All Submission Categories

The Increase in Relativistic Inertial Mass is Equivalent to the Increase in Rotational Speed in the Sinusoidal Helicoid Model for Particle Motion

Authors: Luis Rodolfo Cabrera Juárez
Comments: 10 Pages.

The equations of Relativistic Mechanics and Wave Mechanics are used to describe the dynamics of a particle in the Helical Solenoid Model, showing that the increase in relativistic inertial mass is apparent, and is equivalent to the increase in rotational energy.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Complex Variables of the Riemann Zeta Function and Disproof of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Samuel Bonaya Buya
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Riemann zeta function is a function of a complex variable s = q +it where q and t as real real numbers. In this research we will examine the different ways in which this complex variable can be constructed. We will examine one possible case of violation of the Riemann hypothesis. We willlook at functions that caprure distribution of primes through their zeroes.
Category: Number Theory

Epistemology in Cyclic Time

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 5 Pages.

We discuss "Quantum Gravity in the rotating Godel universe", It can be shown that notion of causality in Godel universe is actually consistent with implications of the EPR paradox, its implications of which has been experimentally verified. If time is cyclic with eternal existence of civilized humans, then provided a catastrophe, which breaks the continuity of evolution of human knowledge, does not occur, then the quantum gravity Godel universe must be the best description of our universe. So, the human knowledge changes cyclically in identical time Cycles.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Self-Healing Metal Film Capacitors: Quo Vadis?

Authors: Nadezhda Andreeva, Vitaly V. Chaban
Comments: 26 Pages.

Metal film capacitors are ubiquitous components in modern electronics, playing an important role in energy storage, filtering, and voltage regulation. However, their performance and reliability can be reduced by partial electrical breakdowns caused by defects in the dielectric material. An attempt to partially mitigate this problem are self-healing capacitors, which have the ability to recover after an electrical breakdown. The self-healing phenomenon significantly increases the service life of the device. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the currently known self-healing mechanisms in metal film capacitors. The role of the self-healing phenomenon in increasing the number of capacitor working cycles is discussed. The molecular processes underlying the significantly different self-healing potential of dielectric polymers are verified. The review is addressed to specialists in electrical engineering.
Category: Condensed Matter

New Tricks for Memorizing Trigonometric Identities

Authors: Timothy Jones
Comments: 7 Pages. Received some suggestions that are reflected here.

We give a way to memorize all 27 standard trigonometric identities, including the product to sum (P2S) and sum to product (S2P) trigonometric identities. These are generally not memorized, but puzzled out using the sum of two angles for the P2S and then P2S for S2P. We show here a faster way to recall these using what might be called heuristic generalizations. All 27 of the standard identities are reviewed in light of this type of trick. Links to a TI-84 program and a youtube video are given.
Category: General Mathematics

Proof to "Fermat’s Last Equation"

Authors: B. N. Pathak
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required and scientific references should be cited and listed)

Proof to Fermat's Last Theorem [is presented in this paper].
Category: Number Theory

Proof of the ABC Conjecture

Authors: Prajay Sajjan Thul
Comments: 81 Pages.

There are different versions of the abc Conjecture available in books and on internet, each claiming that there are only finitely many triples of coprime positive integers $a$, $b$, and $c$ such that the sum of the first two is the third one, and then the third one satisfies a certain specific condition (relating the sum with the product of distinct primes in the prime factorization of each integer.) This paper deals with all versions, proving the claim and explaining the concept. This paper also deals with some abc triples numerical examples by verifying the claimed and proven results.
Category: Number Theory

Investigating Coexistence and Extinction in a Four-Species Trophic System Using Random Matrix Theory

Authors: Richard Murdoch Montgomery
Comments: 24 Pages.

Random matrix theory has played a pivotal role in understanding the complexity of biological systems, especially in elucidating the stability and coexistence of species in ecological communities. In this study, we apply random matrix theory at a trophic level consisting of four species with different initial populations. We incorporate varying interaction probabilities, denoted as p, to explore how the structure and strength of interspecific interactions affect species persistence and extinction rates. By modeling the system’s dynamics through a suite of mathematically derived equations and generating adjacency matrices under different values of p, we produce multiple scenarios that highlight the interplay between cooperation and competition. Our numerical simulations yield a series of graphs illustrating the likelihood of coexistence, extinction trajectories, and the effect of interaction intensity. The results underscore the delicate balance between competition and mutual benefit, shedding light on conditions in which biodiversity is maintained or lost. In our ensuing discussion, we reflect on theoretical implications, potential applications in conservation biology, limitations of our approach, and directions for future research.
Category: Quantitative Biology

An Algebraic Relationship Between Primes and How it Can be Used to Prove Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Samuel Bonaya Buya
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this research a general algebraic relationship is established between a pair of primes. This relationship shown to be a useful tool to prove the Binary Goldbach conjecture and other conjectures involving prime gap.
Category: Number Theory

Simplified Closed-Form Solution of Kepler's Equation with MacLaurin Expansion

Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 8 Pages.

Kepler's equation, a cornerstone of celestial mechanics, relates the mean anomaly (mean angular position) of a celestial body in an elliptical orbit to its eccentric anomaly. While elegant in its formulation (x = y - e sin y), it lacks a general closed-form solution in terms of elementary functions. This article explores the significance of Kepler's equation, briefly traces its historical context, and presents a simplified approach to obtaining a closed-form solution using Mathematica. By expressing the sine function within Kepler's equation as a MacLaurin series, we derive an iterative algorithm that converges rapidly to the eccentric anomaly, providing a practical and computationally efficient method for solving this fundamental equation in celestial mechanics. (submitted to a journal for review.)
Category: Classical Physics

Viola or Guitar Models Based on Split-Sphere-Volume Geometry

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 7 Pages.

Recently, Wilhelm Brückner, Germany’s oldest active viola maker, past away with 92 years in Erfurt. He created an own felicitous viola model. This is the opportunity to present own thoughts about possible guitar models based on the Split-Sphere-Volume approach. Its fundamental importance for life, physics and cosmos was already emphasized by the present author.
Category: Education and Didactics

The Aberration of Light Doesn't Negate the Aether Drag Hypothesis: New Possibility of Existence of Aether

Authors: Yukihiko Hoshino
Comments: Pages.

Aether was widely believed to be the medium of light that fills the universe. However,the Michelson Morley experiment failed to detect the aether wind that should have been observed if the Earth was moving through the aether, so the existence of aether was not proven, and aether is now considered an obsolete physics theory. At that time, one of the hypotheses to explain the existence of aether even without the aether wind was the aether drag hypothesis, which proposed that the aether moves with the Earth. However, this hypothesis was rejected because it could not explain the aberration of light. Consequently, modern physics has progressed and developed on the premise that aether does not exist. Here I show that the aberration of light can be explained even if aether moves with the Earth. I clarified that the flowing aether does not receive light directly from above, but receives it from an upward diagonal forward angle according to the same principle as the aberration of light and transmits it linearly. This means that, for an observer on Earth moving at the same speed as the aether, the direction of light matches the direction observed in the aberration of light. This research finding strongly suggests the possibility of the existence of aether. Therefore, when I calculated the angle at which light from a star is bent by the gravity of the sun during a solar eclipse, assuming the existence of aether, it matched the value calculated by the theory of relativity. From now on I propose that various physical phenomena should be reconsidered assuming the existence of aether.This paper is a rewrite in English of a Japanese paper originally publishde in 2012, with new findings added.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Neccessary and Sufficient Condition that Must be Met by Primes Making up the Goldbach Partition of a Composite Even Numbers

Authors: Samuel Bonaya Buya
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this research a theorem for primes to qualify for Goldbach partition composite even numbers is presented. In the paper reference [1] a neccessary and sufficient condition for proof of Goldbach partition of a composite number was es-tablished and proved. In the paper it was proved that the square of every integer greater than 1 is equal to the sum of the square of an integer greater or equal to zero and a Goldbach partitition semiprime. The proved theorem ef-fectively means that every composite even number has a composite even number. A Goldbach partition semiprime is a semiprime that is a product of two Goldbach partition primes. For a prime to be a Goldbach partition prime it hasto have a Goldbach partition partner for a the specific composite composite even number under consideration. In the paper reference [1] it was proved that every composite even number has at least 1 Goldbach partition semiprime for itsGoldbach parition. In this paper we shall closely examine the primes constituting the Goldbach partition semiprime.
Category: Number Theory

May AI Machines End the War? A Peace Conference Project

Authors: Senekal Burgert, Dainis Zeps
Comments: 20 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: AI assisted article is in general not acceptable)

The article introduces a concept for a peace conference leveraging AI to address key issuesrelated to ending the war in Ukraine. The focus includes dismantling Russian propaganda,advancing the demilitarization of Russia, tackling the spread of hate incitement, and addressing the inability of Putin’s administration to make concessions. Rather than predefining the structure of the conference, the proposal suggests starting experimentally, iterating based on insights andresults. A scientific data repository and a dedicated journal are proposed to document theproject's progress and gather responses from external participants. AI would play a central role in generating innovative solutions, improving methodologies through iterative steps, and helping manage the complexity of these challenges. The project envisions building a collaborative platform for experts and AI tools to work together. The initiative is designed as a long-term effort to support Ukraine's stability even after the war ends. The approach blends technology, international cooperation, and experimental strategies to seek impactful outcomes. By combining AI’s analytical capabilities with human creativity, the peace conference aims to foster practical and scalable solutions. This vision reflects a novel way of addressing complex geopolitical conflicts through advanced technology and collective problem-solving.
Category: Social Science

Origin of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Ray

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

In cosmic rays, the GZK cutoff is suggested to be between 50 EeV and 60 EeV, with observationally 57 EeV (HiRes, Pierre Auger Observatory) and theoretically and observationally 56 EeV being suggested as the representative value. In previous study, it was drawn that up, charm, and top quarks consist of inner boson particles located on 10D, 11D, and 12D and shell fermion particles located on 4D, 5D, and 6D, and their masses were calculated in detail. After plotting the log values of the calculated masses on 10D, 11D, and 12D and drawing its parabola, the masses on 3D are calculated to be 50.60 EeV in kinet-ic state, 60.82 EeV in steady state, and 56.94 EeV in combined state, which are consistent with the results of GZK cutoff. The above calculation is the property of space itself, which has nothing to do with supernova explosion, black hole jet, etc. In previous study, we argued that hydrogen is continuously generated in space. The above result implies that ultra-high-energy cosmic rays are the particles that suddenly appear at a cosmic void of 3D space from high dimensions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Quadratic Inequality for Solving the Prime Gap Problem and Proving the Binary Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Samuel Bonaya Buya
Comments: 23 Pages.

In this paper an identity is established connecting to consecutive primes. Bertrand’s postulate is used together with the identity to establish a quadratic inequality that can be used to establish minimum intervals containing at least three primes in between its limits. A generalization of the quadratic inequalityis introduced to establish the minimum interval containining at least one pair of primes for Goldbach partitition. The concepts of Goldbach partition deviation and Goldbach partition interval are introduced by which it is shown that the minimum number of Goldbach partitions of a composite even number is 1.
Category: Number Theory

Flow of Ree-Eyring Fluids in Tubes of Elliptical Cross Sections

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 24 Pages. This is an extended version

In this paper we continue our previous investigation about the use of stress function in the flow of generalized Newtonian fluids through conduits of circular and non-circular (or/and multiply connected) cross sections where we inspect the flow of Ree-Eyring fluids in tubes of elliptical cross sections. We derive analytical expressions for the flow velocity profile and for the volumetric flow rate. The obtained analytical expressions were tested against the available analytical expressions for the special cases of Newtonian flow in circular tubes, Newtonian flow in elliptical tubes and Ree-Eyring flow in circular tubes and the results were identical. The obtained analytical expressions were also tested for sensible trends, tendencies and correlations and they passed all these tests.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A New Perspective on the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 5 Pages.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a fresh perspective on the second law of thermodynamics, diverging significantly from traditional interpretations taught at the university level. The second law is often presented in ways that omit critical considerations, leaving students to fill in the gaps or accept incomplete explanations. This proposal addresses those gaps by emphasizing the core principles underlying the second law and reframing its interpretation in terms of system interactions and energy flow.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Astronomical Distance Measurements Are Wrong - Galaxies Are Far Closer to Earth in Our Much Younger Universe

Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 17 Pages.

Since astronomical distance measurements are wrong, this work ought to serve as a possible cautionary tale for all astronomy and cosmology colleagues, as well as for astrophysicists in general.The study reveals that the electromagnetic wave propagation from a rotating source does not follow a straight line, but the Archimedes spiral trajectory, indicating that most astronomical distance calculations may be incorrect. The research suggests that galaxies are closer to us than previously estimated, potentially indicating a younger universe. The difference between the Archimedes spiral arc length and straight-line estimates is small within our solar system but becomes more significant from Pluto. It is recommended to review all astronomical and cosmological distance and age data.* Does light follow a rectilinear path? * Are distance measurement methods of the "cosmic distance ladder" providing the right results? * Are galaxies really receding? * Do receding galaxies mean that the universe is expanding? * Can we better determine the age of the universe? * Could galaxies collide? All these questions are answered in the development of this study according to the suggested theories.
Category: Astrophysics

Proof of the Hardy-Littlewood K-tuple Conjecture in the Distribution of Numbers Coprime with the Primorial

Authors: Tim Samshuijzen
Comments: 24 Pages.

In the symmetries in the numbers that are coprime with the primorial we find proof of the Hardy-Littlewood K-tuple Conjecture and, consequently, the Twin Prime Conjecture. Using a primorial-based sieve, called the bitstring sieve, we prove that the number of prime k-tuples of size k between p(n)^2 and p(n+1)^2, where p(n) is the n-th prime, increases on average with increasing n.
Category: Number Theory

Difference Between Homo & Lumo, and Electron Density Avoiding Common Misconceptions in Photocatalytic (DFT) Research in Nanomaterials

Authors: Zi-Jing Chiah
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This article explores the distinction between HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital), LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital), and electron density in molecular and material sciences. While HOMO and LUMO describe specific energy levels relevant to electronic transitions, electron density represents the spatial distribution of all electrons in a system. The article addresses common misconceptions in research, particularly in density functional theory (DFT) studies, where shifts in HOMO/LUMO positions are often mistakenly equated with changes in electron density. Clear differentiation and complementary analyses are emphasized to ensure accurate interpretations in fields like photocatalysis and electronic materials.
Category: Condensed Matter

Three Routes to the Dynamics of Continuous Spacetime Dimensions

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 5 Pages.

This brief report is a bird's-eye view of the paths leading to the concepts of evolving fractalspacetime and continuous dimensionality, far beyond the range of Effective Field Theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Towards a Hybrid LSTM-Transformer Model for Financial Data: A Theoretical Approach

Authors: Basit Ali
Comments: 10 pages, written in English, submitted under CC BY-NC 4.0 license.

This paper proposes a hybrid LSTM-Transformer architecture to train a Named Entity Recognition (NER) model on financial data, such as receipts and invoices. These data types are unstructured and come in various formats, making them difficult to process. The proposed model combines the sequential pattern recognition capabilities of LSTM networks with the contextual sensitivity of Transformer self-attention layers, making it well-suited for financial data applications. This study establishes a modular, design-oriented framework, complete with pseudocode and architectural explanations, to serve as a foundation for future empirical testing. This conceptual work aims to set a benchmark in financial data modeling by addressing domain-specific challenges and providing a scalable structure for subsequent validation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Biophysics of Immunological Synapses

Authors: Daoudi Rédoane
Comments: 4 Pages.

The immunological synapse (IS) is a highly dynamic and organized interface between Tcells and antigen-presenting cells, facilitating critical immune responses. From a biophysicalstandpoint, the IS integrates molecular diffusion, receptor-ligand binding kinetics, cytoskeletal forces, and mechanical tension to achieve precise signal transduction. This article explores the biophysical principles underlying IS formation and function, including the binding kinetics of T cell receptor (TCR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC), actin cytoskeletal dynamics, and force-dependent receptor clustering. Mathematical models such as diffusion-reaction equations and force-dependent dissociation rates are presented to describe the spatial and temporal organization of the IS. Additionally, experimental approaches such as TIRF microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and computational modeling are discussed, shedding light on the IS as a mechanochemical signaling platform. Understanding the biophysics of the IS provides insights into immune regulation and offers potential applications in immunotherapy.
Category: Physics of Biology

Application of AI Agents for Dynamic Assortment Planning in Retail

Authors: Arvind Sundara Rajan, Ravirajan K
Comments: 10 Pages. CC by attribution

This paper attempted to exhibit the application of Artificial Intelligence(AI) in system for optimizing product assortments in a retail environment. By leveraging AI and machine learning (ML) ML algorithms and techniques, the system analyzed consumer data, sales trends, and inventory levels to dynamically adjust product assortments. The approach integrated predictive analytics and decisionsupport frameworks using the advanced AI applications and novel methods in ML employed to improve customer satisfaction and maximize revenue. This paper discussed the detailed methodology and its appropriate algorithms with opted mathematical explanation and real-life benefits in business problem were derived out of this proposed system, along with its potential to transform retail assortment planning.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Self as the Core of Biological Feedback Systems: An Ideogrammatic Model of Memory and Recognition II: Proposed Experimental Designs for Validation

Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 15 Pages.

