All Submission Categories

Deep-Learning-Based Inverse Design of a Plasmonic Nanohole Array Metasurface for On-demand Near Field Manipulation

Authors: Jaehak Lee
Comments: 17 Pages.

Various macroscopic optical properties that are not observable in conventional homogeneous media may be realized in an optical metasurface by adjusting its sub-wavelength nanostructure. However, this requires precise and effective designing of structures. Therefore, systematic design methodologies for nanophotonic structures have garnered significant interest over the recent years. In this paper, we propose a deep-learning-based fast and efficient inverse design method for nanophotonic metasurface structures. A 10 × 10 plasmonic nanohole array structure perforated on an aluminum film was used to control both the amplitude and phase of the transmitted light with a high contrast using a small number of structural variables. To identify the structure that induces a desired field distribution, we constructed deep neural network (DNN) models that interconnected the structural variables of the plasmonic nanohole array with those of the field distributions. The DNNs were trained using data obtained via finite-difference time domain simulations. Moreover, we evaluated the performance of the proposed inverse design method for several targets, e.g., a rectangular grid with randomly determined intensities on different cells. The results confirmed an average cosine similarity of 0.86 for a field distribution at a focal length of 2,000 nm on a 4 × 4 grid with randomly determined intensities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Quantum Eraser Experiment

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 32 Pages. In Chinese

This paper rejects the common notion that "erasing path information causes interference fringes to reappear". This paper argues that it is a misnomer to call this experiment a quantum "erasure". Instead of "erasing", the diagonal polarizers actually filter the photons, and it is this filtering that causes the interference fringes to reappear. Further, there is no need to introduce anticausality to explain the delayed selection experiment. The wavefunction of a photon does not collapse after it comes out of the double slit until it reaches the position of the screen. It is meaningless to ask which slit the photon came through. Therefore, instead of calling this experiment a "quantum erasure experiment", it would be more appropriate to call it a "quantum screening experiment", and it is this means of screening that restores coherence.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Comprehensive Framework for Solving the Yang-Mills Existence and Mass Gap Problem

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper presents a groundbreaking framework aimed at solving the Yang-Mills existence and mass gap problem. By integrating advanced techniques from functional analysis, gauge theory, geometric analysis, non-commutative geometry, and quantum field theory, I propose a novel and rigorous approach. This framework meticulously constructs the Hamiltonian, applies concentration-compactness principles, and leverages topological and geometric insights to establish the existence of a mass gap. Concrete examples and applications underscore the robustness of this methodology. Furthermore, verification of the field strength tensor and the Yang-Mills action using symbolic computation demonstrates the validity of the theoretical constructs. The verification script is available at https://github.com/mmtmn/yang-mills-novel-framework.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

1@0 Timespace Resolving Infinitesimal Calculus Chimeras

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 49 Pages.

Here Temporal Mechanics and its associated zero-dimensional number theory ask if there is a root cause to all the issues in contemporary physics, whether mathematical, philosophical, a combination, or something else, issues regarded here as chimeras. Some of these chimeras are proposed to include dark energy, dark matter, quantum gravity, wormholes, to name a few. Specifically, here shall be examined the current basis of physics’ own number theory utilities that result in these chimeras, and why physics has been unable to link flat and curved spacetime, namely why physics has failed to reconcile QFT with GR, and what the implications are for physics by its proposed phenomenal promises of those theories. A number theory solution to these chimeras and associated number theory processes is derived as 1@0 timespace describing a universal frame of reference upholding the known limit of c and its features of relativity, thence describing a new model for quantum mechanics and gravity in the same number theory context, both compatible with all known findings of EM and gravity in physics research.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Wave and Particle from Dualism to Unity (English Version)

Authors: Solomon Khmelnik
Comments: 20 Pages.

Examples are given when a macroscopic object manifests itself both as a wave and as a tangible object. It is proven that elementary particles are both waves and particles at the same time, and not alternately. This proof is obtained as new solutions to Maxwell's equations. The proof is not comprehensive - only cubic, spherical and disk particles are considered. This publication is a review and addition to already published articles and books.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Arc Length of an Ellipse

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 4 Pages.

Elliptic integral is an integral equation that appears in the process of calculating the length of an ellipse. It does not provide an exact solution, and the approximation equation for the solution is complicated. The arc length of an ellipse is given as l=aθE(k). And the entire arc length of an ellipse is l=2aπE(k).
Category: Algebra

The Rotational Speed of Galaxies

Authors: Piscedda Giampaolo
Comments: 1 Page.

It has been observed that the rotational velocity of Galaxies does not depend on r, but remains constant as r varies; this has led to the hypothesis of the existence of dark matter. In this Theory we show that we can explain the constancy of this velocity with the use of quantum mechanical principles. This does not rule out the existence of dark matter and dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

SunQM-7s1: Space Formation/Transformation, Relativity, and the Possible Origin of the Lightspeed and Its Constancy (Viewed From the {N,n} QM)

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 25 Pages.

The newly established {N,n} QM includes the Bohr-QM based part (see in SunQM-1 series, SunQM-2, SunQM-5 series, and SunQM-7), the Schrodinger-equation based part (see in SunQM-3 series and SunQM-4 series), and the {N,n} quantum field part (see in SunQM-6 series). In the SunQM-7 series, I am going to study the relativity under the {N,n} QM. In the current article, first, I used Schrodinger equation/solution (i.e., the wave function) as a tool to study how the space is formed from x-1D to the flat xy-2D, the point-centered rφ-2D, the flat xyz-3D, the point-centered rθφ-3D, and then the point-centered r’rθφ-4D. The orthogonality of the dimensions was discussed. Many examples of the dimension transformation (that were encountered during the {N,n} development, e.g., "opened-space" versus "closed-space", "straight-space" versus "curved-space", larger size 3D space may allow the higher dimension 4D to be effective, etc.) were discussed. Second, based on the Newtonian mechanics (that in the Earth’s orbit that around the Sun, all mass entities (e.g., a H-atom, a space dust, etc.) have the same constant orbital speed as that of the Earth), and also based on that our 3D universe may be a spherical 3D space on the surface of a 4D ball something, I explained the origin of the lightspeed as that "it is the orbital speed in a r’rθφ-4D space". It also automatically explained the origin of the constancy of the lightspeed. These origin explanations may in turn support the correctness of the two axioms in the modern physics: "the lightspeed is the maximum (effective) speed in our universe", and "the speed of light is constant in our universe". Third, I further hypothesized that a group of (large number) random direction/phase "4D thermal oscillators" forms a massed particle that localized in our 3D universe, and a group of (small number) unified direction/phase "4D thermal oscillators" forms a massless photon that un-localized in our 3D universe. This model made me able to further explain several other properties in the general relativity and the special relativity (see in SunQM-7s2). Fourth, because I believed that (in 3D space) a black hole not only stops the light but also stops the gravitational force to escape from its surface, I hypothesized that a black hole may indirectly exert its gravitational force in 3D space (by projecting of its 4D space G-force through the 4th dimension back into the 3D space).
Category: Quantum Physics

On Diophantine Equation Ax^4 + By^4 + Cz^4 + Dw^4 + Eu^4 = 0

Authors: Seiji Tomita
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, we prove that there are infinitely many integer solutions of ax^4 + by^4 + cz^4 + dw^4 + eu^4 = 0 where a+b+c+d+e=0.
Category: Number Theory

The Persistent Axis of Evil Anomaly Has to be Resolved in the CMB Rest-Frame

Authors: Roland Pabisch
Comments: 6 Pages.

