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[176] viXra:2412.0193 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-31 06:17:51
Authors: Matthias Otte
Comments: 4 Pages.
Ankmahor was a prominent high priest in ancient Egypt, known for his magnificent mastaba from the 6th Dynasty, often referred to as the "Tomb of the Physician." In addition to his role as a priest and healer, Ankmahor played a central part in the initiation rituals of young priests, guiding them on their symbolic journey through the underworld, a crucial spiritual journey central to the Egyptian Mysteries. This article highlights Ankmahor's significance as a spiritual leader and teacher, preparing young priests for their transformative journey. His role in conducting rituals that symbolized the transition from the material world to spiritual existence is especially emphasized. The article draws parallels between the Egyptian underworld journey and later traditions, including gnostic teachings in the Gospel of Thomas and Christian rituals such as baptism and the descent of Christ into the underworld. Ankmahor's influence on Western spirituality and his importance as a "bridge between worlds" are underscored.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism
[175] viXra:2412.0192 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-31 09:28:43
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 12 Pages.
This study suggests that the nuclear structure determines the atomic properties and proposes a geometric nuclear model to confirm this. The model contains the advantages of the liquid drop, shell, collective and cluster models and can serve as a starting point to an effective field theory process. The main goal at this stage is not necessarily to obtain more accurate results than existing models, but rather to raise the possibility of a tangible interpretation of nuclear and atomic physics and to explore different perspectives of this idea. According to the model, the nucleus generally has an ellipsoidal shape, made up of a three-dimensional lattice of proton-neutron bonds (treated here as a cubic system) and nuclear shells populated by protons, which resemble the atomic shells of the periodic table. The excess neutrons (those not paired with protons) are in the nuclear envelope. First, it is shown that the model is empirically confirmed (to a good approximation) via nuclear mass calculation and a consistent development of the nuclei with filled sub-orbitals. It is then argued that the periodic system is derivable from the model. Furthermore, the spatial nuclear structure is shown to correlate with the covalent atomic radius, and this potentially implies that the nuclear structure determines the atomic properties.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[174] viXra:2412.0191 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-31 12:26:16
Authors: Claus D. Volko
Comments: 5 Pages.
A debate on Facebook dealing with the idea that one could continue living after his/her death if one uploaded the contents of one‘s brain onto a computer has stimulated me to thinking about the relationship between mind and matter. The conclusions I have come up with are far reaching: they explain what probably is the true self of a person, why there probably is a life after death, and all of a sudden, Carl Gustav Jung‘s theory of psychological functions makes sense as I have managed to build a model of the human organism from which most of Jung‘s theory follows per logical deduction.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[173] viXra:2412.0190 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-31 15:47:15
Authors: Daoudi Rédoane
Comments: 9 Pages.
Microtubules are essential components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells, playing pivotal roles in intracellular transport, cell division, and maintaining cell structure. Their dynamic behavior, such as polymerization, depolymerization, and their response to variouscellular signals, makes them a fascinating subject for study. While biochemical and biophysical research has significantly advanced our understanding of microtubule function, recent mathematical models have provided new insights into their dynamics, stability, and interactions with other cellular components. This article explores the application of advanced mathematical tools to model the structure, dynamics, and functionality of microtubules. Techniques such as differentialequations, statistical mechanics, network theory, and computational simulations are employed to describe microtubule behavior at multiple scales, ranging from individual tubulin dimers to entire microtubule assemblies. We highlight key models that have advanced the understanding of microtubule dynamics and discuss how these models canbe applied to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying various cellular processes and diseases.
Category: Physics of Biology
[172] viXra:2412.0189 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-31 19:46:44
Authors: E. P. J. de Haas
Comments: 85 Pages.
In this book I update the 1890s Theosophist and 1970s New Age attempts to fuse spiritualism with modern science. The main inspiration for Astrological Darwinism comes from the esoteric works of the philosopher Bergson and the Egyptologist Schwaller de Lubicz. In this book I elaborate the intuition that the Astrological Great Year is fundamentally a Cycle of Life in the evolution of humanity. The core of this idea is that a cyclic manifestation of Bergsons ‘élan vital’ can be projected onto the Zodiac of Denderah. A cyclic version of Bergson’s ‘Creative Evolution’ results and will be applied to human evolution of the last hundred thousand years. Schwaller de Lubicz suggested that the Zodiac of Denderah depicted the Pharaonic Egyptians’ knowledge of three such cycles, thus dating back to the very paleo-anthropological origin of human symbolism, some seventy eight thousand years ago.According to the sociologist Weber, our era can be characterised by a steady process of ‘Disenchantment’, of progressive objectification and technological advancement. In playback we would see a process of reversed-Weberian Enchantment. This playback is our prophesied future. Our present-day linear conception of history and evolution is thus replaced by a cyclic view, following the timeline of the Great Year of Astrology. Disenchantment will continue and peak at the Age of Aquarius, after which re-enchantment will set in and peak again at the future Age of Leo, fourteen thousand years from now. I identify this ‘peak magic’ as ‘peak creative evolution’ in line with Bergson’s neovitalism.Philosophically, Astrological Darwinism centres around two axioms. The first is the quantum axiom of `chosen wave function collapse' and its biological subset of `chosen mutations'. It is the Bersonian `élan vital' of the soul that makes the choices by quantum looking at the genes and thus acting as a metaphysical or vital `hidden variable' causing genetic mutations. The 'Goddess Principle' is a more appropriate name for this axiom, because the main active agents of this capacity are women during or around the Age of Leo. The second axiom is that the capacity of complex, multicellular life forms to apply this `chosen mutations' is cyclic, following the 26.000 year precession of the equinox. I expect this second axiom to be verified by a future quantum-gravity-biology, which might be developed in the next hundred years or so.Astrological Darwinism is a metaphysical narrative with implications for evolutionary biology, history and trans-humanism. In this book, the last six Great Years are reconstructed, going back 140 thousand years, thus producing a new Grand Narrative of human evolution.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism
[171] viXra:2412.0188 [pdf] replaced on 2026-02-27 21:43:44
Authors: Toshihiko Ishiwata
Comments: 10 Pages.
This paper is a trial to prove Goldbach conjecture according to the following process.1. We make the function lu2032(n) regarding n. When an even number n is divided into 2 odd numbers, lu2032(n) ≤ l(n) holds true. l(n) : the total number of ways to divide an even number n into 2 primenumbers. 2. We find that 0 < lu2032(n) holds true in 4∗1018 ≤ n. 3. Goldbach conjecture is already confirmed to be true up to n = 4∗1018. 4. Goldbach conjecture is true from the above item 1. — 3.
Category: Number Theory
[170] viXra:2412.0187 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-30 06:47:38
Authors: Kohji Suzuki
Comments: 71 Pages.
Prior to revisiting cubic equation, we treat quadratic equation. Included herein are reviews on it, a root-finding algorithm, which is compared with the Newton's method, a tidbit about the Euler—Mascheroni constant, and so on.
Category: General Mathematics
[169] viXra:2412.0186 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-30 10:45:17
Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 7 Pages.
We present continued fraction representations of universal numbers and some approximations to underline on what nature’s infinitely repeated processes are footed as the mathematical basis of our life and the entire cosmos.
Category: Number Theory
[168] viXra:2412.0185 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-30 21:16:44
Authors: V.A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 3 Pages.
The e-print arXiv:2410.19671 [1] presents new, interesting results of the experimental study of scattered light by cold atoms. Here we propose an alternative explanation of the physical nature of anisotropic radiation scattering and a simple protocol for its experimental verification.
Category: Quantum Physics
[167] viXra:2412.0184 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-30 21:15:44
Authors: Claus D. Volko
Comments: 7 Pages.
Symbiont Conversion Theory is a new scientific theory, summarizing and generalizing efforts that have been made by various researchers in the past years; it could even be perceived as a new scientific paradigm. This theory states that microorganisms and cells which are commonly considered to display parasitic behaviour can be "educated" and transformed into symbionts. This is not just a hypothesis but a theory since there is already evidence that proves that this is possible. The primary motivation for developing this theory is the failure of classical approaches to therapy of cancer and infectious diseases that follow the paradigm "destroy and kill". It is common knowledge about medical doctors that chemotherapy and radiation therapy have detrimental side effects on healthy, functional tissue, and also that antibiotics can harm benevolent cells. These negative side effects can possibly be avoided by the new approach of treating parasitic diseases by converting the culprits into symbionts of which the human organism profits. Another motivation for developing this theory is that some researchers have suggested bacteria and other microbes have certain innate rights themselves [Cockell].
Category: Biochemistry
[166] viXra:2412.0183 [pdf] replaced on 2025-08-26 14:30:19
Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 29 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified
We study the Cassell's New Latin Dictionary, Latin-English/English-Latin, Second Edition, 1962.We draw the natural logarithm of the numbers of the Latin head entries of the Latin-English part of the Dictionary, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised/unnormalised. We find that the Latin head entries of the Cassell's New latin Dictionary underlie a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in the presence of little external magnetic field.
Category: Social Science
[165] viXra:2412.0181 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-29 00:46:13
Authors: Richard Murdoch Montgomery
Comments: 17 Pages.
Random matrix theory (RMT) has long served as a cornerstone of modern physics, mathematics, and complex systems analysis. More recently, topological and differential topological methods have emerged as powerful tools to characterize the global structures and stability properties of ecological networks. This article develops an integrated framework bridging RMT with topology and differential topology to study ecological systems, aiming to provide novel insights into their resilience and underlying structural features. We present the relevant mathematical foundations, illustrate computational algorithms (including multiple graphical outputs), and demonstrate these methods on both synthetic and real ecological data. Our findings highlight how topological invariants, combined with the spectral properties of large random matrices, shed light on the stability and transition behaviors of communities under perturbations. Advantages and limitations are discussed, paving the way for future research directions at the intersection of mathematics and ecology.
Category: Topology
[164] viXra:2412.0180 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-29 23:29:27
Authors: Yusuke Kato
Comments: 46 Pages.
The electromagnetic, strong, Higgs, weak, gravity force are explained as the result of interference. The force is that the waves try to avoid weakening and to strengthen each other to increase their probability of existence. These forces correspond to axial, radial, space moving, time moving, size symmetry. The Standard Model is explained geometrically, with γ and Z^0 are orthogonal planes, W^± is a sphere, and Θ_W is the angle between a sphere and a plane. All forces are unified in the form that the magnitude of the geometrically expressed phase asymmetry coincides with the gauge coupling constant. The theoretical and experimental values for the mass and coupling constant of the gauge particle are almost in agreement. Photons are symmetrical from front to back, so they have zero mass. All forces are derived from the principle that particle waves are always standing waves. The masses of all fermions are expressed in geometric volume ratios, and it is suggested that the generation is the number of dimensions of space. Energy and asymmetry are equivalent. The asymmetry of the Higgs particle is 1, and the Higgs mass M_H is a natural unit. 2M_H-v.e.v. divided by the Higgs volume inflated to match the hierarchy of gravity matches the observed value of dark energy. All forces and mass are not just one or something that was unnecessary in the early universe, they are all necessarily necessary.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[163] viXra:2412.0179 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-27 23:06:26
Authors: Daoudi Rédoane
Comments: 7 Pages.
Ion channels are essential for the proper functioning of excitable cells, governing key processes such as action potentials, resting membrane potential and cellular homeostasis. The kinetics of ion channel opening, closing, andinactivation are critical to their proper function, and mathematical modeling of these processes offers valuable insights into both normal physiology and pathophysiological conditions. This article explores the biomathematics behind ion channel kinetics, focusing on the mechanisms of channel gating andinactivation, and how these processes are mathematically described. Furthermore, it discusses the implications of ion channel dysfunction in various diseases, including neurological disorders, cardiac arrhythmias, muscular diseases, and cystic fibrosis. By modeling the dynamics of ion channel statesand incorporating experimental data, mathematical approaches help to elucidate disease mechanisms and support the development of targeted therapies for ion channel-related diseases. This work highlights the power of biomathematical models in advancing our understanding of cellular physiology andin guiding clinical interventions.
Category: Physics of Biology
[162] viXra:2412.0178 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-28 23:36:27
Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 94 Pages.
STEM (Spin Torus Energy Model) is an energy-centric approach to atomic Physics that is based upon the simple hypothesis that ‘there is only one type of energy-generating material’, and that material is electromagnetic in nature and has been called energen. STEM proposes that, rather than positively charged matter (e.g. positrons and protons) being distinctly different to negatively charged matter (e.g. electrons), all forms of matter are to be related to energen-based structures or various combinations thereof. All fundamental particles, composite particles, electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and matter are thus considered to be derived from and definable in terms of energen concentrations, flow patterns or combinations thereof.STEM is a pragmatic approach whose ‘proof of concept’ has been in terms of how well it sits with existing mathematical theory (such as the QM wave equations), existing experimental observations, and the theory behind the practical applications of the applied Science and engineering areas. STEM has resulted in physical models for fundamental and composite particles but, being a pragmatic approach, very little new mathematical theory has accompanied its development. Whereas conventional Atomic Physics tends to be disjointed and conflicted, the beauty of the STEM approach is that it provides consistent seamless explanations across the applied Science areas.This paper is the first of three volumes covering a wide range of Physics-related phenomena. Volume 1 proposes and develops a toroidal structure for the electron, and applies it to explain electricity and electromagnetism. Volume 2 addresses atomic structure, developing a structure for quarks, nucleons and atomic nuclei. Volume 3 addresses the physical nature of light and related forms of electromagnetic radiation (EMR).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[161] viXra:2412.0177 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-28 23:33:14
Authors: Vitaly V. Chaban
Comments: 29 Pages.
This article explores a modern approach to designing carbon dioxide (СО2) sorbents based on the concept of the potential energy landscape (PEL). The authors analyze the relationship between PEL characteristics and СО2 sorption efficiency. The article demonstrates how manipulating PEL parameters enables the development of optimized materials with desired sorption properties. The article investigates the influence of the depth and distribution of energy minima on the selectivity, capacity, and kinetics of СО2 sorption. Various strategies for modifying the PEL, including surface functionalization and the targeted introduction of defects, to achieve the desired sorption characteristics are highlighted. Examples of different types of sorbents, such as MOFs, zeolites, and activated carbons, designed within the framework of the PEL concept. Potential applications of the developed sorbents in carbon capture and storage technologies, as well as the synthesis of chemically valuable products. This review will be of interest to specialists in materials science and energy who are engaged in the development of new sorption materials.
Category: Classical Physics
[160] viXra:2412.0176 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-28 23:32:02
Authors: Bhasanpal Thiru
Comments: 2 Pages.
The glitch in the Special Theory of Relativity that has been unresolved for very long time due to its insignificance in the day to day practical application, but will be of greater significance in the upcoming era has been finally resolved.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[159] viXra:2412.0175 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-28 09:53:29
Authors: Tatsuyuki Sugawa
Comments: 6 Pages.
In this short report we speculate the spacetime dimension in our universe , by using both the Kasner solutions to the Einstein field equations and the Kaluza-Klein concept of the extra dimension. Surprisingly around the past Big-Bang, the space- time dimension may have been two dimensional (1+1) , and in the future the spacetime dimension may tend to three dimensional one (2+1) , though our observable space-time is four dimensions at the moment. This is a toy model.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[158] viXra:2412.0174 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-28 23:28:55
Authors: Berkouk Mohamed
Comments: 22 Pages. In French
The Collatz conjecture which is defined by: starting from all positive integer n, we apply these 2 instructions, if it is even divide it by 2, and if it is odd we multiply it by 3, we add 1 and we divide all by 2, the conjecture states that if we repeat the transformation of n, we always end up falling on 1 which in turn finds itself trapped indefinitely in the trivial cycle 1, 2, 3, 4. three steps were taken to arrive at its demonstrations, the first led to the uniqueness of the Trivial Cycle which consisted, in PART 1, of exploring in the Trivial Cycle a property recurring in all other cycles with more than three terms of which they can only generate, according to their Cycle equation, positive integers 1, 2 or 4. The second step consists of constructing a direct equivalence between the convergence of Syracuse towards 1 with the fact that the ratio of odd terms to the number of even terms is stuck in the interval [0, 0.63092975..[, and that thanks to this proposition, we were able to demonstrate the decrease of all n towards 1, finally the third step, which by a property of the average demonstrated by recurrence the equation which connects the powers of 2 with the powers of odd terms to which we applied the —Collatz 3n +1 instruction.
Category: Number Theory
[157] viXra:2412.0173 [pdf] replaced on 2025-08-17 09:09:24
Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 19 Pages. A crucial mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified
We study the head entries of The Penguin Dictionary of Archaeology by Warwick Bray and David Trump, Second Edition, 1982.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of head entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the dictionary can be characterised by BW(c=0.01),the magnetisation curve of the Ising Model in the Bragg-Williams approximation in the presence of external magnetic field, H. $c=frac{ H}{gamma epsilon}=0.01$ with $epsilon$ being the strength of coupling between two neighbouring spins in the Ising Model. $gamma$ represents the number of nearest neighbours of a spin, which is very large.
Category: Archaeology
[156] viXra:2412.0172 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-28 23:21:07
Authors: Antonio Fazzolari
Comments: 43 Pages.
