All Submission Categories

Review of Wave Element Material Structure Theory and Its Application

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 12 Pages. In Chinese

Quantum field theory treats particles as fields and cannot describe the composition, structure and intrinsic motion state of electrons very specifically. Exploring the composition, structure and intrinsic motion states of electrons does not conflict with quantum field theory. Through an assumption of "the composition, structure and intrinsic movement of electrons" (photojunction electronic structure model), quantum mechanics - the important equations and operators of quantum mechanics (especially the calculations related to electron spin) has been greatly beautified. symbols) can be deduced based on this assumption. It can provide a reasonable and non-contradictory classical rotation model for electron spin and atomic structure. The classical planetary model of atoms can also be successfully applied to the calculation of the dissociation energy and bond length of hydrogen molecules, lithium molecules, and sodium molecules. Calculations for atoms and molecules can be performed both individually and in combination with wave mechanics methods and classical methods in the context of planetary models. There are hundreds of successful application examples. The successful application of the electronic structure model and its beautification of quantum mechanics have clearly become evidence of this model. "Bohr's planetary model approach and modern quantum mechanical approaches can be widely mixed" suggests that the two approaches are equivalent or compatible with each other. It can prompt humans to re-understand the characteristics of microscopic systems.

量子场论将粒子都看作是场，无法非常具体地描述电子的组成、结构和内禀运动状态。探索电子的组成、结构和内禀运动状态并不与量子场论冲突。通过一个"电子的组成、结构和内禀运动方式"的假设（光结电子结构模型），而大大美化了量子力学——量子力学的重要方程和和算符（特别是有关电子自旋的算符）都可以根据这个假设推导出来。能为电子自旋、原子结构给出合理而无矛盾的经典转动模型。原子的经典行星模型还可以成功地应用于氢分子、锂分子、钠分子的离解能和键长的计算。对于原子和分子的计算既可以分别使用又可以混合使用波动力学方法和行星模型语境下的经典方法。成功的应用事例多达数百个。电子结构模型的成功的应用和对量子力学的美化作用显然又成了该模型的证据。"玻尔行星模型方法和现代量子力学方法可广泛地混合使用"表明这两种方法是等价的或相互兼容的。可促使人类重新认识微观体系的特点。
Category: Quantum Physics

Questioning Darwin-Malthusian Hypothesis: Extended Critics to Darwin’s Evolutionary Process of History (Updated)

Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 14 Pages. published in Octogon Mathematical Magazine, vol. 32, no. 2, Oct. 2024, 970-986

As Rev. John Polkinghorne, the late professor of mathematical physics and priest, wrote:"The idea of a ready-made world was replaced by that of a creation so endowed by its Creatorwith potentiality that creatures could be allowed ‘to make themselves’ (Charles Kingsley)through the explorations of evolutionary process. The history of the world is to be understood as an unfolding act of continuous creation. Such a creation is a great good, but it has an inescapable shadow side for evolution results not only in great fertility but also in blind alleys and extinctions. Genetic mutation produces both new life forms and also malignancy, and one cannot have the one without the other. Theology can find here some help from science as it wrestles with the perplexities of natural evil and suffering." (cf. Polkinghorne, The University of Edinburgh, 2009). Notably several scholars have come up with differentarguments to criticize Darwin’s evolution theory, for instance Ernst Cassirer Vern Poythress with Interpreting Eden, and Jaroslav Flegr, with his book Frozen evolution, that is not the way it is, mr Darwin. The present review is intended to bring more arguments in particular from recent development of low-temperature physics and its connection to cosmology. (published in Octogon Mathematical Magazine, vol. 32, no. 2, Oct. 2024, 970-986)
Category: Physics of Biology

A New Equation Relating the Hubble Parameter to Redshift in the Linear Expansion Universe Model, Rh = ct

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 7 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with schoarly norm)

Hubble's law has been the subject of study in recent years, the problem of the Hubble Tension with respect to the existence of various values of the parameter and the results of dark energy with respect to a change in the trend of the parameter value about 6.5 billion years ago have brought it into play. Through the study of the Rh=ct universe model and by going deeper into it, we have addressed these problems. This model of the linear expansion universe, Rh=ct, studied in recent years by Professor Fulvio Melia, is one of the best to respond to the new challenges posed by experimental research in astrophysics. For this reason, we have opted for this model to apply our hypothesis regarding the use of relativistic Doppler equations in calculating the speed at which galaxies move away from the observation point, the Earth. This has allowed us to develop, within the framework of this model of the universe, a new equation that relates the Hubble parameter with the red shift. The result, in light of their predictions, appears to be consistent with some of the issues raised by the Hubble Tension and Dark Energy.
Category: Astrophysics

Solar Corona Update

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 6 Pages.

Our sun’s ethereal corona is an object of awe,especially during full eclipses. Its extreme heat is apuzzle seemingly without any elegant explanation.However, there is an elegant explanation that hasbeen resolutely ignored. This update shows whatthe best of solar science has, and has not,discovered so far. In sharp contrast, five seminalessays linked herein provide elegant and coherenttheory to clearly explain what is going on.
Category: Astrophysics

The Giza Pyramid Complex as a kind of Voyager

Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 12 Pages.

An attempt is made to logically substantiate the assumption about the possible purpose of the Giza pyramids complex as a deep space communication device and as an object indicating the level of development of the civilization that created it. In this regard, a possible analogy is considered that arises when comparing the missions of the Pioneer-10, Pioneer-11, Voyager-1, Voyager-2 spacecraft on the one hand, and the Giza Pyramid Complex project on the other. At the same time, 5 possible assumptions are considered, the results of which show: the probable message of the builders of the pyramids and the possible addressee for transmitting the message (the proposed planetary system).
Category: Archaeology

Bayesian Networks, Kullback-Leibler and Topology

Authors: Ait-Taleb nabil
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, I will propose a topology allowing to measure a neighborhood for the Bayesian networks.This topology will correspond to a Kullback-Leibler distance ratio and will allow to know the distance between a current Bayesian network and a Bayesian network having a chain rule. This topology applied to Bayesian networks will be normalized and will therefore vary from 0 to 1. The value 0 will correspond to a Bayesian network with a chain rule and the value 1 to a Bayesian network without edges.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Heuristic Challenges for a Single Model of Nature and the Supporting Mathematics

Authors: Donald G. Palmer
Comments: 24 Pages.

Over the last several centuries, science has discovered objects in the world along a continuum of scale. In one direction, we have found planets and stars, galaxies and galaxy clusters. In the other direction we have found cells and proteins, atoms and neutrinos. In order to locate and model this world, we use the 3 traditional directions of length, width and height. However inherent in all our measurements is the scale of what we are measuring — a continuum we do not directly see with our eyes. The author presents the hypothesis that we need to include this continuum in a complete model of nature and our world. A key reason we do not understand this direction as part of our world is that we do not know how to measure along this continuum because we lack the mathematical tools to do so. The author presents the mathematical conjecture that the appropriate tools require a numeric representational system with more power than our traditional decimal or positional based numerals. Such a system could provide a single value for complex numbers and has built into it more operations than addition/subtraction, multiplication/division, and exponentiation/logarithms (from whence the new system gets its additional power). The author anticipates this to be the beginning of a much larger discussion, looking at a perspective of reality where objects at all levels of scale exist and interact together and considers some directions for defining more powerful mathematical tools than we have today.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Fourier Derivative Collocation Method for the Solution of the Navier—Stokes Problem

Authors: Daniel Thomas Hayes
Comments: 6 Pages.

A proposed solution to the millennium problem on the existence and smoothness of the Navier--Stokes equations.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A New 3D Spherical Warp Drive Vector Created Using the Methodology Developed by Natario

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 54 Pages.

The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in 2001. Although the idea of the warp dive as a spacetime distortion that allows a spaceship to travel faster than light predated the Natario work by 7 years Natario introduced in 2001 the new concept of a propulsion vector to define or to generate a warp drive spacetime. Natario defined a warp drive vector for constant speeds in Polar Coordinates but remember that a real warp drive must accelerate or de-accelerate in order to be accepted as a physical valid model so it must possesses variable speeds.We developed the extension for the original Natariowarp drive vector that encompasses variable speeds.Also Polar Coordinates uses only two dimensions and we know that a real spaceship is a 3D object inserted inside a 3D warp bubble that must be defined in real 3D Spherical Coordinates.In this work we present the new warp drive vector in 3D Spherical Coordinates for both constant or variable speeds.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Duality of Free Fall: Is Force Application Possible?

Authors: Asmit Chaudhary
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper discusses a hypothetical scenario where a person and a massive rock are in free fall. It explores how the person might attempt to decrease the rate of falling and assesses whether such an attempt would be successful. The paper examines the dynamics of force application in free fall and the limitations imposed by weightlessness.
Category: Classical Physics

Abstractive Text Summarisation Using T5 Transformer Architecture with Analysis

Authors: Vasanth Kumar Bhukya, Umesh Bhukya
Comments: 22 Pages. 20 figures, 6 chapters

Now a days, Text summarization has become important as the amount of text data available online grows at an exponential rate. Most of the text classification systems require going through a huge amount of data. In general,Producing exact and meaningful summaries of big texts is a time-consuming endeavour. Hence generating abstract summaries which retain the key information of the data and using it to train machine learning models will makethese models space and time-efficient. Abstractive text summarization has beensuccessful in moving from linear models to nonlinear neural network models using sparse models [1]. This success comes from the application of deep learning models on natural language processing tasks where these mod-els are capable of modeling the interrelating patterns in data without hand-crafted features. The Text to Text Transfer Transformer(T5) approach was used to investigate the text summarization problem, and the results showed that the Transfer Learning based model performed significantly better for abstractive text summarization than the Sequence to Sequence Recurrent Model.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Necessity of Overissuing Money and Welfare Policy Based on a Simple Model

Authors: Chengshen Xu
Comments: 4 Pages.

Many economic theories advocate that currency issuance only needs to be proportional to social value. Even in Keynesian economics, excessive currency issuance is only regarded as a means to stimulate economic development during an economic downturn cycle. However, through our research, we have found that even in an economic environment without economic cycles and in steady development, excessive currency issuance is still indispensable. The reason is that every capitalist and individual is in pursuit of interests, so only keeping currency issuance proportional to social value will cause society to lose the source power of creating value. This article will use an extremely simple model to explain the necessity of excessive currency issuance and welfare policies. Although our model is extremely simple, it still has certain value and can assist countries in formulating reasonable monetary policies and even economic policies.
Category: Economics and Finance

An Exploration of Viral Evolution Following Zoonosis with Suggestions for Avoiding Future Pandemics

Authors: Patrick Douglas Shaw Stewart
Comments: 13 Pages.

