Classical Physics

New Research of Electromagnetic Induction

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 10 Pages.

The electromotive force is divided into motional electromotive force and induced electromotive force. Through theoretical analysis and calculation, this paper reveals that the electrostatic field loop theorem can be extended to the general electric field loop theorem: In any electric field, the line integral of the electric field intensity along any closed path is equal to zero. Maxwell's mathematical expression of Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is incorrect. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction should be modified to Faraday's law of open circuit electromagnetic induction. Based on Helmholtz coil, a uniform alternating sinusoidal magnetic field is formed in the central area of the coil. Two different shapes of induction coils, round and square, are used. Their sectional area and the number of coils are equal. The two induction coils with different shapes are respectively placed in the center of Helmholtz coil, and their open circuit induced electromotive force is measured. The experimental results show that the induced electromotive force is not only related to the change rate of magnetic fluxes passing through the loop, but also to the shape of the loop, so Faraday's law of open circuit electromagnetic induction not correct. This paper further reveals the metal wire law of induced electromotive force: The induced electromotive force of any metal wire is proportional to the magnetic induction intensity, angular frequency of the magnetic field wave and the projection length of the wire in the normal direction of the magnetic field.
Category: Classical Physics

Direction of Time (Направленность времени)

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 7 Pages. In Russian

The problem of the direction of time is that we intuitively feel that there is a direction of the time of nature from the past to the present, and from the present to the future ("past --> present --> future"). And time goes only forward. It cannot be stopped. And it can't be turned back. But physicists say that no physical experiment allows you to unambiguously indicate the direction of time. And if the time of nature, in some miraculous way, changes its direction, then this will not lead to any violation of the laws of physics. Time is symmetrical. And we will not be able to define, notice, catch, feel this in any way.The problem of the direction of time remains unsolvable within the framework of the theory of modern physics.The author offers his own solution to the problem of time direction.+++++++++Проблема направленности времени состоит в том, что мы интуитивно чувствуем, что есть направленность временит природы от прошлого к настоящему, а от настоящего к будущему («прошлое --> настоящее --> будущее»). И время идёт только вперёд. Его нельзя остановить. И его нельзя повернуть назад. Но вот физики утверждают, что никакой физический эксперимент не позволяет однозначно указать направление времени. И если время природы, каким-то чудесным образом изменит свою направленность, то это не приведёт к какому-либо нарушению законов физики. Время симметрично. И мы никаким способом, образом этого не сможем определить, заметить, уловить, почувствовать. Проблема направленности времени остаётся неразрешимой в рамках теории современной физики. Автор предлагает своё решение проблемы направленности времени.
Category: Classical Physics

The Law of Existence of Fundamental Particles

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 11 Pages. In Russian

The author of this article offers his own original approach to the study of fundamental particles. This approach is based on the hypothesis that "the content of fundamental particles is "pure", concrete matter of nature".

Автор настоящей статьи предлагает свой оригинальный подход к исследованию элементарных частиц. В основе такого подхода лежит гипотеза, что «содержимое элементарных частиц есть «чистая», конкретная материя природы»
Category: Classical Physics

Francois Arago Experiment Done in 1810.

Authors: Jean-Jacques Sainthuille
Comments: 2 Pages. In French

Demonstration of the reality of light speed relativity one hundred year before 1905.
Category: Classical Physics

Physics and Matter

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 28 Pages. In Russian

In this article, an attempt is made to introduce matter into the bosom of physics as the main physical quantity. Whether the author succeeded or not, and how successful (if successful) it is, is for you to judge, dear readers. The author puts the hypothesis that the content of elementary particles is a "pure", concrete matter of nature as the basis of his reasoning and reflections.