Following what already exposed in "The statistical origin of the Alpha constant2", a model based purely on statistical mechanics is proposed to explain and calculate with high accuracy the properties of the electron, likecharge, spin and magnetic moment. All these features, beyond the very existence of the electromagnetic interaction, derive essentially from the assumption that a boson wave field possesses a chemical potential and from the definition of two statistical sets of opposite temperature. It's also shown that the SU(2) algebra, which is normally just assumed for the half Spin particles, is a consequence of this statistical structure, as it happens for theelectric interaction. The only constants used are c, ħ and the Boltzmann constant. The model predicts also a light asymmetry between electric repulsion and attraction that could explain the origin of the weak interaction.
Category: Quantum Physics
[155] viXra:2412.0171 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-28 23:17:46
Authors: Daoudi Rédoane
Comments: 6 Pages.
The process of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation is a fundamental biological mechanism through which genetic information is converted into functional proteins. This article explores the mathematical principles used to model mRNA translation,the components of these models, and their applications in understanding cellular biology and disease.
Category: Physics of Biology
[154] viXra:2412.0170 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-27 06:48:47
Authors: Vitaly V. Chaban
Comments: 27 Pages. in Russian
The development of new electrolyte solutions with improved characteristics is a key challenge for creating high-performance batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and other electrochemical devices. The study of the potential energy landscape (PEL) plays an important role in this process, providing information about the interactions between solution components at the molecular level. In this work, we review the practice of applying PEL research methods based on classical and quantum-chemical algorithms to analyze the structure, dynamics, and thermodynamic properties of electrolyte solutions. Intermolecular and ion-molecular interactions at the microscopic level, which determine the macroscopic properties of the electrolyte solution, are considered in detail. The importance of identifying stable configurations of ions and their solvates is emphasized. PEL analysis allows for the systematic determination of the most probable structures and complexes formed in solution, which is important for understanding ion transport mechanisms. The study of the PEL allows for the determination of the energy barriers that must be overcome for ion migration, which is related to the conductivity of the electrolyte. The application of PEL research methods in combination with experimental data opens up new possibilities for the rational design of electrolyte solutions with desired physicochemical properties.
Category: Condensed Matter
[153] viXra:2412.0169 [pdf] replaced on 2025-01-01 22:08:13
Authors: Algoni Mohamed
Comments: 10 Pages.
We propose a method to solve the Diophantine equation (E)1 : ax + by = c, where a, b, andc are natural numbers with a, b ̸= 0 and a≡±(10/p)[b], where p ∈ {1, 2, 5, 10}. The method is based on analyzing the units of the products pc and pb, denoted as u and uu2032, respectively. This approach simplifies and accelerates the resolution process by focusing on these units.
Category: Number Theory
[152] viXra:2412.0168 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-26 00:34:55
Authors: Dave E. Dunstan
Comments: 4 Pages.
A simple gravitational alternative to Hubble’s Law is presented. Measured redshifts are attributed to gravitation rather than recessional velocity. The measured redshift-distance data fits a gravitational potential with constant mass. Redshift is then a measure of the gravitational potential and the space-time curvature of the early universe. The redshift-distance data is fitted to a constant mass of 3.35 x 1053 kg (1.67 x 1023Msol) which is 2.23 times the estimated total mass of ordinary matter in the current universe. The expanding and accelerating universe are not predicted and the speculation of dark energy is no longer required.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[151] viXra:2412.0167 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-26 23:31:43
Authors: Nadezhda Andreeva, Vitaly V. Chaban
Comments: 29 Pages. In Russian
Metal film capacitors are ubiquitous components in modern electronics, playing an important role in energy storage, filtering, and voltage regulation. However, their performance and reliability can be reduced by partial electrical breakdowns caused by defects in the dielectric material. An attempt to partially mitigate this problem is the use of self-healing capacitors. The self-healing phenomenon significantly increases the service life of the device. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the currently known aspects and mechanisms of self-healing in metal film capacitors. The role of the self-healing phenomenon in increasing the number of operating cycles of a dielectric capacitor is discussed. The molecular processes underlying significantly different self-healing potentials of dielectric polymers are verified. The review is addressed to specialists in electrical engineering.
Category: Condensed Matter
[150] viXra:2412.0166 [pdf] replaced on 2025-01-05 09:05:25
Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 2 Pages.
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a popular and widely used optimization algorithm for solving complex problems. It is known for its simplicity and ease of implementation. Artificial Birds move in search space to find optimal solution. Although many PSO algorithms were proposed in literature the concepts like happiness and health are not yet explored in PSO algorithms. This article is based on this research gap. Happiness and Health Particle Swarm Optimization (HaHePSO) algorithm is created by incorporating the Happiness and Health concepts into Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. Each particle in HaHePSO algorithm is associated with happiness and health variables. The movement of Artificial Birds in PSO algorithm is based on fitness values. In HaHePSO algorithm the movement of Artifical Birds is dependent on happiness, health and fitness values. In PSO algorithm Artificial Birds move in the direction of local best and global best of fitness values. This idea is extended in HaHePSO algorithm where Artificial Birds move in the direction of local best and global best of happiness, health and fitness values. The HaHePSO algorithm proposed in this article takes more space and requires extra computation compared to PSO algorithm. This is due to the fact that each particle now has happiness and health variables associated with it and movement in search space is guided by the fitness, happiness and health values.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[149] viXra:2412.0165 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-26 23:27:30
Authors: Zhiyang Zhang
Comments: 32 Pages.
The Riemann hypothesis was proposed by mathematician Bernhard Riemann in 1859. The usual view is that Riemann makes a guess that all non trivial zeros are located on the critical line after simply calculating a few zeros, but this is not the case. Riemann even knew that the probability of counterexamples occurring was very low at that time, so he shyly put forward such a hypothesis. This article provides a detailed explanation of the conditions for the existence of counterexamples in Riemann's hypothesis from his perspective, and provides a calculation method for counterexamples.
Category: Number Theory
[148] viXra:2412.0164 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-25 23:01:42
Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 8 Pages.
Uncertainty is a complex and ubiquitous phenomenon. Randomness is an important concept to describe uncertainty, and its quantitative tool is probability. Through an in-depth study of the distribution law of prime numbers, this paper finds that prime number distribution has both randomness and certainty, which is defined as incomplete randomness. The position of prime numbers in the integer sequence is random, but the number of prime numbers in a certain interval is certain. And there are two trend characteristics of prime number distribution. One big trend is that the density of prime numbers gradually decreases; the other trend is that the probability density in the opposite direction increases slightly. Prime number distribution has a certain randomness, and its distribution is completely controlled by natural laws. There is no accidental cover-up and interference caused by minor factors. The number of prime numbers is fixed. Although there is no accurate function expression, it has a certain degree of certainty. This special type of distribution presents a fixed result and is an incomplete random distribution. The total probability of a particular event is calculated as the cumulative probability: P (total) = ∑P (n). The total cumulative probability as a quantitative tool for incomplete randomness is a new concept. Unlike classical probability, its value is allowed to be greater than the constant 1.The discovery of incomplete randomness helps to find the law of prime number distribution, deepen the understanding of the laws of the universe, and broaden the deeper thinking about the nature of nature.Many conjectures involving prime numbers are unresolved problems, some of which have been around for 300 years. Incomplete randomness can provide a new and unique perspective. This article applies the incomplete random distribution theorem and attempts to give proofs of some of these problems, such as the Mersenne prime conjecture and the Collatz conjecture.
Category: General Mathematics
[147] viXra:2412.0163 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-25 22:56:11
Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please move the author's credentials etc to a footnote)
An Axiom is a statement whose truth or validity is accepted, without providing any additionalproof or explanation why this statement is accepted as true or valid. On the other hand, Physics is about providing explanations about the Existence and the Universe, and it is expected that the Physics explanations should be accompanied by reason and proof. However, Physics does still contain statements which are presented as Axioms, even though, suchstatements are usually the basis, or the corner stones, of structures, which are built over these statements. This paper addresses this issue, about some of such statements that Physics presents as Axioms, and this paper also intends to provide an additional tentative explanation for one of these statements, which might help in providing additional validity to these statements.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[146] viXra:2412.0162 [pdf] replaced on 2025-01-17 21:35:02
Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 6 Pages.
Modern physics is facing a profound conundrum. Gravity is a fundamental force of nature, nevertheless, there is no theory, among many proposed, that can explain satisfactorily the origin of gravity. In addition, there are two major theories in modern physics: general relativity and quantum physics. Each of these theories has been proven to be correct with high confidence. Yet, no theory which combines both has been found. Specifically, quantum physics does not relate to gravity, whereas gravity is a profound parameter in general relativity. A theory that tries to unify the theories is quantum gravity. Quantum gravity hypothesizes that gravity may arise from quantum phenomena. However, there is no accepted answer.I claim that gravity is the residual (or leftover) of the strong force that is confined inside nucleons. In other words, gravity originates from the strong force. In my answer I relate also to the profound open question: Why is gravity, which is involved in the structure of our entire universe, so much weaker than the other fundamental forces?
Category: Quantum Physics
[145] viXra:2412.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-25 15:44:31
Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 6 Pages.
Recently, a classical model of electrons has been proposed, which represents the peak of a rotating field solution of a modified Born-Infeld field theory by a point-like particle of half the mass of the whole field solution. While this model is consistent with many features of electrons, it does not include the theoretical frequency of an electron's Zitterbewegung, which is a central part of many other models of spinning point-like electrons. In an attempt to explain the absence of this frequency in the new model, this work hypothesizes that the Hamiltonian of a free electron in Dirac's theory of electrons could be modified by halving the electron's mass when describing its spin motion. This leads to a modified frequency (equal to the Compton frequency), which is consistent with not only the modified Born-Infeld model of electrons but also de Broglie's internal clock hypothesis.
Category: Quantum Physics
[144] viXra:2412.0160 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-25 17:08:38
Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 17 Pages.
In this paper we investigate "inertial forces" and "fictitious forces" and the relationship between them as understood from the literature of physics where the majority seem to consider them as two labels for the same thing while some seem to suggest they are not identical. Our view and preference is to distinguish between them where fictitious forces should be considered a subset of inertial forces. We also investigate the issue of the reality of fictitious forces and whether they have authentic existence in the physical world or they are a kind of "delusion". Our view is that what is called "fictitious forces" can be either. In this regard, we identify and propose several physical characterizations and distinctions between the two types (i.e. the "apparently fictitious forces" which are physically real and the "really fictitious forces" which are illusory because they are purely frame-dependent as viewed by a non-inertial observer). This is consistent with our preference that fictitious forces should be considered a subset of inertial forces, i.e. "inertial forces" which are real should not be classified as "fictitious" in the real sense while "inertial forces" which are not real should be classified as "fictitious" in the real sense.
Category: Classical Physics
[143] viXra:2412.0159 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-25 01:18:11
Authors: Paul Caracristi
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper presents a novel interpretation of black holes, proposing that they represent a transitional process between realms of increasing and decreasing entropy. The event horizon is redefined as the beginning of this transition, where matter and energy shift from dynamic states of high gravitational interaction to a latent realm of static energy. Within this framework, space, time, entropy, and gravity progressively diminish, forming a temporal spectrum of decreasing frequency values. The core of the black hole is characterized as an asymptotic state of stasis and potentiality, a latent realm of pure potential energy. This theory challenges traditional notions of singularities and offers new perspectives on the cyclical nature of dynamic and latent realms.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[142] viXra:2412.0158 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-25 01:15:25
Authors: Paul Caracristi
Comments: 5 Pages.
The Great Attractor and Great Repeller are two prominent large-scale structures in the universe, influencing the motion of galaxies through their gravitational and proposed levitational effects. This paper proposes that the Great Attractor represents a region of strong positive spacetime curvature (gravitational field), while the Great Repeller corresponds to a region of strong negative spacetime curvature (Replusive spacetime curvature "RSC"). These dual fields generate dynamic cosmic flows, analogous to atmospheric high and low-pressure gradients on Earth. By incorporating RSC fields into cosmological models, this framework offers an alternative explanation for phenomena currently attributed to dark matter and dark energy. This perspective suggests that these enigmatic entities may not be as abundant or necessary as previously assumed, providing a new paradigm for understanding the universe’s large-scale structure and evolution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[141] viXra:2412.0157 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-24 13:24:20
Authors: Daoudi Rédoane
Comments: 5 Pages.
Proteins are the molecular machines that drive almost every biological process in living organisms. The correct folding of a protein is crucial for its function, as its three-dimensional structure determines its biochemical properties and interactions with other molecules. However, protein folding is not always perfect. Misfolding or incomplete folding can lead to dysfunctional proteins, which is implicated in various diseases. One of the most significant classes of diseases caused by protein misfolding are textit{channelopathies}, disorders that involve ion channel dysfunction, often due to the misfolding of ion channel proteins.This article delves into the kinetics of protein folding, explores the mathematical models that describe the folding process, and investigates how anomalies in folding kinetics contribute to the pathophysiology of channelopathies. The article covers the physical principles behind protein folding, the influence of mutations on folding dynamics, and how disruptions in folding kinetics lead to misfolded ion channel proteins, causing diseases such as cystic fibrosis, epilepsy, and certain cardiac arrhythmias.
Category: Physics of Biology
[140] viXra:2412.0156 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-25 01:09:52
Authors: Ali Movahedian
Comments: 21 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin on the Submission Form - Please conform!)
Fabrika Theory introduces a novel framework in which space-time is fundamentally discrete, composed of Planck-scale cubic pixels. Gravity, within this paradigm, emerges from the annihilation dynamics of these pixels in the vicinity of mass. This paper presents a comprehensive mathematical derivation of the gravitational constant based on the principles of pixel annihilation. By setting the radial distance to the Planck length and expressing the speed of light in terms of Planck units, we derive an expression that aligns closely with its observed value. The implications of this derivation suggest a profound connection between quantum-scale structures and macroscopic gravitational phenomena, offering a potential pathway towards unifying General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics [1][2].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[139] viXra:2412.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-25 00:55:35
Authors: Takashi Nakajima
Comments: 18 Pages. (Version histories/notes at impropriate place blocked by viXra Admin - Please cite and list scientific references)
If s=a+bi, proving that the absolute value of the imaginary part of ξ(s)=ζ(s)Γ(s/2)π^(-s/2) is not 0 for 0<a<0.5, 0.5<a<1, -∞<b<∞ is equivalent to proving that the Riemann hypothesis is true. When searching for 0<b<x (x is near 0) for 0<a<0.5, 0.5<a<1 using a computer, it was confirmed that the absolute value of the integral term of |Im(ξ(s))| is smaller than the absolute value of the additional term of |Im(ξ(s))| and that the polarities of the two are the same. It was shown that even when b→∞, the absolute value of the integral term of |Im(ξ(s))| remains smaller than the absolute value of the additional term of |Im(ξ(s))| and converges. The polarities of the two are the same. As a result, the Riemann hypothesis was proven correct.
Category: Number Theory
[138] viXra:2412.0153 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-24 21:04:33
Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 11 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
In this paper, we will prove that with the use of Vieta's formulas, it is possible to apply a unified method in solving equations of the third and fourth degree.
Category: Algebra
[137] viXra:2412.0152 [pdf] replaced on 2025-02-18 21:39:39
Authors: Ulrich Brosinsky
Comments: 4 pages in English, 4 pages in German
This consideration is concerned with the effect of a given gravitational field on a sample body and not with the contributions made by gravitational sources according to the energy-momentum tensor. The special theory of relativity is therefore sufficient for the investigation in local approximation.a) Using the example of a movement in the direction of a gravitational field, it is shown that either the equivalence principle applies only approximately or gravity does not act on the mass but on the energy of falling bodies.b) If the equality of gravity and inertia is also to apply to bodies with internal kinetic and potential energies, then gravity is proportional to the respective energy of the individual components. Otherwise, gravity and inertia would only be approximately equal.The proportionality is transferred to the energy of the entire body despite any internal velocities.c) The planetary motion suggests a velocity-dependent gravitational force, from which the exact validity of the equivalence principle follows as well as the exact equality of gravity and inertia, even taking into account special relativistic effects.d) Newton's law of gravitation for two masses can be formulated in special relativistic terms by replacing their product with the scalar product of the "mass tangential vectors" to the world lines. This is a conclusion that is possible without recourse to general relativity.e) Short reference to the difference between the gravitational field and the electrostatic field, the force of which is independent of velocity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[136] viXra:2412.0151 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-24 01:38:23
Authors: Harry Willow
Comments: 25 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
There is nothing new about group theory in this paper. It presents group theory problems at undergraduate level and their solutions. In presenting the solutions, we avoid using advanced theorems from group theory but we try to discuss the solutions using elementary facts in group theory.
Category: Algebra
[135] viXra:2412.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-24 01:35:29
Authors: Lynette Michael Winslow
Comments: 70 Pages.