The significant death toll from major viral outbreaks during the past century highlights the importance of understanding the factors that determine whether zoonotic spillovers escalate into full-blown human epidemics. Hundreds of thousands of humans are made sick by animal-derived viruses such as Lassa, Nipah, Marburg, and Ebola every year. This includes thousands of fatalities. Moreover, many viruses, including the four pathogens mentioned above, exhibit human-to-human spread. Given this information, an explanation is needed for why human viral pandemics caused by animal viruses are relatively rare. This review proposes that variations in the fidelity of viral replication play an important role and that low-fidelity replication creates a barrier to extended human-to-human transmission. After a zoonotic transfer to humans, a virus will be subject to unusually strong selection, and full adaptation to the new host would typically require multiple mutations. A rapid route for accumulating such mutations involves minor alterations to the virus's polymerase that increase its mutation frequency, allowing more rapid adaptation. I refer to this route as the mutation-induced enhanced mutability pathway (MIEMP). However, the cost of this route may be the loss of the virus’s long-term viability when harmful mutations accumulate. Recombination with a strain with a high-fidelity polymerase could, however, restore fidelity and longevity. This would typically require another virus jump from the original animal reservoir to an infected human. We might expect the MIEMP pathway to be active after zoonosis and also when a virus is subjected to strong selective pressures. There is some evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic to support this scenario: firstly, COVID-19 epidemics in several countries showed rapid rises followed by sudden collapses. Some lineages appeared to lose viability throughout large geographical areas very suddenly, which may have been a result of low fidelity. This is compatible with a MIEMP origin. Secondly, several SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the Omicron variants, appeared with a jump in the number of mutations compared to previous lineages, which is compatible with MIEMP followed by recombination. The same variants also had many mutations in the Spike gene but fewer in the rest of the genome. Moreover, an anomalously low proportion of the mutations in the Spike of Omicron (and other variants) were C-to-T nucleotide "transitions." Many coronaviruses have an excess of C-to-T transitions (often caused by host modifications of viral RNA). In contrast, low-fidelity polymerases are expected to generate all nucleotide exchanges randomly. This mutational pattern, which is otherwise difficult to explain, is therefore consistent with recombination events, where much of the right-hand-end "structural protein" sections of the genomes of these variants, including the Spike genes, came from error-prone partners, while much of the non-structural protein sections, including the polymerases, came from high-fidelity partners. These conclusions lead to recommendations for avoiding conditions that might allow dangerous recombination between well-adapted strains and high-fidelity spillovers.
Category: Quantitative Biology

The Reinterpretation of the Atom

Authors: Andreas Martin
Comments: 34 Pages.

This publication contains a mathematical-physical approach for a new interpretation of the atom and its structure. The basis for this is, on the one hand, the unipolar induction according to Michael Faraday (1791-1867), which has proven itself in practice, and, on the other hand, the various experiments in classical physics that led to the concept of the atom. Further basis for this elaboration are the essays: ''The reinterpretation of the 'Maxwell equations'[1]'', ''The reinterpretation of the Einstein de Haas experiment[2]'' and ''The reinterpretation of the Stern Gerlach experiment[3 ]''. These fundamentals, in combination with the calculation rules of vector analysis, differential calculus and analysis, show a new interpretation of the atom. The unipolar induction according to Michael Faraday (1791-1867) results in a generally valid calculation approach for the structure and functioning of an atom. An alternative approach to calculating the weak and strong nuclear force is also shown, which provides a common mathematical-physical basis for bringing together all nuclear forces. This also makes it possible to see how the atomic nucleus experiences stabilization.Another innovation is the combination of waves and particles through the presented model.This all points to an interpretation of the atom as a vortex structure within a medium. This paper also shows approaches to calculating these vortex structures.This elaboration has no claim to accuracy. Logical connections are created based on mathematical and physical principles, which lead to the conclusions in this essay. These conclusions are fundamentally based on classical physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Sommerfeld Equation with the Uehling Potential

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. Original article

The Uehling potential is the one-loop radiative correction to the photon propagator. The correction can be graphically represented by the Feynman diagram of the second order. It means that photon can exist in the intermediate state with electron and photon forming virtual particle pair. Then, the Coulomb potential with radiative corrections can be inserted in the Sommerfeld quantum equation inorder to obtain the Sommerfeld energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Graph Neural Network for Molecular Structure: Application in HIV Inhibitor Molecule Prediction

Authors: Quynh Nguyen
Comments: 14 Pages.

The application of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) in computational chemistry provides a powerful approach to modeling and predicting the properties of molecular compounds. GNNs represent atoms as nodes and bonds as edges, capturing the complex interactions within molecular graphs. This approach offers a robust method for predicting chemical properties, including molecular stability, reactivity, and toxicity. In this paper, we explore various GNN architectures and their ability to generalize across different molecular datasets, such as QM9 and MoleculeNet. As a specific application, we propose a novel framework that utilizes GNNs to predict and identify potential HIV inhibitor molecules by analyzing their graph-based representations. This research aims to contribute to the discovery and design of effective HIV inhibitors, offering a promising direction for future antiviral drug development.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On the Physical Foundations of Gravitation with a Dual Space

Authors: David L. Berkahn, James M. Chappell, Derek Abbott
Comments: 9 Pages.

Starting from first principles, we point out an apparent contradiction in the behavior of light in the metric space of a stationary frame in gravity. We show that the issue is resolved provided an independent moving ’dual space’ exists along side the metric space of general relativity (GR). In this dual space clocks run at equal rates to first order but coincide with the time dilation of metric space, due rather to different light path lengths. We find its mathematical properties coincide with the Gullstrand—Painleve coordinates, however the interpretation dictated by this model requiressome different concepts to that of the standard river model. Objects fall at equal rate in this space not because of equality of gravitational and inertial mass but because they are stationary in the dual space which itself is falling. The space behaves more Galilean than one might expect. We explore how escape velocity is modelled in this moving spacetime and address how the dual space re-interprets gravitational redshift to unify it with doppler and Hubble and as well as perhaps dark energy. natural aplications for mass variation and radiating charges stationery in gravity are also presented as a logical result of adopting the framework. We then touch on how the dual space can be modelled as a vector field in geometric algebra.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Future Collapse of the Global Human Population.

Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 17 Pages. Creative Commons License, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

As a follow-up to a preceding paper (Blaber, 2024 [1]), this paper will supply a simple mathematical model of the collapse of the global human population coinciding with that of the advanced industrial capitalist society predicted therein, and expand on the thesis presented earlier, taking account of such issues as global supply chains and the vulnerability of nodes in complex systems, giving rise to social entropy. The super-exponential growth of human population was enabled by the extraction and burning of fossil fuels, and renewable forms of energy will not be able to sustain a remotely similar level of population.
Category: Social Science

How to Save Human Civilization

Authors: Vitaly Pilkin
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Human civilization will have a chance to move to a higher level of its historical development, if non-Western societies unite and humanity is divided into two opposing unifications of societies (Western and non-Western). The unification that will be historically promising will win this confrontation.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Convergence of a Rather Particular Series

Authors: Mame Goumba Amar, Aba Lo Amar
Comments: 2 Pages.

This article aims to examine the convergence of a particular series. This series is defined by a sequence governed by a recurrence relation which we will analyze in detail. Its specificity lies in the fact that it is made up of blocks whose terms are selected according to a jump pattern, which accentuates its elegance. The establishment of the described form gives this series remarkable and distinctive properties. We will thus explore the convergence of this series and the interesting relationships which link the blocks together.
Category: Functions and Analysis

An Oscillatory Integral

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 4 Pages.

Some remarks on an oscillatory integral [are given].
Category: General Mathematics

From Complex Dynamics to Foundational Physics (Part 1)

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 27 Pages.

As of today, Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and General Relativity (GR) are broadly recognized paradigms of foundational physics. There are, however, growing suspicions that both paradigms fail to hold somewhere above the Standard Model (SM) scale and in the realm of primordial cosmology. Evidence collected on multiple fronts indicates that emergence and complexity are universal features of far-from-equilibrium systems with many degrees of freedom. In line with these findings, Part 1 of the report explores the complex dynamics of evolving dimensional fluctuations beyond the SM scale. Part 2 outlines the role of complex dynamics in the nonintegrable sector of particle physics, Dark Matter condensation and the gravitational regime of the early Universe.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Newly Discovered Ship-Landing Site Serving the Etruscan Coastal Temple in Punta Della Vipera, Santa Marinella, Rome (Italy)

Authors: Mauro Giorgi, Stefano Giorgi
Comments: 8 Pages. Typos are fixed

In a recent underwater archaeological survey conducted along the coast north of Rome, near Santa Marinella, at a depth of 1.5 meters and 90 meters from the shoreline, we identified a significant assemblage of organogenic sandstone (macco) ashlar blocks. These blocks were arranged in a double parallel row extending approximately 5 meters in a NW-SE orientation, parallel to the coastline. The arrangement of the blocks delineates an internal space filled with stones, forming a structure reminiscent of a mole. The ashlar blocks were positioned in two distinct manners: the stretchers (Greek: διάτονοι) were placed with their longer sides facing outward, while the headers (Greek: ὀρθοστάτης) were arranged with their shorter sides facing outward, contributing to the structural reinforcement. Midway along the structure, a narrow canal formed by a double row of ashlars provides a connection between the internal space and the exterior, facilitating water circulation and mitigating the risk of silting in the port basin. The external mole continues northwest, incorporating additional blocks and natural rocks, which together form an L-shaped configuration. The area protected by these moles covers approximately 3,000 square meters and is located in close proximity (130 meters) to the sixth-century B.C. Etruscan temple at Punta della Vipera. These findings represent the earliest known evidence of a utility landing site associated with the Etruscan temple.
Category: Archaeology

Extraction of a Vacuum Energy Conforming to Emmy Norther's Theorem?

Authors: Sangouard Patrick
Comments: 27 Pages.