The anomalous alignment between the CMB quadrupole and octopole, that they are jointly perpendicular to the ecliptic plane, and also aligned with the direction of the solar dipole near to the equinoxes are up to now unsolved conundrums. The preferred axis in the cosmic radiation anisotropy and the alignments were dubbed "axis of evil" (Land & Magueijo, 2005), and are the most prominent of the CMB anomalies. It is standard that the 1st order term of the dipole formula essentially represents a motion induced Doppler temperature pattern against the isotropic Planckian radiation field. We argue that the Doppler term is entirely a function of the peculiar velocity of the Planck space telescope in the CMB rest-frame (CMB-space).In two recent publications of us we have found solutions to the flyby anomalies and to the residual annual and diurnal P 10 signal variations on top of the resolved P 10 acceleration anomaly, using the peculiar velocity of Earth and the peculiar velocities of the involved space probes in the CMB-space. That two independent solutions are corroborating our assertion that the quadrupolar and octopolar terms, following from the 2nd order term in β = v/c expanding of the dipole formula, are not "relativistic corrections to the solar dipole, producing second order anisotropies at multipoles l ≥ 1, with amplitudes proportional to β^l, and more importantly couple the two dipole components" (Planck Collaboration, 2015).Instead, the 2nd order term of the dipole formula, the inverse γ - factor, represents solely the annual eigen-frequency oscillations of the Planck HFI, proportional to the annual eigen-time variations in the fundamental CMB-space, as a function of the peculiar velocity of the Planck space telescope, leading to a solution of the only seemingly anomalous alignments.
Category: Astrophysics

Intermediate and Supermassive Black Holes

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 8 Pages.

There are stellar-mass black holes (SBHs), andthere are supermassive (SMBHs). Little theory hasdeveloped to explain if or how intermediate-massblack holes (IMBHs) may be clearly distinct fromeither type. How then do IMBHs exist? RecentHubble and JWST data on Omega Centauri pointtoward a better theory of formation. A surprisinginsight into the 4D multiverse also emerges.
Category: Astrophysics

Open Limitations of Quantum Gravity: a Brief Overview

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 6 Pages.

Despite years of sustained research on multiple avenues, unification of Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and General Relativity (GR) appears to be heading towards a dead end. There are by now dozens of review articles, podcasts, blog entries, conference proceedings and books explaining the challenges of unification and debating the status of this presumptive failure. Yet no consensus exists on what the next steps ought to be and on whether the whole unification effort is to be abandoned. The (modest) goal of this short review is to go over the main conceptual limitations of Quantum Gravity (QG) programs. This tutorial reflects a personal viewpoint, likely to stand at odds with the wide spectrum of opinions of those working in this field.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Spherical Electrons and the Wheeler-Feynman Time-Symmetric Theory

Authors: James Conor O'Brien
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper is a follow up to previous work A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Potential [1][2][3][4] where I modelled fermions as longitudinal electromagnetic scalar potential waves travelling in accompanied by perfectly spherical charged and fermions in labelling this as the W.F.E.M.F.V.P.T.S.T. model. In this present paper I’m going to suggest these perfectly spherical fermions provide a definitive test for the W.F.E.M.F.V.P.T.S.T. model because aspherical electrons would violate a fundamental condition concerning the conservation of phase and energy for the W.F.E.M.F.V.P.T.S.T. model thus breaking that model.
Category: Quantum Physics

JWST Discoveries and Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Paradigm Shift in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 21 Pages.

Twenty-six years ago, a small committee report built upon earlier studies to articulate a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy. This vision called for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least four meters. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people brought this vision to life as the 6.5-meter James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The telescope is working perfectly, delivering much better image quality than expected [1].JWST is one hundred times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope and has already captured spectacular images of the distant universe. A view of a tiny part of the sky reveals many well-formed spiral galaxies, some over thirteen billion light-years away. These observations challenge the standard Big Bang Model (BBM), which posits that early galaxies should be small and lack well-formed spiral structures. JWST's findings are prompting scientists to reconsider the BBM in its current form. Throughout the history of science, technological advancements have led to new results that challenge established theories, sometimes necessitating their modification or even abandonment. This happened with the geocentric model four centuries ago, and the BBM may face a similar reevaluation as JWST provides more images of the distant universe.In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of Variable Gravitational Constant, later incorporating the concept of Continuous Creation of Matter in the universe. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) builds on these ideas, introducing a distinct mechanism for matter creation. WUM is proposed as an alternative to the prevailing BBM. Its main advantage is the elimination of the "Initial Singularity" and "Inflation," offering explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. WUM is presented as a natural extension of Classical Physics with the potential to catalyze a paradigm shift in both Cosmology and Classical Physics. Considering JWST's discoveries, WUM's successes, and 87 years of Dirac’s proposals, it is high time to initiate a paradigm shift in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics.The present paper is a continuation of the published article "JWST Discoveries—Confirmation of World-Universe Model Predictions" [2] and a summary of the paper "Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Digest of Presentations John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society" [3]. Many results obtained there are quoted in the current work without full justification; interested readers are encouraged to view the referenced papers for detailed explanations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Wave and Particle — from Dualism to Unity

Authors: Solomon Khmilnik
Comments: 21 Pages. In Russian

Examples are given when a macroscopic object manifests itself both as a wave and as a tangible object. It is proved that elementary particles are both waves and particles at the same time, and not alternately. This proof is obtained as new solutions to Maxwell's equations. The proof is not comprehensive - only cubic, spherical and disk particles are considered. This publication is a review and addition to already published articles.

Приводятся примеры, когда макроскопический объект проявляет себя и как волна, и как осязаемый объект. Доказывается, что элементарные частицы являются и волнами, и частицами одновременно, а не попеременно. Это доказательство получено, как новые решения уравнений Максвелла. Доказательство не является всеобъемлющим - рассматривается только кубическая, сферическая и дисковая частицы. Данная публикация — это обзор и дополнение уже опубликованных статей.
Category: Quantum Physics

On-Shel Electromagnetism Asa Step Towards QM Classification

Authors: Gilad Laredo
Comments: 17 Pages.

This study extends the classical theory of electromagnetism to include quantum phenomena, thus creating a bridge between classical EM theory and quantum mechanics. This bridge is facilitated through a mathematical structure that covers both Maxwell equations, Dirac equation and the Proca equation. One outcome of this study is a new Lagrangian that maintains the same fermionic field dynamics generated by the QED Lagrangian while being more compact and symmetric. Additionally, this work introduces a ‘fermionic’ stress-energy tensor that can be integrated into Einstein’s field equations as source of spacetime curvature, demonstrating compatibility with general relativity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Another Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Robert T. Longo
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, I postulate a different way to think of quantum interpretation. The concept was first conceived by Freeman Dyson, {https:www.dumtp.com ac.uk/user/long/em/dyson.pdf. } when he described the electric and magnetic fields defined by Maxwell's theory as abstract quantities that exist as a two-layer system. He then suggested that all fields behave the same. Since the quantum wave function is a probability amplitude field, it is also an abstract field that becomes real and measurable when combined with other fields, such as its complex conjugate. This paper follows Dyson's lead and finds a way to bring Einstein and Bohr debate closer together.
Category: Quantum Physics

An Original Method to Find Probable Prime Numbers

Authors: David Hill, Silvio Gabbianelli
Comments: 36 Pages. Distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 License

This paper presents an original method devised by David Hill for identifying probable prime numbers through a series of systematic steps involving division and rounding. The method begins with selecting any natural number, repeatedly dividing it by 2 until the result ends in a decimal of .5. Based on the parity of the original number, the resulting decimal is then rounded to the nearest even or odd number. This rounded number is either added to or subtracted from the original input number, often resulting in a prime number. While the method does not guarantee a prime in every case, it demonstrates a high success rate, particularly within the range of 2 to 100. An exception is made for generating the prime number 2 from the input number 1. To validate this method, two Python programs were utilized. One program tested integer numbers within a given range one by one, and the other produced a list of probable prime numbers found. Analysis of the results revealed that the method consistently found a higher number of primes than initially estimated. For example, starting in the range of 2 to 100 integers, the method found 34 primes compared to the estimated 25. This pattern held true across larger ranges, with the method finding up to 46.06% more primes out of the estimated in the range of 2 to 10,000,000.Additionally, the method identified the greatest prime numbers that extended significantly beyond the initial range limits. The trend line for the percentage increase in found primes suggested that the method becomes increasingly effective at identifying additional primes as the range expands. These findings suggest that the method has the potential to uncover a greater number of prime numbers than traditional estimation methods predict, providing a new approach to prime number discovery. This could indicate a deeper connection between composite numbers and primes through systematic division and balancing of odds and evens. Further research is needed to determine the method's effectiveness across larger and more varied ranges, but the initial results are promising.[Note: Silvio Gabbianelli created Python programs to test the method. This paper, written by him for me to present. The tests, conducted up to 10,000,000, yielded promising results.]
Category: Number Theory

