All Submission Categories

Hypothesis of Psychophysical Dynamics of Consciousness: Attentional Mechanism Underlying Fundamental Micro-States of Perceptual Consciousness

Authors: Mouhamadou Diagne
Comments: 104 Pages.

In this revised version of the theory, certain notations have been adjusted to improve the conceptual coherence of the model. First, the term "vector" has been replaced by "driver," representing a basic input of perceptive consciousness. The notion initially presented as the 'power of consciousness acquisition' is now defined as the 'vector of consciousness acquisition', while the notion previously designated as the 'energy of consciousness acquisition' is redefined as the 'power of consciousness acquisition'. Moreover, a "new concept" is introduced: the psychophysical energy of consciousness acquisition, defined as a temporal energy E, which then corresponds to the accumulation of instantaneous perceptual effects over multiple cycles of priority integration. These terminological adjustments allow the concepts of power and energy in the model to be aligned with their actual definitions in physics, thereby ensuring a more rigorous conceptual coherence > The latest version of this work has been placed in the "General Science and Philosophy" category under the following reference: [1310] viXra:2410.0175
Category: Mind Science

Uniform Continuity

Authors: Subrat Kumar Verma
Comments: 7 Pages. CC-BY

This article discusses the notion of uniform continuity, its relation with the derivative of differentiable functions and Lipschitzcontinuity or even more weakly Hölder continuity related in some way to how wildly the function oscillates. It also discusses its connectionwith compactness for the very large general class of functions - continuous functions. Further, a few properties of uniform continuous function especially with regards to unique continuous extension of functions are discussed.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Quantum Fundamentals and Heuristics

Authors: Mark Syrkin
Comments: 21 Pages.

Reviewing quantum fundamentals and related subtleties, which typically are not discussed sufficiently — even if at all — in standard texts and discussing "paradoxes" arising as a result. The purpose is to expose quantum ideology in manifestly wholesome, yet possibly plain and simple way, without mysterious surrogates. Main topics include: general Quantum Mechanical framework as imaginary "diffusion"; superposition / interference of probability amplitudes, not particles; Statistical vs Copenhagen interpretations of Quantum Mechanics; quantum measurements as mapping from amplitudes to probabilities; wave-ensemble parity instead of wave-particle duality; quantum field theory as a manifestation of quantum vacuum and the ideas of Grand Quantum Canonical Ensemble; entanglement as a consequence of an integrity of the quantum system and "spooky actions" as a mystification of simple conditional probabilities.
Category: Quantum Physics

Relativistic Form of Newton's Second Law of Motion

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 6 Pages.

The article presents a relativistic extension of Newton's second law of motion, adapted to a four-dimensional spacetime construct where time and space are treated under the framework of special relativity. By introducing a unique concept of"U-space", where time functions as a spatial coordinate with its own metric pro-perties, the study explores Newtonian dynamics through a relativistic lens. Thisexploration includes the derivation of relativistic force and acceleration equations,considering both constant and variable rest mass scenarios. The derived formulations, based on the principles of special relativity, are presented with modications that incorporate mass-energy equivalence, enabling a more comprehensive understanding of force interactions within relativistic contexts.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Insula Fulcheria the Territory of Crema and Cremasco in Roman Times: New Testimonies and Historical Findings. Considerations in Light of Recent Excavations

Authors: Corrado Soddu
Comments: 25 Pages. In Italian

The article presents the results of a rereading of all the historical-geographical and archaeological sources with the addition of new data obtained from the construction of the Cremona-Sergnano gas pipeline. The territory that is commonly identified as Cremasco is a geographical area of u200bu200b573.2 km² inhabited by just over 150,000 people. This area is located in the center of the Lombardy region, is part of the Province of Cremona and occupies the northernmost area. The city of Crema is to be considered the capital of this area, an area delimited in a very precise way, also thanks to a very specific element, the dialect, here the Crema dialect is spoken. the research period considers all literary and material evidence in the period from the 3rd century BC. until the end of Roman domination on the peninsula between the 5th and 6th centuries AD.
Category: Archaeology

I Ching Hexagram Groups and Subgroups

Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 3 Pages.

I Ching hexagram groups and subgroups Groupings and subgroups exist between the hexagrams of the I Ching The I Ching (Yijing) (Book of Changes) is an ancient Chinese divination text that is manual in the Western Zhou period (1000-750 BC). Thus, the I Ching Zhou yi originated around 5000 years ago. The Zhou yi was traditionally scribed to King Wen of Zhou and the Duke of Zhou, and also associated with the legendary Fuxi. Relationships exist between I Ching hexagram groups (and subgroups). One may wonder on the mathematical insight of the initial developer of the yinyang-trigram-hexagram system five thousand years ago!
Category: General Mathematics

The Conflict Between the Relativity of Rotation and the Fact that the Speed of Light is the Maximum Speed

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 6 Pages.

When analysing the issue of relative motion between two bodies, one of which is rotating around itself, it becomes clear that the common perception that fixing the reference system on the rotating body means the movement of the other body around it at a speed equal to the angular velocity multiplied by the distance between the two bodies is a false perception based on mixing the concept of relative motion with another different concept. Therefore, the rotational motion is relative motion and does not conflict with the fact that the speed of light is the maximum speed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Coupling Constant of Dirac Magnetic Monopoles is not 34.259 But 308.331

Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 4 Pages.

Textbooks tell us that the coupling constant of Dirac magnetic monopoles is 34.259. Here I show by using the quark hypothesis that at zero temperature the coupling constant is as high as 308.331. Moreover I show that it is a running coupling constant and is smaller than 0.5 at the Planck temperature.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Human-Computer Interaction: AI-Driven Gesture Recognition

Authors: Axel Egon, Abram Gracias, Peter Broklyn
Comments: 17 Pages.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in human-computer interaction (HCI) has significantly transformed how users engage with technology, particularly through gesture recognition. This paper explores the advancements in AI-driven gesture recognition systems, emphasizing their potential to enhance user experience across various applications, from gaming and virtual reality to accessibility tools and smart environments. We analyze the underlying algorithms and machine learning techniques that facilitate real-time gesture detection and interpretation, highlighting the importance of accuracy and responsiveness in user interactions. Additionally, the paper discusses the challenges faced in developing robust gesture recognition systems, including variability in user behavior, environmental factors, and the need for extensive training data. By examining case studies and recent innovations in the field, we illustrate the growing impact of AI-driven gesture recognition on user interfaces and the future of interactive technology. Ultimately, this research aims to provide insights into the transformative role of gesture-based interactions in creating more intuitive, immersive, and inclusive digital experiences.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Integral Equation for the Relic Black-Body

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. Original article

We consider the possibility that black-body photons are created by the energetical sources in space. It leads to the integral equation for the energy distribution of sources. The Planck formula for photons is, in this situation, valid, for the special distribution of sources. It means that the black-body is at the crystalline form.
Category: Astrophysics

Sum of Two Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

We give some formulas of the type: y*arcsin(x)+y*arctan(x)=pi.
Category: General Mathematics

Space Theory: Evolution of the Expansion of the Universe and Rotation Speed of Galaxies

Authors: Khalid Jerrari
Comments: 69 Pages. In French (Note by viXra Admin: Title and abstract should be in English)

The book entitled "[] Space Theory" by Khalid Jerrari offers an exploration of concepts relating to the expansion of the Universe and the rotation speed of spiral galaxies, without using energy or dark matter. Structured in several parts, it begins with a reminder of the foundations of space theory presented in a previous work entitled "The mysteries of space". This concept is based on the notion of "spatial density", a new interpretation of space as a form of energy linked to matter. The book is divided into three parts. The first summarizes the basic principles of space theory, notably the idea that space and matter are inseparable. It also discusses the "principle of universal balance", which suggests that the Universe constantly seeks to maintain a state of dynamic equilibrium. The second part studies the expansion of the Universe through the evolution of spatial density, an alternative to current explanations involving dark energy. The author develops several mathematical models to describe spatial density, proposing functions such as the inverse power law or the increasing exponential function. These models make it possible to simulate universal acceleration and the distribution of mass in the Universe. Finally, the third part examines the rotation curves of galaxies. Based on spatial density, the author explains how the distribution of visible matter can influence the rotation speed of galaxies without resorting to dark matter. The work is intended to be an introduction to an alternative theory of the expansion of the Universe and the rotation curves of galaxies, offering avenues for future research.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Goldbach Prime Pairs and Its Distribution for Integers of Form $ 2(n+1)^{2} $

Authors: Imran Ansari
Comments: 21 Pages.

In this article, detailed study on the distribution of the Goldbach prime pairs for the even integers of form $ 2(n + 1)^2 $ were carried out. The experimental proof of the formulated conjectures were given using the algorithm. The results suggest that, there will always be Goldbach prime pair for expression, $ (n)(n-1) < p_{f} < (n+1)^{2} < p'_{f} < 2(n+1)^{2} - (n)(n-1) $, were $ n = 1, 2, 3, ....$ Additionally, the gap between Goldbach first prime pair, that is, $ (p'_{f} - p_{f})$ was found to be always less than its corresponding $n$ value after $n = 2538 $, hence, $Gap(p'_{f} - p_{f}) << n$, where, $n = 2539, 2540, 2541, ....$
Category: Number Theory

The Antigravity on the Lab Bench

Authors: Alfred Schaub, Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 8 Pages.

Based on a modified interpretation of Coulomb's repulsive force, the misunderstood Biefeld-Brown effect can be explained and used to demonstrate antigravity.
Category: Classical Physics

Hypothesis of Psychophysical Dynamics of Consciousness: Attentional Mechanism Underlying Fundamental Micro-States of Perceptual Consciousness

Authors: Mouhamad Diagne
Comments: 104 Pages.

<In this revised version of the theory, certain notations have been adjusted to improve the conceptual coherence of the model. The notion initially presented as the 'power of nsciousness acquisition' is now defined as the 'vector of consciousness acquisition', while the notion previously designated as the 'energy of consciousness acquisition' is redefined as the 'power of consciousness acquisition'. Moreover, a "new concept" is introduced: the psychophysical energy of consciousness acquisition, defined as a temporal energy E, which then corresponds to the accumulation of instantaneous perceptual effects over multiple cycles of priority integration. These terminological adjustments allow the concepts of power and energy in the model to be aligned with their actual definitions in physics, thereby ensuring a more rigorous conceptual coherence. - In this work we have tried to understand the mechanisms of consciousness by means of a certain symbolic representation. It is from this that we arrive at the establishment of mathematical formulae on the dynamic psychophysical mechanisms of consciousness, which can allow an explanation and a mechanistic description of the basic phenomena linked to it, and leading specifically to the concept of the fundamental state of consciousness. Within this framework, consciousness appears as a dynamic consequence of attention when integration crosses a critical threshold governed by a fundamental constant—the golden ratio φ—interpreted here as an attentional constant. The theory thus established is based on concepts developed through mathematical reasoning and a psycho-cognitive approach. It is therefore a reflective theory, none of whose concepts derive from neuroscientific work on the subject. Consequently, it is not particularly necessary to have prior knowledge of neuroscience or any other cognitive science in order to approach it. Isn't it important to have a theory that goes beyond the strict framework of neuroscience in order to unify the various fields of study linked to consciousness, including philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence and neuroscience itself? In other words, shouldn't the starting point be abstract concepts, where empirical data can serve as evidence? By situating itself upstream of neurobiological descriptions, this theory proposes a unifying abstract framework in which empirical data can serve as elements of validation rather than as the point of departure. Ultimately, it is more of an explanatory tool of consciousness, making it possible to devise a mechanistic basis for understanding human consciousness, and perhaps any other form of consciousness.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Validity and Soundness Simplified

Authors: Kim Tumlinson Eaton
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper explores the concepts of validity and soundness within deductive arguments. A deductive argument is valid if its logical form ensures that the premises, if true, make it impossible for the conclusion to be false. Soundness, on the other hand, requires that the argument is valid and that all its premises are true. The distinction between validity and soundness is crucial, as a valid argument can still lead to a false conclusion if its premises are false. Conversely, a sound argument always guarantees a true conclusion. The paper emphasizes the importance of logical form in determining validity, illustrating that similar surface grammar can mask different logical structures. Additionally, it discusses how symbolic logic is used to clarify the relationship between premises and conclusions in formal reasoning. This distinction helps in understanding that while validity concerns the structure of an argument, soundness relates to the truthfulness of its premises. Finally, the paper touches upon the relevance of these concepts in more advanced logical systems, such as mathematical logic.
Category: Linguistics

Kepler's Constant in Celestial Mechanics, in Electromagnetism and in Cosmology

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 6 Pages.

It is well known that the Kepler constant R^3/T^2 is a constant of celestial mechanics. It is shown here that the ratio of the cube of the distance to the square of time is a constant for many physical objects and is of a universal nature. The cosmological equation GMUTU2=RU3 is obtained, which includes the constant RU^3/TU^2 as a ratio of the parameters of the Universe. The cosmological equation combines 4 parameters of the Universe: mass MU, radius RU, time TU and the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. In the cosmological equation, the constant RU^3/TU^2 is a constant of the Universe. The electrodynamic equation e2t02=mere34πε0 is obtained, which includes the constant re^3/t0^2 as a ratio of the parameters of the electron. The equation combines 4 parameters of the electron: mass me, classical radius of the electron re, characteristic time t0, electric charge e. In the equation containing the electron parameters, the constant re^3/t0^2 is a constant of electromagnetism. These equations show that the limits of applicability of Kepler’s ratio R^3/T^2 go far beyond planetary mechanics. Ratio R^3/T^2 is a constant not only of celestial mechanics, but also a constant of the Universe and even a constant of the electron.
Category: Classical Physics

Koide Formula and the Connection of Elementary Particle Masses With the Fine-structure Constant Α

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 6 Pages.

The article explores the relationship between the masses of elementary particles and the fine-structure constant α. In addition to the Koide formula, a new formula is proposed, which is as accurate as the Koide formula. The new formula demonstrates the connection between the masses of four elementary particles (electron, proton, tau lepton, and muon) with the fine-structure constant α: Considering the high precision of the fine-structure constant and the accurate experimental values of the electron, proton, and muon masses, the new formula provides a significantly more accurate value for the mass of the tau lepton compared to the current experimental value:mτ/me=3477.0298u2026 (1776.7586u2026 MeV)The obtained value of the tau lepton mass (1776.7586... MeV/c2) is within the range of the experimental value but does not coincide with the result obtained by the Koide formula (1776.9688... MeV/c2). The Koide formula and the new formula yield different values for the mass of the tau lepton with high precision in both results. Both mass values are significantly more accurate than the current experimental value. The discrepancy between the results of the two formulas requires explanation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation is Only One of the Three Laws of Gravitational Interaction in the Universe

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 14 Pages.

t is shown that Newton's law of gravity is not the only law of gravitationalinteraction in the Universe. Newton's law of universal gravitation (FN=GmM/r^2) is only one of threelaws of gravitational interaction. In addition to Newton's law of gravitation, two new laws ofgravitation are given: Fк=mR^3/(T*r)^2; Fcos=(mc^2)√Ʌ. These two laws of gravitationalinteraction remained undiscovered for more than 300 years. The three laws of gravitation(FN=GmM/r^2, Fк=mR^3/(T*r)^2, Fcos=(mc^2)√Ʌ) revive classical gravity and develop Newtoniandynamics towards a complete model of gravity. Newton's law of gravitation together with the two newlaws of gravitation provide a complete and consistent description of gravitational interaction in the Universe
Category: Classical Physics

Soliton Solutions of the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 5 Pages.

We integrate the nonlinear Schrödinger differential equation, looking for "lone wave" solutions, and then use the method ofindeterminate coefficients.The integration is in closed form for the free particle, and then we integrate numerically for the particle subject to a weak periodic potential. In both cases, the system is one-dimensional.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Is Iron-56 Just Mond in Disguise?

Authors: Tomáš Ajdari
Comments: 3 Pages.

In previous work, we have looked at the product of the 26 sporadic groups. We've observed specific distances and masses related to the observable universe at the moment of "maximum expansion". It appears that the energy released by the fusion of hydrogen (protium) into iron-56 (or the iron group) is just enough to allow the resulting nuclei to enter a "MOND-stable" orbit around the baryonic mass of the local Hubble volume, i.e. at the orbit defined by the global Hubble radius. This energy is just about half of the energy of a proton accelerated at the critical acceleration a0 (Milgrom's constant) for the duration of Hubble time (global), with the resulting Planck-diameter channel having the volume of a proton. Links to the masses of the quarks might arise.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof of the Collatz Conjecture for the Natural Numbers

Authors: Daniel Gerrad Boyle
Comments: 20 Pages.

This document proves that the Collatz Conjecture is true for the Natural numbers excluding zero. Use is made of the probability distribution of even and odd numbers in supposed diverging Collatz sequences to establish that Collatz sequences do not diverge, having a finite number of terms, and are bounded. Finally proof by contradiction, the pigeon hole principle and proof by induction are used to prove that the Collatz Conjecture is true via two theorems.
Category: Number Theory

The Empty Set Constructs the Natural Numbers

Authors: Jiang Yang
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, I construct natural numbers by using empty sets, cardinality of set theory and definite operations. Based on the discussion of kernel numbers dynamic space reasoning in [1] to [4], the ruler set is introduced. And the enhanced definition of one-to-one correspondence mapping is called one-to-one correspondence ordinal mapping. And it makes the Continuum Hypothesis(CH) a new conclusion.
Category: General Mathematics

Interest Burden and Reserve Currency Crisis: Historical Thresholds and Implications for U.S. Dollar Stability

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 17 Pages.

