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[19] viXra:1104.0052 [pdf] submitted on 17 Apr 2011
Authors: Qichang Liang, Yu Liang, Xiaodong Liu
Comments: 4 pages.
In this work, we describe a wireless power system in which the
distance between the source and receiver is 1/4 of wavelength. The
induced electromotive force (EMF) from the receiver to the source is
phase inverted due to the retardation so that the source absorbs
energy instead of output energy. This system is an energy multiplier
since both source and receiver gain energy.
Category: Classical Physics
[18] viXra:1104.0051 [pdf] submitted on 17 Apr 2011
Authors: Stoyan Sarg
Comments: 17 pages. The article was published in Physics Essays v. 16, No 2, (2003).
A physical model of the electron is suggested according to
the Basic Structures of Matter (BSM) hypothesis (later published as a
BSM-SG theory). BSM-SG is based on an alternative concept about the
physical vacuum assuming that the space contains underlying superfine
structure of nodes formed of super-dens sub-elementary particles,
which are also involved in the structure of the elementary particles.
The proposed grid structure is formed of vibrating nodes possessing
quantum features and energy well. It is admitted that this
hypothetical structure could be accounted for the missing �dark
matter� in the Universe. The signature of such �dark matter� is
apparent in the galactic rotational curves and in the relation between
masses of the supermassive black whole in the galactic centre and the
host galaxy. The suggested model of the electron possesses oscillation
features with anomalous magnetic moment and embedded signatures of the
Compton wavelength and the fine structure constant. The analysis of
the interactions between the oscillating electron and the nodes of the
vacuum grid structure allows obtaining physical meaning for some
fundamental constants.
Category: Classical Physics
[17] viXra:1104.0046 [pdf] submitted on 14 Apr 2011
Authors: Stoyan Sarg
Comments: 11 pages. Reported and included in Proceedings of the IX Iternational scientific
conference, Space, Time, Gravitation, Aug 7-11, 2006, St. Petersburg,Russia.
The Basic Structures of Matter - Super Gravitation Unified Theory (BSM-SG) unveils the relation between the forces in Nature by adopting the following framework:
- Empty Euclidian space without any physical properties and restrictions
- Two fundamental particles of superdense matter with parameters associated with a Planck�s scale
- A Fundamental law of Super Gravitation (SG) - an inverse cubic law valid in pure empty space.
Category: Classical Physics
[16] viXra:1104.0030 [pdf] submitted on 6 Apr 2011
Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 15 pages.
A conceptual model is created for the composition of quarks and the
internal structure of the proton and neutron. In this model the charge of a
quark indicates the number of hyff (force lines) it emits. Cordus also
explains the colour and provides a mechanism for the strong interaction
(both the attraction and repulsive components). The model also explains
why parity violation occurs. A new concept of the �level of assembly� is
introduced and used to explain mass excess and why smaller particuloids
have greater mass. Cordus also predicts non-conservation of mass.
Category: Classical Physics
[15] viXra:1104.0029 [pdf] submitted on 6 Apr 2011
Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 14 pages.
Gravitation is conceptually problematic to General Relativity and Quantum
mechanics in that the fundamental mechanisms are unknown to both, and
the theories have different requirements that are difficult to reconcile into
a single model. Cordus gravitation offers a solution to the problem. It
provides a mechanism whereby gravitation is not continuous but in
discrete force (or displacement) increments similar to quanta (but not
uniform increments). Also, the closing force between two masses is
transient. In this idea, gravitation, and therefore also mass, is a
discontinuous property: i.e. a particuloid emits gravity (has mass) at some
moments but not others. Thus gravitation is an effect that a mass does to
the whole universe, not to targeted other bodies, and in this regard Cordus
is consistent with General relativity. Both QM and Cordus agree that
gravitation is quantised. Cordus conceptually integrates the different
effects of mass: Gravitation is a particuloid contributing hyff to the fabric;
Newtonian mass is resistance of the reactive ends to unexpected
displacement; Relativistic mass is decreasing efficacy of hyff engagement
with the fabric as velocity of the reactive end increases; Momentum is a
frequency mechanism that ensures the reactive end re-energises on-time
and in-place; particuloids like nucleons have mass to the extent that they
have frequency. Furthermore, Cordus offers an explanation of how time
arises at a sub-atomic level by the cordus frequency, and how this
aggregates to the sense of time that we perceive biologically. Thus Cordus
offers a radically new way of thinking about the problem of gravitation,
mass and time that is quite unlike conventional physics, yet includes
concepts that might be recognisable to those other physics.
Category: Classical Physics
[14] viXra:1104.0028 [pdf] submitted on 6 Apr 2011
Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 8 pages.
The concept of the vacuum is problematic for conventional physics.
Electromagnetic wave theory models it as consisting of nothing at all, but
yet paradoxically having finite electric and magnetic constants. Quantum
mechanics models it as consisting of temporary particles, but no average
substance. General Relativity theory includes a spacetime medium,
without describing the composition. In all cases the underlying physical
mechanisms are obscure. Furthermore, these existing perspectives conflict
in their expectations, so the integration is poor. The treatment is not
always logical either: conventional theories find the idea of the matterbased
aether thoroughly unacceptable, yet ironically all include something
that looks conceptually much like a medium. The Cordus conjecture
provides a conceptual solution for the composition of the vacuum: it
provides a fabric that is granular (similar to quantised) at the smallest
scale, scales up to a continuum, provides a medium for propagation of
disturbances and waves, provides a medium for electromagnetism and
gravitation, is relativistic, is not a matter aether, and includes a time
signal. In the cordus solution the vacuum is made of tangled hyff (force
lines) from all the surrounding matter particuloids. This cordus fabric
concept also provides a descriptive explanation as to why the speed of light
is a finite value. The fine structure constant is given a physical
interpretation, as a measure of the transmission efficacy of the fabric.
Cordus also distinguishes between the fabric that makes up the vacuum of
space, as opposed to the void which has neither fabric nor time as we
perceive it. This model is radically unorthodox in suggesting that the speed
of light is relativistic but not invariant; that it depends fundamentally on
the fabric density and hence the accessible mass density of the universe at
that locality.
Category: Classical Physics
[13] viXra:1104.0027 [pdf] submitted on 6 Apr 2011
Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 17 pages.
The Cordus conjecture is extended to create a conceptual model for
electromagnetic fields. The resulting model shows how a cordus particuloid
generates small transient units of force at the sub-atomic level, thereby
creating the apparently smooth and continuous electric field that we more
commonly perceive. Cordus also reconceptualises how magnetism is
generated at the sub-atomic level, and likewise explains how the
granularity arises. It is shown that the electric field cannot be shielded, only
neutralised. Cordus electromagnetism is applied to explain the electric field
surrounding a wire carrying current, the locus of moving test charges in a
magnetic field, and the mechanism for how force arises in permanent
magnets. The contribution made by this paper is a description of
electromagnetism that goes to the next deeper level: it explains the
underlying mechanisms for how the forces arise. Also, it provides a
mechanism for fields to be granular and directional at the small scale, but
smooth and continuous at larger scale.
Category: Classical Physics
[12] viXra:1104.0026 [pdf] submitted on 6 Apr 2011
Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 10 pages.
Quantum mechanics is the dominant conceptual foundation for
fundamental physics. Nonetheless there are effects that it does not explain,
or explains only by reference to metaphysical effects. While many have
wondered whether there could be a more-complete explanation, the
solution has been elusive. Cordus suggests that the necessary deeper
mechanics is only accessible by abandoning the premise of �particle�, and
shows how to achieve this. The resulting Cordus mechanics provides a new
way of thinking and a radically different conceptual foundation. This paper
primarily contrasts Quantum and Cordus mechanics. In the process, Cordus
re-conceptualises Heisenberg�s uncertainty principle. It also provides an
explanation for the paradox of Schr�dinger�s Cat, and shows it to be based
on unrealistic and unattainable premises.
Category: Classical Physics
[11] viXra:1104.0025 [pdf] submitted on 6 Apr 2011
Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 12 pages.
The Cordus principle of complementary frequency states (CoFS) is used to
develop a novel descriptive model for the mechanisms underlying
superfluidity and superconductivity. In both cases Cordus explains the
effects as synchronisation of forces between electrons and atoms. Several
associated effects are likewise explained, including quantum vortices, heat
conduction in superfluids, and the Meissner effect in superconductors.
Cordus also asserts that superposition does not exist, at least not the way
QM conceptualises it. In particular, that the mathematics of superposition
and the wavefunction are not the reality, only mathematical
approximations of deeper effects, and are unreliable qualitative descriptors
of those underlying mechanisms. The concept of �coherence� is reconceptualised
and the reasons why that state cannot be readily achieved
are discussed. Cordus also explains why Quantum mechanics, which seems
to apply at the level of individual particles, does not scale up to
macroscopic bodies.
Category: Classical Physics
[10] viXra:1104.0024 [pdf] submitted on 6 Apr 2011
Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 7 pages.
The interaction of light with electrons is one of the fundamental perceptual
realities of what we see. Yet that interaction is only partly understood.
Cordus concepts are applied to develop a descriptive model of the
mechanisms whereby photons are absorbed into electrons and emitted.
From the Cordus perspective, the temperature of a body is primarily a
measure of its phonons (lattice-vibrations). Cordus shows why entropy
occurs, despite the individual mechanisms being reversible. An
understanding of the mechanisms for entropy is relevant to the
understanding of coherence, superfluidity and superconductivity. Cordus
suggests that a failure to adequately conceptualise entropy leads to
misapplication of coherence and ultimately to unreliability in the premise
of superposition.
Category: Classical Physics
[9] viXra:1104.0023 [pdf] submitted on 6 Apr 2011
Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 12 pages.
Some of the most enigmatic effects in the physics of electrons are its waveparticle
duality and the Aharonov-Bohm and Casimir effects. Even
relatively core concepts of atomic physics, like spin and the Pauli exclusion
principle, lack satisfactory descriptive explanations. This paper shows that
application of the cordus principle can explain these effects in a coherent
manner.
Category: Classical Physics
[8] viXra:1104.0022 [pdf] submitted on 6 Apr 2011
Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 7 pages.
The dominant paradigm in conventional physics is that of a �particle�,
which this paper suggests is a badly flawed premise. The cordus particuloid
is a more coherent concept in that it offers explanations of phenomena
that are otherwise puzzling, and does so with one conceptual consistent
framework across a wide variety of phenomena. This paper shows how
entanglement is readily explained as a natural consequence of the cordus.
It also introduces the principle of complementary frequency state
synchronisation (CoFS) as the deeper principle beneath the Pauli exclusion
principle, and coherence. It is suggested that Bell�s Theorem is only
applicable to 1D point particles, and is thus generally irrelevant.
Specifically, Bell�s Theorem is not an obstacle to models of hidden
variables. Furthermore, it is suggested that the principle of locality is not
viable in its present form, and a principle of wider locality is proposed.
Category: Classical Physics
[7] viXra:1104.0021 [pdf] submitted on 6 Apr 2011
Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 11 pages.
Explaining basic optical effects is not possible with classical particle
mechanics, and even with quantum mechanics it is not straight forward
and not particularly intuitive. The problem is much simpler when solved in
the cordus domain. This paper provides cordus explanations for Snell�s Law
and Brewster�s Angle, and quantitative derivations too. This is significant
because the cordus mechanics were derived for single photons, and
immediately generalise also to beams of light. Therefore cordus can
explain particle behaviour, fringes, and optical effects, using a single
coherent mechanics. The cordus explanation does not need the
conventional concept of �interference�.
Category: Classical Physics
[6] viXra:1104.0020 [pdf] submitted on 6 Apr 2011
Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 10 pages.
Optical effects such as reflection and refraction are conventionally best
described by Electromagnetic Wave theory, at least when they involve
beams of light. However that theory does not explain why single photons
should also show such behaviour. This paper shows that optical effects can
also be explained from a cordus particuloid perspective. Several principles
are proposed for the interaction of a cordus photon with an optical surface,
and these are used to explain reflection and subsequently refraction. The
formula for critical angle is derived from a particuloid basis. The cordus and
wave theory perspectives are compared and contrasted. The significance
of this work is that the cordus mechanics explains the reflection and
refraction behaviour of both single photons as well as beams of light, so it
is a more universal explanation.
Category: Classical Physics
[5] viXra:1104.0019 [pdf] submitted on 6 Apr 2011
Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 10 pages.
Conventional particle and wave theories struggle to explain the frequency
of photons and matter in a coherent manner using natural physics. This
paper applies the cordus conjecture to develop a model for frequency of
the photon. The interpretation is that there really is a part of the photon
cordus that moves with a frequency. The working model is for a reciprocal
motion: the energy alternates between the two reactive ends across the
span of the cordus, and the hyff represent the observable electric field. This
cordus model for frequency readily explains polarisation and tunnelling,
and the concept is fundamental to other developments of the cordus
mechanics including the reflection and refraction of particuloids. The
implications are that frequency is not just an intrinsic variable, but a
physical effect within the photon. The cordus frequency is a fundamental
conceptual building-block in creating an integrated solution that unifies
wave and particle behaviour. It is a powerful concept that is coherent
across many other phenomena too, including matter particuloids and it
contributes subsequently to the cordus model for granular fields.
Category: Classical Physics
[4] viXra:1104.0018 [pdf] submitted on 6 Apr 2011
Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 18 pages.
The cordus concept is shown to be able to explain wave behaviour in gaps,
and fringes in the double slit device. This is useful because one of the
enigmas of the double-slit device is that single photons form fringe
patterns. Cordus explains fringes in terms of force lines called hyperfine
fibrils (hyff) and their interaction with the edges of the light path. This also
explains beam divergence and near-field effects. The results show that it is
conceptually possible to create a solution for fringes based on a particuloid
interpretation of light, without using the concept of interference. The
biggest difference between Wave theory and the cordus explanation is
their interpretation of the mechanism for fringes. Wave theory explains
fringes as �interference�: two separate waves of light differing by full (half)
fractions of wavelengths and thus constructively (destructively) interfering.
From the Cordus perspective photons do not actually interfere or add
together, and 'interference' is only a convenient analogy. The Cordus
explanation is that fringes are caused instead by interaction of the photon
hyff with opaque edges. This bracket of papers therefore offers a resolution
of wave-particle duality by anticipating the internal cordus structure of the
photon and the associated cordus mechanics. From this perspective wave
and particle behaviours are simply the different output behaviours that
the internal system shows depending on how it is measured. Thus Cordus
offers a deeper mechanics that subsumes both quantum mechanics and
wave theory. Surprisingly, Cordus suggests that the next deeper level of
reality is deterministic.
Category: Classical Physics
[3] viXra:1104.0017 [pdf] submitted on 6 Apr 2011
Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 14 pages.
Photon path dilemmas are a difficult area for conventional physics. Typical
situations are the double-slit device and interferometers. The problem
manifests as an apparent ability of the photon to simultaneously take all
paths through the device, but eventually only appear at one. It is shown
that a cordus structure is conceptually able to resolve the path dilemmas in
wave-particle duality. Explanations are given for the double-slit device and
interferometers. The Cordus conjecture implies there is a deeper, simpler,
deterministic, and more elegant reality beneath quantum mechanics and
wave theory.
Category: Classical Physics
[2] viXra:1104.0016 [pdf] submitted on 6 Apr 2011
Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 8 pages.
A new conceptual model is proposed for the internal structure of the
photon, and the mechanics thereof. This internal structure is called a
cordus. The cordus consists of two reactive ends (RE) connected together
with a fibril. The fibril connecting the two reactive ends does not interact
with other matter. Each of the two reactive ends behaves like a whole
photon in its ability to interact with other matter, including reflection,
transmission, and the ability to take two paths, though it collapses to only
one location. The reactive ends emit hyperfine fibrils (hyff) which are force
lines. The cordus structure is neither a particle nor a wave, though can
appear as either in certain circumstances.
Category: Classical Physics
[1] viXra:1104.0015 [pdf] replaced on 2015-09-17 14:16:38
Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 77 Pages.
PROBLEM- There are many integration problems of fundamental physics that still lack ontologically coherent solutions. NEED- There is a need to find a new theory of physics with wide-ranging logical consistency. The idea that particles could have internal structure has long been a consideration in the development of theories of physics, as evidenced in the EPR criticism (Einstein, Podolsky, & Rosen, 1935). DIFFICULTY- However Local hidden-variable solutions are excluded by the Bell-type inequalities and by the empirical evidence of entanglement. The non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) sector is not entirely excluded on theoretical grounds. However, if any solution existed it would have to be counterintuitive as all the obvious candidates have been excluded [4]. Unfortunately the hidden-variable sector has proved incapable of offering suitable solutions. APPROACH- Conceptual design methods were borrowed from engineering design and applied to create an initial conjectural solution for the double-slit device. This was then validated against multiple other phenomena. RESULTS- This paper offers a candidate solution, in the form of a new theory of physics wherein particles have internal structures. This Cordus theory proposes a specific structure for particles, for both the structure internal to the particle and the nature of the external discrete field emissions. FINDINGS- It also has good external construct validity, as it: explains path dilemmas in interferometers; recovers basic laws of optics from first principles (reflection, refraction, Brewster’s angle); identifies the causes of contextual measurement; explains the transition from coherence to discoherence; explains pair-production and annihilation; offers a solution to the asymmetrical baryogenesis and leptogenesis problems; explains time dilation; conceptually unifies the electro-magneto-gravitational forces with the strong interaction; explains the selective spin attributes of the neutrino species; predicts the internal structure of the atomic nucleus and explains the stability, instability and non-existence of the table of nuclides from Hydrogen to Neon. ORGINALITY- The Cordus theory is a novel conceptual framework for fundamental physics. It shows that a specific structure of particles has excellent explanatory power for many phenomena. The strengths of the theory are: Explanatory (ontological) power; Coherent solution across multiple phenomena; Offers candidate solutions to otherwise intractable problems. IMPLICATIONS- The Bell-type inequalities are falsified. Physical realism is re-asserted. The stochastic nature of the wave-function is subsumed in a deeper explanation. The theory is not inimical to quantum mechanics, which it reinterprets as a stochastic approximation of a deeper determinism. The new theory has philosophical implications because it shows that it is possible to conceive of a solution for fundamental physics that is grounded in physical realism. The theory therefore rebuts the idea that the deeper level of physics is purely mathematical, and it rejects the many-worlds interpretation.
Category: Classical Physics
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