Relativity's Tenuous Tenability

Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 22 Pages, 0 Diagrams

Relativity is believed by most to be a seminal moment in scientific achievement. It continues to form the basis of our entire cosmology, including the big bang. Even so, many of its declarations are manifestly contradictory and metaphysical. Its lingering discrepancies, inconsistencies, and seemingly unresolvable conflicts elicit a myriad of questions that have up to the present been more ignored and rationalized by conditioned beliefs than soberly confronted and rationally explained through rigorous objective logic. For the dissenting, this casts further doubt on its veracity and arouses even more skepticism while faith-based adherents remain dismissive, complacent, and preemptively unswayable. Bridging the growing divide and arriving at a workable consensus does not appear possible any time soon. With relativity permeating popular culture and firmly entrenched in academia's pervasive obligatory groupthink, uncompromising independent investigation that maturely and realistically explores the tenability of its many conspicuous incongruities seems the only practical way forward for those seriously pursuing reality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy Based Model of Human Psyche. Part 1. The Concept of the Un Scooped and Scooping Segment of Human Activity

Authors: Pavel E. Grigoriev
Comments: 28 Pages. In Russian

The research programme ‘Energy-based model of human psyche’ (both in English and Russian) and the philosophical treatise ‘The concept of the unscooped and scooping segment of human activity’ (only in Russian), which is beginning to elaborate on the programme, are presented. In an allusive and esoteric manner, the new model of human psyche and personality is presented, which is formed in the process of human activity and interaction with his spiritual essence. The development of the personality is guided by formal laws of teleological nature. New interdisciplinary categories are gradually introduced: ‘ubiquitous shared-meaning time’, ‘Possessor of Essence’ and etc., the concepts of will, activity, personality, individuality, etc. are reinterpreted.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Directional Stock Price Forecasting Based on Quantitative Value Investing Principles for Loss Averted Bogle-Head Investing using Various Machine Learning Algorithms

Authors: Agnij Moitra
Comments: 14 Pages. Preprint submitted to Economics Letters (Elsevier)

Boglehead investing, founded on the principles of John C. Bogle is one of the classic time tested long term, low cost, and passive investment strategy. This paper uses various machine learning methods, and fundamental stock data in order to predict whether or not a stock would incur negative returns next year, and suggests a loss averted bogle-head strategy to invest in all stocks which are expected to not give negative returns over the next year. Results reveal that XGBoost, out of the 44 models trained, has the highest classification metrics for this task. Furthermore, this paper shall use various machine learning methods for exploratory data analysis, and SHAP values reveal that Net Income Margin, ROA, Gross Profit Margin and EBIT are some of the most important factors for this. Also, based on the SHAP values it is interesting to note that the current year has negligible contribution to the final prediction. Investors can use this as a heuristic guide for loss averted long term (1-year) stock portfolios.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Anisotropy of Light Speed Due to Earth's Own Rotation, Refutation of Null Results by Optical Resonator Experiments

Authors: Florian Michael Schmitt
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Sagnac effect can be interpreted as evidence of anisotropy in light speed as a first-order effect (proportional to the ratio of v to c) at the scale of Earth's rotation, but not at higher velocities such as Earth's orbital speed or its speed relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Logically, one would expect that Michelson interferometer-type experiments, which investigate second-order effects (proportional to the ratio of v^2 to c^2), would yield analogous results across different speeds, albeit on a much smaller scale due to squaring. That is, null results would be expected at the CMB and orbital speeds, while a non-null result would emerge at the scale of Earth's rotation. Specifically, interferometer experiments using optical resonators should possess sufficient resolution to verify this. This paper demonstrates that, contrary to expectations, none of the existing experiments account for Earth's rotation, as the data analysis systematically factors it out. A non-null result in first-order experiments, which involve non-inertial reference frames, can be explained by General Relativity. However, second-order experiments are conducted in inertial reference frames, where Special Relativity fails to explain a non-null result. Thus, detecting a second-order effect due to Earth's rotation could provide insights into new physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Beyond Archimedes: A Pythagorean Theorem Solution to Pi as Lone Unknown Triangle Side

Authors: G. Freeman
Comments: 18 Pages.

We explore the practical application of isoperimetric inequality (L² ≥ 4πA) to classical methods of circle measurement. Exampling Archimedes' n-gon approach, we compare it to a real-world kinematic scenario of a unit diameter circle rolling on a flat plane surface. Using annular geometry, we demonstrate that π can be derived algebraically by solving for the linear distance its centre travels per full revolution. Unlike exhaustive methods involving non-circular figures, our annular approach begins with isoperimetric equality by deriving a right triangle (with π its lone unknown side) & applying the Pythagorean theorem to it. This algebraic approach to π reveals unexpected yet significant connections between it and the golden ratio. We further explore more assumptions underlying 3.14159... discovering its embedment in an unbounded plane to be catastrophic & remedy with a bounded one. Finally, we close with a fresh new perspective on the notoriously unsolved Riemann Hypothesis problem. Our result suggests both a need for physical experimentation, as well as a need to re-evaluate the general reliability of non-circular methods in rigorously bounding and/or converging on the circle constant π.
Category: Geometry

A Simple Macroscopic Model of Ice Sheet Dissolution

Authors: Zhi Cheng, Jun Luo
Comments: 43 Pages. Considering that the impact of rising sea levels on China is huge, a Chinese version is also provided in this article for Chinese readers to read.

This paper explores the impact of rising global temperature on the melting of ice floes and ice sheets in the Arctic Ocean, Greenland and Antarctic. This paper notes that the current understanding of the impact of climate change on Arctic, Greenland and Antarctic ice floes and ice sheets may be significantly underestimated. First, this paper analyzes the relationship between global temperature change and Global Mean Sea Level (GMSL) rise after the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The current rate of global temperature rise is now 10 times faster than after the end of the LGM. This also means that the current rate of GMSL rise will also be likely to be 10 times faster than the rate of GMSL rise at that time. In order to better and accurately analyze the relationship between global temperature rise and GMSL rise, a simple macro model of ice sheet dissolution is established. In this model, we believe that the main cause of the dissolution of the ice sheet is the convective heat transfer from the air. Due to the presence of huge glacial lakes in Greenland and Antarctica, most of the meltwater from the ice sheet is temporarily stored in these glacial lakes. If global temperatures continue to rise, these glacial lakes could cause dam failures and cause catastrophe. We used this model to estimate the rate of dissolution of ice floe in the Arctic Ocean, and the estimates were in good agreement with the actual observations. We then used this model to estimate the rate of dissolution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. Estimates suggest that the risk of significant GMSL rise and dam failure of glacial lakes is very high in the coming decades.
Category: Climate Research

Calculation of the Wavelengths of the Balmer Series in the Hydrogen Atom Based on the Quantized Space and Time Theory of Elementary Particles

Authors: Hamid Reza Karimi
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, by using the quantized space and time and elementary particle theory the all wavelengths of the different spectrum of aroused hydrogen atom he's been calculated. the main reason of disability in comprehensive analysis of aroused atoms radiation is the low understanding of kinetic energy paradox. in such a way that the maximum level of the energy of charged particles by the speed of 299792407.5m/s is exist in the x and y axis, but in the z axis the energy level does not exist and only appears in the transition procedure to the other energy level by radiation of a photon.
Category: Quantum Physics