This paper examines the relationship between interest payments as a percentage ofgovernment revenue and the stability of reserve currencies, identifying critical thresh-olds that historically preceded currency crises or the loss of reserve currency status.Through detailed analysis of cases including the British pound sterling, Argentine peso,Greek drachma, and Japanese yen, we identify a consistent pattern where fiscal crisesemerge when interest payments reach 20-30% of government revenue. This thresh-old appears remarkably stable across different historical periods, economic systems,and levels of development. These findings have profound implications for the UnitedStates, where interest payments are projected to rise from 19.5% of revenue in 2024to 63.4% by 2028, far exceeding historical crisis levels. The paper analyzes both do-mestic challenges (including demographic pressures, political gridlock, and structuraleconomic issues) and international pressures (such as de-dollarization initiatives, dig-ital currency development, and changing geopolitical dynamics) that could acceleratea potential crisis. We examine potential policy responses across fiscal, monetary, andstructural domains, while acknowledging the significant political and practical chal-lenges to implementation. The analysis suggests that the convergence of these factorscreates an unprecedented risk to dollar stability, potentially requiring preventive actionbefore critical thresholds are breached to avoid a disorderly adjustment in the globalmonetary system.
Category: Economics and Finance

Gravity as an Effect of Relative Speed and Acceleration

Authors: Nilhan Ozceylan
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper proposes an alternative approach to understanding gravity, not as the result of space-time curvature, as suggested by classical general relativity, but through the principles of special relativity. In this view, gravity emerges from the combined effects of relative velocity and acceleration at a micro-level within the fabric of space, influenced by the presence of large masses. This hypothesis suggests that each tiny point in the fabric of space moves at different speeds and accelerations due to the effect of massive objects, creating a large-scale gravitational effect. This approach reinterprets gravitational pull as an emergent phenomenon, potentially bridging insights between special and general relativity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Limit of Mathematical Analysis and Continuum Hypothesis

Authors: Jiang Yang
Comments: 24 Pages.

The limit of mathematical analysis is defined by ε- δ. A concept of dynamic limit is proposed in the article, and the dynamic space of kernel numbers is established. This concept has been extended and studied in depth, yielding several results, including setting up shell-medium cluster, dynamic limit process and steps; kernel number clouds; introducing elfin number and elfin space which the elfin number is non-construct and extend of real number; discussions on the Continuum Hypothesis (CH) what is not contradiction with new dynamic space.
Category: General Mathematics

Relationship Between Electromagnetisms and Gravity

Authors: Bittu Kumar
Comments: 4 pages

This research proposes a new understanding of gravity, diverging from the classical views of both Newton and Einstein. Unlike Newton's gravitational force and Einstein's curvature of space-time, this study suggests that gravity originates from the positive charge force of an atom’s nucleus. It posits that gravity is a result of electrostatic interactions, where the nucleus of atoms exerts a weak attractive force on neutral atoms and repels similarly charged atoms. This framework offers an alternative approach to gravity by explaining it as a function of atomic structure rather than mass or space-time geometry. The study aims to establish a theoretical link between gravitational force and electrostatic force, proposing that nuclear charge at the atomic level is central to gravitational phenomena on Earth and throughout the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Novel and Straightforward Approach to Fundamental Scientific Problems

Authors: Hai-Fei Ma
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper introduces a new approach to solving fundamental scientific problems, such as the origin of gravitation, the nature of Newton’s gravitational force, and what the universe is made of, along with unexpected findings. The core idea of this study is that every mathematical formula in physics must correspond to a physical process or existence. Since Newton’s formula for gravity has been repeatedly validated and proven useful, it is employed in this study. Through a detailed analysis of Newton’s formula, I uncovered many astonishing findings and resolved several long-standing fundamental scientific problems. These findings are significant for a better understanding of the universe. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that this new approach is both useful and effective.
Category: Classical Physics

Symbol Based Self Guided Neural Architecture Search in a Spiking Neural Network

Authors: Tofara Moyo
Comments: 3 Pages.

A spiking neural networks neurons can viewedas feature detectors or alternatively instances of hieroglyphic symbols defined by the associated features they represent .The set of activations at any time step then represent a document written in this alphabet. If we feed this information from the previous time step back to the spiking neural network at each time step ,the network will navigate its own space of internal representations and form a grounded language in which to analyze its own internal states and to guide their evolution. We describe this method and how it could be used by the algorithm to plan and design connections and critic its own thought processes if all of this increases the expected reward. We also show a simple method for an agent to learn levels of abstractions ordered by priority that ultimately increase the global expected reward. Each level is associated with a separate scalar output of the neural network at each time step t which is fed back to the agent as part of the state at time t+1. The agent then correlates them with features of the state initially randomly. It however learns the correct assignment by doing it in such a way that it increases the global reward.We describe an equation meant to order these scalar values and the global reward in order of priority and hence induce a heir-achy of needs for the agent. This then forms the basis of goal formation for it
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Hydrocarbon Production from Canals Will Prevent Severe Power Unit Accidents and Reduce the Power of Volcanic Explosions and Earthquakes

Authors: V. Korniienko, M. Turkin M
Comments: 14 Pages. in Russian and English

We have developed a new method for searching for hydrocarbons (HC) based on the analysis of space images in the spectrum of quantum energies. He made it possible to detect a global network of channels through which endless volumes of hydrocarbons migrate from the North Polar Field to Antarctica. Along the way, they suppress all known hydrocarbon deposits, volcanoes and earthquake zones, pass under power units of power plants, as well as under craters on the Yamal Peninsula. The origin of these channels follows from Einstein's STO, according to which the power units of nuclear and other power plants, together with electric energy, produce quantum electromagnetic waves (S-radiation), which have the same properties as GR. The combined effect of these radiation forms channels in rocks, as well as geoblanders (GB), in which large volumes of hydrocarbons accumulate, the explosions of which caused the emergence of craters in Yamal, as well as severe accidents at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station, and other power plants. Therefore, in order to prevent severe accidents of power units, we propose to evaluate the dynamics of the movement of channels with hydrocarbons to power plants under construction and existing power units, as well as to involve oil producing companies for drilling and production of hydrocarbons from them. This HC production from the canals will not only prevent GB explosions under the power units, but also reduce the activity of volcanoes and earthquakes in the countries of the Ring of Fire.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Formulas for Calculating the Terms of Sequences of Prime and Composite Numbers

Authors: Andrey Belov
Comments: 11 Pages.

The article contains formulas that can specify sequences of both simple and composite numbers. The existence of such formulas proves that the appearance of primes in a series of natural numbers can be predicted. This means that the problem of factoring large numbers can be solved without waiting for the creation of appropriate quantum computing devices.
Category: Number Theory

The Relative Holographic Horizon and Explanation of Gravity

Authors: William Manuel
Comments: 9 Pages.

Maxwell's Demon has been used to show that measurement has an energy cost. The price Maxwell's Demons must pay can be found by use of Landuauer's Limit at Hawking Temperature. The use of Hawking Temperature in the Landauer Limit will extract just the energy contained in a constrained degree of spin freedom for spin 1u20442 particles.The Landauer Limit describes the amount of energy required to erase one quantum bit of information, which is equivalent to the amount of energy originally constrained . The goal is to see if there is a relationship between the Landauer Limit at Hawking Temperature and the gravitational energy of a one Planck Area of a given black hole's event horizon. We will assume a 1km radius, non-rotating Schwarzschild Black Hole. This will require several steps outlined below.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Exploring Emergent Qualia in Artificial and Biological Systems: A Comparative Analysis

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 4 Pages.

Qualia—the subjective experience of perception—has long been considered unique to biological consciousness. However, with the advent of sophisticated Artificial Intelligence (AI) models, the question arises: could complex AI architectures also manifest a form of qualia, albeit different in nature from biological systems? This paper explores the hypothesis that both biological and artificial systems may generate unique moments of consciousness or qualia through information processing. By examining theories of consciousness, such as emergentism and Integrated Information Theory (IIT), this paper discusses the potential for qualia to arise as an emergent phenomenon in systems that handle complex information processing. Additionally, the ethical implications of AI-generated qualia are explored, alongside a discussion of what this means for the future of AI and philosophy of mind.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On Intelligence and Limits

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages.

A short informal philosophical essay proposing an algorithmic framework or a matrix of steps that define intelligence. Thus, it is argued that the human genome system (DNA) can be considered intelligent as well as gene pools of organisms in Nature. Concepts like minds, the multiverse, and even the existence of the past, are proposed as derivative of an existential algorithm of intelligence.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Constructive Proof and Algorithm for the 2D Brouwer Fixed-Point Theorem with Surjective Mapping

Authors: Ruohan Yang
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article investigates the two-dimensional Brouwer Fixed-Point Theorem within the context of a surjective continuous transformation function ( f(x) ). This function can be interpreted as defining a continuous vector field. In this framework, each point in the disk is mapped to another point via a specific vector associated with the continuous transformation, thereby establishing a coherent vector field. This function can be interpreted as defining a continuous vector field. In this framework, the vector field can be decomposed two vector fields. Instead of  proving the existence of fixed point directly, the article aim to focus on prove the vector fields always has intersection where at this point, the vector fields has opposite directiond and same norm.The paper also provide the programming experiment which further verifies the proof.
Category: Topology

A Generalized Contructive Proof for Brouwer Fixed-Point Theorem on D^2 and D^3

Authors: Ruohan Yang
Comments: 7 Pages.

This article present a constructive proof by analyzing decompositions of continuous vector field. The original proof of Brouwer's theorem relies on a contradiction argument, which, while effective, does not offer a constructive method for locating the fixed point. Through projecting arbitrary vector field the basis of the vector field, it can be proved there exists zero points on both of the basis. The article will also generalize the proof from 2D to 3D dimensions. The method is also valid under surjective and scaling map.
Category: Topology

JWST Discoveries and the Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Transformative New Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 25 Pages.

Twenty-six years ago, a small committee report was built upon earlier studies to articulate a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy. This vision called for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least four meters. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people brought this vision to life as the 6.5-meter James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The telescope is working perfectly, delivering much better image quality than expected [1].JWST is one hundred times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope and has already captured spectacular images of the distant universe. A view of a tiny part of the sky reveals many well-formed spiral galaxies, some over thirteen billion light-years away. These observations challenge the standard Big Bang Model (BBM), which posits that early galaxies should be small and lack well-formed spiral structures. JWST's findings are prompting scientists to reconsider the BBM in its current form. Throughout the history of science, technological advancements have led to new results that challenge established theories, sometimes necessitating their modification or even abandonment. This happened with the geocentric model four centuries ago, and the BBM may face a similar reevaluation as JWST provides more images of the distant universe.In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of Variable Gravitational Constant, later incorporating the concept of Continuous Creation of Matter in the universe. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) builds on these ideas, introducing a distinct mechanism for matter creation. WUM is proposed as an alternative to the prevailing BBM. Its main advantage is the elimination of the "Initial Singularity" and "Inflation," offering explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. WUM is presented as a natural extension of Classical Physics with the potential to bring about a significant transformation in both Cosmology and Classical Physics. Considering JWST's discoveries, WUM's achievements, and 87 years of Dirac’s proposals, it is time to initiate a fundamental transformation in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics.The present paper is a continuation of the published article "JWST Discoveries—Confirmation of World-Universe Model Predictions" [2] and a summary of the paper "Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Digest of Presentations John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society" [3]. Many results obtained there are quoted in the current work without full justification; interested readers are encouraged to view the referenced papers for detailed explanations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Understanding Universal Disjunction

Authors: Garry Goodwin
Comments: 9 Pages.

The difference in meaning between the two versions of universal disjunction is rarely subjected to systematic analysis. We identify and examine twelve distinct interpretations that allow us to distinguish individually quantified disjoint sentences from cases in which the universal quantifier is distributed over a disjunction.}
Category: Set Theory and Logic

A Practical View on Gravity: the Connection Between Electromagnetic Forces and Quantum Gravity

Authors: Bittu Kumar
Comments: 10 Pages.

This research redefines gravity, showing that it is not a separate force but originates from atoms, specifically from the nucleus of the atom. Rather than arising from space-time curvature or the hypothetical graviton particle, this theory suggests that gravity is positive force of atom, that exhibits a weak attraction to neutral atoms (neutral objects) and repel same charge atom (positive charge objects). Moreover, utilizing the framework of gravity, this paper provides a practical and detailed explanation of how the solar system, galaxy, and the broader universe operate. This model solves key cosmological problems, presenting a more tangible and applicable understanding of cosmic phenomena, as opposed to purely theoretical and hypothetical approaches, and combines quantum mechanics and classical physics with gravity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Electromagnetism Based on the Existence of "Aether" II: About Electromagnetic Induction (in Japanese)

Authors: Yukihiko Hoshino
Comments: 17 Pages.

In our previous report, we investigated the mechanism of generation of magnetic quanta that transmit magnetic force, and found that magnetic quanta with right-hand and left-hand rotation in the direction of travel are generated simultaneously and propagate through space in opposite directions on a straight line. Based on this premise, the mechanism of electromagnetic induction was investigated. As a result, it was found that when a magnet is brought close to a coil, the free electrons in the coil are caused to flow by the flow of "aether" in the same direction as the rotation of the magnetic quantum, which is created by the rotation of the magnetic quantum, and an electric current flows in the coil in the opposite direction to the rotation of the magnetic quantum, but because the movement of the free electrons caused by the flow of "aether" immediately stops based on the "laws of elementary particle motion," the electric current also stops immediately. On the other hand, when the magnet is moved away from the coil, the free electrons that were stabilized and stationary in one direction's flow of "aether" will, due to the cessation of the "aether" flow, momentarily move in the opposite direction of the previous "aether" flow according to the "laws of elementary particle motion", and then stop moving. This results in the generation of a momentary current flowing in the opposite direction to the current generated when the magnet was brought close. In addition, based on the relationship between the magnetic pole approached to the coil and the direction of the generated current, it was found that the magnetic quantum generated from the N pole (N magnetic quantum) rotates right in the direction of travel, and the magnetic quantum generated from the S pole (S magnetic quantum) rotates left in the direction of travel.
Category: Classical Physics

The Fallacy of Time Dilation in Relativity

Authors: Akash Dixit
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this paper, we critically examine general and special relativity, with a particular focus on the concept of time dilation. Relativity introduces counterintuitive predictions, including the distortion of time and space, the speed of light as the ultimate velocity limit, and bizarre results like the omnipresent photon and theoretical time travel. Given these contradictions, we argue that the foundational assumptions of relativity demand thorough reevaluation. Alongside highlighting these contradictions, we also provide alternative reasoning for some of the experimental results commonly thought to validate relativity, offering interpretations that shift the validation away from relativity. We propose that many of these experimental results, traditionally interpreted through a relativistic lens, could instead be reexamined within a classical framework. This paper challenges the prevailing belief that classical mechanics is restricted to specific physical domains, suggesting that with the inclusion of additional forces and effects, Newtonian mechanics can account for phenomena typically attributed to relativistic physics. In summary, this paper advocates for a science grounded in human intuition and their logical consistency over science that is counterintuitive.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ideal Difference Based Backpropgation

Authors: Rick Ferreira, Melissa Smith
Comments: 16 Pages.

There are two common problems when designing and using artificial neural networks. The first is the need for better performance. The second is the need to combat the increasing complexity with enhancements. In this paper we design a way to do both.This is done in each iteration by calculating what weights would give the optimal answer for each input and output pair. The weights are then updated by the difference between the ideal weight and the current weights all of it times the learning rate.We find that this method not only converges much faster for an image classification problem but it also is much simpler to understand and does not rely on using calculus or derivatives. However the method only works for a shallow or single layer neural network.By using simple arithmetic, neural networks can be updated in a way that is both simpler and more efficient than back-propagation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Visualized High-Tc Superconducting Mechanism of Polyhedral Quantum Wells Confined Electrons

Authors: Xiuqing Huang
Comments: 14 Pages.

Despite decades of research, the origin of high-temperature superconductivity is still unclear, and its microscopic mechanism remains a subject of intense debate. The intrinsic Mott insulating properties of copper oxide parent compounds and the experimentally observed charge-ordered phases in real space suggest that high-temperature superconductivity may stem from localized electrons rather than itinerant electrons. In this work, we propose a unified microscopic mechanism where confined electrons within polyhedral quantum wells represent the Mott ground state, and symmetry-breaking of electron-hole pairs acts as the superconducting mechanism. A single parameter formula for the critical temperature (Tc) of unconventional superconductors is developed, allowing accurate determination of Tc based on lattice constants. The approach elucidates relationships between various charge-order phases and doping concentration, explores Fermi surface structures, investigates spin resonance peaks and parities, and examines pressure-induced dual superconducting phase transitions - all consistent with experimental observations. It is also estimated that the highest Tc of the newly discovered nickel-based superconductor will not exceed 100 K. This work offers critical insights into unconventional superconductivity’s fundamental mechanisms while introducing a new paradigm to reveal more intrinsic connections between superconductivity, conductivity, and magnetism.
Category: Condensed Matter

Chord Diagrams with Directed Chords

Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 11 Pages.

Chord diagrams are cubic graphs with two types of edges: the first set of edges comprise a subgraph which is a simple cycle (the frame); the second type of edges (the chords) comprise disconnected 2-vertex subgraphs incident to distinct vertices of the frame. We define associated cubic graphs with directed chords (arcs) while keeping the edges of the frame undirected, and plot all 1, 3, 13, and 121 of them for 2, 4, 6, and 8 vertices.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Traveling Salesman Algorithm

Authors: Fred Strohm
Comments: 33 Pages.

A polynomial time algorithm for solving the Traveling Salesman Problem is described.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Motion Out of Time: Single Speed Hypothesis

Authors: Temesgen Mechal Degu
Comments: 8 Pages.