This study proposes specific experimental approaches to validate the theory presented in "Self as the Core of Biological Feedback Systems: An Ideogrammatic Model of Memory and Recognition." First, it discusses the premise that information must possess at least a one-dimensional structure in physical form. If a material responsible for memory exists within cells, it is highly likely to be linear proteins (e.g., talin, actin, microtubules) with one-dimensional structures that store information. To test this hypothesis, nanopore and Raman spectroscopy-based analytical techniques are designed. To apply nanopore technology derived from DNA sequencing to protein analysis, the study explores methods for either preserving the three-dimensional structure of proteins or converting them to their one-dimensional form during preprocessing, determining the physical characteristics of nanopores, and analyzing the resulting signals. Particularly, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is proposed as a method to analyze structural changes in proteins in real-time and evaluate their potential for information storage. This research presents a novel experimental approach to understand memory and information storage mechanisms at the protein level, providing concrete directions to validate the theoretical hypothesis.
Category: Mind Science

The Expanding Universe is Derived from the Permanent Omniverse Justified by the Existential Paradox

Authors: Dominique Mareau
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Title modified to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!))

Regarding fundamental physics, this study replaces the "old moons" such as: uniqueness by duality; absolute inertial zero by symmetrical dipole zero; the notions of "principle", "model" or hypothesis, by the logico-deductive approach; the notion of "creation" by the notion of state transformation. This study denounces the amalgams between "describing or explaining, and cause or effect. Symmetry, consubstantial with Nature, is never broken, because it only changes scale. The common name "Universe" is ambiguous because it denies its duality of state: 1) the eternal Omniverse state justified by the inertial paradox and characterized by its informational entropy which tends towards infinity. 2) the BUE state (Expanding Universe Bubble), declined from the Omniverse by a partial and random synchronization, forming BEC (Bose Einstein Condensate). From the rigorous study of the inertial paradox, arises multiple mutual occurrences and with observations. It lifts the more than 60 enigmas of the standard model. Each piece of evidence will be compared to observation, justified by an explanation ofmthe causes (other than describing the effects) and some confirmed by a numerical occurrence equal to 7σ. All of this lifts the more than 80 enigmas of the standard model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Para Pseudo Dérivatives and Combinatory Analysis

Authors: Ahcene Ait Saadi
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Pleease cite and list scientific references)

In this paper, I give formulas on the combinatory, this using an equality that I discovered about 40 years ago.(I don't know if this equality already exists, but to my knowledge, no).I use a kind of derivative calculation that I have titled: pseudo derivative calculation. This allows me to find infinity of formulas on combinatorial analysis. Here are some of them. I hope that the young researchers will deepen this work.
Category: Number Theory

[exploration] of the Main Law of Cosmomicrophysical Evolution

Authors: Samvel Srapiobi Poghosyan
Comments: 23 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Pleease cite and list scientific references)

The main path of the evolution of Physics is the complex path of overcoming infinities and various kinds of uncertainties. That is why it is impossible to create a unified or generalized physical theory free of uncertainties by means of universal constants with G, c, ħ -dimensionality and simple, one-dimensional variables - m, r, t. In order to build such a theory, a dimensionless universal constant is also necessary: Ա=〖2,7∙10〗^63=const. , as well as a dimensionless variable: 〖 N〗_Ա∈(1,Ա). We call that maximum value of the armonic variable N_Ա - the Armonic Constant and denote it with the capital letter "Ա" of the Armenian alphabet. In the article, we are trying to find the experimental confirmation of the constant numerical value of the Ա-constant, to discover the main law of cosmomicrophysical evolution and identify the role and significance of the Ա-constant in that law. The future General Physical Theory (GPT) should be a theory composed of four constants (G, c, ħ, Ա) and four variables (m,r,t,N_Ա).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Decreasing Universe: The Distance from the Galaxy as a Function of its Redshift

Authors: Joao Carlos Holland Barcellos
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: AI assisted content is in general not acceptable)

Using the "Decreasing Universe" model [01] we will show evidence that this new model of the dynamics of the Universe is less disruptive and more adequate than the traditional Λ-CDM model that postulates the existence of Dark Energy.We will also develop, from this new theory, a simple and straightforward mathematical formula that provides the distance of the galaxy as a function of its redshift.
Category: Astrophysics

Radiative Correction to Electron Scattering

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 17 Pages. Original article

The scattering process in the framework of the source theory is considered as the synergism of the elastic and the inelastic process. In this approach the infrared divergences never occur. The resulting dierential cross section appears as a factor multiplying the lowest-order (Born) differential cross section plus a contribution referring to the magnetic form factor.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Generative Action Synthesis for Emotion Replication in Robotic Agents via Conditional GANS, Hierarchical Transformers, and Stochastic Policy Gradients With Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov Stabilized Dynamics

Authors: Ravirajan K, Arvind Rajan
Comments: 5 Pages. CC by attribution.

This paper introduces Generative Action Synthesis (GAS), a novel method for imbuing robots withhuman-like emotional expression during task execution. GAS leverages conditional WassersteinGANs (cWGANs) for action generation conditioned on emotional embeddings, guided by expertdemonstrations and refined via Hamiltonian Monte Carlo. A temporal-hierarchical transformer(THT) synthesizes actions while a Von Mises-Fisher mixture model (vMF-MM) resolves ambiguities.The framework also employs stochastic policy gradients for dynamic adjustment based on real-time feedback and task requirements, with Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equations ensuring emotionstability. This approach, integrating generative models with reinforcement learning and structuredemotional embedding, enables robots to exhibit a range of emotional behaviors, including anger,humor, and empathy, leading to more natural and adaptable human-robot interactions. Practicalimplications include advanced applications in caregiving, customer service, and other social domains,highlighting its significance in the development of emotionally intelligent robots
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Electromagnetic Calculation of the Quark CKM Mixing Matrix

Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: Pages.

Many years ago Pierre Ramond suggested using the electromagnetic impedance model to calculate neutrino PMNS and quark CKM mixing matrices. Given the long-dreaded desert at the LHC (one Higgs and no SUSY), motivated in no small part by Carlo Rubbia's call for courage, and with neutrino oscillation in the foreground for both experimentalists and theorists, neutrinos took precedence over quarks in following Pierre's guidance. That focus led to conjecture on the role of neutrinos in low energy muon lifetime enhancement, complementary to high energy relativistic time dilation of the Muon Collider proposal. Serendipity recently offered a hand up, when it was realized that precise amplitudes emerging from the quantum impedance network PMNS calculations appear to be not of neutrinos, but rather the closely related quark mixing. What follows presents details of the quark mixing matrix calculation, and outlines an earlier similar QED calculation of π0, η, and ηu2032 branching ratios.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Intrinsic Spin Quantum Gravity Universe Metatheory

Authors: Thomas Neil Neubert
Comments: 23 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Pleease cite and list scientific references; also AI assisted content is in general not acceptable)

Everything in the universe rotates of spins; except the universe as portrayed in the classical Λ-CDM Standard Cosmic (big bang) Model implicit metatheory. This intrinsic spin quantum gravity universe is a working metatheory. It is not a working model. What it brings to the table is a different way to connect and interpret our extraordinary physics and astronomy subspecialties. This intrinsic spin quantum gravity universe metatheory visualizes a more credible universe than the Λ-CDM model. What it lacks in mathematical detail and rigour; it gains in physical logic and usefulness. A metatheory is not a patchwork of subspecialties. It is an overall framework based on generalization of specific observations into a physical and logical whole. By definition, it misses much detail. Charles Darwin’s evolution is the best scientific example of a metatheory. It gave a useful big picture without specifying the detailed mechanisms of how evolution works. Genetics and epigenetics were unknown. In a certain sense, Darwin’s evolution provided the framework for the Λ-CDM model. But Darwin’s framework of evolution, while appropriate for life on Earth and the life cycle of a galaxy, is not so useful for building an understanding of our entire Universe. Nevertheless, the classical Λ-CDM model of our visible universe has many proponents. Their help will be needed to turn this intrinsic spin quantum gravity universe metatheory into a robust quantum metatheory. In this intrinsic spin quantum gravity universe metatheory, everything in the Universe rotates of spins; including our visible universe and the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Enhancing Olfactory Perception Through Large Language Models: Integrating Sensory Data for Advanced Odor Recognition

Authors: Ravirajan K, Arvind Sundara Rajan
Comments: 11 Pages.

The integration of biological principles into artificial olfactory systems has led to significant advancements in odor detection and classification. Inspired by the intricate mechanisms of natural olfaction, researchers are developing sophisticated systems that mimic the functionality of biological olfactory pathways. These systems utilize high-density chemoresistive sensor arrays (HCSA) combined with advanced computational techniques, such as FPGA-accelerated glomerular convergence circuits (FGCC) and hierarchical graph neural networks (HGNN). This bioinspired approach enables real-time adaptive responses to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of odor identification.At the core of these innovations is the multiparametric sigmoidal sensor activation (MPSA), which quantifies VOCs by leveraging the diverse responses of sensor arrays. The implementation of lateral inhibition via programmable synaptic crossbars (LIPSC) further refines odor processing by mimicking neural interactions found in biological systems. Additionally, temporal self-organizing maps (TSOM) facilitate dynamic clustering of odor patterns, allowing for a nuanced understanding of complex odor environments.A novel aspect of this research lies in the Grassmannian manifold embedding (GME) of odor profiles, which provides a mathematical framework for representing and analyzing the multidimensional nature of odors. Coupled with Hamiltonian Monte Carlo-optimized feedback (HMC-FB), this system effectively compensates for drift in sensor readings, ensuring consistent performance over time. By bridging the gap between biological inspiration and technological innovation, these artificial olfactory systems are poised to revolutionize applications ranging from environmental monitoring to food safety and healthcare diagnostics.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Flow of Ellis Fluids in Tubes of Elliptical Cross Sections

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 25 Pages. This is an extended version

In this paper we continue our previous investigation about the use of stress function in the flow of generalized Newtonian fluids through conduits of circular and non-circular (or/and multiply connected) cross sections where we inspect the flow of Ellis fluids in tubes of elliptical cross sections. We derive analytical expressions for the flow velocity profile and for the volumetric flow rate. The obtained analytical expressions were tested against the available analytical expressions for the special cases of Newtonian flow in circular tubes, Newtonian flow in elliptical tubes and Ellis flow in circular tubes and the results were identical. The obtained analytical expressions were also tested for sensible trends, tendencies and correlations and they passed all these tests.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Simulating Free Fall Motion Using Excel: A User-Friendly Alternative For Public Accessibility

Authors: Yi Sheng Ng, Zi-Jing Chiah
Comments: 21 Pages.

This paper explores the use of Microsoft Excel as a simple and accessible platform for simulating free-fall motion, providing an alternative to programming-intensive tools like MATLAB and C++. The aim is to demonstrate Excel’s potential for numerical simulations, particularly for users with limited programming experience. The first section introduces the basics of Excel, covering data entry and plotting techniques, which are essential for setting up and visualizing simulations. This tutorial approach makes the process accessible to a wider audience, including students and educators. The study derives the governing equations of motion by rewriting Newton’s second law, ��=����, into differential equation form. These equations are solved iteratively using Excel’s built-in formulas and functions. The paper presents three case studies to illustrate the methodology: (1) free fall without air resistance, (2) free fall with air resistance, and (3) free fall in a viscous fluid. For each case, numerical solutions are computed step-by-step, and the results are displayed through graphs generated directly in Excel. The simulated results show excellent agreement with theoretical predictions, validating Excel’s accuracy as a tool for physics simulations. The analysis reveals that viscous resistance in fluids significantly slows down motion compared to air resistance, as demonstrated by the velocity profiles for each case. This finding highlights the importance of considering the medium’s properties when analyzing free-fall motion. By leveraging Excel’s intuitive interface and accessibility, this study provides a practical approach for conducting numerical simulations without requiring advanced programming knowledge. The results demonstrate that Excel is not only capable of handling complex numerical problems but also offers an easier learning curve for beginners. This makes it a valuable tool for educational purposes and for individuals or institutions with limited access to specialized software. The inclusion of detailed tutorials ensures that users can replicate and build upon the simulations presented in this work, making physics simulations more accessible to the public.
Category: Classical Physics

Four Spatial Dimension World-Universe Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted!)

This article represents the culmination of a decade-long effort to develop the World-Universe Cosmology (WUC), building upon a series of published works. These include the first one, "5D World-Universe Model. Space-Time-Energy" [1] and the last one, "JWST Discoveries and the Hypersphere World-Universe Model. Transformative New Cosmology" [2], both featured in the Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology. WUC is a unified model of the World built around the concept of the Cosmic Medium, composed of particles (protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and universe-created particles). WUC provides a mathematical framework that enables precise calculation of Medium-bound physical parameters: Gravitational parameter, Hubble’s parameter, Absolute age of the World, Intergalactic plasma parameters, Temperature of microwave background radiation and the Minimum energy of photons. This paper aligns WUC with the theoretical framework developed by P. Wesson and J. Overduin [3], [4], albeit assigning a new physical meaning to the fourth spatial coordinate associated with the total energy of the observable World.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Refutation of Wiltshire's "Timescape Cosmology"

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 11 Pages.

I use previously-published observed astronomical facts to refute Wiltshire's recently- hyped "Timescape cosmology" in 1 page.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Seti Redux

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 5 Pages.

A short speculative essay on possible optimal new strategies to search for evidence of present or past extraterrestrial civilizations i.e., a SETI redux. Black holes are considered the most likely location in the heavens as exotic space-time features may provide hypercomputation resources for advanced intelligence civilizations. DNA is considered as a possible area of research for evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence on our planet.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

[Speculation on] Theoretical Cure for HIV by Internal Nuclear Pressures of 64Zn and 62Zn and [a New] Effect

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Title modified to conform with scholarly norm)

In 2018, it was proposed by RBL that HIV fractionates some isotopes during its infection, dormant stage and advancement to AIDS. In 2023, scientists led by Balter measured fractionation of Zn isotopes during HIV infection and advancement of the disease, whereby the HIV and the HIV infected cells enrich in the least massive stable Zn isotope: 64Zn. Surrounding media of the HIV infected cells and HIV itself enrich in the heavier stable isotopes: 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn and 70Zn. The author (RBL) previously proposed general mechanism of feeding viruses particular enriched isotopes and use of electromagnetic fields, magnetic fields, electric fields and agitations for inducing isotopic replacement during proliferation of the virus and infection to mutate and inactivate the virus. This work outlines details of application of such for intrinsic light isotopic enrichment of unstable 62Zn into HIV and HIV infected cells with the rapid electron capture reactions transmuting the 62Zn to 62Cu and to 62Ni for altering interactions of zinc fingers and other binding of zinc in HIV and HIV infected viruses to kill the HIV infected virus and inactivate the HIV with specific emphasis on previously hidden HIV reservoirs. These hidden HIV reservoirs contain Zn fingers and this theoretical cure internally mutate and inactivate these hidden HIV reservoirs throughout the patients’ bodies by nuclei of 62Zn, 62Cu and 62Ni
Category: Physics of Biology

Natural Equidistant Primes (Neep) and Cryptographic Coding of the Goldbach's Strong Conjecture.

Authors: Bahbouhi Bouchaib
Comments: 14 Pages. The paper sheds new light on Goldbach's strong conjecture with new data.