Regular Metric Tensor for Relativistic Gravitational Field

Authors: Sergio de Azevedo Melo
Comments: 18 Pages. In Portuguese

The metric tensor defines the geometry of spacetime in General Relativity. Although it satisfies the field equations, the tensor obtained by Application of the Newtonian limit to the vacuum Schwarzschild solution presents discontinuity in the mapping of the metric by the gravitational field, resulting in undefined points.Considering the superimposition of the kinematic effect on the gravitational field in the Lorentz factor and a transformed Lagrangian function is presented in the study of total energy.The function caters for relativistic speeds in energy expressions and avoids low speed limitation. Extrapolation of the weak field condition is addressed by mapping the rest energy.A regular metric tensor in spacetime is obtained for the condition of a stationary universe, and it is pointed out how it differs from the Schwarzschild resolution and the resulting metric by Newtonian approximation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Feature Extraction by Linear Embedding for One-Class Classification

Authors: Jong-Phil Sim, Song-Chun Pang, Son-Myong Hwang
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper, we mainly propose feature extraction algorithm by linear embedding from the outside new data. The formulation of this algorithm aims at minimizing pairwise distances of feature points. To enhance the performance of nonlinear feature learning, we also incorporate the neighborhood reconstruction error to preserve local topology structures. To enhance our algorithm to extract local features from the outside new data, we also add a feature approximation error that correlates features with embedded features by the jointly learnt feature extractor. Thus, the learnt linear extractor can extract the local features from the new data efficiently by direct embedding. To optimize the proposed objective function, we use Eigen-decomposition. Extensive simulation results verify the effectiveness of our algorithm, compared with other related feature learning techniques.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Sliding Discrete Fourier Transform of Windowed Samples

Authors: Jon Un Song, Kwon Ryong Il
Comments: 8 Pages.

In general the sliding discrete Fourier transform (SDFT) for analyzing the frequency characteristics of shift data is not applied to the windowed shift data and so in this case a lot of calculations are needed. But in practical applications calculating the spectrum of the windowed shift data efficiently is needed.This paper proposes a SDFT of the windowed shift data using the window functions. Window functions have the symmetric property. Using this symmetric property, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the windowed shift data can be calculated by recursive algorithm.And this paper verifies its correctness and analyzes the number of calculations through the simulation using MATLAB. Several window functions, i.e. Bartlett, hanning, hamming, Blackman window functions are used to prove the proposed algorithm. These algorithms can be efficiently used in the analysis of frequency characteristics of the shift data and implemented using dsPIC, ARM and FPGA.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Foucault Pendulum and LHC on the Rotating Earth

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Lagrange theory of particle motion in thenoninertial systems is applied to the Foucaultpendulum, isosceles triangle pendulum and the generaltriangle pendulum swinging on the rotating Earth.As an analogue, planet orbiting in the rotatinggalaxy is considered as the the giant galactic gyroscope.The Lorentz equation and the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdiequations are generalized for the rotation system.The knowledge of these equations is inevitable for the constructionof LHC where each orbital proton "feels" the Coriolis force caused by therotation of the Earth.
Category: Classical Physics

On Degrees of Carry and Scholz's Conjecture

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 10 Pages.

Exploiting the notion of carries, we obtain improved upper bounds for the length of the shortest addition chains $iota(2^n-1)$ producing $2^n-1$. Most notably, we show that if $2^n-1$ has carries of degree at most $$kappa(2^n-1)=frac{1}{2}(iota(n)-lfloor frac{log n}{log 2}floor+sum limits_{j=1}^{lfloor frac{log n}{log 2}floor}{frac{n}{2^j}})$$ then the inequality $$iota(2^n-1)leq n+1+sum limits_{j=1}^{lfloor frac{log n}{log 2}floor}bigg({frac{n}{2^j}}-xi(n,j)bigg)+iota(n)$$ holds for all $nin mathbb{N}$ with $ngeq 4$, where $iota(cdot)$ denotes the length of the shortest addition chain producing $cdot$, ${cdot}$ denotes the fractional part of $cdot$ and where $xi(n,1):={frac{n}{2}}$ with $xi(n,2)={frac{1}{2}lfloor frac{n}{2}floor}$ and so on
Category: Number Theory

[Attempted] Proof of Fermat's Conjecture in Just a Few Lines

Authors: Atsu Dekpe
Comments: 9 Pages.

We present in this paper a formula for decomposing a power of an integer into a product of consecutive integers and its properties. We also discuss properties of some specific vectors (polynomials). By using these concepts, we provide simple proofs for both of Fermat's theorems. Furthermore, the proof of the great Fermat theorem is accessible to all students who have studied the notion of vector space.
Category: Number Theory

The Problem P=NP (in French)

Authors: Thierry Delort
Comments: 20 Pages.

In this article, we are going to solve the problem P=NP for a particular kind of problems called basic problems of numerical determination. We are going to propose 3 fundamental Axioms permitting to solve the problem P=NP for basic problems of numerical determination, those Axioms can also be considered as pure logical assertions, intuitively evident and never contradicted, permitting to understand the solution of the problem P=NP for basic problems of numerical determination. We will see that those Axioms imply that the problem P=NP in undecidable for basic problems of numerical determination. Nonetheless we will see that it is possible to give a theoretical justification (which is not a classical proof) of the proposition "P≠NP". We will then study a 2nd problem, named "PN=DPN problem" analogous to the problem P=NP but which is fundamental in mathematics.

Dans cet article, nous allons résoudre le problème P=NP pour un cas particulier de problèmes appelés problèmes de détermination numérique basiques. Nous allons proposer 3 Axiomes fondamentaux permettant de résoudre le problème considéré pour les problèmes de détermination numérique basiques, ces Axiomes pouvant aussi être considérés comme des assertions de logique pure évidentes intuitivement et jamais contredites permettant de comprendre la solution du problème considéré. On verra que ces Axiomes entraînent l’indécidabilité du problème P=NP pour les problèmes de détermination numérique basiques. On montrera cependant qu’on peut donner une justification théorique (qui n’est pas une démonstration classique) de P≠NP. Nous étudierons ensuite un 2nd problème, appelé problème « PN=DPN », analogue au problème P=NP mais ayant une importance fondamentale en mathématique.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Invariant Polynomial

Authors: Ahcene Ait Saadi
Comments: 3 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required; also, please cite and list scientific references)

For centuries, mathematicians have been studying polynomials, especially the zeros of polynomials. the theory of Galois states that we cannot find a general formula for solving equations greater than 4. In this article I study the invariant polynomials of degrees 6,10 and 12. When we make a variable change to these polynomials, they become two-square. Which allows us to solve equations of higher degree.
Category: Number Theory

Bridging the Gap Between the Higgs Mechanism and Complex Dynamics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Standard Model of particle physics postulates that the (mass) ^ 2 term of the Higgs potential is negative. This choice is considered unnatural and leads to the tachyonic mass problem. It is known that the formulation of the Higgs mechanism relies on the standard Ginzburg-Landau equation describing equilibrium phase transitions. It is also known that the Complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE) is a universal model of complex dynamics outside equilibrium. This brief note suggests that the tachyonic mas problem goes away upon switching from the standard Ginzburg-Landau equation to the CGLE.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Intuitive Concepts for Atomic and Photon Spin Systems

Authors: Brian Fraser
Comments: 29 Pages.