This theoretical work corresponds to the hope of extracting, without contradicting EMMY NOETHER's theorem, an energy present throughout the universe: that of the spatial quantum vacuum. This article shows that it should be theoretically possible to maintain a continuous periodic vibration of a piezoelectric structure. The energy required for these continual vibrations comes permanently from the energy of the quantum vacuum. Electric charges of opposite signs are attracted from the mass by the internal electric field of a piezoelectric bridge deformed by an attractive Casimir force. These mobile electric charges present on the two faces of the piezoelectric bridge are blocked by a MOS switch n°1 in series. When it switches, it homogenizes the charges of one of the two faces of the bridge with a Coulomb electrode located in series. This homogenization then creates a current peak as well as an ephemeral Coulomb force, opposite so repulsive and of intensity at least equal to that of Casimir's one . The duration of this Coulomb force depends on the switching of another MOS switch °2 . New electronics, without power supply, transforms these alternating current peaks into a usable direct voltage. To manufacture these different structures, we present an original micro-technology to produce these electronics, and to technologically control the very weak interfaces between the Casimir electrodes and the return electrodes.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Could Forces From Outside Of Our Universe Be Attracting And Pulling Our Universe Causing A Rapidly Increasing Rate Of Expansion?

Authors: Roland E. Fall II
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract is required; also please cite and list scientific references)

Our Universe is surrounded by Primary Energy and Primary Matter that is pulling, that is attracting, our Universe causing our Universe to expand at an increasingly rapid rate.
Category: Astrophysics

Measurement of Physical Quantities under Differently Calibrated Rulers and Clocks

Authors: Chandru Iyer, G. M. Prabhu
Comments: 19 Pages.

The theory of special relativity is developed with two stipulations that any propagating electromagnetic wave travels at the same constant speed c, with respect to all inertial reference frames irrespective of their relative velocities and any IRF shall synchronize its spatially separated clocks by the assumption or convention that the one way speed of light within that IRF is constant and equal to c in all directions. The mathematical development of these concepts lead us to the principle of the relativity of simultaneity, the space-time continuum and the block universe that implies the existence of past, present, and future in a four-dimensional space-time continuum. The principle of relativity of simultaneity essentially means that the tenses, past, present, and future, are an illusion. Time order of events are subjective and thus all events in the universe exist together on the continuum. We show that the characteristics of light propagation are the same whether we use the Lorentz Transformation (LT) or the Galilean Transformation (GT) in the sense that the amplitude of the propagating wave at any space-time location remains the same in both the transformations. We argue that the space and time coordinates assigned to any space-time point are different in LT and GT but the identity of a space-time point is not compromised. The different numbers of space and time coordinates assigned to a space-time point by LT and GT arise out of calibration differences and do not indicate any altered reality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Symmetries in Goldbach's Conjecture

Authors: Timothy Jones
Comments: 7 Pages.

We define a Goldbach table as a table consisting of two rows. The lower row counts from 0 to any n and and the top row counts down from 2n to n. All columns will have all numbers that add to 2n. Using a sieve, all composites are crossed out and only columns with primes are left. We then define a novel prime decimal system: it gives for every n remainders when n is divided by all primes less than the n. This suggests linear functions, the divisions used can give another perspective on all the column pairs. The inverses of these functions when put into tabular form give symmetries that suggest Goldbach's conjecture is correct.
Category: Number Theory

The Magic Squares of Khajuraho, Durer and the Golden Proportion

Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 4 Pages.

Based on the theoretical analysis of 4×4 pandiagonal squares, their "structure" features are shown: the invariants of the structure of 4×4 pandiagonal squares are pairs of numbers equal in sum to one of the two Fibonacci numbers — 13 or 21. It is revealed that any variant of the set of six digits of the Durer square and similar 4×4 pandiagonal squares, forming a continuous symmetric configuration, is equal in total to the integer 51. A geometric figure "cube in a cube" is constructed, which has the properties of the "golden symmetry" of 4×4 pandiagonal squares. All the numbers of the diagonals of the cube have the properties of "golden symmetry" (two numbers form in one case the total number 13, in the other — 21), and all planes having 4 angles (numbers) both the inner and outer squares of the geometric figure form a total of the Fibonacci number — 34.
Category: Number Theory

Gulf Stream's Death Forecasted Between 2025 and 2095

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 3 Pages.

This is an op-ed I wrote in July 2024 unfortunately rejected by several majornewspapers. Its goal was to summarize/redo, in a concise way hopefully understandable by andconvincing to people with pre-college education, a much longer and harder to read 2023 scientificpaper by P.& S.Ditlevsen forecasting the imminent end of the "AMOC" — Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. The cause is human-caused "climate change"; the consequences for our civilization might be devastating. I have now also appended a short postscript (not present in the original op-ed) asking important questions.
Category: Climate Research

Connected Prime Digit Factorial Occurrences to The Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: Parker Emmerson
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper explores the theoretical relationship between the frequency of prime digits in factorial representations and the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann Zeta function. By defining the prime digit frequency within fac- torials and aggregating these frequencies, we propose a hypothesis where such aggregated prime digit frequencies exhibit periodic patterns that mirror the distribution of the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann Zeta func- tion. Utilizing Fourier transform analysis, we identify periodic compo- nents in the digit frequencies that may correspond to these zeros. Sta- tistical tests, including Chi-Squared and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, are employed to validate this connection. This study suggests that the nature of prime digit frequencies in number sequences, such as factorials, may reflect deeper mathematical structures influenced by the Riemann Zeta functions zeros.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Digit Occurrence of an Ordinal’s Factorial in Euler’s Number

Authors: Parker Emmerson
Comments: 10 Pages. (Abstract added by viXra Admin as required - Please conform!)

We analyze the frequency of digit occurrences in that digit's factorial expression in different bases. I write programs for visualizing it.
Category: Statistics

Solving Cubic Equation Using Cardano’s Method

Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 5 Pages.

A cubic equation is solvable by radicals. This means that the solutions of the cubic equation can be obtained using four basic arithmetic operations which include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, and taking the square and cube roots.
Category: Algebra

A Problem of Seiyo Sampo Revisited with 1/0=0

Authors: Hiroshi Okumura, Saburou Saitoh, Jun Ozone
Comments: 2 Pages.

We show that the result in [1] holds in the limiting cases using 1/0.
Category: Geometry

Extended Proof of the Collatz Conjecture with Quasi-Induction

Authors: Hans Rieder
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this manuscript, we present an extended proof of the Collatzconjecture, based on the novel approach of quasi-induction and a detailed analysis of the shrinking rate. The logarithmic approach plays a central role in demonstrating that the sequence continuously shrinks on average and eventually reaches the number 1. In addition, numerical computations on GitHub are mentioned to support these theoretical results.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Dictionary of British Surnames by P. H. Reaney and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 20 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study A Dictionary of British Surnames by P. H. Reaney. We draw the natural logarithm ofthe number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank ofthe letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0.01) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearestneighbours in the presence of external magnetic field, H, with βH = 0.01. β is 1/(k_B T), where, T istemperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Social Science

Group Inverses and Generalized Group Inverses of Anti-Triangular Matrices

Authors: Huanyin Chen, Dayong Liu
Comments: 24 Pages.

We provide representations for the group inverse and generalized group inverse of an anti-triangular operator matrix of the form$left(begin{array}{cc}a&bc&0end{array}ight)$ under the conditions $ca=c$ or $ab=b$. Specifically, we present the weak group inverse for these types of anti-triangular block operator matrices.
Category: Algebra

Discovery Of The Solution To The Fibonacci Sequence Of The Fine Structure Constant 137

Authors: Hua-Fang Wu
Comments: 5 Pages.

The fine structure constant α is a dimensionless number approximately equal to 1/137. Its reciprocal 1/α is approximately equal to 137, not a whole number. Research results in recent years suggest that it may vary in the large-scale space-time range of the universe, and may also be anisotropic and have a specific direction preference. In the analysis of the 137 value, the Author found that it contains the information structure of the Fibonacci sequence, and the Fibonacci sequence is inseparable from the golden ratio, fractal geometry, etc., and is an important law in nature. This may suggest that whether the fine structure constant may vary in the universe, or its objective measurements show that 1/α is only a decimal close to the integer of 137. 1/α is likely to be approaching to this integer due to certain mechanism related to the integer 137, while the core around it is still the integer 137, but there are some effects or disturbances in the measurements, including errors, possible universe anisotropy, and the brokenness of the universe itself, that causes the numerical result deviates from the integer slightly. The exact expression of 137 by the Fibonacci sequence is given here; in addition, an attempt is also made to give a formula of α that includes the value of the golden ratio, and the approximated expression of the formula.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Human DNA and Neanderthal DNA

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages.

Among the great advances in 21st-century sciencehas been how much we can learn from DNA data.Historical narratives relying heavily on genomicclues may not always have sufficient causality.When possible, it is ideal to combine the geologicalpast with our emerging genetic profiles.Multidisciplinary perspectives can thereby yieldsuperior hypotheses regarding our ancient past.
Category: Archaeology

Calculation of Electric Field Intensity at Small Distances Between a Charge and a Source of Electric Field Based on a Macroscopic Mathematical Model

Authors: khoruzhenko Vadim
Comments: 11 Pages.

My work represents a macroscopic generalization of the Kaluza-Klein theories for quantum systems, concerning the existence of an additional fifth dimension in our space. This allowed Kaluza to unify the descriptions of gravity and electromagnetism within a single mathematical structure. Later, Oskar Klein added a crucial element to Kaluza's theory by proposing that the fifth dimension is compactified into a very small circle with a radius on the order of the Planck length. Due to its minuteness, this dimension remains invisible at ordinary scales. Additionally, I drew upon ideas proposed by Feynman, who suggested using the concept of energy density in space to describe electromagnetic interactions at the quantum level within the framework of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). This theory helps explain how, at short distances, charge screening and renormalization occur due to interactions with virtual particles in the vacuum.In my work, I attempt to describe the observable effects at the macroscopic level, such as the electric interaction of charges and the gravitational interaction of massive bodies, through an intuitively understandable process of spatial disturbance. This disturbance is first expressed in the disruption of the uniform distribution of spatial density and then in the curvature of the spherically symmetric structure of the disturbance. In formulating my theory at a macroscopic level, which implies a statistical averaging of the processes described by Kaluza, Klein, and Feynman at the quantum level, I was primarily inspired by the ideas proposed by these scientists. I aimed to formalize their mathematical concepts into simple and intuitively understandable postulates, which lead to observable effects in macro-objects. One such effect is the attenuation of the electric field at short distances between charges, similar to the processes occurring at the quantum level. Based on innovative theoretical insights, this work provides yet another alternative confirmation of the Theory of Relativity regarding the equivalence of energy and mass of elementary particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Origin of Life as Life Being the Most Involved with Fundamental Physics

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 5 Pages.

