelength. The newly created photons emerge uniformly stretching-out space. Calculation shows that the number of emerging CMB-photons per second per Mpc when linearly aligned corresponds to the value of the Hubble constant (H_0). Recession velocity v=H_0xr as a function of the radius and time of the universe when r=r_U in Mpc units equals velocity of light over H_0 : r_U=c/H_0. Accordingly, the model could by denominated: Energy Space-TIme Relativistic Expansion (E.S.TI.R.E., Spanish) or S.T.R.E.T.CH.: Space-Time Relativistic Expansion Cosmological Hypothesis. PDC photon-splitting by magnification of the space-time locus of photons dominates over the scarce response of CMB to gravitational attraction. Moreover, since their mass in terms of the cosmos total mass is rather insignificant, the curvature of the cosmos could be regarded as CMB-independent near-independent mechanism. The plotting of the PDC continuum of CMB quanta elongation, when scaled vs. the expansionary universe volume, shows a straight line curve. This one represents a continuous thermodynamic-expansionary relationship, in which one photon entering into a PDC cycle, distributes its original energy over a space-time locus incremented 16 times. By analogy, this may be considered a thermodynamic prediction equivalent to “flat”, because any other numerical relationship, curves out of the observed relationship between increments in number of photons and volume of the universe. The particle and radiation roles, may be complementary because CMB would dimension vacuum and galactic recession, whereas the non-continuum quantum structure of matter, would be the dominant effect over the geometric configuration of the universe curvature. Hence, matter by its gravitational attraction, could overcome galactic recession by a uniform CMB-vacuum expansion, and would be driving galaxies into forming cumulus….(Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[10] viXra:2008.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 11:52:31
Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 2 Pages. 1 figure
The results of an empiric simulation by parametric down-conversion (PDC) fitted observational evidence. This data was plotted in relationship to the radius of the universe (r_U ) in Mpc multiplied by Hubble’s constant (H_0): H_0xr=v and when v=c, H_0=c/r_U=71 km/s/Mpc, the observed reported value. Hence, expansion was characterized as subject to c, functioning as a relativistic causality horizon, determining at all times the value of H 0 . In contraposition, it has been proposed that the universe may have expanded, to reach a radius of 4.5×10^9 light-years, within the widely accepted chronological age of 13.7×10^9 light-years. In the coordinates of the universe time versus cosmic radius, a plotting shows that the universe radius in light years corresponding to 1.3×10^28 cm = 4213.01 Mpc, yields the observable H_0: 71 km/s/Mpc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[9] viXra:2008.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 11:54:20
Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 1 Page.
Hawking entropy formula describes the entropy of a black hole. Here, I demonstrate that Hawking entropy’s relation with Boltzmann’s entropy. Both reflect the total numbers of the microstates. I also explain the entropy arrow, temperature arrow, and time arrow and their relationship.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[8] viXra:2008.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 00:05:59
Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 70 Pages. 24 figures
The inability to solve the dark energy/matter problem within the current paradigm has prompted many physicists to seek an answer in the nature of a vacuum. It has long been recognized that a vacuum is not empty; rather, according to the quantum hypothesis, a vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations. However, this approach has not resolved the dark energy/matter problem. The new paradigm presented herein begins with the basics. First, a definition of space is formulated, which leads to the definition of mass. From these definitions, it follows that unorganized mass is present everywhere as the background of all phenomena. By considering this unorganized mass, the physical mechanism of gravity is clarified, and various phenomena are unified. In particular, dark energy/matter is shown to be a simple special case of the extended concept of gravity. This new paradigm also provides a unified viewpoint of various phenomena associated with the deflection of light rays: “total internal reflection” (in which reflection does not occur), diffraction at the edge of an opaque obstacle, and the deviation of light rays near the Sun.
On the same basis, we predicted and experimentally confirmed deviation of a laser beam in the empty gap between the Casimir plates. This new paradigm provides physical explanations for more than 10 phenomena and paradoxes, with potential for further explanations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[7] viXra:2008.0037 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-07 15:13:20
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 3 Pages.
In this brief addendum we clarify the interpretation of the Gaussian Random Walk model of spacetime introduced in viXra:2004.0634.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[6] viXra:2008.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-06 11:09:09
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 19 Pages. 2 Figures; 1 table. Including a Chinese Version.
Based on the analysis of the previous article, this article analyzes in detail the influence of Jupiter on the measurement of the gravitational constant. Including a specific estimate of the change in the gravitational constant caused by the change of the earth's orbital position every half month. The influence of Jupiter's perihelion and aphelion on the gravitational constant is also estimated. On this basis, this article analyzes the data with specific time records such as BIPM-01, BIPM-14, JILA-10, UCI-14, HUST-09. The analysis results show that after considering the influence of Jupiter, the experimental results have been significantly improved.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[5] viXra:2008.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-06 09:16:30
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 2 Pages.
In this short note, we introduce the concept of kinetic mass. We have kinetic energy, but in standard theory there is only relativistic mass, and no kinetic mass. However, we think that kinetic mass is a useful addition to our physics toolbox. In our view, the kinetic mass is no less real than momentum, for example. In fact, it is arguably even more “real” than the concept of momentum, as we will discuss. Further, kinetic mass can be used to make wave equations with an operator on kinetic mass rather than on the momentum, as recently shown by Haug.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2008.0015 [pdf] replaced on 2022-01-02 03:21:50
Authors: Claudio Marchesan
Comments: 21 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License
This speculation is the logical continuation of the previous one [viXra:2006.0202]. It describes a cosmological model with a 4d hypersphere, in expansion, on the surface of which our Universe extends, but as will see, with an internal part that has its own role. The involvement of the fourth spatial dimension is unavoidable but it does not imply reintroducing the concept of an absolute space and not even that of absolute time. On the contrary, the model excludes both.