This article is a revised follow-up to Beyond Einstein: non-local physics (6th ed.). It presents an alternative to the nuclear model of the atom. It proposes that all particles (photons, atoms, etc.) are composed of pure space and time relationships, specifically "intrinsic rotation" (spin) in a setting of non-locality. The concepts are simple, intuitively accessible, and implied by the Periodicity of the Periodic Table and various facts from modern physics. Only the bare concepts are presented here with no detailed development. There are no mystery particles, no bottomless explanations, and (apparently) no show stoppers. The Expansive Ether is reviewed in greater detail. Structural concepts for the 4 pi, 2 pi and photon spin systems are presented along with a speculative suggestion for the structure of charge. Some musings about unusual practical applications are presented. The history of physics implies that much of this information has already been published in unrecognizable forms and in obscure places.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Discussion of a Possible Approach for the Quantization of the Gravitational Field

Authors: Yandong Yang
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, the author begins by reviewing the fundamental contradictions between general relativity (GR) and quantum mechanics (QM) from the perspective of background manifolds, while highlighting a core principle that must be satisfied by both theories. The Schrdinger's cat thought experiment, Young's double-slit interference experiment, and the Einstein-Rosen-Podolsky (ERP) paradox are discussed in the context of this principle. The author proposes a unification of GR and QM within a mathematical framework by introducing the concepts of virtual potential fields and virtual mass. Based on this discussion, a model of black holes is presented, along with a potential explanation for the black hole information paradox, which may also offer insights into the mystery of antimatter. The paper further explores the possible applications of virtual particles in quantum field theory, including the treatment of divergent terms in the quantization of real scalar fields and the physical significance of the Pauli-Villars renormalization method, along with an estimate of the Lamb shift. Finally, the author suggests a promising approach for the quantization of the gravitational field.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Riemann Zeta Function and the Transcendent Lerch Function

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Elementary notions of quantum statistical mechanics provide a link between the Riemann Zeta function and the transcendent Lerch function.
Category: Quantum Physics

Babinet-Soleil Interferometers with Zero Walk-Off

Authors: Wei Liu
Comments: 6 Pages.

Babinet-Soleil compensators are routinely used in spectroscopy using Fourier TransformSpectroscopy principles to extract the spectral information of light sources. The Babinet-Soleilcompensator allows for precise control and adjustment of the phase difference between twopolarized light beams. It offers several advantages over other interferometer types such as excellentstability compactness and delay precision. However, the interference signal measured with thiscommon path interferometer is usually degraded by the presence of a displacement between thetwo polarization replicas at the output of the interferometer. This is due to a splitting between the twopolarization paths happening when the light passes through the air-gap of the wedge-shaped crystalsinside the Babinet-Soleil interferometer. This paper explores various modifications to the Babinet-Soleil scheme to mitigate birefringence-induced displacement effects between two interferingreplicas. The proposed schemes enhance the contrast of the interference signal, making itparticularly advantageous for high-precision metrology, optical coherence tomography, and otherinterferometric techniques requiring high visibility and stability.
Category: Classical Physics

Generalisation of Lim(x→0)u2061(x/sinu2061x)=1

Authors: Yudai Sakuma
Comments: 4 Pages.

It is known that most of the formulae that hold for ordinary trigonometric functions hold for generalised trigonometric functions. In this study, we succeeded in generalizing lim(x→0)u2061(x/sinu2061x)=1 . This makes it possible to discuss the generalised case in unsolved problems involving trigonometric functions, such as the generalisation of the Flint Hills series.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Derivation of Maxwell’s Mechanical Formula of Heat Capacity Ratio

Authors: Hejie Lin, Tsung-Wu Lin
Comments: 5 Pages.

The ratio of heat capacity is an absolute necessity for expressing physical properties in various fields including chemistry, physics, thermal dynamics, fluid dynamics, and acoustics. The ratio of heat capacity is defined as the heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp) divided by the heat capacity at constant volume (Cv). James Clerk Maxwell derived a formula for heat capacity ratio in terms of translational and rotational kinetic energies in his paper "On the Dynamical Theory of Gases" published in 1867. A similar derivation of the formula of heat capacity ratio is presented in this note.
Category: Classical Physics

Do the JWST Findings on Early Galaxies Disprove the Big Bang?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 10 Pages.

I argue that the JWST findings on early galaxies, along with other discrepancies such as Hubble’s constant tension, cast serious doubt on the validity of the Big Bang theory. The first JWST findings regarding early galaxies were observed only two years ago. These findings are not consistent with the Big Bang theory (BB), which posits that as we look back in time towards the Big Bang, early galaxies should appear small and underdeveloped because there hadn't been enough time for them to evolve. However, the JWST findings have shown the opposite. Early galaxies (approximately 400 million years after the Big Bang) appear fully developed, similar to galaxies like the Milky Way, which is estimated to be around 13.6 billion years old. Some scientists have questioned the validity of the Big Bang theory; however, many are hesitant to dismiss it based on these findings. They argue that our understanding of galaxy formation in the early universe requires refinement. As research continues and new early galaxies are observed, the initial finding that galaxies appear fully developed persists, regardless of the time elapsed since the Big Bang.I suggest here an alternative model of the universe, I designate the Pivot universe, that explains the JWST finding on early galaxies.
Category: Astrophysics

5-Dimensional Space-Time Mapping and Planck Quantum Gravity Theory

Authors: Xiao Lin Li
Comments: 11 Pages.

In 5-dimensional space-time, the Planck quantum gravity theory can be constructed based on standard quantum field theory methods. The 4-dimensional space-time observed by humans is a mapping of the 5-dimensional space-time. The mapping from 5-dimensional space-time to 4-dimensional space-time satisfies the path integration rule. By using the path integration method, the space-time mapping can be deduced and calculated, so as to transform the Planck quantum gravity theory of 5-dimensional space-time into Planck gravity theory in 4-dimensional space-time, and then calculate and explain the gravitational phenomena in 4-dimensional space-time, which is consistent with the experimental results in 4-dimensional space-time. Physically, the mapping from high-dimensional space-time to low-dimensional space-time requires the use of path integration rules, which is the spacetime mapping principle. The gravitational mass in 4-dimensional space-time comes from the space-time mapping, and the gravitational mass is just the inertial mass, and there is no independent gravitational mass. The physical meaning of mass in gravity is to denote a new type of probability density. In the 4-dimensional space-time, Planck quantum gravity theory has different calculation results from other gravitational theories in five aspects, and whether Planck quantum gravity theory is consistent with the real universe can be tested experimentally.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Additive Property of Generalized Core-ep Inverse in Banach *-Algebra

Authors: Huanyin Chen
Comments: 18 Pages.

We present new necessary and sufficient conditionsunder which the sum of two generalized core-EP invertible elements in a Banach *-algebra has generalized core-EP inverse. As an application, the generalized core-EP invertibility for the matrices with generalized core-EP invertible entriesis investigated.
Category: Algebra

Brain Scale Free Criticality and Renormalization Extended for Unification and Consciousness Theories

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 8 Pages. Final version Thank you.

Recent articles summarizing research noting the proclivity of renormalization techniques to solve brain self-organized criticality and deep learning could intimate that the challenges with the unification of Quantum Mechanics and Relativity, and with finding a formal solution for quantum decoherence or even consciousness, could be chimeras if the human observed nature of reality itself are renormalizations of an infinite fractal space-time that is intractable with current techniques.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Future Technology Launching Space Rocket Using Gravitational Shielding

Authors: Viktar Yatskevich
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper presents a novel technological advancement for Earth-to-Space rocket launches, utilizing gravity shielding implemented at the launch pad. The gravity shield, positioned at the base of the launch pad, mitigates the influence of Earth's gravitational forces on the rocket during its ascent phase. This innovation holds particular significance during the critical initial moments of launch when the rocket must overcome gravitational resistance to achieve liftoff. The proposed technology is grounded in the principles of gravitational physics, which elucidate the generation of gravitational fields and the dynamics of gravitational interactions among celestial bodies, incorporating established scientific insights into the fundamental structure of matter. By leveraging the physical theory of gravitation, this approach not only elucidates a plethora of experimental data and observational phenomena but also facilitates the reconciliation of gravitational theory with quantum mechanics, offering theoretical explanations for various gravitational anomalies across micro and macroscopic scales. These advancements bear profound practical and economic implications. The development of gravity shielding technology and its integration into missile systems represent a pioneering frontier in space exploration, promising to revolutionize sectors such as energy, transportation, and defense. Consequently, this trajectory offers unprecedented opportunities for commercial monopolization in high-tech markets, thereby shaping the future landscape of technological innovation and industrial competitiveness.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Significant Other and Quantum Mechanics: Personal Evidence for Simulation Theory

Authors: Adam Nora
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper explores the concept of simulation theory through the lens of quantum mechanics and the existence of a significant other. By examining personal experiences, such as the seemingly pre-calculated nature of affection, the recurring presence of the significant other in crucial moments, and the exceptional qualities of this individual, we present a hypothesis that these experiences might indicate a simulated reality. Additionally, the observer effect in quantum mechanics is discussed as a potential framework for understanding how these experiences could be engineered within a simulation.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The MM Experiment with Radio Frequencies gives Positive Results

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 8 Pages.