For the first time, this article introduces the notion of natural equidistant-equiranked prime numbers (NEEP) which are the only ones to verify the strong Goldbach conjecture naturally in the set of natural integers. If E is an even ≥ 4 and E = p + q such that q > p, NEEP are the equidistant primes which also have the same ranking for p between 0 and E/2 and for q between E and E/2. Primes are counted from 0 to E/2 on one hand, and inversely from E to E/2 on the other hand. Therefore, primes having the same ranking face each other on a same line and if equidistant relatively to E/2 then their sum = E. From the NEEP, we calculate the deducible equidistant prime numbers (DEP) and it is only from NEEP + DEP that we obtain all the possible sums of two prime numbers of a given even number. No current algorithm for converting even numbers to the sum of two prime numbers distinguishes NEEP from DEP. There are evens like 30 or 90 which don't have NEEP and therefore not satisfying naturally Goldbach's strong conjecture (GSC) unless DEP are deduced by calculation. This is a new matter of thinking : should GSC be refuted because there are evens not having NEEP ? Is this conjecture only deducible by calculation ? Normally one expects GSC to be true with NEEP before getting to DEP. Should the fact that some even numbers not having NEEP be interpreted as a rejection of the Goldbach' Strong Conjecture? The natural presence of NEEP has been exploited here to set up for the first time a system of coding and deciphering even numbers which allows a calculator to deduce all their possible sums of two prime numbers. This article then has two originalities not published before which will certainly be subject to debate
Category: Number Theory

Unified Field Theory

Authors: Xiangqian Zhang, Shengxi Zou
Comments: 21 Pages.

Unified Field Theory, a concept pursued by Einstein, aims to explain the universe’s fundamental forces: strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational. Despite partial unification of forces, gravity remains elusive. This paper proposes that the universe is composed of objects and the cylindrical spiral motion of surrounding space, redefining time, mass, charge, and force. We derive a unified force formula and an extended Maxwell’s equation integrating gravitational and electromagnetic forces, asserting that weak force is a result of nuclear and electromagnetic interactions. The four fundamental forces—gravitational,electric, magnetic, and nuclear—are all manifestations of the cylindrical spiral motion of space.
Category: Geophysics

Use Bernoulli's Force to Explain How Galaxies Move Between Them

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, we try to solve the problem of motion between two adjacent galaxies by using the motion of the dark matter fluid driven by the rotation of galaxies. In this study, it is believed that when two adjacent galaxies differ in their direction and relative position, it is easy to lead to differences in the speed of dark matter fluid motion between the two galaxies, which will form the so-called Bernoulli force. This Bernoulli force is one of the reasons why the positions of galaxies in many of the multigalaxies we have observed so far are relatively random. If Newton's theory of gravity or general relativity is used to explain it, then the motion of galaxies due to gravitational effects purely should be circular. This is not quite the same as what we have observed. In fact, in the multigalaxies that we now observe, the movements of the various galaxies exhibit a state of random motion similar to Brownian motion. The existence of this state of random motion can be well explained by dark matter fluids. The estimates in this paper are also largely similar to those of my previous work that the effects of dark matter fluids are on the same order of magnitude as gravitational effects.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Bridging Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity: A First-Principles Approach to Anomalous Magnetic Moments and Geodetic Precession

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 14 Pages.

Bridging quantum mechanics and general relativity remains one of the fundamental challenges in modern physics. While these theories have been extensively validated in their respective domains, their reconciliation at microscopic scales continues to be a subject of intense study. This work establishes a direct algebraic connection between the anomalous magnetic moments of leptons and their Zitterbewegung velocities, unifying quantum mechanical phenomena with both special and general relativistic principles. Our initial special relativistic calculations predicted electron Zitterbewegung velocities of 0.040472c. However, by incorporating general relativistic effects through geodetic precession and utilizing the calculated muon critical radius of 3.431E-25 meters, we refined this prediction to 0.040374c. We further determine critical radii of 5.71E-24 meters for tau leptons, where their Zitterbewegung motion becomes unsustainable. This result naturally explains both the tau-to-muon and muon-to-electron decay processes while reinforcing the stability of electron motion. By analyzing the interplay of Lorentz contraction and geodetic precession, we propose a hypothesis for a mass-dependent transition point between classical and quantum gravitational regimes, implying that general relativistic corrections may play a role in influencing quantum mechanical phenomena at microscopic scales.
Category: Quantum Physics

Relic Black Holes, in Terms of a Quantum Number n, Linked to Torsion and Quantum Hair on Black Holes

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 10 Pages. Contest entry in the 2025 gravity award foundation contest run by George Grideout.

Our idea is that a particular set of values of initial conditions for relic black holes will enable using the idea of torsion to formulate a cosmological constant and resultant dark energy. Relic Planck-sized black holes will allow for a spin-density term presenting an opportunity to cancel torsion. Meanwhile, speculation given by Corda replaces traditional firewalls in relic black holes with a quantum number, n. In addition, thisidea can offer a solution to the incompleteness of hairless black holes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fizeau Experiment Revisited

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper an alternative explanation of the result of the Fizeau experiment with moving water has been presented.
Category: Classical Physics

Elementary Particles Crystallization Process in a Proto-Galactic Egg According to the BSM-SG Unified Theory

Authors: Stoyan Sarg Sargoytchev
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required - Please conform!)

The article presents a graphical illustration of the elementary particles crystallization in a protogalactic egg during a hidden phase of galaxy evolution. The process is predicted and derived in the Basic Structures of Matter — Supergravitation Unified Theory. The article also shows the matter-energy balance at the different levels of matter organization.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Flow of Power Law Fluids in Tubes of Elliptical Cross Sections

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 27 Pages. This is an extended version

In this paper we continue our previous investigation about the use of stress function in the flow of generalized Newtonian fluids through conduits of circular and non-circular (or/and multiply connected) cross sections where we inspect the flow of power law fluids in tubes of elliptical cross sections. We derive analytical expressions for the flow velocity profile and for the volumetric flow rate. We also develop numerical algorithms for computing the velocity profile and the volumetric flow rate for this flow where these algorithms produce virtually identical results to the results obtained from the aforementioned analytical expressions. The obtained analytical expressions were tested against the available analytical expressions for the special cases of Newtonian flow in circular tubes, Newtonian flow in elliptical tubes and power law flow in circular tubes and the results were identical. The obtained analytical expressions were also tested for sensible trends, tendencies and correlations and they passed all these tests.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Four Spacetime Dimensions from the Renyi Entropy

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 16 Pages.

As paradigm of complex behavior, multifractals describe the underlying geometry of self-similar objects or processes. Building on the connection between Rényi entropy and multifractals, we speculate here that the generalized dimension of geodesic trajectories in General Relativity reproduces the four-dimensionality of classical spacetime.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Short Proof of the Fermat Theorem and Transcendental Character of e and pi

Authors: Johan Noldus
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required and scientific references should be cited listed - Please conform)

We provide for ultrashort proofs of all those statements.
Category: Number Theory

Beal Conjecture Proved Very Well

Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 10 Pages. Copyright© by A. A. Frempong

By applying basic mathematical principles, the author surely, and instructionally, proves, directly, the Beal conjecture which states that if A^(x+2) + B^(y+2) = C^(z+2) with x,y,z = 1, 2,3,u2026,and where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers, then A, B and C have a common prime factor. One will let r, s, and t be prime factors of A, B and C, respectively, such that A = Dr, B = Es, C = Ft, where D, E, and F are positive integers. Then, the equation A^(x+2) + B^(y+2) = C^(z+2) becomes (Dr)^(x+2) + (Es)^(y+2) = (Ft)^(z+2). The proof would be complete after showing that the equalities, r^(x+2) = t^(x+2), s^(y+2) = t^(y+2) and r = s = t, are true. More formally, the conjectured equality, r^(x+2) = t^(x+2) would be true if and only if (r^(x+2))/(t^(x+2)) =1; and the conjectured equality s^(y+2) = t^(y+2) would be true if and only if (s^(y+2))/(t^(y+2)) = 1. These conjectures would be proved in the Beal conjecture proof. The main principle for obtaining relationships between the prime factors on the left side of the equation and the prime factor on the right side of the equation is that the power of each prime factor on the left side of the equation equals the same power of the prime factor on the right side of the equation. High school students can learn and prove this conjecture for a bonus question on a final class exam.
Category: Number Theory

The Oxford Spanish Dictionary and The Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 21 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Spanish head entries of The Oxford Spanish Dictionary, Spanish-English. English-Spanish, the fourth edition, 2008. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of the Spanishhead entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH=0.01) i.e. a magnetisation curve in the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours in the presence of external magnetic field, H, with βH = 0.01. β is1/(k_B T), where, T is the ambient temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics

Neither Nor Logic and Other Issues in Decision Making and Development Studies

Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 20 Pages. this manuscript has been submitted to a journal for review. Comments are welcome

Decision making, especially in real-world contexts, often involves complexities that go beyond simple linear logic. We are often faced with situations where the available choices present a series of conflicting criteria. This is a dilemma often described in the classic Indonesian proverb "buah simalakama" (if eaten, father dies, but if not eaten, mother dies): whatever choice is made, there are always unpleasant consequences. This paper attempts to examine the problem of decision making from the perspective of conflicting criteria. We also discuss among other things Water logic proposed by Edward de Bono, Neutrosophic Logic proposed by Florentin Smarandache one of us, Logic of not proposed by Nagatomo, and neither nor logic as commonly found among Asian people. (note: this manuscript has been submitted to a journal for review)
Category: Economics and Finance

Patterns of Transposable Element Distribution Around Chro-matin Ligation Points Revealed by Micro-C Data Analysis

Authors: Alexandr V. Vikhorev, Michael M. Rempel, Oksana O. Polesskaya, Ivan V. Savelev, Alexandre Vetcher, Daniel Siqueira de Oliveira, Max V. Myakishev-Rempel
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Authors' names should be listed right after the title - Please conform)

Background: Transposable elements constitute a significant portion of eukaryotic genomes, yet their role in chromatin organization remains poorly understood. Methods: This study computationally investigates the density patterns of transposons around chromatin contact points identified from public Micro-C chromatin conformation data from human cell culture. The density peak patterns of various transposable families and subfamilies were studied within a 100kb window centered on contact points. The analysis was focused on the most abundant transposons, such as Alu and LINE-1. Results: The computational analysis revealed highly pronounced, non-random density patterns of transposons around the chromatin contact points. The patterns were produced by aligning all ligation points and plotting the average density around them. The patterns were strikingly different between transposable element families and substantially different between the members of the families. The patterns were found to be reproducible across independent studies and biological replicates. Among major families and subfamilies there were no members that didn't have reproducible density patterns around the contact points. Randomly generated coordinates produced less pronounced patterns, which were not correlated between replicates as expected for the negative control. Some families showed enrichment and some - depletion at contact points, while 100Kb window-wide patterns remained correlated between biological replicates. The patterns were asymmetric relative to the chromosomal orientation. Additionally, the patterns were oriented relative to the transposon sequence direction. Conclusion: This is an indication of the existence of a chromosome-scale sequence structure. The overall study results strengthen the functional importance of TEs in chromatin folding.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Imperfection as the Foundation of Life, Imprinting of DNA Sequence on Water.

Authors: Ivan V. Savelev, Michael M. Rempel, Oksana O. Polesskaya, Richard Alan Miller, Max Myakishev-Rempel
Comments: 29 Pages.

A novel model is presented of DNA-water interactions within the cell nucleus, proposing a mechanism for continuous self-reorganization of water structures around DNA. The model suggests that DNA sequences may imprint information onto water through stepwise shifting water layers. A key consequence of this model is the proposed prevalence of homologous sequence-specific adhesion of repetitive DNA elements, particularly transposons. In this, two identical double-helical DNA sequences stick to each other in head-to-head orientation via transverse water layers, without unwinding or separating their strands. This adhesion is proposed to drive perpetual dynamic chromatin refolding by pairing identical transposons to form large DNA loops and helices and thus create 30nm fibers and higher-order chromatin structures. Further, the model postulates the existence of a transposon code based on the positions of transposons in introns and intergenic sequences. This way positions of transposons are proposed to program chromatin refolding patterns. It is proposed that sequence-specific refolding dance of chromatin defined by transposons is a mechanism how the cell processes information, performs logical operations and ultimately, thinks. Predictions based on this structural model were tested using genome sequence data, revealing specific patterns in purine sequence distribution and nucleotide homology that provide preliminary support for the model. While largely theoretical, the model generates testable predictions. The potential applications of the proposed model include gene regulation, developmental biology, regenerative medicine and cancer research.
Category: Physics of Biology

Imperfection as the Foundation of Life: the Role of DNA in Reality Rendering.

Authors: Max Myakishev-Rempel
Comments: 41 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required - Please conform)

This chapter presents a theoretical model called "Frare" (FRActal REndering) that explores the role of DNA in consciousness. The author proposes that DNA, through its sequence-specific vibrational properties and dynamic chromatin reorganization, serves as an interface between universal and individual consciousness. The model suggests that DNA, in conjunction with neuronal networks, helps create individual consciousness through a process of filtering and reducing universal consciousness. The author integrates concepts from quantum physics, biology, and consciousness research, emphasizing the importance of imperfection and perpetual self-organization in biological systems.The model incorporates evidence from twin studies showing genetic contributions to mental traits, and draws on research in quantum biology, morphic fields, and psi phenomena. It proposes that DNA functions both as a chemical sequence and as a dynamic hologram, with its vibrational properties playing a key role in consciousness and morphogenesis. The author discusses potential experimental approaches to test these hypotheses, particularly focusing on millimeter wave interactions with DNA and sequence-specific resonance effects.The chapter examines parallels between artificial intelligence and biological consciousness, suggesting that modern AI systems may approach human-like consciousness in certain aspects. The author concludes by outlining specific experimental protocols to investigate the proposed DNA-consciousness connection, including studies of electromagnetic interactions and chromatin dynamics. The work aims to bridge gaps between traditional genetic approaches and quantum theories of consciousness while providing testable hypotheses for future research.
Category: Mind Science

How to Pose the Mathematical Problem of the Goldbach's Strong Conjecture ? a New Idea for a New Solution

Authors: Bahbouhi Bouchaib
Comments: 6 Pages.

The aim of this short paper is to define the real mathematical problem of Goldbach's strong conjecture (GSC), which remains officially unsolved. It attempts to propose a method based on the analysis of remainders of Euclidean division to explain why two equidistant primes add up to an even number. Let's not forget that in mathematics, posing the problem correctly is the surest way to the solution.
Category: Number Theory

A New Descriptive Definition of Mental Disorders

Authors: Zheng-Hua Zhang
Comments: 7 Pages. In Chinese

There is still no reasonable and definite definition of mental disorders. The definition that psychologists have given cannot cover all mental disorders or distinguish the psychology and behaviors of mental disorders from those of the non-mental disorders. The issues related to what is a mental disorder are discussed, to find out the unique characteristics of the morbid psychology and behaviors and determine the definition of mental disorders based on these characteristics. Conclusion is: Mental disorders are psychological and behavioral problems that have reached a certain level of severity; they are different from most people at the same developmental stage as their own culture; are harmful; without the help of physiology, medicine, or psychology, neither oneself or others can give reasonable reasons to the problems.
Category: Social Science

The Microcosm and Its Model

Authors: Zheng-Guang Wang
Comments: 25 Pages. In Chinese

Suppose B is a celestial body in the universe, B is called the microcosm, if and only if: (i) B contains the metagalaxy; (ii) all celestial bodies in B do not contain the metagalaxy. Based on the hypothesis that the microcosm exists, a model of the microcosm is established by axiomatic method. The results show that: (i) the microcosm is spherical, and it is constantly shrinking and rotating; (ii) the force which causes the microcosm to shrink is a kind of new fundamental force. The model is simple and natural. It not only can explain some important observed facts, such as redshifts of extragalactic galaxies and dipole anisotropy of spiral galaxy rotation direction distribution, but also can be consistent with other existing astronomical observations. This shows that: (i) the microcosm is most likely existent; (ii) the model is most likely correct.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

"Nikola Tesla's" Approach to Prime Numbers

Authors: Marko V. Jankovic
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, a piece of advice from Nikola Tesla is going to be used, in order to create a digital electronic circuit that detects/generates prime numbers. Consequently, a formula for the n-th prime is going to be presented.
Category: Number Theory

Deriving the Universal Angular Rate Vector

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 15 Pages.