This study delves into the concept of velocity within the context of the physical interpretation of acceleration and deceleration for objects in motion through space. A thought experiment involving a marble and a photon is utilized to propose the hypothesis that all objects in space, inherently, do not take time to move from a specific source to a destination. Through a series of methodically structured thought experiments, this hypothesis and the accompanying conclusions are explored and validated. Newton’s first law of motion serves as the basis for these scenarios, enabling logical conclusions to be drawn. Based on the arguments presented, this hypothesis is used to provide a novel interpretation of quantum mechanics. The methodology emphasizes logical reasoning over detailed mathematical formulations, offering a more accessible presentation.
Category: Classical Physics

Line Theory: Effect, Node, and Line in Space

Authors: Temesgen Degu
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper introduces a conceptual framework, denoted as ‘Line Theory,’ which is predicated on the procedural anatomy inherent in ordinary plans. A plan, recognized as a set of instructions for execution, undergoes in-depth scrutiny to analyze its constituent elements. The concise examination delves into the formation of line and effect within real space stemming from procedures. Line theory serves the purpose of elucidating the absolute optimization of plans. It is formulated to inaugurate an exploration into the veracity of procedures and their elemental changes, examining their correlation with space and motion at the most fundamental level. The scientific community has extensively delved into the examination of the behavior and structure of objects at the microscopic level. This paper endeavors to stimulate interest in the analogous analysis of procedures. The fundamental objective within this theoretical framework is to offer a distinct philosophical perspective on changes and effects.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Simple Method for Solving Optimal Control Problems by Legendre Approximations

Authors: Mun Ju Won, Choe Yu Song, Kang Hyok Chol
Comments: 12 Pages.

In control system synthesis, the use of orthogonal functions such as Chebyshev polynomials, Lagrange polynomials, Legendre polynomials and Fourier series has recently attracted special attention.An important objective of applying these functions and polynomial sequences is to avoid the complexity as possible in considering optimal control problems and to fix the solution of algebraic equations, thus simplifying the problem consideration.In this paper, the Legendre approximation method for solving optimal control problems is proposed.Using the Gauss-Legendre quadrature method, the given integration problem is transformed into a polynomial series, and Legendre approximations for the control and state variables are performed to consider the given problem as a nonlinear programming problem.
Category: General Mathematics

Optimization of Response Curve by Chebyshev Polynomials

Authors: Kang Kum Phyong, Ji Ryong Hwan, Kang Hyok Chol
Comments: 9 Pages.

In control system synthesis, it is interesting to use orthogonal basis functions such as various polynomials and series.However, there are still no examples of applying spectral methods to closed-loop control systems and poor applications to nonlinear plants.In this paper, we proposed a control method of allowing the state of the plant to pass through the desired points that the user suggests subjectively in case a model of the control plant is given and the boundary values at a given time point are given.In other words, to generate the optimal response curve of the Volza problem, we used the standard Chebyshev pseudo-spectral (PS) method, which deals with the state and control of the plant with Chebyshev polynomial approximation, based on which the optimization problem is considered to be a nonlinear programming problem. At that time we obtained the desired control quantity u with the polynomial coefficients and thus implemented the control.In this paper, we demonstrated the practical applicability of this method by showing not only examples of linear plants but also applications of nonlinear plants.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Research on the Control of Time-Varying Systems Using Lattice Matrix Operators and Integral Equations

Authors: Ri Kum Ju, Kang Yu Song, Kang Hyok Chol
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this paper, we propose a response optimization method for time-varying or nonlinear systems using lattice matrix operators.In order to compare the effectiveness and accuracy of this method against previous nonlinear optimal control methods, simulation results for nonlinear plants with time-varying and gap nonlinearity are presented in this paper.This method overcomes the drawbacks of previous controller design methods that have been complicated by the characteristics of the plant and allows easy and general development of controllers by matrix algebraic equations for objects with time-varying or nonlinear or uncertain parameters, which have strong robustness to variations in disturbances, environmental noise and parameters.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A New Method to Estimate the State of Lithium Ion Battery Capacity Using Chaos Optimization-Least Squares Support Vector Machine

Authors: Kang Hun Won, Chol Sik Ryang, Un Jong Hong, Kang Song Ham, Yu Gang Song
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper, new algorithm is proposed to estimate the state of lithium ion battery capacity using Chaos optimization-least squares support vector machine. Here ,at first we had set parameters of the least squares support vector machine using Chaos optimization algorithms. Next we had made the regression model of least squares support vector machine using Gaussian kernel function. Also it had estimated the state of lithium ion battery capacity using Chaos optimization-least squares support vector machine.And the exactness on the estimation model of Chaos optimization-least squares support vector machine had verified through the simulation analysis.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Novel Offline and Online Parameter Identification Technique of Nonlinear Fractional Order Systems Using Approximated Fractional Order Derivative and the Intelligent Optimization Methods

Authors: Chol-Sik Ryang, Kyong-Min Yun, Tae-Song Kwan, Il Song Rim, Hyon Ho Han
Comments: 19 Pages.

This paper makes an accurate fractional model of the existing non-linear systems using fractional order theory and various intelligent optimization methods and proposes a novel method to identify time-varying parameters of the fractional non-linear system offline and online. More accurate mathematical model of the proposed system was made by applying approximated fractional derivative into the state space model of the classical non-linear system. The initial parameter values of the proposed non-linear fractional system were identified offline by using hybrid particle swarm optimization-genetic algorithm method that is a combination of particle swarm optimization(PSO) and genetic algorithm(GA) that are typical intelligent optimization methods. The time-varying parameters of the non-linear fractional order systems were identified online in real-time by using the output error technique and the recursive least square method. In order to verify the efficiency of the proposed identification technique, we made a simulation experiment for offline and online identification of the time-varying parameters in the existing nonlinear fractional Lorentz system and nonlinear fractional lithium-ion battery system. Simulation results show that the proposed novel identification method can be effectively used for offline and online parameter identification of many complicated non-linear fractional order systems in practice.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Image Denoising and Edge Detection Method Using Least Squares Support Vector Machine

Authors: Jo Sok Chol, Ryang Chol Sik, Choe Yu Song, Kim Hyok Jin, U Hyok Chol
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper proposes a novel denoising and edge detection algorithms for image using least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) with Gaussian radial basis functions (RBF) kernel. The new filter, called least squares support vector machine filter (LS-SVMF) for image denoising, is based on the general concept of binary filters and machine learning theory. Using the LS-SVM, a set of the new gradient operators and the corresponding second derivative operators are obtained. Computer experiments are carried out for denoising and extracting edge information from real images. The results obtained for the applications show that the proposed algorithms outperform many other existing methods in the image denoising task and the traditional edge detectors. The proposed algorithms can be successfully applied for the processing of images corrupted with impulsive noise while maintaining the visual quality and a low reconstruction error.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A New Continued Fraction Approximation and Inequalities for the Lugo’s Constant

Authors: Kim Kyong Il, Jo Yong Hun, Ri Kwang
Comments: 13 Pages.

In this paper, we provide a new continued fraction approximation for the Lugo’s constant. Then, we derive the inequalities concerning the Lugo’s constant. Finally, we give some numerical computations to demonstrate the superiority of our new results.
Category: General Mathematics

Unscented Kalman Filtering Method Without the Matrix Square Root to Estimate the Satellite Attitude Using Magnetometer

Authors: Kuk Hyon Ham, Song Jin Kim, Jong Hyok Choe
Comments: 17 Pages.

In satellite mission, attitude control system plays an important role, and precise attitude control presents high attitude determination requirements. The TRIAD (TRIaxial Attitude Determination) method, which is widely used for satellite attitude determination, requires two sensor signals. However, when the reference vector direction to be observed in these sensors is close, the attitude determination error increases. Thus, in this case, attitude estimation is required, and the state estimator of nonlinear objects is widely used for extended Kalman and unscented Kalman filters. In this paper, we propose a method for determining satellite attitude using an unscented Kalman filter with high estimation accuracy compared to an extended Kalman filter. To reduce the amount of computation in the unscented Kalman filter and to ensure the real-time of the estimation, we use the unscented Kalman filtering method with a new sigma point selection. Compared with the traditional unscented Kalman filter, it ensures better real-time and higher accuracy.
Category: General Mathematics

Research on the Managing Method for Distribution of Node Based Project by Encrypted File Set

Authors: Yong Dok Pyon, Chol Ju Han, Kwang Chol Bang, Song Jin Jong
Comments: 6 Pages.

When you are going to create a Node-based project, it will be necessary to find solutions for the management of tens or hundreds of thousands of node modules and sources, and for the protection of the source code in the distribution. Using the existing versions of various products such as NW.js, you could find those solutions. In this paper, we proposed a file request processing method using the encrypted file set on the basis of the analysis of the file request processing of the open source project Node.js, implement the managing method of the source code and resource files, verify the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed methods, and newly established the distribution and protection mode of Node-based product.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Improvement of Control Performance in the Random Vibration Tester Using Fuzzy Cmac Neural Network

Authors: Pyon Kwang Hyok, Son Jin Song
Comments: 13 Pages.

These papers introduce control method of random vibration test using fuzzy CMAC (Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller) based on high learning power of CMAC and knowledge-expression of fuzzy.Proposed method is real time control method in time domain in some other way spectra method based on amplitude frequency response. These papers establish the random vibration control theory to neglect the change of mathematical models of vibration testers according to its types and sizes, using fuzzy CMAC neural network. Finally, its accuracy is proved through MATLAB SIMULINK simulation.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Improvement of the Harmonic Disturbance Rejection Performance in the Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control System Using the m-th Order Extended State Observer with Frequency Estimation

Authors: Tae Hyok Kim, Yun Hak Ri, Yong Ho Kim
Comments: 17 Pages.

This paper proposes a method to improve the disturbance rejection performance and guarantee the high-precision tracking performance in the active disturbance rejection control(ADRC) system using the m-th order extended state observer(ESO) with frequency e.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Analysis of Error Coefficients and Improvement of Disturbance Rejection Performance for Active Disturbance Rejection Control System Using the m-th order Extended State Observer

Authors: YunHak Ri, TaeHyok Kim, YongHo Kim
Comments: 21 Pages.

This paper analyses the disturbance error coefficients for the active disturbance rejection control(ADRC) system and proposes a new method to improve the disturbance rejection performance using the m-th order extended state observer(ESO) in order to guarantee the high-precision stabilisation performance of control systems. Using the first order extended state observer in the ADRC system, the disturbance rejection performance is limited due to the disturbance error coefficients. As well, the m-th order extended state observer was hardly used for the active disturbance rejection control. In this paper the relationship between error coefficients and gain coefficients of observer and the relationship between error coefficients and natural angular frequency of observer of the ADRC system are analysed for the plant representing in the canonical form according to the extended state order m, and the disturbance rejection performance on the constant, ramp, parabolic and harmonic disturbances is analysed comparing with the results in [32]. The proposed method shows that the constant, ramp and parabolic disturbances are rejected perfectly according to the increase of extended state order m while the rejection performance is improved for the harmonic disturbance of the same frequency by the multiple of m. Taking the merits of principle and method of ADRC and introducing the m-th order ESO the disturbance rejection performance can be improved by making the error coefficients to be ‘zero’ according to the extended state order m.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

The Nature of Gravity and Strong Nuclear Force

Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: Pages. This article has been submitted to the Gravity Research Foundation 2025 Essays on Gravitation competition.

Strong nuclear force increases when density of nucleons increases inside a nucleus. Additional strong nuclear force adds to the mass of the nucleus. When a star collapses to a neutron star, the increased density of the nucleons will increase the total strong nuclear force of the star and the mass. Because gravity is proportional to mass, we can deduce that the density of the nucleons increases the gravity of the object. If the earth ever turns to a point size object, it will exert more gravity due to increased density of the matter. Definition of mass and the concept of mass defect hides the effect of density of nucleons on the gravity. Elimination of these two concepts unifies all physical forces. This new theory explains many of the observations without hard to imagine concepts like spacetime curvature and dark matter.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A Wonderful World Built from a Golden Balance Between Good Bacteria and Herpesviruses

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 9 Pages.

A very important concept for the evolution of a wonderful world, the "goodness" having survived to the "evilness" should be isolated , industrially grown, stimulated for a further evolution and finally released. Another important concept, Herpesviruses infecting human neural cells would enforce a large human brain diversity. A wonderful world could be built from a golden balance between the two concepts mentioned previously.
Category: Physics of Biology

Rational Decision-Making Under Incomplete Information: The Construction and Application Analysis of a Hierarchical Information Acquisition Model

Authors: Yutong Gao
Comments: 13 Pages.

This paper explores the rational decision-making process of individuals in situations of incomplete and uncertain information, and proposes a hierarchical model of information importance. By analyzing the common behavior of jaywalking in daily life, the paper demonstrates how individuals, constrained by limited time and cognitive resources, make rational choices by weighing costs and benefits. Although jaywalking may appear "irrational," decision-makers often make reasonable assessments based on available information and context, particularly under time pressure or other external stresses. The paper further examines how information asymmetry can lead to decision biases, especially when information is insufficient or when its dynamic changes are difficult to predict, potentially resulting in outcomes that deviate from expectations.Additionally, the paper analyzes information acquisition behaviors during the Cold War standoff between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, as well as in civil aviation navigation systems, to explore how decision-makers in high-stakes environments invest significant resources to obtain information and optimize decisions through a hierarchical information mechanism. In situations where the importance of information is extremely high, the balance between the accuracy and completeness of information, its correctability, and the cost of acquiring information becomes a key factor in determining decision quality. The paper innovatively proposes the concept of "predicting the importance of yet-to-be-acquired information" as crucial to whether decisions align with expectations. This research provides a new theoretical framework for understanding information acquisition and rational decision-making in complex contexts and offers practical insights into optimizing decisions in high-risk environments.
Category: Economics and Finance

Different Approaches for Proving the Pythagorean Theorem Using Trigonometry

Authors: Tathagata Biswas
Comments: 8 Pages.

Contrary to the claims by Elisha S Loomis in his famous book and popular belief, several approaches towards proving the Pythagorean theorem using trigonometry exists. These approaches essentially use trigonometric identities and concepts that can be derived independent of the identity {sin}^2x + {cos}^2x = 1, to avoid any circular reasoning. Crucial to the trigonometric approaches are the law of sines, trigonometric angle sum and difference identities and modern definitions of trigonometric functions using the power series and Euler’s formula. This article describes these trigonometric proofs of the theorem.
Category: General Mathematics

Lorentz Covariant Gravity Theory with the Subsidiary Dynamic Symmetry of General Coordinate Transformation Covariance

Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 6 Pages.

Physical phenomena, sometimes with the exception of gravity, are usually assumed to be described by Lorentz transformation covariant theories, and the validity of the Lorentz transformation has been empirically verified to very high accuracy. The Einstein equation of gravity theory, however, has an infinite set of metric solutions, an infinite subset of which aren't Lorentz covariant, and one of the latter might be taken as valid, e.g., the Robertson-Walker metric for cosmology. But if all of nongravitational physics is in fact Lorentz covariant, it would almost certainly be physically inconsistent for gravity theory not to be Lorentz covariant as well. The solution ambiguity of the Einstein equation is a consequence of its important symmetry of general coordinate transformation covariance. However the four-vector potential form of electromagnetic theory has an analogous solution ambiguity as a consequence of its important symmetry of gauge transformation invariance, but in that case it is standard practice to break this symmetry by imposing the retarded Lorentz gauge condition, the simplest gauge condition which is Lorentz covariant and causal. Here we show that both gauge transformation invariance in electromagnetic theory and general coordinate transformation covariance in gravity theory arise spontaneously from fully Lorentz covariant initial assumptions. These subsidiary dynamic symmetries crucially affect the structure of the equations of their respective theories, but any solutions they happen to admit which aren't fully Lorentz covariant are ipso facto excluded by the fully Lorentz covariant initial assumptions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Pathology of the Von Neumann Ordinals

Authors: David L. Selke
Comments: 4 Pages.

We show that the definition of the Von Neumann ordinal $omega_2$ fails to have the properties of an ordinal. In the notation that uses braces to denote ordinals, the ``depth" or ``height" of nesting of these braces becomes infinite leading to objects which have no top level of braces and which therefore have their elements undefined, leading to the conclusion that they are not sets at all, let alone ordinals. The least of these objects occurs before (that is, within) $omega_2$.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Korteweg-de Vries Equation: Does the Equation Satisfy the Criterion of Truth?

Authors: Temur Z. Kalanov
Comments: 7 Pages.

The irrefutable proof of the incorrectness of the Korteweg—De Vries (KdV) equation is proposed. The correct methodological basis for the proof is the unity of formal logic and rational dialectics. The unity of formal logic and rational dialectics is the only correct criterion of truth. The proof leads to the following irrefutable statement: the Korteweg—De Vries (KdV) equation — a partial differential equation with respect to the dimensionless displacement as the function of the dimensionless coordinate and the dimensionless time — represents an incorrect equation in physics. The proof of this statement is based on the following irrefutable assertions: (1) the Korteweg-de Vries equation does not describe a physical phenomenon (process) because the dimensionless displacement, the dimensionless coordinate and the dimensionless time are non-physical quantities; (2) in the formal logical point of view, the physical (or geometric) interpretation of the equation and solutions of the equation are inadmissible; (3) comparison with experimental data (which have dimensions) is inadmissible (impossible).Consequently, the Korteweg-de Vries equation is a gross error in physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Universal Mass-Energy Equivalence Through Variable Radiation Velocity

Authors: Rao Yanamadala
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper presents a generalization of the mass-energy equivalence principle, traditionally expressed as E = mR^2 by introducing a variable radiation velocity R. This generalization extends the applicability of mass-energy equivalence beyond the confines of electromagnetic radiation and the speed of light c, allowing it to apply universally to any form of matter, including dark matter and exotic particles. The formula accounts for the possibility of varying radiation velocities for different types of matter and suggests new pathways for understanding energy conversion, cosmological dynamics, and fundamental physics. The implications of this formula extend into areas such as cosmology, particle physics, and energy technology, offering a new framework for interpreting energy-mass relationships across different forms of matter.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Redshift of the Early Universe

Authors: Dave E. Dunstan
Comments: 8 Pages.

