Astrophysics

Can Special Relativity, General Relativity, and Quantum Physics Unify Into One Theory?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 14 Pages.

Unifying Special Relativity (SR), General Relativity (GR), and Quantum Physics (QP) remains one of the most profound challenges in theoretical physics. While each framework has achieved extraordinary empirical success, they become mutually incompatible under extreme conditions such as the earliest moments of the universe or the interior of black holes. Cosmological observations, including dark matter, dark energy, and the Hubble tension, further expose gaps in our understanding. Existing unification attempts, such as String Theory, Loop Quantum Gravity, and Grand Unified Theories, have not yet produced a complete and experimentally verified solution.This paper argues that unification becomes possible once the global physical structure of the universe is properly identified. I propose a framework in which quantum physics occupies a central role in cosmology. Within this view, the quantum vacuum is not an empty void but an infinite medium filled with fluctuating fields and transient virtual particles. Quantum Field Theory (QFT) thus provides a natural foundation for both the origin of matter and the large-scale organization of the cosmos. The novelty of this approach lies in linking the quantum vacuum directly to the universal structure, offering a pathway toward reconciling relativistic and quantum descriptions within a single framework.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Field Equations of the Theory of Self-Variation

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 14 Pages.

The Theory of Self-Variation formulates gravity and electromagnetism with the same equations. These Equations concern the field created by the rest mass / electric charge of a particle. The central equation of the Theory relates three physical quantities, the rest mass or charge of the field source, the relative velocity of the field source to the observer, and the propagation velocity of the field relative to the observer. These velocities are directly related to the potential and intensity of the field measured by an observer. The first calculations give consistency of the Theory at the distance scales that we have observational data. Theory predicts increased stellar velocities on the outskirts of galaxies. It also predicts increased velocities of galaxies on the outskirts of galaxy clusters. In the frame of the Theory, the equations we present in this article apply to all interactions, not just gravity and electromagnetism. Further investigation of the equations will yield the complete, precise prediction of the Theory.
Category: Astrophysics

Solar Core and Photosphere Temperatures

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 8 Pages.

Understanding how the ethereal solar corona hashyper-hot temperatures also points us to the sun’sextremely energetic core. How do hyper-hot corephotons appear to radically cool as they rise topopulate the much cooler photosphere? This heatmystery (with the sun’s photosphere at the coolerbottom of the "v" ) helps reveal how its corona heatsup so much far above the surface. In this way twogreat questions are resolved by one eloquent model.
Category: Astrophysics

Black Hole Cosmology:Entropy,Holography and Dark Energy

Authors: Alberto Coe
Comments: 16 Pages.

This is a short article in which we present some curious results based on the concepts of black hole entropy, the event horizon of the observable universe and the cosmic microwave background.By means of an arithmetic quantifier parameter two cosmological parameters are deduced: the fraction of what is known as dark energy and the fraction of what corresponds to baryonic matter b. A variation is observed over time in the ratio between and b ,which is in accordance with what the cosmological standard model proposes, namely, that dark energy varies throughout the life of the universe from its initial moments (when it was very low) to the current moment in which it predominates and constitutes something more than 2/3 of the total of what the universe is made of.
Category: Astrophysics

On a Possible Explanation of the Increased Star Velocities at the Outskirts of Galaxies

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 8 Pages.

Self-Variation Theory predicts increased stellar velocities on the outskirts of galaxies. The same Equation also predicts increased velocities of galaxies on the outskirts of galaxy clusters. Comparison with observational data requires the measurement of a constant of physics that appears in the gravitational field equations.
Category: Astrophysics

A Classically Consistent Theory of Gravitation I: the Assumption and Its Application in Astrophysics

Authors: Qiubao Pan
Comments: 16 page

Abstract: Based on the assumption that mesons mediating the gravitation travel like photons in the space-time defined by gravitation and gravitational strength is proportional to the number density of the mesons, a non-Newtonian theory of gravitation is proposed. In part I of this paper, the application of this theory to the dynamics of the Milky Way galaxy and our solar system is presented. This new theory may lead to a new explanation of dark matter in spiral galaxies and the young star formation in the center of galactic center. By observing the Saturn motion when it is in the shadow of Jupiter, the validation of the assumption presented by the author can be tested. In part II of this paper, Dirac’s big number principle is discussed. In Part III, a possible new field equation of gravitation is presented in the Kropinia geometry.
Category: Astrophysics

Visual Model of Electromagnetic Interactions of Sub-Photons

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper provides a visual based conceptual model and framework to help explain the behavior of electrical, electromagnetic and gravitational phenomenon. The model is conceptual only and the hypothetical particles and interactions presented are simply designed as a way to visualize and understand electromagnetic interactions. Further research needs to be done exploring the possibility that the proposed hypothetical particle and interactions may actually exist. Future improvements to the model may need to be made to help it conform to new scientific discoveries. Examples are provided showing how the framework conforms to many of the behaviors of electricity, electromagnetism and radiation. A hypothetical particle is introduced, referred to as a sub-photon by this paper. The proposed framework relies on previous research in controversial physical models and assumptions such as repulsive gravity and a fractal universe. Despite the reliance on controversial concepts, the model is intuitive in many respects, easy to visualize and not dependent on difficult mathematics. The model can be used as a visual tool to help explain very complex interactions with minimal mental effort. Whether or not the existence of the sub-photon particle and its interactions are later supported by scientific literature, the model can remain a useful way to visualize and understand basic electromagnetic interactions. This paper includes predictions about celestial bodies and gravitational waves that can be used to test the model in future research.
Category: Astrophysics

Tired Light Hypothesis Possibly Got Confirmation by Direct Observation of Light Scattering

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 13 Pages.

The hypothesis of Big Bang is still predominates today but have more and more difficulties. Too many galaxies, galaxies too mature, galaxies have active nucleus due to very big black holes appeared faster than galaxy may be formed — all those facts discovered by James Webb Space Telescope seems to bring the Big Bang idea to the end. But the important question appears: what is instead? One of the old ideas resurrected now is tired light hypothesis. Indeed, there is no process found in the nature so far that has absolutely zero friction — the slow loss of energy by that or this mechanisms is present everywhere. Why would light be an exception (and the present understanding of light is counting on this assumption). However, the initial idea of tired light is not possible — the electromagnetic path to lose energy will not help (see the article). So the idea is to have light losing energy in very small steps — in this situation the energy loss is possible to explain while preserving the other properties of the observed light from the far galaxies. This idea also easily explains the "active" nuclei of the far galaxies by the direct observation of the light scattering in the vacuum. This scattering is actually too strong for gravitation and way too weak for electromagnetic force, so the fifth force is possibly involved here.
Category: Astrophysics

CMB, Hawking, Planck and Hubble Scale Relations Consistent Wth Recent Quantization of General Relativity Theory

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 14 Pages.

We are demonstrating new relationships between the Hawking temperature, the CMB temperature, and the Planck scale. When comprehended at a deep level, this is in line with recent developments in the quantization of cosmology and its connection to the Planck scale. This is also entirely consistent with a recently published approach to quantizing Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
Category: Astrophysics

Polysingular Model of the Universe

Authors: Ilya Alexandr Boldov
Comments: 17 Pages.

The article deals with the processes associated with the time of formation of our Universe. An assumption is made that the formation of the matter of the universe occurred not from one, but from many singularities . A mechanism for the formation of galaxies by ejection of "protostars" from a rotating singularity - "grain of the galaxy" is proposed. An assumption is put forward about the spatial and temporal fluctuations of this process, which explains the entire spectrum of possible shapes and sizes of galaxies.A similar mechanism is proposed for the formation of all structural elements of the solar system from a "protostar" by planet formation waves . It is assumed that the main source of energy in stars is not the thermonuclear reaction of the hydrogen-helium cycle, but the fission of supermassive nuclei, and the decay of neutrons on the surface of the dense core of the star. An explanation is given for the presence of heavy chemical elements in the Solar System. A mechanism is proposed for the formation of the entire spectrum of stable atomic nuclei by chains of their fission from massive and supermassive nuclides. The rotation of the Galaxy as a whole is explained not by the presence of "dark" matter, but by the fact that each star is connected with neighboring stars by gravitational forces, which are very strong in statics.A hypothesis has been put forward about the origin of the Universe as conjugated three-dimensional and two-dimensional spaces, the uneven conjugation of which led to the emergence of points of occurrence of singularities that form the " three-dimensional craquelure" of galaxies.
Category: Astrophysics

A Simple Alternative Explanation for Dark Matter

Authors: Jo Ke
Comments: 31 Pages.

Dark matter is invoked in those astronomical scenarios where there is a discrepancy between the baryonic mass and the dynamical mass. Such scenarios include the rotation curves of disk galaxies and the high velocities of galaxies in galaxy clusters. For our alternative explanation we assume there is no dark matter and guess that the dynamical mass is a weighted sum of the baryonic mass. When we do this, it turns out that the required weighting function has a simple power law structure, and this is sufficient to explain both disk galaxies and galaxy clusters. The weighting function also enables us to predict the dynamical mass distribution from the baryonic mass distribution, so we can predict the rotation curves of disk galaxies and the velocities of galaxies in galaxy clusters. This basic observational result is difficult to ignore as it is so simple, and surpasses what dark matter and modified gravity theories can do. We make no use of dark matter and we make no changes to Newtonian gravity.
Category: Astrophysics

Cote’s Spiral in Neptune Great Dark Spot (GDS)

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijit Mitra
Comments: 3 Pages.

The characteristic equation of which spiral theCyclone its double spiral shape, whose mathematical equation has already been definedas Cote’s spiral, Gobato et al. (2022) and similarly Lindblad (1964) show shape of double spiral galaxies. In physics and in the mathematics of plane curves, a Cotes’s is one of a family of spirals classified by Roger Cotes. The image captured by Voyager 2, the Neptune’s Great Dark Spot (GDS) presents a characteristic that resembles a Cote’s Spiral. Its ellipsoidal shape is due to the rotation of the differentplanetary rotation layers in opposite directions, increasing and compressing the GDS, from the lower to upper layers of Neptune’s atmosphere.
Category: Astrophysics

Quantum Geometry Conserves Baryon Symmetry: the Matter-Antimatter Universe

Authors: Gary Barham, Christine van Blokland
Comments: 40 Pages.

The Universe that we live in is a universe of matter, even though we know that there must be just as much antimatter around that will balance the matter it appears that the antimatter is no where to be found. We know this to be simply true, as a matter-antimatter universe would vanish in one annihilation event, which is what apparently happened very, very soon after the big bang. We are here by grace of a very small imbalance in favor of matter, one particle of matter surviving for every one billion matter-antimatter pairs.Other than the mirror matter-antimatter universe hypothesis, or matter-antimatter bubble universe, most research in baryon asymmetry, baryogenesis, is directed at finding a good mechanism for symmetry breaking, following the three conditions set by Sakharov in 1967. To date there are no viable theories, and the matter-antimatter imbalance remains as one of the great unsolved mysteries in physics. However, this then implies that nature has created a universe that is so out of balance that the dance partner is nowhere to be found. Quantum Geometry is a new proposal to allow baryon symmetry to be conserved, and a universe with 50% matter and 50% antimatter, to actually exist, everywhere. At the lowest level of existence, that of the fundamental particles, both quarks and antiquarks can be used to construct the composite particles of the second level, the subatomic particles, without annihilation. In the heart of the sub-atomic particles, the proton and neutron, the geometry of the gluon equilibrium allows these particles to contain quarks and antiquarks, the proton holding four quarks and one antiquark, the pentaquark, and the neutron being made up of three quark-antiquark pairs. These sub-atomic particles then interact further as particles of matter, avoiding annihilation in the world of matter.Then, Quantum Geometry is used to propose a composite electron. This sub-atomic particle would be made of four antiquarks and one quark, an antimatter pentaquark. The atom then becomes the third level building block of matter, made of protons with a baryon number of +1, neutrons with a baryon number of 0, rather than also +1, and a composite electron with a baryon number of -1, rather than being a point-particle fermion. This allows the universe we see to have a baryon number of 0, to have baryon symmetry, without having to search for the antimatter or to consider that it has all disappeared in an explosion of light.Every atom contains an equal amount of matter and antimatter, held in equilibrium by a powerful geometry that is fully explained in this new theory of Quantum Geometry that will take us beyond relativity theory. Our universe is a balanced geometric matter-antimatter universe, at all levels, each balanced through a zero-point that is anchored in absolute time.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Redshift and Curvature of Space-Time According to the Schwarzschild Model

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 8 Pages.

We are working on concrete applications of the relativistic Schwarzschild model to the cosmos. In this report we relate the Gaussian curvature of space-time according to the Schwarzschild model with the gravitational redshift. The relativistic Schwarzschild model solves Einstein's equations exactly assuming a point gravitational mass and empty space in its vicinity. This model leads to a static and symmetric solution of the mathematical equation of space-time that allows its Gaussian curvature to be calculated at each point. We have calculated some curvature values and found an equation to calculate them which allows us to extend the results to a wider range of distances. We have quantitatively related this Gaussian curvature equation to the gravitational redshift equation by establishing a new equation between these two magnitudes. Finally, we carefully studied this found equation and applied it to the assumption of the supermassive black hole in our galaxy SAGITTARIUS A*.
Category: Astrophysics

The Search for Gravitational Waves: Fundamentals of Reception Technology

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 10 Pages.

In order to detect and decode the phase-modulated signals of gravitational waves in noise, you need an antenna and a receiver in the $mu$Hz range with special properties. The necessary technology is described in detail.
Category: Astrophysics

Die Suche Nach Gravitationswellen, Grundlagen Der Empfangstechnik (The Search for Gravitational Waves: Basics of Reception Technology

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 10 Pages.

Um die phasenmodulierten Signale von Gravitationswellen im Rauschen zu entdecken und zu dekodieren, benötigt man einen Empfänger im $mu$Hz-Bereich mit speziellen Merkmalen. Die notwendige Technik wird ausführlich beschrieben.

In order to detect and decode the phase-modulated signals of gravitational waves in noise, a receiver in the $mu$Hz range with special features is required. The necessary technology is described in detail.
Category: Astrophysics

[speculation On] Sub-Photon (Magnetic) Rocket Propulsion

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 2 Pages.

This is an illustrated concept for rocket propulsion using the magnetic lines of force of the earth's magnetic field. This author's previous papers on sub-photon behavior may be helpful to understand the proposed concept.
Category: Astrophysics