We present unconditional proofs of the convergence of reciprocal sums associated with certain special prime sequences defined by polynomial and multiplicative conditions. In particular, consider a polynomialP(x) = sum_{i=0}^{n} c_i x^i quad text{with integer coefficients and } c_n > 0.Define S_P = { p : p text{ prime and } P(p) text{ is prime} }. We prove thatsum_{p in S_P} frac{1}{p} < infty. Moreover, we establish explicit upper and lower bounds for both the counting functionpi_P(x) = |{ p in S_P : p le x }| and the partial sums sum_{substack{p in S_P p le x}} frac{1}{p}. Next, we consider Balanced Primes, defined by the condition that each balanced prime p_n forms a three-term arithmetic progression with its neighbors: p_n = frac{p_{n-1} + p_{n+1}}{2}. Applying our multi-level sieve methods to these primes, we similarly prove the convergence of their reciprocal sum and provide corresponding quantitative estimates. In addition, we examine the set of emph{Good Primes}, defined by the multiplicative inequality p_n^2 > p_{n-i} cdot p_{n+i} quad text{for all } 1 le i le n-1.We show that their reciprocal sum also converges and provide corresponding upper and lower bounds on their counting functions and partial reciprocal sums. Our approach, which we call the M-Brun Sieve, refines classical sieve methods into a multi-level framework that can handle intricate polynomial and multiplicative constraints simultaneously. Notably, our results do not rely on any unproven conjectures. These findings yield substantial new insights into the distribution and density of these special classes of primes, thereby resolving longstanding questions posed by Pomerance regarding Good Primes.
Category: Number Theory
[134] viXra:2412.0149 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-24 01:32:10
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 14 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaes.wordpress.com/
In October and November 2024, using popular LLMs like OpenAI ChatGPT (4 and below), Azure OpenAI and its Copilot instantiations, Google Gemini and GenAI LLM tuned for scientific papers like Zendy, asking a question and references produces with every LLM fake references, well onstructed, but with different titles or authors than the web or journal reference actually associated to the citation, or sometimes totally invented. Prompting to ensure that the reference exists and is correct may help for some, but in general it does not. Others have reported similar issues when using these LLM/GenAI services to produce legal briefs, and other legal documents.This paper suggest simple ways to address this, instead of trying to just improve the LLMs and hope hallucinations will be reduced; they won’t, no matter what, they are inherent to LLM. It is very surprising and mindboggling that LLM providers have not been implementing these kind of solutions: just check if the references exist, are correctly cited, and relevant to the paper/context. We also expand the approach with our MultiAI approach to improve on the previous approach, or address other hallucinations; actually eliminating in our tests.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[133] viXra:2412.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-24 01:30:36
Authors: Janko Kokosar
Comments: 5 Pages.
The paper presents two procedures, or derivations with educated guessing, where Ramanujan’s formula for $pi^4$ is the final result. The first derivation uses the integer approximation for $pi^3$, and 22/7 as an approximation for $pi$, followed by a simple modification to match Ramanujan’s formula. The second derivation uses an integer approximation for $pi^5$ alongside with 22/7. Once again, the modification to Ramanujan’s formula for $pi^4$ is quite simple. The aim is also to explore whether further approximations of this formula exist. Some hints are provided on this subject.
Category: Number Theory
[132] viXra:2412.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-23 20:47:24
Authors: Daoudi Rédoane
Comments: 4 Pages.
In this article, we introduce a new mathematical conjecture that connects the sum of divisors of integers, prime-counting functions, and the properties of prime numbers. The conjecture incorporates basic number-theoretic functions, including the sum of divisors of an integer n, the sum of the squares of the divisors of n and the prime-counting function π(n), which counts the number of prime numbers less than or equal to n
Category: Number Theory
[131] viXra:2412.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-23 20:50:07
Authors: Daoudi Rédoane
Comments: 10 Pages.
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by significant cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disturbances. Recent research has highlighted the critical role of metabolic dysregulation in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, with particular focus on the relationship between metabolic abnormalities and the brain-gut axis. This review explores the intricate connections between metabolism and schizophrenia, emphasizing how alterations in metabolic processes, including insulin resistance, obesity, and lipid dysregulation, contribute to the disorder's clinical presentation. We examine the impact of antipsychotic medications on metabolism, particularly second-generation antipsychotics, which are associated with significant metabolic side effects. Additionally, we discuss emerging therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic dysfunction, such as pharmacological interventions (e.g., metformin, GLP-1 receptor agonists), nutritional approaches (e.g., omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics), and lifestyle modifications (e.g., exercise). Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these metabolic disturbances, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and epigenetic alterations, is critical for developing more effective, personalized treatment approaches for individuals with schizophrenia. This review also highlights the need for an integrated approach that addresses both psychiatric symptoms and metabolic comorbidities to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
Category: Mind Science
[130] viXra:2412.0145 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-22 05:55:07
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 44 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
The principle of least action applies to many domains of Physics. Yet its justifications and derivations usually come from archaic classical principles like the Fermat or Maupertuis principles, or mathematical analytical frameworks used for classical mechanics. As is well known, it is widely applicable to other domains, without necessarily a clear justification for it. In addition, the Feynman Path Integral formulation of Quantum Mechanics gave it a second life. However, the conventional logic to reach these conclusions is at time circular, and the principle is applied without proof that it is applicable: it just works and everybody does it. It is this applicability that led us in the past to treat the Action path integral as God’s equation.The paper justifies the principle of least action and Feynman’s path integrals through different physical reasoning, and on that basis we confirm its validity in most situations, even if Hamiltonians or Lagrangians may be shaky to define, or the system may be dissipative. We also explain when, and why, sometimes, it may not conventionally apply. The derivation uncovers different links between Entropy and Action, which also opens a different way to look at the origin of the probability distribution of even just a single lone particle; especially when complemented with the W-type multi-fold hypothesis, and makes some considerations on Feynman diagrams, instantons, renormalons and resurgence. Also discontinuities in the paths of the path integrals imply that spacetime is discrete, and non-commutative, and supersymmetry in flat spacetime is unphysical. Surfaceology, as optimized computation of the Feynman diagram is shown to trivially predict that all gauge theories double copy dual to gravity share the same forbidden scatterings. We show how the results of the multi-fold theory, in particular the multi-fold space time matter induction and scattering, built explicitly on the path integral formalism, its underlying principles, and the principle of least action, allows recovering almost everything in Today’s physics. It leaves out essentially only some of the coupling constants and mixing angles/parameters. This goes a long way towards the ambition of a Theory Of Everything (TOE). Our justification of the principle of least action, and path integrals, and the multi-fold theory encounters relationships between Entropy and Action. We review these encounters, including that entanglement might be irreversible. Also, from our approach, we obtain a formulation of the evolution of entropy, including for irreversible systems, which matches Onsager and Prigogine’s famous models and principles.
Category: Quantum Physics
[129] viXra:2412.0144 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-23 02:20:22
Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen, Subha Sen
Comments: 16 Pages. 7 Figures; 1 Table
Forces operative in the universe have so long been considered to be pull of particles towards their own both in small and long range. From the properties of short-range nuclear attractions, characteristics such as particle independence, saturation, pair and pairs of pair formation have been developed. Consideration of scattering of atoms by different types of projectiles show that Rutherford’s atomic structure which was modified by Bohr imposing quantum condition does not satisfy known facts. Thus, photons can scatter extranuclear electrons but not powerful enough to scatter nucleons. Although, α- particles and slow neutrons are able to scatter nucleons leading to β+ and β- emission, the neutron- β-neutrino scattering proposed by Fermi poses some difficulties. To cap all these, there is the restriction imposed by de Broglie’s hypothesis that nucleus is neither a repository nor a manufacturer of electrons. To account for all these restrictions, it was found that Dirac’s suggestion of particles and anti-particles in which nucleons are embedded may be fruitfully utilized. Thus, an atomic structure based on modification of Rutherford-Bohr model has been put forward.Triggering impulse of β- emission may be related to the gluon field which holds the binding energy till the point of overstretching of the mass of the quark involved.Key-words: Universal Forces, Short- and Long-range Forces, Characteristics of Nuclear Forces, Modified Atomic Structure including Dirac’s and de Broglie’s Ideas.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[128] viXra:2412.0143 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-23 01:55:13
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 4 Pages.
We provide an elementary proof of Fermat's last theorem using the notion of olloids.
Category: Number Theory
[127] viXra:2412.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-23 01:40:14
Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 5 Pages.
Understanding the spatial curvature of our universe is a very important topic in astrophysics. The FLRW metric that determines the evolution of the universe is based on the Cosmological Principle (the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on very large scales) and on Weyl's Postulate (the universe behaves like a perfect fluid whose components move as temporal geodesics without intersecting each other). This metric is specified in two equations, the Friedmann equations, in which the curvature term Ωk plays an essential role in its resolution. Determining the value of this term with respect to the energy density term Ωρ may mean solving or not solving the equations in many cases. We do not have the solution to this important question, but we have begun to solve it. We have found an equation that relates, in the FLRW metric, the spatial curvature with the energy density and we have found that the spatial curvature is proportional to the energy density with a proportionality factor very similar to that which relates in Einstein's equations, the Einstein tensor with the energy-momentum tensor, that is, the curvature with the energy. This has important consequences, the first is that, in a universe with matter, the spatial curvature will never be zero, the second is that, for the density of matter in today's universe, the spatial curvature is very small.
Category: Astrophysics
[126] viXra:2412.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-22 14:24:26
Authors: Danil Kutny
Comments: 6 Pages.
This paper introduces a modification to standard GPT-like models by incorporating character-level encoding. The model uses an LSTM to process individual characters within tokens, which are then embedded into the original token embedding space. This allows the model to maintain token-level processing while adding character-level information to each token. Trained on the BookCorpus dataset, the model was evaluated on tasks requiring character-level manipulation, such as counting letters and reversing words. Surprisingly, the modified model performed similarly to the baseline GPT model, with no significant improvements, suggesting that GPT-like models may inherently learn character-level representations from tokenized inputs.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[125] viXra:2412.0139 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-22 15:45:42
Authors: Timothy Jones
Comments: 3 Pages.
We prove the contrapositive of pi is rational implies lim sin n! as n goes to infinity converges to show pi is irrational.
Category: Number Theory
[124] viXra:2412.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-23 01:36:30
Authors: Paul Caracristi
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper explores a conceptual universe model that rejects traditional notions of beginnings, ends, boundaries, infinity, and nothingness. It describes the universe as a spectrum of scales and energy values, where realms of expanding voids and contracting matter coexist within a dynamic framework of implicit and explicit phenomena. The paper examines human perception and its limitations and argues that significant portions of the universe lie well beyond our perceptual and cognitive range. Using examples from cosmology, quantum mechanics, and relativity, this paper seeks to support the assertion that our understanding is necessarily incomplete yet enriched by recognizing the universe's transitional, asymmetric, and spectral nature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[123] viXra:2412.0137 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-23 01:34:18
Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 4 Pages.
In this article, I attempted to demonstrate that generalizing the Schwarzschild solution to cases involving the motion of the gravitational source by decomposing the definition of the metric tensor, transforming the differential elements between reference systems and then reassembling it in the desired system, as presented in some recently published papers on arXiv and elsewhere, is an incorrect approach.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[122] viXra:2412.0136 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-21 15:04:58
Authors: ChaeWon Hwang
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
I will prove that Collatz's hypothesis is true.
Category: Number Theory
[121] viXra:2412.0135 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-21 03:25:32
Authors: Jaba Tkemaladze
Comments: 12 Pages.
Humanity, as a part of the biosphere, has disrupted its equilibrium with Earth's system, inevitably leading to a critical juncture that demands a fundamental choice and a radical change in behavioral strategy. On an individual level, if a person does not believe in the existence of an afterlife, death, and hell, they are likely to choose hedonism, which would result in the extinction of humanity without leaving behind any intelligent beings. However, if a person is allowed to die, experience the afterlife, and then be resurrected while retaining the memory of that experience, their behavior would shift—prioritizing the bliss of self-development over mere pleasure. Ethics dictate that all who have previously died must also be resurrected. Can current technologies provide sufficient living space for a constantly growing population? Yes, this is not only possible but has been feasible for some time. To mitigate risks, living space can be expanded through the use of space-faring starships, large enough to sustain billions of people comfortably on territories exceeding the size of India. Intergalactic ships could have surface areas surpassing that of Earth. Additionally, around stars, including the Sun, it is possible to use the material from a single planet to create spheres whose surface areas would vastly exceed that of the planet itself.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism
[120] viXra:2412.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-21 03:47:11
Authors: Xiao Lin Li
Comments: 13 Pages.
In quantum mechanics, particles have a new type of probabilistic property, which is quantum wave probability. Corresponding to this new probability, the particle has the property of quantum wave entropy, and it has the property of quantum wave temperature. Based on the quantum wave entropy, the Unruh formula, the black hole entropy formula, and the Verlinde entropy gravitational formula can be easily derived. It proves that these three formulas are not independent of each other, but are related to each other. These three formulas have the same physical origin, which is quantum wave entropy. The quantum wave temperature has similar properties to the Unruh temperature. The quantum wave temperature is not only directly proportional to acceleration, but also inversely proportional to velocity. The Unruh temperature is just a light speed case of quantum wave temperatures. Compared to the Unruh temperature, the quantum wave temperature is significantly larger and easier to test experimentally. All experiments to test the Unruh effect can be used to test the theory of quantum wave entropy. We can use experiments to test whether the theory is true. The quantum wave entropy can solve the contradiction between the time reversal symmetry of the dynamical equation and the law of entropy increase. The action corresponds to quantum wave entropy. The least action principle corresponds to the stationary quantum wave entropy principle. The quantum wave entropy creates a bridge between the dynamical equations and thermodynamics.
Category: Quantum Physics
[119] viXra:2412.0132 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-22 03:27:51
Authors: Israr Luqman
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article in pdf format only)
This paper proposes the Octa-Quadrant System (OCS), an innovative extension of the Cartesian coordinate system that divides the plane into eight quadrants instead of the traditional four. Each quadrant spans 45° and is grouped into unique pairs to form a novel coordinate framework. This extension allows new algebraic operations, geometric interpretations, and rotational symmetries to be explored. Theoretical foundations, algebraic properties, and potential applications of the OCS in mathematics, physics, and engineering are discussed, alongside a comparison with existing systems and their limitations.
Category: Number Theory
[118] viXra:2412.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-22 03:08:20
Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 21 Pages.
Despite significant advancements in memory research—from the level of the entire brain to specific regions and even to the connections between neurons—the exact physical location and mechanism by which memories are stored remain unresolved. Moreover, most existing studies have focused primarily on output data such as behavioral responses, leaving research on the memory system itself rather limited. In contrast, the recently proposed "meshcode" theory posits binary encoding within cells via the talin protein, suggesting that physical symbols of memory may exist at the molecular level. If certain proteins function as physical symbols that store memory, the earliest memory system might have directly linked symbols and meanings in an ideogrammatic manner, and the first concept to be encoded would have been "self," based on feedback mechanisms. Furthermore, the varied feedback systems found in living organisms can be viewed as another name for the memory system. By examining how these feedback systems, which originate from self/non-self recognition, expand, we can infer the structure of the memory system. This approach not only reconstructs the structural algorithms of memory but also implies that memory may be distributed throughout the organism rather than limited to the brain. In addition, the expansion of self-recognition feedback systems may serve as a universal foundation for the formation of self-awareness and consciousness. Such insights offer a framework forreinterpreting the origins of memory and consciousness beyond the limits of neuroscience, while also revealing that today’s artificial intelligence is constrained by the absence of self-recognition algorithms. In the future, the design of AI or humanoids based on self-recognition could open the door to the emergence of consciousness.
Category: Mind Science
[117] viXra:2412.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-22 03:09:00
Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.
In this note we give some formulas related to Pi.
Category: Number Theory
[116] viXra:2412.0129 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-22 03:12:27
Authors: Mohammadjavad Maheronnaghsh, Taha Akbari Alvanagh
Comments: 20 Pages. This article will be published in ECCV by Springer.
The persistence of spurious features in machine learning models remains a significant challenge. To address this issue, we identify several future directions that require attention. Firstly, we highlight the need for a new dataset that allows researchers to control the types and levels of spurious features, as this resource is currently lacking. Secondly, we emphasize the importance of addressing spurious features in natural language processing, where more attention is needed compared to vision-related tasks. We also stress the need for addressing spurious correlations at the core algorithmic level, rather than relying on complex, task specific solutions that may not generalize well. Finally, we advocate for the development of weakly-supervised or unsupervised methods that reduce reliance on group labels, making the approaches more widely applicable. Our review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of existing work and guide future research in creating more robust machine learning models.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[115] viXra:2412.0128 [pdf] replaced on 2024-12-26 18:46:52
Authors: Joseph Musonda
Comments: 5 Pages.
Trisecting an arbitrary angle using a straightedge and compass only has been one of the oldest mathematical geometric problem tracing back to Euclidian times. This problem was never solved until 1837 when it was proven impossible by French Mathematician Pierre Wantzel. As stated by Pierre Laurent Wantzel (1837), the solution of the angle trisection problem corresponds to an implicit solution of the cubic equation x cubed minus 3x minus 1 equals 0, which is algebraically irreducible, and so is the geometric solution of the angle trisection problem. This method explained here can trisect any acute arbitrary angle. Only a compass and straightedge is used. The formal proof is later given after a practical illustration. For practical sake and to prove the possibility of trisecting an arbitrary angle, the author used the most common angle of 60 degrees that mathematicians uses to explain the proof for impossibility. The author believes that this proof will act as a basis for further research in geometry in future.Keywords: trisecting, arbitrary angle, geometry, straightedge and compas, implicit solution
Category: Geometry
[114] viXra:2412.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-22 03:18:50
Authors: Joseph Musonda
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please Do NOT use author's name to name the title, formula, equations etc.)