Previous work showed that vehicle attitude propagation accuracy for a slewing angular rate vector can be greatly improved by including the slew rate of the angular rate vector in the propagation algorithm. The improved algorithm employs two sequential rotational increments for each time step. This work presents a method to combine the two rotational increments into a single rotational increment driven by a Universal Angular Rate vector. The Universal Angular Rate vector can be used in the direction cosine and quaternion attitude propagation algorithms to obtain attitude propagation accuracy equivalent to the two rotational increment method. An approximate Universal Angular Rate vector was also derived that avoids the use of trigonometric functions while retaining very high attitude propagation accuracy. Pure coning motion was used to stress test the Universal Angular Rate vector and the approximate Universal Angular Rate vector using direction cosine, linear direction cosine, quaternion, and Bortz propagation algorithms. Results confirmed that by replacing the standard angular rate vector with the Universal Angular Rate vector, attitude propagation accuracy is greatly improved.
Category: Classical Physics

On Resolving Olbers' Paradox with Interstellar-Space-Induced Light Filaments

Authors: Arvin Sharma
Comments: 3 Pages.

The interstellar medium is far from a vacuum containing Hydrogen, Helium and various heavier atoms in a plethora of states including neutral, ionized, gas and solid. The formation of light filaments has been demonstrated since the early 1960s as a nonlinear optical response by the material to the incident electromagnetic energy creating self-focusing of the beam by the material resulting in filaments of light to form. We provide insight into the formation of filaments in plasma to introduce a unified theory of filament formation in both plasma and pure electromagnetic energy throughout interstellar space in pursuit of answering a simple question - why space is dark.
Category: Astrophysics

Evaluation of System Performance Phantom (SPP) for Image Quality Control in Ingenuity TF PET-CT Systems

Authors: H. M. Jamil, M. A. Rahman, Mubdiul Hasan
Comments: 23 Pages.

Clinical assessment: Radiologists utilize CT numbers to assess healthy and ill tissues; therefore, precision is essential. Most quality control protocols use different phantoms to check this crucial factor and other parameters. This study evaluates the performance of the System Performance Phantom (SPP) as it assesses all Image Quality Control parameters of a CT scanner (Part of TF PET-CT System, Ingenuity Model, Philips).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Reproduction of the Double-Slit Experiment Through Particle Simulation and Theoretical Analysis

Authors: Shokin Shigemitsu
Comments: 11 Pages. I added program source codes in PDF with main text.

Double-slit experiments form the cornerstone of quantum theory. This study simulated the movement of 100,000 particles individually based on a straightforward assumption. We assumed that the movement of a particle is influenced by the particle preceding it. Consequently, the simulation successfully reproduced the single-slit and double-slit experiment results.
Category: Quantum Physics

Inverse Long Multiplication Program in the Factorization of Semiprime Numbers

Authors: Silvio Gabbianelli
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Semiprime numbers are natural integers obtained from the multiplication of two prime numbers. In attempting to solve the factorization of a semiprime number, I considered the inverse procedure of the long multiplication method we learned in elementary school. After careful reflection, I found it to be both useful and feasible. The only known element in this procedure is the result (which must be an odd integer semiprime). We need to find the two sets [n1,n2,...nk][n1, n2, ... nk] and [m1,m2,...mk][m1, m2, ... mk] that will represent the two unique multiplicands that produce the known result. These sets are reconstructed through a triangular matrix, where the rows represent units, tens, hundreds, and so on, and the columns grow and then shrink in size. This matrix allows us to identify the necessary multiplicative pairs by ensuring the result satisfies the condition of being an odd integer that doesn't end in 5.
Category: Number Theory

Solutions of Higher Degree Equations

Authors: Ahcene Ait Saadi
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper I solve equations of degrees 5,7 and 9 using an equation of degrees 3. I have the method (the counter that allows me to calculate the different values of the parameters: a, b, c, α,βu2026.etc.) to solve an infinity of equations of degrees (2n+1 ) using equations of lower degrees..My wish is to share it with the young researchers for deepening [knowledge].
Category: Number Theory

Functional Analysis of the Escape Response of Zebrafish

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 7 Pages.

The brains of fish and tadpoles show that surprisingly few neurons are sufficient to trigger reactions vital to survival. The escape reaction functions without memory and without adaptation of synaptic transmission; it is a reproducible connection of several neurons. Despite decades of research, we are still a long way from understanding the entire circuit. Comments and suggestions on brain research from a physicist's perspective.
Category: Physics of Biology

Five Hard Problems with a Simple Solution

Authors: Marco Ripà
Comments: 5 Pages. Revised version (v2): refined presentation and style, clarified proofs, results unchanged.

We present a collection of five nontrivial exercises in number theory (Questions 1—4) and graph theory (Question 5). These problems can be efficiently solved using insights and shortcuts derived from the author's previously published papers. This preprint invites readers to test their expertise in these fields and assess their ability to independently solve the proposed exercises. Detailed solutions are included.
Category: Number Theory

Born-Infeld Theory Geometrized

Authors: Gerald Vones
Comments: 12 Pages.

A symmetry facilitated by Newton's constant inside a generalized metric brings together the concepts of spacetime and vector fields in a way reminding of the unification of space and time by Special Relativity, with a subtle difference though. This can be regarded as a geometrization of the historic ``New Field Theory'' of Born and Infeld. The underlying symmetry brings some insight in the fact that the cosmological term does not gravitate.
Category: Classical Physics

Is it Necessary to Reinterpret the Theory of Relativity?

Authors: Attilio Colombo
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required)

As it is known, the Lorentz Transformation is the transformation of coordinates between reference systems in uniform relative motion that is at the basis of the Theory of Relativity. But what is its physical meaning? What do the variables obtained by applying this mathematical transformation represent, physically? The interpretation that currently prevails in the context of contemporary physics is that these variables represent the physical space and time coordinates of a given event for a reference system in uniform and rectilinear motion with respect to another one. According to this interpretation, two events that are simultaneous for a given reference system are not simultaneous for another reference system that is in motion with respect to the first one, the so-called "relativity of simultaneity", and therefore time and space are no longer absolute, invariant in the passage from one reference system to another, but become relative, resulting dependent from the state of motion ofthe system being considered.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Comments on APEC Saturday 18th January 2025

Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 7 Pages.

APEC — Alternative Propulsion Engineering Conference is run by Tim Ventura and is a forum that lets all-comers present their researches into fringe science concepts, though mainly those concerned with propulsion. This brief letter will write about two presentations — LENR and "Quantised Inertia". I may comment on the other later presentations at some point. We find omissions in LENR experimental methodology and candidate theories based on current science but this wouldn’t exclude new science. We also find that McCulloch’s "Quantised Inertia" (and so MOND/TeVeS too) violates the Correspondence, Heisenberg Uncertainty and Strong Equivalence Principles.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Complex Dynamics and Classical Field Theory

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 11 Pages.

Complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE) is a paradigm for the onset of chaos and turbulence in nonlinear dynamics of extended systems. Here we point out that the underlying connection between CGLE and the Navier-Stokes (NS) equation bridges the divide between fluid flows, on the one hand, and the mathematics of General Relativity (GR) and classical gauge theory, on the other. The analogy hints to a possible link between the transition from laminar to turbulent flows and the mass generation mechanism of quantum field theory (QFT).
Category: Mathematical Physics

Relativistic Corrections to the Quantization of a Classical Spinning Particle with Constant Electric and Magnetic Fields

Authors: John French
Comments: 17 Pages. This paper is a preprint

A quantization of classical spinning particle equations is carried out using the Euler angles of the particle. Relativistic corrections are found and compared to the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation of the Dirac equation. We only consider constant linear electric and magnetic fields, and find agreement up to order 1/c^6.
Category: Quantum Physics

Beyond Biology: A Functional Framework for Consciousness in Machine Learning

Authors: A. A. Alkadrie
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract with < 400 words is required; also please cite and list scientific references)

The idea of Machines can independently solve problems, serve it as solutions, help us in any kind of task completions and so on, is fascinating. In a general term we identified this kind of machine as intellegence machines. Intellegence, as all of us understand it, is strongly related with conciesness. Does this machines have conciesnesses? this is interesting an interesting question that alot of people have in mind about the intellegence machines. Let's explore this together.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Supportive Intersection (Without Analyticity)

Authors: Bin Wang
Comments: 22 Pages.

Part I. On a manifold, we apply the analysis in Part II below to define an intersection called supportive intersection for singular cycles. It has a topological descend to the cup-product. The result is motivated by a problem in cohomology theory. The tool is the notion of currents. A current which is a functional was first introduced by de Rham in 1955. Ever since then, currents played a central role in geometry. However, the part about the support has not been in focus. For instance, the cup-product has been extensively studied in the past. Yet, there is no adequate control on the support of cohomological classes. So, we would like to introduce the supportive intersection that will catch this property. The purpose of this paper is to build the foundation for exploring further.In the end, we'll give an application in this direction.

Part II. This is the technical foundation for the geometry above, but it may have an independent interest. It consists of a functional analysis on a very specific type of convergence of currents. In terms of classical analysis, it is an extension of mollifiers. Classically, mollifier is mostly applied as a smoother for a distribution which is usually viewed as a current of degree $0$. We extend the mollifier to currents where the degrees are positive.
Category: Geometry

New Representation of the Euler Constant "e"

Authors: Thomas Clapies
Comments: 2 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with schoarly norm - Please conform!)

This article reminds us that certain fundamental constants are associated with functions, in particular the base of the exponential function. We use certain remarkable identities associated with the exponential function and Lambert's function W (also called Product log) to obtain a new representation of the Euler constant e = exp(1) using a function.
Category: Number Theory

Chaos to Cosmos: Quantum Whispers and The Cosmic Genesis

Authors: Owais Farooq, Romana Zahoor
Comments: 14 Pages.

Quantum fluctuations, usually arising from the inherent uncertanity in the quantum fields, are pivotal in understanding the the universe at both the small and large scales. Despite the fact that fluctuations are usually unob-servable rather small, they give significant observable effects during specific epochs under specific conditions. During the early epochs of the universe the fluctuations were scaled, resulting into the primordial density perturbations that gave rise to the large scale structure of universe and the observedinhomogenities. In this paper we study the basic origin, structure, evolution and the imprints of fluctuations during inflationary period resulting into the large-scale structure formation. We use the Mukhanov-sasaki formalism to model scalar perturbations, embedding the theoretical results into observations.Theoretical predictions show almost scale-invariant power spectrum with stringent constraints on the inflationary parameters. It further states that in the very early universe the inflatons that is quanta of primordial field were highly filled in the degenerate quantum state. This carry large potential energythat resulted in an exponential expansion of universe. During post inflationary period the inflaton dominated the Universe’s energy density; they interact among themselves and due to non-linear effects, these inhomogeneities grow which amalgamate into spatially distinguishable patches in our observableuniverse. Our understanding projects us towards the fact that fluctuations play a pivotal role in understanding the structure formation at micro, macro, and far-macro scales. This study also addresses the significance of quantum fluctuations in cosmic evolution and manifests the enduring relevance in addressing some of the profound mysteries of our universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculation and Prediction of the Frequency of the 229Th Nuclear Transition

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 19 Pages. In Chinese (Note by viXra Admin: Frequent and/or repeated replacement submissions will not be accepted)

The accurate measurements of the frequency of the nuclear energy level transition of 229Th base state to excited state 229mTh (the frequency of 229Th nuclear transition for short) is critical to realize nuclear clocks. On 04 December 2024 Prof. Jun Ye’s laboratory reported the most accurate measured value for this frequency, i.e., 2.020407384335(2)×1015 Hz, with 12 precise digits, and gave its ratio with the frequency of 87Sr optical atomic clock, i.e., 4.707072615078(5). In this paper, we construct reasonable formulas, and calculate out the reciprocal of the frequency of 229Th nuclear transition in atomic units, the reciprocal of the frequency of 87Sr optical atomic clock in atomic units and the ratio between them, which are 20.461899741458143308, 96.315647925496289349 and 4.7070726150783448253 respectively. As the most accurate measured frequency of 87Sr optical atomic clock is 429228004229872.99(8) Hz, we calculate out the frequency of 229Th nuclear transition which is 2020407384335167.11(38) Hz, with 15 precise digits. We also calculate out the more precise values of the atomic unit of time, which is 2.41888432658653284(45)×10-17 s, and hence calculate out more precise Rydberg constant, Hartree energy, Bohr radius, classical electron radius and electron mass.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Schrödinger Equation Compatible with Classical Mechanics

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 9 Pages.

In the scientific community, the traditional concept has been formed that 'quantum mechanics is only applicable to microscopic systems, classical mechanics is only applicable to macroscopic systems, and the Schrödinger equation cannot be used to describe macroscopic objects'. Under the constraints of this traditional concept, there has been no attempt for a long time to establish and apply the Schrödinger equation of gravitational potential energy to describe the motion of the Earth. By replacing the potential energy in the Hamiltonian operator from electromagnetic interaction potential energy to gravitational interaction potential energy, the Schrödinger equation that can describe planetary motion was successfully obtained. Many examples provided can prove that classical mechanics and quantum mechanics are compatible. We can combine classical mechanics and quantum mechanics to describe the same system. For describing an object, mass size is no longer an important determining factor in choosing between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics methods. Establishing the Schrödinger equation for gravitational potential energy can prompt us to change our mindset and liberate our minds. The idea that classical mechanics and quantum mechanics are opposed to each other and should be mutually exclusive can be transformed into the idea that they coexist due to complementarity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Rearranging the Perfect Binary Tree: a Proof of the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Wiroj Homsup, Nathawut Homsup
Comments: 6 Pages.

The Collatz conjecture considers recursively sequences of positive integers where n is succeeded by n/2 , if n is even, or (3n+1)/2 , if n is odd. The conjecture states that for all starting positive integers n the sequence eventually reaches the trivial cycle 1, 2, 1, 2u2026u2026The inverted Collatz sequences can be represented as a Collatz tree with 1 as its root node. In order to prove the Collatz conjecture, one must demonstrate that a Collatz tree covers all positive integers. In this paper, we construct a Collatz tree with 1 as its root node by rearranging the perfect binary tree. We prove that a Collatz tree is a connected tree and covers all positive integers.
Category: Number Theory

Elektrogravity Structure of a Particle

Authors: Radomir Majkic
Comments: 20 Pages.

Among all unanswered questions in Physics, like quantization of the gravity, fields unification, and so on, the question of the particle masscreation and its mass quantization deserve special attention. This paper is about the evolution of the physical particle-supported by the electro and gravity forces. Unexpectedly, electric charge and gravity unify into electro-gravity interaction in the presence of the Planck masses on a very fundamental level,making the electric charge, gravity, and mass inseparable entities. Moreover, electro-gravity necessarily polarises the Planck masses. Particles are created from the vacuum. The principle of the minimum of the static action creation introduces the evolution time derivative, which further defines the particle tangent space and its evolution kinetic energy. The particle self-interaction energy is its electro and gravity interaction energy. All of this is necessary and sufficient to write the first-order, nonlinear particle evolution equations for its electro and gravity interactions and the mass state variables. The article contributes to the particle polarization classification, the two-dimensional particle internal geometry, and its internal space and time. In addition, it contributes to the implicit mass solutions for some particular interaction cases, and describes the character of the particle development in the general case.And finally, the article predicts the universal mass unit $ Um = mathbf{0.565}, big[textrm{meV}cc^{-2}big],$consistent with mass $m_{u_{e}}=1.17,meV,$ of the lightest, the electron neutrino.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Revolutionizing Video Data Management: The Hyperfractal Database Framework

Authors: Ravirajan K, Arvind Sundarajan
Comments: 11 Pages.

The AI-driven world of video streaming analytics has started to go even farther than anyone couldimagine. State-of-the-art video solutions using deep learning techniques, as well as real-time alerts, are what is driving the revolution in the digital era. The HyperFractal Database is a new content management system which is designed particularly for video and is fully efficient. This system has a multi-tiered architecture, allowing video data to be handled effectively and efficiently through theuse of advanced techniques. The key components are powerful video preprocessing and featureextraction, which transform the video into a format ready for the analysis. It in addition improves the arrangement of the video segments so that the storage amount is reduced and the retrieval speed goes up. This provides the user with the ability to edit video with the help of natural language queries resulting in an intuitive process. The database also boosts the video compression and uses smart indexing, so that users can quickly access large amounts of data. It is also capable of executingmetadata queries in an efficient manner and speeding up the processing of spatial queries, while at the same time, it can effectively manage time-sensitive data. The practical results obtained show the actual improvements in storage and retrieval efficiency, which activate its usage in different fields, such as media production as well as surveillance. This research is a platform for future large-scaletasks of video data management, and it underlines its capacity to drastically change the way we deal with intricate video data and how we may access them.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Algebraic Independence of Carlitz Polylogarithms in V-Adic

Authors: David Adam, Laurent Denis
Comments: 19 Pages. Réagencement de l'article. Les résultats sont identiques.