The conversion of the MM experiment (Michelson-Morley) to radio frequencies uncovers a historical construction error, which results in the null result. After its repair, the MM experiment works perfectly even with radio frequencies and achieves a positive and plausible measurement result in the simulation and in reality.
Category: Classical Physics

Collatz Conjecture Proof with "Branches" of Tree

Authors: SeongJoo Han
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Collatz's Conjecture is still unsolved as ancestors said thatit is impossible. However, we did ?nd the 'In?nite Beautiful Branches' in"Collatzs's Tree". And the Branches of tree shows us the way to prove"Collatz is right" like blue sky in autumn.
Category: Number Theory

On the L-Functions from Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture, and the Prime Numbers from Polignac's and Twin Prime Conjectures

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 64 Pages. LMFDB input on BSD conjecture, Riemann hypothesis, Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures

We analyze L-functions of elliptic curves (and apply Sign normalization) which support simplest version of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture to be true. Dirichlet eta function (proxy function for Riemann zeta function as generating function for all nontrivial zeros) and Sieve of Eratosthenes (generating algorithm for all prime numbers) are essentially infinite series. We apply infinitesimals to their outputs. Riemann hypothesis asserts the complete set of all nontrivial zeros from Riemann zeta function is located on its critical line. It is proven to be true when usefully regarded as an Incompletely Predictable Problem. The complete set with derived subsets of Odd Primes contain arbitrarily large number of elements and satisfy Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions, Generic Squeeze theorem and Theorem of Divergent-to-Convergent series conversion for Prime numbers. Having these theorems being satisfied, Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are separately proven to be true when usefully regarded as Incompletely Predictable Problems.
Category: Number Theory

Why Bell’s Theorem Is Inapplicable to a Quantum System

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 4 Pages.

A review of the famous Bell’s theorem leads us to conclude that it addresses one and only one specific issue: whether a body possesses a certain property or does not. The theorem certainly is not a statement about hidden parameters, non-locality or causality.
Category: Quantum Physics

Principles of the Sub-Econ Dynamics The Econ-Dynamics and the Standard Model (Ⅲ)

Authors: Yingrui Yang
Comments: 15 Pages.

The sub-economic dynamics studies the relationship between people's economic impulses and market behavior. Using Bourbaki structuralism as a philosophical consideration and quantum chromodynamics as a conceptual and modeling method, sub-economic dynamics theory is constructed. In this theory, we discuss the deep structure of the free market and analyze the errors in Mises' anthropological arguments. Sub-economic dynamics is the psychological basis of market dynamics. Guided by the preface, this paper is divided into six sections: (1) The Free Market and Impulse Flavor Charge, including topics such as the fate of the free market, the food chain and psychology, and the flavor charge of economic impulses; (2) The Nature of Economic Impulses, including topics such as the flavor and generation of impulses and counter-impulses, and the bound state of impulses and fractional market charges; (3) Freud's Flavor Charge Space and Spin, including topics such as the Pauli exclusion principle and flavor charge, and Freud's personality theory; (4) Consciousness and Gluons; (5) Gauge Transformations and SU(3) Symmetry Group; and (6) General Discussion.Keywords: free market; self-regard; others-regard; sub-economic impulse; flavor charge; quark; color charge; Freud; consciousness; gluon; gauge transformation; symmetry group
Category: Economics and Finance

What Does the Central Limit Theorem Have to Say About General Relativity?

Authors: Réjean Plamondon
Comments: 6 Pages. A chapter of the book: Quantum Theory and Symmetries

In this paper, we speculate on a possible connection between the Bayes’s law and the Einstein’s general relativity equation to support the use of a metric based on an erfc gravitational potential that has been recently proposed to provide some cues to open problems in the solar systems. Starting from a basic interdependence premise, an analogy between Einstein’s equation and Bayes’s law is used to analyze the linear case of a weak field static symmetric massive object, providing a probabilistic context that takes into account the probability of presence of a given energy density in its corresponding 4D curved space-time manifold. Using the Central Limit Theorem to model globally the very slow process of star formation and mathematically express the corresponding probability density, the new framework provides a rationale for the emergence of a weighted Newton’s law of gravitation. One key feature of this modified gravity model is that it relies on the existence of an intrinsic emergent physical constant (sigma), a star-specific proper length that scales all its surroundings.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Other Relationship Between Prime Numbers and the Zeta Function

Authors: Khazri Bouzidi Fethi
Comments: 2 Pages. In French (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

we will establish another relationship between the prime numbers and the classic zeta function of Riemman then we will prove that the sum of the inverses of the count function of the prime numbers is equal to a constant 1.48 for a well-chosen sequence of x.

on vas établir une autre relation entre les nombres premiers et la fonction zeta classique de Riemman ensuite on vas prouver que la somme des inverses de fonction de compte des nombres premiers est égal a la à une constante 1.48 pur une suite des x bien choisi.
Category: Number Theory

Navigating the Positron and Electron Mysteries

Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 12 Pages.

The positron is the acknowledged anti-particle of the electron. Electrons are plentiful, particularly in metal conductors, and can readily be generated by an electron gun or by the Photoelectric Effect. Positrons, on the other hand, are relatively rare in Nature, and high-energy processes are required to generate useful quantities. The mystery around positrons started with their discovery as a by-product of radioactive decay, and they were called positive beta particles. That label remained for 34 years until they were re-discovered in cosmic particles by Carl Anderson in 1932.Because pair-production, the main mechanism put forward for the creation of electrons and positrons, create them in equal numbers, why are electrons more plentiful and readily available? Why do electrons, defined as a structureless point-form monopole particle, have an electric charge of -1e and positrons a charge of exactly +1e? How do positrons relate (if at all) to ‘normal’ matter? With positive charge carriers required to fully explain semiconductor current generation, is it possible that positrons are mobile positive charge carriers rather than the static cations referred to as ‘positive holes’? These are some of the questions associated with the mystery that surrounds electrons and positrons as explored in this paper.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Determination of Solar Granule Temperature and Sunspot Basins by Quantum Gravity Theory

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted!)

Matter wave has been generalized on a planetary scale as a quantum gravity theory, and applied to solar science. It was found that celestial size is the consequence of interference of the generalized matter waves, the sunspot cycle 11 years represents the beat-period of the interference. By the quantum gravity theory, the mean density of convection zone is determined as 3.3e-3 kg/m3, the mean temperature of the granule layer is calculated out to be 8689K. The solar surface winds are investigated, the sunspot basins locate at 0°N ~ 30°N on the northern hemisphere, where the wind speeds almost equal to zero.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Calculation of Uranus' Size and Neptune's Size by Quantum Gravity Theory

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted!)

Matter wave has been generalized on a planetary scale as a quantum gravity theory, and applied to the solar system. This paper shows that Uranus' size and Neptune's size are the consequence of interference of the generalized matter waves. In this calculation, Uranus' radius is determined as 2.455042e+7 (m) with a relative error of 3.2%; Neptune's radius is determined as 2.315699e+7 (m) with a relative error of 5.95%. This calculation also correctly predicts the locations of rings for Uranus and Neptune.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Note on The Passage From (X, Y, Z) Coordinates to (varphi,lambda, he) Coordinates-v2-

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 8 Pages. In French. Some formulas are corrected.

In this note, we present another method of passing from geocentric coordinates (X,Y,Z) to geodetic coordinates (varphi,lambda,he) with respect to an ellipsoid of revolution with parameters (a, e) where a and e are the semi-major axis and the first eccentricity, respectively. Some formulas of the first version are corrected.
Category: Geophysics

A Fallacy in Estimating the Age of the Universe

Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 8 Pages.

The James Webb space telescope reveals much earlier and bigger galaxies than we expected, indicating inadequacies in our current understanding of the universe. This paper reviews the current practice in estimating the age of the universe and uncovers a problem: the luminosity distance is incorrectly related to the proper distance. This mistake causes the underestimation of the comoving distance, and thus of the expansion and the age of the universe. By linking the luminosity distance to the light travel distance, this paper provides a rectified formula for estimating the age of the universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Doppler Effect Approximation: the Source of Hubble Tension

Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 12 Pages.

The significant difference of the Hubble constant value estimated from the local distance ladder and from the cosmic microwave background radiation attracts substantial attention in the recent decade and has been dubbed as Hubble tension. Many researchers set out to find the source of Hubble tension, e.g. identifying the possible errors in distance estimation and exploring new theories or physical causes to fix the possible problems in the ΛCDM model. However, the tension is still unresolved. This paper examines the process of converting redshift to recessional velocity and reveals that the converting formula for local estimations is inappropriately approximated. By using the relativistic Doppler effect formula, the paper reduces the estimated Hubble constant from Cepheid method by 6%, agreeing with the estimates from the CMB method at about 1σ level. It is expected that the right formula can bring the estimates from the TRGB method to the same level of the CMB estimates, so the Hubble tension should disappear.
Category: Astrophysics

Elements of Geodesy in Mauritania and Introduction to GPS

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 28 Pages. In French

In this paper, we give in the part I some elements of geodesy and the geodetic systems used in Mauritania. The part II contains an introduction to GPS.
Category: Geophysics

Collatz’s Conjecture, Proposal, Solution and Analysis

Authors: Daniel Oliivares
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Collatz conjecture has baffled mathematicians for decades due to its apparent simplicity and the lack of a formal proof. In the next Paper we will address a possible solution to the conjecture by modifying it and the reasons for it and we will analyze determining factors for it. all conditions are met.
Category: General Mathematics

Snowball Effect Strategy for the Innovation of the Korean National Pension System

Authors: Hyun-Tak Kim
Comments: 3 Pages. 2 Figures

In the Korean National Assembly, people are passionately debating innovative strategies to reform the nation's defined benefit retirement pension system in light of the national pension fund’s anticipated depletion by 2055. Current proposals, such as raising pension contribution rates and income replacement rates, appear to be mere stopgap measures. We advocate for leveraging the fund through the snowball effect as a strategic solution to these challenges. This leverage could be achieved through exchange-traded funds with high return rates, although they come with high volatility. Additionally, the Korean people must adopt a defined contribution retirement pension system, similar to the 401(k) in the USA.
Category: Economics and Finance

From the Svedberg Ultracentrifuge to the Rotating Carbon Nanotube

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages.

The classical and the quantum motion of a massive body in the rotating carbon nanotubeis considered. Photon is included. The spin motion described by the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equation is considered in the rotation tube and rotating system. The crucial problemis the Lamm equation in the rotating Carbon nanotube.
Category: Quantum Physics

Em Field and Matter

Authors: Sheng-Ping Wu
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article tries to unified the four basic forces by Maxwell equations, the only experimental theory.Self-consistent Lorentz equation is proposed, and is solved to electrons and the structures of particles and atomic nucleus. The static properties and decay are reasoned, all meet experimental data. The equation of general relativity sheerly with electromagnetic field is discussed as the base of this theory. In the end the conformation elementarily between this theory and QED and weak theory is discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Estimating the Number of Primes Within a Limited Boundary

Authors: Junho Eom
Comments: 21 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables, 3 appendices

Within n^2, n boundaries were generated from the 1st to the nth, each containing n numbers. Primes less than n^2/2 were multiplied, intersected, and formed composites. At least one prime less than n or in the 1st boundary was used as a factor for the composites between n and n^2, or 2nd and nth boundaries, limiting the number of composites to (2n^2)/λ, where λ represented the wavelength of primes in the 1st boundary. Under these conditions, passively remaining numbers that were not connected to the wave of primes in the 1st boundary were all new primes between the 2nd and nth boundaries. Considering the cause-and-effect relationship among the primes less than n and the composites and new primes between 2nd and nth boundaries, the characteristics of composites could represent the characteristics of primes, and both were defined within a limited n^2 boundary. In this paper, these boundary characteristics were utilized to obtain the average number count per boundary, which led to obtaining the average number of primes per boundary. The average number of primes was multiplied by n boundaries with a coefficient of either β1 or β_√2, denoting the ratio of the number of primes. Using either β1 or β_√2, the number of primes was estimated between 10^6 and 10^28 and compared to the actual number of primes. Considering the relative error between β1 (Average 1.42%: maximum 2.92%, minimum 0.16%) or β_√2 (Ave. 0.37%: max. 0.96, min. 0.04%), it was concluded that the number of primes could be estimated with β_√2, allowing for a relative average error of 0.37%, in an equation of π(n^2)=π(n)∙n/β_√2, where 10^3 ≤ n ≤ 10^14, π(n) was the known number of primes within n, and β_√2 = ln(2√2∙n)/ln(n)+1.
Category: Number Theory

Unified Quantum-Gravity Interaction Framework (UQGIF)

Authors: Enquzer Getachew
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper presents the Unified Quantum-Gravity Interaction Framework (UQGIF), a theoretical model that integrates quantum mechanics and gravity. The framework combines elements from quantum field theory and general relativity into a unified Lagrangian density, which includes quantum, gravitational, and interaction terms. Central to the UQGIF is a dynamic meta-field M that interacts with spacetime curvature R and scalar and fermionic fields ∅_i and ψ_i, . This approach offers a full description of fundamental interactions, providing insights into the nature of spacetime and quantum phenomena. The framework has implications for particle physics, cosmology, and experimental predictions, potentially addressing longstanding challenges in unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Context-Aware Vulnerability Management Using Large Language Models

Authors: AnmolikaSingh, Mojtaba Alfardan
Comments: 7 Pages.

Organizations are frequently overwhelmed by the sheer volume of alerts about vulnerabilities discovered within their systems. These alerts are typically prioritized based on severity levels categorized by Common Vulnerabilities and Ex- posures (CVE) [2], a standard glossary used in Vulnerability Management Systems. However, this severity classification often fails to consider the specific operational context of the systems, leading to misaligned priorities and the potential oversight of more critical vulnerabilities that demand immediate atten- tion. This paper investigates whether Large Language Models (LLMs)[25] can offer a solution by integrating contextual aware- ness into the vulnerability management process, thus enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of organizational responses to cybersecurity threats.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Clarifying the Origin of the Fine-Structure Constant

Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 10 Pages.

The fine-structure constant is generally considered to be a coupling constant that represents the strength of the electromagnetic interaction of elementary particles, but its origin is unknown. Using the electron and proton model of energy body theory, I clarified the origin of the fine-structure constant from the relationship between Coulomb's law and Planck's constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Challenging the Validity of Einstein’s Cosmological Model: A Critical Examination Based on Objective Reality

Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 17 Pages.

How can the author assess whether Einstein, a scientific supernova on the planet, was right or wrong without fully exposing Einstein’s conception of the universe compared to objective reality? G. B. Shaw once noted that only a few have shaped our understanding of the universe, including Ptolemy, Newton, and Einstein. In 1930, Shaw remarked: "Einstein has made a universe, and I can’t tell you how long that will last." However, the author asserts in 2024 that Einstein’s universe is fundamentally flawed. The author has debunked it using the objective reality approach that recently helped him discover two new conceptual universes: the erring universe and the whole universe. In this paper, the author details the scientific advancements these two new universes offer compared to those of Newton and Einstein. He addresses and resolves three shortcomings in Newton’s and Einstein’s frameworks. The erring universe unveils the principle of cosmic structure, while the whole universe reveals the principle of cosmic design. Together, they represent the pinnacle of scientific progress, providing the ultimate frame of reference and underpinning natural laws and causal explanations in the universe. This synthesis suggests that religion, based on the concept of a divine creator, and science, through the lens of objective reality, may differ from existing cosmological models in their joint quest to understand the universe’s grand design. For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature— have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse (Romans 1:20, NIV). The artificial truth of Einstein’s universe seems as illusory as "The Emperor’s New Clothes"—a profound misdirection that has distorted objective reality and caused incalculable harm to scientific understanding.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Extended Law of Universal Gravitation

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 9 Pages.