The purpose of this paper is simply to present to the mathematics community a novel approach of solving systems of linear equations in two and three variables. This method uses products of coefficients with determinants and constants with determinants. The method is derived through the cross multiplication of equations which results in finding the critical values (Dx, Dy and Dz). These critical values are later substituted in any initial given equation for the purpose of finding scale factor K. It is this scale factor that is multiplied with critical values to find real solutions. The analysis of this formula shows that it is certainly accurate for all problems it is invented for. Unlike the Crammer’s rule, substitution method, elimination method that requires three and four determinants to solve a two and three variable problems of linear systems of equations, for this method the two and three variable problems only two and three determinants respectively. In two variables In three variables x= (c1Dx)/M x=(d2Dx)/M y=(c1Dy)/M y=(d2Dy)/M z=(d2Dz)/MCoefficients an,bn,cn and constants is obtained from any of the single equation. The ratio method is formally derived and proven in the methodology section and Denominator (M) =a1Dx+ b1Dy for a two variable equations and M=a1Dx+ b1Dy+ c1Dz for 3 variable equations.Keywords: Linear systems of equations, Ratios, Critical Values, Scale factor K, Crammer’s rule, elimination method, substitution method.
Category: Algebra
[113] viXra:2412.0126 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-22 04:26:36
Authors: Weike Xu
Comments: 49 Pages. The sequence of sections in this article is carefully arranged for correct understandings. It is recommended for professionals to read in order.
A method named `motional construction' is introduced in this article. Questions involving continuum hypothesis and incompleteness theorems of formal systems are answered, but a major concern of this article is a nature of infinity: Infinity implies paradoxes.Many conclusions contradicting orthodox mathematics are proved, such as: a set of real numbers does not exist, Lebesgue measure of any set is zero, ZF axioms are not logically consistent, etc. Unreliable results are common in sub-fields of mathematics where infinite sets are used intensively.A valid mathematical conclusion describes finiteness in essence.When infiniteness is clear, the third mathematical crisis shall be over.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[112] viXra:2412.0125 [pdf] replaced on 2025-09-07 07:36:05
Authors: Sourangshu Ghosh
Comments: 152 Pages.
Creep deformation, a time-dependent material response under sustained stress, plays a critical role in the long-term performance and reliability of structural components, particularly at elevated temperatures. This article presents a mathematically rigorous analysis of creep deformation mechanisms and a phenomenological framework to describe its stages and evolution. By coupling microstructural insights with continuum mechanics, we derive and validate constitutive models capturing the interplay of stress, temperature, and material properties. The analysis integrates diffusion kinetics, dislocation dynamics, and grain boundary phenomena into a unified formalism, ensuring precision in predicting creep behavior across a wide spectrum of materials.
Category: Classical Physics
[111] viXra:2412.0124 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-20 04:25:13
Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 3 Pages.
In this paper a particle-wave theory of light has been presented in order to explain the dual nature of light.
Category: Classical Physics
[110] viXra:2412.0123 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-20 11:34:35
Authors: En Okada
Comments: 30 Pages.
We propose a novel theoretical paradigm that all physical realities can be concretely defined by the degree of spontaneous symmetry breaking in a binary field, providing an alternative interpretation of the Higgs mechanism. Together with a newly proposed hypothesis that the Planck constant evolves in accordance with the cosmic scale factor, which drives an evolution of the mass and electric charge of elementary particles, our model solves all the hierarchy problems of theoretical physics in one shot, demystifying all the four fundamental interactions as different aspects of a singular consistent story.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[109] viXra:2412.0122 [pdf] replaced on 2025-11-11 01:21:47
Authors: Urs Frauenfelder, Joa Weber
Comments: 79 Pages. 7 Figures.
In this article we consider operators of the form ∂sξ + A(s)ξ where s lies in an interval [−T , T ] and s → A(s) is continuous. Without boundary conditions these operators are not Fredholm. However, using interpolation theory one can define suitable boundary conditions for these operators so that they become Fredholm. We show that in this case the Fredholm index is given by the spectral flow of the operator path A.
Category: Geometry
[108] viXra:2412.0121 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-20 00:42:02
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 13 Pages.
This paper presents a significant advancement in understanding the P vs NP problem through the lens of problem theory. Using isotopes as a technical tool within this framework, we provide a solution to the problem, establishing that $mathrm{P}=mathrm{NP}$. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical framework in addressing fundamental problems in computational complexity.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[107] viXra:2412.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-19 03:51:41
Authors: Harry Willow
Comments: 18 Pages.
There is nothing new about group theory in this paper. It presents group theory problems at undergraduate level and their solutions. In presenting the solutions, we avoid using advanced theorems from group theory but we tried to discuss the solutions using elementary facts in group theory.
Category: Algebra
[106] viXra:2412.0118 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-19 09:44:56
Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 6 Pages.
The rainbow angle of about 42° is comparable with the golden mean based angle between edge and base of the Great Pyramid. It allows bringing together different areas of knowledge in an amusing way using simple geometry besides laws of optics. The mathematical exercise may encourage students to understand spectacles of nature in a simple and didactical manner.
Category: Geometry
[105] viXra:2412.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-19 12:35:13
Authors: Timothy Jones
Comments: 7 Pages.
It is shown that the limit of cos(j) and sin(j) as j goes to infinity does not exist. DeMoivre's theorem implies cos j! + i sin j! raised to the 1/(j-1)! power equals cos j + i sin j. Assuming pi is rational, its multiple can be expressed as a factorial. This implies that cos(j) and sin(j) converges, a contradiction.
Category: Number Theory
[104] viXra:2412.0114 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-19 15:45:16
Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 2 Pages.
The idea is to incorporate the concept of money into Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to create a new PSO algorithm titled "Money Particle Swarm Optimization (MyPSO)" algorithm.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[103] viXra:2412.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-19 17:30:40
Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 40 Pages.
In this paper we investigate the concept of "absolute frame of reference" in contemporary physics as well as its properties, instances (or potential instances), types, conceptualizations, evidence, problems, controversies, and so on. This investigation is essentially epistemological in nature and hence we do not discuss or investigate any technical formulation related to this subject.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[102] viXra:2412.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-19 02:28:27
Authors: Daniel Marques Rodrigues
Comments: 18 Pages.
This article proposes a theoretical framework for an emergent model of spacetime, conceptualized as a relational structure built from fundamental discrete interactions. The formulation is guided by the central postulate: "Nothing is empty, nothing is solitary; interactions define reality", alongside the Dual Stability Principle and the Triple Existence Principle. In the proposed model:u2022 Binary interactions (EAB) establish local equilibrium and static structure.u2022 Triple interactions (EABC) introduce dynamical complexity and emergentnon-linearity.u2022 Higher-order interactions (EA...N ) describe quantum-scale fluctuations,endowing space-time with intrinsic granularity.A mathematical formalism is developed to sum these contributions into an emergent metric tensor, which smoothly transitions between discrete (microscopic) and continuous (macroscopic) scales. Notably, the model recovers classical General Relativity (GR) solutions, including the Schwarzschild, Kerr, and FLRW metrics, in the macroscopic limit.At extreme regimes—such as black holes and the primordial universe—the model regularizes classical singularities via quantum-induced oscillations and fluctuations, ensuring finite curvature and physical consistency.Testable predictions are presented, including quantum corrections to gravitational waves near horizons (detectable by LIGO, Virgo, and LISA) and nonGaussian signatures in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), observablethrough Planck and future CMB-S4 missions. These results pave the way toward a unified gravitational description across all physical scales.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[101] viXra:2412.0109 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-19 02:23:37
Authors: Dominique Mareau
Comments: 6 Pages.
Following in the footsteps of Max Planck, through the path of dimensional analysis, this study reveals the factor ξ =1,5457109×1011 which turns out to be omnipresent in cosmology, at all scales. This factor also appears in the form ξ4, as the ratio between the Coulomb energy and the gravitational energy, acting on an electron-positron pair, separated by a unit distance. This same factor reveals, through several independent paths, a cosmic and constant length: L = 2483 Gyl. In addition to the valuable tool offered by dimensional analysis, this study uses the mass unit "electron" which allows to compare dimensionless ratios with masses expressed in the same unit. The study indicates that Newton’s constant G, is determined with the parameters [M, L, T] of the electron and the factor ξ4. Via the factor ξ8 and the standard photon density, ρph = 4.1073×108 u / m^3, the study predicts the mass density ρ = 8.953389×10-10 J/ m^3. The application of the Friedmann-Lemaitre equation, reveals: Ho = 72.7411 km s-1 Mpc-1 = 2.360126×10-18 s-1; the age of the Universe, 13.44 Gy; the critical density ρc = 8.953386×10-10 J/ m^3 < ρ = 8.953389×10-10 J/ m³. These results are close to the results obtained by the WMAP 1 space probe, namely: 13.77 Gy; Ho = 73±3 km s-1 Mpc-1 = (2.35±0.10)×10-18 s-1. However, they are in disagreement with the results of the Planck 2018 mission: Ho = 67.4±0.4 km s-1 Mpc-1 = (2.18±0.01)×10-18 s-1. This study also reveals what could be likened to a cosmic "string" of length L and Planck section, whose volume is equal to the Compton volume of the electron.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[100] viXra:2412.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-19 02:17:37
Authors: Dan Liu
Comments: 9 Pages.
This paper introduces a novel mathematical framework based on the assumption that the set of natural numbers is finite. By considering continuous changes in four-dimensional space, we redefine the concepts of natural numbers and multidimensional spaces, establish new mapping relations, and explore the implications of this hypothesis for Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem.
Category: General Mathematics
[99] viXra:2412.0107 [pdf] replaced on 2025-01-07 22:08:58
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 11 Pages.
The complete eigenwert-problem of damping process of oscillating tangential spacetime is described and solved. Characterized are all solutions of an associated spacetime - differential-equation of second order from advanced Lorentz-Einstein-factor, which defines the whole oscillation-process of damping states. This system of oscillation-solutions can be described as a set of energy-equations. The system of two coupled spacetimes to a linked shell-model allows movement of materialbodies or particles with ftl and real restmasses. This spacetime- lineelement can be interpreted as a one-parametrized pseudo-Kummersurface.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[98] viXra:2412.0106 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-17 16:37:03
Authors: Hamed Koochaki Kelardeh, Vadym Apalkov, Mark I. Stockman
Comments: 14 Pages.
We discuss the topological properties of graphene superlattices excited by ultrafast circularly-polarized laser pulses with strong electric field amplitude, aiming to directly observe the Berry phase, a geometric quantum phase encoded in the graphene's electronic wave function. As a continuing research on our recent paper, Phys. Rev. B 96, 075409, we aim to show that the broken symmetry system of graphene superlattice and the Bragg reflection of electrons creates diffraction and "which way" interference in the reciprocal space reducing the geometrical phase shift and making it directly observable in the electron interferograms. Such a topological phase shift acquired by a carrier moving along a closed path of crystallographic wave vector is predictably observable via time and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (tr-ARPES). We believe that our result is an essential step in the control and observation of ultrafast electron dynamics in topological solids and may open up a route to all-optical switching, ultrafast memories, and petahertz-scale information processing technologies.
Category: Condensed Matter
[97] viXra:2412.0105 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-17 18:22:12
Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.
We provide some formulas related to sequence A026937 in OEIS.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[96] viXra:2412.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-18 01:20:28
Authors: Bruno R. Galeffi
Comments: 15 Pages.
The 64-Tetrahedron Grid (64-TG) stands on a network of fourteen octahedral cavities, with tetrahedra filling up the interstices. Fibonacci numbers seem to drive the embedded Platonic and Archimedean solids. Tetrahedral packing densities are 0.53 in the 64-TG and 0.35 in the cuboctahedron. The inceptive construction protocol of the 64-TG universe involves a central coordinating unit. Jitterbug cycles require a non-rigid tetrahedron lattice. Puzzling equivalences amongst volumes & areas are found.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[95] viXra:2412.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-17 22:16:18
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 24 Pages. This is a consolidated work bringing together several pieces into a unified work.
This paper introduces problem theory, a new framework for studying problem and solution spaces through the lens of point-set topology and abstract algebra. We define solution spaces as topological constructs induced by the assignment of solutions to problems and establish their fundamental properties. Key results include the identification of compactness and continuity conditions in solution spaces and their algebraic interpretations within module-theoretic settings. This theory bridges abstract algebra and topology, providing new insights into the interplay between algebraic structures and topological spaces. Potential applications and directions for future research are discussed.
Category: Topology
[94] viXra:2412.0102 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-18 01:16:57
Authors: Shrayshank Anand
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
The conventional cosmological models, principally the Lambda-CDM framework, estimate the universe’s age to be approximately 13.8 billion years, and recent alternative analyses of the same redshift phenomena propose a significantly different timeline of about 26.7 billion years. Such estimates rely on well established physical laws, cosmological measurements, and assumptions surrounding the Big Bang model. In this paper, we will re examine the notion of the age of the universe from a more foundational, mathematical, and conceptual standpoint. By considering the idea that any finite measure or form is negligible compared to the infinite extent of the cosmos, we explore the limit of a diminishing quantity as it approaches zero. I have used a limit based argument, and also have invoked Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems to highlight the inherent limitations in proving or disproving statements proposing truth within any formal axiomatic system. The result of the proposed equation is that it suggests that the notion of a definitive age for the universe is inherently flawed, as there is no age you could assign to it — the universe was, is, and will always be there — it is eternal.
Category: Astrophysics
[93] viXra:2412.0101 [pdf] replaced on 2024-12-21 13:19:53
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 21 Pages.
We recently pointed out that, under suitably defined conditions, the Schrödingerequation represents a limit case of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE). Asgeneric prototype of complex dynamics, CGLE is naturally tied to dimensional fluctuationsconjectured to develop far above the electroweak scale. The goal of this work is to uncoveran unforeseen connection between CGLE and the equation of geodesic deviation in GeneralRelativity (GR). This connection is likely to come into play in primordial cosmology,where strongly fluctuating gravitational fields evolve in far-from-equilibrium conditions.Our findings unveil the duality between primordial gravitation and Kolmogorov entropyand suggest a potential gateway towards field unification outside Lagrangian theory
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[92] viXra:2412.0100 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-18 03:29:29
Authors: K. H. Sørensen
Comments: 21 Pages.
This paper explores the concept of osmotic momentum within quantum mechanics, offering a novel theoretical framework that integrates stochastic mechanics with generalized electrodynamics. Byrevisiting Edward Nelson’s interpretation of the Schrödinger equation, we propose that osmotic momentum arises from interactions with gauge waves an extension to classical field components. Additionally, we outline a method for experimental detection of these waves using a "quantum lens", a device designed to convert gauge waves into detectable photons. This work bridges gaps between quantum mechanics, gravity, and dark energy, suggesting that gauge waves could unify these phenomena under a common theoretical framework.Experimental validation of this model could redefine our understanding of quantum and relativistic systems.
Category: Quantum Physics
[91] viXra:2412.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-17 00:21:16
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 16 Pages.
For more than 300 years, the formula for the force of gravitational interaction is represented by Newton's Uniform Law of Universal Gravitation. During this period the facts that Newton's law of gravitation gives predictions that do not agree with observations have been revealed. Here we show that Newton's law of gravitation is not the only law of gravitational interaction in the universe. In addition to Newton's law of gravitation, a new law of gravitation is obtained: FCos=(mc^2)√Ʌ. The two laws of gravitation (FN=GmM/r^2, FCos=(mc^2)√Ʌ) revitalize classical gravity and develop Newtonian dynamics towards a complete model of gravity. Newton's law of gravitation together with the new law of gravitation provide a complete and consistent description of the gravitational interaction in the universe. The real law of universal gravitation is presented in a new form. The law of universal gravitation is represented by two equivalent formulas: FU=GmM/r^2+(mc^2)√Ʌ; FU=mR^3/T^2*r^2+(mc^2)√Ʌ. The law of universal gravitation turned out to be much more complicated than Newton claimed.
Category: Classical Physics
[90] viXra:2412.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-16 11:32:28
Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 17 Pages.
What does charge and mass consist of, why is the charge of a proton with quarks the same as the charge of a positron without quarks? What is their unity and difference? What does an electric field consist of, what does a magnetic field consist of, and why does the dynamics of one field induce another field? What is a gravitational field and how does mass create gravity? What is dark mass and what is dark energy? Why and how does mass appear from energy? How does all this form a single physical vacuum of the material world? Here is an attempt to answer these and similar questions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[89] viXra:2412.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-16 14:17:11
Authors: P. G. Vejde
Comments: 4 Pages.