The origin of life can been seen as the first original anti-entropic engine with respect to a pressure-temperature reference. Therefore, under that theoretical paradigm, the chemolithoautotrophic bacteria are the best candidates by far for the origin of life. To have a more detailed description of the the origin of life, we consider the concept of "fungal catastrophe" from nuclear-biology and we also consider the many-worlds interpretation (MWI) with an almost infinitely large number of quantum parallel universes. In the present article, we will use many times the shorter designation "anti-entropic engine" instead of the longer designation "anti-entropic engine with respect to a pressure-temperature reference".
Category: Physics of Biology

Unifying Trends in Physics, Chemistry and Biology

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 8 Pages.

A comparison of structures and interactions of quantum systems in Physics (Elementary particles, Nuclear, Atomic), Chemistry and Biology show the benefits of the Quantum Network Model, as a universal language, upgrading basic historically important similar models and theory (Turing Machine, Automata/Formal Languages).The main and also starting point, is viewing the "electron" as the 4th, time-like quark, via the correspondence between the fundamental representation of $SU(2)$ and adjoint representation, with corresponding generators. Its iconic equation of dimensions is the well known 2+2=3+1, underlying the Hopf fibration, and defining the correspondence between spinors and Lorentz vectors (Space-Time points), in the Gauge Theory paradigm.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis Using the Decomposition ζ(z)= X(z) — Y(z) and Analysis of the Distribution of the Zeros of ζ(z) Based on X(z) and Y(z)

Authors: Pedro Caceres
Comments: 45 Pages.

Prime numbers are the atoms of mathematics and mathematics is needed to make sense of the real world. Finding the Prime number structure and eventually being able to crack their code is the ultimate goal in what is called Number Theory. From the evolution of species to cryptography, Nature finds help in Prime numbers. One of the most important advances in the study of Prime numbers was the paper by Bernhard Riemann in November 1859 called "Ueber die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse" (On the number of primes less than a given quantity).In that paper, Riemann gave a formula for the number of primes less than x in terms the integral of 1/log(x) and the roots (zeros) of the zeta function defined by:[RZF] ζ(z)=∑(n=1,∞) 1/n^z Where ζ(z) is a function of a complex variable z that analytically continues the Dirichlet series. Riemann also formulated a conjecture about the location of the zeros of RZF, which fall into two classes: the "trivial zeros" -2, -4, -6, etc., and those whose real part lies between 0 and 1. Riemann's conjecture Riemann hypothesis [RH] was formulated as this:[RH]The real part of every nontrivial zero z* of the RZF is 1/2.Proving the RH is, as of today, one of the most important problems in mathematics. In this paper we will provide proof of the RH. The proof of the RH will be built following these five parts:PART 1:Description of the Riemann Zeta Function RZF ζ(z) - Introducing s limit and an approximationPART 2: The C-transformation. An artifact to decompose ζ(z) PART 3: Application of the C-transformation to f(z)=1/x^z in Re(z)≥0 to obtain ζ(z)=X(z)-Y(z) - Decomposition of ζ(z)=X(z)-Y(z) - Analysis of X(z),|X(z)|,|X(z)|^2 - Analysis of Y(z),|Y(z)|,|Y(z)|^2PART 4: Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis - Analysis of the values of z such that X(z)=Y(z), that equates to ζ(z)=0 - Proof that |X(z)|=|Y(z)| only if Re(z)=1/2 - Conclude that ζ(z)=0 only if Re(z)=1/2 for Re(z)≥0PART 5: On the distribution of the non-trivial zeros of Zeta in the critical line α= 1/2. - Algorithm N1, Algorithm H1, Algorithm H2
Category: Number Theory

The Nature of Semi-Exponentials

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 9 Pages.

A "semi-exponential" is a function F(z) such that F(F(z))=exp(z).We show that(a) no entire-analytic semi-exponential F(z) exists;(b) no semi-exponential F(z) exists that is analytic within any interior-connected domainthat includes both the real axis, and all complex Q obeying Q=exp(Q), in its interior, and whichmaps reals→reals;(c) Analytic semiexponentials do exist that map most reals to complex numbers and which have non-analytic points;(d) We also construct a useful piecewise-analytic real→real semi-exponentialsuch that F, F', and F'' all are continuous,and F(x) is strictly increasing and strictly concave-∪, for all real x;and indeed the domain of definition of this F(z) may beslightly expanded to a long and thin complex set that includes the real axis in its interior,albeit then F becomes discontinuous at an infinite set of nonreal points.(e) But we show that no piecewise-analytic, with piece boundaries being nonemptyrectifiable differentiable curves, semi-exponentialthat maps reals→reals can be defined within any domain that includes thestrip 0≤im(z)<π.Many of our arguments may be repurposed for many other "semi" functions besides the exponential.Finally (f) we show that a real-valuedC^∞-smooth,strictly increasing, strictly concave-∪semi-exponential exists, which under certain asymptotic analyticity demands is unique.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Comment on Trail's Fine Structure Constant Derivation

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 4 Pages.

In the last years different models for the structure of the electron have been proposed. Among these structure proposals is Traill’s very promising approach of spherically spiraling waves running from the particle center and towards the center. We compare his derivation of Sommerfeld’s structure constant α with results of Guynn and with that of the present author.
Category: Condensed Matter

A Family of Elliptic Curves with the Rank of at Least Three Arising from Quartic Curves

Authors: Seiji Tomita
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper, we will construct a new family of elliptic curves with the rank of at least three arising from quartic curves.
Category: Number Theory

Patterns of Transposable Element Distribution Around Chromatin Ligation Points Revealed by Micro-C Data Analysis

Authors: Alexandr V. Vikhorev, Michael M. Rempel, Oksana O. Polesskaya, Ivan V. Savelev, Max V. Myakishev-Rempel
Comments: 25 Pages.

Transposable elements (TEs) constitute a significant portion of eukaryotic genomes, yet their role in chromatin organization remains poorly understood. This study investigates the distribution patterns of TEs around chromatin ligation points (LPs) identified through Micro-C experiments in human cells. We analyzed the density of various TE families within a 100kb window centered on LPs, focusing on major families such as Alu and LINE-1 (L1) elements. Our findings reveal distinct, non-random distribution patterns that differ between TE families and exhibit consistent strand-specific biases. These patterns were reproducible across two independent datasets and showed marked differences from random genomic distributions. Notably, we observed family-specific variations in TE density near LPs, with some families showing depletion at LPs followed by periodic fluctuations in density. The consistency of these patterns across TE families and their orientation relative to chromosome arms suggest a fundamental relationship between TEs and higher-order chromatin structure. Our results provide new insights into the potential role of TEs in genome organization and challenge the notion of TEs as passive genomic components. This study lays the groundwork for future investigations into the functional implications of TE distribution in chromatin architecture and gene regulation.
Category: Quantitative Biology

How Can We Make AI with a Nice Character?

Authors: Dimiter Dobrev, Lyubomir Ivanov, George Popov, Vladimir Tzanov
Comments: 24 Pages.

God created man in His own image, the Bible said millennia ago. Today we are headed to creating Artificial Intelligence (AI) in our own image. The difference however is that God created a feeble and vulnerable being for which to take care of, while we are trying to create an almighty being who will be incomparably smarter than us and will take care of us. Thus, we are aiming to create our new god, and it matters a lot what kind of character the new god will be — kind and compassionate, or terribly stringent and overly demanding on us. Every human being has a character. Similarly, AI will have its own character. We will consider AI as a program with parameters which determine its character. The aim is to use these parameters in order to define the kind of character we want AI to have.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Lienard-Wiechert Potentials as a Source of Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Authors: Yuri Mahotin
Comments: 2 Pages.

Liénard-Wiechert potentials describe the electromagnetic field of charged point particle moving along a given trajectory. In the new study,we will try to answer the question of whether a moving charged particle can generate dark matter and dark energy. We get an affirmative answer,yes it can.
Category: Classical Physics

The Problem of Zero Code Redundancy in Number Systems and Its Resolution in the Original Fibonacci Number System

Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 35 Pages.

It is shown that modern number systems (unlike Fibonacci) have a significant disadvantage in the form of zero redundancy of the code. But the redundancy of the Fibonacci code is not constant: the redundancy of the code for individual numbers varies significantly. Based on the Fibonacci number system with Fibonacci codes with unlimited redundancy, a Rule for limiting code redundancy is formulated.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

GlyphFormer: Improving Japanese Language Models with Sub-character Tokenization

Authors: Koichiro Kanno
Comments: Pages.

This paper examines the effectiveness of using sub-character tokenization for Japanese language processing by utilizing the ALBERT [1] model. I focused on radical and element-based sub-character tokenization and compared the results with traditional character-based tokenization. The evaluation was conducted on a dataset derived from the Japanese novel "Botchan," containing 500 sentences. The results indicate that sub-character tokenization significantly improves the model's perplexity, especially when using radical and element-based approaches.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Massive Black Holes

Authors: Eran Magshim Lavi
Comments: 9 Pages. Distributed under CC BY-SA 4.0

The study of supermassive black holes has significantly advanced our understanding of galaxy structures, yet fundamental questions remain, particularly concerning the structure and dynamics of massive black holes. This article addresses the core structure of massive black holes, defined as those originating from supernova events. Integrating the concept of "Dachus density," a state of maximum matter density, I propose that the core of all massive black holes exists at this density. The research investigates the size of these cores and their event horizons, using Cygnus X-1 and Sagittarius A* as examples. Calculations reveal that the core size is exceedingly small compared to the overall black hole, with the core's volume being up to ~155 orders of magnitude smaller than the event horizon volume in the case of Sagittarius A*. The article briefly explores the implications of a rotating Dachus core on the black hole's structure, including the "mantle" region between the core and the event horizon. The discussion extends to absolute zero temperature, asserting that for a non-spinning, static Massive black hole, the temperature of its core reaches 0[K] as in this state, particles do not move in relation to each other and do not have any kinetic and in particular rotational Energy.
Category: Astrophysics

Space Quantum Gravity

Authors: E. P. J. de Haas
Comments: Pages. de Haas, E.P.J. (2025) Space Quantum Gravity. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 11, 567-578. doi: 10.4236/jhepgc.2025.112039.

In this paper I propose that the 'Hubble expansion' phenomenon is universal and isotropic and countered by space absorption as an activity of central massess. With mass sucking in space on the one hand and space expanding isotropically with the Hubble rate on the other hand, we get a continuous drift of space towards the central mass. We can define a critical distance from the central mass as the distance where the two effects are balanced. The cosmic density parameter is given a different, more local, interpretation because it now devides space into regions where absorption of space is dominant and regions where space creation is dominant. I add to this that at elementary particle level, the space absorption process is quantized and periodic, with the de Broglie internal frequency as the quantized space volume absorption frequency. This then leads to a mass independend quantized volume of space of approximately the size of the largest nuclei. De Broglie's subquantum gas is identified with space that is thus quantized. Nuclei occupy at most one single quantum bubble of space. Inside these quantized space bubbles, we have the physics of the weak and strong nuclear forces. In between quantizes space bubbles we have the physics of wave mechanics and gravity. The same process of quantized space cell absorption by elementary particles lies at the basis of both gravity on the macro level and wave mechanics on the meso level. It also produces inertia in a way that is, conceptually at least, somewhat similar to the Higgs mechanism by which elementary particles of the weak and strong interactions acquire mass. The concept of stochastic drift of quantized bubbles of space is a refined version of earlier 'velocity of space' approaches towards gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A New Method to Find Trivial Zeros of Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Zhiyang Zhang
Comments: 15 Pages.

The counterexample of the Riemann hypothesis causes a significant change in the image of the Riemann Zeta function, which can be distinguished using mathematical judgment equations. The counterexamples can be found through this equation.
Category: Number Theory

New Approach to Affirm the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Khazri Bouzidi Fethi
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Article title should be above the author's name)

We will use another relationship between the estimation of gauss for the prime numbers and the zeta function to arrive at affirming the reimann hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

The Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Zuher El Ahmed
Comments: 5 Pages.

The problem of finding the zeros of functions is one of the important issues in mathematics, and I would not be exaggerating if I said that all of mathematics is based on such problems. Here, curiosity struck me to understand the mechanism or the secret behind these functions. I never expected that this curiosity would lead me to encounter an important function like the Riemann zeta function, starting from the Taylor and Maclaurin series, which at least enabled me to find a function that links the point belonging to a certain domain and the values of this domain with an exponential function, as demonstrated in the proof. In conclusion, I believe that if this function cannot find the zeros of the Riemann zeta function, it will at least allow us to look at the zeta function from another perspective that is easier to deal with.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Physical Basis of Electron Mass is Relativistic Rotational Motion

Authors: Preston Guynn
Comments: 2 Pages.

The physical basis of electron mass is relativistic rotational motion. The result of the model matches the experimentally determined value to 9significant digits.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Modular Exponentiation Algorithm

Authors: V. Barbera
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper presents an extension of the left-to-right binary method to perform modularexponentiation b^e (mod m) by representing the exponent in base 2^d.
Category: Number Theory

The Relative Non-Locality

Authors: Rayd Al-Shammari
Comments: 33 Pages.

[This paper] investigate[s] the mathematical and physical applications of relative non-locality in general relativity and using it to bridge the gap between general relativity and quantum mechanics without the need for a new unifying theory, in fact both theories are compatible when we put the relative non-locality in perspective, it's first introduced by Einstein in 1911, the relative non-locality is the illusion of superluminal speed phenomena due to the difference in spacetime gravity potential between two points in space, this illusion of superluminal speed is a direct indicator of spacetime curvature difference between two intervals in space such that the conditions of curvature difference is the key element to solve the compatibility problem between general relativity and quantum mechanics, then by following this line of work I found that Einstein field equation is compatible with uncertainty principle in a way that the stress energy tensor could be extract from the momentum uncertainty in the uncertainty principle, this happened only when we have a quantum entangled system of collective masses of bigger than or equal to half Planck-mass as minimum requirements to bend spacetime, then by using quantum entangled system with a rest mass of half Planck mass or more and then by using this knowledge I put the requirements for an experiment to generate artificial gravitational singularities in particle accelerators as a good way to test this paper and its very promising way for both nuclear fusion and superluminal space travel.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Simplest Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem

Authors: Xiaochun Mei
Comments: 2 Pages. In Chinese

In this paper, the Fermat equation is written in the form of quadratic indeterminate equation, and its solutions are compared with the Pythagorean numbers of quadratic equation. It is proved in a very simple method that the Fermat equation has no integer solutions in case of p>2.
Category: Algebra

Solution of Wallis’s Integral Using Complex Functions

Authors: Kazuaki Shimada
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: A separate abstract is requited)

This article shows the value of the Wallis integral when n is an even number, n≥2 using the integration of a complex function. Proof of the Wallis product is generally derived using partial integrals, but here derivation using complex integrals is introduced.
Category: General Mathematics

On Noncommutative Spacetimes and Corrections to the Kerr-Newman Black Hole Entropy Due to Quantization of Area, Mass and Entropy

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 19 Pages.

Recently we have argued [1] that the noncommutativity of the spacetime coordinates is the answer to the question : Why is area, mass, entropy quantized ? Furthermore, it casts light into a deep interplay among black hole entropy, discrete calculus, number theory, theory of partitions, random matrix theory, fuzzy spheres, ..... We extend our previous construction of Schwarzschild black holes and derive the corrections to the Kerr-Newman temperature and black hole entropy, to all orders, from the discrete mass transitions taken place among different mass states. The mass spectrum for Kerr, Kerr-Newman, and Reissner-Nordstrom black holes is explicitly obtained which reduces to the Schwarzschild case when the angular momentum and charge is set to zero. One of the most salient features in the expansion of the $modified$ temperature $ {cal T } = T + c_1{ T over N } + c_2 { T over N^2 } + ldots $ is that it spells a correspondence between the loop expansion in QFT in powers of $ hbar$, after setting $ hbar leftrightarrow ( 1/ N)$. $ N $ is the principal quantum number labeling the spectrum of mass states and which is given by $ N = l_3 ( l_3 + 2 ) - l_2 ( l_2 + 1) + l_1^2$, with $ l_3 ge l_2 ge | l_1|$ being the quantum numbers associated with the hyper-spherical harmonics of the three-sphere $ S^3$. These results can be extended to higher dimensions. To finalize, we should add that the deviation from a full thermal spectrum and the corrections to the Hawking temperature might be relevant to the solution of the Black Hole Information paradox.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Equation: S=(1/2)gamma(1/2,s^2) , S>0

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

We solve the equation: s=(1/2)Gamma(1/2,s^2), s>0, where Gamma(x,y) is the incomplete gamma function.
Category: General Mathematics

Evolution of Matter I

Authors: Viktor S. Dolgikh
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This is the first part of the work - the physic-chemical direction from the complete "Evolution of Matter" - physical; chemical; astrophysical; biological directions covering broad directions of their material development in multiple paths of their passage. It is a compact amalgamation of previous, "fragmentary", works with some refinements and additions. It presents "ASNOVA" - the formation of a functionally closed primary element of matter - its particle, with all kinds of its manifested "activity", in the multi-stage process of its transformation by "annihilation", representing its evolution. And incomplete, "fragmentary" parts of works in astrophysical and biological directions can by seen at 2208.0087 and 2304.0101, 2012.0112, espectively.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A Geometric Approach to the Riemann Hypothesis: Analyzing Non-Trivial Zeros in Polar Coordinates

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 31 Pages.

The Riemann Hypothesis asserts that all non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function lie on the critical line ( Re(s) = frac{1}{2} ) in the complex plane. This paper explores an alternative geometric approach by analyzing the zeta function and its non-trivial zeros in polar coordinates. Transforming the problem into this framework reveals a natural symmetry about the polar axis, which corresponds to the critical line in Cartesian coordinates.We demonstrate that the (Xi(s)) function, a redefined version of the zeta function, retains the symmetry ( Xi(s) = Xi(1 - s) ) in polar coordinates, supporting the hypothesis that non-trivial zeros must lie on the critical line.This geometric perspective suggests a potential simplification in verifying the Riemann Hypothesis and offers new insights into the distribution of non-trivial zeros.
Category: Number Theory

Application of Hooke's Law and Occurrence of Relativistic Orthogonal Harmonic Oscillators in Leptons

Authors: Jacob Biemond
Comments: 17 Pages, including 2 figures and 1 table

In 1915 Parson proposed the so-called ring model for the electron. This flat geometry for the electron can also be interpreted as a superposition of two orthogonal harmonic oscillators in the same plane. For these two harmonic oscillators a new relativistic Lagrangian is conjectured from which Hooke’s law follows. Explicit expressions for the spring constant and electron energy are deduced from this simple ring model.

Spring constants and energies for all leptons can also be deduced from the recently postulated more complex toroidal model for leptons. The ring torus model appears to apply to charged leptons and the electron neutrino, whereas the spindle torus model may apply to the muon and tauon neutrino.

It appears that the magnetic dipole moments of the charged leptons predicted by the toroidal model agree with the observed ones, first order anomalous corrections included. Furthermore, explicit expressions for the magnetic dipole moments of all neutrinos are also obtained.

Moreover, a comparison is made between the magnitude of the electromagnetic and elastic contribution to the energy of the electron. It is found that the elastic energy may be dominant.

Category: Quantum Physics

Proof of Goldbach's Conjecture and Twin Prime Number Conjecture

Authors: WenBin Hu
Comments: 6 Pages.

Goldbach's conjecture has been around for more than 300 years and the twin prime conjecture for more than 160 years. Both remain unsolved. Both conjectures are important number theory conjectures for studying prime numbers. This article proposes a method of sequence shift to solve. This may be a good method and seems quite easy to understand.
Category: Number Theory

An Advanced Quantum-Resistant Algorithm: Design, Implementation, and Analysis

Authors: Daniil Krizhanovskyi
Comments: 9 Pages.

The advent of quantum computing represents a paradigm shift with profound implications for the field of cryptography. Quantum algorithms, particularly Shor's algorithm, threaten to undermine the security foundations of traditional cryptographic schemes such as RSA, ECC, and DSA, which rely on the computational difficulty of integer factorization and discrete logarithms. As these algorithms become obsolete in the face of quantum capabilities, there is an urgent need for cryptographic systems that can withstand quantum-based attacks. In response to this looming threat, this paper introduces the Quantum Cryptographic Toolkit (QCT), a robust and versatile framework designed to facilitate the development, testing, and deployment of quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms. The QCT integrates a diverse set of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms, including lattice-based methods like NewHope, code-based approaches exemplified by the McEliece cryptosystem, and isogeny-based cryptography, such as SIKE. Each of these algorithms is implemented with a focus on maintaining security even in the face of quantum computing advancements, addressing both theoretical and practical challenges. The toolkit is structured to be modular and extensible, allowing researchers and developers to seamlessly incorporate additional algorithms and cryptographic primitives as the field evolves. This paper details the design principles underlying the QCT, emphasizing the importance of modularity, extensibility, and performance optimization. We discuss the implementation strategies employed to ensure the toolkit's effectiveness across a range of cryptographic scenarios, from key exchange protocols to encryption and digital signatures. A comprehensive security analysis is provided, highlighting the resistance of each algorithm to quantum attacks, and comparing their performance to other post-quantum cryptographic solutions. In addition to the security analysis, we include extensive performance benchmarks that evaluate the computational efficiency, memory usage, and scalability of the algorithms within the QCT. These benchmarks demonstrate the practical viability of the toolkit for real-world applications, offering insights into the trade-offs between security and performance that are inherent in post-quantum cryptography. The results indicate that the QCT not only meets the stringent security requirements
Category: Number Theory

3d Quantum Gravity, Localization and Particles Beyond Standard Model

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 17 Pages. Published in Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 11, 96-109. doi:10.4236/jhepgc.2025.111009.

We review a 3d quantum gravity model, which incorporates massive spinning fields into the Euclidean path integral in a Chern-Simons formulation. Fundamental matter as defined in our previous preon model is recapped. Both quantum gravity and the particle model are shown to be derivable from the supersymmetric 3d Chern-Simons action. Forces--Matter unification is achieved.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Theoretical Model of Space Density: Connecting Electric Charge, Mass, and Internal Energy

Authors: Vadim Khoruzhenko
Comments: 29 Pages.

This paper proposes a new theoretical framework introducing a fifth spatial dimension, referred to as "space density," as a fundamental aspect affecting both gravitational and electric fields. While the properties of electromagnetic and gravitational interactions are well-studied empirically, their fundamental nature, interconnection, and the physical substance from which they arise remain elusive. This research explores the concept of "space density" in a five-dimensional space, hypothesizing that changes in this dimension can lead to phenomena analogous to gravitational and electric fields. Through a series of mathematical models, we demonstrate how the distribution of space density behaves around spherical objects and discuss the implications for classical field theories. Our findings suggest the need to reconsider the traditional view of space as merely metrically confined, proposing instead that space itself possesses inherent properties and degrees of freedom. This hypothesis opens up new possibilities for understanding fundamental interactions in the universe from both a physical and philosophical perspective. Based on innovative theoretical insights, this paper provides yet another alternative confirmation of the Theory of Relativity concerning the equivalence of energy and mass of elementary particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Theory of Everything: A Self-Similar Anthropomorphic Universe

Authors: John Madocks
Comments: 46 Pages.

This paper presents a Theory of Everything (TOE). This theory aims to be a true TOE, one that accounts for all verified physical and human phenomenon. This theory shows our universe to be composed of several self-similar copies at scales descending in a logarithmic spiral sequence. As different as it is, this TOE is actually a grand simplification over current theories. Rather than different laws of physics applying to the atomic, human and cosmic scales, this TOE shows one set of laws applies to all scales. In doing this, incongruities between quantum physics and gravity are resolved and open fundamental questions are answered. For instance, this TOE successfully explains the flat rotation profiles of spiral galaxies and the fine structure constant.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Proof of Existence of Infinite Twin Primes

Authors: Nikhil Datar
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This submission gives a proof of existence of infinite twin primes. The basic principle used here is of Fundamental Principle of Counting and Excel has been as a major tool for explanation
Category: Number Theory

SunQM-7s2: The Possible Origins of the Relativistic Length Contraction, E=mc^2, and to Fuse the General Relativity’s Radial Contraction with the Non-Linear {N,n} QM

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 31 Pages.

The newly established {N,n} QM includes the Bohr-QM based part (see in SunQM-1 series, SunQM-2, SunQM-5 series, and SunQM-7), the Schrodinger-equation based part (see in SunQM-3 series and SunQM-4 series), and the {N,n} quantum field part (see in SunQM-6 series). In SunQM-7s1, I used r’rθφ-4D orbital motion to explain the origins of the lightspeed and the constancy of the lightspeed in our universe. In the current article, first, by degenerating a xy-2D circular motion into a x-1D oscillational motion (that mimic a degeneration of a r’rθφ-4D motion into a rθφ-3D motion), I was able to deduce out the Lorentz transformation equation in 3D. From this, I hypothesized that the projection of a group of "4D thermal motion" in a 3D space may be the origin of both the special relativity’s length contraction (SR L-contraction), and general relativity’s radial contraction (GR R-contraction). Second, I showed that on a black hole (BH) surface, the rθφ-3D space may be degenerated into a 1D space (for the velocity), and this 1D space may can be treated as either a r-1D space or a φ-1D space (as you like). Third, using "4D thermal oscillation" (and with several examples), I explained the possible origin of the E = mc^2. Fourth, many kinds of non-linear {N,n} QM effects (that I encountered during the {N,n} QM development, and that may or may not relate to the GR R-contraction) were listed. Furthermore, I was able to construct the non-linear {N,n//q} QM structure near a BH (where q = 6 increased to q = ∞) by fusing the GR R-contraction calculation into the non-linear {N,n//q} QM structure’s calculation. This is a huge achievement in unifying the relativity theory to the {N,n} QM theory. Fifth, (Like that the nLL state vs. nL0 state is a pair of brand new parameters in the physics to describe the RF character), the difference between SR L-contraction and GR R-contraction could be another pair of parameters in the physics to describe the relativistic character. Sixth, by using "4D thermal oscillators", I was able to explain the slower speed of the outmost shell of the 3D wave packet for a propagating photon. Finally, because of its completeness and self-consistence, I do believe that the {N,n} QM is qualified to be put into the "Feynman Pool" as one of the many co-existing QM theories.
Category: Quantum Physics

From Hamiltonian Chaos to the Cosmological and Fermi Scales

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 20 Pages.

A lesser-known property of Hamiltonian dynamics is that it can be formally mapped to the Riemannian geometry of classical gravitation. Taking advantage of this property, we explore here the possibility that the onset of Hamiltonian chaos in the ultraviolet (UV) sector of field theory generates the cosmological and Fermi scales. In line with the geometry of fully developed chaos, these two scales reflect the cumulative contribution of energies stored in the fractal dimensionality of spacetime. Our findings support the conjecture that both Standard and the Lambda-CDM models emerge as non-trivial attractors of the UV to infrared (IR) flow.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On Gravitational Mass and Inertial Mass

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 5 Pages.

Gravity is an impedance of matter to its stable state changes, manifested as attraction to other objects, and gravitational mass is a measure of the magnitude of this property of matter. Microscopic particles and solid particles within a macroscopic object, along with their motion, endow the object with inertial mass. These particles and their motion, along with the relative motion of the object in a gravitational field, collectively endow the object with gravitational mass. Therefore, gravitational mass is the total mass of an object, and inertial mass is only a part of it.The relationship between gravitational mass and inertial mass is derived from the conservation of energy and momentum hypothesis and the modified Newton's gravity formula as follows: gravitational mass=inertial mass+inertial mass * V/C.
Category: Classical Physics

A Simple Explanation of the Michelson-Morley Experiment Results

Authors: Mikhail E. Shevtsov
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

The Michelson-Morley experiment, conducted in 1887, was designed to detect the presence of the aether — a hypothetical medium through which light was thought to propagate. The experiment's null result played a crucial role in the abandonment of the aether theory and supported the notion of the constancy of the speed of light.This article explores a hypothesis that suggests a simple explanation for the Michelson-Morley experiment's null result based on proportional changes in the speed of light and wavelength, while the frequency and energy transmitted per unit time remain unchanged.
Category: Condensed Matter

Sieving Primes from Composite Pairs Within Sets of 6n±1 Numbers

Authors: Adrian M. Stokes
Comments: 5 Pages.

The prime numbers ≥ 5 within a finite sequence of natural numbers can be found by calculating all of the values given by 6n±1 that fall within the sequence and subtracting the composites given by (6n_1±1)(6n_2±1), where n is a natural number. A test model for finding primes based on this method uses three reference sub-set multiplication tables to calculate composites and then matches these to the corresponding values in the sets {6n-1} and {6n+1}. The unmatched numbers are primes. Although this model provides a useful proof of concept, it is impractical at scale. A new method that replaces the sub-set tables with an equation to calculate 6n±1 composite pairs forms the basis of an improved model using sieve methodology.
Category: Number Theory

Methods of Resolution

Authors: Noureddine Horrigue, Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 20 Pages. In French

This paper is the digital version of a chapter taken from the final thesis of the first author entitled "Compensation of Geodetic Networks". This is chapter V "Resolution Methods" of the thesis. It concerns the methods for solving the equations of linear systems encountered during compensation calculations for geodetic networks using the least squares method.
Category: Geophysics

Geometric Symmetry of Non-Trivial Zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function in Polar Coordinates

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper investigates the symmetry of non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function (zeta(s)) through geometric analysis in polar coordinates. By transforming the complex number (s = sigma + it) into polar form, we demonstrate that the symmetry about the critical line (sigma = frac{1}{2}) necessitates (sigma = frac{1}{2}) for all non-trivial zeros. Numerical simulations further confirm the accuracy and consistency of this geometric approach. And we introduce a formula for the distribution pattern of all non-trivial zeros:[zetaleft(sqrt{frac{1}{4} + t^2} , e^{i arctan(2t)}ight) = 0]where: [r = sqrt{frac{1}{4} + t^2} quad text{and} quad theta = arctan(2t)]
Category: Number Theory

A Recasting of Mond, Modified Newtonian Dynamics

Authors: Jo Ke
Comments: 11 Pages.

MOND, Modified Newtonian Dynamics, provides an alternative to dark matter and is successful at explaining many astronomical scenarios including the flat rotation curves of disk galaxies. MOND operates at very low accelerations and can be interpreted either as a modification of Newton's law of inertia, or as a modification of Newton's law of gravity. In this paper we recast MOND in terms of our conjecture of a weighting function that determines the dynamical mass from the baryonic mass. This enables us to preserve both Newton's law of inertia and Newton's law of gravity.
Category: Astrophysics

Generalized Group Inverse of Block Operator Matrices

Authors: Huanyin Chen
Comments: 18 Pages.

We derive the generalized group inverse of a triangular block matrix over a Banach algebra. We apply this formula in order to find the generalized group inverse of $2times 2$ block operators under some conditions. In particular, the weak group inverse of certain block operator matricesare given.
Category: Algebra

Difference Between the Notion of Causation and Pearson Correlation in a Multivariate Gaussian Context

Authors: Ait-Taleb nabil
Comments: 11 Pages.

In a Gaussian multivariate context, we will describe the steps to follow to differentiate the notion of Pearson correlation and the causality. This paper includes numerical examples clearly showing the difference between the two notions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Breast Cancer Segmentation in Medical Imaging: A Custom U-Net Approach

Authors: Tanvir Rahman, Ataur Rahman, Tamanna Afroz, Rafia Akhter
Comments: 6 Pages.

Deep learning, particularly using U-Net architecture, has shown remarkable performance in various image segmentation tasks, including medical and non-medical applications. This versatile approach enables automated analysis of complex images, which is crucial for improving diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. For medical applications, breast cancer detection serves as a prominent example, where deep learning models have demonstrated superior performance over traditional methods. We examine various techniques used to enhance U-Net's ability to detect breast cancer, Moreover, we review the most commonly used datasets for medical image segmentation tasks effectiveness in a range of applications. Our proposed custom U-Net model extends the standard U-Net architecture by incorporating advanced techniques to enhance its ability to handle segmentation tasks. These improvements result in improved accuracy, Intersection over Union (IOU) scores, and dice coefficient scores, setting a new benchmark forsegmentation models.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Seismic Anomaly: Analytical Solutions

Authors: Michael Zuev
Comments: 34 Pages.

In this article we provide some analytical solutions of seismic equations with the different sources for a media, consisting of Uniform Half-Space (Air or Water oru2026) & solid Uniform Half-Space (Earth), containing a localized Anomaly. Such solutions allow building the very fast computer-based programs to decipher near-surface caves, karsts, tunnels, engineering applications, etc. This way particularly allows to go along a curved line, discovering already built tunnels without noise detection.We consider sources and model, which are practical for onshore and offshore (in deep water) seismic explorations. One may apply some forms of seismic solutions for a deep exploration of the slightly inclined multi-layer underground structures to find oil-gas-minerals-water-bearing lenses (see for example [9]). Here we apply the found solutions for shallow sounding to describe an effect from Anomaly.Also we showed a math similarity of uniform fluid (within Navier-Stokes equation) with seismic isotropic linear media (excluding the boundary layers). The details of boundary conditions are discussed, as well as the first orders of decomposition theory for the Fourier-Bessel representations of the seismic displacements. It is noted that within reasonable survey parameters an azimuth component can be ignored. Besides, it is observed, that we cannot stitch non-viscous fluid with solids directly, instead of this we must consider a limit transfer of solid-solid interaction. The radial and vertical displacements inside solid half-space are obtained as well as effects from localized Anomalies. For the cases of distributed Anomalies (karsts, tunnels, etc.) a convergence of analytical solutions was shown.
Category: Geophysics

A Navigator's Solution to the Michelson-Morley Problem

Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Michelson-Morley experiment and its resolution by the special theory of relativity form a foundational truth in modern physics. In this paper we examine and generalise the geometry of the sequence of events within a standard MM interferometer to arrive at a geometry that merges the perspectives of the rest and moving frames within a common stationary circle in space. Further we show that this theoretical approach leads us into spherical trigonometry that supplies a simple solution of the Michelson-Morley problem that is compatible with Einstein’s paradigm.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Continuum Theorem II

Authors: David Selke
Comments: 8 Pages.

An injection from the countable ordinals to the paths in the binary tree leads to a bijection between all paths in the binary tree and only those in the $aleph_1$-sized injection. Since there are $2^{aleph_0}$ many paths in the binary tree, this proves the Continuum Hypothesis, $2^{aleph_0} = aleph_1$.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Review of the Theory of Matter Structure of Wave Elements and Its Applications

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 12 Pages.

Existing theories of material structure and quantum field theory cannot describe the specific sources of fundamental particles. In quantum field theory, the generation of particles is the instantaneous transformation of the field, rather than the true creation of particles. It is necessary to explore the composition (or source) of the next level of elementary particles or fields. The material structure theory of "all fundamental particles mainly originate from photons" has great advantages in combining logic and fact. By utilizing this new theory of material structure, quantum theory, Bohr theory, and classical electromagnetic theory can be mixed to describe the same particle. Both this new theory of material structure and its application examples demonstrate that there is no longer a gap between the micro world and the macro world in calculating the spin angular momentum of basic particles, atomic ionization energy, and molecular dissociation energy.
Category: Quantum Physics

Mobile Commerce Trends

Authors: Sebastian Enger
Comments: 120 Pages. In German

[This Thesis is on] Identification and determination of technological consumer trends in the B2C business segment for the period of 2014-2018 to integrate into your own business stra-tegy.
Category: Education and Didactics

An Induction Proof For Goldbach's Conjecture

Authors: Timothy Jones
Comments: 4 Pages.

We use a series of tables with an induction argument to show Goldbach's conjecture is true.
Category: Number Theory

Exploration of the Specific Forms of Electron Spin

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 6 Pages.

The concept of electron spin has a broad application prospect. However, after a century of efforts, the essence and specific form of electron spin have not been revealed. The reason is probably that it is constrained by the concept of point particle material structure. In order to solve the problem, one way to initiate the quantum mechanics revolution on the concept of material structure is to establish the concept of wave element material structure. Assuming that the composition of electrons is waves, the inherent motion of electrons (the spin of free electrons) is "the rotation of mass equivalent to the energy of waves". This rotation is not the rotation of a sphere, but similar to the rotation of a ring-shaped substance along a ring. This assumption breaks the concept of point particle structure. According to it, the angular kinetic energy and spin magnetic moment of electrons can be accurately calculated by classical force electrodynamics method. Other applications are also very successful, which has led to the revolution of quantum mechanics and material structure theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Triples "Ф, e, π" and "π, 4, 6" as Input Data for Modified Koide-Formulas and the Common Grounds of the Results

Authors: Andreas Ball
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this report the common grounds of the results of modified Koide-Formulas are presented, in which the Triples "Ф, e, π" and "π, 4, 6" are set as basis values of various exponents.The figures of the first Triple are the Quotient of the Golden Ratio Ф, the Euler Figure Figure e and the Circle Figure π. Besides the circle/sphere diameter the figures of the second Triple "π, 4, 6" determine the circle area and the sphere volume. The exact exponent value, which results by the Equalization of the two modified Koide-Formulas, is close to the figure 0.444, which is also used at an approximation for the mass ratio of the elementar particles Tauon and Electron. The results of the two Koide-Formulas are close to each other over a relatively wide exponent range.
Category: General Mathematics

Fransén-Robinson Constant

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 5 Pages.

We give some formulas related to the Fransén-Robinson constant F=2.80777024...
Category: Number Theory

The Nicolas Criterion for a Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Dmitri Martila, Stefan Groote
Comments: 3 Pages.

A criterion given by Jean-Louis Nicolas is used to offer a proof for the Riemann Hypothesis in a straightforward way.
Category: Number Theory

The Fracture and the Existential Relation

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 41 Pages.

The fundamental element of everything, of nature as well as life, is an existential relationship here called Intention. It is the culmination and fulfilment of the natural sciences and philosophy, and their foundation.This research investigates intention and its three ingredients: the original I, being and the called I.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Best Estimâtes of Density Sum Error the Prime Number Theorem for a Sequence of X Well Chosen

Authors: Khazri Bouzidi Fethi
Comments: 3 Pages.

��(��)The TNP prime number counting function��(��)Gaussian approximation for prime numbersDensity sum error for x superior 600 So 0 ≤ �� — �� ≤ 0.04.
Category: Number Theory

The Sine-Gordon Breather in an Infinite Potential Well

Authors: Dennis Braun
Comments: 9 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required)

In this paper we want to solve the motion of a breather soliton of the Sine-Gordon equation in an infinite potential well. This problem can be solved analytically for a well whose width L is far greater than the size of the soliton d, using the two breather solution of the Sine-Gordon equation. We show that this solution exhibits discrete energy levels with a quantisation condition equivalent to that obtained from quantum mechanics. They do arise in a similar way as standing waves give rise to discrete modes, with a wave and a reflected wave superimposed. The energy levels are given by the same formula as obtained from the Klein-Gordon equation of relativistic quantum mechanics for the same problem, but with a quantum constant h derived from the theory itself.
Category: Quantum Physics

Geometric Analysis of Non-Trivial Zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function and Proof of σ as a Constant

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper investigates the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function using polar coordinates. By transforming the complex plane into a polar coordinate system, we provide a geometric perspective on the distribution of non-trivial zeros. We focus on the key formula:[zetaleft(sqrt{frac{1}{4} + t^2} , e^{i arctan(2t)}ight) = 0]This formula reveals the distribution pattern of non-trivial zeros and supports the hypothesis that (sigma) must be (frac{1}{2}) and is a constant.
Category: Number Theory

Sixth Degree Diophantine Polynomial Equation

Authors: Oliver Couto
Comments: 5 Pages.