В настоящей статье предпринята попытка ввести материю в лоно физики в качестве основной физической величины. Получилось это или нет у автора и насколько это получилось (если получилось), — судить вам, уважаемые читатели. В основу своих рассуждений и размышлений автор ставит гипотезу, что содержимое элементарных частиц есть «чистая», конкретная материя природы.
Category: Classical Physics

Presentation of "Theory of Nature"

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 30 Pages. In Russian

In this article, the author has made an attempt to present to respected readers his "Theory of Nature", his book with the same title. Theory of Nature is a dialectical-materialistic physics. This is the physics of nature. And since nature is fundamentally material and dialectical, the philosophy of nature is dialectical materialism, and the physics of nature is dialectical-materialistic physics. A specific matter of nature has been found, this is the content of elementary particles. And content is a property. And the property of objects of the material world is reflected in the conceptual apparatus of physics as a physical quantity. This matter is introduced into the bosom of physics as the main physical quantity.

В настоящей статье автор предпринял попытку представить уважаемым читателям свою «Теорию Природы», свою книгу с таким же названием. Теория Природы — это диалектико-материалистическая физика. Это физика природы. И поскольку природа в своей основе материальна и диалектична, то философией природы является диалектический материализм, а физикой природы является диалектико-материалистическая физика. Найдена конкретная материя природы, это содержимое элементарных частиц. А содержимое — это свойство. А свойство предметов материального мира отражается в понятийном аппарате физики в качестве физической величины. Вот эта материя и введена в лоно физики в качестве основной физической величины.
Category: Classical Physics

The Physical Nature of the Basic Concepts of Physics: Part 11. Mass

Authors: Guido F. Nelissen
Comments: 17 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

In his paper Part 8 on the physical nature of velocity, the author has demonstrated that the fact that the size of a particle system is the area that is repetitively covered by the motions of its basic components, leads in a natural way to the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction of a moving particle system, which means that the so-called length ‘contraction’ is a real, physical compression in its direction of motion.This allows the author to demonstrate in this paper that the force that we have to exert on a mass particle system to increase its velocity, is in fact the force that we must exert on it to compress it in its direction of motion.It follows from this that, when a 3-dimensional mass particle system reaches the speed of light, it will have been compressed into a 2-dimensional particle system that moves with an invariable speed and that has variable motion and mass behaviour (such as linear momentum and gravitational interaction) in a plane perpendicular to its invariable speed.This means that the inertial ‘mass’ of a particle system is an emergent property that finds its origin in the 3-dimensional cyclic motion of its massless components, which leads in a self-evident way to Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence, and allows the author to give the physical meaning of the Compton and the de Broglie wavelengths and of Planck’s constant, and will in his next paper lead to a quantum theory on gravitation.
Category: Classical Physics

The Physical Nature of the Basic Concepts of Physics: Part 12. Gravitation

Authors: Guido F. Nelissen
Comments: 12 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

In this paper it is demonstrated that falling objects are not attracted to each other by "pulling forces", but that instead proceed naturally to each other under their own power, by a gradual rectification of the internal, rotational-vibrational motion of their basic components into translational bulk motion.This mechanism, which has the form of a self-exited resonance that is caused by a positive feedback coupling between the involved masses, replaces the present concept of translational force "fields" in gravitational, electro-magnetic, and weak and strong interactions.
Category: Classical Physics

Parameters of the Universe

Authors: Branko Zivlak
Comments: 4 Pages. 1 Table with 16 formulas

The limits of mass and distance in the universe are determined by formulas that have mathematical constants and known physical values as input data, the Planck mass, the mass of proton and the Compton wavelength of proton.
Category: Classical Physics

Параметри Универзума (Parameters of the Universe)

Authors: Branko Zivlak
Comments: 4 Pages. In Serbian, 1 Table, 16 formulas

Одређени су лимити масе и размака у универзуму формулама које за улазне податке имају математичке константе и познате физичке вредности: Планкoве масе, масе протона и Комптонове таласне дужине протона.