Current cosmological models of the universe are founded largely on redshift-distance measurements. Since Hubble first presented the Hubble diagram, considerable effort has been undertaken by astronomers to expand the data set. Here we contend that the redshift data has been incorrectly interpreted as a receding velocity. Interpretation of the data as a gravitational redshift enables the redshift-distance data to be fitted with a constant mass of 3 x 1011 solar masses. The accelerating universe, dark energy, dark matter and stretched space are not required. This interpretation suggests a static universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Model P(φ)_4 Quantum Field Theory a Nonstandard Approach Based on Nonstandard Pointwise-Defined Quantum Fields Part II: the Field Operators and the Approximate Vacuum

Authors: Jaykov Foukzon
Comments: Physics Essays Volume 39,Issue1, Pages 53-87, 2026 https://physicsessays.org/browse-journal-2/product/2172-7-jaykov-foukzon-model.html

A new non-Archimedean approach to interacted quantum fields is presented. In proposed approach, a field operator φ(x,t) no longer a standard tempered operator-valued distribution, but a non-classical operator-valued function. We prove using this novel approach that the quantum field theory with Hamiltonian P(φ)_4 exists and that the corresponding C^*­ algebra of bounded observables satisfies all the Haag-Kastler axioms except Lorentz covariance. We prove that the λ(φ^4 )_4 quantum field theory model is Lorentz covariant. In this paper we consider a some-what different hyperfinite cut-off theory, namely the λφ_4^4 theory in a periodic box. This gives a cut-off interaction which is translation invariant, and therefore it is useful for the study of the vacuum state. In a finite interval we prove that the total Hamiltonian is self #­adjoint and has a complete set of normalizable eigenstates. https://physicsessays.org/browse-journal-2/product/2172-7-jaykov-foukzon-model.html
Category: Mathematical Physics

Propagation of a Wave Packet in a Dispersive and Dissipative Medium

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 7 Pages.

The propagation of a wave packet in a dispersive and dissipative medium is really complicated. We limit ourselves to an analysis deriving from series expansions truncated to the first order. We will start from a one-dimensional De Broglie wave packet relating to two special cases: 1) free particle; 2) particle in a periodic potential. In these two cases we will refute the assertion according to which the energy is transported with the group velocity, since the observable energy is not defined (the wave packet is a superposition of eigenfunctions of the energy). We will show however that the expectation value of the energy is transported with the group velocity.The conclusions can be immediately generalized to the propagation of a packet of electromagnetic waves in a dispersive and dissipative medium, justifying the expression group delay of a wave packet.
Category: Quantum Physics

Mini Big Bangs

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 11 Pages.

We all have heard of big bangs (or The Big Bang).Who in experimental physics has examined smallbig bangs beyond puny particle colliders with theirmicro results? Until recently relevant cosmologicalimagery was not available to help science explainmini versions. Awesome data is just now availableto support understanding within our local universe,and beyond.
Category: Astrophysics

A Model for Entanglement

Authors: Carlton Frederick
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: This submission is a stub needing improvement)

Perhaps the most puzzling aspect of entanglement[1] is that a measurement ofa local member of a pair of entangled particles causes an instantaneous reaction in the distant particle. This model makes use of stochastic time[2] which posits that time isn't a smooth blanket over space-time. This says thata distant observer observes each particle of the pair at a different proper time. The initially close together pair in their proper frame of reference only to a distant observer only appears to spread. In this model there is no action at a distance.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Cellular Primary Consciousness Theory(CPCT): The Foundational Intelligence of Emergent Phenomena in Closed Systems; in Theory and Practice and Open and Closed Systems Theory (OCST): The Purpose of Meaninglessness

Authors: Brian Gordon Leo Brown
Comments: 82 Pages.

This paper presents a unified theory of reality, which integrates two interdependent frameworks: Cellular Primary Consciousness Theory (CPCT) and Open and Closed Systems Theory (OCST). Although CPCT and OCST can each stand as individual theories, they are, in this work, combined to form a cohesive explanation of both the mechanics and purpose of the universe. CPCT posits that consciousness is a fundamental aspect of all life, extending to even the simplest cells, rather than being an emergent property exclusive to complex neural systems. Drawing upon evidence from quantum mechanics, cell biology, and systems theory, CPCT challenges traditional views on the origins of consciousness by suggesting that awareness is a universal property present from the cellular level. OCST, which forms the second component of this unified theory, examines the nature of the universe as a closed system subject to the laws of entropy. This theory explores how the universe is moving toward maximum entropy, where meaning and contrasts dissolve. However, beyond this closed system lies the realm of an open system—a domain of infinite potential that transcends the dualities and limitations of the physical universe. This open system offers a philosophical explanation for existence and the possibility of eternal meaning. Together, these two theories provide a novel and cohesive framework that addresses both the mechanics of consciousness and the ultimate purpose of the universe. The integration of CPCT and OCST bridges scientific evidence from quantum biology and systems theory with philosophical explorations of existence, presenting a comprehensive vision of reality as both a closed physical system and an open metaphysical one. This unified theory encourages a reexamination of our place in the cosmos, suggesting that beyond the observable universe lies an infinite realm of potential where consciousness and meaning endure.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The G-Drazin Invertibility of Sum with Orthogonal Conditions

Authors: Guo Shile, Huanyin Chen
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this article, we present novel additive properties for the g-Drazin inverse within the context of Banach algebras. Subsequently, we provide representations for the g-Drazin inverse of block operator matrices defined over Banach spaces. These findings build upon and extend various well-known results, such as those by Bu, Feng, and Bai (J. Comput. Appl. Math., 218(2012), 10226--10237) and Dopazo and Martínez-Serrano (Linear Algebra Appl., 432(2010), 1896--1904).
Category: Algebra

Analysis on the Topology of Problem Spaces

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages. This paper introduces an analysis on the topology of problem spaces.

We develop the analysis of the theory of problem and their solution spaces. We adapt some classical concepts in functional analysis to study problems and their corresponding solution spaces. We introduce the notion of compactness, density, convexity, boundedness, amenability and the interior. We examine the overall interplay among these concepts in theory.
Category: Topology

On Born Reciprocal Relativity Theory, the Relativistic Oscillator and the Fulling-Davies-Unruh Effect

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 17 Pages.

A continuation of the Born Reciprocal Relativity Theory (BRRT) program in phase space shows that a natural temperature-dependence of mass occurs after recurring to the Fulling-Davies-Unruh effect. The temperature dependence of the mass $ m ( T ) $ resemblances the energy-scale dependence of mass and other physical parameters in the renormalization (group) program of QFT. It is found in a special case that the effective photon mass is no longer zero, which may have far reaching consequences in the resolution of the dark matter problem. The Fulling-Davies-Unruh effect in a $ D = 1 + 1$-dim spacetime is analyzed entirely from the perspective of BRRT, and we explain how it may be interpreted in terms of a linear superposition of an infinite number of states resulting from the action of the group $ U (1,1) $ on the Lorentz non-invariant vacuum $ | {tilde 0 } angle$ of the relativistic oscillator studied by Bars.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Special Relativity and Entropy

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 4 Pages.

String theory and loop quantum gravity defines the elementary blocks of matter and space to be within the size of the Planck length. Einstein’s special relativity requires that any two frames of reference will experience length contraction in the direction of their relative movement one towards the other. Since the Planck length is a universal constant in all frames of reference, and it is the building block of matter and maybe even the fabric of space, how can this length contraction occur? This is the question that this paper will try to answer.
Category: Quantum Physics

Mathematics of Skateboard Quarter Pipe Construction

Authors: Thomas Günther
Comments: 14 Pages. Published in International Journal of Engineering and Applied Physics - Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1041—1054, 2024.

The present article provides a detailed mathematical treatise on the geometry of skateboard transition ramps. These usually form a circular segment shape and are used in skateboarding for transitioning from a horizontal plane to another angle of incline. Transitions play a crucial role in the flow of skateparks and are required, for example, for quarter pipes, mini ramps, vert ramps, or jump ramps. Skateboarding has been an Olympic sport since 2023, yet many publicly funded skateparks still do not meet the demands of the sport. On one hand, there is often a lack of willingness from authorities to engage with the athletes beforehand; on the other hand, the people involved in the planning process often lack the necessary experience and mathematical expertise to perfectly fulfill the users' needs. Thoughtful planning is particularly crucial for ramps with curved surfaces to ensure the flow of the skatepark. In addition to the mathematical analysis, source codes for programs are provided to make the calculations as convenient as possible for all users.
Category: Geometry

Acceleration History Breaks Symmetry Principle and Resolves the Twin Paradox

Authors: Branimir Špigel
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper, we examine the symmetry of motion in special relativity and show that the 'twin paradox' resolves when considering the history of acceleration. Acceleration creates a permanent asymmetry in motion, which persists even after the acceleration stops and the objects move uniformly in inertial frames. This suggests that the apparent symmetry of motion, as described in Einstein's theory, arises largely from ignoring acceleration history. When acceleration is accounted for, the symmetry unravels, revealing a deeper asymmetry rooted in the objects' dynamic histories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Kim Hyun-Tak Bill for Reform of Korean National Pension System, 40% Return Rate per Year

Authors: Hyun-Tak Kim
Comments: 5 Pages. 3 Figures; in Korean

The government bill announced on September 4, 2024, is problematic because it violates both Article 34 of the Constitution (the right to live a humane life) and Article 102, Paragraph 2 of the National Pension Act (management and operation of funds), which states that "in order to ensure the long-term stability of the National Pension Fund, the returns of the fund must be maximized." If these violations are resolved, the people will accept the government bill. To address the violation of Article 34 of the Constitution, an "automatic pension benefit increase system" will be introduced. To address the violation of Article 102, Paragraph 2 of the National Pension Act, the term "maximum" will be replaced with a provision stating that "100% of the fund, managed by external fund managers selected through competitive bidding for the highest returns, shall be invested in and managed with stocks that grow steadily over the long term, with an average return of 23% per year or more (resulting in a 10-year compound interest of 693% or more)." This approach will maximize the compound interest effect, with an expected average annual return of 30% over 10 years. Supporting legislation should be enacted for such measures. Additionally, actual data for periods of less than 10 years can be compared to the 10-year average return of 27% for SMH (a U.S. semiconductor ETF), which has demonstrated returns of about 40% per year.[요약]2024년 9월 4일 발표된 정부 법안은 헌법 34조(인간다운 삶을 살 권리)와 국민연금법 102조 ②항(기금의 관리 및 운영)에 명시된 "국민연금 기금의 장기적 안정을 위해서는 기금의 수익을 최대화해야 한다"는 내용을 모두 위반해 문제가 제기된다. 이러한 위반 사항이 해결되면 국민이 정부법안을 받아들일 것이다. 헌법 34조 위반을 바로잡기 위해 "연금 급여 자동 증가 장치"를 입법한다. 국민연금법 102조 ②항 위반을 바로잡기 위해, 조항속에 있는 "최대"를 "최대 수익률 상위 경쟁입찰로 선발된 외부 펀드 매니저가 운용하고자 하는 기금의 100%를 장기적으로 꾸준히 성장하는 주식에 투자하고 운용하여 그 수익률 10년 평균 23%/년 이상 (10년 복리 693% 이상)"로 바꾸는 법률을 개정한다. 이 경우 복리효과 최대가 될 수 있고 10년 평균 30%/년 이상이 기대된다. 추가로, 약 40%/년 수익률은10년이 되지 않은 실제 데이터를 SMH(미국 반도체 etf)의 10년 평균 수익률 27%와 비교 추산하여 얻은 것으로 목표달성의 가능성의 실시예를 제공한다.
Category: Economics and Finance

Toward a Human-Centric Metaverse: Novel Causal Decision Models for Supply Chain Risk Management

Authors: Hamidreza Seiti, Mostafa Shabani
Comments: 34 Pages.

This study addresses the complexities of selecting the optimal virtual reality (VR) platform for risk management in Supply Chain Management (SCM), emphasizing the significance of human-centric attributes in this decision-making process. As SCM encompasses the strategic coordination of suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors, the integration of advanced technologies, including VR, becomes essential for enhancing operational efficiency and resilience in today’s dynamic market environments. This paper proposes a novel MADM model that incorporates the R.Graph method to account for the interactions between criteria. We developed two distinct algorithms: the first directly calculates ranks based on attribute interactions, while the second modifies weights to reflect these interactions. By focusing on user experience, accessibility, collaboration features, and other relevant attributes, the model aims to facilitate a comprehensive evaluation of VR platforms. The application of qualitative input data allows for a more nuanced analysis, particularly in scenarios where quantitative data is limited
Category: Artificial Intelligence

LLM Survey Paper Landscape: Predicting Taxonomies

Authors: Daniel Uranga
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this study, we analyze a dataset of survey papers on Large Language Models (LLMs) published over the last 3 years to gain insights into the current trends surrounding LLMs. Primarily we analyze the author landscape and the effectiveness at predicting the taxonomies of the surveys from their title, summary, and listed categories. I find that the amount of surveys released has increased drastically in the last three years. Also, most surveys have around 8 authors, but each author appears only on one survey usually. This indicates the research is spread widely between those in the field. Finally, our investigation into predicting taxonomies was a failure with the machine learning methods we applied. However, valuable insights about the dataset can be gained from the attempts.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Pseudo Drazin Invertibility of Anti-Triangular Matrix Over a Ring and Its Applications

Authors: Guo Shilu, Huanyin Chen
Comments: 21 Pages. In Chinese

In this paper, we investigate the p-Drazin inverse of the anti-triangular operator matrix $left(begin{array}{cc} a & 1 b & 0 end{array} ight)$. We identify two new class of necessary and sufficient conditions for an anti-triangular matrix to possess a p-Drazin inverse. Subsequently, we generalize several established results to a broader context. As practical applications, we demonstrate the p-Drazin invertibility of specific block operator matrices $left( begin{array}{cc} A & B C & D end{array}ight)in mathcal{B}(Xoplus X)$.
Category: Algebra

Any Rational Number N is the Sum and Difference of Four Rational Fourth Powers in an Infinite Number of Ways

Authors: Seiji Tomita
Comments: 5 Pages.

It is known that the equation X^4+Y^-(Z^4+W^4) = N has infinitely many rational solutions for any rational number N.We present three new solutions for the equation X^4+Y^4-(Z^4+W^4) = N.
Category: Number Theory

Quantum Relativity Cosmos Theory(QRC) Theory by Vaishnav Shailesh Kakade

Authors: Vaishnav Shailesh Kakade
Comments: 17 Pages.

The Quantum Relativity Concepts (QRC) Theory introduces a pioneering framework that seeks to bridge one of the most profound gaps in modern physics: the unification of Quantum Mechanics (QM) and General Relativity (GR). By reimagining spacetime as an emergent property arising from quantum informational relationships, QRC presents a fundamentally new approach to understanding the universe. Central to the theory is the concept of Quantum Entanglement-Induced Gravitational Waves (QEIGWs), where quantum entanglement between massive particles generates detectable gravitational waves. This groundbreaking theory offers not only novel mathematical models but also testable experimental designs, positioning QRC as a revolutionary step towards unraveling the quantum-gravitational divide.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Training Neural Networks with {-1,1} Weights by Evolution Strategy

Authors: Hidehiko Okada
Comments: 8 Pages.

The author previously reported an experimental result of evolutionary reinforcement learning of neural network controllers. In the previous study, a conventional multilayer perceptron was employed in which connection weights were real numbers. In this study, the author experimentally applies an evolutionary algorithm to the reinforcement training of binary neural networks. In both studies, the same task and the same evolutionary algorithm are utilized, i.e. the Acrobot control problem and Evolution Strategy respectively. The differences lie in the memory size per connection weight and the model size of the neural network. The findings from this study are (1) the optimal number of hidden units for the binary MLP was 128 among the choices of 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256; (2) a larger population size contributed better for ES than a greater number of generations; and (3) binary connection weights can achieve comparable control performance while reducing memory size by half.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Closed-Cycle Expansion Compression (CCEC) Theory

Authors: S. John White Sr.
Comments: 14 Pages.

The Closed-Cycle Expansion Compression (CCEC) Theory proposes that the universe exists within a closed-loop system facilitating infinite cycles of expansion and compression. By reconciling the concept of infinity with a universe that appears to have a finite origin, the CCEC Theory challenges traditional linear cosmological models. This framework suggests that the universe's expansion and subsequent compression occur within a closed loop, allowing for perpetual renewal without requiring an external infinite space. The model addresses fundamental questions about the source of energy for cosmic expansion, the nature of time and space, and the philosophical implications of an eternal, self-sustaining universe. The theory aligns with general relativity, adheres to thermodynamic laws, and offers testable predictions for future research.
Category: Astrophysics

Not Your Father's Physics

Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 14 Pages. Essay written for the APS 2024 history of physics competition.

Two essential conceptual structures - impedance quantization and geometric representation of Clifford algebra - were lost in physics. Background independent analysis of Mach’s principle makes possible calculation of quantum impedance networks of wavefunction interactions in the background independent geometric representation. Their synthesis fills gaps in the history of physics.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Proof of Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Naiyf S. Alsaud
Comments: 6 Pages.

A simple and elegant proof of Riemann hypothesis with a deduction of a closed form of the non-trivial zeros of zeta function.
Category: Number Theory

Formal Proof of Collatz’s Conjecture

Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 12 Pages. In French (Note by viXra Admin: Title and abstract should be in English and no carton/graphics whould be used as part of the headings!))