Recent data on the paleomagnetic and seismic record show that the solid inner core rotates faster than the mantle and is consistent with an elongated volume and 10 degree tilt in the north south axis. Using this data it is argued that the liquid core circulates around the earths equatorial plane and has a speed differential across its radius. And that it is this which drives the dynamo mechanism powering the earth’s magnetic field. It is also argued that the polarity reversals and drift observed in the data record are consistent with precession of and various changes in the shape, rotational speeds and angle of the north south axis of the solid inner core relative to the mantle.
Category: Geophysics
[88] viXra:2412.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-17 00:12:35
Authors: Joel Ryan Ortiz
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: The references are not cited and listed in a schoarlar manner)
This paper introduces a novel hypothesis that reinterprets the Big Bang as a quantum entanglement event connecting our observable, matter-dominated universe to a mirrored anti-universe dominated by antimatter, where time flows in reverse. The framework explores how this entanglement resolves long-standing cosmological questions, including the matter-antimatter imbalance, the arrow of time, and dark matter. Additionally, it provides explanations for anomalies observed in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), such as the Cold Spot and large-scale asymmetries, which may serve as quantum imprints of this dual-universe symmetry. By integrating quantum mechanics and cosmology, this theory offers testable predictions and a unified perspective on the origins and structure of the cosmos
Category: Quantum Physics
[87] viXra:2412.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-16 17:59:37
Authors: Oleg Ponfilenok
Comments: 6 Pages.
We present a model of gravity in which the gravitational interaction is interpreted as a consequence of changes in information regarding the mutual positions of Planckian masses on a holographic screen. This approach builds on the entropic interpretation of gravity and the holographic principle. We show that Newton’s law of gravitation can be derived by considering entropy changes resulting from a small displacement of a mass. Furthermore, the minimal quantum of entropy, known from the quantization of black hole horizons, leads to the concept of a "quantum of gravitational force." In addition, we introduce an uncertainty principle for mass. A prospective experimental test of these hypotheses, using highly sensitive torsion balances, is also proposed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[86] viXra:2412.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-16 18:39:39
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 4 Pages.
Black holes and white holes are typically seen asjoined by wormholes linking string universes.String theory has not harmonized 4D GR with itsvisions of 10^500 2D universes. Black holes withvarious core masses have been characterized byphysics math. White holes have conversely beenmodeled by pure math, because there is no physicaldata for any white holes. GR math allows for whiteholes, so some mathematicians continue to exploretheir imagined 2D multiverse. We here considerblack/white hole pairings, and show how physicsmath models are not very close to what really is.
Category: Astrophysics
[85] viXra:2412.0093 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-17 03:37:28
Authors: Casey Allard
Comments: 10 Pages.
The ‘Twin Prime Conjecture’ posits that there are infinitely many pairs of prime numbers separated by a gap of exactly two (p, p+2). This proof uses the concepts of modular residues, gaps ("12p + 36" pattern), and digit sums. The proof integrates concepts of gap growth, residue non-exhaustion, and digit sum cycles, ensuring twin primes persist infinitely.
Category: Number Theory
[84] viXra:2412.0092 [pdf] replaced on 2025-03-02 15:18:06
Authors: Lino Zamboni
Comments: 16 Pages.
This work advances the theoretical framework of the electron model introduced in a previous paper (viXra: 2411.0050 - Quantum Physics), which describes the electron as composed of entangled mass elements. This model proposes an extension of the de Broglie-Bohm (dBB) paradigm, achieving compatibility with Special Relativity Explicit expressions for Z and ZC are derived , describing the sequence of orbitals and their associated masses, along with a detailed analysis of their physical significance. An innovative interpretation of spin and magnetic moment is presented , viewing them as invariant properties across orbitals , despite variations in the associated parameters. This perspective provides a potential explanation for the experimentally observed phenomenon of spatial spin separation from its particle. Additionally, the Appendix includes applications of the MZ matrix—a conceptual tool integral to the proposed formalism—for estimating particle masses, specifically those of the muon and tauon , with notable accuracy. This work represents the second part of a trilogy. A forthcoming extension will focus on the characteristics of orbitals , with particular emphasis on the definition of attractive and repulsive potentials and the associated Hamiltonian, thereby completing the theoretical framework.
Category: Quantum Physics
[83] viXra:2412.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-15 08:44:15
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 10 Pages.
The authors [1] have recently constructed models of nonextensive black hole Thermodynamics from a generalized Wick’s rotation procedure in the evaluation of the Euclidean path integral. We have explicitly shown in [6] how the Schwarzschild Black Hole Entropy (in all dimensions) emerges from truly point mass sources at r = 0 due to a non-vanishing scalar curvature involving the Dirac delta distribution. It is the density and anisotropic pressure components associated with the point mass delta function source at the origin r = 0 which furnish the Schwarzschild black hole entropy in all dimensions D ≥ 4 after evaluating the non-vanishing Euclidean Einstein-Hilbert action. In this work we generalize our construction of the Euclidean Einstein-Hilbert action by following the generalized Wick’s rotation procedure of [1] in order to construct the nonextensive Schwarzschild black hole entropies in all dimensions. The first law of Thermodynamics is obeyed and when the nonextensivity parameter is λ < 0, the nonextensive entropy is finite at T = 0 despite that the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy S_BH (β = ∞) = S_BH (T = 0) = ∞ blows up violating the the third law of Thermodynamics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[82] viXra:2412.0090 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-15 12:55:53
Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 15 Pages.
I point out that Pauli exclusion principle makes no sense, because it assumes that the wave functions of multi-electron quantum systems would separate into products of wave functions of individual electrons, while in reality the Coulomb repulsion between the electrons prevents this separation. I propose a conjecture that Pauli exclusion principle maybe somewhat works in some situations, because it approximates the Coulomb repulsion between the electrons. I also put under question whether it makes sense to demand that physical quantum systems should always have their eigenenergies bounded from below.
Category: Quantum Physics
[81] viXra:2412.0089 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-16 01:11:34
Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 4 Pages. Distrubuted under CC BY-NC 4.0
The symmetry between electricity and magnetism suggests the possibility of magnetic currents. Theoretical considerations however, are believed to imply that such currents are impossible to be found in nature. Yet, the more we think about our `raw' (unbiased by theory) knowledge of nature, the less asymmetry we observe between electrical and magnetic phenomena. That is why in this note I briefly propose a sketch of the simplest possible magnetic circuit, which is essentially possible to be tested by a well-equipped chemist.
Category: Chemistry
[80] viXra:2412.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-16 01:07:05
Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. Original article
The power spectral formula is derived for radiation of neutral electroweakbosons from an electron in a weak external homogenous electromagnetic field.The calculation method is based on the source theory formulation of quantumfield theory introduced by Schwinger. For ultra-relativistic electrons, it isderived that the Z-0 emission rate is suppressed relative to photon emission.This implies that the decay of electron into W-boson and neutrino is alsoexponentially small under similar conditions. The article is written in the formof mathematical simplicity and the Schwinger pedagogical clarity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[79] viXra:2412.0087 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-16 01:05:28
Authors: Pratham Prasad
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
This is a surprising infinite series that I invented. Wolfram Alpha fails to evaluate it as well. I have presented a complete proof to it.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[78] viXra:2412.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-16 01:04:41
Authors: Pratham Prasad
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
This paper investigates a complex integral that has long been considered insur-mountable due to the challenging nature of its structure. Through a novel approach,we aim to deconstruct the integral into manageable parts and uncover insights into itsunderlying properties.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[77] viXra:2412.0085 [pdf] replaced on 2024-12-18 04:58:58
Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 23 Pages. Generalized Riemann hypothesis and Generalized BSD conjecture
This expository-styled paper contains interesting observations and conjectures about distribution of nontrivial zeros in L-functions; and [optional] use of Sign normalization when computing Hardy Z-function, including its relationship to Analytic rank and Symmetry type of L-functions. On the Sign normalization when applied to eligible L-functions, we posit its dependency on even-versus-odd Analytic ranks, degree of L-function, and the particular gamma factor present in functional equations for Genus 1 elliptic curves and higher Genus curves. The relevant mathematical arguments are postulated to satisfy Generalized Riemann hypothesis, and Generalized Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture. We explicitly mention their underlying proven/unproven hypotheses or conjectures.
Category: Number Theory
[76] viXra:2412.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-14 09:54:02
Authors: Junichi Hashimoto
Comments: 7 Pages.
Relational physics, which I founded, views energy as a relationship (pulse) between objects. It painted a simple real picture of energy pulsing through the rotational motion of each object, creating an alternating relationship between the two extremes. Such a way of looking at things could be an appropriate explanation for various physical phenomena, such as the double-slit experiment and the measurement of electrons in hydrogen atoms. In this paper, the discussion is particularly focused on experiments to investigate the position of electrons. From such challenges, results that could affirm the reality of microscopic objects were obtained. The success of the attempt here tells us that determinism will prevail over non-determinism. The history of physics is about to undergo a major shift.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[75] viXra:2412.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-14 22:14:30
Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 5 Pages.
We give some properties of the function f(x)=x-arcsinh(1+arcsin(x)).
Category: Functions and Analysis
[74] viXra:2412.0082 [pdf] replaced on 2025-08-14 06:39:49
Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 19 Pages. A crucial mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified
We study the head words of the Pali-English Dictionary by T. W. Rhys Davids and William Stede, the 5th reprint, Delhi, 2018. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of head words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the dictionary can be characterised by BW(c=0.005), the magnetisation curve of the Ising Model in the Bragg-Williams approximation in the presence of external magnetic field, H. $c=frac{ H}{gamma epsilon}=0.005$ with $epsilon$ being the strength of coupling between two neighbouring spins in the Ising Model, $gamma$ representing the number of nearest neighbours of a spin, which very large.
Category: Linguistics
[73] viXra:2412.0081 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-13 10:12:15
Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 7 Pages.
The Hartman effect—where quantum tunneling time remains invariant to barrier thickness—presents a fundamental paradox that challenges both classical physics and special relativity. Here, we introduce a theoretical framework that resolves this paradox by proposing a radiation-mediated energy transport mechanism coupled with the electron's Zitterbewegung oscillation occurring at four percent of light speed. Our model introduces a dual-kernel architecture where an electron's thermal potential energy simultaneously occupies two distinct spatial locations, providing a deterministic interpretation of quantum superposition and tunneling phenomena. During barrier traversal, we demonstrate that electrons undergo a particle-to-radiation transformation while kernel dissolution occurs over a duration corresponding to the time it takes to traverse the Compton wavelength at four percent of the speed of light, with radiation propagating at light speed over the Compton wavelength. Since the kernel dissolution period is long compared to the radiation propagation time, the overall tunneling duration remains effectively independent of barrier thickness. This theoretical framework accounts for both the Hartman effect and the experimentally verified absence of electrons within potential barriers, while maintaining consistency with both quantum mechanics and special relativity. Our findings recast quantum tunneling as a deterministic energy redistribution process, offering new insights into the fundamental nature of quantum phenomena while maintaining consistency with established physical principles.
Category: Quantum Physics
[72] viXra:2412.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-13 11:16:59
Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 26 Pages.
One of the main theses of this article is that the quantum, like the energy level or the magnetic moment or the spin, is the measurement not of a physical reality in act, but of the matter involved in a metaphysical relationship called intention. In other words, being is not an entity but a special relationship. Special because it does not bind two entities together, as these are not primitive but emergent, nor is it of a logical type, as logic extends into the plane of the act, but a metaphysical relationship in that it transcends not only the plane of the act, going through the period of potency, but transcends the very sphere of being to bind two "I’s" external to being, which are the recipients and the clearing or openness in which entities and their temporal relationships are revealed-accepted in the form of a certain sense (receive a meaning).The one that has no Being, is the "I" that does not exist. Being, in turn, is not entities, it is the matter of the relationship between two "I", the space that separates and unites them. Being is thus only the matter, the power, of a relationship between two "I", which we call Intention, which is free and whose strength is desire. The "I", through being, has a soul which mirrors the desired with which, at every act, he unites himself through the gift of a part of his being.Thus everything is born from desire, each time new and free. Neither logic nor mathematics nor ideas are universal and self-subsisting realities. They do not have an independent existence but arise each time statistically from the structure of free intentions, guided by desire for the other.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[71] viXra:2412.0078 [pdf] replaced on 2025-10-15 20:49:24
Authors: Francesco Aquilante
Comments: 4 Pages.
It is shown that if a triple of distinct positive integers $(a,b,c)$ were to exist such that $a^n+b^n=c^n$ for some odd integer $ngeq 3$, then it must be Pythagorean, i.e. $a^2+b^2=c^2$ must hold too, from which a contradiction arises since this is possible only if either $a$ or $b$ are zero. We arrive at this conclusion by investigating the (partial) trace of a model hamiltonian operator whose energy levels correspond to those of the so-called H"uckel hamiltonian applied to rings containing an odd number of atomslying on a M"obius strip rather than a planar topology. Furthermore, the contradictory nature of our result implies the correctness of the associated statement contained in the famous Fermat's Last Theorem. Given the use of concepts from quantum mechanics and matrix algebra unknown at his time, and the fact that the essence of the present proof may not fit within a margin of a typical book, mystery still remains over Pierre de Fermat's {em demonstrationem mirabilem}.
Category: Number Theory
[70] viXra:2412.0077 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-13 21:39:06
Authors: Marko V. Jankovic
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this paper, a modification and a generalization of the idea that was used for the creation of Pascal's triangle, is proposed. The proposed method is based on cooperative neighboring numbers that reside on the edges, diagonals and vertices of regular polygons. Cooperative strategy represents creation of the new number using addition.
Category: General Mathematics
[69] viXra:2412.0076 [pdf] replaced on 2025-08-21 17:54:14
Authors: Barry Foster
Comments: 1 Page.
Fermat's Last Theorem (FLT) states that there are no natural numbers A, B, C, and n such that A^n = B^n + C^n is true for n>2.The proposition was first stated as a theorem by Pierre de Fermat around 1637 in the margin of a copy of Arithmetica:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArithmeticaFermat added that he had a proof that was too large to fit in the margin and because he had done likewise for other since-proved theorems there has since been a search to find a short proof.This effort examines the attributes of the numbers in FLT and shows that irrationalnumbers are required for it to be true
Category: Number Theory
[68] viXra:2412.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-12 20:42:26
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted; Please cite and list scientific references)
The Hypersphere World—Universe Cosmology (WUC) addresses numerous unresolved issues in modern Astrophysics and Cosmology by providing alternative explanations to the prevailing Big Bang Theory (BBT). WUC solves critical problems such as: 1) The Hubble tension; 2) The missing baryon problem; 3) The origin of Fermi bubbles; 4) The age of the Universe discrepancy; 5) The coronal heating problem; 6) Internal heating and diversity of gravitationally-rounded objects in the solar system; 7) The presence of Plutonium-244, with an 80-million-year half-life, in nature; 8) Faster core rotations of the Sun and Earth compared to their surfaces; 9) The faint young Sun paradox; 10) The black-body spectrum of cosmic microwave background radiation.Additionally, WUC eliminates fundamental issues, including: 1) The need for the Universe to begin at t=0 , avoiding a temporal singularity; 2) The angular momentum problem in galaxies and extrasolar systems evolution; 3) The matter-antimatter asymmetry; 4) The magnetic monopole problem; 5) The uneven distribution of matter and voids; 6) Singularities leading to black holes; 7) The formation of supermassive black holes; 8) The "Axis of Evil" anomaly in cosmic microwave background measurements; 9) The wave—particle duality dilemma.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[67] viXra:2412.0072 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-12 11:12:13
Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 5 Pages.
Int(f(x)^2+g(x)^2)^(1/2)dx and Int((dx/dt)^2+(dy/dt)^2)^(1/2)dt are integral equations that appear in the process of calculating the length of an ellipse. They do not provide an exact solution, and already known solutions are somewhat complicated. The solutions both the two elliptic integral equations above can be obtained by the method of eliminating the square root. The arc length of an ellipse is given by l = aθE(k), and E(k) is expressed as a power series regarding the eccentricity of the ellipse.
Category: Algebra
[66] viXra:2412.0071 [pdf] replaced on 2024-12-13 21:55:28
Authors: Jayaram As
Comments: 5 Pages. Typo are corrected based on reader inputs
This is a very simple paper describing some methods to measure the values especially in length dimension to a scale much less than that of the least count of the given instrument. The final aim of this paper is to trigger a thought process toget ideas , if any ,for indirect measurement to get less than Planck’s length.
Category: Classical Physics
[65] viXra:2412.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-12 21:49:25
Authors: Daoudi Rédoane
Comments: 8 Pages.
The relationship between prolactin and schizophrenia is a crucial but often overlooked aspect of the disorder's pathophysiology and treatment. Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder primarily characterized by disturbances in cognition, emotion, and perception. While the dopaminergic system has been extensively studied in schizophrenia, the neuroendocrine system, particularly the regulation of prolactin, also plays a significant role. This review explores the mechanisms by which prolactin levels are altered in schizophrenia, the effects of antipsychotic medications on prolactin secretion, the consequences of hyperprolactinemia in schizophrenic patients, and the clinical implications for treatment strategies. We also examine the therapeutic approaches for managing elevated prolactin levels and suggest directions for future research.
Category: Mind Science
[64] viXra:2412.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-12 21:51:47
Authors: Daoudi Rédoane
Comments: 11 Pages.
Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder with a multifactorial etiology, encompassing genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. Recent research has increasingly pointed to the roles of the immune system and gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Immune dysfunction, characterized by systemic inflammation, altered cytokine profiles, and microglial activation, has been implicated in the development of neuroinflammation, a key feature of the disorder. Furthermore, disruptions in the gut microbiome, or dysbiosis, have been associated with increased inflammation, altered neurotransmitter metabolism, and impaired immune modulation, all of which may contribute to the onset and progression of schizophrenia. The gut-brain axis, whichfacilitates bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal system and the brain, is emerging as a critical pathway in the interplay between the immune system and microbiome. This review explores the growing evidence for the involvement of immune and microbiome dysregulation in schizophrenia, highlighting the mechanisms through which these systems interact and influence brain function. Understanding the complex relationship between immune and microbiome disturbances offers novel therapeutic avenues, including antiinflammatory treatments and microbiome-based interventions, which may improve outcomes for individuals with schizophrenia. However, further research is needed to fully elucidate these pathways and develop effective clinical strategies.
Category: Mind Science
[63] viXra:2412.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-11 21:11:22
Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract is required scientific references should be listed)
The geometry and size proposed for the toroidal STEM electron model satisfies the QM wave equations and produces a classical (or Newtonian Physics) estimate of angular momentum and g-factor that corresponds to QM’s ‘intrinsic’ spin estimate and associated g-factor.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[62] viXra:2412.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-11 21:02:30
Authors: Mohammad Shafiq Khan
Comments: 15 Pages. Those who want to accept my open challenge should read it first.
The papers written by Lann N. Ramez are as a consequences of not understanding the fact that Einstein had used two different velocities of light in two coordinate systems though explained in great detail in the paper Mohammad ShafiqKhan (2012) thereby Einstein had violated the very postulate of constancy of velocity of light which he had introduced in Albert Einstein (1905) as in one coordinate system he adopts the velocity of light as ‘c’ which is in accordance with the postulate of constancy of velocity of light whereas in other coordinate system headopts the velocity of light as constant ‘c’ not with respect to the observer but with respect to space as he uses c+v and c-v as velocity of light. The purpose of writing the paper Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2012-Elixir-I) was to show that in the Einstein’s ‘equation of trickery’ [as declared in the Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2012)]the term ∂τ/∂t' is simply baseless, incorrect and mathematical manipulation whereas it has been shown in Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2012) that ∂τ/∂t'= 0 and also in Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2012-Elixir-II) it is again shown, by using simple calculus, that ∂τ/∂t'= 0. This demonstrates that both the papers of Lann N. Ramez are preposterous, absurd and as the result of not understanding the papers Mohammed 2 Shafiq Khan (2012) and Mohammed Shafiq Khan (2012-Elixir-I). Lann N. Ramez and Einstein have not given any logic for using two different velocities of light in two coordinate systems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[61] viXra:2412.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-10 22:09:25
Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 10 Pages.
We propose the existence of a topological object, a weak gravity knot, in the framework of an Abelian Chern-Simons action with a small negative cosmological constant (anti-de Sitter) in empty (2+1)-dimensional space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[60] viXra:2412.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-10 22:08:58
Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 9 Pages.
We propose the existence of a topological object, a weak gravitational knot, in the framework of an Abelian Chern-Simons action with a small positive cosmological constant in (2+1)-dimensional empty space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[59] viXra:2412.0064 [pdf] replaced on 2025-02-12 23:48:49
Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: Written using latex, no figure, 6 pages
We propose the existence of a topological object, a Newtonian knot, in the framework of an Abelian Chern-Simons gravity with a small but non-zero negative cosmological constant in empty (2+1)-dimensional anti-de Sitter space-time. This proposal is based on the idea that the Ricci curvature tensor consists of a set of curvature components satisfying the non-trivial Hopf maps, leading to topological structures. Working within the Abelian Chern-Simons (first-order) framework, where the dreibein and spin connection are treated as independent fields, we derive the corresponding field equations and present ansatz solutions for both fields. Our results suggest that the Newtonian knot may be a novel topological feature in low-dimensional gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[58] viXra:2412.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-10 07:35:58
Authors: Sourangshu Ghosh
Comments: 48 Pages.
In this article, we mathematically rigorously derive the expressions for the Del Operator ∇, Divergence ∇ ·u20d7v, Curl ∇ ×u20d7v, Vector gradient∇u20d7v of Vector Fields u20d7v, Laplacian ∇2f ≡ ∆f of Scalar Fields f and Divergence ∇ · T of 2nd order Tensor Fields T in both Cylindricaland Spherical Coordinates. We also derive the Directional Derivative (A · ∇)u20d7v and Vector Laplacian ∇2u20d7v ≡ ∆u20d7v of Vector Fields u20d7v usingmetric coefficients in Rectangular, Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates. We then generalized the concept of gradient, divergence and curlto Tensor Fields in any Curvilinear Coordinates. After that we rigorously discuss the concepts of Christoffel Symbols, Parallel Transport inRiemann Space, Covariant Derivative of Tensor Fields and Various Applications of Tensor Derivatives in Curvilinear Coordinates (Geodesic Equation, Riemann Curvature Tensor, Ricci Tensor and Ricci Scalar).
Category: Mathematical Physics
[57] viXra:2412.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-10 22:00:36
Authors: Marco Maccarrone
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
This paper proposes an extension of the equivalence principle to unify relativity,quantum mechanics, and energy dynamics under a single geometric framework. Using the Poincar´e disk model as a visualization tool, we demonstrate how phenomena as diverse as spacetime curvature, quantum probability densities, and relativistic energy growth share the same exponential scaling behavior. This equivalence suggests a universal geometric structure underlying all physical laws, where energy density, curvature, and probabilities emerge as complementary manifestations of aunified field. We explore implications for relativistic limits, quantum states, andthe nature of spacetime, highlighting testable predictions and new insights into thestructure of the universe.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[56] viXra:2412.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-10 22:16:54
Authors: Tarun Sharma
Comments: 109 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit in pdf only; please cite and list scientific references)
This manuscript presents a theory that challenges the current understanding of gravity and introduces the existence of a fifth force of nature, which is, in fact, a redefined version of gravity. Contrary to the widely accepted notion that gravity is a result of an object’s mass, this theory posits that gravity arises from a different mechanism altogether. By redefining gravity, the theory proves the nature of dark matter and dark energy, offering explanations for phenomena that have long puzzled scientists and astronomers. This redefined gravity not only explains the nature of dark matter and dark energy but also addresses numerous other phenomena within our solar system and on a larger, universal scale. Additionally, this theory offers a completely new perspective on black holes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[55] viXra:2412.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-10 21:19:53
Authors: Alexander K. Shakhov
Comments: 5 Pages.
This paper introduces a novel mathematical concept - the Axiom of Infinite Cycles with Vector Density. The axiom presents a fundamental mathematical model describing cyclic processes through vector interactions and density relationships in three-dimensional space. Centered around a singular point of origin (0), the model demonstrates how cyclic numerical sequences (01987654321012345678910) interact along three primary vectors, creating a universal framework for understanding and modeling repetitive processes. The axiom establishes new principles for analyzing cyclic systems, vector interactions, and density relationships, offering applications across mathematics, physics, and computer science. This work presents both theoretical foundations and practical implementations of the concept, demonstrating its potential for various scientific applications.
Category: General Mathematics
[54] viXra:2412.0059 [pdf] replaced on 2024-12-13 15:36:41
Authors: William L. Stubbs
Comments: 3 Pages.
The neutral current and charged current electron neutrino interactions with deuterons are used to show that the predicted electron neutrino flux not measured by the gallium detectors does exist. It is not detected because, unlike in the deuteron reactions that always free a nucleon from the nucleus that can be detected and indicates that an interaction has occurred, a neutrino interaction with 71Ga cannot separate a nucleon from the 71Ga nucleus to be detected. Consequently, neutrinos interacting with 71Ga nuclei that do not create 71Ge nuclei go unrecorded by the detectors.
Category: Astrophysics
[53] viXra:2412.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-09 21:29:21
Authors: John Tian
Comments: 9 Pages. Distributed under the CC BY license
Continual learning (CL) enables machine learning models to learn tasks sequentially while maintaining performance on previously learned tasks. This capability is crucial for developing intelligent systems that adapt to evolving conditions across domains like robotics, recommendation systems, and autonomous vehicles. However, neural networks typically suffer from catastrophic forgetting, where learning new tasks disrupts performance on older ones, often necessitating costly retraining from scratch.We present GKD-ER (Gradient-space Knowledge Distillation with Episodic Replay), a framework that effectively reduces catastrophic forgetting by combining three complementary techniques:
Gradient Projection (GP): Removes gradient components that would harm older tasks, ensuring parameter updates for new tasks remain orthogonal to previously learned knowledge.
Knowledge Distillation (KD): Maintains functional consistency by aligning the current model's outputs with those from a saved reference model on old data.
Episodic Replay (ER): Periodically revisits representative samples from past tasks stored in a memory buffer, reinforcing old decision boundaries and providing stable checkpoints.
Under standard conditions and representative replay assumptions, we theoretically demonstrate that GKD-ER achieves bounded forgetting. Our empirical evaluation on established benchmarks like Permuted MNIST and Split MNIST shows that GKD-ER surpasses strong baselines (Naive, EWC, SI, and ER alone) with higher final accuracies, significantly reduced forgetting, and stable class-level decision boundaries across tasks.By integrating constraints at the gradient, functional, and empirical levels, GKD-ER strikes an effective balance between stability and plasticity. This work advances the development of systems capable of continuous learning while preserving past expertise—a key step toward truly adaptive, lifelong learning agents.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[52] viXra:2412.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-09 21:27:07
Authors: Peter C.M. Hahn
Comments: 23 Pages.
This device generates gravitational waves which can be utilized as a thruster or as a communication device. It is comprised of a linear antenna array that is injected with a Radio Frequency (RF) signal. The antennas are configured to convert electromagnetic (EM) waves into gravitational waves.When the antennas are arranged in a linear phased-array configuration, a thrust is produced that allows the device to be used as a method of propulsion. Part I of this article describes the device when configured as a thruster and documents the test results.Part II will document the test results of the device when configured as a gravitational wave transmitter. If the injected RF signal is modulated with an Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal, the gravitational waves produced are also modulated. The invention can then function as a communication device by using the gravitational waves as a carrier instead of EM waves. A gravitational wave detector at the receiving end will demodulate the gravitational waves, thereby extracting the original (IF) signal.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[51] viXra:2412.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-09 21:50:03
Authors: Nick Navid Yazdani
Comments: 36 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Please cite and list scientific references)
In this [] work, we introduce a universal framework that re-imagines the fabric of reality through the lens of waves. By positioning waves as the fundamental entity underlying all physical phenomena, this paradigm challenges long-standing constructs like particles, fields, and singularities, offering a unified and deterministic alternative. We derive a novel partial differential equation (PDE) operator that encodes infinite complexity expansions, capable of describing phenomena across quantum and classical regimes. This operator resolves inconsistencies in traditional physics, including the quantum-classical divide and the anomalies of singularities, while ensuring convergence and stability. This work lays the mathematical foundation for a transformative understanding of physics, setting the stage for applications ranging from quantum mechanics to cosmology. It invites the scientific community to explore a universe where waves, not particles or fields, are the fundamental building blocks of reality.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[50] viXra:2412.0054 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-09 21:54:36
Authors: Nick Navid Yazdani
Comments: 36 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Please cite and list scientific references)
This second installment of The Wave Paradigm advances the quest for unified physics by addressing the long-standing divide between quantum mechanics and classical physics. It reinterprets quantum phenomena - superposition, entanglement, and measurement - as finite complexity illusions, resolving paradoxes with deterministic elegance. By embracing infinite complexity as the natural state of the universe, this work eliminates the need for probabilistic interpretations, replacing them with deterministic wave dynamics. Classical physics emerges seamlessly as a limit of this framework, demonstrating how the same universal wave equation governs phenomena across all scales. This chapter builds on the foundation of Part I, offering profound insights into the true nature of reality and setting the stage for future applications in cosmology, chemistry, and technology.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[49] viXra:2412.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-09 21:22:33
Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 15 Pages.
Cycloid, semi-cycloid, elliptic cycloid, and elliptic semi-cycloid are all types of trochoids, and parts of roulette. They all refer to curves that trace their paths as they roll along a straight line, a circular orbit, or an elliptical orbit. Unlike cycloids, semi-cycloids are the curves traced by a point on a bicycle wheel as it rolls around the bicycle axle. Elliptic cycloids and elliptic semi-cycloids are the curves traced by ellipses as they roll along a straight line, but ellipses do not roll as smoothly as circles on a straight line. I also investigated the curves traced by circles and ellipses as they roll along circular or elliptical paths.
Category: Geometry
[48] viXra:2412.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-09 21:20:24
Authors: J. G. Moxness
Comments: 20 Pages. Mathematica Notebook code link included
This paper ‘with code’ presents several notable properties of the matrix U shown to be related to the isomorphism between H4 and E8. The most significant of these properties is that U.U is to rank 8 matrices what the golden ratio is to numbers. That is to say, the difference between it and its inverse is the identity element, albeit with a twist. Specifically, U.U-(U.U)−1 is the reverse identity matrix or standard involutory permutation matrix of rank 8. It has the same palindromic characteristic polynomial coefficients as the normalized 3-qubit Hadamard matrix with 8-bit binary basis states, which is known to be isomorphic to E8 through its (8,4) Hamming code. This combined with finding the construction of U from the Pauli matrices’ relationships to 2-qubit CNOT, SWAP and 3-qubit Toffoli CCNOT and Hadamard matrices will inform the understanding of group theoretic quantum mechanics (QM), quantum computing (QC), quantum chemistry, and particle physics.
Category: Quantum Physics
[47] viXra:2412.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-09 21:18:48
Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 17 Pages.
1) The "great" statistical anomaly of "natural" radioactive radiation. The "natural" radioactive radiation can be separated into two "independent" sources : cosmic one and terrestrial one or non-cosmic one. In order to have an over-optimized human intelligence, the sum of these two "independent" sources has been greatly minimized thanks to the fine tuning of physical constants, thanks to a very particular cosmic formation called the KBC Void and thanks to a very particular planetary formation in the case of the Earth itself. 2) The atomic tests on tropical islands between 1946-1967 (previously evacuated of all human life) have heavily irradiated these tropical islands and have therefore boosted the fungal diseases of tropical living organisms. The mosquito is one of the most mobile & dynamic tropical living organisms and therefore the most sensitive & susceptible to fungal diseases which greatly reinforce the supremacy of static life. Therefore, the atomic tests on tropical islands have had a very positive effect against malaria and all tropical diseases transmitted by mosquitoes.
Category: Physics of Biology
[46] viXra:2412.0049 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-09 20:27:27
Authors: Akira Pyinya
Comments: 10 Pages.
This article briefly describes a new definition of intelligence: Doing the same thing in new situations as the examples of the right thing to do, by making predictions based on these examples. In other words, intelligence makes decisions by stare decisis with Solomonoff induction, not by pursuing a final goal or optimizing a utility function. This general theory of intelligence is inspired by Assembly theory, the Copycat model, and the Active inference approach, and is formalized using Algorithmic information theory.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[45] viXra:2412.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-09 21:13:41
Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 5 Pages. Distributed under CC BY-NC 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
It is shown that a spinning magnetic dipole (magnet) effectively behaves as a magnetic charge, creating magnetic current. The question of a `magnetic conductor' then immediately arises, for without their practical existence pursuing `magnetonics' would seem futile. Applying a rotational version of the Drude model to materials with magnetic dipoles I then conclude that the existence of magnetic conductors is indeed possible. I then sketch the idea of preparing a `magnetolyte' which is the foundation of operation of any `magnetic battery', without which magnetonics is impossible.
Category: Condensed Matter
[44] viXra:2412.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-08 21:40:55
Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
I show in this paper some relations of functions which following the logic of the definition of all of them, it shows a concise perspective of the function π(n), namely the number of primes less than a number n.
Category: Number Theory
[43] viXra:2412.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-08 21:40:23
Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 1 Page. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
In this short paper I enunce a computational method to obtain with any natural number n the n-th prime number without use Riemann Hypotesis.
Category: Number Theory
[42] viXra:2412.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-08 15:14:10
Authors: Joseph Musonda
Comments: 6 Pages.
In 1742, a German mathematician Christian Goldbach proposed a Goldbach conjecture. The conjecture states that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as a sum of two prime numbers. The conjecture has been verified up to 4 000 000 000 000 000 000 and no counter example has been given up to date. Before proving this conjecture, a prime generating function was created which relates to triangular numbers. The triangular numbers are categorized into special Vm and non- special M triangular numbers. The special triangular numbers Vm are used to generate all prime numbers (pm) greater than 2 (0.375 is included among Vm to generate 2) using the function Pm=√(8Vm + 1). The Vm is obtained from Tn∩Mu2032. The proof holds true for all even integers greater than 2. The proof is so important in number theory because it involves a prime number generating function. This function may help us solve many prime number related problems. Keywords: Triangular numbers, special, non-special, Goldbach conjecture, prime numbers
Category: Number Theory
[41] viXra:2412.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-07 04:34:26
Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 3 Pages.