The limits of mass and distance in the universe are determined by formulas that have mathematical constants and known physical values as input data, the Planck mass, the mass of proton and the Compton wavelength of proton.
Category: Classical Physics

Spectroscopic Bond Lengths in Gaseous Alkali Halides as Sums of Bohr Radius of Alkali Metal Atoms and Covalent Radius of Halogen Atom

Authors: Raji Heyrovska
Comments: 3 Pages. One Table

This is a short report in support of the additivity of radii of adjacent atoms or ions in bond lengths. Here the spectroscopic bond lengths of gaseous alkali halides (MX), where M stands for alkali metals Na, K, Rb and Cs and X stands for halogens Cl, Br and I, are shown to be sums of the Bohr radii of M and covalent radii of X.
Category: Classical Physics

g = 2 Based on the Center of Mass Coinciding with the Center of Rotation

Authors: John French
Comments: 21 Pages. This paper has been published in Physics Essays.

This paper is based on a relativistic classical spinning particle described by an internal stress-energy tensor. It is found that if the mechanical momentum is set to zero in the rest frame, then as the size of the particle is reduced and as the center of mass is set to the center of rotation, g = 2 is required. In this derivation some of the electromagnetic self-field terms are neglected.
Category: Classical Physics

Law of Stability

Authors: Junichi Hashimoto
Comments: 5 Pages.

In the history of physics, various phenomena and experimental facts brought about by objects have been summarized and described by great scientists in the form of several important laws. I have focused on the question of why these laws can be universal rules, and have found that they have their roots in the constant part of the mathematical formulas. It is an element that should be called the"law of stability", and it was found that it has a structure in which the number of parties is always"1". This means that both the solar system model and the atomic model are subject to the same law of stability.
Category: Classical Physics

Deriving the Calculation Formulas of Diffraction and Interference Light Intensity Using Slit Edge as Single-slit Diffraction and Double-slit Interference Light Sources

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: Pages.

From the current results of many single-slit diffraction and double-slit interference experiments, it can be deduced that the diffraction and interference light should be generated by the edge of the slit. Vector overlay result of raw light. This paper intends to use this idea to derive the theoretical formula for calculating the intensity of diffraction and interference light, and based on the results and experimentsThe existing formulas derived from the results are compared to achieve the purpose of inspection and verification.

从目前诸多单缝衍射和双缝干涉实验结果推断，衍射和干涉光应该都是由缝边缘产生的次生光的矢量叠加结果。本文拟以此思路来推导出计算衍射和干涉光强度的理论公式，并据此结果与依据实验结果推导出的现有公式进行比较，以达到检验与验证的目的。
Category: Classical Physics

Analysis and Research on the Nature of Light, the Law of Interaction Between Light and Medium, and the Main Factors Determining the Speed of Light

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 7 Pages.

The nature of light is the most controversial in modern physics, and it is also the root cause of many strange theories in physics research. Therefore, it is very necessary to find out the nature of light, the law of interaction between light and medium, and the main reasons that determine the speed of light. It will change the way and method of human beings to understand the laws of nature, and will also rewrite the development direction of physics, which is of great significance.

近代物理对光的本质争议最大，也是导致物理研究出现诸多奇谈怪论的根源所在。因此，搞清楚光的本质、光与介质相互作用规律及决定光速的主要原因十分必要，将改变人类对自然规律的认识途径与方法，也必将改写物理学的发展方向，其意义十分巨大。
Category: Classical Physics

Introduction to New Electrokinetics

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 4 Pages.

At present, there are four kinds of natural forces discovered by human beings: gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong interaction and weak interaction. Gravity is the master of the motion and change of matter in the macroscopic world, electromagnetic force is the master of the motion and change of matter in the micro world except inside the elementary particles and nuclei, and the strong-weak interaction is the master of the motion and change of matter inside the elementary particles and nuclei By. Electrodynamics mainly studies the law of the electromagnetic force in the motion and change of matter.

目前人类发现的自然力共有四种：万有引力、电磁力、强相互作用、弱相互作用。万有引力是宏观世界物质运动与变化的主宰者、电磁力是除基本粒子内部和原子核内部以外的微观世界物质运动与变化的主宰者、强弱相互作用是基本粒子和原子核内部物质运动与变化的的主宰者。电动力学主要研究的是电磁力在物质运动与变化中的作用规律 Category: Classical Physics

Holographic Physics

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: Pages.

At present, there are many sub-categories in physics, and the fragmentation is particularly serious. The objectively inseparable physical laws and phenomena are divided into too many fragments. This paper intends to examine the existence, movement, change and development of objective things from the macroscopic scope of the external space of electrons and protons: objective entities are composed of electrons and protons with mass and charge. The laws they follow mainly include Newton's law of universal gravitation, Newton's first and second laws, Coulomb's law and Biot-Savart's law (this article does not consider strong and weak interactions for the time being). Considering that these laws are all established under the condition of a stable field, and the universal gravitation and electromagnetic force have a certain transmission speed. Therefore, when the motion speed of the research object is high, these laws should be properly corrected in order to conform to the objective reality. Since mass and charge are the same body, these laws will act on the research object at the same time. This point is the material basis of this theory——holographic physics. Only by taking into account all the forces on matter at the same time, can we truly find the law that conforms to the objective motion of matter.

目前物理学中的子门类繁多，碎片化特别严重，把本来客观上密不可分的物理规律和现象分割成过多的碎片。本文拟从电子和质子外部空间之宏观范围来审视客观事物的存在方式、运动形式、变化与发展规律：客观实体均由带质量与电荷的电子和质子构成。它们遵循的规律主要有牛顿万有引力定律及牛顿第一和第二定律、库仑定律和毕奥-萨伐尔定律（本文暂不考虑强、弱相互作用）。考虑到这些定律均是在稳定场条件下建立起来的，而万有引力、电磁力均有一定的传递速度。因此，在研究对象的运动速度较高时，应对这些定律进行适当的修正才能符合客观实际。由于质量与电荷同体，因此，这些定律将同时对研究对象产生作用。这一点也就是本理论——全息物理学的物质基础所在。只有把物质受到的所有作用力同时考虑进来，才能真正找到符合物质客观运动的规律。
Category: Classical Physics

Analysis for Levitation of EHD and Electrostatic Propulsion Device in Direction of Gravity using Optical Flow Method

Authors: Taku Saiki
Comments: 10 Pages.

Electro hydro dynamic (EHD) and electrostatic propulsion devices has no moving parts and, in the air, operates on electrical energy. It is expected to develop electric propulsion systems without future moving parts of airplanes and helicopters propellers in the future. EHD devices levitating in the direction opposite to the direction of gravity when a high voltage is applied. Detail property of the accurate propulsion direction, speed, and acceleration were clarified by imaging analysis in this time. It has been cleared from the analysis that even if the orientation of the device is initially tilted from a horizontal line, it was enforced to levitate vertically upward in the same direction as the direction of gravity, and a restoring force acts to return the orientation to a horizontal line during the levitation. These phenomena are very strange and different from drones with propellers. When the device levitates, the acceleration does not become constant immediately after the voltage is applied, but after passing through 0, it increases linearly in temporal duration of sub 0.1 s and saturates. The saturation of the acceleration changed with the input voltage.
Category: Classical Physics

Bond Lengths in Gaseous Alkali Metal Chlorides as Sums of the Golden Ratio Based Cationic Radii and Covalent Radius of Chlorine

Authors: Raji Heyrovska
Comments: 4 Pages. 1 Table, 10 references

Alkali metal halides are known to have shorter bond lengths in the gaseous state than in their crystalline state. It is also known that the bonds are polar covalent. However, an exact interpretation of these bond lengths has remained an open question for the last 85 years. The present author has shown for the first time in 2004 that the crystal ionic distances in alkali halides are exact sums of the Golden ratio based radii of the alkali metal cations and halide anions. In this short report, it is shown that in gaseous alkali metal chlorides, alkali metal cations are bound to covalent chlorine as in the partially ionic bond in HCl.
Category: Classical Physics