The Collatz Conjecture, also known as the Syracuse Problem, presents an intriguing challenge in mathematics, stating that for any sequence of positive integers defined by a specific transformation, the sequence always eventually joins the trivial cycle (4.2 ,1). This phenomenon, which seems anecdotal at first glance, is based on fundamental principles of number theory and the dynamics of sequences. This article aims to provide a rigorous proof of the conjecture using a methodical and academic approach, structured around several key axes: 1. Recursion Analysis: We develop a robust recurrence framework to demonstrate that any sequence, under the Collatz transformation rule, converges to the cycle (4,2,1). This framework is based on the systematic observation of the terms of the sequence and their behavior under the repeated application of the rule. 2.Framing of the Terms of the Sequence: The in-depth study of the framing of the terms of the sequence allows us to quantify the tendency towards convergence. By providing precise upper and lower bounds, we illustrate how the terms gradually approach the trivial cycle. 3.Analysis of Behaviors Under Transformation: We analyze the dynamic behaviors of the sequences when they are subjected to the transformation defined by the conjecture. This analysis highlights the underlying regularities and structures that promote convergence. By reintegrating these elements into a rigorous framework, we precisely affirm that the Collatz conjecture is indeed valid for the set of positive integers. This proof not only enriches our understanding of the conjecture but also of the dynamic mechanisms underlying iterative sequences in number theory.
Category: Number Theory

Exploration and Proof of the Goldbach Conjecture: An In-Depth Analysis of Its History, Implications, and a New Proof Approach

Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 17 Pages. In French (Note by viXra Admin: Title and abstract should be in English and no carton/graphics whould be used as part of the headings!))

Goldbach's conjecture, stated by Christian Goldbach in 1742, is one of the most intriguing puzzles in mathematics. Despite centuries of attempts, complete formal demonstration has always escaped the mathematicians. However, thisarticle proposes an innovative approach: aformal proof of the conjecture of Goldbach. The journey begins with a retrospective on the history of conjecture, exploring its origins, previous attempts to resolve it, as well as the advances important theoretical. Next, he explores the contemporary developments and ideasrecent ones that have shed light on this enigma. Finally, the article presents the formal demonstration as expected from the conjecture. Each step is carefully examined, revealing the foundations theoretical and the implications of the results. This mathematical odyssey aspires to inspire next generation of mathematicians and offers a significant contribution to the resolution of an age-old enigma.
Category: Number Theory

Note on the Transformation From STT or Local Coordinate System to the NTT Coordinate System

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this note, we give the details of how to calculate the parameters of the transformation from STT or local coordinate system to the NTT coordinate system the Tunisian geodetic terrestrial system.
Category: Geophysics

Applications of Karma Spirituality

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 91 Pages.

This book aims to integrate scientific theories with spiritual concepts. It discusses Karma Theory applied to International Demographics. It outlines modern concept of time (e.g., initiation of time at big bang), with the spiritual concepts of Kal Chakra (Time cycle- e.g., Oscillating universes). It also discusses, among other ideas Epistemology in Cyclic Time.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Thai-English Student's Dictionary Compiled by Mary R. Haas and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 21 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the head words of the Thai-English Student’s Dictionary compiled by Mary R. Haas, wayback in 1964. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of head words, normalised, startingwith a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0), the magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierlsapproximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours in the absence of external magnetic field. β is 1/(k_B T)where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field which is zero and k_B is the tiny Boltzmannconstant.
Category: Linguistics

[An Alternative] Answer to Gravity: Unlocking Gravity Using Atomic Nuclei

Authors: Bittu Kumar
Comments: 10 Pages.

This research redefines gravity, showing that it is not a separate force but originates from atoms, specifically from thenucleus of the atom. Rather than arising from space-time curvature or the hypothetical graviton particle, this theory suggests thatgravity is positive force of atom, that exhibits a weak attraction to neutral atoms and repel same charge atom (positive charge).Moreover, utilizing the framework of gravity, this paper provides a practical and detailed explanation of how the solar system,galaxy, and the broader universe operate. This model solves key cosmological problems, presenting a more tangible and applicableunderstanding of cosmic phenomena, as opposed to purely theoretical approaches, and combines quantum mechanics with gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Simple Proof Of Legendre's Conjecture

Authors: Daniel Eduardo Ruiz
Comments: 4 Pages.

We analyze intervals of numbers whose prime factors are all $> y$. In this article we stablish and prove a lower bound of prime numbers contained in the interval $[x^a,(x+1)^a)$ where $a,x in mathbb{R}^+$ and $x>2$, $a geq 2$, then if $a=2$, the interval $[x^2,(x+1)^2)$ contains at least 1 prime.
Category: Number Theory

Fundamental Algebraic Disproof of the Riemann Hypothesis in the Logarithmic Derivative

Authors: Daniel Eduardo Ruiz
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper we prove the fundamental contradiction about the Riemann Hypothesis, expressing a function as a product and given the following summation, where $R$ is the set of all solutions of $R(x)=0$:begin{equation}frac{R'(x)}{R(x)}=sum_{rin R}left(frac{1}{x-r}ight)end{equation}And considering a regularization for hypertranscendental functions, then the expression applied in Riemann Zeta function of $frac{1}{2}$, or the logarithmic derivative, where $R_t$ is the set of tirivial zeros:begin{equation}frac{zeta'(frac{1}{2})}{zeta(frac{1}{2})}eq sum_{rin R_t}left(frac{1}{frac{1}{2}-r}ight)end{equation}
Category: Number Theory

Limited Edition Digital Books and Exchange Traded Funds: Semi Fungible Tokens and the Erc-1155 Token Standard

Authors: Rochelle Forrester
Comments: 7 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with schoarly norm - Please conform!))

Limited edition digital books would be good investments for both exchange traded funds and individual investors. Limited edition digital books are a new means of publishing done by creating semi fungible tokens on the blockchain. The tokens consist of both an image and text and when the text is read in order, it tells a story like any other book. The book, being in a limited edition, enables the purchaser to not only obtain a book but also to obtain an asset which may increase in value. This is particularly because the book, being in digital form, can be copied and pasted to purchaser’s social media which will act as advertisements for the book, increasing its value for all owners of the digital books.
Category: Education and Didactics

The Dynamic Present: Unifying Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity Through Continuous Present Actualization

Authors: D. S. Gavant
Comments: 57 Pages.

Dynamic Present Theory offers a groundbreaking framework aimed at unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity by reimagining the concept of time. Instead of perceiving time as a linear progression of past, present, and future, DPT posits that time emerges from Continuous Present Actualization—the perpetual transformation of energy in the ever-present "now." In this view, only the present moment truly exists; reality is a constant unfolding governed by immutable mathematical laws. By grounding both QM and GR within the CPA framework, DPT harmoniously integrates the probabilistic nature of quantum phenomena with the deterministic fabric of spacetime described by relativity. This integration addresses longstanding paradoxes such as the measurement problem and quantum non-locality without resorting to mechanisms like wave function collapse or introducing hidden variables. Phenomena like entanglement and gravity are reinterpreted as manifestations of the CPA process, providing coherent explanations that align with empirical observations. Beyond resolving specific physical paradoxes, DPT challenges established scientific paradigms by suggesting that the continuous actualization of the present is fundamental to the universe's structure. This perspective not only reshapes our understanding of time and existence but also opens new avenues for experimental validation and theoretical exploration. By proposing testable predictions and aligning with existing mathematical frameworks, DPT aspires to usher in a new era of scientific discovery, offering a compelling and intuitive pathway toward a unified theory of everything.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Neutron Reinterpretation: A Unified Model for Strong, Weak, and Electromagnetic Interactions

Authors: Alfonso De Miguel bueno
Comments: 29 Pages.

This paper presents a novel interacting fields model that reconceptualizes the neutron as an intermediate state linking proton and antiproton transformations, incorporating antimatter and dark matter into nucleon dynamics.Within an octonionic framework, the model offers a geometric interpretation of QCD and its unification with weak and electromagnetic interactions.It proposes a curvature-based mechanism for the emergence of mass, charge, and fundamental interactions, leading to several quantitative predictions, including a geometric explanation of the fine-structure constant and Planck’s constant.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Scalar Lorentz-Minkowski Topology Through Five Dimensions

Authors: Levinus Haines
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper explores a novel approach to differential topology by merging Lorentz-Minkowski space with the conceptual framework of a hypercube, thereby addressing discrepancies that arise in quantum mechanical systems. The model introduces a Scalar Lorentz-Minkowski Transformation (SLMT), extending classical four-dimensional spacetime to five dimensions in order to reconcile retrocausal activity and probabilistic outcomes observed in quantum experiments, such as the Quantum Eraser. By examining causality and the limitations of current Minkowski models, this work proposes a scalar modification to the topology of light cones, suggesting an hourglass-shaped structure to better represent the intersection of causal and retrocausal events. The paper delves into the implications for the Copenhagen and de Broglie-Bohm interpretations, and it provides a foundation for calculating relativistic relationships and probability cones in a five-dimensional space.
Category: Quantum Physics

Regulatory Imperatives and Compliance Frameworks in Modern Pharmacy Practice: A Comprehensive Analysis

Authors: Levinus Haines
Comments: 24 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required)

This paper presents an extensive examination of the regulatory landscape and compliance frameworks governing modern pharmacy practice. It elucidates the intricate interplay between ethical considerations, legal mandates, and operational imperatives in ensuring patient safety, maintaining product integrity, and safeguarding public health. Through a thorough analysis of current literature, regulatory guidelines, and industry best practices, this study underscores the paramount importance of stringent compliance measures in pharmaceutical operations, with particular emphasis on patient privacy protection, product quality assurance, and supply chain integrity. The findings herein provide valuable insights for pharmacy professionals, regulatory bodies, and policymakers in formulating and implementing robust compliance strategies that align with evolving healthcare standards and regulatory requirements.
Category: Economics and Finance

Integration of Tensor Fields with Angular Components: An Analytical and Computational Study

Authors: Parker Emmerson
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper presents a mathematical framework for integrating tensor fields with angular components, combining linear and angular integrands to form a comprehensive expression. We focus on the integration over spatial variable ( x_i ) and angular variable ( theta ), deriving a combined integrand that reflects the interplay between these dimensions. The methods are implemented computationally, and the resulting combined integrand is visualized to provide insights into its behavior.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Formalizing Mechanical Analysis Using Sweeping Net Methods

Authors: Parker Emmerson
Comments: 12 Pages.

We present a formal mechanical analysis using sweeping net methods to approximate surfacingsingularities of saddle maps. By constructing densified sweeping subnets for individual vertices and integrating them, we create a comprehensive approximation of singularities. This approach utilizes geometric concepts, analytical methods, and theorems that demonstrate the robustness and stabilityof the nets under perturbations. Through detailed proofs and visualizations, we provide a new perspective on singularities and their approximations in analytic geometry.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Towards a High Genus Cosmic Manifold

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 8 Pages.

The universe is punctured with a high number of black holes that might stand for topological "holes" or "cavities". Starting from this observation, we discuss the possibility to think over the universe in terms of a manifold of very high genus (henceforward VHGM), rather than an isotropic and homogeneous manifold of genus zero. We argue about the feasibility and the likely physical consequences of a cosmic VHGM approach. In ΛCDM, a topological surface of veryhigh genus might guarantee highly stable, topologically ordered structures protected against small perturbations, leadingto fine-tuning and consistency of cosmic parameters. In non-standard cosmological models, a VHGM framework might help to elucidate spatial features like extra-dimensions, compactified universes, spacetime foam, multi-loops stringinteractions. Groups of almost infinite surface diffeomorphisms might also generate topological defects, impurities, passages and handles that connect different regions at either micro-, meso- or macroscopic physical scales, shedding light on the accelerated expansion of the Universe, on wormholes, on multiverse and bubble universes. VHGM might also contribute to the nonlocal interactions that are typical of quantum entanglement and to information and energy storage, with special attention to the quantum vacuum discrepancy and the holographic approaches. In conclusion, the theoreticalpossibility of a cosmic VHGM suggests a strong and methodologically manageable mathematical background subtending the mechanical, dynamical, energetic and informational features of the spacetime fabric in both ΛCDM and non-standardcosmological models.
Category: Astrophysics

Proof of Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 4 Pages.

Any positive integer can be expressed as k*2^n, where k is an odd number and n is a natural number. Each operation of the Collatz conjecture can be represented by (3k+1)*2^n, regardless of whether it is an odd or even number. The distribution type of k belongs to deterministic random distribution. Let 2^t be a perfect square number that is just less than 3k, and the cumulative probability value of (3k+1) being a perfect square number after each operation in the Collatz conjecture is conservatively estimated as Σ1/2^t. By comparing with the harmonic function Σ1/n, it is proved that when the number of operations gradually increases, the cumulative probability function value Σ1/2^t of (3k+1) being a perfect square number is much larger than 1, and tends to infinity when the number of operations is infinitely large. This result shows that the occurrence of (3k+1) being a perfect square is inevitable, thus proving the Collatz conjecture.
Category: General Mathematics

Chaotic Maps of Discretized Memristor Circuit Equations

Authors: Makoto Itoh
Comments: 99 Pages.

In this paper, we show that many well-known chaotic maps can be generated by discretizing the equations of memristor or nonlinear resistor circuits using the Euler method or the central difference method.These examples show that the dynamics of a wide variety of nonlinear maps, such as those found in engineering, physics, chemistry, biology, and ecological systems, are closely related to the discretized memristor or nonlinear resistor circuit equations. Furthermore, the discretized memristor circuit equations also propose the new modified or simplified version of the well-known chaotic maps. We also propose the generalized extended memristor with non-volatility property. To satisfy the non-volatility property, the $v-i$ characteristic of the generalized extended memristor is defined by two bounded functions, namely the resistive-fuse function and the saturation function. Using this element, the discretized two-element memristor circuits can generate any two-dimensional chaotic map. The computer simulations in this paper show that the discretization of the memristor or nonlinear resistor circuit equations is one of the most promising methods to find interesting chaotic maps. Furthermore, some of the discretized three-dimensional circuit equations clearly show the topological structure of the chaotic attractors.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Are Special Relativity and General Relativity True?

Authors: A. V. Serghienko
Comments: 27 Pages. 2 figures

I would like to talk about the falsity of the theory of relativity. I understand that shouts will now begin: "How long is it possible? Alternatives again." I'll answer this. Let's argue. Just argue without insults. Those who protect Einstein, as a rule, does not provide any evidence and only call names. And their main argument: "You are a fool!" Of course, you can't argue with this. Well, seriously, let's figure it out. Critics of the theory of relativity have appeared since its inception. There has never been such a period in recent history of science when there were no critics of Einstein. Doesn't this worry anyone?! Why are there no critics of Newton and the classical mechanics and mathematical analysis he created?! Not everyone even knows why Einstein received the Nobel Prize. Many people think what kind of theory of relativity. In fact, this is not true. Einstein was given a prize for explaining the two laws of the photoelectric effect. At the same time, the Russian scientist Stoletov made a significant contribution to the research of the photoelectric effect. But in the West they prefer this don't remember. This is understandable. They rarely give Nobel Prizes to Russians. It should be noted that at first no one took the theory of relativity seriously. When Einstein was given Nobel Prize, it was said that the prize was awarded despite the dubiousness of his other theories and the presence serious objections to them. I will not list all the contradictions here. Simply because the number of given the arguments are unlikely to convince the most notorious skeptics.
Category: Classical Physics

From the Electron to the Flower of Life - Proofs of God

Authors: Andreas Ball
Comments: 18 Pages.

The combination of Data of the Electron applied in a Formula leads to a value with a digit figure, which runs 9 times in serie from the first digit, and comprises the Inverse of the Magnetic Field Constant. This circumstance is known in the science world, but no scientist - as known by the author - ever made any thoughts about this conspicious result. Many scientists are astonished about the Koide-Formula with its result close to the ratio 2/3, but the above mentioned result won by the Electron Data is equally or still more remarkable.Since the epoch Reconnaissance the world of natural sciences underlies the mass consciousness, which states that the natural sciences may not have anything to do with God. This is the knowledge of the history of natural sciences and not the opinion of the author. And the scientists should be aware of this fact.Furthermore this report presents several formulas by use of the masses of Elementar Particles, which lead also to conspicious results.The figures 9 and 11 can be found in many exact formulas for Physical Constants and in the Formulas for the datas of our celestial bodies. This is also valid for the Figures 144 and 666. And the figures 9 and 11 show suspicious aspects besides the Physics and Mathematics. Chapter 6 shows the facts, that informations are hidden in the ornament/symbol Flower of Life referring the Physical Constants, which values propulse the Universe.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Classification of Pythagorean Triples Based on Differences in the Tangents of Their Triangles

Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 10 Pages.

The classification of Pythagorean triples is based on differences in the tangents of their triangles in a certain group, the value of which tends to one divided by a prime number and has the form of a fraction. The corresponding tables containing primitive and non-primitive Pythagorean triples are constructed in accordance with the proposed visual classification. Based on the presented classification, the concept of the "parent" Pythagorean triple is introduced — a primitive triple underlying a series (table) of Pythagorean triples derived from it. The first "parent" Pythagorean triple among the set of primitive tangent values of their triangles is defined by us as "119, 120, 169". It is shown that the first "parent" Pythagorean triple on the basis of the increase of the smaller legs of their triangles — 3, 4, 5 — can be considered as the initial structural unit of a two—dimensional planar construction of a figure — a right triangle, and the product of the numbers 3, 4, 5 — equal to 60 - it is advisable to consider, in turn, as a structural unit of a three-dimensional A three—dimensional figure is a parallelogram.
Category: Geometry

A Novel Quantum Theory on the Fundamental Structure of the Universe: Vibrational Energy Units

Authors: Rajesh Harrykissoon
Comments: 8 Pages.