The geometry described finds an application in the calculations of Galactic Recession: those calculations are confirmed here after adding gravity.
In this subsequent formulation an explanation is sought as to why, in this "empty" space, a ray of light is bound to move on the 4d hypersphere surface. Then, we proceed by building a physical model, in which that empty space is filled with matter and radiation, and we try to check for any flaws. We will also show that this geometry, with its expansion mechanism, infers General Relativity.
Given the constant expansion speed hypothesized for the Universe, no redshift is due to expansion itself. Here the Cosmological redshift is Gravitational or Doppler.
In this conjecture the surface of the 4-sphere (like a kind of bubble expanding over time) goes through a continuum of states of equilibrium in which an internal pressure exerted by a radiation, in a reversible adiabatic expansion resulting from the Big Bang, balances the cohesion of the Universe whose surface tension is due solely to the pressure of the Cosmic Background Radiation.
Resulting model is an approximation for the Galaxy Epoch and it is based on the Einstein’s solution for weak fields to the field equation of General Relativity. You can use this only in the context of observable Universe, during the lasts 10 billion years.
These following points can have interesting consequences:
1.this geometry infers General Relativity which, in this way, is not considered a consequence of postulates
2.there is an energy exchange between the surface and its interior so that the two sides could communicate
The implication is that what is on the surface is constrained by the speed of light c but, admitting the existence of the tachyon, what can enter the 4d hypersphere is not, being bound to a different space-time interval.
This last idea could be developed by linking to phenomena that violate the relativistic laws as Quantum Non-Locality.
About the pros and cons on the model:
1.Advantages: Galactic Recession and Relativity separation, Inferred and non-postulated Relativity. Possibility of admitting the tachyon if the underlying idea is developed.
2.Disadvantages: Need the internal part but not dark matter and dark energy. Weakness regarding the Covariance Principle but the effect is limited to large interstellar distances.
Finally, it is important to point out that this speculation leads to a falsifiable theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3] viXra:2008.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-03 05:17:17
Authors: Zbigniew Osiak
Comments: 14 Pages.
The external Schwarzschild metric was extended to the case of a spinning planet, limited to distances from the center correspondingly larger than the planet's radius. Three-dimensional equations of free particle motion are presented. The acceleration of a free falling particle onto a spinning planet in the case of a weakly curved spacetime for low speeds in vector form was recorded, enabling the physical interpretation of individual terms. The resultant torque acting on the test particle causing the precession of its orbital angular momentum was determined. As an example, the expression for the first cosmic velocity in the case of a circular orbit in the equatorial plane was given.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[2] viXra:2008.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-03 05:23:18
Authors: Zbigniew Osiak
Comments: 14 Pages. In Polish.
Rozszerzono zewnętrzną metrykę Schwarzschilda na przypadek wirującej planety, ograniczając się do odległości od centrum odpowiednio większych niż promień planety. Przedstawiono trójwymiarowe równania ruchu swobodnej cząstki. Zapisano przyspieszenie swobodnie spadającej cząstki na wirującą planetę w przypadku słabo zakrzywionej czasoprzestrzeni dla małych prędkości w postaci wektorowej umożliwiającej fizyczną interpretację poszczególnych członów. Wyznaczono wypadkowy moment obrotowy działający na cząstkę testową powodujący precesję jej momentu orbitalnego. Jako przykład podano między innymi wyrażenie dla pierwszej prędkości kosmicznej w przypadku orbity kołowej w płaszczyźnie równikowej.
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The external Schwarzschild metric was extended to the case of a spinning planet, limited to distances from the center correspondingly larger than the planet's radius. Three-dimensional equations of free particle motion are presented. The acceleration of a free falling particle onto a spinning planet in the case of a weakly curved spacetime for low speeds in vector form was recorded, enabling the physical interpretation of individual terms. The resultant torque acting on the test particle causing the precession of its orbital angular momentum was determined. As an example, the expression for the first cosmic velocity in the case of a circular orbit in the equatorial plane was given.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[1] viXra:2008.0006 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-06 10:56:02
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 10 Pages.
If spacetime are considered as an elastic medium, this elastic medium will be able to be compressed. The analysis in this paper shows that if spacetime is compressed, it will cause a change in the gravitational constant. From the theory of general relativity, it is mass that can compress this elastic medium. In the solar system, 99% of the mass is concentrated in the sun. However, about one thousandth of the mass of the sun is concentrated in Jupiter. The position on the same side of the Sun and Jupiter, that is, near the center of mass of the two bodies of the Sun and Jupiter, is the position where the mass of the solar system is most concentrated in spacetime. Therefore, this part of spacetime will be compressed the most. If a planet like the earth moves to this position, it means that the gravitational constant measured by the experimental device on the earth's surface will change. The estimates in this article show that the gravitational constant of the earth moving between Jupiter and the sun is greater than that of the earth on the other side of the position of the sun and Jupiter. The specific estimated increased value is about 77ppm of the gravitational constant, which is higher than the uncertainty of many current measurements. This paper analyzes the HUST-09 results with the results of theoretical estimates, and believes that this method can explain the difference between the two experimental results.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
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