Historicaly, we note that finding a prametrization of degree six has not been easy. In the below paper the author has followed in the footsteps of below mentioned paper, ref. no. (1). In ref. no.(1), Ajai Choudhry on page 356 has parametrized equation: m(abc)(ab+bc+ca)(a+b+c)=n(pqr)(pq+pr+qr)(p+q+r), where, (m,n)=(3,32) using one parameter. In the below paper the author has parametrized the said equation for (m,n)=(1,1), but with two parameters. The trick used is to split equation (1) into three parts, so as to balance the coefficents (m,n) & such that, (m,n)=[(uvw),(xyz)]. And [(uvw),(xyz)] =(72,72), & hence they cancel each other out.
Category: Number Theory

[Attempted] Proof of P=NP

Authors: Hyeon-Ho Song
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper proves that p=np. This paper consists of a basic frame and examples. The pnp problem is related to the characteristics of the problem, and an attempt was made to use this to make the problem contradictory and solve it through the reduction method.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Theoretical Justification of the Relationship Between Gravitational and Electric Fields Based on Five-Dimensional Space

Authors: Vadim Khoruzhenko
Comments: 20 Pages. khoruzhenkova@gmail.com (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In this paper, we explore a hypothetical model based on five-dimensional space, where we introduce the concept of "space density" (ho(r)), which plays a key role in the formation and understanding of the fifth dimension of space. We assume that changes in the fifth dimension, which we interpret as "space density," can lead to effects analogous to gravitational and electric fields. The paper discusses the fundamental postulates, the derivation of formulas for density distribution around one and two spheres, and their interpretation in the context of classical physical theories.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

How Free Will, Determinism, Consciousness, and Time Interact with Information Storage and Loss

Authors: Davis C. Hayden
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In the following, I will primarily use the concept of Information storage and information loss to first explain my understanding of consciousness. I will then show that there can be no such thing as determinism, not just at the quantum level, but also in daily living. Next, my understanding of what is free will, or the feelings that there is free will will be explored. Finally, I will present how time is also tied to this issue of lack of information. All of these "long discussed" concepts are, in my view, tied together in how our mind works and in how information, or lack of information plays an important role. This is a "thought" paper, however, most of the following bits and pieces can be backed up with academic papers, but I avoided that here to make for a short, easy to follow and I believe somewhat original thoughts on these complicated topics.
Category: Social Science

A Relativistic Explanation for the Darkness of Galactic Halos

Authors: Ramzi Suleiman
Comments: 44 Pages.

In this study, we extend previously established results of relativized Newtonian dynamics—originally derived for inertial rectilinear motion—to the context of a uniformly rotating disk. Our findings reveal the presence of a nonluminous component coexisting with the luminous component, with the ratio of their radial densities being solely dependent on the rotation velocity.We apply these results to investigate the dynamics of both luminous and nonluminous matter in a diverse sample of 52 galaxies from the Spitzer Photometry & Accurate Rotation Curves (SPARC) dataset. For each galaxy, we calculate the radial density distributions of both matter components using only the measured rotation curves. The predicted radial density profiles of the nonluminous components closely trace the observed rotation curves for all tested galaxies.Our analysis indicates that the nonluminous component begins to dominate over the luminous component at rotation velocity of approximately V_flat/3. At rotation velocities approaching V_flat, the luminous component nearly vanishes, with the majority of the matter being nonluminous. The nonluminous component is expected to strongly dominate in all tested galaxies, with a fraction (0.757 ≤ f_NLM ≤ 0.990, σ_(f_NLM )= 0.0137).Moreover, consistent with the Radial Acceleration Relation (RAR), the correlations between the estimated total masses of the luminous and nonluminous components, and between the luminous component and the total dynamical mass, are very strong (r = 0.947 and 0.954, respectively). Additionally, in agreement with the Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation (BTFR), the correlation between the total luminous mass and V_flat is also substantial (r = 0.626).These results suggest that key features typically attributed to exotic dark matter particles in galactic halos can be accounted for by simple relativistic considerations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Atom or a Nucleus?

Authors: Brian Fraser
Comments: 8 Pages.

This article traces the origin of the nuclear model of the atom back to its roots in the experiments of physicist Rutherford circa 1911. His clever experiments indicated that most of the mass of the atom was concentrated in an extremely dense "kernel" that would be about 10-4 Angstroms in diameter. But prior soap film experiments and ordinary volume measurements (ml/mole) of say, metallic gold, when combined with Avogadro’s number indicated that atoms were associated with an "emptiness" that was on the order of one to five Angstroms in diameter or about 10,000 times the diameter of Rutherford’s kernel. How was this emptiness to be conceptualized? Was it part of the atom, or part of the material aggregate (gold foil in this case)? This paper argues that the thing that has all the mass of the atom, and which accounts for all the properties of the atom, including the atomic number, is simply the atom itself. It is not some sort of "nucleus" of something. Additionally, remarks are offered about the social and educational insights provided by this view.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Effects of the Great Depression and War on the Rise in Global Average Temperatures

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper analyzes the effects of the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and ended in 1939, and the impact of the two world wars on global average temperature rise. The paper concludes that the war has accelerated the rise in global average temperatures. The more serious problem of war is that it makes it impossible for mankind to think calmly about the path of green and peaceful development, so mankind should strive to eliminate war.
Category: Climate Research

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part 6: Hierarchical Cosmological Model

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 48 Pages.

This article is the sixth part of a scientific project under the general title "Geometrized vacuum physics based on the Algebra of signature" [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. This article proposes a hierarchical cosmological model, which is developed based on the solution of the extended Einstein vacuum equation with an infinite number of lambda terms. The solution of a simplified vacuum equation with ten lambda terms is considered in more detail. As a result, a metric-dynamic model of a discrete hierarchical sequence of stable spherical vacuum formations ("corpuscles"), which are nested into each other like nesting dolls, was obtained. From this hierarchical sequence, the level of elementary par-ticles is isolated and examined in more detail. The use of methods and mathematical apparatus of Riemann differential geometry and the Algebra of signature allows us to obtain metric-dynamic models of all elements of the Standard Model of elementary particles: "quarks", "leptons", "nucleons", "mesons", "photons", "gluons" ", as well as the "at-om" of hydrogen and the "atom" of helium. It has been suggested that metric-dynamic models of stable vacuum for-mations ("corpuscles") of the "stellar-planetary" "galactic" and "universal" levels can be constructed in a similar way. The connection between the extended general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics is shown. At the end of the article, the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed hierarchical cosmological model are considered and the metaphysical prerequisites for resolving the problems that have arisen are outlined.
Category: Classical Physics

Quantum Erasure Experiment is not a Miracle

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 32 Pages.

This paper rejects the common notion that "erasing path information causes interference fringes to reappear". This paper argues that it is a misnomer to call this experiment a quantum "erasure". Instead of "erasing", the diagonal polarizers actually filter the photons, and it is this filtering that causes the interference fringes to reappear. Further, there is no need to introduce anticausality to explain the delayed-choice experiment. The wavefunction of a photon does not collapse after it comes out of the double slit until it reaches the position of the screen. It is meaningless to ask which slit the photon came through. Therefore, instead of calling this experiment a "quantum erasure experiment", it would be more appropriate to call it a "quantum screening experiment", and it is this means of screening that restores coherence.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Set of Formulas for Prime Numbers

Authors: Rédoane Daoudi
Comments: 7 Pages.

Here I present several formulas and conjectures on prime numbers. I’m interested in studying prime numbers, Euler’s totient function and sum of the divisors of natural numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Addressing Ten Fingers (2)

Authors: Manaka Shunyuu
Comments: 30 Pages.

We try to express "50 ON" using the body parts namely finger, arm, tongue, eyelid, mouth, face, neck and eyeball for address specification. We call the way body sign. Because both body sign and artificial voice which is generated from the algorithm of body sign have perfect compatibility on voice of a person who has normal vocal function, they can be applied to stuttering treatment.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Room Temperature Weyl Fermionic Transport in Tubulin Microtubules or Biomimetic Materials?

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 12 Pages.

Research should be focused on the possibility that dissipation-less room temperature Weyl fermion transport in tubulin microtubules is responsible for the ability of living creatures to storage and process the known huge amount of information. The importance of ordered chiral water chains confined in tubules in emphasized. An array of opposed chiral Fibonacci carbon nanotubules as housing for Weyl fermions could be the template for modern decoherence protected quantum computers effectively working at room temperature.
Category: Condensed Matter

Reevaluating Cosmic Speed Limits in Non-True Vacuums

Authors: Albert Saenz Coromina
Comments: 22 Pages.

The term "speed of light" is often inaccurately used in two fundamental ways:1.Incomplete Label: The correct term is "speed of light in a vacuum." Light travels slower in mediums such as air, water, and glass, leading to phenomena like Cerenkov radiation [1].2.Historical Misnomer: "Speed of light in a vacuum" is historically rooted. A more accurate term is "cosmic speed limit for massless particles", reflecting Einstein’s insights into its fundamental nature [2] [3].The Variability of the Speed Limit (VSL) hypothesis challenges the established notion of the speed of light as a constant, proposing that this fundamental limit may vary under specific cosmic and quantum conditions [4] [5] [20]. This article synthesizes theoretical frameworks, observational data from cosmology, and experimental insights from astrophysics and particle physics to explore the implications and potential variability of the speed of light [5] [6] [20]. This empirical exploration offers a new perspective on dark matter and dark energy, suggesting that changes in the speed of light under different conditions could provide a more unified and comprehensive understanding of these enigmatic components of the universe [7] [8] [20]. This article delves into the VSL hypothesis, emphasizing its potential for experimental validation and its ability to address outstanding puzzles in cosmology and physics. The focus on testability and falsifiability necessitates collaboration with leading research facilities. This exploration aims to determine the true nature of the speed of light: a universal constant or a locally variable limit.
Category: Astrophysics

A Direct Proof that Goldbach's Conjecture is True

Authors: Timothy Jones
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce a Goldbach table. It consists of two rows. A bottom row counts from zero to a given n and the top counts from the right from n to 2n. The columns generated give all the whole numbers that add to 2n. We confirm that using a sieve, we do always seem to get top and bottom primes that show Goldbach's conjecture is true for the particular 2n depicted by this table. Next we cumulatively depict these tables and we see some interesting patterns. We can infer that all prime pairs will occur in one of these tables. We also see diagonal prime lines that seem to start and stop in symmetrical ways. These patterns suggest that for any even number we can choose a column and then find a prime pair.
Category: Number Theory

The Nature of the Coriolis Force and the Flyby Anomaly

Authors: Solomon Khmelnik
Comments: 6 Pages.

The existing understanding of the nature of the Coriolis force and centrifugal force raises many puzzling questions. The article proves that these forces can be justified as consequence of the equations Maxwell for gravitomagnetism. It is further shown that the flyby anomaly is a consequence of the influence of Coriolis forces and a method for calculating this influence is indicated.
Category: Astrophysics