We propose a novel quantum theory suggesting that the universe is composed of fundamental energy units, far smaller than known particles. These energy units vibrate randomly in a vacuum, and particles emerge from their organized, collective vibrations. This theory provides an alternative explanation for phenomena like dark matter, dark energy, and gravity. It grounds these in vibrational energy patterns, potentially unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity. We outline predictions and implications for testing the theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A New Look at Pythagorean Triples and Its Extension

Authors: Vladislav Koshchakov
Comments: 9 Pages. In Russian (An abstract is required in the article)

A geometric approach to the formation of Pythagorean triples is proposed, which allows not only to limit oneself to the second degree of the equation, but also to expand it to any value.
Category: Geometry

A Novel Proposal About Magnetic Shielding

Authors: Rosario Pullano
Comments: 6 Pages.

Space exploration is a primary goal for leading companies in the aerospace market. One of the major challenges in this environment is the high intensity of space radiation, which poses a serious threat to both human health and spacecraft instrumentation. For instance, while humans can only tolerate up to 4 Sv of radiation, exposure in space can reach 12 Sv. The main sources of this radiation are solar emissions and cosmic rays from deep space.This work focuses on developing a solution to protect against space radiation. Our proposal is inspired by the Earth's magnetosphere, aiming to replicate its protective features on a smaller scale. The technology could be tested on a CubeSat, with the goal of studying the effectiveness of this magnetic shielding system for future applications in space missions.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Model for Synchronous Physical Law Variation and Space Typology Based on Gravitational Fields

Authors: Anton Rudy
Comments: 3 Pages.

We propose a new model in which the fundamental physical constants, such as the speed of light and the gravitational constant, vary synchronously across the entire universe. This variation depends on the local gravitational field, leading to a classification of space into different "types" based on gravitational strength. These space types influence the manifestation of both quantum and classical laws. Our model offers a novel approach to unify quantum mechanics with classical physics and potentially explains phenomena such as dark matter, dark energy, quantum gravity, and the mass of neutrinos. Additionally, we discuss how this model aligns with the theory of relativity and accounts for phenomena like time dilation observed in GPS systems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

2024 Nobel Prize in Physics Made a Category Error

Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 4 Pages.

The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics made a category error in awarding a pattern recognition circuit or program the prize. The neuron and implication that it was responsible for thought was discovered by biologists and the physical understanding of information worked synergistically with the concept. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a construct of Computer Science and made possible by Applied Science and Engineering; it simply recognises patterns. It doesn't follow that the paradigm of ANNs explains intelligence nor how it emerges in the Universe and more worthy recipients in this area would have been the original people who came up with Information Theory or those looking at the limits of computation in Quantum Computing or even those who have seen Godellian limitations in physics, such as the incomputability of the spectral gap in certain materials.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Quantum-Classical Evolutionary Optimization: A Hybrid Framework for Quantum Circuit Fidelity and Noise Adaptation

Authors: Damont Combs
Comments: 13 Pages.

Quantum computing faces significant challenges due to quantum noise and gate errors, particularly in noisy intermediate-scale quantum [9] devices. Traditional error mitigation methods often fall short of achieving high circuit fidelity due to inherent system imperfections. This paper introduces Quantum-Classical Evolutionary Optimization [1], a novel hybrid framework that integrates quantum circuit mutation strategies with classical optimization techniques. QCEO adapts quantum circuits in real-time by treating quantum gates as evolutionary genes, iteratively optimizing them for improved noise resistance and fidelity. In experiments on both simulated environments and IBM Quantum hardware, QCEO demonstrates a 10-15% improvement in fidelity compared to traditional methods such as readout error correction and zero-noise extrapolation. Beyond fidelity improvement, QCEO’s ability to dynamically adapt to different noise profiles positions it as a versatile tool that can be integrated with emerging quantum algorithms like Variational Quantum Algorithms [4] and Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithms [10]. This framework opens up new possibilities for advancing quantum computing in fields ranging from cryptography to quantum machine learning by ensuring higher performance in noisy quantum systems.
Category: Quantum Physics

Finite Mathematics as the Most General (Fundamental) Mathematics

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 22 Pages. published in Symmetry vol. 16(10) paper 1340 (2024).

The purpose of this paper is to explain at the simplest possible level why finite mathematics based on a finite ring of characteristic $p$ is more general (fundamental) than standard mathematics. The belief of most mathematicians and physicists that standard mathematics is the most fundamental arose for historical reasons. However, simple {it mathematical} arguments show that standard mathematics (involving the concept of infinities) is a degenerate case of finite mathematics in the formal limit $ptoinfty$: standard mathematics arises from finite mathematics in the degenerate case when operations modulo a number are discarded. Quantum theory based on a finite ring of characteristic $p$ is more general thanstandard quantum theory because the latter is a degenerate case of the former in the formal limit $ptoinfty$.
Category: General Mathematics

Special Relativity and Dark Energy

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.

Special relativity can be explained mathematically and can be confirmed by applying laboratory measurements, but it is not intuitive and sometimes confusing. This paper will combine dark energy with the length contraction of special relativity, and the outcome will lead to a revolutionary model of quantized space time and staggered frames of reference ,sometimes will be referred to in this paper also as reference frame.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Dynamical Systems Model for Population and Depleting Resources

Authors: Samuel Forbes
Comments: 7 Pages.

We investigate a coupled, non-linear dynamical systems model for the relationship between population and depleting resources inspired by limits to growth. The model is determined by logistic growth in population with carrying capacity determined by resources. The rate of decline of resources is determined linearly by the population. The model produces an initial exponential increase in population followed by a decrease to the fixed point while congruently resources decrease in a sigmoidal fashion to the fixed point. We fit the model to world population over the period 10000 BC to 2021 in different time intervals corresponding to different growth rates. We show a number of projections to 2500 based on fitting to the time period of 1950 to 2021 with various parameter constraints.
Category: General Mathematics

New Tools to Verify the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Laurent Nedelec
Comments: 41 Pages. In French

Since the Syracuse problem has remained unsolved for 80 years, it is possible that it is formally unsolvable. This text offers an « approximate » proof. Using the concepts of inverse graph and an original logical trick (the axis of verified integers), the Collatz conjecture is progressively verified, although no definitive conclusion is reached. Other approaches can build upon the ideas presented in this text to achieve an even more accurate approximation. The text is in French, and an English version is expected to be completed within two months.
Category: Number Theory

On the Geometry of Axes of Complex Circles of Partition

Authors: Berndt Gensel, Theophilus Agama
Comments: 16 Pages.

In this paper we continue the development of the circles of partition by introducing a certain geometry of the axes of complex circles of partition. We use this geometry to verify the condition in the squeeze principle in special cases with regards to the orientation of the axes of complex circles of partition.
Category: Geometry

Design and Synthesis of a Room-Temperature Superconductor for Chip Integration: A Hydrogen-Rich Lithium Hydride Approach

Authors: Laurence Douglas Fink
Comments: 25 Pages.

The document titled "Design and Synthesis of a Room-Temperature Superconductor for Chip Integration: A Hydrogen-Rich Lithium Hydride Approach" explores the development of a novel superconducting material that operates at room temperature and can be integrated into chip fabrication processes. The approach focuses on creating a modified hydrogen-rich lithium hydride compound (LiHu2086) doped with sulfur and hydrogen, alongside graphene-like layers to enhance electron mobility and stabilize superconducting properties at ambient conditions.The work emphasizes a multi-step process, including material composition, structure design, and advanced deposition techniques such as Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), and Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE). A 2D layered structure is proposed to achieve high electron mobility, and strain engineering is applied to tune superconducting properties.High-throughput synthesis and characterization methods are used to optimize the material’s properties, leveraging machine learning and combinatorial chemistry. Once synthesized, the material is tested for its superconducting characteristics under ambient pressure and at room temperature. The study further proposes the integration of this material into semiconductor technology, including potential applications in quantum computing devices like Josephson junctions and superconducting transistors.In conclusion, the document outlines a comprehensive framework for the experimental synthesis and potential chip integration of a room-temperature superconductor, providing a pathway to its practical application in next-generation electronics.
Category: Chemistry

Optimization of Energy Numbers Continued

Authors: Parker Emmerson
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, we explore the properties and optimization techniques related to polyhedral cones and energy numbers with a focus on the cone of positive nxn semidefinite matrices and efficient computation strategies for kernels. In Part (a), we examine the polyhedral nature of the cone of positive semidefinite matrices, S^n , establishing that it does not form a polyhedral cone for due to its infinite dimensional characteristics. In Part (b), we present an algorithm for efficiently computing the kernel function K(x, x prime) = (latex formatting in wysiwig)on-the-fly, leveraging a polyhedral description of the convex hull generated by the feature mappings phi and phi prime. By restructuring the problem and using gradient-based optimization techniques, our approach minimizes memory usage and computational overhead, thus enabling scalable computation. Through examples and visualizations, we demonstrate the practical applications and efficiency of the proposed algorithm in optimizing these kernel computations.
Category: Geometry

Theory Of Nothing

Authors: Guy Abitbol
Comments: 52 Pages. published previously as youtube video on Jan 17, 2022

How everything works & How it was created from nothing
Category: Mathematical Physics

Exploring Gotong-Royong Culture in Indonesia: More Than Just Reciprocal Acts of Kindness, but Cooperative Collective Dynamics

Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache, Iwan Pranoto
Comments: 8 Pages. submitted to an upcoming conference to be held in December 2024. Comments and advises are welcome

Gotong royong, a tradition passed down from ancestors, especially in Indonesian culture, is not just a reciprocal act of kindness. Behind its enthusiasm, there is an interesting phenomenon that reflects cooperative collective dynamics, like a colony of birds flying in groups to form beautiful patterns in the sky. Mutual cooperation is like a collective symphony, where individuals synchronize steps to achieve a common goal. (submitted to an upcoming conference to be held in December 2024)
Category: Social Science

Common Reality of Universe

Authors: Tarun Sharma
Comments: 126 Pages.

This manuscript presents a theory that challenges the current understanding of gravity and introduces the existence of a fifth force of nature, which is, in fact, a redefined version of gravity. Contrary to the widely accepted notion that gravity is a result of an object’s mass, this theory posits that gravity arises from a different mechanism altogether. By redefining gravity, the theory proves the nature of dark matter and dark energy, offering explanations for phenomena that have long puzzled scientists and astronomers. This redefined gravity not only explains the nature of dark matter and dark energy but also addresses numerous other phenomena within our solar system and on a larger, universal scale. Additionally, this theory offers a completely new perspective on black holes.
Category: Astrophysics

About the Experimental Study of Counterfactual Communication

Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 4 Pages.

Counterfactual communication involves the transmission of information without particles traveling in the transmission channel. Here we propose an explanation of the physical nature of the phenomenon of counterfactual communication and a simpler and more convenient protocol for its experimental study based on the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect.
Category: Quantum Physics

How the Simulation Hypothesis Answers, "Why the Quantum?"

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages.

A short essay suggesting that the nature of computer programs, involving structure and sequence, may be a direct analogy to quantum mechanical canonical pairs e.g., the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle with position and momentum, thus supporting the Simulation Hypothesis that our reality is a programmed simulation. Additional examples are provided from modern physics that support the Simulation Hypothesis and an idea is proposed where conscious minds are synonymous with a computer gate residing at the boundary of future and past existing to constantly create relations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Can Einstein Field Equations be Generalized?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this short paper I show a simple model of extending Einstein field equations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Notes on Critical Phenomena and Primordial Cosmology

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 17 Pages.

Critical phenomena describe continuous phase transitions characterized by power-law divergences, universality of scaling exponents and ergodicity breaking. Scaling exponents depend on the dimension of the underlying spacetime (d) and, in many cases, also on the dimension of variables defining criticality (D) . Recent studies suggest that both dimensions (d and D) run with the observation scale and, as a result, determine the rate of divergence near critical points. Building on these observations, the goal of this report is to close the gap between critical behavior in continuous dimensions and the anomalous findings of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Emergence of Space-Time from a Single Point Entity: The Point Universe Model

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 23 Pages.

This paper proposes a novel theoretical framework for understanding the nature of our universe, termed the Point Universe Model. Inthis model, the entirety of reality is conceptualized as emerging from the vibrations or pulsations of a single point entity, with our perceived three-dimensional space arising as a Fourier transform of these vibrations. We present the mathematical formalism for this model, discuss its implications for our understanding of space, time, and quantumphenomena, and explore potential experimental predictions.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Dirichlet Series Expansion with Recursive Coefficient Formula

Authors: Andrej Liptaj
Comments: 2 Pages.

Assuming the Dirichlet series of $qleft(xight)$ is known, we derive a recursive formula for the Dirichlet-series coefficients of $sqrt{q^{2}left(xight)+alpha}$, $alphainmathbb{C}$.
Category: Number Theory

Causation Without Correlations for the Gaussian Signals

Authors: Ait-Taleb Nabil
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper, we will show in a Gaussian context what to do to obtain a causal relationship between an output variable and three input variables without obtaining any correlation between the output variable and the input variables.In a context of Gaussian signals, this paper will show the following situation: Causation without correlations for the Gaussian signals.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Temporal Cavitation Model of Cosmology

Authors: Paul Caracristi
Comments: 36 Pages.

The Cavitational Model of Cosmology presents a novel framework for understanding the Universe, emphasizing the interconnected roles of Time and Space. It delves into key cosmological concepts, such as the Latent and Patent realms, Time-Space fields, Spacetime fabric, gravity, levity, quantum fields, whiteholes, and blackholes. This model challenges traditional views in cosmology by offering alternative explanations for phenomena like gravity, dark matter, and dark energy, suggesting that these can be addressed through a reinterpretation of Time, Space, Energy, and Matter.The model suggests that the transition from the Latent realm (a potential energy state) to the Patent realm (the observable universe) is driven by energy fluctuations, creating a temporal cavity where Time and Space fields interact dynamically. These fields influence energy flow across Spacetime, which in turn affects fundamental constants like the speed of light and the universe's curvature.A key proposition is that Time’s inflation and deflation, tied to the interaction of these fields, controls the universe’s expansion and influences how we measure cosmic age and distances. The relationship between levity and gravity is redefined as complementary forces, potentially explaining phenomena like dark matter and dark energy without requiring new forms of unseen matter.The model also reexamines blackholes and whiteholes. Black holes absorb energy, while whiteholes disperse it, representing two ends of cosmic processes. The idea challenges traditional views on blackhole singularity, proposing that they may dissipate into the Latent realm over time, cycling energy between the realms.Further implications include the emergence of Matter and Antimatter, linked to the dominance of levity or gravity fields during their formation, which contrasts with conventional particle physics theories.Empirical validation is essential for this model to transition from theoretical speculation to a widely accepted cosmological framework. Suggested experiments involve studying the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) for anomalies, analyzing gravitational wave data, examining redshift patterns, and conducting high-energy particle physics experiments. If validated, the Cavitational Model could revolutionize our understanding of the universe's structure, evolution, and the interplay of its fundamental forces.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Bio-Technical Trick for the Ultra-Precise Detection of Infectious Airborne Viruses.

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 11 Pages.

Virology is at the crossroads of five frontiers : medicine, molecular biology, biochemistry, physics and human rights. In Western countries, the role of physics in virology is completely minimized while it plays the absolute greatest role. Interdisciplinarity is also of paramount importance in theoretical physics because of the quest for a unified theory between quantum fields and general relativity. Einstein’s theory is so powerful because it can very well formulate its own limits (one cannot go faster than the speed of light in all inertial frames). This incredible theoretical paradigm can also be developed in Virology. The first part and most important part of the present article is about a bio-technical trick for the ultra-precise detection of infectious airborne viruses. The second part of the present article is about the Theoretical Characteristics of the Omicron variant. The third part of the present article is about the Duality of the Omicron variant. And the fourth and least important part of the present article is about the Origin of the SARS-Cov-2 virus.
Category: Physics of Biology

Computational Complexity Analysis using Negation Negation Normal Form Circuit

Authors: Koji KOBAYASHI
Comments: 17 Pages.

概要. This paper describes about analyzing method for computational complexity using Negation Normal Form Circuit. Although Negation Normal Form Circuit can emulate Turing machines, most of the circuits are monotonic. In this paper, Negation Normal Form Circuit is further divided into a monotonic subcircuit consisting of AND and OR gate (Rating Circuit) and a subcircuit consisting of NOT elements, and the analysis focuses on the Rating Circuit. From the viewpoint of the Rating Circuit, the NOT gate is constraint on the input of the Rating Circuit. We can use another input constraints. By changing the constraints of the inputs of Rating Circuit, We can analyse complexity detail. In this paper, we use this method to analyze the complexity of the clique problem.
Category: General Mathematics

Superconductivity and the Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis: Understanding the Expulsion of Magnetic Fields

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper introduces the Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH) to readers unfamiliar with the theory and explores how it provides a novel explanation for the expulsion of magnetic fields in superconductors. By modeling spacetime asa superfluid with a complex order parameter, the SSH offers a framework where electromagnetic fields emerge from the dynamics of this superfluid. We discuss the fundamental concepts of SSH, provide a rigorous derivation of how known electromagnetic phenomena emerge within this framework, and explore how superconduc-tivity can influence the spacetime superfluid to expel magnetic fields, consistent with the Meissner effect observed in conventional superconductivity. We also propose potential experiments that could validate or refute the SSH, strengthening the scientific merit of the hypothesis. This approach provides new insights into the interplay between superconductivity and the fabric of spacetime.
Category: Quantum Physics

Some Properties of Iterated Brownian Motion and Weak Approximation

Authors: Shumpei Sakuragi
Comments: 25 Pages.