In this article, we prove the algebraic independence of values special features of the Carlitz-Goss zeta function in a finite place. We characterize also the algebraic independence of values u200bu200bof Carlitz polylogarithms in onefinished place. To do this, we overcome the restrictions in the method of Mahler developed by the second author within the framework of the finished characteristic. This puts us in a position to show results of algebraic independence in finite characteristics in finite places that Papanikolas' method does not yet allow to obtain.
Category: Number Theory

Photons in General Relativity

Authors: Elio Proietti
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper is grounded exclusively on the GR-Hamilton’s variational principle,reducible to the principle of geodesics in the case of a body in free motion in agravitational field. The first two sections deal with the theory of gravitational lightbending, available in all general relativity texts, but rewritten here using exclu-sively formulas between quantities, more suitable for the physical interpretationthan the formulas between measurements commonly used (c = 1, G = 1).The third section deals the main question: what properties should GR assignto a particle moving according to a null-geodesics? Without resorting to anyprevious theory, the general relativity itself imposes very stringent and interestingproperties for "photons" (of course in agreement with those asserted by specialrelativity in the absence of a gravitational field).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Question of Primordial Black Holes

Authors: Keith D. Foote
Comments: 4 Pages.

The question of whether or not primordial black holes actually exist is examined. Stellar and supermassive black holes are described to offer a comparison. The lack of observable, hard supporting evidence, after 58 years, makes the concept of primordial black holes less and less likely, in spite of the imaginative, though somewhat unrealistic scenarios used to theorize their existence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Derivation of the Fine Structure Constant and the Rydberg Constant from Coulomb's Law

Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 14 Pages.

The fine-structure constant is generally considered to be a coupling constant that represents the strength of the electromagnetic interaction of elementary particles, but its origin is unknown. Using the electron and proton model of the Energy Body Theory, I clarified the origin of the fine-structure constant from the relationship between Coulomb's law and Planck's constant. This equation expressing the origin of the fine structure constant further led to the Rydberg constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Geometric Functions and Surface Functions

Authors: Ahcene Ait Saadi
Comments: 17 Pages.

In this paper, I introduce a new concept (new Frame), which allows me to have functions that have another definition. That is to say, in this frame: a function is an application that associates with each element of the starting set E, zero or several images of the arrival set F.I study in this frame, the derivability of functions, therefore the equation of a tangent to a curve. The integral calculation, I leave it to the young checkers who, surely, will develop this new and original mathematical tool, this in the interest of science and knowledge.
Category: Algebra

A Complete Elucidation of the Time Dilation Inherent in the Distortion of the Photon Foot and the Reason for the Principle of the Constancy of the Speed of Light

Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 5 Pages.

I discovered that the distortion of an electron foot and the distortion of a photon foot (a reflection of the electron's shape) are the principle of the constancy of the speed of light itself. The distortion of the photon foot, which grows in proportion to the speed of a photon, has a structure that inherently changes the way time progresses. It is believed that this is why Maxwell's equations are universal under Lorentz transformations.Because Maxwell's equations are invariant under Lorentz transformations, changes in electric and magnetic fields are explained as effects of special relativity. However, when special relativity is applied to electromagnetic phenomena, paradoxes sometimes appear. For example, an electric charge that is stationary in a stationary system appears to be moving when viewed from an inertial system. This causes an electric current to flow and generates a magnetic field, but in reality, this phenomenon does not occur. Also, even though electrons move at a snail's speed when a current is flowing, a magnetic field is generated.This paradoxical example can be explained without contradiction by the Lorentz transformation. However, the paradox does not disappear. The key to solving this mystery lies in the distortion of the foot of an electron and the distortion of the foot of a photon, which reflects the electron’s appearance.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Video Generation via Compressed Hand-Drawn Representations and Latent Diffusion Models

Authors: Tofara Moyo
Comments: 2 Pages.

We present a novel approach to video generation,leveraging compressed hand-drawn representations and latent diffusion models. Our methodology employs a unique two-stage process, wherein a variational auto encoder generates parametersbased on input text, of a generic equation to be graphed into a frame, and a latent diffusion model refines these frames into photorealistic video content. These graphs are designed to looklike hand drawn replicas of the frames in the dataset. By utilizing hand-drawn-like images as a compressed representation, we effectively reduce the dimensionality of the video generation problem, enabling tighter bottleneck architectures and improved efficiency. Our approach demonstrates significant potential forgenerating lenghty ,high-quality, text-conditioned videos, with applications in multimedia creation, robotics, and beyond.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Assumptions for a Libertarian Effort-Management Economic Theory

Authors: Ralph Pain
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author name should be between article title and the asbstract)

In this paper I offer new assumptions for an effort-management theory for economic activity. I begin by reviewing classical assumptions that resources possess value in use and are scarce that are adopted in resource-based theories for efficient allocation through competition. I suggest that economic theory developed under those assumptions has been useful only for explaining short-term activity when unrealistic conditions are applied and has not been useful for explaining innovation, unexpected change, or economic growth. Further, these assumptions support a justification to any who may wish to reduce the size of the human population. In this paper I argue that an economic theory for allocation of scarce resources has been misguided if resources are not indeed scarce. Instead, I offer the assumption that economic systems are limited by personal effort. Under this new assumption, I suggest an economic system may be analysed using complexity mathematics as an open complex system driven by independent agents who maximise benefit per effort, and in which interaction among agents is provided by the transfer of products.
Category: Economics and Finance

Synthra Technology: A Novel Approach Towards Centralized and Decentralized Solutions

Authors: Abdullah M. Ahmad
Comments: 29 Pages.

Synthra represents a groundbreaking technological paradigm that harmonizes blockchain and AI technologies, redefining decentralized systems for the modern era. At its core, Synthra introduces an unprecedented integration of AI-driven mechanisms, such as the Proof-of-Veracity consensus, and the Uploaded Contractual Intelligence (UCI) to ensure immutable, ethical, and highly efficient operations. Synthra is designed to address limitations of traditional blockchain systems, achieving zero gas fees, unparalleled security, and a throughput of up to 1 million transactions per second (TPS).Synthra’ s robust architecture incorporates fail-safe mechanisms like the Self-Destruct Swap Chain (SDSC), Forked-Chain Swap Chain (FCSC), and Binomial Walk Swap Chain (BWSC) which safeguards data integrity against potential network compromises through advanced backup and recovery systems. Furthermore, Synthra is envisioned to extend its capabilities to Quantum-Synthra technology, leveraging Quantum Secure Hashing Algorithms (QSHA) and the innovative Qubyte system to ensure resilience against quantum attacks while maintaining operational scalability.This framework paves the way for a new era of decentralized applications, blending AI precision with blockchain transparency and introducing the Uploaded Contractual Intelligence (UCI) as a deterministic executor of ethical principles. Synthra’ s vision is to enable secure, fast, and reliable platforms that revolutionize industries from social networking to finance while laying the foundation for future Temporal communication systems.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Problems of General Relativity, from "Equivalent Principle" to "Local Inertial Frame"

Authors: Zheng-Hua Zhang
Comments: 2 Pages. In Chinese

Analysis shows that the situation described in the "equivalence principle" thought experiment where gravity and inertia force are equivalent cannot be observed in the same reference frame, meaning it does not occur in the universe; The "local inertial frame" defined based on the "equivalence principle" does not meet the equivalent conditions set by the "equivalence principle" thought experiment, that is, the "local inertial frame" has no relationship with the "equivalence principle".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Lecture Notes on a Quadratic Inequality for Gaps Between Consecutive Primes and Its Extension to the Proof of the Binary Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Samuel Bonaya Buya
Comments: 18 Pages. Some typos were edited. Some more details were added

This research paper is in the form of lesson notes. In it an identity is established connecting to consecutive primes. Bertrand's postulate is used together with the identity to establish a quadratic inequality that can be used to establish minimum intervals containing at least three primes in between its limits. A generalization of the quadratic inequality is introduced to establish the minimum interval containining at least one pair of primes for Goldbach partitition. The concepts of Goldbach partition deviation and Goldbach partition interval are introduced by which it is shown that the minimum number of Goldbach partitions of a composite even number is 1.
Category: Number Theory

Analysis of Electromagnetic Noise From Switching Power Modules Using Wide Band Gap Semiconductors

Authors: Parthiv Katapara
Comments: 4 Pages.

The advancement of power electronics has driventhe need for materials with superior electrical properties, leading to the use of wide band gap (WBG) semiconductors such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN). These materialsexhibit higher breakdown voltages, faster switching frequencies, and better thermal stability compared to conventional silicon-based devices [1], [2], [3]. However, these benefits introducesignificant challenges in electromagnetic noise (EM noise) management, particularly due to rapid transitions characterized by high rates of change in voltage (dV /dt) and current (dI/dt)[4], [5]. This paper analytically investigates the sources and propagation of EM noise in high-frequency switching power modules using WBG semiconductors. Mathematical models are derived to describe the noise generated, incorporating factors such as parasitic inductances (L)and capacitances (C), frequency-dependent impedance (Z(f)), and noise power density (N(f)) [6]. The relationships between switching characteristics and noise amplitude are exploredthrough differential equations and Fourier analysis to map time-domain signals to their frequency components. Solutions for noise suppression are proposed, involving optimized circuit design and theoretical applications of electromagnetic wave propagation (EWP) principles, such as wave reflection and transmission in multi-layer structures [7], [8]. This work bridges theoretical electromagnetics with practical power module design, offeringstrategies that align with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards and enhance performance.
Category: Classical Physics

Macroscopic Structures Emerging from the Interactions of Simple Replicators

Authors: Perry W. Swanborough
Comments: 13 Pages.

A macroscopic view of Langton (1984) and Byl (1989) self-replicating loops has facilitated their representation by oriented states of single cells. In this work, the single-cell representation of the loop replicator is adapted to facilitate a wide variety of interactions identifiable by observation of the dynamics of arbitrary spatial distributions of many replicator copies. Dynamic loops of periods greater than the four-step rotation cycle of the orientated state were observed, and examples with periods of 20 and 12 are shown. The paper includes some discussion of irreversibility in both computation and biology, with recognition of the problem of deriving concrete conclusions about abiogenesis and pre-LUCA biology from speculative preliminary abstraction.
Category: Physics of Biology

Theory of Refraction

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper a theory of refraction has been presented.
Category: Classical Physics

Reconstructing Conceptual Models in Physics: The Interplay of Content and Context

Authors: Paul Caracristi
Comments: 3 Pages.

Modern fields of study often progress through detailed explorations of foundational conceptual models. However, as these fields delve into increasing levels of intricate detail, contradictions and difficulties in further advancement can emerge. This phenomenon suggests a need to periodically simplify and reconstruct foundational conceptual models to maintain a sense of coherence and relevance, to stimulate a sense of positive progression in the subject field. This paper argues that such reconstruction is crucial in all reductionist subjects such as physics. In an attempt to provide an example, the paper on the "Temporal Cavitation Model of Cosmology" is proposed as a case study. By examining the dynamic relationship between ‘content and context’ across various disciplines, we demonstrate that their interplay is essential for the evolution of knowledge and the resolution of fundamental challenges.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Spacetime Matrix

Authors: Gaurav Kumar
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Pleease cite and list scientific references)

This paper introduces the Spacetime Matrix Theory, a novel framework for understanding spacetime as a discrete matrix composed of fundamental "grains." Each grain encapsulates localized properties and interactions, forming a unified structure that bridges quantum mechanics and general relativity. The theory explains phenomena such as quantum entanglement through inter-grain connectivity, modeled as dynamic curvature. Derivations of key equations are provided, including a curvature equation linking the local grain structure to spacetime dynamics. Simulations demonstrate the energy density distribution and inter-grain interactions, validating the framework's predictive capability. This work aims to provide new insights into the fabric of spacetime and its underlying mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

The de Vries Formula: a Transcendental Solution for Standing Travelling Circular Waves

Authors: Luke Kenneth Casson Leighton
Comments: 1 Page. (Note by viXra Admin: Author name should be between article title and the asbstract and any remarks above the title should be moved into a footnote in small print))

Exploration of the de Vries formula[1] and its accuracy[2] (following removal of SI2019 assumptions) to latest experimental uncertainty[3] has led to a hypothesis that the formula is a transcendental solution of an infinite-summed (non-frictional) circular traveling and standing wave: a solution of harmonic sympathetic resonance.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Exploring EEG Dynamics Through Markov Chain Analysis

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 8 Pages.

A Markov chain (MC) is a mathematical model used to describe a system where the probability of moving to the next state depends solely on the current state and not on the sequence of the preceding states. A Markov blanket (MB) for a node includes its parents, children and other parents of its children, capturing the minimal set of nodes required to make the node conditionally independent from the rest of the network. We examined EEG data from healthy individuals to assess MC and MB connectivity patterns associated with two representative electrodes. The electrode FP1, associated with cognitive functions, displayed connections predominantly with frontal and central regions. The electrode C3, located in the primary motor cortex, displayed connections with bilateral motor and parietal regions. The two electrodes had shared connections, highlighting integration between cognitive and motor networks, while also retaining distinct connections that underscored their specialized roles and functions. Temporal analysis demonstrated significant MB fluctuations across time segments, highlighting phases of increased neural reorganization and stability. Entropy analysis showed significant variability in MC and MB dynamics over time. FP1 exhibited greater entropy variability, reflecting its neural flexibility and involvement in cognitive processes, while C3 showed more stable entropy patterns, aligning with its motor-related functionality. We demonstrate the utility of MC and MBs in capturing the dynamic complexity of the nervous activity, underscoring the distinct and overlapping roles of brain regions in balancing dynamic flexibility and functional specialization. Our findings have implications for cognitive neuroscience and brain-computer interface design.
Category: Mind Science

Calculation Rules and New Methods for the Strong and Weak Conjectures of Goldbach to be Verified

Authors: Bahbouhi Bouchaib
Comments: 50 Pages. The paper sheds new light on Goldbach's strong conjecture with new data.

This article emphasizes the most fundamental rules to verify Goldbach's strong conjecture that an even number is the sum of two primes. One rule states that for an even number E to split into two primes there must be two equidistant prime numbers p and p' such that E/2 - p = p' - E/2. The strong conjecture also applies to biprime numbers that are x2 — y2. Two prime numbers equidistant with respect to an integer n have a specific property of Modulo when divided by the gap that separates them from n. The paper further proposes methods to convert even and odd numbers into sums of two and three prime numbers by the equation M ± 1 such that M is prime or multiple of primes except 2 and 3 knowing that there are two types of prime numbers 6x - 1 and 6x + 1. The data also show a strong correlation coefficient between close equidisant primes indicating they are likely to happen in a regular fashion. Finally, the paper describes new rules that explain how a prime numbers gives another one and this is where the truth of Goldbach's conjecture lies and show congruence rules between the two additive primes. These rules allow to demonstrate how an even ends up to be a sum of two primes and proves Goldbach's strong conjecture. This article can have new applications in computing and sheds new lights on the Goldbach's strong and weak conjectures.
Category: Number Theory

Proof of Collatz Conjecture Using Division Sequence Ⅴ

Authors: Masashi Furuta
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper is positioned as a sequel edition of [1]. First, as in [1], define "division sequence", "complete division sequence", and "star conversion". Next, we consider loops and divergences in the Collatz conjecture, respectively. Through elementary arguments, the probability of there being a counterexample to the Collatz conjecture is almost 0. Also, Theorem Proving is not used in this paper.
Category: Number Theory

Nuclear Reactions in Gaseous Stars: Perspectives from Kinetic Theory and Thermodynamics

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 10 Pages.

In the Standard Model of gaseous stars, temperature is primary both in the initiation of thermonuclear reactions to form heavier elements and the emission of radiation. These processes have been described using thermodynamic expressions. Yet, within any given thermodynamic relation, not only must units balance on each side, but so must thermodynamic character. Temperature, whether or not equilibrium conditions are established, must always be intensive in macroscopic thermodynamics and mass must be extensive. This ensures that the laws of thermodynamics are respected. The theory of temperatures and nuclear reactions within gaseous stars is constructed from the kinetic theory of an ideal gas, by which temperature is introduced, in combination with gravitational and Coulomb forces. The resulting thermodynamic relations impart a non-intensive character to temperature and a non-extensive character to mass. Consequently, the theory of nuclear reactions in gaseous stars is invalid. Deprived of the only theoretical means by which the Standard Model justifies stellar nuclear reactions, the theory of gaseous stars is not viable. The most reasonable alternative rests in lattice confinement fusion and the recognition that the stars are comprised of condensed matter, namely metallic hydrogen.
Category: Astrophysics

On Lorentz Invariant Non-Locality Described by Differential Equations with Derivatives of Infinite Order

Authors: R. K. Salimov, T. R. Salimov
Comments: 3 Pages.

The paper considers Lorentz invariant equations with infinite-order derivatives with solitonsolutions. Within the framework of the Lagrangian formalism for fields description and when describing point particles in the form of probability amplitudes, such equations are not considered. If the axiomatic nature of these approaches is abandoned and we limit ourselves only to the requirement of Lorentz invariance of differential equations, then the consideration of such equations allows for non-locality. The paper discusses some general features of nonlocality described by such equations and their differences from the description of nonlocality in the Copenhagen interpretation of the quantum mechanical description. In particular, it is shown that in such a model the question of paradoxes of the Einstein - Podolsky - Rosen type is removed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Is Relativistic Length Contraction Consistent?

Authors: Lars F. Jensen
Comments: 5 Pages. An error in the argumentation has been corrected, plus minor changes to the text.

An important part of special relativity (SR) is length contraction. According to this theory, it is a coordinate-dependent and ‘symmetrical’ effect, such that two observers, moving relative to each other, both with their own measuring rod, can both rightly claim that the other observer’s measuring rod is contracted, even though the rest lengths of the rods are exactly the same. However, with the help of thought experiments, it can be shown that this cannot be true in the real world — and that SR predicts two fundamentally different length contractions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Physics or Reality: Which Prevails?

Authors: Dainis Zeps
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Article discussing wars and politics is in general not acceptable)

Why such opposition? Physics versus Reality. This is the question we address in this article.
Category: Social Science

Ulam Numbers Have Zero Logarithmic Density

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Furher abstract speculations may not be accepted)

Determining the natural textit{density} of Ulam numbers remains an open question. We denote the sequence of all Ulam numbers by $U$. In this paper, we show for the textit{logarithmic} density of Ulam numbers $$mathcal{D}_{log}(U):=lim limits_{nlongrightarrow infty}frac{1}{log x}sum limits_{substack{nleq xin U}}frac{1}{n}=0.$$
Category: Number Theory

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part 9: "Neutrino"

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 27 Pages.

This article is the ninth part of the scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics Based on the Algebra of Signature " [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. In this article, based on exact solutions of the Einstein vacuum equation, are proposed metric-dynamic models of the electron and positron "neutrino" in the initial state, i.e. at the moment when it breaks away from the core of the corresponding "particle", and in the final state, when almost all the rotational energy of the initial "neutrino" is converted into its accelerated translational motion. It is shown that Riemann-ian geometry allows for the consideration of "neutrinos" of various scales: molecular "neutrinos", cluster "neutrinos", planetary "neutrinos", galactic "neutrinos", etc. The article proposes methods for generating "neutrinos" of various scales, convenient for conducting inexpensive experiments to clarify their properties. Of particular interest are "neutrinos" in the final state, since the metric-dynamic model of such a "neutrino" does not contain restrictions on the speed of its translational motion. That is, a "neutrino" in the final state does not have inertia, and theoretically can move at a speed significantly exceeding the speed of light. The article proposes a method for registering super-luminal "neutrinos" in the final state.
Category: Classical Physics

On Curves in N-Dimensional Euclidean Spaces

Authors: Emanuels Grinbergs
Comments: 20 Pages. Translated (from Latvian) and submitted by Dainis Zeps

This work examines curves in n-dimensional spaces, as well as varieties contained in such spaces, with the main focus on curves and osculating linear and spherical varieties. Absolute dierential calculus a method almost exclusively used in n-dimensional dierential geometry in recent times is convenient in systematic terms because it enables the determination of all dierential invariantsusing classical techniques. However, it is cumbersome and inconvenient. Since I have sought to examine purely geometric properties and their relationships, I have consistently used vector analysis both independently and in conjunction with direct geometric reasoning, as wellas with Cartesian coordinates.
Category: Geometry

The Nature of Whiteholes, Blackholes and the Energy Cycle of the Universe

Authors: Paul Caracristi
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: AI assisted article is in general not acceptable)

Abstract. This paper proposes and explores the theory that whiteholes and blackholes serve as complementary structures in the cosmos, facilitating a continuous energy cycle between a dynamic universe and a static Latent realm. Whiteholes are proposed as sources of energy and entropy, giving rise to dynamic universes, while blackholes transition the complexity of matter and energy back into a latent, negentropic state. The interplay between these phenomena is governed by a temporal spectrum, wherein energy fluctuates between near-zero values in the latent realm and greater-than-zero values in a dynamic universe. The proposed model offers an integrated framework for understanding the universe’s origin, evolution, and potential termination within a broader cosmological context.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Metric Problem in Polar Coordinates: A Comprehensive Analysis and a Solution

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 5 Pages.

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the common method for calculating the metric tensor in polar coordinates is incorrect. However, it does not lead to erroneous results due to the presence of another error that cancels out the effects of the first error in calculations. Nerveless, these offsetting errors creates a problem in understanding the metric.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Mathematic and Scientific Meanings of 2025

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 9 Pages. 1 Figure, in Chinese.

The number 2025 is the square of 45, and 45 is the sum of 1 to 9 which are the natural numbers in decimal number system, this makes 2025 have some wonderful mathematic properties. This paper illustrates and explains these mathematic properties, and points out these properties are derived from the special number 45. This also leads to a question, i.e., is the number 45 has scientific meanings? This paper exhibits the marvelous relationships between the nucleon numbers of the 45th element Rh and the nucleon numbers of some other critical elements, hence displays the scientific meanings of the number 45, and hence reveals that the decimal number system is scientific in the elements and nuclides. In fact, there are binary, senary, decimal and forteenary number systems in the elements and nuclides, which relate with each other and comprise the backbone of the elements and nuclides, this means they all are scientific. We think these four number systems derive from the principle of "a circle should be divided to 420 degrees, and the chirality corresponds to 840 degrees" which we supposed, they are the number systems based on the 1, 3, 5, 7 and 2 factors of 420 or 840 and could be called the natural number systems. In addition, there is a number system based on the base of the natural logarithm e, which could be called e number system and should be the integrated number system of all other natural number systems. In conclusion, the number systems are scientific.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Spontaneous Subatomic Mass-Energy Interconversion: Implications for the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and a Theory of Everything

Authors: Rudolph Elliot Willis
Comments: 37 Pages.

This paper proposes that quantum uncertainty arises from stochastic mass-energy interconversion at the subatomic level. Integrating Einstein's mass-energy equivalence and quantum mechanics, the hypothesis introduces fluctuating mass terms into mathematical frameworks like the Schrödinger equation, yielding novel implications for the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. The theory extends to quantum field theory, string theory, and cosmology, suggesting a dynamic mechanism for phenomena ranging from particle decay rates to black hole evaporation. By bridging quantum mechanics and general relativity through stochastic fluctuations, this framework offers testable predictions for high-energy physics, gravitational wave analysis, and cosmological observations, advancing the search for a unified Theory of Everything.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Product Distribution of Addition Chains

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this note, we study the distribution of the product of consecutive terms in an addition chain of a given length. If $1,2,ldots,s_{delta(n)-1},s_{delta(n)}=n$ is an addition chain producing $n$ and of length $delta(n)$, with associated sequence of generators begin{align}1+1,s_2=a_2+r_2,ldots,s_{delta(n)-1}=a_{delta(n)-1}+r_{delta(n)-1},s_{delta(n)}=a_{delta(n)}+r_{delta(n)}=nonumberend{align} then $$sum limits_{l=1}^{delta(n)}log s_l=delta(n)log n-O(delta(n)).$$ It follows in particular that $$prod limits_{l=1}^{delta(n)}s_lsim n^{delta(n)}.$$
Category: Number Theory

The Pionic Fabric and Quark Molecular Dynamics

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 43 Pages.

Similar to Harari’s Rishon particles model that described all leptonic and baryonic matter composed of four substructure fundamental particles and antiparticles, T ,V ,T ̃ ,V ̃, we propose that the four quarks and antiquarks, u ,d ,u ̃ ,d ̃ are the substructure building blocks of all particles and also the substructure of the vacuum pionic fabric. We develop a classical and quantum hybrid quark molecular dynamics scheme to study the pionic fabric. In free space, the pionic fabric zero-energy unit cell is cubic and includes two flipped pion tetrahedrons. Protons and neutrons contract and curve the pionic fabric cells and we calculate the pionic fabric density as a function of distance from an embedded proton in a pionic fabric cell. Based on the �� decay, we propose that electrons are non-elementary, non-point like particles having a similar substructure to the pionic fabric cell and form together electron clouds. Motion of the electron in the pionic fabric is performed by a u and d quark exchanges via tunneling through a double well potential barrier in the ground state. The rapid quark exchanges transform the electron tetraquarks into pion tetraquarks and vice versa. After the u and d quark exchanges, the zero-energy pionic unit cell contracts by a factor of 5 and the embedded electron pionic cell energy is equal to the electron rest mass of 0.511 MeV. Finally, we propose a new interpretation to QED based on the pionic fabric structure and dynamics. Lattice QCD computations may allow calculating the mass of the pionic fabric unit cell and the embedded electron pionic cell.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Artificial Intelligence: Quantity vs. Quality

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages.

AI directs us toward emerging machine technologythat seemingly everybody has encountered, but few truly comprehend. Fake AI essays, fake AI images, fake reviews, and fuzzy app features disguise how quantity is not always superior to quality. Wisdom and intelligence reside inside our seemingly slow brains, still with 100 trillion synaptic connections. Intuitive machine wisdom separate from and equal to human consciousness is possible, but not yet.The ideal synthesis will optimize the best thoughts of machines and humans to preserve our biosphere.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Weakly Timeless Emergence & the Siegel-Craver Model for Mechanistic Phenomenological Laws

Authors: Jasmine Elmrabti
Comments: 18 Pages. Accepted to and presented at the Journal of the Annual Undergraduate Philosophy Conference at New York University, April 2024.

A fundamentally timeless world implied by quantum gravity threatens a recent model offered for mechanistically justified phenomenological laws described by Gabriel Siegel and C. Craver. The criteria for these laws appear to collapse when met with thermal time, a physical theory compatible with weak timelessness. I argue that this collapse hinges on the theory of emergence used to define mechanistic explanation under thermal time. Two cases of emergence are examined——one reductionist, one pluralist——revealing that both erase the distinction between etiological and relevant constitutive explanation. However, only the reductionist perspective diminishes the explanatory power of phenomenological laws as determined by Siegel and Craver. The other preserves this power. I examine the intersection between interventionist mechanism, timelessness, and emergence within the authors’ framework to support these conclusions by performing a thought experiment using propositional logic and set theory. This analysis discusses the implications of timelessness, principally its threat to mechanistically justified phenomenological laws and how its emergence shapes the sufficiency of mechanistic explanations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On the Dimensional Structure of String Theory

Authors: Masashi Ishihara
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper presents a new decomposition of the dimensions in String Theory, specifically in Bosonic String Theory and M-theory, which highlights the redundancy in the theory. By focusing on a symmetrical decomposition, I propose a more natural description of the structure of the Universe, one that aligns with the holographic principle underlying the AdS/CFT correspondence.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A 3D Spherical Warp Drive Vector Created Using a New Methodology But with the Same Physical Properties of the Natario Warp Drive

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 12 Pages.

The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in 2001.Although the idea of the warp dive as a spacetime distortion that allows a spaceship to travel faster than lightpredated the Natario work by 7 years Natario introduced in 2001 the new concept of a propulsion vector to define or to generate a warp drive spacetime.Natario defined a warp drive vector for constant speeds in Polar Coordinates using the Hodge Star but remember that a real warp drive must accelerate orde-accelerate in order to be accepted as a physical valid model so it must possesses variable speeds.We developed a new warp drivevector different than the original Natario warp drive vector using a new methodology and without the Hodge Star that encompasses variable speeds.Also Polar Coordinates uses only two dimensions and we know that a real spaceship is a tridimensional 3D object inserted inside a tridimensional 3D warp bubble that must bedefined in real 3D Spherical Coordinates.In this work we present the new warp drive vector in tridimensional $3D$ Spherical Coordinates without the Hodge Star for both constant or variable speeds.Our new proposed warp drive vectors also satisfies the Natario requirements for a warp drive spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Perspective of Quantum Mechanics and Particle Physics

Authors: Proloy Kumar Nath, Purnata Shovita Nath
Comments: 22 Pages.

In Clifford algebra, it would be found that spinors or spin group, where spinors are essential in describing spin as an intrinsic quantum property in quantum electrodynamics with the general nature of an intrinsic angular momentum of subatomic particles, and pinors or pin group, where pinors may be expected essential in describing pin as a further intrinsic quantum property in quantum electrodynamics with the general nature of an intrinsic linear momentum of subatomic particles. The physical consequences of spin and pin may be obtained in the phenomenon of uniform circular motion of a rotating point object about its axis of rotation such that spin is along the axis of rotation to the plane of rotation of the object and pin, like a tiny string, may be about the same axis of rotation on the plane of rotation of the object. As such, if spin is considered as an intrinsic quantum property of subatomic particles in quantum electrodynamics, then pin would also be considered as a further intrinsic quantum property of subatomic particles in quantum electrodynamics, where these two intrinsic quantum properties of subatomic particles, spin and pin, would be found perpendicular to each other. Therefore, spin and pin, by acting at right angle to each other in any reference frame, being quantized, would represent the observable quantum states such as subatomic particles in quantum mechanics and particle physics. It would also be found that a spin is associated together with an intrinsic magnetic moment along the same axis of rotation to the plane of rotation at ntiparallel to spin, and a pin may be associated together with an intrinsic electric moment about the same axis of rotation on the plane of rotation at antiparallel to pin in quantum electrodynamics. Thus, the presence of the four intrinsic properties — spin, pin, magnetic moment and electric moment — of subatomic particles in quantum electrodynamics may open a new perspective of quantum mechanics and particle physics, which may support to find out the isolated quantized electric mono-poles as free positive and negative electric charges, as well as, the isolated quantized magnetic mono-poles as free positive and negative magnetic charges carried by specific particles.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Modular Equation ax ≡ C[b] with a ≡ (± 10/p)[b] and P ∈ {1, 2, 5, 10}

Authors: Algoni Mohamed
Comments: 18 Pages.

We propose a method to solve the modular equation ax ≡ c[b] where a, b and c are natural numbers such that a ≡ ±(10/p) [b] with p ∈ {1, 2, 5, 10}. The method is based on the analysis units of the products pb and pc, which we designate respectively by u and uu2032. This approach allows you to simplify and accelerate the solution process by focusing on these units.
Category: Number Theory

On Superposition and Entanglement of Polarized Photons Without Hidden Variables

Authors: Eugen Muchowski
Comments: 4 Pages.

Polarized photons have properties that can be explained, among other things, by their indistinguishability. These include superposition and entanglement. The locality of entangled photons can thus be explained without hidden parameters. We propose that the superposition state can be understood as the entirety of all mixtures of indistinguishable perpendicularly polarized photon beams. Superposition of indistinguishable photon beams can be demonstrated experimentally using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This explains how the polarization of the input state reappears at the output of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Method For Evaluating Approximations of Irrational Numbers

Authors: Alexander C. Sarich
Comments: 14 Pages.

Provided is a method for evaluating irrational numbers in parts; where, any irrational number canbe represented by a numerical-approximation taken to some exact decimal place and its remainder.Analysis provided is to be considered incomplete but imaginative. Argumentation provided is intendedto simplify ideas pertaining to Irrational numbers, infinite series, and distance sets as a mechanism of solution finding.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

On the Congruence System X ≡ A_1[b_1] and αx ≡ A_2[b_2] Such that αb_1 ≡ ± (10 /p) [b_2] with P ∈ {1, 2, 5, 10}

Authors: Algoni Mohamed
Comments: 6 Pages.

We propose a method to solve the modular equation system:x ≡ a_1[b_1]αx ≡ a_2[b_2]with α, a_1, a_2, b_1 and b_2 ∈ N∗ such that a_2 ≥ αa_1 and αb_1 ≡ ±(10/p)[b_2] with p ∈ {1, 2, 5, 10}This method is based on our latest work "On the Diophantine equation ax+by=c with a ≡ ±(10/p)[b] and p ∈ {1, 2, 5, 10}". It is therefore based on the analysis of the units of products pb_2 and p(a_2 − αa_1), which we designate respectively by u and uu2032 .
Category: Number Theory

Cellular Generation Number as an Invariant Measure of Biological Time in Relativistic Inertial Systems: Biological Systems Do Not Experience Time Dilation

Authors: Domenico Maglione
Comments: 18 Pages.

This work presents a thought experiment where the number of cellular duplications or generations (G) is used as a biological clock to investigate the effects of relativistic environments on biological time. We demonstrate that, although physical clocks in different reference systems measure varying times due to relativistic time dilation, biological time remains invariant and corresponds to the "proper" time. This invariance holds not only across inertial reference frames but also extends to non-inertial, accelerated, and gravitational systems. The invariance arises because G is defined as the ratio of the growth time to the duplication time, ensuring that any relativistic effects influencing these intervals mathematically cancel out. These findings challenge the classic interpretation of Einstein's twin paradox, which suggests differential aging due to relativistic velocities. In reality, while physical clocks indicate differing times, biological time, and thus the biological age of living organisms, remains unaffected, aligning consistently with proper time. Although bacterial cultures were used as a model in this study, the results are generalizable to all cellular systems, provided identical growth conditions are maintained. This study provides new insights into the interplay between biological processes and relativistic effects, establishing G as a reliable and invariant measure of biological time across all reference frames.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Tensor Calculus Made Simple

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 171 Pages.

This book is about tensor analysis. It consists of 169 pages. The language and method used in presenting the ideas and techniques of tensors make it very suitable as a textbook or as a reference for an introductory course on tensor algebra and calculus or as a guide for self-studying and learning. The book contains many exercises. The detailed solutions of all these exercises are available in another book by the author (Solutions of Exercises of Tensor Calculus Made Simple).
Category: General Mathematics

Introduction to Differential Geometry of Space Curves and Surfaces

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 252 Pages.

This book is about differential geometry of space curves and surfaces. The formulation and presentation are largely based on a tensor calculus approach. It can be used as part of a course on tensor calculus as well as a textbook or a reference for an intermediate-level course on differential geometry of curves and surfaces. The book is furnished with an index, extensive sets of exercises and many cross references, which are hyperlinked for the ebook users, to facilitate linking related concepts and sections. The book also contains a considerable number of 2D and 3D graphic illustrations to help the readers and users to visualize the ideas and understand the abstract concepts. We also provided an introductory chapter where the main concepts and techniques needed to understand the offered materials of differential geometry are outlined to make the book fairly self-contained and reduce the need for external references.
Category: Geometry

Principles of Tensor Calculus

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 189 Pages.

This book is based on my previous book: Tensor Calculus Made Simple, where the development of tensor calculus concepts and techniques are continued at a higher level. Unlike the previous book which is largely based on a Cartesian approach, the formulation in the present book is based on a general coordinate system. The book is furnished with an index as well as detailed sets of exercises to provide useful revision and practice. To facilitate linking related concepts and sections, cross referencing is used extensively throughout the book. The book also contains a number of graphic illustrations to help the readers to visualize the ideas and understand the subtle concepts. The book can be used as a text for an introductory or an intermediate level course on tensor calculus.
Category: General Mathematics

Proof of Beal’s Conjecture

Authors: Kamal Barghout
Comments: 4 Pages.

The 6 variable general equation of Beal’s conjecture equation〖 x〗^a+y^b=z^c, where x, y, z, a, b, and c are positive integers, and a,b,c≥3, is identified as an identity made by expansion of powers of binomials of integers x and y; where x, y and z have common prime factor. Here, a proof of the conjecture is presented in two folds. First, powers of binomials of integers x and y expand to all integer solutions of Beal’s equation if they have common prime factor. Second, powers of binomials of coprime positive integers x and y expand to two terms such that if one of them is a perfect power the other one is not a perfect power.
Category: Number Theory

Newton’s Laws and the Principle of Least Action

Authors: Eduardo E. Salgado
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Principle of Least Action is a fundamental pillar of theoretical physics that unifies diverse phenomena under a variational formulation. This deeply elegant formulation of physics provides an alternative and powerful approach to derive Newton’s Laws. This principle states that the path followed by a physical system between two states is the one that minimizes (or makes stationary) a quantity called action, defined as the time integral of the Lagrangian. In this article, weexplore how the Principle of Least Action connects with Newton’s laws, showing that the latter are a direct consequence of a variational approach. We present an introduction to the action and the Lagrangian, followed by an application of variational calculus to obtain the Euler-Lagrange equations, which translate into Newton’s second laws under specific conditions. This approach demonstrates the elegance and generality of the Lagrangian formalism.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Harmonic Distribution of Addition Chains

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this note, we study the harmonic distribution of addition chains of a given length. If $1,2,ldots,s_{delta(n)-1},s_{delta(n)}=n$ is an addition chain producing $n$ and of length $delta(n)$, with associated sequence of generators begin{align}1+1,s_2=a_2+r_2,ldots,s_{delta(n)-1}=a_{delta(n)-1}+r_{delta(n)-1},s_{delta(n)}=a_{delta(n)}+r_{delta(n)}=nonumberend{align}then $$sum limits_{l=1}^{delta(n)}frac{1}{s_l}=frac{3}{2}+frac{delta(n)}{n+1}+sum limits_{l=3}^{delta(n)}sum limits_{v=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(n+1)^{v+1}}bigg(sum limits_{j=l}^{delta(n)}r_jbigg)^{v}+O(frac{1}{n})$$ where $sum limits_{j=l}^{delta(n)}r_j<n-1$ is the sum of the regulators in the generator of the chain for each $3leq lleq delta(n)$.
Category: Number Theory

Quantum Mechanics and Gravitation - Computation Framework

Authors: Rajmohan Harindranath
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose a speculative framework in which the underlying structure of reality is modeled as adensely connected neural network, with reality emerging from a computational substrate. In this approach, wave phenomena arise from subthreshold activations across many nodes, while particle phenomena occur when individual nodes exceed a threshold and "spike." We suggest that this model can capture key features of quantum mechanics, including wave-particle duality, measurement-induced collapse, and the generation of virtual particles when local energy surpasses threshold. Furthermore, a high concentration of spikes in one region may slow the local "computational speed," suggesting an interpretation of gravitational time dilation and space-time curvature. Though conceptual, theframework could be tested by scenarios in which a single photon or electron sometimes yields nodetection (lost to sub-threshold dissipation) or multiple detections (leftover activation combining with new signals). We conclude by discussing open challenges, especially regarding entanglement, non-local correlations, Lorentz invariance, and the full embedding of this idea into known gauge symmetries.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gradient Reservoir Optimizer

Authors: Akhil Kumar
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, I introduce the Gradient Reservoir Optimizer (GRO), a novel optimizationalgorithm for neural network training that combines short-term gradient updates with long-term gradient trends. GRO maintains a dynamic "reservoir" of recent gradient directions and utilizes their aggregated trends to influence parameter updates. By blending current gradients with a history-aware reservoir, GRO aims to stabilize convergence and improve robustness to noisygradients. This novel approach provides an additional mechanism to mitigate common issueslike gradient noise and plateaus in training loss. I demonstrate the theoretical underpinnings of GRO, provide its algorithmic structure, and evaluate its performance on benchmark datasets. The results show promise for GRO as a viable alternative to existing optimizers like SGD, Adam, and RMSProp. Additionally, GRO offers flexibility for tuning the influence of historical gradients, making it adaptable across a variety of tasks and architectures.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A New Approach to Conceive the Measurement of the Ono-Way Speed of Lightbased on an Astounishing Conflict Within Relativity

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 18 Pages.

The measurement of the speed of light one-way can be easily conceived since we can consider a rod with length l_1 between the extremities A´ and B´ and emit light from A´ to B´ and reciprocally emit light from B´ to A´. If we measure the time A´B´ and the time B´A´ we know the speed of light A´B´ and B´A´. However, standard approach affirm astonishingly that this is not possible. Because we need to know the speed of light to synchronize the clocks at A´ and B´, to measure the times A´B’ and B´A´. Why? Because standard approach accept the necessity to have synchronized clocks. And astonishingly also affirm that the one-way speed of light one-way is the two-way speed of light measured in one-clock with the value c in vacuum. In the following approach we defend that this standard approach can not subsist based on the conceptualization of the measurement one-way. For this we use a new method using a gap of synchronization that standard approach can not be aware.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Bridging Discrete Spacetime with Quantum Intrinsic Wormholes: A QIW-Based Independent Derivation of Quantum Equations

Authors: Wei Zheng
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references; also any AI assisted article is in general not acceptable)

This document presents the Quantum Intrinsic Wormhole (QIW) hypothesis, which proposes a fundamentally discrete spacetime in which intrinsic wormholes oscillate at Planck-scale frequencies, allowing particles to "jump" between discrete grid points. We emphasize the independence of our jumping function from classical equations, showing how standard quantum mechanical results can be recoveredfrom our discrete model in the continuous limit, without resorting to any ad hoc or "mathematical patchwork." The extension incorporates electromagnetic fields and special relativity, successfully reproducing the Compton wavelength, de Broglie wavelength, Schroedinger equation, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, as well as theSchroedinger equation under electromagnetic fields, the Dirac equation, and the Klein-Gordon equation. This comprehensive process demonstrates the QIW’s ability to unify discrete spacetime concepts with fundamental quantum and relativistic principles.
Category: Quantum Physics

Neutrons Are Forming an External Skin in Nuclei and Neutron Stars

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 6 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaes.wordpress.com/

This paper provides some pointers that are relevant to a few select topics about neutrons structures, neutron stars, and relationship to QCD, in particular with respect to confinement, and stangelets. Neutron stars observations seem to confirm the apparition of deconfined quark gluon plasma at the core of neutron stars, and the presence of a superconducting layer above, so that the crust and the superconducting/superfluid region can also explain neutron stars glitches.Aspects covered in the paper are related to the multi-fold analysis of QCD and QED, including confinement, asymptotic freedom and the mass gap, for which we provided new intuitive analyses and interpretations. It confirms the ability to deconfine, à la percolation, under high density and pressure, while still hiding colors, and the existence of superconducting phases. A consequence of the short analysis is that we can support a neutron star core that is an hybrid of deconfined quarks and nuclei, plus possibly hyperons, while proposing that strangelets are likely not produced by neutron stars: a good news for the future of normal matter, that otherwise could have been infected by any minuscule strangelets contribution, spelling (locally) the end of matter as we know it, even if it is a slow process.
Category: Quantum Physics

Is General Relativity Really General Relativity?

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this short paper we briefly discuss the issue of the theory of general relativity as a supposed generalization of the theory of special relativity to see if general relativity did really generalize special relativity as a relativity theory. The simple conclusion that we reach in this discussion is that the theory of general relativity is not actually a generalization of the theory of special relativity and hence general relativity is neither a general theory nor a relativity theory. In short, the so-called "general theory of relativity" should more appropriately be called the "special theory of general covariance" since it is special in content (as it is essentially a gravitation theory) and it lacks the physical substance of relativity (as it is actually about mathematical artwork of general covariance rather than about physical relativity).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Monte Carlo Simulations Predict Distinct Real EEG Patterns in Individuals with High and Low Iqs

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 8 Pages.

The neural mechanisms underlying individual differences in intelligence are a central focus in neuroscience. We investigated the effectiveness of Monte Carlo simulations in predicting real EEG patterns and uncovering potential neural differences between individuals with high and low intelligence. EEG data were collected from two groups of volunteers categorized by IQ, namely, a high-IQ group and a low-IQ group. A univariate normal distribution was fitted to each EEG channel using Maximum Likelihood Estimation, after which synthetic datasets were generated based on the estimated parameters. Statistical analyses including Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) calculations assessed the alignment between real and simulated data. We showed that Monte Carlo simulations effectively replicated the statistical properties of the EEG data from both the groups, closely matching the real central tendencies, variability and overall distribution shapes. Specific EEG channels, particularly in the frontal and temporal bilateral regions, exhibited significant differences between the two groups, pointing to potential neural markers of cognitive abilities. Further, the low-IQ group exhibited higher predictability and more consistent neural patterns, reflected by lower RMSE values and smaller standard deviations across several EEG channels. Conversely, the high-IQ group displayed greater variability and larger RMSE values, reflecting complex neural dynamics that are less predictable by Monte Carlo simulations. Our findings underscore the utility of Monte Carlo simulations as a robust tool for replicating EEG patterns, identifying cognitive differences and predicting EEG activity associated with intelligence levels. These insights can inform predictive modeling, neurocognitive research, educational strategies and clinical interventions of targeted cognitive enhancement.
Category: Mind Science

Ether and Its Geometric Changes [as] Origin of Mass, Energy and Light

Authors: Ahmad Torfi
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper presents a novel model that introduces ether and its geometric changes as the fundamental source of matter, energy, gravity, electromagnetic properties, light, and quantum phenomena such as wave-particle duality and tunneling. This model proposes that the behavior of fundamental particles and forces can be interpreted through the dynamic and complex geometry of ether.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Trial Experiments for the Technology [Predicted by] Theories

Authors: Vladimir Pastushenko
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted)

There are amazing properties of mathematics to model and calculate physical properties of matter. Mathematics describes physical experiments, generalizes and predicts physical properties. And mathematical models are created in the Euclidean axiomatics of points ("...having no parts"), lines ("...length without width"), a system of numbers equal by analogy to units. A set of Euclidean points at one point, is it a point or a set of them? A set of Euclidean lines at one "length without width", is it a line or a set of them? Euclidean axiomatics does not give answers to such questions. But it is this axiomatics that is our technology of theories in space-time. There is another technology of theories of dynamic space-matter, in which the technology of theories in Euclidean axiomatics is a limiting, special case. To test the reality of such a technology of theories, in essence, research is conducted by examining trial experiments that follow from such a technology of theories of dynamic space-matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Effect of Cognitive Avoidance on Rumination in College Students: the Chain Mediating Role of Perfectionism and Stress

Authors: Debao An
Comments: 12 Pages.

Objective: To study the chain mediating effect of perfectionism and stress on cognitive avoidance and rumination. Methods: A total of 5412 college students were surveyed by Cognitive Avoidance Scale, Perfectionism Scale, Stress Scale and Rumination Scale. Results :(1) correlation analysis showed that there were significant positive correlations among cognitive avoidance, perfectionism, stress and rumination (r = 0.324-0.484, P < 0.001); (2) Cognitive avoidance had a significant positive effect on rumination (t = 0.347, P < 0.001), (3)perfectionism partially mediated the relationship between cognitive avoidance and rumination([0.1096,0.1429], P < 0.001), pressure partially mediated the relationship between cognitive avoidance and rumination ([0.0584, 0.0878], P < 0.001) , perfectionism and stress played a significant role in the chain mediation between cognitive avoidance and rumination ([0.0034,0.0070], P < 0.001) . Conclusion: Cognitive avoidance can directly affect rumination and indirectly affect rumination through the chain mediating effect of perfectionism and stress. This study reveals the relationship between cognitive avoidance and rumination and its mechanism.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Pseudo-Trigonometric Functions

Authors: Ahcene Ait Saadi
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper introduces a new concept concerning periodic functions. These functions entitled: pseudo- trigonometric functions, allow us to draw curves and periodic straight line segments.I defined the functions : pseudo-sine denoted( spx) and pseudo-cosine denoted (cpx), as well as their reciprocal functions. I defined the hyperbolic pseudo-sine and hyperbolic pseudo-cosine functions. This new mathematical tool allows me to calculate differential equations and integrals of a new kind.
Category: Algebra

Methods of Nonlinear Bifurcation Geometry in the Study of Nonautonomous Scalar Equations

Authors: Alexander C. Sarich
Comments: 19 Pages.