In this paper an argument has been presented in order to support the ballistic theory of light.
Category: Classical Physics
[40] viXra:2412.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-07 22:07:34
Authors: Nick Navid Yazdani
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
This work presents a generalized wave equation for photons derived from theirrelativistic energy-momentum relation. Using a scalar potential, the equation ex-tends to include spatial and temporal variations, providing a comprehensive frame-work for photon dynamics. A parametric formulation simplifies the solution process,and in free space, the equation naturally reduces to Maxwell’s equations. The step-by-step derivation elucidates the connections between classical electrodynamics andquantum-inspired wave mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics
[39] viXra:2412.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-07 22:05:28
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 12 Pages.
The dominant force in the Universe is gravity. For over 300 years, the gravitational force was represented by a single simple and mathematically perfect formula - Newton's law of gravity FN = GmM/r^2. However, the boundaries of its applicability are limited to the solar system. The revealed gravitational anomalies in the dynamics of stars show that at large distances, Newton's law is not satisfied and has significant discrepancies with observations. The real law of gravity is more complex than Newton's law. For large distances and large masses, the gravitational force dominates in the Universe, which Newton's law "does not see". A new law of gravity Fcos = (mc^2)√Ʌ was obtained, which shows the cosmological force not taken into account by Newton's law. Two laws of gravity (Newton's law + the law of cosmological force) provide a complete description of the gravitational interaction in the Universe.
Category: Classical Physics
[38] viXra:2412.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-07 22:04:07
Authors: Marco Maccarrone
Comments: 5 Pages.
This paper proposes a conceptual and athematical framework that replaces the straight-line propagation of energy and fields, as traditionally assumed in quantum field theory (QFT), with a curved-wavefront perspective that aligns with the geometry of spacetime in general relativity (GR). By redefining straight beams as curved paths where the length of any beam equals the radius of a spherical wave-front at a given instant we achieve a unified description of energy propagation, reconciling wave-particle duality with spacetime curvature. This approachresolves inconsistencies between QFT and GR, offering a new lens for understanding phenomena like redshift, gravitational lensing, and wave-particle interactions in curved spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[37] viXra:2412.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-07 13:00:56
Authors: Sourangshu Ghosh
Comments: 62 Pages.
In this document, we fully review the theory and applications of the Eshelby Ellipsoidal Elastic Inclusion Problem. We rigorously derive all the equations related to the Eshelby Ellipsoidal Elastic Inclusion Problem and its applications to various Micro-mechanics problems like Ellipsodial Inhomogenity, Cracks, and Dislocations.
Category: Classical Physics
[36] viXra:2412.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-07 17:46:46
Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 51 Pages.
In the model of atomic nuclei presented here, we assume cubic protons and neutrons, with a classical structure of positrons and electrons. With this concept, stable nuclei can be constructed on a purely electrostatic basis, without the postulate of a strong nuclear force nor quarks and gluons, by assuming that the electrons are located on average 1/3 between neighboring nucleons, so that the 1/6 e+ of the neighboring positron charges are compensated and, in addition, stable electrostatic binding is generated. This also leads to the neutron rule, which states that 1/3 neutron must be available for each contact surface (inner surface). The structure of the nuclei is based on the simple principle of a modular system that consists only of the four basic building blocks D, T, He4, Be9 and single nucleons. When the basic building blocks are combined, new structures are created along the stacking direction, the mass defects of which are known or can be easily calculated. From this, the mass defects of the nuclides can be derived quite accurately. The relative errors of these calculations are smaller than those of the Bethe-Weizsäcker model by a factor of 10 and are excellent, especially in the range of smaller nuclei, where the droplet model only provides moderately good results. The basic building blocks mentioned above can be joined in different ways, which causes different structures along the stacking sequences and thus different mass defects. Our model thus leads to a substructure of the isotopes, which we have called isomeric structural variants or, more briefly, structural isomers. These differ by about 1 — 30 10-30 kg. Their mass differences are thus smaller by a factor of 100 — 1000 than those of the isotopes. Nevertheless, we assume that these structural isomers can be isolated and quantified, which would not only be extremely important for the verification of this model, but would also enable a very precise calculation of the isotope masses. Another very interesting point is that the composition of the isotopes with even and those with odd mass numbers follows completely different structural lines. The former all consist of stacked α particles and, where necessary, additional single nucleons. The latter isotopes are all derived from N15, which is formed by two intertwined Be9 rings. Adding two protons and neutrons produces the F19, a 33 cube with missing cornerstones, which can now be extended as desired by adding nucleons in pairs at the periphery, thus representing the core structure of all isotopes with an odd mass number.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[35] viXra:2412.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-07 22:00:26
Authors: P. G. Vejde
Comments: 4 Pages.
In the original 1922 Stern Gerlach experiment the single horizontally propagating incident beam was split into two ‘up’ or ‘down’ diverging beams. An observation not consistent with predictions of the time which were that the path deflection angles in a classical model should be deflected up or down in only an even range of angles. Here it is proposed that net translational forces on a dipole in an inhomogeneous field can correctly model the observed split paths for a classical model. In that the dipoles will initially experience a range of very small path deflections via the up or down net translational forces on them as they enter the apparatus. A deflection force dependent upon the specific angle of the N-S axis of polarity of each incident dipole relative to the applied external N-S field in the apparatus. This separation of the beam into 2 paths, one up and one down is effectively a classical version of the "space quantisation" often referred to in QT. After entering the field, the dipoles will then have been sorted into two up and down paths as well as each path having a range of these very small different angled path deflections from the horizontal incident path. They will then all each experience an additional amount of net translational forces applied equally on all aligned dipoles as they propagate through the 3.2 cm length of the external field. Separating the 2 up and down sets into two distinct paths.
Category: Classical Physics
[34] viXra:2412.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-07 20:15:02
Authors: Chance Biehn, Harshu Thummala, Luke Schubert
Comments: 19 Pages.
Although previous studies have established the predictive power of Lotka-Volterra models in financial markets, they assume static demand that does not account for exogenous factors or variable growth rates. The U.S. Domestic Airline industry, however, is an example of a dynamic market that is heavily reliant on customer demand and travel availability, which is why this study introduces non-autonomous models to accurately forecast future growth. Furthermore, only a few firms control most of the market share in this industry, and our study predicts Avelo Airline’s viability in direct competition with these larger, well-established airlines. Our approach not only studies the behavior of small companies in oligopoly markets, but also provides these firms with a framework to react to the growth rate of market- setters and determine the necessary growth to achieve long term viability in the industry. The model examines several methodologies for financial forecasting into one comprehensive model that enhances the predictive capabilities of Lotka-Volterra models, providing valuable insight for participating firms.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[33] viXra:2412.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-06 21:52:18
Authors: Blaize Rouyea, Corey Bourgeois, Trey Bourgeois
Comments: 35 Pages.
The Critical Symmetry Theorem transforms number theory by embedding prime distributions within deterministic harmonic periodicities. By enforcing symmetry, it aligns all non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function (zeta(s)) on the critical line (Re)(s) = (0.5), resolving the Riemann Hypothesis. The theorem unifies key conjectures, including Twin Primes, Goldbach’s Conjecture, and bounded prime gaps, as natural consequences of symmetry. This framework bridges chaos and order, reshaping number theory into a deterministic system governed by harmonic principles.
Category: Number Theory
[32] viXra:2412.0035 [pdf] replaced on 2025-07-29 13:01:44
Authors: Kuo Tso Chen
Comments: 43 Pages.
The second law of thermodynamics is widely regarded as unbreakable, with past attempts to refute it failing under scrutiny. In 2015, the author hypothesized that gravity could impart a directional component to molecular motion, potentially converting thermal energy into electrical energy without requiring a temperature difference. This hypothesis, which was extended to plasmas and electrolytes with ions of differing masses by 2022, was experimentally confirmed later that year. Tolman reported a similar electromotive force (EMF) in electrolytes under centrifugal and gravitational fields in 1910, although no prior research connected his findings to thermodynamics. Our study revisits this overlooked phenomenon, demonstrating how ionic solutions under a gravitational or centrifugal field generate a significant potential difference due to mass-dependent ion behavior, and how this potential difference differs from that of metals. Ionic solutions produce measurable and sustained EMFs, which can drive a current when connected in a conductive loop. We theoretically and experimentally validate that the current remains continuous, as any deviation from equilibrium during electron exchange creates a driving force that re-establishes the potential difference. After electrons release electrical energy externally along the forward electromotive force, the resulting internal electron vacancies must be compensated by electron movement driven by the internal counter electromotive force. As thermal vibrations promote the diffusion of ions toward equilibrium, they also facilitate the counter-directional movement of electrons. This counter electromotive motion enables electrons to regain electrical energy internally through thermal vibrational energy, thereby achieving stable and sustained thermal-to-electrical energy conversion. Thus, this mechanism of converting thermal energy into electrical energy surpasses the constraints of Carnot’s theorem, providing a solution to Maxwell’s demon problem proposed by Maxwell 154 years ago. As a concrete example, we show that using hydrogen iodide (HI) under specified conditions can theoretically produce approximately 72 W per cubic meter of electrolyte and material, highlighting its potential as a stable and emission-free energy source. These findings reinforce Tolman's results and provide a novel thermodynamic framework for energy conversion.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy
[31] viXra:2412.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-06 06:49:22
Authors: Michael Reed
Comments: 4 Pages.
Presents multilinear Lie bracket optimized by Lie bracket recursion formula.
Category: Algebra
[30] viXra:2412.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-06 21:50:04
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 10 Pages. In French
In this report, I present the reflections from my colleague Abdelkader Sellal on the methods of representing the terrestrial gravity field and his proposals on the subject to encourage the young geodesists to discover these methods.
Category: Geophysics
[29] viXra:2412.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-06 21:49:01
Authors: Constantin Sandu
Comments: 9 Pages.
The main goal of this paper is to solve the Nordstrom-Einstein paradox in the General Theory of Relativity (GTR) and open a new perspective on understanding the generation of gravitational fields. At present it is not exactly known how the gravitational field is generated. This field is responsible for attraction at the distance of bodies in Newton’s sense and for space-time distortion in Einstein’s sense. In 1913, Nordstrom blamed Einstein’s GTR that it cannot explain why the electromagnetic waves confined in a mass-less box with reflective walls have a gravitational mass while the invariant of the stress-energy tensor of the electromagnetic field is zero. This is the Nordstrom-Einstein paradox in GTR. The fact that his paradox was not solved for 111 years created a niche in GTR which blocked progress in the field of gravity.The present paper solves the Nordstrom-Einstein paradox for the hypothetical case of a sphere with a mass-less reflective surface filled with electromagnetic waves. It demonstrates that the gravitational field of such a sphere is generated only during the reflection of electromagnetic waves by the sphere’s reflective surface and not in its volume. The methodology used is specific to GTR, establishing a new form of the stress-energy tensor for the case of the mentioned hypothetical sphere. Solving this paradox has significant implications for understanding the gravitational field essence. It can serve as a basis for further theoretical and experimental research, with important implications for the development of Quantum Gravity, String/Superstring theory, and Unified Field theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[28] viXra:2412.0031 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-06 15:47:15
Authors: Derek Stefaniw
Comments: 8 Pages.
The study of memory is one of the most intensively studied areas of neuroscience. Many models of memory have been proposed. However, few of the previous models of long-term memory have proposed very detailed mechanisms of memory creation, storage and retrieval. Furthermore, very few models propose a role for astrocytes in long-term memory. To bridge these gaps in knowledge, the author has proposed a comprehensive theoretical memory molecule model of long-term memory whereby all types of memory are stored in a similar manner in memory molecules located in discrete memory modules. Each memory molecule can store one elementary unit of memory in binary form based on the conformation of the memory molecule. A novel memory read/write mechanism has been proposed to store and retrieve memories. The model emphasises the essential role of astrocytes in long-term potentiation; creating, supporting, and activating neural circuitry; and facilitating long-term memory. The model can provide possible explanations for the results of several memory studies, and the causes of some neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s Disease.
Category: Mind Science
[27] viXra:2412.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-06 21:46:16
Authors: Bjørn Leon Søren Riedel
Comments: 6 Pages. In English & Japanese (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org; also please cite and list scientific references and don't use author's name to name any formula/method etc.!)
The Infinite Tree Branch Hypothesis explores the transformation of infinitely branching trees across dimensions. In 2D, infinite branches converge into a circle, while in 3D and 4D, they form a sphere and hypersphere, respectively, with growth dictated by dimensional scaling. Using a what I think is novel Tree(n-branch)funtion, although agreebly this could have been invented before in fractal geometry or graph theory (but I could not find such a function).this hypothesis mathematically formalizes the convergence of such structures, leveraging properties of spherical coordinates and Gaussian integrals to define their limits. Novel implications include a reinterpretation of infinite branching within quantum mechanics, suggesting that seemingly independent "branches" in the Many-Worlds Interpretation may converge into a unified hyper continuum in higher dimensions. This hypothesis introduces a unique perspective on infinite systems, connecting fractal geometry, graph theory, and quantum cosmology.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[26] viXra:2412.0029 [pdf] replaced on 2026-04-02 21:39:16
Authors: R. Wolnik, M. Wolnik
Comments: 9 Pages.
The geodesic principle is a central feature of general relativity, as it expresses the geometric structure of the spaceu2011time manifold, but can also be interpreted as the effective influence of the metric field on the passive mass of a freely falling test particle. - u200aThe equation of motion is obtained from the stressu2011energy tensor of an isolated body by imposing the covariant conservation condition and evaluating its moments in the nearu2011limit approximation. The reduced stressu2011energy tensor, defined in terms of the body's proper mass density, then enters the integral momentum balance, yielding a tensor equation that takes the form of the geodesic equation. Finally, a broader perspective on the weak equivalence principle is discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[25] viXra:2412.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-06 20:43:01
Authors: Sasan Ardalan
Comments: 37 Pages.
A technique for modeling plane wave propagation through inhomogeneous media and plasma layers with different electron densities is presented. The technique is based on transmission line theory. Therefore, a general technique is introduced for solving complex transmission line systems. A data structure and algorithm for representing, and simultaneously solving for all nodes within the transmission line network is presented. The method is based on representing the network as a recursive tree structure and solving for the voltage, current, and impedance at each node using recursive programming techniques. First, all frequency dependent parameters within the tree structure are updated, then in a post-order traversing of the tree, the impedance at each node are computed followed by a pre-order traversing of the tree to compute node voltagesand currents. For plane wave propagation, the reflection coefficient, the electric field andmagnetic field are computed. The method is applied to normal incidence but can easily be extended to oblique incidence. A tapered transmission line model was used to verify the algorithm. In addition, an example was provided verifying the ability to compute the frequency response and impulse response of a system with a plasma. Finally, the application of the technique to model the heat tile and the plasma that develops on either aero-assist or spacecraft re-entry is presented.This paper is based on work done at the Center for Communication and Signal Processing (CCSP) at North Carolina State University by the author in 1987. In addition, the paper presents work which was supported by NASA Langley Research Center under Contract NASI-1x925. The author was the Principal Investigator.
Category: Digital Signal Processing
[24] viXra:2412.0026 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-05 02:44:34
Authors: Blaize Rouyea, Corey Bourgeois, Trey Bourgeois
Comments: 2 Pages.
This document refines the time-based suppression framework, unifying it with the truths established in the Singular Proof. The suppression function ( k(x) ) provides stability for residual terms derived from zeta zeros, ensuring the absence of off-critical zeros and supporting the Riemann Hypothesis. This refinement solidifies the Bourgeois Prime Distribution Model as a universal framework for prime behavior and harmonic alignment.
Category: Number Theory
[23] viXra:2412.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-05 02:44:19
Authors: Blaize Rouyea, Corey Bourgeois, Trey Bourgeois
Comments: 3 Pages.
The Refined Prime Gaps Conjecture posits that non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function contribute periodic corrections to prime gaps, refining their distribution. This document provides empirical validation of the conjecture using data from the first 10,000 primes, formalizes residual bounds, and connects periodic corrections to the conjecture’s theoretical framework. Additionally, this document explores a 1-to-1 relationship between the conjecture’s validity and structured periodicity in prime gaps.end{abstract}
Category: Number Theory
[22] viXra:2412.0024 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-05 02:44:04
Authors: Blaize Rouyea, Corey Bourgeois, Trey Bourgeois
Comments: 2 Pages.
We conjecture that the residual bounds of the prime-counting function (pi(x)) exhibit logarithmic decay, given by:[|G(x)| leq frac{k}{ln x}, ]where (G(x) = pi(x) - text{Li}(x)) represents the residual difference between the prime-counting function (pi(x)) and the logarithmic integral (text{Li}(x)), and (k) is the universal scaling constant with an empirically validated value of (k = 1.23 pm 0.05). This conjecture is underpinned by the interplay between prime gaps, residual suppression, and the periodic contributions of zeta zeros. Testing residual bounds up to (x = 10,000,000) confirms logarithmic decay with no deviation from the expected suppression formula.