Algorithms by stochastic methods to partial differential equations of the fourth order involving biharmonic operators are stated. The author considered a construction of the solution of a partial differential equation using a certain probability space and stochastic process. There are two algorithms for the fourth-order partial differential equations by stochastic methods. The first one is the method using signed measures. This is a methodwhich constructs a signed measure by a solution using the Fourier transform and obtains a coordinate mapping process. The second method uses iterated Brownian motion. The latter is treated in this paper. The definition ofiterated Brownian motion was modified to investigate the properties of its distribution. The author also defined an iterated random walk corresponding to discretization of that, and showed that it converges to an iteratedBrownian motion in law to the iterated Brownian motion, and obtained its order. In the conventional method, the partial differential equation of the fourth order corresponding to iterated Brownian motion, the Laplacian ofthe boundary condition arises in the remainder term. In other words, if the boundary condition is harmonic, the representation of the partial differential equation involving the biharmonic operator is possible.By focusing on the distribution of the iterated Brownian motion, the representation of the partial differential equation including the biharmonic operator is possible when the boundary condition is biharmonic.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Pigeonhole Principle and the Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 1 Page.

In this paper we use the concept of density of a subset of Natural numbers to an stadistical approach to Goldbach Conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Negative Time is Real, Physicists Confirm

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 4 Pages.

Recently a group of physicists measured a negative "group delay" for a pulse of light transmitted in a cold cloud of Rubidium atoms. In this paper we will study the propagation of a wave packet incident on a dispersive and dissipative medium, determining the "transit time" of the packet, which is the analogue of the group delay. We will show that if the phase of the transmitted wave is decreasing in correspondence with the value of the wavenumber that determines the peak value of the amplitude of the spectral density of the packet, the transit time is negative.
Category: Mathematical Physics

New Theory of Quantum Mechamics: The Rebuilding of Quantum Mechanics (In Chinese)

Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 45 Pages. Chinese

本文从场在势阱中的行为出发，得出场在势阱中以驻波的形式伴随着能量存在的结论，从而找到了量子力学中波动的原因。在本文中只用一个物理模型：场形成波动，它就是波函数，并利用康普顿波长，推导出电磁波能量和机械波能量与频率的关系，得出波函数具有广义场的意义，指出索末菲的量子化通则才是量子力学的基本方程，从而建立了新量子力学理论。分析了波函数的叠加性、正交归一性和等效原理，指出波函数态叠加是不存在的。由此给出的每一个结论都有明确的显而易见的物理意义，使量子力学问题变得简单明了。建立了新原子模型，原子核外的能级处有闭合的环形电磁波，并讨论了电子的跃迁、电子的自旋、电子的发射和吸收等问题。把物质分为实体物质和场态物质。特别分析了光的本质问题，明确指出光就是电磁波，光不是物质粒子。重新解释了戴维孙-革末实验的电子图样、电子显微镜原理、光电效应、康普顿效应、双缝干涉等等实验。提出了新的不确定关系。明确指出不存在物质波，也不存在"波粒二象性"，更不存在量子纠缠，薛定谔方程不是波动方程等等问题。
Category: Quantum Physics

New Theory of Quantum Mechanics - The Rebuilding of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 60 Pages.

This paper starts from the behavior of the field in a potential well and concludes that the field exists in the form of a standing wave with energy in the potential well, thereby finding the cause of the fluctuation in quantum mechanics. Using only one physical model, the field forms fluctuations, which is the wave function, and using the Compton wavelength, the relationship between electromagnetic wave energy and mechanical wave energy and frequency is derived. It is concluded that the wave function has the meaning of a generalized field, and it is noted that Sommerfeld's quantization rule is the basic equation of quantum mechanics, thus establishing a new quantum mechanics theory. The superposition, orthogonality, normalization, and equivalence principles of the wave function are analyzed, and the superposition of wave function states does not exist. Each conclusion given herein has a clear and obvious physical meaning, making the problem of quantum mechanics simple and clear. A new atomic model is established, There is a closed annular electromagnetic wave at the energy level outside the nucleus, and problems such as electron transitions, electron spin, electron emission and absorption are discussed. Matter is divided into solid matter and field-state matter. The essence of light is particularly analyzed, and it is clear that light is an electromagnetic wave and that light is not a material particle. Experiments such as the electron pattern of the Davissonu2012Germer experiment, the principles of electron microscopy, the photoelectric effect, the Compton effect, and double-slit interference are reinterpreted. A new uncertainty relation is proposed. Notably, there is no wave, no "waveu2012particle duality", no quantum entanglement, and the Schrödinger equation is not a wave equation.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Where When and on the Scale of the Biblical Flood Could Have Occurred

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 8 Pages.

This article explores the possible place, time, and scale of the Great Flood as recorded in the Bible. The results of this paper conclude that the existence of the Bible-recorded Flood is highly likely. The time was about 4,500 years ago in the plains of Mesopotamia. The flood was caused by the failure of a massive glacial lake dam in the desert region of southern Afghanistan that existed after the end of the last glacial period. Due to the dam failure in the western part of the glacier lake in the Tarim Basin of the western plateau of China, the water of the glacier lake continues to flow into the glacier lake in southern Afghanistan. When the glacial lake in southern Afghanistan overflowed, it continued to wash away the glacial lake dikes made of soft soil, and eventually caused the dam failure of the glacial lake in southern Afghanistan, resulting in huge floods and mudslides. After the energy of these floods and mudslides was released in a concentrated manner at the outlet of the Persian Gulf, part of the energy produced a huge Seiche standing wave phenomenon in the closed interior of the Persian Gulf, which caused a tsunami in the Mesopotamian Plain that lasted for about seven days, up to one or two hundred meters, and then soaked the Mesopotamian Plain in the 50 meters deep flood for dozens of days.
Category: Climate Research

How Can We Utilize Natural Language Processing to Identify Bias in Job Descriptions?

Authors: Nisanth Nimashakavi
Comments: 9 Pages.

In the pursuit of creating fairer hiring practices and promoting workforce diversity, this research project explores the potential of Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to identify and rectify biases in job descriptions. The language used in job postings can inadvertently perpetuate biases and deter applicants from underrepresented backgrounds. Leveraging cutting-edge NLP methods, this study aims to automatically detect and address biases, fostering a more inclusive recruitment process. By examining the biases within job descriptions,organizations can attract a more diverse range of applicants and cultivate an inclusive workplace culture. Through the application of NLP, this research seeks to drive positive change in recruitment practices, ultimately contributing to a more equitable job market.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Sumthin: A Context-Dependent African American Vernacular English Slang for Unknown Variables

Authors: Makafui Apedo
Comments: 12 Pages.

If mathematics is a language, then African American Vernacular English (AAVE) or Ebonics as its generally known holds the key to understanding the evolution of Algebra from human speech in North America. The use of the slang sumthin to depict an unknown amount of money that varies implies that Algebra developed as a logical necessity in human communication. Exploring this phenomenon and leveraging it to demonstrate the concept of Algebra can enhance the comprehension of the subject among speakers of AAVE.
Category: Algebra

Cournot's Principle Revisited

Authors: Bruno Galvan
Comments: 7 Pages.

Cournot's principle states that a typical event (i.e., an event with probability very close to 1) occurs nearly certainly in a single trial of an experiment. This principle has been considered by various authors as the only connection between mathematical probability and the real world of experiments. To make the logical structure of the principle clearer, in this paper a reformulation of the principle is proposed. This reformulation is based on the following three elements: (1) The explicit definition of the empirical property of practical certainty, (2) the clear separation between probability measure and experiment, including the remark that typicality is a mathematical property defined by the probability measure while practical certainty is an empirical property defined by the experiment, and (3) the explicit formulation of the product rule for independent trials. The novel formulation then states that a probability measure P "governs" an experiment E if the events that are typical according to P^n are practically certain according to E^n for all n >= 1, where P^n is the n-fold product of P and E^n is the experiment whose trials are composed of n trials of E. The novel formulation highlights the possible existence of two ambiguities in the principle, namely: (i) that different probability measures govern the same experiment and (ii) that the same probability measure governs different experiments. In this paper the first ambiguity is rigorously disproved, while the second is disproved provided that a suitable property characterizing the empirical equivalence of experiments is assumed.
Category: General Mathematics

Fabrication of Fto(p)zns(p)si(n) Heterojunction and Study of Its Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties

Authors: Ahmad Eljader, Mohamed Anwar Batal, Mohamed Bashir Karaman
Comments: 14 Pages.

To make a heterojunction of FTO(p)/ZnS(p)/Si(n), first: FTO(p) was prepared using the thermal spraying method in order to deposit the FTO(P) layer on a glass slide, second: A semiconductor of ZnS(p) was prepared by the electrochemical deposition method in order to deposit it on the FTO(p) layer, and then the sample was treated to FTO(p)/ZnS(p) at a temperature of (150) C0 in a vacuum tube furnace, then it was attached to a Si(n) slide. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed surface images of the FTO(p)/ZnS(p) sample with dimensions of (48.5µm x 48.5µm), where the average atomic clusters appeared (89.3) nm with a semi-homogeneous granular structure, and the average surface heights of the granular cluster on the junction surface were (90.7) nm, indicating the formation of a homogeneous structure. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the FTO(p)/ZnS(p) composite crystallized according to the hexagonal structure by electrochemical deposition method. The optical absorption spectrum of the FTO(p) substrate showed a sharp absorption peak corresponding to the wavelength of 306nm which corresponds to the energy gap (4.05) ev, and the optical absorption spectrum of the semiconductor ZnS(p) showed several optical absorption peaks corresponding to the wavelengths, indicating the presence of multiple impurity levels within the energy gap formed because of doping. The optical absorption spectrum of the FTO(P)/ZnS(p) sample was measured, where the optical absorption spectrum shows the presence of several optical absorption peaks within the visible and infrared range corresponding to several wavelengths, because of the overlap of energy levels during the deposition process in addition to the repositioning of the impurity levels within the forbidden band width of the semiconductor ZnS(p). The type of semiconductor FTO(p)/ZnS(p) was confirmed experimentally by studying the changes in the reciprocal square of the electrical capacitance in function of the applied potential. The I-V characteristic of the FTO(p)/ZnS(p)/Si(n) heterojunction showed a decrease in the threshold potential value when the junction surface is illuminated, with a constant saturation current in the reverse bias condition, which is identical to the diode condition. The ideality factor of the junction was calculated, and its value was very high (n=163), indicating the dominance of tunneling electronic transitions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Is the Accelerated Expansion of the Universe Responsible for the Emergence of the Fine-Structure Constant (1/137)?

Authors: Arcangelo Recchia
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this contribution, it is shown how the fine-structure constant emerges when two systems interact, one of which, light, perceives the universe as static due to not experiencing the passage of time, while the other, matter, experiences accelerated expansion. In this way, the fine-structure constant can be related to the rate of expansion of the universe; In this way, the fine-structure constant can be related to the rate of expansion of the universe: can thus be expressed as the ratio of the theoretical radius of the universe R(uT)=13.6-13.8 Gly and the observed radius R(uI) = 46.5 Gly. α = (13,6 Gly/46,5 Gly)^4 = 1/137 (1.21) From the above, it is clear that, since the rate of expansion of the universe has not remained constant over time, the value of the fine-structure constant must also have changed (unless there is over time a proportional variation of the speed of light ), as have other physical constants and quantities. This implies that physical laws have not remained unchanged throughout the history of the universe. Regarding the spatial variation of , the issue is more complex and falls outside the scope of this work.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Gravity Unlocked: a Practical Approach Using Atomic Nuclei to Solve Universal Mysteries

Authors: Bittu Kumar
Comments: 7 Pages. (Converted to pdf by viXra admin - Please submit article in pdf format only)

This research redefines gravity, showing that it is not a separate force but originates from atoms, specifically from the nucleus of the atom. Rather than arising from space-time curvature or the hypothetical graviton particle, this theory suggests that gravity is positive charge force of atom, that exhibits a weak attraction to neutral atoms and repel same charge atom (positive charge). Moreover, utilizing the framework of quantum gravity, this paper provides a practical and detailed explanation of how the solar system, galaxy, and the broader universe operate. This model solves key cosmological problems, presenting a more tangible and applicable understanding of cosmic phenomena, as opposed to purely theoretical approaches, and combines quantum mechanics with gravity, challenging the ideas of Newton and Einstein and offers a unified law.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Rethinking Altruism in Economic Science: A Simulation-Based Study on Wealth Distribution

Authors: Weston Koyama
Comments: 17 Pages.

This study explores the role of altruism in shaping wealth distribution within simulated economic environments, challenging prevailing assumptions in mainstream economic theory. Motivated by my experiences as an underpaid public defense attorney in Oregon, I sought to examine whether altruistic behaviors—particularly those that sacrifice self-interest—could have measurable impacts on economic inequality. Using a custom simulation model, we tested the effects of three types of altruism (FAKE, SEMI, and PURE) under various environmental conditions: Extreme Abundance, Normal, Scarcity, and Extreme Scarcity. Contrary to my initial hypothesis that greater altruism would exacerbate wealth disparity, the results show that environments with higher proportions of altruistic behaviors, particularly PURE altruism, lead to more equitable wealth distribution, even under conditions of scarcity. These findings suggest that altruism may play an underappreciated role in mitigating wealth inequality, highlighting a potential gap in traditional economic models that often dismiss altruistic behavior as economically unsustainable. The results encourage further research into the real-world impact of altruism in economic systems, and they raise important questions about the overlooked cultural and biological dimensions of inclusive fitness, altruism in professions like law, and the broader role of social cooperation in wealth creation.
Category: Economics and Finance

Traditional Language & Extended Language

Authors: Yutong Gao
Comments: 28 Pages. In Chinese

This paper introduces and systematically explores the novel concept of "Extended Language," aiming to expand the boundaries of traditional linguistics and semiotics. Extended Language is not confined to conventional linguistic symbol systems (such as text, speech, images, etc.), but also encompasses all signals received through the senses (such as vision, hearing, touch, etc.), which form subjective experiences after being processed by the brain. Extended Language can be seen as a "translation" medium between us and the real world, where individuals receive physical signals from the external environment through sensory systems and transform them into meaningful experiences through the symbolic processing of the brain. Extended Language can also be viewed as the "construction" of the world, meaning that we actively construct our understanding and experience of the world through perception and symbolic systems, rather than passively reflecting the reality of the external world. Extended Language includes but is not limited to perception, emotion, memory, and cultural symbols, and it has the ability to transcend individual and even spatiotemporal limitations. Through this expansion, Extended Language is defined as a global information representation system that transcends individual subjective experiences, covering a broad range of perception and symbolization.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Reverse Data, Time Inversion, and Quantum Computing: A Path to Superintelligence

Authors: Stan Levandovsky
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper presents a new theoretical framework that integrates the conceptsof time inversion and "reverse data" with quantum computing. We explore the hypothesis that the use of reverse data in quantum systems can lead to breakthroughsin quantum information processing and the creation of superintelligence. A model isproposed that enhances computational capabilities through the utilization of quantum states with reversed time flow, and it is argued that these methods can leadto new levels of self-optimization in intelligent systems. Potential experimental implementations of the proposed methods and their impact on the development ofquantum technologies are also discussed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Collapse of Indeterminate States: An Alternative Framework for Division by Zero

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 13 Pages.

Division by zero, specifically 0, has been considered undefined due to its indeterminate nature [1]. In this paper, we propose treating 0 as an indeterminate state U, which belongs to a set of undefined states S. Drawing an analogy with quantum mechanics, specifically the concepts of superposition and wavefunction collapse [2, 3], we explore how such mathematical indeterminacies might behave similarly to quantum states prior to measurement. We introduce several types of"collapse"—conjugate, symmetric, asymmetric, and random—to describe the potential resolutionsof U into definite states. The framework presented here demonstrates mathematical consistency in representing and manipulating indeterminacies through (U1·0) = U2. Additionally, we propose hypotheses connecting this framework to quantum phenomena such as entanglement, the uncertainty principle, and cosmological singularities, suggesting that this approach may offer new insights into both mathematics and quantum theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Detailed Discussion on the Classification of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Types Using Continuous Pulse Collection by Smart Wearable Devices

Authors: HaiSheng Wang
Comments: 21 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)

With the popularization of smart wearable devices, the collection of continuous pulse waveforms has become easier and easier, providing convenience for health monitoring. This study explores the use of pulse waveform data collected by modern wearable devices, combined with spectrum analysis technology, to explore physiological indicators related to the organ systems of "heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys" in traditional Chinese medicine. Based on the pulse diagnosis theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the study explored the changes in pulse waves under different organ states by analyzing the harmonic characteristics of pulse waves, and how these changes are related to the syndrome classification system of traditional Chinese medicine.