The study of nonautonomous scalar equations comprises a subset of solutions defining the regions of stability and instability inherent to a system. Under specific shifts in the variables of such equations, those referring to a scalar parameter, the quantity of stability points may vary. The exact value at which the quantity of stability points changes, refers to a bifurcation in the system. When a specific function, or set of functions, cannot be solved exactly through algebraic methods, an equivalence to geometric structures may provide intuitive connections to a more abstract topology that solves for those values exactly. Examples considered include˙ x = x−x2e−1(1 + t2)−1, and the Spruce-Budworm and Forest Model.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Investigations in the Displacement Current of Transverse Electromagnetic Waves and Longitudinal Interactions

Authors: Arvin Sharma
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Displacement Current is a peculiar aspect of Maxwell's equation created by theoretical necessity only to be later validated through experimentation. We analyze the properties of the Displacement Current in the static condition of resulting in polarization of dielectrics and in the dynamic condition in Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) waves. We perform this investigation to determine the role the Displacement Current has in influencing longitudinal interactions attributed to particles of light as part of the long-standing problem of physical optics known as the wave-particle duality, in addition to exploration of the theories of faster than light propagation in theoretical longitudinal modes of electric transmission attributed to the Displacement Current.
Category: Classical Physics

Complex Exponentiation

Authors: Muhammad Talha
Comments: 11 Pages.

This paper presents a comprehensive derivation of a calculatorfriendly expression for computing the power of one complex number raised to another, specifically z1 = a + bi raised to z2 = c + di. By leveraging the fundamental properties and formulae intrinsic to complex numbers, we develop an explicit, practical method that can be implemented on modern scientific and graphical calculators, such as the Casio FX-991ES or newer models. The derivation emphasizes the mathematical rigor required to handle the inherent complexities of exponentiation in the complex plane, while also providing a user-friendly format that simplifies direct calculation. This work not only bridgesthe gap between theoretical mathematics and practical computation but also offers a valuable tool for students, educators, and professionals who frequently engage in complex number arithmetic. With this approach, the need for advanced computational tools like Mapleor Mathematica for complex exponentiation is significantly reduced. The derived formula is capable of calculating complex exponents withprecision up to six decimal places, closely matching the accuracy of these sophisticated tools. Thus, it enhances the efficiency of problemsolving in various mathematical and engineering applications.
Category: Algebra

On Induced Modules Over Group Rings of Soluble Groups of Finite Rank

Authors: Anatolii V. Tushev
Comments: 11 Pages.

The paper is a survey where we discuss various methods for obtaining results oninduced modules over group rings of soluble groups of finite rank. These methodsallow us to obtain results on the structure of solvable groups admitting primitiveand semiprimitive faithful irreducible representations. In particular, it allows usto study the structure of irreducible representations of some classes of nilpotentgroups.
Category: Algebra

The STEM Approach Volume 2: Atomic Structure

Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 98 Pages. Volume 2 of 3

STEM (Spin Torus Energy Model) is an energy-centric approach to atomic Physics that is based upon the simple hypothesis that ‘there is only one type of energy-generating material’, and that material is electromagnetic in nature and has been called energen. STEM proposes that, rather than positively charged matter (e.g. positrons and protons) being distinctly different to negatively charged matter (e.g. electrons), all forms of matter are to be related to various energen-based structures. All fundamental particles, composite particles, electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and matter are thus considered to be derived from and definable in terms of energen concentrations, flow patterns or combinations thereof.STEM is a pragmatic approach whose ‘proof of concept’ has been in terms of how well it sits with existing mathematical theory (such as the QM wave equations), existing experimental observations, and the theory behind the practical applications of the applied Science and engineering areas. STEM has resulted in physical models for fundamental and composite particles but, being a pragmatic approach, very little new mathematical theory has accompanied its development. Whereas conventional Atomic Physics tends to be disjointed and conflicted, the beauty of the STEM approach is that it provides consistent seamless explanations across the applied Science areas.This paper is the second of three volumes covering a wide range of Physics-related phenomena. Volume 1 proposes and develops a toroidal structure for the electron, and applies it to explain electricity and electromagnetism. Volume 2 addresses atomic structure, developing a structure for quarks, nucleons and atomic nuclei. Volume 3 addresses the physical nature of light and related forms of electromagnetic radiation (EMR).
Category: Classical Physics

Thermal Relativity Revisited : Relativity of Entropy, Negative Mass, Entropy and Temperature

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 14 Pages.

We review the basics of Thermal Relativity Theory and describe many of the novel physical consequences, including the $corrections$ to the Schwarzschild black hole entropy. One of the most salient results is the existence of a minimal area ${ L_P^2 over 4 pi} $, where $ L_P$ is the Planck length. The brief review paves the way to the study of the thermal relativistic analog of Lorentz transformations. A careful examination of these transformations imply that entropy is observer $dependent$ and that one must also include negative masses, entropy and temperature in the formalism. A review of the literature on negative masses, entropy and temperature follows. In special relativity one has the equivalence of mass and energy. While in thermal relativity one finds an equivalence of proper thermal mass $ {cal M } $ (not to be confused with ordinary mass) and proper entropy $ {bf s }$. We conclude with a brief description of Born's Reciprocal Relativity Theory (BRRT), based on a maximal proper-force, a maximal speed of light, inertial and non-inertial observers, and explain how to extend the formulation of thermal relativity described in this work to cotangent spaces.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

An Alternate Solution to the Black Hole Information Paradox

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages.

A short informal essay proposing that the Holographic Principle may offer a possible alternative solution to the Black Hole Information Paradox proposed by physicist Stephen Hawking. The actual concept of falling is re-examined. Objects that fall into a black hole have their information randomized. This information exists on a holographic boundary where it is randomized, but not lost or destroyed. That information on the holographic boundary in bits is equivalent, in our universe outside of the black hole’s event horizon, to information measured in bits of the total change in distance to the black hole of all entities due to the change (increase or decrease) in black hole mass, after an object falls into it or it evaporates, supporting the theory of a universe that is foundationally a "network of relations." The total change to our universe as a superstructure relational network, as measured in bits of information, is equivalent to the total bits of information needed to describe an object as it disappears behind a black hole event horizon.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Trouble with GenAI: LLMs are still not any close to AGI - They will never be

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 24 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaes.wordpress.com/

The pursuit of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) has been a prominent goal within the field of artificial intelligence. However, this paper argues that current Generative AI Language Models (GenAI LLMs), such as GPT-4 o1, and similar/later LLMs with similar architectures like o3, are fundamentally incapable of achieving AGI. This argument is supported by examining the intrinsic limitations of LLMs, their operational paradigms, and the essential characteristics that define AGI.We discuss a short experiment performed with all the big LLMs, including the latest ones released by the main different AI providers: extracting and producing a list of URL links from a word document. None of the LLMs succeeded, including the latest from OpenAI, Google, Claude or Perplexity. Instead they all get confused, extract only a subset then, when shown how to do it, they hallucinate the links and never produce a complete list. It happens even when shown how to do it. We take this as a counterexample to statements made by many that, by now, end of 2024, GenAI LLMs would, already reach AGI, or be almost there. In fact we argue that AGI is not about to be reached by LLMs any time soon. They will never reach AGI, without changes away from just being LLMS. Claims to the contrary are unrealistic.The paper presents possible direction to reach AGI, and in particulars our views on how to proceed.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Hooke-Kepler Law of Gravitation: the Rejected Law of Gravitation, Which Turned Out to be More Accurate and Perfect Than Newton's Law

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 24 Pages.

The role of Robert Hooke in the discovery of the law of universal gravitation is shown in a new light. New circumstances are revealed that relate to the priority dispute between Hooke and Newton. It is shown that Newton's law of gravitation is not the only law of gravitational interaction. There is another law of gravitation that was outside Newton's field of vision. The existence of this law was indicated by Robert Hooke in his correspondence with Newton. Robert Hooke pointed out that the law of gravitation should take into account the elliptical orbits of the planets and the inverse square law. In 1687, Newton presented the law of gravitation, which includes the inverse square law. But the parameters of the elliptical orbit were not included in Newton's law. Instead of the orbital parameters, Newton introduced mass into his law: FN ∝ mM/r^2. As a result, a more perfect law of gravitation than Newton's law was not discovered. Here we present this law of gravitation. It has a beautiful and mathematically perfect form: FH-K = mR^3/(T*r)^2. I call this physical law the Hooke-Kepler law of gravitation. It includes the Kepler constant. It includes the inverse square law. It does not include the central mass. It does not contain the gravitational constant G. This is a more accurate and perfect law of gravitation than Newton's law, since distances and periods are known from observations with greater accuracy than mass. Thus, Hooke's path to the law of gravitation was more promising than Newton's. Robert Hooke was very close to discovering an alternative law of gravitation. Obviously, Hooke knew something about gravitation that Newton did not.
Category: Classical Physics

The Fundamental Circularity Theorem: Why Some Mathematical Behaviours Are Inherently Unprovable

Authors: Alister John Munday
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper introduces the Fundamental Circularity Theorem (FCT), establishing that certain mathematical behaviours are inherently unprovable because they emerge directly from fundamental properties that cannot themselves be proven without circular reasoning. Using the Collatz conjecture as our primary example, we demonstrate how mathematical behaviours that arise purely from the interaction of fundamental properties resist formal proof not due to complexity or logical paradox, but because any proof would require proving unprovable fundamentals. This insight offers a new understanding of mathematical unprovability distinct from Gödel's incompleteness theorems or independence results.
Category: Number Theory

The Black Hole Universe Hypothesis

Authors: Stefanos Kiriakidis
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Listed scientific references should be cited in the article) Contact info: stefan.kiriakidis@outlook.com

This paper proposes a novel hypothesis exploring the formation of black holes and their potential role as conduits to new universes. Building on general relativity and quantum gravity concepts, the hypothesis suggests that singularities within black holes create ruptures in the fabric of space-time, giving rise to white holes that initiate new space-time continua. This process reinterprets the Big Bang as a white hole event linked to a black hole in a parent universe, offering a cyclical model of cosmic regeneration. Observational predictions are outlined, including potential traces of parent universes in the cosmic microwave background, unique gravitational wave signatures, and anomalies in antimatter behavior. Mathematical formulations are provided to describe energy conservation and entropy dynamics during black hole transitions, while future experimental tests are suggested to validate the theory. If proven, this hypothesis could revolutionize our understanding of black holes, the multiverse, and the nature of cosmic evolution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Expanding the 64-Tetrahedron Grid to 256-Tetrahedron Grid

Authors: Bruno R. Galeffi
Comments: 7 Pages.

The octahedron appears as a fundamental geometry in the universe at various scales. The expansion of the 64-Tetrahedron Grid is explored through widening of the octahedron network backbone, which leads to a startling 256-Tetrahedron Grid.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Numerical Symmetry of Magic Squares and Cubes

Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, the article heading should be in the following order: Article title, author name and abstract - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted)

Formulas are defined for calculating the sum of a series of numbers — the so—called constant - that make up a square and a cube of a certain order. The central symmetry of magic squares from the 2nd to the 8th order, as well as magic cubes from the 3rd to the 5th order, is analyzed. It is revealed that the magic squares of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, and 8th order have a "homogeneous" central symmetry (relative to the diagonals), and the magic square of the 6th order has a "mixed" central symmetry. The character of symmetry is determined in the same way for magic cubes of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th orders. "Homogeneous" symmetry is characteristic of the magic cube of the 3rd order and the 5th order, and "heterogeneous" - for the magic cube of the 4th order. Based on the logic of constructing magic squares and cubes, two similar magical objects are constructed — a cube in a cube and cubes in a cube. The first one is based on a magic square of the 4th order (Albrecht Dürer, 1514), and the second one is based on a magic square of the 8th order. These magical figures have a "mixed" symmetry.
Category: Number Theory

Sn1987a and the Neutrino Mass. Multimessenger Event Synchronization

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 31 Pages. In Spanish

In this paper, the multi-messenger event SN1987A is analyzed from the point of view of special relativity of fields. We will first obtain the speed of the neutrinos which, together with the estimate of their kinetic energy, will allow us to get an idea of their mass. The characteristics of the next Betelgeuse event will also be predicted and relationships are given for other multi-messenger events.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unified Spin Dynamics: From Pseudovector Nature to Relativistic Constraints

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 17 Pages.

We present an algebraic framework demonstrating that electron spin states arise dynamically rather than being predetermined. By reinterpreting Thomas precession in accelerated motion, we establish the natural quantization of spin angular momentum to ℏ/2, and its characteristic 4π periodicity. The 0-Sphere model introduces a dynamic photon sphere, characterized by Zitterbewegung oscillation at approximately 0.04c. This mechanism resolves the superluminal velocity paradox in classical electron models, while providing a physical basis for spin orientation. Our analysis of the outer product operation reveals that spin states emerge from periodic variations, with orientation determined by dynamic processes rather than predefined properties. The model naturally explains spin's pseudovectorial nature through the geometric properties of the photon sphere, providing a unified understanding of spin transformation under spatial inversion and time reversal. Furthermore, we propose a novel interpretation of quantum entanglement through temporal phase progression, where correlated spins maintain their relationship via coherent oscillations instead of non-local interactions. Our findings suggest that the violation of Bell's inequality originates from the failure of realism, not locality. This perspective preserves locality and explains entangled states through coherent temporal phase evolution, offering a novel understanding of quantum mechanical correlations.
Category: Quantum Physics

There not Exists Odd Perfect Numbers

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 1 Page.

Proof by contradiction of non existence of odd perfect numbers by parity comparasion.
Category: Number Theory

Spacetime Quantization Via Null Geodesics in a Static Manifold

Authors: Christopher R. Brown
Comments: 13 Pages.

We construct a static, spherically symmetric cosmological solution that reproduces the observed linear redshift-distance relation without resorting to metric expansion. By defining the radial coordinate via null geodesics and introducing the dimensionless parameter Hr/c, the matter density profile and metric emerge directly from the Einstein field equations. The solution admits a stable static configuration with a density distribution scaling as ρ(r) ∝ [1 + (Hr/c)]^-2, and recovers standard redshift-distance behavior through gravitational redshifts alone. No cosmological constant or fine-tuning is required, and the resulting spacetime is consistent with basic observational constraints. This model also predicts a Schwarzschild horizon and associated Hawking radiation. The factor of change needed to blue shift this radiation to the 2.725 K observed in the CMB is shown by (2.725 K)/(T_K) = √(r_H/2l_p). The quantization of spacetime simply emerges as a consequence of the presence of mass. This entire framework should be considered with a great deal of skepticism, as it deviates considerably from standard practices. However, the approach does offer a theoretically consistent model that has the potential to resolve several long-standing mysteries in physics and warrants investigation from the broader community based on the scholarly arguments alone.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometrical Meaning of Covariant and Contravariant Vector

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 4 Pages.

This article presented the accurate understanding of the geometrical meaning of covariant and contra-variant vectors, critically analyzing three prevalent misconceptions about this concept found in numerous sources.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is 1.41+1.73=3.14 Just a Coincidence

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 20 Pages. 5 Figures, in Chinese.

This paper gives the precise relationship formula of π with the square root of 2 and the square root of 3, i.e., 2^0.5+3^0.5=πγ with γ=1.00148705350035u2026, and gives the relevant approximation formula which we found in 2022, i.e., 1.41+1.73=3.14, in which 1.41, 1.73 and 3.14 correspond to the centigrade approximations of the square root of 2, the square root of 3 and π respectively. We also review the applications of the formula of 1.41+1.73=3.14 in our theories including the centigrade natural number axis, the new atomic units, the new periodic table of elements, the chirality model of atomic nucleus and the periodic table of nuclides, the formulas of the fine-structure constant, the formulas of the speed of light in atomic units, the predictions of the super-heavy elements and the formulas of the anomalous magnetic moments of electron, muon and tauon. And hence we conclude that the formula of 1.41+1.73=3.14 is not just a coincidence but is a basic principle in the sub-atomic world.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Mechanical Advantage of Electromagnetic Railgun for Space Launch Assist

Authors: Felipe Wescoup
Comments: 12 Pages.

Space launch has traditionally relied on vertical rocket systems that must overcome Earth's gravity while carrying their entire propulsion system and fuel load from ground level. This paper presents analysis of a horizontal electromagnetic rail launch system for space launch assist, examining its mechanical advantage for winged launch vehicles. Unlike traditional rocket designs where minimizing mass is paramount, this concept benefits from concentrating significant mass behind a minimal forward-facing profile, fundamentally changing the optimization approach. The mechanical advantage increases non-linearly with launch velocity, suggesting rail-assisted launch could enable more efficient space access. The SpaceX Starship and Super Heavy configuration was used as a reference case to quantify these benefits.
Category: General Science and Philosophy