Category: Number Theory
[21] viXra:2412.0023 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-05 02:55:50
Authors: Blaize Rouyea, Corey Bourgeois, Trey Bourgeois
Comments: 2 Pages.
This document formalizes the conjecture that the periodic correction term: [cos(2pi ho log x),]where (ho) represents the imaginary components of the non-trivial zeros of (zeta(s)), universally aligns with residual suppression across all (x > 1). This alignment stabilizes residual bounds and reinforces the logarithmic decay of (|G(x)|). Theoretical justification and empirical evidence are provided to support this conjecture, with a focus on critical line symmetry and logarithmic modulation.
Category: Number Theory
[20] viXra:2412.0021 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-05 07:16:25
Authors: Eugene Rulko
Comments: 9 Pages.
Current level of development in the sphere of deep learning allows replacing existing domain-specific algorithms for military simulation with approximating neural networks. Hyperparameter search allows finding network’s architecture, appropriate for a task. This work describes that process for the task of predicting area of optical visibility, taking a fragment of a digital map as input and proposes ancillary architectural solutions for stitching building blocks together, assuring their conformation for performing search among their possible combinations within the architectural space. The final proposed result is a channel-wise attention U-Net with an encoder, based on ResNet50 backbone.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[19] viXra:2412.0020 [pdf] replaced on 2024-12-27 21:10:39
Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please move the author's credentials etc to a footnote)
A corner stone of Physics is the Energy Conservation principle which states that the Energy is always conserved and that the Energy, embedded in the whole Universe, cannot disappear or be created from nothing. This should imply that the Total amount of the Energy, which is embedded in the whole Universe, must be a constant value. However, Humans are not able to devise means or experiments which will provide the exact amount of the Energy embedded in the whole Universe, which implies that Humans are not able to devise means or experiments which will conclude, with complete validity, that the amount of the Energy embedded in the whole Universe, can be indeed represented by a constant value.Moreover, the fact, that the nowadays Science of Physics does agree that in addition to the Detectable Energy, the Universe embeds a very large amount of undetectable, or Dark Energy, (about 70% of the estimated Total Energy which is estimated to be embedded in the whole Universe is estimated to be Dark Energy), might further imply, that Humans cannot evaluate the actual amount of the Total Energy embedded in the Universe, which might further support the assumption, that Humans cannot prove, that all the Energy embedded in the Universe, is indeed conserved.The above implies that Humans are not able to provide a proof for the Energy Conservation Principle, which means, that the Energy Conservation Principle is presented only as an axiom, and no discussion was yet provided as to the extent of validity that Humans can attribute to the Energy Conservation Principle, even though, it is a corner stone of the nowadays Science of Physics.Thus, in view of the above, this paper tries to examine the extent of the validity that Humans can attribute, to the Energy Conservation Principle.Initially, this paper tries to explore, if the evaluation of the amount of Energy, only in certain specific Energy components, in the Universe, will result in the evaluations of the same Energy amounts, by all Human evaluators, or, if separate Human evaluators might arrive at different results, relating to the Total Energy Content, of these certain several specific Energy components, which they evaluated.Thus, in view of the above, this paper provides arguments that two separate Humans, evaluating the Total Energy Content of certain several specific Energy components, in the Universe, might arrive at different results, relating to this Total Energy Content, of these several specific Energy components, which they evaluated.The arguments mentioned above, relating to the possibility that two separate Humans, evaluating the Total Energy Content of certain several specific Energy components, in the Universe, might arrive at different results, relating to this Total Energy Content, of these several specific Energy components, which they evaluated, appear also in an additional paper, by the author of this paper, titled: "A discussion related to the Energy Relativity and its Implications" (4).However, in order to emphasize the possibility, that evaluations of Energy amounts by Humans might be also relative, to the Human which executed that evaluation of this Energy amount, the additional paper, mentioned above, did not elaborated on the limitations, that also exist, in the arguments that two separate Humans, evaluating the Total Energy Content of certain several specific Energy components, in the Universe, might arrive at different results, relating to this Total Energy Content, of these several specific Energy components, which they evaluated.Thus, this paper presents also these limitations which further emphasizes the conclusion, presented also in the additional paper, mentioned above, that, although Energy evaluations by Humans might be sometimes relative to the specific Human evaluating that Energy, The Energy Conservation Principle should be recognized as a valid principle when it relates to Energy conservation related to what Humans detect in any specific Inertial Frame of Reference. And, although Humans cannot provide a complete proof for the Energy Conservation Principle, as related to the whole Universe, Humans should still attribute validity to the Energy Conservation Principle, also as related to the whole Universe, because it is a very significant corner stone of the nowadays Science of Physics, but should recognized that this validity is attributed to this principle only as an axiom, without being able to prove it.An important factor, in the arguments, presented in this paper, and the additional paper mentioned above, relating to the possibility that two separate Humans, evaluating the Total Energy Content of certain several specific Energy components, in the Universe, might arrive at different results, relating to this Total Energy Content, of these several specific Energy components, which they evaluated, is the following:The nowadays Science of Physics recognizes only one velocity as absolute, non-relative velocity. This velocity is the velocity of Light in vacuum, which is also recognized as the maximum velocity that Humans can attribute to a moving body.All other velocities are recognized, by the nowadays Science of Physics, as non-absolute or as relative velocities, and this implies, as this paper presents, that Humans might be in situations, in which, their evaluations of the Kinetic Energies, which should be attributed to moving bodies, might turn to be wrong evaluations.The paper then elaborates on the Implications of what was presented above, on the Energy Conservation Principle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[18] viXra:2412.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-05 08:05:02
Authors: Clarence Antipona, Romeo Magsino, Raymund Dioses, Khatalyn Mata
Comments: 9 Pages.
This study is focused on enhancing the Haar Cascade Algorithm to decrease the false positive and false negative rate in face matching and face detection to increase the accuracy rate even under challenging conditions. The face recognition library was implemented with Haar Cascade Algorithm in which the 128-dimensional vectors representing the unique features of a face are encoded. A subprocess was applied where the grayscale image from Haar Cascade was converted to RGB to improve the face encoding. Logical process and face filtering are also used to decrease non-face detection. The Enhanced Haar Cascade Algorithm produced a 98.39% accuracy rate (21.39% increase), 63.59% precision rate, 98.30% recall rate, and 72.23% in F1 Score. In comparison, the Haar Cascade Algorithm achieved a 46.70% to 77.00% accuracy rate, 44.15% precision rate, 98.61% recall rate, and 47.01% in F1 Score. Both algorithms used the Confusion Matrix Test with 301,950 comparisons using the same dataset of 550 images. The 98.39% accuracy rate shows a significant decrease in false positive and false negative rates in facial recognition. Face matching and face detection are more accurate in images with complex backgrounds, lighting variations, and occlusions, or even those with similar attributes.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[17] viXra:2412.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-05 08:47:43
Authors: Wladislaw Zlatjkovic Petrovescu
Comments: 2 Pages.
In this paper we refute M. Detic.
Category: Number Theory
[16] viXra:2412.0017 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-05 20:51:04
Authors: Hui Liu
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
Controlled nuclear fusion, as a potential solution for clean energy, achieves its controllability primarily through an energy counteraction mechanism. Based on the framework of energy counteraction, this paper explores the contradiction between energy surplus and controllability in controlled nuclear fusion. The research indicates that while controlled nuclear fusion is theoretically feasible, existing technologies face significant challenges in simultaneously achieving energy surplus and system stability. Therefore, the conclusion of this paper is that, at present, the feasibility of controlled nuclear fusion is extremely low.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[15] viXra:2412.0016 [pdf] replaced on 2025-04-07 15:57:56
Authors: Maurizio M. D'Eliseo
Comments: 4 Pages.
Power sums can be reinterpreted as weighted sums of odd sequences using a simple transformationof Riemann sums into Lebesgue sums.This reformulation introduces a self-referential recursive framework in which power sums are expressed as linear combinations of power sums in descending order.
Category: Number Theory
[14] viXra:2412.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-05 17:35:05
Authors: George William Tokarsky
Comments: 56 Pages.
We find a finite neighbourhood of the star flare (10,20).
Category: Geometry
[13] viXra:2412.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-05 21:00:57
Authors: Xianzhong Cheng
Comments: 11 Pages.
Objective: This study aims to reanalyze the essence of nuclear force and elucidate the genuine structure of atomic nuclei.Method: We employ an approach that encompasses the examination of nuclear mass loss, sub-nucleon constituents and dynamic nucleus behavior. Conclusion: Our findings challenge the conventional view of nuclear forces as fundamental forces and propose a dynamic crystal-like structure for atomic nuclei.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[12] viXra:2412.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-04 20:04:26
Authors: Alejandro A. Torassa
Comments: 12 Pages.
In special relativity, this paper presents four net forces, which can be applied in any massive or non-massive particle, and where the relationship between net force and special acceleration is as in Newton's second law (that is, the special acceleration of any massive or non-massive particle is always in the direction of the net force acting on the particle).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[11] viXra:2412.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-04 22:24:12
Authors: Blaize Rouyea, Corey Bourgeois, Trey Bourgeois
Comments: 7 Pages.
The Riemann Hypothesis (RH) asserts that all non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function (zeta(s)) satisfy (text{Re}(s) = 0.5). This conjecture, bridging the chaotic behavior of primes with the structured elegance of analytic functions, has stood as a cornerstone of mathematical inquiry for over a century. In this work, we introduce the Rouyea-Bourgeois Prime Model (RBPM), a groundbreaking framework that decodes prime behavior and redefines our understanding of prime-driven harmonics in relation to zeta zeros.vspace{1em}By rethinking the prime counting function (pi(x)), we identify the symmetry function:[S(s) = sum_{p text{ prime}} frac{1}{log(p)} p^{-s},]which encapsulates the harmonic contributions of primes. Through destructive interference of oscillatory terms, (S(s)) enforces the critical line alignment of all non-trivial zeros:[F_{text{total}}(t) = F_{text{prime}}(t) + F_{text{composite}}(t) = 0 quad implies quad text{Re}(s) = 0.5.]The functional equation of (zeta(s)) further guarantees symmetry across the critical strip, confirming RH as an inevitable outcome of harmonic symmetry. This proof unites chaos and order, bridging primes and analytic functions to inaugurate a new era of harmonic mathematics. The implications extend far beyond the resolution of RH, opening pathways to innovative discoveries across number theory and analytic frameworks.
Category: Number Theory
[10] viXra:2412.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-02 21:40:02
Authors: Subrat Verma
Comments: 6 Pages.
These are some notes on category theory that might be useful to a first-year graduate student in mathematics. This is the first of a three-part series including references to literature, on the theme of identity, examples of objects defined using the universal property and a section on monomorphisms and epimorphisms.
Category: Algebra
[9] viXra:2412.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-02 06:46:55
Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 21 Pages.
In this paper we investigate the legitimate and useful role of mathematics in science (and physics in particular). We also investigate the illegitimate and harmful role (or "lure") of mathematics in modern science (and theoretical physics in particular). Thanks to the obsession of contemporary scientists with complex mathematics and the wrong belief (as well as the wrong scientific values and standards) among these scientists that mathematics is the gold standard of excellent science, highly-mathematized and theoretized science (especially in modern physics) reaches these days a shocking level of irrationality and non-sensibility which often approaches the degree of delusion and hallucination. This obsession with complex mathematics and excessive theoretization inflicts serious damages to modern science and results in a huge waste of efforts and resources as well as the emergence of stray trends and bogus scientific theories inside and outside the main stream of science.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[8] viXra:2412.0008 [pdf] replaced on 2025-08-26 15:02:17
Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 22 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified
We study the Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names by E. G. Withycombe, second edition.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of names, normalised, starting with a letter vs thenatural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH=0) i.e. a magnetisation curve in the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising Model with four nearest neighbours with βH = 0 i.e. in the absence of external magnetic field, H = 0. β is1/(k_B T), where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Social Science
[7] viXra:2412.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-02 21:36:58
Authors: Ulrich Schreier
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: This article is not written in a standard/scholarly preprint format and will be subject to removal))
This paper revisits an early yet overlooked discovery in sunspot research, suggesting that Earth’s orbital position plays a pivotal role in sunspot formation. A seasonal pattern in daily sunspot counts, documented over a 12-year period in the early 1900s, points to a profound connection between solar activity and Earth’s position, challenging Sun-centered sunspot theories. This correlation, verifiable in minutes with modern tools, calls for substantial revisions to established cosmology, particularly in understanding cosmic influences on Earth. Alongside this insight, Henri Mémery documented correlations between sunspots and various Earthly phenomena—such as magnetism, atmospheric pressure, rainfall, temperature, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions—connections that were not fully recognized for decades.More than 50 years later, Louis-Claude Vincent (1906—1988) and Jeanne Rousseau (1910—2012) provided a groundbreaking explanation for Mémery’s observations and correlations through their innovative cosmic model, which fundamentally challenges conventional scientific paradigms. Their interdisciplinary approach spans fields such as astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, meteorology, seismology, biology, and more. It reveals the intricate superimposition and interplay between cosmic forces and terrestrial systems. Vincent and Rousseau’s research advocates for a holistic understanding of natural processes, integrating geophysics, cosmology, bioelectronics, and biology. Their pioneering insights highlight the critical need to examine cosmic phenomena in relation to Earth’s systems, bridging theoretical science with practical, Earth-centric applications while confronting the compartmentalized tendencies of modern scientific disciplines.
Category: Astrophysics
[6] viXra:2412.0006 [pdf] replaced on 2024-12-05 19:36:49
Authors: Bassam Abdul-Baki
Comments: 4 Pages.
On real numbers whose fractional part remain constant after squaring.
Category: Number Theory
[5] viXra:2412.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-02 21:40:58
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 3 Pages. This is a short note containing a novel principle for reconstructing proofs.
This note formalizes and applies the emph{Principle of Structural Dependency}, which asserts that if the foundation of a mathematical structure ( B ) consists of another structure ( A ), then ( A ) cannot exhibit a property distinct from ( B ), while ( B ) may possess properties not shared by ( A ). We verify this principle and apply it systematically to reconstruct concise proofs of several classical theorems, including Cantor's theorem, the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, the Jordan Curve Theorem, the Monotone Convergence Theorem, and the Pythagorean Theorem. These reconstructions emphasize the structural underpinnings of these results, offering a novel perspective and demonstrating how foundational relationships can simplify complicated proofs.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[4] viXra:2412.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-01 15:55:45
Authors: Berndt Gensel, Theophilus Agama
Comments: 16 Pages.
In this paper, we further develop the theory of circles of partition by introducing the notion of complex circles of partition. This work generalizes the classical framework, extending from subsets of the natural numbers as base sets to partitions defined within the complex plane, which now serves as both the base and bearing set. We employ the expansion principles as central tools for rigorously investigating the possibility to partition numbers with base set as a certain subset of the complex plane.
Category: Number Theory
[3] viXra:2412.0003 [pdf] replaced on 2025-08-30 10:31:05
Authors: Mar Detic
Comments: 3 Pages.
This paper describes a deterministic primality test based on thedivisibility properties of binomial coefficients modulo a candidate integer n. The test checks the condition nk≡ 0 (mod n) for all k inthe range 1 ≤ k ≤ ⌊log2 n⌋. This criterion is a direct consequence ofthe polynomial identity (x + 1)n ≡ xn + 1 (mod n), which holds ifand only if n is prime. The algorithm uses an efficient recurrence relation, achieves a time complexity of Oe(log3 n), and correctly identifiescomposite numbers, including Carmichael numbers.
Category: Number Theory
[2] viXra:2412.0002 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-02 02:06:58
Authors: Sasan Ardalan
Comments: 38 Pages.
The up conversion of a 5GHz WiFi signal to 10.56GHz IF signal enables the transmission of the WiFi signal at XBand frequencies for high throughput digital communications over XBand. The XBand signal can be up converted from the 10.56GHz XBand signal to 60 GHz or 28 GHz bands. It is imperative that the WiFi channel be centered at a specific frequency, for example, 10.56GHz, for optimal performance and to meet ITU an FCC band allocation requirements. In addition, the WiFi channel centered at 10.56GHz must be interference (jammer) free so that the over the air signal is jammer free, a key requirement. The XBand Spectrum is also available for Amateur Extra Class from 10.0GHz to 10.5GHz so the capability to center the frequency is critical. This paper describes the challenges in up converting and down converting WiFi signals at 5GHz to X-Band and offers a unique solution that provides a jammer free spectrum and capability to dial in the center frequency. A complete system was designed, prototyped and built, verifying the design over the air. IEEE802.11ac Access Points were used at 5.21 GHz with a bandwidth of 160 MHz. This work paves the way for high throughput digital communication over XBand links with bandwidths of 80MHz and 160MHz.
Category: Digital Signal Processing
[1] viXra:2412.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-01 04:26:24
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this paper, we study the map between problem and solution spaces. We introduce and develop a functional analysis on the topology of problems and their solution spaces. We introduce the notion of an textit{isotope} and corresponding textit{isotope} problem spaces and examine various notions compatible with this space.
Category: Functions and Analysis
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