随着智能穿戴设备的普及，连续脉搏波形的采集变得越来越容易，为健康监测提供了便利。本研究探讨了利用现代穿戴式设备采集的脉搏波形数据，结合频谱分析技术，探索与中医"心、肝、脾、肺、肾"器官系统相关的生理指标。研究基于中医脉诊理论，通过分析脉搏波的谐波特征，探讨了不同器官状态下的脉搏波变化，以及这些变化如何与中医证型分类体系相联系。
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Problem of Newton’s Cannonball

Authors: Herve Le Cornec
Comments: 8 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required)

Looking at the kinematics of Newton’s thought experiment of the cannonball fired from a mountain, by considering a linear gravitational acceleration we face a non constant angular momentum, thus no Keplerian motion. Nonetheless Newton always referred to his gravitational force as centripetal, therefore the problem can be solved by using Hamilton’s Keplerian velocity, which also forecasts a centripetal acceleration. We might then have misunderstood Newton by considering a linear instead of centripetal gravitational acceleration in some local experiments, like the body falling.
Category: Classical Physics

Bigravity and Interacting Higgs Fields: A Unified Framework for Mass Generation and Gravitational Dynamics

Authors: Alfonso De Miguel Bueno
Comments: 12 Pages. 10 diagrams

This preprint proposes a possible relationship between bigravity and interacting Higgs fields, offering a broader framework that establishes a physical connection between the massive and massless ripples generated by gravitational fields. This framework also provides a unified scenario in which the four known fundamental forces — gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, and weak — are interconnected.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Michelson-Morley Experiment Explanation

Authors: Harishankar kushwaha
Comments: 8 Pages. 4 figures

Michelson and Morley conducted experiments to investigate the possibility of luminiferous aether being present in the universe for light beam propagation. Is the experiment appropriate for detecting aether in the universe or not? Morley and Michelson conduct such exquisite experiments. However, there seems to be a discrepancy between the experimental and theoretical data. This may be because the derivation of the Michelson and Morley experiment did not include the speed of the light source. The objective of this theory is to use the new derivation of the Michelson and Morley experiment to include the light source speed and to observe the result. The main aim of this theory is to demonstrate that the velocity of light is relative, rather than independent. Interestingly, there has been little discussion about the source speed of light until now. In this paper, we utilize the classical mechanics of relative motion to derive the Michelson and Morley experiment. By introducing the light source speed in the derivation, our theoretical and experimental values will match. However, further experiments are required to fully prove whether the speed of light is constant or relative and whether it is dependent or independent.
Category: Classical Physics

The Babel Effect: Multilingual Performance Discrepancies in LLMs

Authors: Basab Jha
Comments: 5 Pages.

Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4 and mBERT have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP) by providing multilingual capabilities, making it possible to develop models that handle diverse linguistic inputs across various languages. However, despite these advances, there remains a noticeable performance gap between how well these models perform in high-resource languages such as English and low-resource languages such as Nepali or Malagasy. We term this phenomenon the "Babel Effect," highlighting the disproportionate performance that arises from differences in resource availability across languages. This paper aims to explore the root causes of these performance discrepancies in LLMs, focusing on the underlying challenges in tokenization, training, and data scarcity. We utilize cross-lingual benchmarks, such as XGLUE and TyDiQA, to quantify these performance variations and examine them in detail. Furthermore, we propose solutions, including enhancing tokenization strategies, employing data augmentation techniques, and refining fine-tuning methods. The paper concludes with a discussion on how these improvements can mitigate the Babel Effect and lead to more equitable language modeling across diverse linguistic contexts.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Space Time Potential Theory: A Fundamental Second-Order Approach

Authors: Arend Lammertink
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper presents a unified second-order model that resolves key limitations of traditional first-order potential theories in both fluid dynamics and electromagnetism. By employing the vector Laplacian and defining a space-time derivative operator, d/dt = −k∆, we establish a fundamental connection between spatial structure and temporal evolution, providing a more complete and physically consistent framework. This approach integrates the electric and magnetic fields with force and torque densities, reinterpreting charge, current, and electromagnetic fields in terms of fluid dynamic quantities such as mass density and momentum diffusivity. Additionally, the model proposes a potential unification of gravitational and electromagnetic forces by expressing the gravitational potential as proportional to the square of the electric field. This redefinition creates a seamless link between the two forces, treating gravitational interactions as a secondary effect of electric field behavior.Higher-order time derivatives, such as jerk and yank, are introduced to further extend the framework's ability to describe dynamic systems in both fluid and electromagnetic contexts. The results demonstrate consistency across scales, from quantum phenomena to cosmological dynamics, offering a comprehensive alternative to existing theories while eliminating gauge fixing ambiguities and enhancing mathematical coherence.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Black Hole Entropy Defines Limitations on the Radius of Spacetime

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper will prove mathematically, based on Bekenstein — Hawking black hole entropy equation , and based on the holographic principle , that space cannot have an infinite size.
Category: Astrophysics

Time Inversion as an Inevitable Element of the Universe’s Structure

Authors: Stan Levandovsky
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper discusses the hypothesis of time inversion as a fundamental component of the universe’s structure. We explore the possibility that time inversion processes are an integral part of quantum mechanics and general relativity. Mathematical models are presented to describe time inversion mechanisms on both micro and macro levels, and the influence of these processes on causality and the evolution of the universe is also discussed.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Continued Fraction Approximation and Bounds for the Psi Function

Authors: CholBok Ri, Kwang Ri, CholJun Choe
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper, we provide some useful lemmas for construction continued fraction based on a given power series. Then we establish a new continued fraction approximation and bounds for the psi function. Especially, we analytically determine all parameters of the continued fraction by Bernoulli numbers.
Category: Functions and Analysis

On the Distribution of the L Function

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this short note, we study the distribution of the $ell$ function, particularly on the primes. We study various elementary properties of the $ell$ function. We relate the $ell$ function to prime gaps, offering a motivation for a further studies of this function.
Category: Number Theory

Hartree Algorithm

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 6 Pages.

The self-compatible Hartree method is used in atomic physics to determine the energy levels of many-electron atoms. In this work we extend this procedure to electrons moving in the Coulomb field of a distribution of positive ions in a Bravais lattice.
Category: Condensed Matter

Proof of the Collatz Conjecture Using a Laplacian Matrix

Authors: Wiroj Homsup, Nathawut Homsup
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Both authors should be listed on the submission form and please don't use all caps for author names!)

We prove that the second smallest Laplacian eigenvalue of a Collatz graph is greater than zero. Thus the Collatz graph is connected.
Category: Number Theory

A Logical Physical Theory

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 8 Pages. Essay written for Fqxi.org competition 2009

Logical development of physical theories is hindered by a lack of rational mechanisms of interactions between material bodies. This has led to many illogical assumptions. The concept currently used to facilitate interactions between material bodies—the ‘action at a distance through empty space'—has no mechanism of action. Vague forms of fields and aether, which are also in use, suffer lack of logical structure or mechanisms of action. Until these are replaced by a concept of a rational as well as a real entity to facilitate as a medium between the material bodies, the development of physical theories will continue to become more and more irrational. Matter is the only real entity in the universe. Hence, it is logical to expect the matter to provide structured material bodies as well as a universal medium that interlinks all material bodies in nature. Matter itself has to be in the form of an infinite number of basic matter particles. A logical theory based on only one type of postulated matter particle will lead to the development of an ideal universal medium. This universal medium should be able to account for all physical phenomena in nature, under the same rules and under all conditions.
Category: Classical Physics

New Aspects of the Temporal Evolution of the Universe

Authors: Martin Schauer
Comments: 6 Pages. Creative commons CC BY 4.0.

In 1929, Edwin Hubble measured the redshift and brightness (magnitude) of distant stars and plotted the redshift against the derived distance in what is now known as the Hubble diagram. This plot revealed a linear relationship, leading to the conclusion that the universe is expanding as a function of distance. However, to fully comprehend the temporal evolution of the universe, redshift must be plotted against time. When this is done consistently, it becomes evident that redshift has been continuously decreasing over time, suggesting that the expansion of the universe is also progressively slowing down. This observation challenges the necessity of postulating dark energy, and it is therefore recommended that the standard physical model be thoroughly reevaluated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Automatic Increase Mechanism in Pension Benefits and Reform of the Korean National Pension System, 30% Return Rate Per Year

Authors: Hyun-Tak Kim
Comments: 6 Pages. 1 table, 2 Figures, in Korean

The government’s bill presented on 4th of September in 2024 issues as it violates both Article 34 of the Constitution, which guarantees "the right to a humane life," and Article 102, Paragraph 2 of the National Pension Act (Management and Operation of Funds), which stipulates that "to ensure the long-term stability of the National Pension Fund’s finances, its profits must be maximized." By addressing these violations, the government’s bill can be finalized. To rectify the violation of Article 34 of the Constitution, an automatic pension benefit increase mechanism must be introduced. To correct the violation of Article 102, Paragraph 2 of the National Pension Act, the legal rate of return must be set at a compound interest rate of at least 20% per year, while the actual rate of return must be targeted at 25% per year or higher. An external professional fund manager will be entrusted with managing the return rates, and a highest yield bidding system will be implemented. The pension fund must be invested for a period exceeding 10 years in long-term, steadily growing assets to generate compound interest effect, without investments in bonds that do not offer compound interest benefits. The pension operating committee’s authority to directly manage assets must be revoked. Legislation to support these measures must be enacted. Additionally, an example of a 30% rate of return per year will be provided.[요약]2024년 9월 4일 발표된 정부 법안은 헌법 34조(인간다운 삶을 살 권리)와 국민연금법 102조 ②항(기금의 관리 및 운영)에 명시된 "국민연금 기금의 장기적 안정을 위해서는 기금의 수익을 극대화해야 한다"는 내용을 모두 위반해 문제가 제기된다. 이러한 위반 사항을 해결하면 정부 법안이 최종적으로 마무리될 수 있다. 헌법 34조 위반을 바로잡기 위해 "연금 급여 자동 증가 장치"가 도입되어야 한다. 국민연금법 102조 ②항 위반을 바로잡기 위해 법정 수익률은 연 20% 이상의 복리로 정하고 실제 수익률은 연 25% 이상으로 목표를 설정해야 한다. 최상위 수익률 입찰 제도를 도입하여 외부 전문 펀드매니저에게 위탁하여 수익률을 관리해야 한다. 연금 기금은 복리효과가 날 수 있도록 장기적으로 꾸준히 성장하는 자산에 10년 이상 투자되어야 하며, 복리 혜택이 없는 채권에는 투자되지 말아야 한다. 연금 운영 위원회의 자산 직접 운용 권한만은 철회되어야 한다. 이러한 조치를 뒷받침하는 법률이 제정되어야 합니다. 추가로 약 30%/년 수익률의 예를 제공한다.
Category: Economics and Finance

New Calculations of the Masses of the W, Z and Higgs Bosons

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 9 Pages. 1 Figures.

In our previous papers, we constructed a model for the masses of elementary particles and calculated the masses of elementary particles especially in atomic units. In this paper, based on the recent more accurate measurements of the masses of the W boson, the Z boson and the Higgs bosons, we revise our previous calculations and give news values of their masses which are 157248.297520661, 178449.921111111 and 244920.803503690 in atomic units, or 80353.714694 (24) MeV, 91187.722057(27) MeV and 125154.273069(26) MeV respectively. Compared to the latest and most accurate measured values of the masses of the W boson, the Z boson and the Higgs bosons which are 80360.2(9.9) MeV, 91187.6(2.1) MeV and 125.11(11) GeV respectively, our new calculated values are very precise if they are correct.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Schrödinger Equation Used to Describe the Revolution of the Earth

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 7 Pages. In Chinese

equation can be used to describe planetary motion, it must be of great significance. The potential energy in Hamiltonian operator is changed from electromagnetic interaction potential energy to gravitational interaction potential energy, and the Schrödinger equation which can describe planetary motion is successfully obtained. Solving the Schrödinger equation of the earth's revolution is relatively simple, and the energy eigenvalue obtained is completely consistent with the result obtained directly by classical mechanics. The direct significance of establishing and applying this equation is that classical mechanics and wave mechanics can be used to describe all objects at the same time (no longer limited by the mass of objects), which simplifies the calculation process of quantum mechanics. It is proved that classical mechanics and wave mechanics are compatible. The indirect meaning is that it can change the old concept that Schrödinger equation can't be used to describe macroscopic objects.
Category: Astrophysics

Big-Bang Black Holes

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 14 Pages.

Black-hole mass cores are often considered to becandidates for new big bangs. Core locations alonedo not explain why so few black holes of any sizeever burst into new local universes of any sizewithin the overall 4D multiverse. This distinctionis outside 20th-century physics models, but stillinside our mental ability to well envision all linearphysical dimensions from the proper 21st-centuryperspective.
Category: Astrophysics

The Effect of Seiche on the Great Flood in the Liangzhu Area 4300 Years Ago

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper attempts to use the Seiche phenomenon to explain a huge flood that occurred in the Liangzhu region of Zhejiang Province in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River 4,300 years ago. According to the available archaeological evidence, the height of this flood reached about 100 meters. The cause of this Seiche phenomenon is the dam failure of glacial lakes formed in the Tarim and other basins in the western plateau of China after the end of the last glacial period. This paper estimates that if the dam of the Tarim Basin, which is filled with glacial lake water, fails, the flood water can easily flow into the East China Sea through the Hexi Corridor, causing geological disasters such as earthquakes, leading to a chain of dam failure effects in other basins in the west, and then more massive floods. The potential energy of the floods generated by the dam failure of these glacial lakes is enough to cause Seiche standing waves up to 150 meters high and 5 kilometers in wave length in places such as the East China Sea. Such a high amplitude Seiche standing wave may be the cause of the great flood in the Liangzhu area 4,300 years ago. Considering that the current global climate is rapidly warming and may cause more severe flooding, this paper also estimates that if a 30-kilometer radius of Greenland ice sheet dissolves and dumps into the ocean, the potential energy carried by this ice sheet will propagate to the North Sea in northern Europe, potentially causing Seiche standing waves with amplitudes of up to 50 meters. This Seiche standing wave can last for months, or even years. This will have a very serious impact on the countries bordering the North Sea and require our attention.
Category: Climate Research

A Connection Between the Darwin Term and a Non-Spherical Charge Distribution

Authors: John French
Comments: 7 Pages. This paper has been published in Physics Essays

A derivation of the Darwin term is given based on assuming a non-spherical charge distribution. The total translational energy of the system is obtained for a static electric field and the corresponding quantum equation is found to contain the Darwin term under certain conditions.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Mechanics of Electrostatic Attraction and Repulsion, a Conceptual Analysis

Authors: Francois Zinserling
Comments: 18 Pages.

Conceptual analysis finds Coulomb attraction and repulsion between integer charged particles from interactions with spin=2 photon-pairs. Primordial pairs transform to electrostatic pairs to form homogeneous (+E) or (-E) photon fields around particles of charge. Asymmetric fields create conditions for repulsion of same charged particles, or attraction of opposite charges. The Coulomb force effect is achieved through momentum transfer from photons to particles, giving the appearance of a force.
Category: Classical Physics

Nonlinear Macroscopic Optical Response Tensors for 2-Color Excitation and Electron- Multiphoton Interaction

Authors: Peter Krampl
Comments: 23 Pages.

An interesting aspect of this thesis should be mentioned right at the beginning. It was shown that the higher harmonics generated by non-centrosymmetric bonded electrons can take on properties of negative index systems. By controlling the nonlinearity, tailor-made optical metamaterials with a defined negative refractive index are possible. This becomes interesting in the context of the fact that matter waves with a refractive index of exactly minus one form the perfect microscope. A suitable set of new characteristic optical response tensors, which are no longer Lorentzartig in view of the newly gained knowledge, were derived for non-centrosymmetric media and their importance for the various nonlinear orbital response functions was shown and discussed. The nonlinear resonant denominator function can α be rewritten depending on the strength of the nonlinearity, where noncentrosymmetric matter scales in the nonlinear mode with negative SKEWNESS and centrosymmetric matter, as well as the transition bulk / surface with positive SKEWNESS, and the harmonics can be classified depending on the introduced parameters p and q. The nonlinearity in the denominator function takes into account the occurring skewness and the destabilization of increasing nonlinear amplitudes, in contrast to the current literature (e.g. Boyd), in which α occurs only as a proportionality factor, in which the amplitude is linearly and directly influenced and no destabilization of the amplitudes in the nonlinear regime is described. Due to the symmetry of non-centrosymmetric matter, no longitudinal modes are capable of propagation. The nonlinear dielectric spectral response function has singularities for non-dissipative matter at any transition frequency. The analysis taking into account dissipative effects showed an elimination of these singularities. You get curves with negative skewness. In the identified regions of negative dielectric function, a real refractive index of less than 1 exists. The refractive index is imaginary there, which is usually characteristic of surface plasmons. In this area, it is in principle possible to produce optical metamaterials by setting suitable nonlinearity. In the linear case, the spectral function has a zero position, so that longitudinal modes can also propagate for this. Variation of nonlinearity causes a very large positive or negative skew depending on the sign and shows frequency conversion. (Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words)
Category: Condensed Matter

Tourist Guide and Map, Meghalaya and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 19 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the names of the places in the Tourist Guide and Map, Meghalaya, designed, cartographed, printed and published by Indian Map Service, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, in the year2016. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of names, normalised, starting with a lettervs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Tourist Guide and Map, Meghalaya, can be characterised by the magnetisation curve, BP(4,βH = 0), in theBethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising Model, in the presence of four nearest neighbours and inthe absence of external magnetic field i.e. H = 0 or βH = 0.
Category: Social Science

A New Quantum Theory of Everything: Reshaping Space-Time, Gravity, and Fundamental Interactions

Authors: Nasser Ahani
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper presents a novel theory in quantum physics that explains the creation of space and time at sub-quantum scales(In this theory, the term sub-quantum refers to scales significantly smaller than the Planck length, where the fundamental oscillations of the Zurvan particle occur, and where the conventional rules of quantum mechanics may no longer apply). The theory addresses fundamental mysteries in quantum mechanics, providing a comprehensive explanation of the origin and mechanism of the Big Bang, and revealing the internal structure of black hole singularities. Additionally, it rejects the existence of dark matter and dark energy, while explaining the nature and mechanism of gravitational force and proving the unification of fundamental forces. The theory also defines the structure of light and electromagnetic waves, and challenges the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle by offering a detailed explanation at scales far below the quantum level, ultimately refuting it. Furthermore, it rejects the existence of several accepted fundamental particles, including the Higgs boson, photons, and gluons. This theory proposes a unified framework that revisits foundational concepts of modern physics, offering new insights into the structure of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics