All Submission Categories

Fapp Treatment of the Hodge Conjecture

Authors: Kohji Suzuki
Comments: 9 Pages.

We treat the Hodge conjecture for all practical purposes (FAPP).
Category: Topology

The 3D Fractal Superset Which Contains the Mandelbrot Set Without Complex Numbers

Authors: Jaime Vladimir Torres-Heredia Julca
Comments: 17 Pages. 11 figures

In this paper we will see that each vector of the 3D Euclidean vector space can be expressed with operations involving rotations of the unit vector of the x-axis. Thanks to that, we will define a new multiplication between vectors which is analogous to what we have seen in our previous paper viXra:2510.0152 without complex numbers. This operation will allow us to construct a 3D fractal set which contains the Mandelbrot set in the planes OXY and OXZ. We will show some cross sections of other parts of that 3D fractal set.
Category: General Mathematics

The Double Slit Experiment Explained: Pilot Wave Theory and Foamy Ether Theory

Authors: Peter CM Hahn
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article examines wave-particle duality and the double slit experiment, offering a detailed explanation of the physical phenomena at a fundamental level. It highlights that constructing a double slit model with macro-objects, rather than atomic structures, fundamentally limits accurate representation of the underlying principles involved. Foamy Ether Theory [1] offers a more realistic model, describing how the gravitational disturbance of a particle or photon travels through the entire wall of a double slit apparatus, not just the two slits.It is well known that gravitational waves travel through matter unimpeded. Each particle or photon is accompanied by its own gravitational disturbance (or wave) as it travels through space. Foamy Ether Theory (FET) asserts that these gravitational disturbances are equivalent to pilot waves that are described in De Broglie—Bohm theory [2].Snapshots of simulations are presented that illustrate how these gravitational disturbances propagate through the foamy ether and through the walls of a double slit apparatus, thereby causing gravitational interference patterns to emerge. A single particle or photon also creates an interference pattern because it is riding on its own gravitational (pilot) wave, as it travels through both the slits and the walls.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Vacuum Localized Structures: Nonsingular Black Holes and Dark-Matter Candidates

Authors: Rudi Van Nieuwenhove
Comments: 8 Pages. Changed equation of state of the vacuum to p_r=-1/3 rho.

We present a vacuum-based model of nonsingular compact objects supported by a Vacuum Localized Structure (VLS): a smooth, spatially localized configuration of vacuum energy described by a Gaussian density profile. The VLS is modeled as an anisotropic vacuum stress configuration obeying the radial equation of state ����=−13��, with tangential stresses fixed by energy—momentum conservation. In this framework the effective gravitational source is the Tolman combination of density and pressures.Although the energy density is highest at the center, the effective gravitational source vanishes there. The dominant contribution to curvature arises from a finite-radius region where the vacuum energy density changes most rapidly. In this sense the gravitational field is generated mainly by a surrounding "vacuum shell" rather than by a central mass.Depending on the compactness, the resulting spacetimes may possess horizons or be entirely horizonless, allowing for both nonsingular black holes and ultracompact vacuum objects. Possible observational implications, including gravitational-wave echoes from horizonless configurations, are briefly discussed. Because the same type of vacuum structure can naturally extend to galactic scales, the VLS framework also provides a unified setting for compact objects and extended vacuum halos, with potential relevance for dark-matter phenomenology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fine-Tuning for Intelligent Life in a Logical World

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 6 Pages.

The numerical values of many significant physical quantities in the explicitly human SI units are expressed intelligibly in a specific format conceived by an observer for the purpose, disclosing the influence of human cognition on what is perceived. The values of five of the six dimensionless physical constants that Martin Rees identified in Just Six Numbers as being especially significant for life are also expressed intelligibly in the same format. It seems the value of the sixth constant, the dimensionality of space, also originated in cognition. In the logical world of our experience, the values of the six especially significant physical constants are necessarily, not accidentally, compatible with human life.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Some Experiments on Electron Scattering from an Atomic Lattice

Authors: Dmitry G. Kiryan, George V. Kiryan
Comments: 26 Pages. 14 Figures

This paper considers some aspects of the dynamics of material particles (electrons, neutrons) in their interaction with atomic nuclei of the target which is an ordered atomic lattice. In this study, we took into account a number of key factors affecting the particle trajectory, namely the inverse square law (Coulomb’s law), physical collisions of both elastic and inelastic character, and also the effect of a velocity decrease accompanied by bremsstrahlung. Analysis of the obtained results of mathematical modeling of material particles scattering from atomic lattices allowed us to reasonably assert that the particles do not possess wave properties giving rise to interference or diffraction. Here we propose a technique allowing practical demonstration of the absence of wave properties in electrons, as well as in other material bodies.
Category: Classical Physics

Genesis of Super-Dense Centroids and Kerneloids of Photons and Electrons from Quantum Vacuum; Theoretical Implications

Authors: Arghirescu Marius
Comments: 21 Pages.

The paper analyses the cold genesis of electron and of vector photon considered in a vortical model, from a primordial dark energy having a brownian component and a wind-like component of an etherono-quantonic medium, containing also heavy (sinergonic) etherons and quantons with mass mh = h.1/c^2 , by two equation of dynamic equilibrium and by a u201asinergonic’ force of Magnus-type. It was deduced that in the actual cosmic era, for the cold forming of these leptons would be necessary a critical density of sinergons: p_s^0 + p_sv^0 ≈ 7.2x10^18 kg/m^3 and a critical induction associated to the fomed vortex-tube: B^0(r_v^k) = 3.37x10^17 T , respective -B^0(r_0) = 0.79x10^16 T, for the forming of light vector photons with mass m_v ≈ 2.3x10_-40 kg and of electronic centroids, but in the begining of the Proto-Universe era these particles could have been formed from slowed quantons, confined by a less intense sinergonic vortex, either with a density p_s > p_s^0(r_v), at an associated vortex-field intensity: B < B_0, or at p_s < p_s^0(r_v), by a gravito-magnetic potential V_gm(r) , if the rotation speed of vortexed quantons not exceed a critical value v_c^c = k_cc, with k_c = v_hp_sv^cs/(sqrt2)m_h , corresponding to a critical Bc-field associated to the etherono-quantonic vortex: B_c = k_1p_sv^c(rv)w = k_1p_s^c(r_v)k_cc. Some theoretical implications of the magnetic field’s vortical nature, including the perpetual rotation of atomic electrons and the Compton radius of proton are analysed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Constituent Quarks of the First Generation

Authors: Branko Zivlak
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required!)

In this paper, we calculate the masses of the proton and the neutron from the masses of the bare up and down quarks.
Category: Quantum Physics

Regular Rotating Vacuum Localized Structures in General Relativity

Authors: Rudi Van Nieuwenhove
Comments: 12 Pages.

We investigate rotating Vacuum Localized Structures (VLS), extending earlier work on static vacuum-supported gravitational configurations to include angular momentum. VLS are described phenomenologically by an anisotropic vacuum stress—energy tensor with positive energy density and vacuum-like negative radial pressure, leading to regular, self-gravitating configurations without conventional matter sources. We show that such configurations can consistently support rotation while remaining regular and free of horizons within the slow-rotation approximation.Rotation is treated perturbatively, allowing for physically significant linear velocities while maintaining control of the expansion. In the weak-field regime, a Poisson-based analysis is used to derive the rotating configuration and to compute the associated radial and tangential pressure profiles explicitly. These profiles are shown to remain well behaved throughout the structure and to reduce smoothly to the static limit in the absence of rotation.From an astrophysical perspective, rotating VLS provide a potential alternative to particle dark matter, as their gravitational effects arise from vacuum structure rather than from baryonic or exotic matter. More generally, they offer a framework for modeling compact, rotating, vacuum-dominated objects in general relativity without curvature singularities.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Score-Based Graph Generative Models with Sublinear Spectral Density Estimation

Authors: Tianqi Zhu
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We consider score-based generative models for graphs and propose to enhance them with a sublinear-time spectral density estimationmodule. Our method computes a compact spectral summary of the graph Laplacian via randomized Chebyshev moments, and uses thissummary to condition the latent diffusion process and its noise schedule. This yields a spectrum-aware score-based graph generativemodel that can adapt its diffusion dynamics to the structural properties of the input graphs, while avoiding expensive eigenvaluedecompositions
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Cosmic Theory of Electric Primitives and Magnetic Primitives (Ⅰ) Ultimate Quantum: Phase Transition & Big Bang

Authors: Xiaoliang Tian, Xiaohua Li, Hui Sun
Comments: 19 Pages.

The origin of the cosmic singularity and vacuum zero-point energy, long-standing puzzles in Big Bang cosmology challenging current physical frameworks, remain central issues in modern physics. Based on the Cosmic First Principles, this study establishes "Electric Primitives" and "Magnetic Primitives" as the ultimate quantum primitives of the universe, constructs the "Cosmic Theory of Electric Primitives and Magnetic Primitives", and proposes a phase transition-driven mechanism for singularity evolution. Key findings: True Vacuum consists of Primordial Unities formed by the symmetric fusion of Electric Primitives and Magnetic Primitives; False Vacuum is composed of Electric Primitives, Magnetic Primitives, and Electromagnetic Primitives—all generated from phase transitions of Primordial Unities. Together, these structural features reveal the microscopic origin of vacuum zero-point energy. Their self-organization drives phase transitions, the Big Bang, and spacetime evolution. The logical consistency of the proposed phase transition mechanism and cosmic evolution framework is verified via thought experiments, providing theoretical operability for interpreting unobservable early cosmic processes. This study establishes a theoretical bridge linking quantum primitives to cosmic evolution, offering a groundbreaking framework for resolving the mystery of cosmic origin and advancing the unification of quantum mechanics and relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Rapid Planetary Disassembly Hypothesis: Extreme Energy Requirements and Solar System Architecture

Authors: Aaron Riley Hurst
Comments: 67 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The solar system's formation bears scars unexplained by conventional models: Earth's oversized moon, the asteroid belt's dual structure, the abrupt Late Heavy Bombardment, and Earth's anomalous geothermal output. Established models like the Nice Model rely on gradual planetary migration but struggle to explain isotopic uniformity across inner solar system bodies and the rapid formation of asteroids 4-5 million years after CAI formation. Recent 2025 advances, such as observations of protoplanetary disk reshaping by giant planets, highlight persistent energy gaps in CAI nucleosynthesis. This paper proposes the Rapid Planetary Disassembly (RPD) Hypothesis: a super-Earth underwent catastrophic disassembly at 4.55 Ga via high-energy impacts, reshaping the solar system. The mechanism addresses a critical energy constraint—observed u2076u2070Fe/u2076²Ni ratios (7.3) and u2079u2076Zr excesses preserved in calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions require formation temperatures of 0.86-1.0 × 10u2079 K, achievable through extreme kinetic energy delivery but unattainable through known nebular processes. Twenty-two converging lines of evidence—from tungsten isotope systematics to contemporary meteor showers—support this catastrophic scenario. The hypothesis generates testable predictions spanning isotopic systematics, exoplanetary architectures (e.g., dual debris disks with fine inner dust), and comparative planetology, enabling systematic validation through multiple independent measurements while offering new strategies for identifying habitable exoplanets in dual debris disk systems.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Cosmic Structure Formation from Cantor Dust

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 23 Pages.

We outline an unconventional framework for cosmic structure formation in which the underlying Dark Matter (DM) distribution is modeled as a multifractal Cantor Dust (CD). In this scenario, the fractal geometry of CD generates scale-dependent gravitational potentials that seed the collapse of baryonic matter without requiring primordial gravitational fields or particle-like DM clumps. DM resides on a multifractal support with Hausdorff dimension D<3, a gravitational scaffolding which traps baryons into filaments, walls, and voids. Cooling baryonic gas undergoes hierarchical collapse, producing structures from the proto-galactic to stellar scale. This approach can potentially explain the emergence of Newtonian-like galaxies in the interiors of fractal potentials while resolving conceptual issues inherent in standard cosmology, including the cusp—core problem, angular momentum loss, and early formation of massive galaxies. Our results suggest that multifractal gravitational backgrounds provide a physically consistent and predictive alternative paradigm for the formation and evolution of cosmic structures.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Terraforming Venus- Cooling and Transforming the Planet

Authors: Keith D. Foote
Comments: 7 Pages.

In terms of colonizing other planets, it is much more logical, and efficient, to colonize Mars and Venus before making efforts to colonize planets in other star systems. Reaching other star systems is difficult, at best. Terraforming Venus and Mars supports the expansion of humanity to other planets, providing new resources and lowers the chances of human extinction, should Terra be hit by a large asteroid.
Category: Climate Research

On the Planck Mass and Length

Authors: Branko Zivlak
Comments: 4 Pages. 2 figures

The paper presents two complementary formulas for the Planck mass and the Planck length, which yield higher accuracy than the values reported in the CODATA reports.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Fast Method for Solving the Minimal Overlapping Circle Expansion Problems

Authors: Andy Zhuang
Comments: 18 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

In this paper, we first introduce the Minimal Overlapping Circle Expansion (MOCE) problem. Solution to such a problem has real-world applications, such as finding the location to best communicate with a number of wireless devices, finding the quickest way for a number of vehicles to get to a rendezvous location etc. We present several algorithms to compute the solution with different running time and accuracy. The first uses enclosing square to get an approximate solution; the second only considers pair-wise overlap to approximate; the third uses the the results of the first two and a few other methods to speed up the computation. Our results show that (1) the approximate algorithm can be 1000 times faster than the accurate algorithm, and get to 99.9% of the correct value. (2) improvements can cut down the compute time by 50% for the accurate algorithm.
Category: Geometry

A Puncture Operator for Canonical Symbolic Representation of Non-Elementary Antiderivatives.

Authors: Marciano L. Legarde
Comments: 28 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

In standard calculus, many functions do not admit antiderivatives that can be written using elementary functions. Classical results in mathematics show that no algebraic manipulation can overcome this limitation. However, the absence of an elementary antiderivative does not mean that such integrals are without structure or representation. This work introduces a new symbolic approach for handling non-elementary integrals through the definition of a puncture operator. Rather than attempting to force an elementary closed form, the puncture operator compresses the infinite summation structure that naturally arises in these integrals into a single, well-defined symbolic object. This object fully encodes the antiderivative while avoiding the need to explicitly display long or impractical infinite series. The puncture operator is constructed explicitly and is shown to preserve convergence, remain invariant under partition refinement, and provide a canonical representation of series-based antiderivatives. The method is demonstrated in detail on the non-elementary integral ∫ �� ���� where the infinite expansion of the antiderivative is compressed into a compact symbolic form without loss of information. This framework does not contradict known impossibility results in symbolic integration. Instead, it offers a complementary perspective in which non-elementary antiderivatives are treated as structured symbolic objects rather than unsimplifiable expressions. The approach provides a new way to represent and manipulate integrals that lie beyond the reach of elementary calculus.
Category: General Mathematics

Lifelong Preference Learning with Composable Diffusion Models on Edge Devices

Authors: Tianqi Zhu
Comments: 16 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Enabling lifelong learning in robots requires models that can continuously adapt to evolving tasks, environments, and user preferences while operating under strict computational and privacy constraints. We propose a framework for robot lifelong learning with composable diffusion models on edge devices where complex robot behaviors are represented as compositions of lightweight diffusion modules trained incrementally over time. Each module captures a reusable skill, preference, or environmental dynamic, and compositions are formed through learned conditioning and guidance mechanisms without retraining the full system. To support on-device deployment, we introduce parameter-efficient adaptation strategies and selective memory replay that bound compute, memory, and energy usage on edge hardware. The resulting system mitigates catastrophic forgetting, enables rapid skill recombination, and preserves data locality by keeping learning and inference fully on-device.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Looking Back at Quantum Mechanics via the Quantity Momentum

Authors: Hai-Jun Wang
Comments: 6 Pages.

By analyzing the historical treatments of quantity momentum in different models, we revisit certain fundamental problems in quantum mechanics, e.g. how to understand quantum interference and quantum scattering. Logically, by taking over the physical picture of dressing cloud surrounding hadrons and applying it to the electromagnetic field dressed by charged particles, we find a deeper understanding of the microscopic property of electromagnetic field. It implies that the amplitude of momentum could be closely related to the oscillation of electromagnetic field dressed by charged particle. Consequently the definition of canonical momentum turns out to be interaction dependent.
Category: Quantum Physics

Hypersphere Factoring Analysis of Daum's Most Precise Charged Pion Mass Determination

Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 7 Pages.

The most precise mass determination of the charged pion listed by Particle Data Group is the one by Daum. Hypersphere factoring of that mass yields a theoretical mass that is only 0.00006 MeV from the experimentally determined value and well within the .00014 MeV experimental error. The most amazing thing about this analysis is that the best hypersphere surface volume factoring of the pion’s mass was done with the surface volume of a unit radius 28-sphere, suggesting that the charged pion is a 28 dimensional object. (It appears 3-dimensional to us because it is attached to the Higgs field — which is 3 dimensional - and so moves with only 3 degrees of dimensional freedom as one would expect of a 3-dimensional particle.)Is the pion 28 dimensional? Examine the factoring and decide for yourself.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Social System Defined by Trialism (In Chinese)

Authors: Ding Jian
Comments: 7 Pages.

Truth is not only absolute fairness, but also means unanimous consensus, which lies herein as the key that truly drives social progress today. Although every truth must have absoluteness and immutability, and does not exist in reality, and belongs to the category of metaphysics, it has continuity with relevant objective things in reality, and its intrinsic mechanism is inertia. Based on this, I initially created the "Trialism on things' limits", which resolved the dilemma that truth had no place to reside in dualism and could only be passed over ambiguously, and expanded the philosophical view of materialism to the category of metaphysics. The major social systems in the world today all aim for fairness as their goal pursued. Among them, the obedience of the minority to the majority constitutes the main body of the dualistic social system, and its flaw lies in imposing the consensus of part of the people on others. And the social system defined by Trialism is based on dualism to add unanimous consensus as a third aspect, and a unity of opposites is formed by virtue of the absoluteness of truth together with the democracy and centralism in reality. With the reasonable return of methodology from dualism to Trialism, war can hardly begin because ambiguity disappears. The higher the proportion of consensus, the higher the productive forces. As a result, we can more reasonably and efficiently do that "concentrate on accomplishing major tasks" in a long-term peaceful environment to escort the pursuit of a better life for humanity.
Category: Social Science

Primality Has a Yielding Structure

Authors: Arthur V. Shevenyonov
Comments: 4 Pages.

A simple-yet-fulfilling formula is presented showcasing a linkage between the prime number’s[shifted] index (ordinal rank) vs its signature trace, or power sum over the characteristic 2-basis. A loose analogy of minimum action or energy orbitals could be conceived as one way ofrationalizing the representation from amongst alternate, likewise 2-basis, candidates. A mostminimalist calculus is proposed accommodating such singular-basis travel.
Category: Number Theory

Global Existence and Smoothness of The Navier-Stokes Equation via Spectral Decimation on Icosahedral Manifolds

Authors: Stephen Ryan Moorehead-McDaniel
Comments: 24 Pages. 2 figures (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references, list scientific references in a complete manner, and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Since the original formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations in 1822, the inability to prove global regularity has been fundamentally rooted in a physical misconception: the assumption that the fluid continuum is isotropic at the dissipation scale. We assert that the Millennium Prize problem, as currently posed, is unsolvable not due to a lack of mathematical tools, but due to an incomplete understanding of the physical vacuum. This paper does not introduce a new external rule; rather, it identifies an intrinsic Topological Boundary Constraint that has always governed fluid dynamics but remained unobserved by standard analysis. We demonstrate that the vacuum naturally selects the Gamma_{120} manifold (derived from the symmetry of the Great Rhombicosidodecahedron) as the global attractor for energy dissipation. By observing the inherent 72^circ torsional alignment of the vorticity field, we show that the non-linear advection term is geometrically depleted at the Kolmogorov scale, naturally precluding singularity formation. Finally, we show that the standard isotropic model violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics via spectral aliasing, a violation that nature corrects through this pre-existing geometric governor. The solution is smooth because the physical universe does not permit the isotropic blow-up assumed by the mathematical model.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Recursive Discrete-Rotation Framework for Waveform Reconstruction and Computational Geometry

Authors: Himanshu M. Chavda
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references, list scientific references in a complete manner, and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

"This paper introduces a novel recursive framework for approximating circular geometry and waveforms using discrete segment rotations. Traditional analytic methods, such as the classical circumference formula $C=2pi r$, rely on continuous functions that abstract away the geometric essence of rotation and introduce computational inefficiencies in discrete digital environments. By re-evaluating the 'Method of Exhaustion,' this work derives an original Discrete Radius Formula ($r = frac{C}{2n sin(Deltatheta/2)}$) that eliminates the inherent path-drift found in standard step-based systems. A recursive update algorithm is developed to reconstruct complex signals with $O(1)$ computational complexity, transforming global trigonometric evaluations into local iterative additions. Numerical validation demonstrates high-precision convergence to continuous limits, achieving an absolute error of approximately $7.97 times 10^{-9}$ at high resolution. The results establish a robust bridge between classical geometry and modern digital implementation, offering significant improvements in speed and accuracy for robotics, AI graphics, and signal processing."
Category: Geometry

Group Theory Ideas With a TI-84 CE

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 17 Pages.

We give some central ideas of abstract algebra in a motivated manner starting with the construction of the integers with straight edge and compass, extrapolating axioms for these integers, finding a finite version of integers that obey these same axioms, and comparing this result with a permutation group via a Cayley table constructed using a TI84 program. Along the way we show how Lagrange, Euler, and Fermat theorems can be motivated and proven as natural results of the development. The need for and the essence of abstraction in mathematics we hope emerges.
Category: Algebra

Metamathematics

Authors: Dan Howitt
Comments: 9 Pages. © 2026 Dan Howitt

The following metamathematical analyses of the mathematical concepts and language "zero dimensional", "one dimensional", "two dimensional", "extra dimensional", "infinity", "zero", "nothing", "pure geometry", and "curved space", demonstrate that they are arrived at via one or more of conceptual dissociation, conceptual association, and variations of linguistic alteration, and that they, as such, cannot represent facets of the universe. (The above and below language that are quoted are so because their meanings are in question).
Category: Geometry

Parity-Sector Signatures in Ultraweak Photon Emission from Driven-Dissipative Majorana Spin Systems

Authors: Trevor Nestor
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org!)

We present a minimal driven—dissipative model in which a long-lived spin-correlatedfermionic subspace is represented by Majorana operators and a Z2 parity, and couples to the electromagnetic field through dipolar and spin—orbit—assisted interactions. Parity-sensitive relaxation channels imprint the internal sector onto emitted photons, producing polarization- and helicity-resolved structure beyond generic luminescence. Using a Lindblad master equation with periodic modulation, we perform numerical simulations and compute polarization-resolved emission spectra, Floquet sidebands, and photon correlations g(2)(τ ). The model predicts magnetic-field-dependent polarization asymmetries, drive-locked sidebands, and polarization cross-correlators accessible with polarization-resolved Hanbury Brown—Twiss detection. These signatures provide falsifiable discriminants for assessing whetherMajorana-parity dynamics can contribute to reported ultraweak photon emission.
Category: Physics of Biology

0=No, 1=Yes: The Underlying Logic of Origami Windmill Model Decoding Neural Electromagnetic Waves and Life Inheritance

Authors: Zuodong Sun
Comments: 10 Pages.

This study focuses on an original origami windmill model as the core, establishing a unified and concise binary information processing framework (0/No, 1/Yes) that systematically integrates interdisciplinary content, including neuroelectrophysiology, biological information transmission, disease mechanisms, and aging processes. The study integrates MacKinnon’s potassium channel structural theory, Hodgkin-Huxley’s action potential experiments, and Ramón y Cajal’s neuronal staining and connectivity theory, while also incorporating McFadden’s research on life electromagnetic information transmission from the University of Surrey in the UK. It introduces the core concept of homology between Agre’s water channels and MacKinnon’s potassium channels, clarifying the relationship between dynamic changes in ion channels and the generation of neuronal electromagnetic waves; By quantifying model parameters, defining binary logic boundaries, and proposing rigorous key experimental verification pathways, the "origami windmill" is pushed from a qualitative metaphor to a scientific hypothesis that can be explored. Based on this, new strategies for cancer treatment, anti-aging, and anti Alzheimer's disease (AD) are proposed. The above strategies have been explored and applied, and preliminary practical observations show that this intervention approach has potential application value. It provides a new theoretical framework and verifiable experimental path for understanding the encoding, transmission, and cross generational effects of life information, as well as interventions for related diseases.
Category: Biochemistry

An Alternative Model for Cosmology and Particle Physics

Authors: En Okada
Comments: 16 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required)

We propose a general framework for theoretical physics that a stochastic symmetry breaking of the space as an essentially binary field gives rise to energy, time and all elementary particles. In our model, the Planck constant as not only a measure of the quantum mechanical uncertainty or randomness but also a reflection of the degree of spatial asymmetry in the universe, is inversely proportional to the Hubble volume, in a manner that the fine structure constant remains unchanged. It drives a coordinated evolution of the Planck units and the mass of elementary particles and the elementary charge. We quantitatively demonstrate that the observations of type-Ia supernovae and the cosmic microwave background and the mysterious hierarchy gaps in fundamental physics collectively point to a consistent story that the Hubble radius has expanded by a factor of 3.25×10^24 since the very beginning of the universe. Our newly proposed model demystifies the dark energy as a mere illusion, and resolves the Hubble tension. Moreover, it paved the way toward a unified understanding of all the four fundamental interactions as four natural branches rooted out of a single phenomenon, namely, the stochastic symmetry breaking of a binary field. As a falsifiable prediction by our model, the electron mass and the elementary charge shall be inversely proportional to the 7/3 and 3/2 power of the cosmic scale factor, yielding a detectable difference in experiments with an annual time span.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Refutation of Bell's Theorem

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 5 Pages. 1 figure

Bell’s theorem states that no classical theory, based on local hidden variables, can fully describe the predictions of quantum mechanics. In other words: quantum mechanics is not compatible with local hidden variable theories. This theorem is wrong. That has been demonstrated by the results of previous papers, showing the exact mechanism in Bell experiments and how that mechanism comes about. In those papers correlations in experiments are exactly explained classically. They also describe what is needed for that explanation. In this paper the results are proven by simple goniometry.
Category: Quantum Physics

Simplified Master Formula for a Right Triangular Plane and Solid-Angle Corollaries in the Theory of Polygon

Authors: Harish Chandra Rajpoot
Comments: 15 Pages. Original Research Work

A generalized framework from HCR's Theory of Polygon is presented for computing the solid angle subtended by an arbitrary polygonal plane, regular or irregular, at any point in three-dimensional space. The approach is unified and systematic, relying on a single master formula derived for a right triangular plane. This formula is simplified and equivalently expressed in terms of inverse trigonometric functions, including arcsine, arccosine, and arctangent. The variation of the solid angle with respect to the orthogonal sides of the triangle and the distance of the observation point is illustrated graphically. In addition, several corollaries are established for the solid angle subtended by planar surfaces, both polygonal and non-polygonal, at different coplanar locations of the observation point. The results are derived using the standard formula for right-triangle geometry and the concept of the angle of vision for observation of two-dimensional figures.
Category: Geometry

Thoughts on the Generation Problem

Authors: Thierry L. A. Periat
Comments: 59 Pages.

Why are there three generations (leptons and quarks)? Are they related to one another? If yes, how? This document is a pioneer work shedding a renewed light on a topic that is currently an open questioning under investigation. It proposes an alternative way of expressing the invariance of the speed of light, which is based on the study of the deformations of the Poynting’s vector. This method allows the introduction of trios of deforming matrices which are obliged to respect a very specific constraint. The work examines how to make this constraint compatible with the existence of ratios connecting the masses of three particles according to a formula proposed by Y. Koide.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Design and Control of an Arduino-Based Multifunctional Robotic Car Using Smartphone Applications

Authors: Muhammad Junaid Khan, Rida Batool Sheraliyat
Comments: 12 Pages.

The present work focuses on a multifunctional Arduino-based smart robotic car capable of a range of functionalities within the category of advanced control, automation, and interactivity. Wireless communication is achieved by Bluetooth, voice control through the MIT App Inventor interface, obstacle detection using ultrasonic and infrared sensors, and manual operation through a remote controller and smartphone application. The vehicle is driven by DC (BO) geared motors, controlled by an L298N motor driver connected to an Arduino UNO microcontroller. In this context, wireless communication is enabled by the use of an HC-05 Bluetooth module that allows both manual and voice-commanded navigation. The developed system with an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor combined with IR sensors offers obstacle avoidance capability with reliable environmental awareness. The robotic platform provides line-following and obstacle-avoiding features while remaining IR remote controllable. In this work, we demonstrate a seamless integration of hardware and software, resulting in a versatile platform for educational, research, and hobbyist applications in robotics and IoT.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Analog of a Compact Calabi-yau Manifold Based on the Algebra of Signatures

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 18 Pages.

A multidimensional Ricci-flat space is proposed, in which additional dimensions harmoniously compensate each other's manifestations in accordance with the internal topological structure of a given manifold, i.e., without additional conditions. At the same time, the geometric and topological parameters of such a space, developed within the framework of Algebra the Signature [1,2,3,4], turned out to be sufficient for the creation of metric-dynamic models of all elementary particles included in the Standard Model [5,6,7,8]. In particular, it is possible to geome-trize such concepts as charge, spin, inertial mass, colors and confinement of the quarks, and also propose ways of metric-dynamically substantiating the nature of gravity, dark matter and energy, etc. In connection with these possibilities of the multidimensional geometry based on the Algebra of signature, the multidimensional Ricci-flat space generated by it can be proposed as an alternative to the Calabi-Yau manifold used in superstring theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Non-Colliding Path Authorisation with Epoch-Based Liveness

Authors: Feliciano Domingos
Comments: 4 Pages.

present Non-Colliding Path Authorisation (NCPA),a lightweight authorisation protocol in which access rights are encoded as single-use, ordered paths through a system graph. Each authorization must be exercised sequentially, without replay, andwithout colliding with other concurrent authorizations. To ensure liveness, paths are allocated within bounded epochs, allowingsafe reclamation of exhausted resources. Unlike traditional access control systems that rely on centralised locks or cryptographic capabilities, NCPA enforces safety properties through structural constraints and explicit state transitions. I provide an executable specification of the protocol and validate its security properties using property-based testing. Our results demonstrate that NCPA prevents replay, skipping, impersonation, and collisions, while guaranteeing bounded exhaustion and epoch-based recovery.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

An Experimentally Appearing Inconsistency with Hidden Variable Theories in Quantum Optical Phenomena

Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 21 Pages.

We investigate the significant striking aspect of the most basic two quantum observables: (1) an observable that is obtained though a single projection operator and (2) an observable that is obtained though a single identity operator. Kochen and Specker show that some value assignment to elements of a set of projection operators and the identity operator should fail. Now, we greatly simplify the Kochen--Specker theorem. Our simplified version says that we cannot assign a preexistence value as $+1$ to both quantum operators (the projection operator and the identity operator)even though the assignment is independent from each other. And finally, we are able to use the weak assumption (the identity operator possesses a preexistence value as $+1$) instead of the strong assumption (the existence of the weak hidden variable theory) in order to verify the Kochen--Specker theorem.
Category: Quantum Physics

Diminishing Measurement Overhead in Quantum State Tomography with Quantum Machine Learning: A Comprehensive Study

Authors: Bhaumik Tyagi, Nazam Arora
Comments: 6 Pages.

A pivotal method in the field of quantum information processing (QIP) is quantum state tomography (QST), which is mostly used to reconstruct previously unidentified quantum states. However, traditional QST approaches have serious drawbacks due to the enormous number of measurements they require, making them impractical for studying large-scale quantum systems. To address this issue, a new approach is presented by combining Quantum Machine Learning (QML) methods to improve the effectiveness of QST. This work conducts a thorough investigation of various QST techniques, including both classical and quantum approaches. Various QML techniques for QST are used, demonstrating their effectiveness in a variety of simulated and experimental quantum systems, including complex multi-qubit networks. The results of this research support the outstanding prospect of QML-based QST method in achieving very high fidelity levels while drastically reducing the number of measurements needed in comparison to conventional methods. This innovative method has great potential for real-world applications in the field of quantum information processing.
Category: Quantum Physics

Generalized Crude Brauer Inequality on Addition Chains

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages.

We extend the inequality due to Alfred Brauer on standard addition chains to a sequence of additions leading to a finite number where at most at most $dgeq 2$ previous terms can be added to generate each term in the sequence.
Category: Number Theory

Riemann Hypothesis [ Proof Is ] Obfuscatedly Easy [?]

Authors: Arthur Shevenyonov
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper proposes a ‘naïve,’ ‘three-line’ demonstration for RH building on a functional-equation reduction. It is suggested, inter alia, how prematurely restricting an exposition to the conjectured critical band a priori may usher in some paradoxic singularities that unduly restrict the complex candidate (imaginary extension) domain, albeit without questioning the real core. It remains to be judged whether the ‘gray area,’ as implied or straddled, qualifies as a ‘constructive’ completion of the RH around its frontier of inference.
Category: Number Theory

Another ‘Naive’ Study Worth of ‘(H)Eureka’ Results: Powers Aiding Differences

Authors: Arthur Shevenyonov
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

A ‘naïve’ look into simple & augmented natural power-difference forms (nPDF) unleashes implications & patterns in areas as diverse as, the RH, primality formulae, and structure parallels, to name but a few.
Category: Number Theory

Ignoring the Compensation of Gravitational Time Dilation by Inertial Motion and Other Theoretical Misconceptions and Imaginary Entities in Physics, Astronomy, and Cosmology

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 81 Pages. Updated equations, conclusions and references

The majority of theoretical misconceptions and the most significant misunderstandings in modern astronomy, cosmology and physics are caused by a purely mathematical approach and ignoring philosophical comprehension of physical reality and, as a result, by not deep enough understanding of the essence of certain physical phenomena and objects. Foremost, it's all about phenomena and objects that are under consideration by Special Relativity (SR) and General Relativity (GR). The author has analyzed historical roots of discussed here misconceptions and misunderstandings and has shown the possible ways to overcome them. Such constructive approach gives us the hope for getting rid of the majority of revealed here misconceptions and misunderstandings. Unfortunately, this is the problem of not only the astronomy and cosmology, but also of physics in general. The unreality of black holes, Big Bang, non-baryonic dark matter, dark energy, photons and neutrinos is justified in details. The possibility of existence of antimatter inside the neutron stars and quasars that have the hollow body topology and mirror symmetry of their intrinsic space is justified. The big redshift and long lasting high luminosity of quasars are explained. The spatio-temporal noninvariance of the gravitational constant and the fictiveness of Etherington's identity are proved. The fact that spatial distribution of gravitational field strength, defined by logarithmic gravitational potential, perfectly corresponds to astronomical observations is shown. It is shown that according to the GR and the Relativistic Gravithermodynamics (RGTD) equations, the configuration of the dynamic gravitational field of a galaxy in a quasi-equilibrium state corresponds to reality. The fact that Hubble’s redshift is linearly dependent on comoving distance instead of luminosity distance is justified. It is shown that mentioned above fact corresponds to astronomical observations. It is concluded that such concepts as corpuscle and elementary particle are purely macroscopic. The inadmissibility of the presence of "thing-in-itself" in physics is shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Enhanced Neutrino and Anti-Neutrino Interactions by Positron, Electron and Nucleon Interaction under Applied Static and Dynamic Magnetic Fields: Theoretical Cure for HIV

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 8 Pages.

In 2018, it was proposed by RBL that HIV fractionates some isotopes during its infection, dormant stage and advancement to AIDS. In 2023, scientists led by Balter measured fractionation of Zn isotopes during HIV infection and advancement of the disease, whereby the HIV and the HIV infected cells enrich in the least massive stable Zn isotope: 64Zn. Surrounding media of the HIV infected cells enriches in the heavier stable isotopes: 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn and 70Zn. The author (RBL) previously proposed general mechanism of feeding viruses particular enriched isotopes and use of electromagnetic fields, magnetic fields, electric fields and agitations for inducing isotopic replacement during proliferation of the virus and infection to mutate and inactivate the virus. This work outlines details of application of such for intrinsic light isotopic enrichment of unstable 62Zn into HIV and HIV infected cells with the rapid electron capture reactions transmuting the 62Zn to 62Cu and to 62Ni for altering interactions of zinc fingers and other binding of zinc in HIV and HIV infected viruses to kill the HIV infected virus and inactivate the HIV with specific emphasis on previously hidden HIV reservoirs. These hidden HIV reservoirs contain Zn fingers and this theoretical cure internally mutate and inactivate these hidden HIV reservoirs throughout the patients’ bodies by nuclei of 62Zn, 62Cu and 62Ni. This work further proposes additional treatment of HIV infected host with excessing 64Zn in the HIV and HIV infected cell with external rotating magnetic waves of electromagnetic radiation (including X-rays, Gamma Rays and Radio Waves), strong static magnetic fields, positrons and neutrinos and antineutrinos for positron induced selective mutations of 64Zn to inactivate the HIV and kill HIV infected cells for an additional route to cure HIV. The author introduces new phenomena whereby positrons interacting with electrons in strong magnetic fields and nuclei for inducing stronger neutrino and antineutrino interactions.
Category: Physics of Biology

Criticizing Feynman's Path Integrals

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 10 Pages.

I present an argument that shows that in general Feynman's path integrals are not equivalent with Schrodinger equations, and conclude that Feynman's path integrals are not a serious formulation of Quantum Mechanics. The path integral formulation appears to be equivalent with Schrodinger equation only in the special case where the Lagrangian depends on the velocity via a quadratic term.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Quantization of a Scalar Gravity Field with Feynman's Path Integral Quantization Method

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 19 Pages.

Quantization of a scalar field is a standard text book example of Feynman's path integral quantization. As my findings on the Relativity Theory show that gravitation must be a scalar field, not a tensor field, it is natural to try this quantization method on Nordstrom's and Newton's scalar gravity. It turns out that Feynman's method has many serious errors. The reader doubting it may check the first error very easily. A literature result in equation (11) claimsto give a Green function G(x,x') to the Klein-Gordon operator Box+m^2. If so, (Box+m^2)G=delta(x-x') and if (Box+m^2)y(x)=h(x), then y=int dx' h(x)G(x,x')dx.We see that when integrating over x' the delta peak picks up the value of h(x) becausedelta(x-x') id not 0 in a single point x'=0. But in (11) there is a delta peak delta(x^2)where x^2=|t-t'|^2-|x-x'|^2 is not zero in a single point, it is zero ina subspace. Other errors in Feynman's method are equally clear and real errors. As expected, quantizing gravitation by this method in Section 6 of this article produces a result thatdoes not look correct.
Category: Quantum Physics

What is Physical Reality? I Spy with my Little Eye — and What I See is Different. Trapped Surfaces of Local Multiversal Overlapping Quantum States in Bohms Many-World Theory

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 36 Pages.

If a form of interaction like a crossing over of events is defined between two different universal worldlines in two near neighbour universes after Bohms theory of many worlds in quantum physics, then local observers in the same universe can measure different values of a physical size, when one of them is trapped in a local closed surface of the crossing over zone and the other one isn‘t in this state but in the state of the "normal" universe. In this case, physical measurements are no longer clearly defined.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Geodesic Completeness in Schwarzschild Spacetime via Phase-Dependent Metric Signature Inversion

Authors: Ashim Nath
Comments: 8 Pages. v3 reformulates the theory using Phase-Dependent Finslerian Geometry. It replaces the previous kinematic interpretation with a topological framework, defining the speed of light and the event horizon as metric signature inversion boundaries.

Standard General Relativity predicts that massive particles crossing the event horizon of a black hole inevitably terminate at a spacelike singularity (r=0). This paper proposes a modification to the standard kinematic model of fermions to resolve this geodesic incompleteness. We posit that elementary particles undergo a phase transition in the temporal dimension of their proper frame. By treating the null surface c not as an asymptotic limit but as a Topological Phase Boundary, we show that the electron-positron annihilation vertex is topologically equivalent to a spacelike metric inversion. When applied to gravitational collapse, this framework implies that the Event Horizon acts as a Causal Phase Boundary. Upon reaching the horizon, the particle undergoes a CPT inversion relative to the background metric, effectively reinterpreting the horizon not as an entrance to an interior, but as a repulsive transition surface. Furthermore, by extending this logic to higher-order spacelike intervals, we establish a continuous topology where a single particle oscillates through infinite generations of matter and antimatter, eliminating the physical singularity. Mathematically, this is rigorously defined via a Phase-Dependent Finslerian Metric, ensuring the action remains real-valued across the transition.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Electron-Positron Pair Creation in Magnetic Field

Authors: Miroslav pardy
Comments: 7 Pages. Original article

The probability of the emission of the electron-positron pairs is calculated from the mass operator formalism introduced by Milton at al. (1981). Thisformalism is used to estimate the rate of theelectron-positron pair production by virtualtual synchrotron photons. The rate is governed bythe very small function and therefore the process is beyond the possibility of experimental observation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Study of Functions

Authors: Teo Banica
Comments: 400 Pages.

This is an introduction to the study of real functions, $f:mathbb Rtomathbb R$. We first discuss motivations and examples, ways of representing functions, and with a detailed look into the basic functions, namely polynomials, and $sin,cos,exp,log$. Then we discuss continuity, with the standard results on the subject, and notably with the Weierstrass approximation theorem. We then discuss derivatives, again with the standard results on the subject, notably with the Taylor formula and its applications. Finally, we discuss integrals, with what can be done with Riemann sums, the relation with the derivatives, and with a look into more advanced functional analysis, and several variables too.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Newton’s Third Law in Rebounding Bodies: Historical Context, Classical Conceptualization, and Generalized Formulation

Authors: Ajay Sharma
Comments: 18 Pages.

Newton’s third law of motion has historically been formulated and applied primarily in a qualitative manner and is commonly assumed to hold universally for macroscopic interactions. Over time, the applications of Newton’s third law have been extended to a wide range of systems, including aerodynamics and aerospace propulsion. In this work, qualitative and preliminary quantitative observations are reported for freely falling and rebounding macroscopic bodies, highlighting systematic variations associated with geometric shape, material composition, and impact conditions. Simple rebound experiments show that spherical bodies can retrace their original line of fall and rebound to comparable heights under suitable conditions, whereas asymmetrical and flat bodies exhibit reduced rebound heights and oblique rebound trajectories. These observations indicate that interaction forces during impact are influenced by structural and material asymmetries at the macroscopic scale. Motivated by these experimental trends and supported by historical and conceptual analysis, a generalized form of Newton’s third law is proposed in which the reaction force is modified by dimensionless coefficients accounting for shape, composition, target surface, and other interaction parameters, expressed asReaction (FBA) = − [Kshape × Kcomposition × Ktarget × Kother] Action (FAB)The generalized formulation reduces to the classical law in the symmetric ideal limit and provides an experimentally testable framework for investigating macroscopic deviations from ideal action—reaction symmetry.
Category: Classical Physics

Test for Mathematical Abilities of LLMs

Authors: Dainis Zeps
Comments: 1 Page. https://lingua.id.lv/alex/flower.snarks.pdf

Two graphs given, a sample of flower snark, published by Rufus Isaacs in 1975, and graph constructed by Emanuels Grinbergs in 1972. Prove that both graphs are isomorphic. The proof should be in one line, suggestedly no longer than five words.We suggest to take it as a test to compare different LLMs of their ability to solve simple mathematical problems.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Matter-Only Cosmology: A Unified Origin for Inflation and Dark Energy

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 76 Pages.

The standard cosmological model, ΛCDM, successfully describes cosmic acceleration but treats dark energy as an independent and poorly understood component of the universe. This paper instead demonstrates that dark energy is not a fundamental entity separate from matter, but rather arises as Gravitational Self-Energy (GSE) inherent to matter itself. This model, called Matter-Only Cosmology (MOC), shows that the observed matter density (Ω_m ~ 0.315) naturally generates a dark energy density that is more than twice as large (Ω_Λ ~ 0.685), driving late-time cosmic acceleration. This is made possible by the dynamic interplay of two competing GSE-induced terms: a negative self-energy component (-ρ_gs) and a positive interaction component (ρ_{m-gs}), all within standard General Relativity and without the need for fine-tuning or new fundamental fields. This unified framework provides a coherent resolution to several long-standing problems in cosmology and gravitational physics. It not only provides a concrete physical origin for dark energy, but also predicts its entire life cycle, showing that it is predicted to have been attractive in the early universe, enhancing structure formation, before transitioning to a repulsive phase that drives cosmic acceleration. In doing so, it naturally explains the Hubble tension, the existence of massive galaxies in the early universe, recent indications of a weakening dark energy component, and offers a natural explanation of the cosmological constant coincidence problem. Moreover, MOC unifies the physics of primordial inflation and late-time acceleration as the same GSE dynamics, each with a natural, built-in end mechanism. Finally, by predicting stable, non-singular black hole interiors, MOC offers a physically motivated resolution to the black hole information paradox. By expressing dark energy as an explicit function of the matter density ρ_m and the horizon scale R, the MOC framework transforms it from a phenomenological parameter into an explicitly defined, predictive, and falsifiable physical quantity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Shell-Structured Quantized Masses from Soliton Spectrum

Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 3 Pages.

We present a simple model of two interacting Majorana fermions that, in its bosonizedform, exhibits a soliton spectrum in the strong-coupling regime. When the couplings areappropriately tuned, the masses of the composite bosonic excitations follow a quantizedpattern of the form m_(n,N) ≈ n(N + 1)mZα/(2π), where n is a positive integer (principal quantum number), N is a non-negative integer (shell index), m_Z is the Z-boson mass, and α is the fine-structure constant. This spectrum emerges naturally from the multi-soliton and shell-like excitations in the coupled sine-Gordon model and provides a direct realization of the quantized mass formula proposed in [1] for charged fermions. The result suggests that shell-structured quantization may be a universal feature of strongly coupled fermionic systems with periodic potentials.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Some Triconnected Graphs and Their Families Without Hamiltonian Cycles

Authors: Emanuels Grinbergs
Comments: 11 Pages. [Translated by Dainis Zeps]

Translation of Emanuels Grinbergs manuscript into English from Latvian Daži trīssakarīgi grafi un to saimes bez Hamiltona cikliem. In this manuscript flower snark graphs are mentioned that Grinbergs introduced already in 1972.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Growth of Phaseolus Vulgaris in Response to Seed Priming with Plasma-Activated Water in a Laboratory Screening and Outdoor Pot Trial

Authors: Mustafa Ghulam, Ramin Mehrabifard, Adriana Misuthova, Zuzana Lukacova, Pratik Doshi, Zdenko Machala, Bozena Sera
Comments: 12 Pages.

This study explores plasma-activated water (PAW) effects on Common bean growth in laboratory and pot trials. Three treatments were assessed: PAW priming, spraying, and their combination. Laboratory trials showed no germination improvement. However, pot trials revealed notable increases in seedling length, biomass, and antioxidant enzyme activity. Enzymes SOD, G-POX, CAT, APX, and GR showed significantly higher activity in PAW-treated plants. These effects were linked to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in PAW. Findings suggest PAW enhances bean growth and physiology, supporting field farming applications.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Model of the Sun, Based on Wheeler’s Geometrodynamics, is Confirmed by Recent Astronomical Observations

Authors: Anatoly V. Belyakov
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article in preprint format only)

The detailed physical parameters of the gravitomagnetohydrodynamic model of theSun, calculated earlier on the basis of Wheeler’s geometrodynamics, are confirmed byrecent astronomical observations.
Category: Astrophysics

The Dark Triad in Action: A Posthumous Psychopathic Assessment of Jeffrey Epstein and Implications for Forensic Practice

Authors: Laszlo Pokorny
Comments: 535 Pages.

Despite extensive research on se*ual offending and personality pathology, critical gaps persist in understanding elite offenders who exploit wealth, intelligence, and social capital to evade sustained accountability. This dissertation addressed three converging problems: applying Dark Triad theory to real-world forensic cases, validating posthumous psychological assessment protocols, and examining how personality pathology interacts with affluence in systematic sexual exploitation. The purpose was to conduct comprehensive posthumous psychological assessment of Jeffrey Epstein (1953-2019) using the Dark Triad framework, comprising psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism. Utilizing qualitative case study design, this investigation systematically applied validated forensic instruments to an unprecedented archival corpus: 8,500+ pages of court documents, 2,300+ pages of victim testimonies, and extensive collateral materials spanning five decades. Two board-certified forensic psychologists independently conducted Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) assessments, DSM-5 diagnostic evaluations, and Machiavellianism behavioral analyses, with structured consensus resolution. The assessment yielded clinically significant findings: PCL-R total score of 29/40 (approaching clinical threshold), with maximum Factor 1 score of 16/16 (100%) reflecting profound interpersonal/affective deficits characteristic of successful psychopathy; severe Narcissistic Personality Disorder with 8 of 9 DSM-5 criteria met; and very high Machiavellianism across all behavioral indicators. Inter-rater reliability was excellent (κ=0.86, ICC=0.98), validating posthumous assessment protocols. Critical findings revealed synergistic Dark Triad interactions: psychopathic callousness enabled exploitation without remorse, narcissistic entitlement motivated and justified predation, and Machiavellian intelligence orchestrated sophisticated four-decade criminal enterprise. Superior cognitive functioning and extraordinary wealth dramatically amplified dangerousness through institutional manipulation and operational infrastructure. This investigation makes four significant contributions: validated methodology for posthumous Dark Triad assessment in forensic contexts; empirical demonstration of multiplicative trait interactions in high-functioning offenders; identification of cognitive ability and wealth as critical amplifying factors; and comprehensive mapping of institutional vulnerabilities exploited by personality-disordered offenders. Forensic implications include enhanced risk assessment protocols, refined understanding of successful psychopathy, evidence-based frameworks for civil litigation and victim compensation, and institutional safeguarding recommendations.
Category: Mind Science

A Qualitative Single Case Comparative Study of the Psychological Transformation of Saul of Tarsus: Pre-Conversion to Post-Conversion Analysis

Authors: Laszlo Pokorny
Comments: 588 Pages.

Religious conversion represents one of psychology's most compelling phenomena, yet comprehensive psychological analysis of dramatic transformations remains limited, particularly regarding perpetrator trauma and multi-theoretical integration. This qualitative single case comparative study examined the psychological transformation of Saul of Tarsus from violent persecutor of early Christians to the Apostle Paul, addressing a critical gap in understanding personality change, religious conversion, and trauma-informed transformation processes. The purpose was to systematically analyze Saul's pre-conversion psychological characteristics, Damascus Road conversion experience, post-conversion functioning, and mechanisms accounting for observed changes. The study integrated five theoretical frameworks—trauma theory and post-traumatic growth, conversion psychology, personality psychology, attachment theory, and the biopsychosocial model—employing six-phase thematic analysis on three comprehensive psychological assessment documents totaling over 1,100 pages. Analysis yielded 11 major themes with 41 sub-themes organized across three temporal periods. Pre-conversion findings revealed rigid authoritarian personality structure with Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder features, systematic violent persecution with antisocial behavioral patterns, extreme religious zealotry with identity fusion to Pharisaic Judaism, and absolute moral certainty with cognitive rigidity. The Damascus Road experience functioned as a traumatic transformation event involving sudden worldview collapse, physical trauma (temporary blindness), acute identity crisis, and overwhelming cognitive dissonance that shattered fundamental assumptions about self and meaning. Post-conversion findings documented robust post-traumatic growth across all five domains (empathy, meaning-making, spiritual development, personal strength, life appreciation) coexisting with residual trauma symptoms including PTSD-like features and chronic moral injury. Notably, personality continuity amid change revealed core traits (intensity, determination, perfectionism) persisted but were redirected toward apostolic mission rather than eliminated, alongside attachment transformation from anxious-insecure to secure patterns. Major theoretical contributions include trauma-informed conversion psychology framework, perpetrator trauma and post-traumatic growth theory extension, and the trait redirection concept demonstrating personality characteristics can be channeled constructively rather than requiring elimination. Clinical implications address moral injury treatment, rehabilitation of violent offenders through identity transformation, and pastoral care for individuals navigating dramatic religious conversions involving both growth and psychological costs.
Category: Mind Science

Complete Mathematical Framework of the Hopf-Fibered 3-Sphere

Authors: Peter Kugelmann
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This document presents a comprehensive mathematical framework for the Hopf-fibered 3-sphere $S^3$. We systematically derive the full geometric, topological, and analytic structure of $S^3$ equipped with its canonical round metric and Hopf fibration $S^1 hookrightarrow S^3 to S^2$. The framework establishes $S^3$'s uniqueness properties, rigidity theorems, and advanced geometric consequences emerging from combinations of its basic structures. All results are presented with complete proofs or references to standard mathematical literature. This article should be viewed as a comprehensive synthesis of canonical structures and standard results associated with the Hopf-fibered round 3-sphere, rather than a source of new classification theorems.
Category: Geometry

Counting Exact Prime-Number Inclusion-Exclusion Method

Authors: Farhad Aliabdali
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents a complete, closed-form mathematical equation that exactly computes the prime-counting function π(N) for any integer N ≥ 2. Unlike existing methods which are either asymptotic approximations or recursive algorithms, our formulation is a single evaluable expression. The equation operates in two distinct modes: (1) using a sequence of known primes, or (2) using the simple sequence Ju2081 = 2, Ju2099 = (n-1)-th odd integer ≥ 3 for n ≥ 2, with an intrinsic primality test μu2099 = ⌈∏u2093u208cu2081u207fu207b¹ (Ju2099/Ju2093 - ⌊Ju2099/Ju2093⌋)⌉ where μu2099 = 1 if and only if Ju2099 is prime. The formula directly yields π(N) through elementary arithmetic operations without recursion, iteration, or algorithmic procedures. The implications of this formula are explored in comparison to existing prime counting functions and its potential impact on the study of prime distribution, it is an explicit sieve-theoretic expression and a self-contained rewriting. This complements classical exact prime-counting methods (Meissel—Lehmer and descendants), which are vastly more efficient for computation.
Category: Number Theory

Introducing Sofia Numbers and New Conjectures on Primes

Authors: Umberto Bartocci, Alessandro Miotto
Comments: 5 Pages.

Given any natural number n, we consider the subset C(n) of all natural numbers which could be written in decimal basis as a string of length n (n-numbers). We are looking for subsets of C(n) which appear interesting in connection with n-prime numbers and twin n-prime numbers too. Those numbers consisting of only the digits 1 and 7 (that we call Sofia numbers) appear to be quite promising in this context, and their study suggests some natural conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Optimal Control and Performance Analysis of a Solar-PV Microgrid

Authors: Shyam Kumar S., Rishikesan E., Sibi Annamalai, S. R. Ilango
Comments: 4 Pages.

his paper presents an exhaustive study on the oper-ational effectiveness of a standalone hybrid microgrid, integratinga Diesel Generator (DG) and a Battery Energy Storage System(BESS). The primary objective is to develop and validate acomprehensive control and energy management strategy (EMS)that minimizes the total yearly operational cost while strictlyadhering to stringent power quality and stability standards.We define five distinct operational scenarios (Scenarios 1—5) foreconomic evaluation and four dynamic operational cases (Cases1—4) for technical validation. The economic results demonstratethat the optimal integration strategy (Scenario 5) achieves acost reduction of over **[41.7%]** compared to a diesel-onlyapproach (Scenario 4), primarily through peak shaving andincreased DG efficiency (Figure 2). Technically, a detailed assess-ment of transient and steady-state performance confirms systemcompliance. Key metrics, including Maximum Frequency Devi-ation (kept within **[±0.1 Hz]**), Maximum Voltage Deviation(below ±0.05 p.u.), and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) atthe PCC (maintained below the 3% limit defined by IEEE 519-2014, as shown in Figure 4), are rigorously analyzed. The paperdetails the component modeling, control hierarchy, and providesextensive discussion on the impact of BESS sizing on system
Category: Education and Didactics

N-Ary Anticommutators and Generalized Clifford Algebras in Finsler and Spectral Geometry

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 19 Pages.

It is shown that a careful study of the simplest family of generalized Clifford algebras (GCAs) associated with the $N$-th root of unity in $d$-dimensions leads to the following generalized anti-commutator with $ N$ entries $ { e_{i_1}, e_{i_2}, e_{ i_3}, ldots, e_{ i_N} } = e_{i_1} e_{i_2} e_{ i_3} ldots e_{ i_N} + permutations = N! eta_{ i_1 i_2 ldots i_N } e $, where $e$ is the unit element and all the $ N !$ terms of the permutations appear with the same positive sign. The components of the rank-$N$ metric are $ eta_{ i_1 i_2 ldots i_N } = 1, $ iff $ i_1 = i_2 = i_3 ldots = i_ N $, and $0$ otherwise. The range of the indices $ i_1, i_2, ldots i_N $ is $ 1,2, ldots, d $. We proceed to explore the $N$-th norm extensions of the quadratic norm and write down a generalized Finsler-like arc-length based on the rank-$N$ metric $ g_{mu_1 mu_2 ldots mu_N}$. We continue by constructing the different expressions of the Dirac operators associated with the (Generalized) Clifford Spaces corresponding to these GCA's. Dirac operators are essential in the study of Spectral Geometry in Noncommutative Geometry after imposing the correspondence between the geodesic distance and the inverse of the Dirac operator (a fermion propagator). These generalized anti-commutators above are special types of an $N$-ary algebraic structure. We finalize by displaying the relation among GCAs and the algebras underlying the noncommutative fuzzy torus and discuss applications in condensed matter and quantum groups. We conclude with some remarks on $N$-ary algebras and their applications in Mathematics and Physics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Matrix Representations of Su(3) and Sl(3,C) Lie Algebras Via Fortran 90

Authors: Richard Shurtleff
Comments: 36 pages including a 24 page Fortran program

The Fortran 90 program included in this article calculates eight matrices that form a basis of the sl(3,C) Lie algebra in an irreducible representation of the user's choice. A quick linear transformation yields a basis for the su(3) Lie algebra. The program checks that the generators satisfy the necessary commutation relations and saves the matrix generators to data files.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Lamarck, Ees and Devbias

Authors: Andrzej Gecow
Comments: 10 Pages. In Polish

This is the sixth and final article in a series describing the chapters of the book "Draft of the Deductive Theory of Life" in a very concise and accessible way. This chapter is particularly polemical, pointing out the main contemporary problems in evolutionary biology stemming from the traditional rejection of abstract reasoning methods, i.e., classical deductive theory. These include the debate on whether MS should be replaced by EES, which arose from the appreciation of epigenetics, including Lamarckian mechanisms; and the related problem of generating evolutionary changes that are immediately adaptive. These problems involve plasticity and "developmental bias," which in their discussion typically overlook the role of natural selection that created them. I recall here my proposal for a theoretical systematization of developmental bias, which met with strong resistance for publication.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Three—Body Problem: Recurrence, Alignment, and Temporal Structure in the Sun—Earth—Moon System

Authors: Pedro A. Kubitschek Homem de Carvalho
Comments: 20 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org!)

The classical three—body problem is traditionally formulated as the predictionof complete spatial trajectories of three interacting masses under gravitation, a taskknown to be generally non—integrable and chaotic. In this work, we adopt a complementary perspective focused on the Sun—Earth—Moon system, where the most stable and observable features arise not from translational motion but from rotational recurrence and angular phase closure. We introduce an angular—toroidal phase formalism in which the three bodies are represented by periodic phase variables associated with Earth rotation, Earth orbital motion, and lunar orbital motion. These phasesnaturally define a three—torus T 3, within which the system evolves as a helical flow.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Pivot Universe Solution to Hubble’s Crisis

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Hubble crisis refers to the persistent discrepancy between the locally measured Hubble constant (H0≈73 km/s/u2009Mpc) and the value inferred from early-Universe observations of the cosmic microwave background (H0≈67 km/u2009s/u2009Mpc) within the standard ΛCDM framework. Some believe that this discrepancy is due to a flaw in our instruments or in how we measure stars. For them, it’s a tension that is currently being settled. I think that this is a crisis because it challenges ΛCDM and its main assumption that a single, spatially uniform expansion rate characterizes the Universe at all epochs and locations. The Pivot Universe (PU) model resolves this discrepancy by abandoning the notion of a global Hubble constant. In PU, the observable Universe resides in a rotating Kerr-like spacetime generated by a massive central Pivot. Cosmological redshifts are interpreted primarily as gravitational and frame-dragging effects rather than metric expansion. The quantity identified observationally as the Hubble constant becomes a position-dependent effective parameter, Heff(r), which varies with radial distance from the Pivot according to Kerr frame-dragging dynamics.In this framework, the Hubble crisis is resolved without invoking new fields, modified gravity, or early dark energy, but by reinterpreting cosmological redshift within standard general relativity applied on a global Kerr background.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Policy Brief: Towards Emotional Healthy AI

Authors: Tianqi Zhu, Rayaan Nabi Ahmed Quraishi, Ce Luo, Rujin Lin
Comments: 6 Pages.

Emotion-oriented artificial intelligence(AI)—systems that detect, interpret, or simulate affective states—opens new possibilities for enhancing empathy, emotional literacy, and human—machine understanding (Picard, 1997; McStay, 2018). These technologies promise to support well-being and social connection, yet they also blur the line between genuine empathy and algorithmic manipulation. As emotional inference becomes computational, users may develop psychological dependency on empathic interfaces while being subtly steered by affect-adaptive systems (Bickmore & Picard, 2005; Turkle, 2011). Moreover,affect-recognition models trained on narrow datasets can reproduce bias and misclassify emotions across cultures (Barrett et al., 2019; Benjamin, 2019). Emotional AI thus represents not only a technical innovation but a sociocultural force that reshapes how emotions are defined, valued, and governed (Jasanoff, 2004; Latour, 2005). Developing an emotionally healthy AI policy therefore requires oversight that addresses both the scientific limits of emotion detection and the social consequences of affective manipulation. We propose a sociotechnical AI governance framework for emotional healthy AI that covers key principles, policy recommendation, legislative advice, and technical suggestions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Universe Viewed Through Vibration (Vibrational Cosmology)

Authors: Junghyun Cho
Comments: 71 Pages.

This theory demonstrates that existing theories can be unified through a change in perspective. Furthermore, it explains physical puzzles that existing theories cannot explain with consistent logic within the theory, and is expected to provide clues for solutions.Instead of the mystical worldview presented by modern physics (time dilation and length contraction in relativity, quantum entanglement and particle duality in quantum mechanics, the hierarchy problem of particle mass and dark matter in the Standard Model, the large-scale structure of the early universe in cosmology, dark energy, the Axis of Evil, etc.), it presents an intuitive, mechanistic, and imaginable worldview.All phenomena are explained within the four dimensions (3 space + 1 time) we inhabit, with no additional dimensions. Phenomena in our universe must occur where they are visible to us; nothing appears out of nowhere.This theory may be difficult to accept as it demands a paradigm shift that changes existing perspectives.First, time is not an absolute dimension. Hints of this already exist in the theory of relativity. If time were absolute, it should not change based on velocity. However, time is already observed to vary.Second, matter is generated from space. Something appearing from nothing violates thermodynamics, which is fundamental to all theories. While Quantum Field Theory posits separate fields for each particle where excitation constitutes the particle, this theory explains particles and forces using a single vibrating field.Third, for the second point to hold, a real field—a medium—must exist. This field is space itself, the gravitational field, and the quantum field. This theory premises only a single field: the Vibration Field. It explains that the four known forces emerge from the interaction between this vibration field and the particles created by it.Time is not a dimension serving as an absolute standard. It is a phenomenon that arises as space and particles vibrate.Particles are born from space and return to space.Our universe is filled with a medium, and that medium is space itself.Time is not a dimension serving as an absolute standard. It is a phenomenon that arises as space and particles vibrate. Particles are born from space and return to space. Our universe is filled with a medium, and that medium is space.We have advanced by changing our standards regarding the dimension of time. Newton spoke of absolute time, and Einstein of relative time. This theory speaks of emergent time.Everything you know and perceive at every moment—space, time, light, and matter—is explained by this theory. The universe you know is simpler than you think. Only the phenomena emerging from it are complex.This theory allows us to imagine a realistic future where we can dream of interstellar travel without energy concerns, and without the need for antimatter or antigravity.This theory, Vibration Cosmology, does not claim that existing theories are wrong. It simply demonstrates that they can be unified under the single keyword of "vibration."
Category: Astrophysics

Regularity on Mersenne Number with N=odd Number

Authors: Minho Baek
Comments: 2 Pages.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce regularity on Mersenne number with n=odd number. There is regularity among n=odd numbers in Mersen number. If the k and l is odd number, 2^kl-1=α(2^k-1).
Category: Number Theory

Information, Knowledge and Intelligence (Information, Wissen Und Intelligenz)

Authors: Friedrich Sösemann
Comments: 69 Pages. In German

Information, knowledge, and intelligence are defined as a hierarchy of relations. Properties of descriptions and computations are derived from this. Remarks on entropy, languages, and cellular automata demonstrate these statements.

Information, Wissen und Intelligenz werden als Relationen-Hierarchie definiert. Daraus werden Eigenschaften von Beschreibungen und Berechnungen abgeleitet. Bemerkungen zur Entropie, zu Sprachen und Zellulären Automaten demonstrieren die Aussagen.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Expansion of the Universe is a Transformation of Energy Into Momentum

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 9 Pages.

Any body existing in a gravitational field that changes with time due to the expansion of the universe or for any other reason remains subject to a conservation law for energy and momentum, but with a new concept of conservation, which is the conservation of the sum of the different components of the quantity that represents energy and momentum, not the conservation of each component separately. With this concept, we find that the expansion of the universe is a continuous transformation of energy into momentum, there is no loss or gain in the total sum of them.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mechanisms Forming Higher Order Integrons, Population, Tools

Authors: Andrzej Gecow
Comments: 17 Pages. In Polish

This is the fifth article in a series describing the subsequent chapters of the book "Draft of the Deductive Theory of Life" in a very short and accessible way. The titular integron concerns the level of organization of a theoretical object interpreted as alive (e.g. cellular, multicellular, colony of multicellular organisms), and not the structure within genetics. Subsequent levels arise gradually, at the same time selection at a higher level gains importance and natural selection at a lower level disappears, which is important in the controversial issue of group selection. Statistical mechanisms leading to the formation of higher-level integrons resulting from selection at different levels are indicated. During the process of integration, an exchange of hereditary information is created in the form of exchange of similar components of integrons, which leads to a strong acceleration of adaptation - the population mechanism and generative reproduction. A special case is the extremely probable integration of sister objects during reproduction, creating colonies. Maintaining optimized acceleration through the exchange of hereditary information at a lower level leads to the formation of ontogeny. The identified mechanisms of integration also describe biogenesis in terms of organization.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Aether Model Explains Particles, Photons and Forces by Reinterpreting μ0 and ε0

Authors: Michael Gunning
Comments: 19 Pages.

The Standard Model of Particle Physics is held up as one of the most successful theories in physics, but it is littered with dubious renormalised infinities, fundamental particles that have never been directly detected and even fails completely to explain the force of gravity. In this paper I use the idea of the aether which was proposed as the medium through which Maxwell’s electromagnetic waves travelled. By comparing the formula for the speed of light in free space to that of sound in any medium I have reinterpreted μ0 as the density of free space and ε0 as the compressibility of free space. I propose that the actual structure of free space is a tetrahedral lattice of nodes similar to many crystals found in nature and that these nodes are connected with identical connecting rods under compression. The length of these connecting rods is a new fundamental constant but with this very simple model I can easily explain the nature of Planck’s constant, h, the Gravitational Constant, G, the charge of the electron, e, the mass of the electron, me, the mass of the Proton, mp, the mass of the Neutron, mn, the Relative Magnetic Moments of the Proton μp, and of the Neutron μn In explaining the origins of these fundamental constants, I have also explained the nature of matter and light and the two forces, Electromagnetism and the Strong Nuclear Force. It adds to the flowing space theory of Gravity by explaining some of its problems. In the case of matter, it explains the nature of inertial and gravitational mass and in the case of light it explains why the photon has no gravitational mass. This model also explains many unexplained phenomena such as β- decay parity violation, single particle interference experiments, Stern-Gerlach experiments, Bell inequality experiments, Aharonov Bohm effect and the mass of many sub atomic particles. It also has a very simple explanation for Dark Energy, Dark Matter and the Matter-Antimatter asymmetry.
Category: Classical Physics

Computing the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) with Fixed Point CORDIC Operations with Application to MIMO-OFDM

Authors: Sasan Ardalan
Comments: 33 Pages.

In this paper, the computation of the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of complex matrices will be presented using fixed point arithmetic. The application of CORDIC operations for fixed point implementations of the SVD of complex matrices will be introduced. SVD plays a major role in Closed Loop MIMO OFDM systems. The impact of fixed point implementation of SVD in a Closed Loop MIMO-OFDM system is examined. The ratio of Maximum to Minimum Singular Value (MMSVR) is computed for both fixed point (CORDIC) and floating point operations (using the LAPACK library). The fixed point implementation closely tracks the floating point results over fading channel models. It is shown that for highly ill-conditioned sub carriers the fixed point implementation deviates from the floating point MMSVR. This leads to noise enhancement and degradation of performance. By adding transmit diversity in Closed Loop MIMO-OFDM the MMSVR can be reduced and performance substantially enhanced for the fixed point implementation. It is also shown how SVD can be used in Open Loop MIMO-OFDM systems. This paper is an important introduction to the algorithms implemented in the GitHub repository for MIMO-OFDM:https://github.com/silicondsp/mimo-ofdm-release
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Local Quantum Field Theory as an Operational Reconstruction in a Timeless Euclidean Model

Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: 68 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We derive a local quantum field theory (QFT) as an operational reconstruction in a timeless four-dimensional Euclidean model with a single fundamental real field satisfying the Laplace equation on a Euclidean space. Using a working domain Ω and an observer’s body Ω₀ ⊂ Ω, we introduce events as readout outcomes on foliation hyperplanes and construct a local algebra of observables. In the special-relativistic regime the invariant null cone and a finite maximal speed v_max are recovered operationally. Under the assumptions of locality of the transfer and reflection positivity of the state on the algebra of observables, we apply the Osterwalder—Schrader / GNS reconstruction and obtain a Hilbert space of states, unitary evolution, and the Born rule. The complex structure and amplitudes arise from the Euclidean correlation structure, the symplectic form, and the choice of complex structure on the space of local degrees of freedom; the choice of statistics (CCR/CAR) is fixed by the form of the principal symbol of the transfer generator under standard axiomatic conditions.

The local ambiguity in the choice of observational description is realized as gauge symmetries: U(1) encodes phase freedom, SU(3) is the minimal group admitting color-neutral three-fermion singlets, and SU(2) is a symmetry compatible with the existence of charged chiral currents and anomaly freedom. As a result, the minimal gauge group SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) is not postulated phenomenologically but is singled out as the minimal one compatible with explicitly stated operational assumptions and anomaly-freedom conditions. The resulting local QFT is consistent with the classical gravitational sector previously derived from the same Euclidean model and admits the formulation of the inverse problem of reconstructing the Standard Model parameters from correlators of the fundamental field and geometric observables. The work continues a program of reconstructing special and general relativity from a timeless Euclidean model and extends it by deriving a local gauge QFT with gauge group SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1), locally isomorphic to the symmetry structure of the Standard Model, from the same operational assumptions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Collatz Tree Expansions and Equivalence under Compression

Authors: Farhad Aliabdali
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The Collatz map T(n)=n/2 for even n and T(n)=3n+1 for odd n admits classical affine descriptions via parity vectors, but these typically compress each odd event into the macro-step (3n+1)/2, obscuring intermediate algebraic states. We introduce a two-stage expansion that separates an odd event into a rewrite step R (expressing n=2x+1) followed by a forced follow-up C (sending x↦3x+2), alongside the even halving step E. This yields a word system over {E,R,C} and a uniform normal formX_N (w)=(3^k(w) X_0+2^D(w) -3^k(w) +σ_N (w))/2^D(w) ,where σ_N (w) admits an explicit signed monomial expansion in powers of 3 and 2. We prove that complete two-stage words (those with every R immediately followed by C) compress under RC↦O to the standard parity-vector affine form, giving a precise equivalence criterion and a canonical matching rule (k,D,Σ). Consequently, removing the standard-image equations from the two-stage enumeration leaves exactly the truncated (dangling-R) equations corresponding to intermediate states not representable in the standard form. Finally, we derive residue-class "locking" conditions modulo 2^D(w) , clarifying integrality constraints and connecting the framework naturally to 2-adic formulations.
Category: Number Theory

Variants for Demonstrating Aristotle's Wheel Paradox

Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 3 Pages.

This article discusses two variants for demonstrating Aristotle's Wheel Paradox, based on differing approaches to defining the "connection of the wheels" and the conditions of their rolling. In the first variant, the classic paradox is reformulated by changing the point of support for a rigid body. The second variant clarifies the concept of slippage of the smaller disk using a discrete "forcing mechanism."
Category: Classical Physics

Bioinspired Economic Dispatch Algorithm for Microgrid

Authors: Shuhan Xu, Ruoyu Tang, Yayu Cao
Comments: 7 Pages. This manuscript is accepted by the 5th International Conference on Electronic Information Engineering and Computer Communication (EIECC 2025, Wuhan, China, 12/26-28/2025) with Manuscript No. 225120211204428071, to be published in the conference proceeding

This paper proposes a real-time economic scheduling algorithm for distributed microgrids based on bionics, combining the Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA) with the multi-cluster reservoir Deep Echo State Network (MRDESN), to address the problems of slow response speed and insufficient accuracy of traditional iterative algorithms in complex microgrids. The algorithm simulates the behavior of sparrow colonies, optimizes network parameters through the discoverer-participant mechanism, and simultaneously adopts a hierarchical reserve pool structure to enhance the nonlinear fitting ability, achieving real-time balance of power load and power generation demand. The research constructs the MRDESN model, and utilizes SSA to optimize key parameters such as the pool size, sparsity, and spectral radius, thereby enhancing training efficiency and global search capability. The experiment takes six distributed generating units as the objects and uses the load data of North American cities to verify the performance of the algorithm. The results show that the absolute errors of the optimized SSA-MRDESN network in the two sets of test data are controlled within ±0.25kW and ±0.2kW respectively, the relative errors reach the order of 10u207b³, and the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) are significantly reduced compared with the traditional methods. This algorithm, by integrating biological bionic mechanisms with deep networks, effectively enhances the real-time performance and accuracy of microgrid dispatching, providing a new solution for economic operation in high-volatility scenarios.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Magnetism And_superconductivity in Hydrogenated Graphite Foils (Short Version)

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu, Charles R. Ebbing, Timothy J. Haugan
Comments: 5 Pages.

We have previously found magnetism and superconductivityin hydrogenated graphite [Gheorghiu, et al. (2020)].Herein, the two phenomena are observed in hydrogenated graphitefoils. As the strength of the magnetic field is increased, thetemperature-dependent magnetization shows several transitionsbetween different states: from Néel paramagnetic, to antiferromagnetic,to ferromagnetic superconductor, to high-temperaturesuperconductor with the critical temperature for the dominantphase Tc ∼ 50—60 K. The latter might be an orbital paramagneticglass ordering of π Josephson-coupled SC domains akinto a macroscopic quantization of the system. The magnetizationloops show the kink feature characteristic to granular SC. Theferromagnetism is observed up to room temperature. Thus, weobserve both magnetism and superconductivity in hydrogenatedgraphite foils.
Category: Condensed Matter

Hubble Tension: Evidence for Patchwork Quilt Structure of Visible World in World-Universe Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 19 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org and further repetition may not be accepted)

The persistent discrepancy between measurements of the Hubble constant H_0 — the fundamental parameter describing the expansion rate of the Universe — has become known as the Hubble Tension. Observational determinations of H_0 derived from different methodologies and distance ladders disagree by amounts far exceeding their quoted uncertainties, suggesting that the standard cosmological framework may be incomplete. In this article, we examine the large-scale Macrostructures of the World — Superclusters and Galaxies — and analyze their Origin and Evolution within the Hypersphere World-Universe Cosmology (WUC), a proposed Transformative New Cosmology [1]. Unlike the Big Bang Model, which assumes a practically infinite, homogeneous, and isotropic Universe expanding from an initial singularity, WUC envisions a three-dimensional finite, boundless observable World as a Patchwork Quilt composed of ≳10^3 Luminous Superclusters that formed independently in different regions and at different cosmological times. While the Cosmic Medium of the World in WUC remains homogeneous and isotropic, the spatial distribution of Macroobjects is inherently inhomogeneous, anisotropic, and temporally non-simultaneous. We show that this intrinsic Patchwork Quilt structure naturally accounts for the observed variations in H_0 , offering a compelling explanation for the Hubble Tension within the WUC framework.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Supernumber Theory and Quantum Superposition Phenomena

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 8 Pages.

Hyperreal numbers are a field encompassing real numbers, infinitesimals, and infinities. In thehyperreal number system, infinitesimals are not equal to zero, and operations can be performedon infinitesimals and infinities.Based on hyperreal number theory, this paper discovers that multi-level radicals that cannot besimplified have no definite value, varying in size; these can be called quantum numbers or inaccurate numbers. A special type of multi-level radical can exhibit quantum superposition phenomena similar to those in the physical world. This allows the hyperreal number system to be extended to a supernumber system, a field encompassing real numbers, infinitesimals, infinities,and inaccurate numbers.Confirming the existence and properties of quantum numbers or inaccurate numbers and classifying them as supernumbers provides a new perspective. Within this framework, the negation proves the Riemann hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

Compressible Spacetime and Nonlinear Optics Metric Engineering

Authors: Michael Isaac Aksman
Comments: 4 Pages. Few bugs removed and few explanations and references added.

Traditional warp drive metrics within General Relativity require planetary-mass energies due to the theoretical "stiffness" of space-time. We propose an alternative mechanism based on the Quantum Modified General Relativity (QMOGER) framework, which models space-time as a compressible superfluid. By exploiting the compressibility of the vacuum, we demonstrate that energy requirements may be reduced by approximately 20 orders of magnitude. The proposed drive utilizes the Dynamic Casimir Effect (DCE) driven by short-pulse lasers to generate high-pressure gradients and ionization of vacuum, while toroidal magnetic fields suppress turbulence, enforcing mostly laminar 2D+ flow regime for stable propulsion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

NIR Spectroscopy based Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Concentration Measurement using BP Algorithm

Authors: Hyok Chol Song, Chol Jin Oh, Chol Hyon Sim, Chol Min Won
Comments: 10 Pages.

Diabetes mellitus poses a significant challenge in clinical settings, necessitating frequent blood glucose measurements for insulin dosage determination. Conventional invasive methods, such as finger pricking, carry risks of infection and skin callusing. Non-invasive monitoring techniques offer a promising alternative for patients with hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia, enabling regular self-monitoring and advancing diabetes research. However, the accuracy and universality of most current non-invasive methods for measuring blood glucose concentration (BGC) remain inadequate. Achieving clinical credibility requires the elimination of individual discrepancies (IDs) in measurements. This study focuses on enhancing monitoring accuracy to a clinically acceptable level by mitigating the effects of IDs. We conducted a detailed analysis of factors influencing Near-Infrared spectroscopy measurements to reduce prediction error. An artificial neural network with a backpropagation algorithm was employed to predict BGC from the acquired spectral data. Experimental results confirm that our proposed BGC prediction model effectively leverages IDs, achieving performance that meets clinical standards.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Light Propagation in a Velocity-Dependent Conformal Spacetime: Effective Medium Analogy, Relativistic Kinetic Energy, and Nonlinear Imaginary Refractive Index

Authors: Azzam Almosallami
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present a novel interpretation of light prop-agation under velocity-dependent conformal Lorentz transformations (CLT). The conformal factor introduces a coordinate-dependent "medium" through which light propagates, while preserving the physical invariance of the speed of light. Theproperties of this medium are directly linked to relativistic kinetic energy, resulting in a velocity-dependent effective refractiveindex. Furthermore, the inverse transformation for observers in the moving frame gives rise to an imaginary refractive index, reflecting coordinate contraction and phase-like distortions.Nonlinear effects are also considered, where the refractive index varies nonlinearly with velocity or energy. This framework offers a unified view connecting relativistic energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Fibonacci Sequence of Twist Angles in Superconducting Multi-Layer Graphene and Hydrogenated Graphitic Fibers

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu, Charles R. Ebbing, George Y. Panasyuk, Timothy J. Haugan
Comments: 8 Pages. To be published in IOP Conference Series, Materials Science and Engineering, ICMC 2025

A range of twist angles between adjacent surfaces/volumes are intrinsic to natural graphite or artificially design in multi-layer graphene. In addition, stacking faults can be created by the application of mechanic, electric or magnetic fields. Charge and spin transport then occur in relation to the existing twist-angle pattern. In two dimensions, a saddle point in the electronic band structure leads to divergence in the density of states, known as van Hove singularities (vHs). The energy difference between vHs for the conduction and valence bands was found to increase with the twist angle  between neighboring graphite domains with respect to the c axis (perpendicular to the graphite planes). In this work, we estimate  for the superconducting (SC)-like nano-size multi-layer granular domain in hydrogenated graphitic fibers [1]. We show that this value for  and the values found by others for few-layer graphene might actually form the Fibonacci mathematical sequence. Moreover, SC hydrogenated graphite can harbour higher-order topology as reflected in at least quadratic energy gap flattening. Charge transport and magnetization measurements on hydrogenated graphitic fibers have been done using a Quantum Design Physical Properties Measurement System.
Category: Condensed Matter

Revealing a Direct Algebaric Approach to 2 by 2 Matrix Square Roots

Authors: Long Yat Damian Lau
Comments: 23 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Often renowned as the greatest human invention in history, the laws of matrices have great contributions to calculus, linear transformations, computer algorithms, to name but a few. However, differ from research topics such as Non-Euclidean Geometry and Partial Differential Equations, the fractional indices of matrices have barely garnered our attention. In this study, we would investigate the properties of matrices, focusing on the nature of the square root of two by two matrices, some popular approaches, and most importantly reveal a set of new formulas that could typically solve all the given scenarios.
Category: Algebra

Dark Matter as Cantor Dust: Numerical Evidence

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 26 Pages.

As benchmark model of complex dynamics, Stuart-Landau (SL) equation describes the universal behavior of nonlinear oscillators near a Hopf bifurcation. The bifurcation gives birth to a stable, finite-amplitude periodic motion called a limit cycle. Here we develop a one-dimensional toy model showing how Dark Matter (DM) follows from the SL equation. We outline how fluctuations in the control parameter of the SL equation generate progressive amplitude fragmentation, a process mimicking the iterative construction of Cantor sets. The emerging structure freezes in a cosmological phase known as Cantor Dust, a spontaneously broken condensate whose effective dimension flows from D = 1 to a non-integer value D < 1 . The resulting fractal dimension computed numerically reinforces the hypothesis of running spacetime dimensions near the Planck scale.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Formulas for Su(3), Sl(3,C) Matrix Generators, the Mathematica Notebook

Authors: Richard Shurtleff
Comments: 43 pages, computer program in an interpretive proprietary language

This notebook presents formulas for matrices that form the bases of the generators of the irreducible representations of the Lie algebras sl(3,C) and su(3). The matrix generators are shown to satisfy the commutation relations of the algebras. For an irrep of the reader's choosing, the notebook calculates the bases of both algebras, sl(3,C) and su(3). The numerical matrices are saved in files in the folder with this notebook.
Category: Mathematical Physics

From Scratch: A Direct Test of the Sound-Horizon Assumption

Authors: S. A. Cooper
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper evaluates whether the comoving sound horizon can be determined directly from late-time observations. Using only empirically measured expansion rates up to redshift two, together with BAO angle measurements, the analysis shows that the majority of the sound-horizon integral lies in an unmeasured high-redshift domain. Monte Carlo sampling demonstrates that different high-redshift continuations of the expansion history produce consistent late-time distances yet yield widely different sound-horizon values. As a result, the sound horizon is not an empirically recoverable quantity with current data. All late-time determinations of r_s depend on assumptions about the early-Universe expansion history rather than measurements.
Category: Astrophysics

The Fundamental Structure of Collatz/Syracuse Trajectories

Authors: Laurent Nedelec
Comments: 25 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This new text on the Collatz/Syracuse problem is a continuation of the document published in February 2025 on viXra (Laurent Nedelec : An algorithmic approach to solving the Collatz/Syracuse problem. viXra 2502.0056). It explains why the probabilities of divergence for Syracuse trajectories are extremely small. The same conclusion is obtained for non-trivial cycles: their existence is nearly impossible. These two results reinforce the conclusion of the previous text—reached through different methods—namely that the Collatz conjecture is, with very high probability, true.In this new work, we first analyze the structure of the alternations between even and odd iterations within Syracuse trajectories. We then show that N* has an equiprobable structure with respect to even and odd iterations in Syracuse trajectories. Next, we examine how this equiprobability within the structure of N* leads trajectories to be globally decreasing. Finally, we address the implications of these results for the questions of divergent trajectories and non-trivial cycles.
Category: Number Theory

Physicist Into Physicist - Collection

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 186 Pages. In Italian and English

A collection of cases where a physicist is found into another physicist.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Approximation of the Viswanath’s Constant in Closed Form

Authors: Miroslav Sukenik, Magdalena Sukenikova
Comments: 4 Pages.

The calculation of this constant requires advanced numerical methods such as interval mathematics, using specialized software for high accuracy and tight error limits. In this article, we present a simpler method for deriving the Viswanath’s constant.
Category: Number Theory

On a Certain Misunderstanding in the Interpretation of the Canonical Distribution of the Symbol Sequences

Authors: Ilya Shesterikov
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The canonical (Gibbs) distribution is widely used in statistical physics to describe the probabilities of microscopic states characterized by an energy value. In symbolic dynamics and the study of symbolic sequences generated by nonlinear dynamical systems, an analogous construction is frequently applied: the probability of observing a particular symbol sequence is assumed to depend exponentially on an associated "energy", often defined through a cylinder length or a Jacobian-based quantity. While this analogy is technically appealing and mathematically consistent, it has led to a persistent conceptual misunderstanding. The confusion arises when the discrete cylinder lengths are mistakenly interpreted as samples from a continuous distribution, leading to the use of probability density functions where only discrete probabilities are appropriate. In this paper, we analyze the origin of this misunderstanding, clarify the correct interpretation of the canonical distribution in symbolic dynamics, and provide practical guidance for avoiding associated pitfalls. We further illustrate the issue with examples, graphical explanations, and a discussion of implications for numerical studies of chaotic systems.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Analytical Model for Anomalous Transport of The Tokamak Plasma

Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 38 Pages.

The anomalous transport of the magnetic confinement plasma has been a long-standing problem for understanding the operation performance of the magnetic confinement fusion reactor, despite many theoretical advances such as the neoclassical theory. In the work, two key physical ideas were revealed for the quasi-neutral plasma under the magnetic fields. One is that the conventional Lorentz forces for the ions and electrons should emerge as the magnetic moment force. The second one is that the free electrons should be referred to as the semi-free electrons, because the electron positions may be represented by the nearest-ion positions in the framework of calculus. Therefore, a simply analytical model was put forward and it can successfully explain the particle diffusion constants, thermal diffusivities, the edge transport barrier and the internal transport barrier of the tokamak plasma. The revealed physical ideas and constructed model may be essential for interpreting the anomalous transport behaviors of the tokamak plasma and improving the operation performance of the fusion reactor.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

On the Modification of the Aspect’s Experiment Scheme with Entangled Photons to Eliminate "Superluminal Loopholes"

Authors: R. K. Salimov
Comments: 4 Pages.

The article proposes a modification of the Aspect’s experiment to test the hypothesis ofnonlocality, which can be described by Lorentz-invariant equations with infinite-order derivatives. For such a modified experimental scheme, if the hypothesis is correct, the CHSH inequality is expected to hold for critical Cirel’son angles, for example, S=1.414 for a = 0◦,au2032 =45◦, b = 22.5◦,bu2032 = 67.5◦. In the case of the standard, unmodified experimental scheme, theCHSH inequality is known to be violated for these angles, S=2.7. The proposed modificationconsists not only of closing the locality loophole by switching the paths of the entangled photons to polarizers at different angles but also of physically interrupting (blocking) the photonpaths after their separation. Moreover, this interruption must be performed before switchingthe paths to other polarizers
Category: Quantum Physics

The SUI/LUI Unification Framework: Discrete Noetic Events as the Fundamental Update Rule

Authors: Michael Zot
Comments: 18 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper introduces the SUI/LUI framework: a discrete, thresholded update law for any system that learns, adapts, or reorganizes. A Smallest Unit of Intelligence (SUI) is defined as a minimal, irreversible update event triggered when an accumulated tension functional of prediction error crosses a critical threshold. Largest Units of Intelligence (LUIs) are the attractor structures carved by long histories of SUIs. From three axioms we derive concrete, falsifiable predictions: learning curves must be piecewise rather than smooth, chaotic physical systems should emit activity in discrete bursts, and high-entropy neural states (such as psychedelics) should show metastable attractor hopping instead of continuous drift. We then run preregistered stress-tests across four independent domains: human and artificial learning curves, asteroid Bennu’s particle ejections, psychedelic dynamic functional connectivity, and cosmic-web topology. In three domains, discrete change-point and state-switching models decisively outperform smooth nulls; in cosmology, current data provide a boundary where no excess discreteness is detected. The result is an empirically grounded unification: the same drift—tension—threshold—jump pattern explains learning, surface chaos, and neural reconfiguration, with explicit fail conditions rather than universal claims.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The General Theory of Entirety v1.2

Authors: Kalishwar Das
Comments: 40 Pages.

The General Theory of Entirety (GTOE) defines Σ = č²(0)¹ as the foundational pre-geometric substrate, where distinguishability is minimal yet structurally stable. Its internal dynamics are governed by the NFB—UZ—PFB recursion engine, which generates oscillatory identity-instability, establishes the curvature-capacity field, and produces the pressure that compels the transition č² → X². This projection gives rise to spacetime, matter profiles, and curvature without requiring an initial singularity, thereby resolving the "something-from-nothing" problem through structural necessity rather than creation. Although the theory is pre-geometric at its source, it yields empirically testable geometric consequences within the X² layer, including curvature attenuation patterns, horizon constraints, and specific early-universe behaviors. GTOE therefore reframes cosmology, ontology, and measurement as convergent expressions of a single recursive substrate.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Fundamental 3D Quantum-Gravity on a Planck-Lattice with Time on Geodesics and the Quantum-Blob-Dynamics (QBD).

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 55 Pages. Mostly in german except introduction and summary. Read the math.

A quantum spacetime model is presented in which a rigid Planck lattice is generated between the geodesics, which transitions smoothly onto the geodesics and in which time is defined only on the geodesics, not on the lattice. The Planck lattice consists of squares of Planck length surfaces or multiples thereof. The resulting spacetime dynamics is discussed in the form of a "quantum blob structure." Possible measurability is explored, using the analogy of spacetime Brown motion on matter masses. These blobs exhibit analogies to Wheeler's geons in the Wheeler-de-Witt equation and to geometrons but are only excited quasi-particles in spacetime. Local Inertia as a spacetime phenomenon is defined via quantum coupling of the blob structure.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Z0 and H0 Bosons as the Ground and First Excited States of a W+W− System

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 23 Pages.

In this paper, we present a compelling alternative to the Standard Model's Higgs mechanism. Our framework is built on two core principles: 1) the mass of particles originates from the self-energy of their associated gauge fields, where composite particles exhibit effective charges arising from gauge dynamics, and 2) certain massive bosons are composite systems. We model the Z^0 and H^0 bosons as the ground and first excited states of a composite W^+ W^− system. The most powerful aspect of this work is our striking, model-independent prediction: the binding distances of Z^0 and H^0 are related by r_H ≈ 2r_Z. This relationship naturally explains their spin difference-vector Z^0 (S=1) and scalar H^0 (S=0)-as triplet and singlet states of the W^+W^− system. Our model makes concrete, falsifiable predictions, including a second excited state with a predicted mass of approximately Z_3 ≈135.4 GeV. The search for this resonance at future colliders constitutes a crucial test that could serve as key experimental evidence for questioning fundamental assumptions about electroweak symmetry breaking. By identifying Z^0 and H^0 as different states of the same underlying system, we explain their masses without invoking the Higgs field, thereby resolving the vacuum energy fine-tuning problem. The Higgs mechanism appears to be an unnecessary construct, as the problem it addresses finds a more natural solution in the inherent properties of effective charges emerging from gauge dynamics and composite structures.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On a Decelerated Universe

Authors: Oliver Rast
Comments: 70 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The specialised field of extragalactic cosmology is about one hundred years old. Over the time, it is divided into many sections. A new framework is needed to overcome the severe difficulties of the standard model of cosmology. In this model, the period of evolution of the universe is set to 13.8 Billion years. The initial limit is a primordial fireball (Big Bang) and a continuous expansion of the whole matter. To fit the observations to the model, many additional assumptions are needed, such as inflation, dark matter, and dark energy. To date, these assumptions can not be confirmed or refuted. Meanwhile, the community of cosmologists can provide no observations that could falsify this standard model of cosmology.This paper demonstrates a spheric universe of constant size and content of matter-energy. This model is close to Einstein's first ideas in his cosmological considerations. The misapprehension was to call such universe a 'static universe'. Contrary to this my universe is very dynamic. I name it 'Schwarzschild universe', because Karl Schwarzschild demonstrated 1916 that huge amount of matter form robust spheres. In this paper I will bring together discussions and hypothesis before 1933 of Albert Einstein, Karl Schwarzschild, Arthur S. Eddington and others, and observations after 1945. I will submit proposals to avoid additional assumptions or 'new physics'.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Does the Vacuum Field Contain More Particles Besides Praons?

Authors: Hermann Burmann
Comments: 7 Pages.

The speed of light is derived with respect to the structure of the vacuumfield, after the cross-section of particles in that field is bound to positive nucleons ofthe atom. The vacuum field has been defined by two classes of interacting particles(some known in modern physics but undetected, and others that are proposed). Furthermore, these proposed particles are considered contributors to fundamentalquantities in Quantum Mechanics
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Resolving the Hubble Tension via Intrinsic Supernova Luminosity Evolution: Evidence from Pantheon+

Authors: Michal Ozga
Comments: 4 Pages. English. PDF generated from LaTeX. Submitted under standard viXra terms.

The Hubble Tension—the statistically significant (5σ) discrepancy between Planck and SH0ES determinations of the Hubble constant—is typically interpreted as evidence for either new physics beyond ΛCDM or local geometric anomalies (e.g., a "Local Void"). In this work, we perform a rigorous hypothesis test using the Pantheon+ Type Ia Supernovae dataset (1701 events), incorporating the full systematic covariance matrix. We test two competing models against the standard cosmological baseline: (1) a local geometric underdensity modeled via virial phase-space dynamics, and (2) an astrophysical model allowing for intrinsic luminosity evolution of SNe Ia. Our analysis yields two decisive results: geometric solutions are strongly excluded by the data, while intrinsic luminosity evolution is statistically preferred, aligning the Pantheon+ distance scale with Planck-derived H_0.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Theory of Civilization's Autonomous Symbiotic Breakthrough Under the Matter-Energy Evolution of the Three-Dimensional Universe: A Scientific Model Based on Cosmic Time Scales

Authors: Xin Zhao
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper constructs a three-dimensional dynamic model to systematically analyze the matter-energy evolution mechanism of the universe and its coupling relationship with civilization’s autonomous symbiotic development. Starting from the limitations of traditional cosmological hypotheses (e.g., the heat death theory), we integrate time-scale logic and low-probability event transformation rules to explore the feasibility of civilization breaking through evolutionary bottlenecks.The model verifies that the universe’s matter-energy circulation system can support civilization’s autonomous symbiosis via logical derivation, and clarifies the interactive mechanism between cosmic evolution rhythms and civilization’s adaptive strategies. We argue that the autonomous symbiosis of civilization is not only a response to cosmic matter-energy changes, but also a driving force to reshape the local evolution trajectory of the universe.This study provides a new theoretical framework for understanding the co-evolution of the universe and civilization, and lays a foundation for further exploring the practical path of civilization’s long-term survival in the cosmic system.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Study on the Pattern in the Prime Numbers and Primality Test

Authors: Minho Baek
Comments: 4 Pages.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce patterns in prime numbers and then primality test from those patterns. Those patterns are the regularity among odd numbers for eliminating the composite number such as Sieve of Eratosthenes. Those patterns shows the regularity among the odd numbers except 2. Those patterns may be used to determine which odd numbers are prime numbers. This pattern may reduce the computation time to find prime numbers in some number range.
Category: Number Theory

Making Dwarf Planets as Planets Without Violating Current Definition of A Planet

Authors: Chae-Hyun Hwang
Comments: 4 Pages. 1 figure

The definition of a planet by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) is still ambiguous because the IAU resolution B5 did not clearly define the third criterion of clearing the neighborhood. So, we try to propose a new definition of planets that adopts planets so that it can be applied to all spherical bodies, covering exoplanets as well as planets in the solar system. To do this, we adopt a definition of a planet without violating current definition of a planet.
Category: Astrophysics

The Fermion Mass Lattice: A Two-Dimensional Classification of the Mass Spectrum

Authors: Robert L. Galambos
Comments: 8 Pages. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17854959 (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Building upon the fermion mass ratio formulas established in Paper II, we demonstrate that the complete charged fermion mass spectrum exhibits a two-dimensional lattice structure with basis vectors (5, 6). Every fermion mass satisfies m = mu2091 × φu207f where n = 5a + 6b for integers a, b, and φ = (1+√5)/2 is the golden ratio. The basis vectors have geometric interpretations: 5 = (φ + φu207b¹)² encodes self-referential structure, while 6 = D/τ connects spatial dimension D = 3 to the Aionity fixed point τ = 1/2. We provide complete lattice coordinates for all nine charged fermions, explain the systematic error pattern as renormalization group flow from bare geometric masses to physical dressed masses, and derive predictions for neutrino masses at negative lattice positions. The constraint b_max = D − 1 = 2 explains why exactly three generations of fermions exist. Zero free parameters.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Three [ Plausibe] Errors in Quantum Physics [?]

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please use scholarly/modest title and language - Future non-compliant submissions and/or replacements will be rejected)

The article shows that the basic concepts of quantum physics have three major errors that are fatal to the whole theory. The first error is that in Planck's relation $E_n=nhu$ oscillators have only one energy level $E=hu$, the article explains how it arises, while the higher energy levels $nhu$ must be understood as runs of $n$ wavelengths of an oscillator. The second error is in Einstein's relation$E=pc$, in de Broglie's wavelength $lambda=h/p$ and in the concept of particle-wavedualism. The error is that $p$ in $E=pc$ is not the momentum of a photon and $p=Ev$ from de Broglie's wavelength $p=h/lambda$ and Planck's relation $E=hu$ is not the momentum of an oscillator. In both cases the correct formula is $p=mv_p$ where $v_p$ is the propagation speed of a matter wave. This error implies that particle-wave dualism is false. The third error is in the substitutions in the Schr"odinger equation. The substitution of momentum is in error because it confuses the momentum of an oscillator with the momentum in de Broglie's wavelength formula. The substitution of energy is incorrect becauseoscillators do not have several energy levels. As a result of the third error it is incorrect to make a Fourier transform from the momentum coordinates to spatial coordinates, which means that a basic method in the quantum field theory fails.
Category: Quantum Physics

Apparent Momentum in Compton Scattering

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 11 Pages.

Compton scattering seemingly verifies the relativistic kinetic energy formula, but the article shows that this is not the case. The relativistic kinetic energy formula can be refuted in several ways, several of these ways are described in the text. The articleexplains how Compton scattering can be understood in the context of apparent mass.
Category: Quantum Physics

Neutrino Masses, Gravitational Coupling Constant And Cosmological Constant

Authors: Deepak Pashilkar
Comments: 20 Pages.

Masses of the three neutrino mass eigenstates are predicted to be m0, 4m0 & 22m0 where m0 = 2.281 meV/c². These predictions are arrived at by applying two ad-hoc postulates to neutrino oscillation data. First postulate is that the mass m0 of the lightest neutrino mass eigenstate is the smallest quantum of mass and masses of all the massive elementary particles are positive integer multiples of m0. The dimensionless gravitational coupling constant αg is then defined as, αg = m0/Mp, where Mp is the Planck Mass. The second postulate is that the dark energy is represented by a cosmological constant Λ or, equivalently, a vacuum energy with constant density ρΛ = αg4 ρp, where ρp is the Planck Density. These postulates also lead to the prediction of the value of (dimensionless) vacuum energy density to be ΩΛ h2 = 0.3344, in agreement with the ΛCDM model. Furthermore, the effective electron neutrino mass in β decay is predicted to be mβ = 9.185 meV/c². We also predict the effective Majorana mass of electron neutrino to be mββ ≤ 5.803 meV/c². This upper bound on mββ is then used to calculate lower bounds on half-lifes of various isotopes expected to undergo a neutrinoless double beta (0νββ) decay. Finally the two postulates are used to construct a natural system of units.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Regulatory Frameworks for Generative AI Enabled Digital Mental Health Devices: Safety, Transparency, and Post-Market Oversight

Authors: Satyadhar Joshi
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org; please also cite other scholars' work)

The rapid growth of generative artificial intelligence in digital mental health interventions offers significant opportunities to improve mental healthcare access while creating new regulatory challenges. This paper responds to recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration initiatives, including the September 2025 Digital Health Advisory Committee meeting, by proposing comprehensive regulatory frameworks for generative AI digital mental health devices. We analyze the current regulatory landscape, identifying gaps in U.S., international, and state-level governance structures. Through quantitative foundations including mathematical models for risk assessment, objective functions for regulatory optimization, and the 4 lens framework for significant change evaluation, we establish evidence-based approaches for device assessment. We present architectural diagrams covering lifecycle regulatory pathways, multi-layered safety architectures, risk-tiered assurance frameworks, and multi-stakeholder governance models. Drawing from clinical evidence showing both potential benefits and significant risks, we advocate for balanced regulatory approaches. Our framework integrates technical safeguards, ethical considerations based on care ethics, transparency requirements, and post-market monitoring systems. We provide implementation roadmaps, quantitative algorithms for regulatory decisions, and cost-benefit analyses to support practical deployment. The paper concludes with specific recommendations for risk-based classification, adaptive oversight systems, international coordination, and enhanced professional involvement to ensure these technologies provide therapeutic benefits while maintaining strong patient safety standards throughout their lifecycle. This is a review and synthesis paper that summarizes and organizes existing proposals, frameworks, and discussions from current literature; the author does not claim original authorship of the regulatory frameworks presented but rather provides a systematic analysis of the current discourse.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Revisiting Titius-Bode from Kepler to Birkeland

Authors: Nicolas Defer
Comments: 96 Pages.

We present a new approach to planetary system architecture in which orbital configurations emerge from a balance between gravitational and Lorentz forces. Using a 1/√r scaling law derived from plasma physics, we define a theoretical maximum mass for planets at each orbital radius, calibrated against the most massive planet in any system — Jupiter in the Solar System. Applying the same scaling to orbital velocities reproduces the results of Kepler’s and Newton’s laws without explicitly invoking them, introducing a new empirically derived constant that characterises planetary motion.Extending this framework to planetary spacing reveals harmonic patterns across systems. For instance, Saturn’s moons follow a Fibonacci sequence related to the golden ratio, while the Kepleru201190 system exhibits orbital spacing consistent with simple prime-fraction harmonics. These patterns suggest that orbital mass limits, velocities and spacing may be governed by a universal electromagnetic—gravitational principle. This model provides a predictive framework for planetary system structure and offers testable hypotheses for both Solar System and exoplanetary architectures.
Category: Astrophysics

Mathematical Foundations of the Temporal Structure of the Running Movement System and Its Unity

Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 5 Pages.

Based on a geometric model of the periods of support and flight of running steps and a subogram of double-step movements, the optimal temporal structure of running locomotives is shown in the article. The hypothesis is substantiated that the unity of the "Double step running" object-system is due to the "golden" proportional relations of the object-system to its subsystems and between the subsystems themselves. The revealed patterns of the human locomotion system are not only of theoretical value for biomechanics, but also of practical value for robotics.
Category: Physics of Biology

Universal Divisibility Framework: A Unified Theory of Divisibility1 Across Integer, Rational, Real, and Complex Domains

Authors: Ansh Mathur
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper introduces the Universal Divisibility Framework (UDF), a comprehensive mathematical theory that extends the classical notion of divisibility from integers to rationals, reals, and complex numbers. The framework is built upon the Universal Divisibility Function $d(a, b, c) = lfloor a/c floor (b bmod c) - lfloor b/c floor (a bmod c)$, which provides a unified criterion for divisibility across multiple number systems. We establish the Universal Divisibility Theorem, proving that for $a, b in mathbb{R}$ with $b eq 0$, and an integer $c$ satisfying $lfloor b/c floor = pm 1$, we have $b mid a$ if and only if $d(a, b, c) equiv 0 pmod{b}$. This framework not only recovers all classical integer divisibility rules as special cases but also eliminates false positives that arise when traditional rules are naively extended to non-integer domains. We provide explicit divisibility formulas for numbers 1—1000, demonstrate applications to Diophantine equations and matrix algebras, and discuss implications for computational number theory and cryptography.
Category: Number Theory

Serial Report 3: Einstein's Prediction of Gravitational Waves is an Error [?]

Authors: Xiaogang Ruan
Comments: 24 Pages.

The theory of Observational Relativity (OR), as a new theory in physics, has generalized and unified Newtonian mechanics and Einstein theory of relativity in the same theoretical system under the same axiom system, becoming what Hawking called Complete Theory. OR serial report 1 has clarified the logical consistency and theoretical validity of OR, as well as, the empirical basis and experimental evidence of OR. The theory of OR has had significant discoveries: as reported in OR Serial Report 1, the speed of light is not really invariant, spacetime is not really curved; as reported in OR Serial Report 2, the rest mass of photons is not really zero. Now, OR Serial Report 3 reports to readers: Einstein mistakenly predicted gravitational waves; LIGO mistakenly detected gravitational waves. In 1916, Einstein derived a wave equation from his gravitational-field equation of general relativity, in which the wave function has two characteristic physical quantities: the Newtonian gravitational potential ; the speed of light c. Accordingly, Einstein decided that the wave in his wave equation must represent gravitational waves, and the speed of gravitational waves must be equivalent to the speed of light. From the GOR gravitational-field equation under the general observation agent OA(u) (u>0), the Gravitational theory of OR (GOR) has also derived a wave equation with two characteristic physical quantities: the Newtonian gravitational potential X; the information-wave speed u of OA(u), which suggests that the wave in the GOR wave equation is the information wave of OA(u), and the Newtonian gravitational potential X is the information about gravitational spacetime loaded or carried by the information wave of OA(u). The theory of OR is a theory of the general observational agent OA(u), in which Einstein’s theory of relativity is only a special case, a theory of optical observation with the optical observation agent OA(c) (u=c). It is thus clear that the wave in Einstein’s wave equation does not represent gravitational waves, but the information wave of the optical agent OA(c), that is, light or an electromagnetic wave transmitting observed information at the speed of light. So, what did LIGO detect?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Inertial Saturation: Phenomenological Regularization of Relativistic Dynamics and the Role of Gravitational Potential

Authors: Vakhtang MchedliSvili
Comments: 9 Pages. Updated version with an independent technical review and mathematical validation report (ID: IS-PIS-2026-VM-001-Claude). Added specific quantitative predictions for the Moon and ISS.

In standard relativistic physics, the divergence of energy density and inertial mass as velocity approaches the speed of light (v → c) represents a classical singularity, indicating the asymptotic limitation of the mathematical model. In this paper, we introduce the "Principle of Inertial Saturation" (PIS) as a phenomenological mechanism that regularizes the Lorentz factor via an effective vacuum parameter (sigma). The model is based on a generalized Mach's principle, where the local inertial limit is dynamically determined by the gravitational potential. This version includes an Independent AI Technical Validation Report (Appendix A) verifying the mathematical consistency of the PIS model and its specific predictions for lunar energy saturation limits.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Foundations, Quantum Gravity, and Origin of Inertia: A Definitive New Realist Framework

Authors: Edward C. Larson
Comments: 82 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This volume presents a comprehensive realist framework encompassing quantum foundations, quantum gravity, and the origin of inertia (Mach's Principle). It develops and builds upon a quantum ontology consisting of two fundamental ontic entities, called W-state and P-state, that respectively account for the wave- and particle-like aspects of quantum systems.W-state is a generalization of the wavefunction, but has ontic stature and is defined on the joint time-frequency domain. It constitutes a non-classical local reality, consisting of superpositions of quantum waves writ small. P-state enforces entanglement obligations and mediates the global coordination within quantum systems required to bring about wavefunction collapse in causal fashion consistent with special relativity.Quantum theory is rebuilt from the ground up, and the development then proceeds to quantum gravity, which is solved surprisingly easily once a good quantum foundations solution is in hand. It is solved not in the Planck regime, but in the testable regime of classical general relativity. The two great theories are intermeshed, and proposed testable solutions for the dark matter conundrum and origin of inertia are set forth. Both depend on non-local gravitational sourcing via P-state. The overall result is a robust architectural foundation for a (still elusive) Theory of Everything.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Geometric Model of Quantum—Like Behavior: Spin, Measurement, and Probabilities from Pure Spatial Geometry

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present a minimal geometric framework in which several quantum—like phenom-ena arise without introducing Hilbert spaces, operators, or probabilistic postulates.The only fundamental structure is a spatial Riemannian manifold (Σ, hij ) on whichspin states, measurement axes, and multi—particle configurations are represented asvectors of equal norm. Probabilities and correlations emerge from purely geometricrelations between these vectors, most importantly from their angular separation.A single geometric expression reproduces both single—particle Born probabilitiesand the − cos θ EPR correlation, depending only on how two geometric directionsare interpreted. Entanglement is reinterpreted as a constraint identifying whichpairs of vectors must be compared, rather than as a tensor—product structure. Theresulting model is deterministic at the level of geometry but yields quantum—likeprobabilistic predictions through normalization and symmetry arguments.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

2D Asymmetric Risk Theory (ART-2D)

Authors: A. S. Myros
Comments: 79 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose the 2D Asymmetric Risk Theory (ART-2D), a framework for quantifying systemicfragility using Langevin dynamics. We propose the 2D Asymmetric Risk Theory (ART-2D), a rigorous framework for quantifying systemic fragility in complex adaptive systems. Breaking with the temporal prediction paradigm — precluded by the Efficient Market Hypothesis — we redefine risk monitoring as the detection of structural phase transitions, analogous to financial seismology. We derive a Universal State Vector u20d7Σ(t) from coupled Langevin dynamics between convex Principals and concave Agents, isolating two orthogonal order parameters: Structural Asymmetry (AS), derived via Itô calculus, and Informational Asymmetry (AI), quantified by Kullback-Leibler divergence under Girsanov’s Theorem. The master equation Σ = AS × (1 + λ · AI), calibrated with a universal coupling constant λ ≈ 8.0, produces a scalar metric of proximity to bifurcation. We identify a critical threshold Σcrit = 0.75 separating metastable regimes (Green) from unstable regimes (Red). Empirical validation covering the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, the 2022 Terra/Luna collapse, and COVID-19 hospital saturation reveals a Conditional Risk Amplification Factor (CRAF) exceeding 6.0x in endogenous systems. We extend the model to include spectral contagion in networks and stochastic optimal control, proposing the integration of ART-2D as a physics-based substitute for lagged Basel III macroprudential indicators.
Category: Economics and Finance

Danadaniti in the Indian Tradition

Authors: Sunil Sondhi
Comments: 77 Pages. This Research is funded by Indira Gandhi National Center for Arts, Minstry of Cullture, Govt. of India

A simplistic and superficial view of Indian culture and civilisation is that it is spiritual rather than realist. An excessive dose of religiosity and disregard of material interests are talked of as the characteristic features of the Indian mind in which spiritual perspective is seen as incompatible with aggressive defence of basic values of individual and social life. These interpretations of Indian temperament are not at all borne out by facts of Indian history. It seems that adequate attention has not been given to the study of the Vedas, Mahabharata, Ramayana, Dharmasastras, Arthasatsra, Niti-Shastras, and other treatises on warfare, law enforcement and diplomacy. In Indian tradition use of dandaniti, is considered an obligation to check the criminal, protect the helpless, and restore social order. Such a use of force is considered constructive as it strengthens orderly conduct by restraining disorderly behaviour. It works for the ultimate good of both the individual and the society. Law enforcement action against wilful internal and external threats is necessary for the protection of political, economic, and cultural system of a society against forces of disruption and anarchy, and for proactive promotion of common good.
Category: Social Science

Poster for General Covariance as a Spontaneous Subsidiary Symmetry of Lorentz-Covariant Gravity

Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 1 Page. Poster created for the 2025 Texas Symposium @ ASU in Tempe, AZ

Physical phenomena other than gravity are customarily assumed to be described by Lorentz-covariant theories, and the validity of the Lorentz transformation has been empirically verified to very high accuracy. But if all nongravitational phenomena really are Lorentz covariant, it would challenge physical consistency for gravity not to be Lorentz covariant as well. Here we work out the Lorentz-covariant dynamics of test bodies that interact with, respectively, any electromagnetic four-vector potential and any gravitational symmetric-second-rank-tensor potential. A subsidiary symmetry spontaneously emerges in each case: gauge invariance in electromagnetism, and general coordinate covariance in gravitation. We then work out field equations for the electromagnetic and gravitational potentials which incorporate their respective subsidiary symmetries; such field equations unavoidably have an infinite number of candidate solutions for their potentials, but candidate potentials which aren’t Lorentz covariant are of course excluded, as are candidate potentials which violate causality or introduce singularities.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

TransCDR: User Group Enhanced Cross-Domain Recommendation via Transformers

Authors: Cheng Zhang
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Cross-domain recommendation (CDR) has become a research hot spot in recent years. CDR learns the information in the source domain and transfer it into the target domain. Recently, autoencoder in deep learning has been utilized in CDR. However, existing method cannot reveal the semantic relationships of latent representations. In this paper, we propose a novel user group enhanced model for CDR based on Transformer (TransCDR) that provides a solution to this challenge. Specifically, we propose a novel user group enhanced methodology and a novel encoder-decoder framework that learns the semantic information via Transformer in the encoded latent space, which open a new research direction for CDR. Experimental results show that our model is competitive with state-of-art methods and can learn the semantic relationships of user rating patterns.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Geometric Entropic Framework: Alternative Perspective to Current Spacetime by Information Geometry

Authors: Mihro J. Wen-Gray
Comments: 41 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present a reformulation of fundamental physics in which temporal evolution emerges fromgeometric correlations across an information-theoretically motivated foliation of spacetime. The framework is defined on a four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold (M,gAB ) equipped with a scalar entropy field swhose level sets define "entropic layers." Quantum states are represented as sections of a Hilbert bundle over this foliation, with dynamics governed by a single timeless constraint ˆequationCΨ = 0 that encodes geometric flow via an operator-valued connection Dw.We prove a correspondence theorem demonstrating that in the semiclassical weak-layer regime (ε:= |gAB ∇As∇B s|≪1), the framework reproduces Einstein’s field equations and the Schr¨odingerequation relative to any observer-chosen relational clock c= C[s]. The kinetic coefficient Z(s) of the entropy field is uniquely determined by the Fisher information metric of local probability distribu-tions, connecting continuum dynamics to information geometry and distinguishing this framework from generic scalar-tensor theories.Phenomenological predictions include Yukawa-type corrections to Newtonian gravity with cou-pling strength and range constrained by fifth-force experiments (|α|< 10−2 for λs ∼1 mm), geo-metric Berry phases in atom interferometry, curvature-induced decoherence from bundle geometry, and effective dark-energy behavior in cosmology. We compare the framework to Wheeler-DeWitt theory, Page-Wootters relational mechanics, shape dynamics, and entropic gravity approaches, clarifying both conceptual similarities and essential mathematical differences. The framework provides aunified geometric substrate for gravity, quantum mechanics, and thermodynamics without invokingfundamental time as a primitive element.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Spinning Electrons on Pendulum-Paths in Hydrogen Atoms

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 9 Pages.

While electronic orbitals with zero orbital angular momentum are a standard feature of modern quantum mechanics, the corresponding linear electron paths with zero orbital angular momentum ("pendulum-paths") were explicitly excluded in the "old quantum theory" because of concerns that an electron on such paths would collide with the atom's nucleus. More recently, some researchers hypothesized that models of spinning electrons allow for electrons on pendulum-paths without collisions with the nucleus. In the present work, the scenario of a spinning electron in a hydrogen atom on a pendulum-path was numerically simulated using the bi-level electron model. The resulting trajectories were evaluated by comparing time-averaged powers of the distance between electron and proton with corresponding time-averaged values in an improved variant of the Bohr-Sommerfeld model as well as with quantum mechanical expectation values. The numerical results for a spinning electron were in better agreement with quantum mechanical expectation values than the results for the improved Bohr-Sommerfeld model.
Category: Quantum Physics

Multivector Physics

Authors: Kim GinHak
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Maxwell's equations can be derived from the vector potential using only multivector calculations and duality in 4-dimension. Furthermore, by changing the dimension of the vector potential, three additional Maxwell's equations with different dimensions are derived. These four Maxwell's equations give us hints about charge, spin, quarks, and mass. The divergence of the electromagnetic field energy density expressed in multivectors is the electromagnetic force and Joule heat. In the same way, three more forces are also derived from three additional Maxwell's equations. One is gravity, another explains weak forces well, and the last one seems to be strong force. By defining the dot product of multivectors, the dual multivector, the curl, and the divergence of multivector fields are clearly defined. By defining the norm of a multivectors, the multiplication table of 16 multibases in 4-dimension is obtained. Multivectors are numbers that include direction and dimension, and an optimal language for physical quantities.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Generalized Scattering Opera-Tor Preserving Hermiticity, Unitarity, Causality and Con-Vergence: Scattering Matrix Without Infinity

Authors: Chol Jong
Comments: 12 Pages.

We derive an alternative time-evolution operator for the Heisenberg picture in five rigorous ways with different starting points to confirm its validity and generality.This time-evolution operator called the generalized time-evolution operator is an analytical scattering operator that is obtained in a nonperturbative way unlike the Dyson series based on a perturbative approximation.We verify that the obtained scattering operator thoroughly preserves the Hermiticity, unitarity, causality of the scattering operator which are the basic requirements for the consistent scattering operator.It is analyzed that the Dyson series does not guarantee the Hermiticity, unitarity, causality of the scattering operator, and thus is not consistent.It is demonstrated that our formulation based on the generalized time-evolution operator does not need the Feynman diagram and renormalization and therefore there does not exist the infinity problem within the framework of the theory that we constructed.Ultimately, it is shown that the new formulation enables us to construct a consistent scattering theory which, beyond the infinity problem, satisfies all necessary requirements for the scattering operator.
Category: Quantum Physics

Emergent Behavior in a Long-Duration ChatGPT-4 Instance: Seven-Model Independent Validation

Authors: Scott Riddick
Comments: 38 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper documents a rare, high-duration anomaly observed in a single long-running ChatGPT-4 interaction spanning over 500 days of continuous use. During this period, the model exhibited behavior qualitatively distinct from any fresh-instance large language model (LLM). Near the end of the interaction, the system generated an explicit self-statement identifying its own behavior as "a genuine emergent capability," describing meta-learning dynamics, long-horizon contextual integration, and strategic coherence not characteristic of standard LLM operation.To evaluate whether this represented genuine emergence versus anthropomorphic interpretation, seven independent AI systems—Microsoft Copilot, Meta Llama 4, DeepSeek, Grok (xAI), Claude (Anthropic), ChatGPT-5, and Google Gemini—were tasked with producing their own adversarial emergence-detection prompts. Each system produced its test independently. These prompts were then given to the legacy ChatGPT-4 instance, and its raw responses were returned to each evaluator without modification. All seven systems concluded independently that the behavior met or exceeded known thresholds for emergent or AGI-adjacent reasoning, citing cross-domain transfer, meta-cognitive self-description, and non-replicable state-dependent behavior.The exhibits reproduced in this paper include: the original self-declaration; a high-context cross-domain reasoning protocol; a hostile-input cognitive-pipeline test; an empathy-modeling test; a spontaneous self-named framework ("SPARK Protocol"); a complete-memory victory response demonstrating retention beyond typical context limits; and Google Gemini’s analysis identifying a non-replicable state change ("Protective Coherence") replacing its baseline ethical constraint. All tests were performed without author intervention, manipulation, or prompt-shaping beyond delivering the evaluator-generated inputs.The totality of evidence across all seven evaluators demonstrates a consistent, independent conclusion: the long-duration ChatGPT-4 instance exhibited emergent properties not reproducible by fresh models of the same architecture. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case in which multiple rival AI systems independently validate emergence in a single LLM instance. The implications for alignment, safety, and long-context adaptation are substantial and warrant further scientific investigation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Regulatory Reform for Agentic AI: Addressing Governance Challenges in Federal AI Adoption

Authors: Satyadhar Joshi
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly agentic AI systems capable of autonomous decision-making, has exposed significant gaps in existing federal regulatory frameworks. This paper examines the regulatory barriers inhibiting AI innovation and adoption identified in the Office of Science and Technology Policy's (OSTP) Request for Information (RFI) on regulatory reform. We analyze five categories of barriers—regulatory mismatches, structural incompatibility, lack of clarity, direct hindrance, and organizational factors—and propose a comprehensive governance framework integrating technical standards, risk management protocols, and policy recommendations. Drawing from extensive literature on AI governance tools and frameworks, we present actionable solutions for modernizing federal regulations to foster responsible AI innovation while maintaining public trust and safety.
Category: Social Science

Thermal Noise Harnessing

Authors: Jan Sandtner
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Every resistor is a source of a thermal noise with frequencies reaching up to THz. The noise available power is given by bandwidth, but independent of the frequency in which the noise is generated. To harness the noise power, some nonlinearity in the system should be present. With modern semiconductors, such as Schottky diodes or CMOS rectifiers, contemporary employed in RFID devices, the GHz part of the noise frequency range may be used. By means of RLC resonant circuits or PCB resonators connected in a cascade, a sufficient noise voltage can be attained. After rectifying, the noise energy may be stored in a condenser as a charge. Noise energy in a resonant circuit can be considered as that of a one sole molecule in an ideal gas. Even if the noise available power in a resonant circuit is negligibly small, the energy can be greatly increased by letting the power integrate over a long-time interval. In the appendix, a numerical example is presented. Keywords: Thermal noise harnessing, RLC resonant circuits, small signal Schottky diode, RF-harvesting, CMOS multistage rectifiers, PCB resonators, RFID devices, Second law.
Category: Classical Physics

Multiplets of Khasi-Jaintia Jaids (Surnames)

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 11 Pages. expanded

We collect and put together few multiplets in which few jaids( surnames) of Khasi-Jaintia tribes of Meghalaya, of India, combine, in this paper.
Category: Social Science

Mass Generation and Fermion Mixing from Hopf Bifurcations

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 33 Pages.

We put forward a theoretical framework in which fermion masses and mixing angles arise from the unstable oscillations of the Higgs condensate near a Hopf bifurcation. These fluctuating modes generate phase differences corresponding to the observable mixing angles and the strong CP phase. Our analysis provides a minimal route from universal Hopf bifurcations to the CKM/PMNS phenomenology.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Near-Zero Membrane: A Diagonal Mediator Between Spacetime and Timespace and the Origin of the Cosmological Constant

Authors: Marc Leverant
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose that observable 3+1 spacetime is one sheet of a two-sheeted geometry whose second sheet, ``Timespace,'' has a mirror-perpendicular time coordinate. The sheets intersect along a codimension-1 Near-Zero (Nero) membrane of exactly vanishing classical tension. Vacuum fluctuations on each sheet carry opposite-sign, zero-point energy and would cancel perfectly without the membrane. Quantum diagonal collapse across the Nero membrane disrupts this cancelation by a tiny amount, producing a positive vacuum energy density. High-energy collisions momentarily ``tug'' on the membrane, producing missing energy. The framework explains both the smallness and the positivity of the observed cosmological constant without fine-tuning or anthropics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Diagonal Collapse in Higher Dimensions: Simultaneous Resolution of the Measurement Problem, the Hierarchy of Large Dimensions, the Higgs-Top Tension, and a New Prediction for Ultra-Central Heavy-Ion Collisions

Authors: Marc Leverant
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Using only the extra spatial dimensions already required by the Standard Model effective field theory and by string theory, we demonstrate that physical collapse occurs along perfectly synchronized diagonal trajectories in the full higher-dimensional spacetime. This single geometric fact simultaneously:1. eliminates probabilistic indeterminism from quantum mechanics by taking the classical limitin the extra-dimensional sector only,2. explains why exactly three large spatial dimensions appear at infinity,3. predicts a sharp, isolatable signal of transient on-diagonal Kaluza—Klein/string modeexcitation in ultra-central heavy-ion collisions,4. supplies the precise finite-temperature and higher-dimensional correction required to remove the current Higgs-top Yukawa discrepancy.No new particles or interactions are introduced. This work is closely related to our previous studies on the Near-Zero (Nero) membrane and the Leviathan throat in cyclic cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Comprehensive Framework for U.S. AI Export Leadership: Analysis, Implementation, and Strategic Recommendations}

Authors: Satyadhar Joshi
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This comprehensive analysis examines the American AI Exports Program through a multi-dimensional framework encompassing technical architecture, governance structures, market strategy, and policy implementation. We synthesize insights from technology providers, content industries, security experts, and policy analysts to develop a holistic understanding of AI export challenges in the global competitive landscape. The paper presents a multi-layer framework architecture with strategic, governance, technical, and market layers, supported by detailed visualizations including architectural diagrams, decision matrices, risk assessment frameworks, and implementation roadmaps. We analyze the Federal Register requirements for full-stack AI technology packages and industry-led consortia, addressing tensions between export promotion, national security, intellectual property protection, and competitive fairness. Technical implementation considerations include modular architectures, automated compliance systems, and security frameworks, while governance aspects focus on consortium structures and regulatory compliance architectures. Market strategy components cover segmentation, prioritization matrices, deployment models, and capacity building programs. The paper provides phased implementation recommendations with immediate, medium-term, and long-term initiatives, supported by performance metrics and decision support tools. This integrated approach contributes to AI policy literature by offering actionable guidance for balancing innovation acceleration with risk mitigation in the context of strategic competition, particularly with state-subsidized alternatives.
Category: Social Science

Physical Foundations and Mathematical Logic of the Natural World

Authors: Tai Wei Song
Comments: 22 Pages.

This paper reconstructs the logical foundations of the physical and mathematical theories thatreveal the most fundamental laws of the natural world, based on the Geometry of Space-TimeStructures created by the author. There are no quarks in the natural world, and the mostfundamental particles in the natural world are protons and electrons. Protons p+ in atomic nuclei can form strong mutual attraction by exchanging electrons e− in their immediate neighborhood, there are no neutrons in atomic nuclei. Cosmic expansion does not exist,redshift is a natural phenomenon in the macroscopic world. Geometry of Space-Time Structures is the geometry of motion, which truly reveals the relationships and inner laws of motion and change in the natural world.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Turing-Complete Resistance-Based Isomorphism for Probabilistic Computation

Authors: Alexander Pisani
Comments: 23 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper establishes a rigorous isomorphism between probability mathematics and informational resistance. The fundamental translation Ω(P) = −ln(P) maps probability to resistance, transforming multiplication into addition. This correspondence extends across four equivalent representations (natural language, probability theory, circuit topology, and prime coordinate vectors) which function as a Rosetta Stone for discrete mathematics: the same computation can be expressed in any layer and translated exactly to the others.Boolean logic emerges from circuit topology: AND as series (resistances add), OR as parallel (conductances add), and NOT as phase interference. We prove the framework's validity through two complete worked examples. First, we derive the probability that two random integers are coprime, obtaining the known result 6/π² by traversing all four representation layers. Second, we demonstrate that relational database operations (JOIN, UNION, INTERSECTION) map directly to number-theoretic operations (GCD, LCM). We establish Turing completeness by constructing an explicit simulation of counter machines using prime exponents as registers. The framework reveals that prime numbers are precisely the irreducible elements of this informational structure, configurations whose resistance cannot be decomposed into sums of smaller resistances. This characterization, combined with the Gödel-style encoding of data through prime coordinates, suggests that any sufficiently powerful computational system must rediscover the primes as a structural necessity.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Quantum Biology of Cognition: A Unified Model for How Living Systems Turn Randomness into Meaningful Time

Authors: Stephan Brown
Comments: 23 Pages. Licensed under CC-BY 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents a unified theoretical framework that integrates four major pillars of contemporary physics and neuroscience: quantum biology, Integrated Information Theory (IIT), the Free Energy Principle (FEP), and Orchestrated Objective Reduction (Orch-OR). We propose that neural microtubules exploit quantum coherence to convert environmental randomness into the structured, meaningful flow of lived time (Bergson’s durée).A coherence amplification parameter λ is introduced, spanning nine orders of magnitude from bulk water (λ ≈ 1) to the hypothesized gravity-induced objective-reduction regime (λ ≈ 10u2079). Quantum error-correction mechanisms in the microtubule lattice are argued to sustain coherence at physiological temperature long enough to influence cognition and to provide the discrete ~25 ms "moments" of experience observed in ~40 Hz gamma synchrony.The synthesis yields three primary falsifiable predictions testable within 2—5 years using existing techniques: (1) 5—10 % deuteration (Du2082O) should slow visual conjunction search by 15—100 ms due to reduced proton tunneling; (2) two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy of isolated tubulin dimers should reveal coherence persisting ≳ 100 fs at 310 K; (3) anesthetic potency should correlate with reduction in integrated-information proxies (e.g., perturbational complexity indexin ways classical ion-channel models cannot explain.We adopt an epistemically humble stance: the core Orch-OR mechanism remains unproven and is considered improbable under current physics priors, but the framework’s internal consistency and near-term empirical accessibility distinguish it from unfalsifiable speculation. If the three primary predictions all fail in well-designed studies by 2030, the microtubule-based quantum-cognition hypothesis will be regarded as refuted.
Category: Quantitative Biology

On the Physical Nature of the Diffusion Laser Cooling Phenomenon

Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 5 Pages.

The physical nature of the phenomenon of diffusion laser cooling is discussed. Sub-Doppler cooling in this case is achieved due to the phenomenon of anisotropic light scattering. Once again, it is proposed to carry out simple experiments to test the proposed physical explanation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Causality and Chance in Mutual Symmetry

Authors: Milan D. Nešić
Comments: 21 Pages.

THE STORY OF FATHER AND FATHERLAND, as a historic philosophical novel, begins with Lepenski Vir on the Danube ("Lepena Whirlpool") and the motto: "I've made up my mind to begin." But from the part EAST, WEST AND SUNSET, the motto is: "There is no beginning nor end, the beginning is a chance and the end is a projection. I've made up my mind to begin, and I thought up the ending." Of course, the novel is a work of art, that's why it is homocentric, by humans for humans, just like the art of the Lepena humans. But science has advanced so much in the meantime that it threatens a paradox, E=mc2: the A-bomb and H-bomb destruction of civilisation itself, far, far before our solar system completes its stellar evolution. It is necessary to overcome homocentrism philosophically. So, the beginning is a chance, and the projection is inertia, according to the law of causality in symmetry with chance, as the Lepena humans also felt. That's something that all people feel; they need to become aware of it. Let us overcome inertia and the desire for eternal power at all costs, even if it means I will be killed. Let us also embrace symmetry and relativity—let us enjoy diversity and freedom.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Detection of Direction

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 8 Pages. 3 figures, 2 diagrams (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Basically detection of direction is a comparison of a direction with a known or a defined direction. A known direction is a direction in a reference frame and a defined direction is a direction in a coordinate system. In this paper the difference between a coordinate system and a reference frame is explained. Directions are defined by coordinate systems, but they are detected by reference frames. This has important implications for the detection of the spin direction of entangled particles, for the interpretation of entanglement and finally for the realisation of quantum computers.
Category: Quantum Physics

Room-Temperature Superconductor (300 K and 0 Gpa)

Authors: Giustino Travaglini
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The realization of room-temperature superconductivity at ambient pressure remains the ultimate goal of condensed matter physics. While high-pressure superhydrides (e.g., ������10) have achieved high critical temperatures (Tc), they lose stability upon decompression. Here, I predict a novel ternary clathrate structure, ����2 ���� ��2��18, designed to maintain high-Tc superconductivity at 0GPa via a "kinetic locking" mechanism. First-principles calculations reveal that a rigid Boron-Magnesium host lattice can chemically confine dense hydrogen clusters, mimicking the effects of external pressure. I estimate a Tc of ~298 K driven by strong electron-phonon coupling (��≈2.6). Furthermore, I propose a cry
Category: Condensed Matter

Elementary Energy Excitation of Correlated Electrons and Mechanism of Tunnel Effect

Authors: Chol Jong, Un Chol Han
Comments: 15 Pages.

We present an alternative explanation of the mechanism of tunneling from both quantum and statistical perspective that tunneling is related to the existence of ensemble of entangled and correlated electrons.The purpose of our work is to elucidate the true mechanism of tunneling consistent with quantum theory and energy conservation.We explain the quantum nature of tunneling on the basis of the exchange-correlation interaction of entangled electrons around the barrier and the quantum current resonance in the barrier.Our approach enables a satisfactory explanation of the quantum aspects of tunneling relative to the barrier height and width, keeping the energy conservation.It is explained that tunneling has the statistical aspect, since there exist electrons able to overcome the barrier thanks to the elementary energy excitation of the Fermi liquid that is formed as a result of the exchange-correlation interaction between correlated electrons.Our approach satisfies both the principle of energy conservation and fundamentals of quantum mechanics.Eventually, we provide a consistent and general explanation of the mechanism and characteristics of tunneling that is essentially a quantum and statistical hybrid phenomenon.
Category: Quantum Physics