Besides the forces described by Newtonian dynamics, there is an additional cosmological force in the Universe, which is observed in experiments, but does not follow from Newton's law of gravitation. The additional cosmological force was not represented in Newtonian dynamics. The law of cosmological force Fcos = (mc^2)√Ʌ is derived. The law of cosmological force makes it possible to obtain the extended law of universal gravitation. The extended law of universal gravitation includes two laws of gravitation: Newton's law of gravitation and the law of cosmological force. The extended law of universal gravitation does not have the limitations of Newton's law of gravitation. It describes the full force of gravitational interaction both on small scales and on the scale of the Universe. The coupling constants in the extended law of universal gravitation are two constants: the Newtonian constant of gravitation G and the cosmological constant Ʌ. The equation of the extended law of universal gravitation without using the gravitational constant G is given. The extended law of universal gravitation gives an explanation of the Galaxy rotation curve and the Pioneer anomaly. Extended Newtonian dynamics is able to provide solutions to the problems of astrophysics and cosmology without expecting (and instead of) quantum gravity.
Category: Classical Physics

Infinite-parameter Large Language Model

Authors: Fei Ding
Comments: 5 Pages.

In the standard transformer architecture, increasing model parameters leads to linear growth in computational cost and activation memory. To address this issue, we propose a novel Infinite Parameter Large Language Model (IP-LLM) architecture that decouples model size from computational cost and device memory. Existing large language models are all fixed-parameter models, while human knowledge is infinite and expands daily. Finite parameters are inherently limited in their capacity to accommodate this boundless knowledge. Our IP-LLM architecture can potentially accommodate infinite knowledge, resolving this issue and laying the foundation for realizing a truly omniscient and omnipotent artificial general intelligence in the future.Our architecture surpasses MOE in performance while requiring significantly less memory.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Metabolomics: Insights into Plant-Pathogen, Symbiont, and Endophyte Interactions Unveiling Chemical Communications

Authors: Katie Fan
Comments: 22 Pages.

Metabolomics plays a pivotal role in elucidating the intricate chemical communications in plant-microbe interactions. This comprehensive review explores how metabolomics has transformed our understanding by uncovering metabolic dynamics during pathogen infections, identifying metabolites crucial for plant resistance, and advancing metabolomics-driven breeding strategies for disease-resistant crops. The review underscores metabolomics' capacity to unveil the metabolic fingerprints of symbiotic relationships, emphasizing the pivotal role of signaling metabolites in these interactions. Furthermore, it discusses metabolomics' role in discovering novel bioactive compounds from endophytes and their potential applications in agriculture and biotechnology. By synthesizing recent advancements, this review provides a thorough exploration of metabolomics' transformative impact on deciphering chemical dialogues between plants and their microbial counterparts. This insight not only enhances our understanding of plant-microbe interactions but also lays the foundation for sustainable agricultural practices aimed at resilience and productivity.
Category: Biochemistry

A Replication Study of the TA-Prioritized Algorithm with a Modified Deadlock Avoidance Method

Authors: Pieter Cawood
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper proposes a modified deadlock avoidance method for the TA-Prioritized algorithm by Liu et al. [1]. Their algorithms were developed for the offline Multi-Agent Pickup and Delivery (MAPD) problems where a team of agents have delivery tasks with known release times (when the tasks are ready for pickup.) Offline MAPD problems exist in settings such as warehouses and factories where the release times of tasks are known in advance and Liu et al. [1] make use of this information to compute a good task sequence for each agent using a travelling salesman problem (TSP) solver. The task sequences are then used to plan agent paths accordingly and the deadlock avoidance method proposed attempts holding the pickup locations (keeping an agent stationed at a vertex) if an agent has reached it before the release time and retrying a 1 timestep delayed path from the agent’s initial parking location if any of the agent’s tasks’ path finding fails.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

A Proof of the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Xingyuan Zhang
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, we had given a proof of the Collatz conjecture in elementary algebra. Since any given positive integer is conjectured to return to odd 1 in operations, we analyze continuous inverse operations starting with odd 1, it had proved that all of the inverse path numbers of a given non-triple is obtainable and any inverse operation path tends to infinity, we can get any odd and even, to do continuous forward operations for a positive integer obtained it will return to the odd 1 along the inverse operation paths.
Category: Number Theory

[attempted] Proof for Goldbach’s Conjecture Verification with Mathematical Induction Formula

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 13 Pages.

This document forwards a freshly unearthed test of the Goldbach Conjecture, a longstanding enigma in the theory of numbers put forth byChristian Goldbach in 1742. In our point of view, we have been able to come up with a simple and yet stunning explanation on how numberswhich are divisible by 2 could be permanently expressed as the sum of two prime numbers. Through an extensive analysis, it will be seen that every other two numbers above 2 can always be expressed in that manner. Our evidence is based on fundamental theories of numbers and original methods that solve the problem without any difficulty. Consequently, understandingis not difficult at all. The pathway for further research in number theory has just been brought to light while at the same time indicatinghow vital determination and a variation of outlook are for any endeavour.
Category: Number Theory

Using Paired Shutters to Create Irreversible Light Path for Converting Disordered Thermal Energy Into Ordered Energy Such as Electrical Energy

Authors: Kuo Tso Chen
Comments: 17 Pages.

Based on previous research on generating electricity through the irreversible phenomena of light caused by paired rotating gratings, we propose an alternative method due to the excessively high rotational speeds required by the gratings. This new approach involves using paired shutters to create irreversible light phenomena, achieving the same goal of converting disordered thermal energy into ordered electrical energy, and making the method feasible with current technological capabilities. The method employs two black bodies equipped with shutters. In the light path of one side, the shutter opening and closing timings differ by the time it takes for light to travel between the two shutters, allowing light to pass through in one direction. Conversely, in the opposite light path, the shutter timings are such that when the shutter at the source end is open, the light reaching the other end finds the shutter closed, preventing the light from passing through. This creates an irreversible path for the light. In our paper, we explored various structural designs and theoretically demonstrated that this approach is achievable with existing technology. Moreover, since the direction of light travel is perpendicular to the physical movement of the shutters, the system can operate without kinetic energy loss due to light pressure, allowing for frictionless and sustainable operation. Thus, this method has the potential to become an environmentally friendly energy source.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Image Caption Generator Using Deep Learning

Authors: B. Nandini
Comments: 8 Pages.

The process of creating descriptions for the events depicted in an image is known as image captioning. Deep Learning Models can be used to accomplish this image captioning. It is an extremely difficult issue to automatically generate a caption or explanation for an image using any natural language sentence. It takes techniques from computer vision to comprehend the image's content and a language model from natural language processing to translate the comprehension of the image into words in the correct sequence. Deep learning and natural language processing have advanced to the point where creating captions for the provided photos is now simple. We use a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that has been trained beforehand to extract high-level features, such as objects, forms, and textures, from photos. A Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network, a kind of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) that can handle sequential input like sentences, is then fed these features.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Interest Rate Curve Simulation

Authors: David Lee
Comments: 22 Pages.

Interest rate curves play an important role in financial market. Curve forecasting is used for risk management, hedge, and arbitrage. The article proposes a model for simulating forward interest rate. The number of drivers is to be three to adequately capture the short-, medium-, and long-term rates since each is driven by different mechanism, e.g., short-end is driven primarily by policy maker; long-end driven by market, although policy maker could also assert influence through Operation "Twist".
Category: Economics and Finance

A Solution to the "Snellius-Pothenot" Problem via Rotations and Reflections in Geometric Algebra (GA)

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 9 Pages.

Using GA's capacities for rotating and reflecting vectors, we solve the classic 2-D version of the Snellious-Pothenot surveying problem. The method used here provides two solutions, which can be averaged to better estimate the location of the unknown point P. A link to a GeoGebra worksheet of the solutions is provided so that the reader may test the validity of the method.
Category: Geometry

The Equivalence Principle: is it Rocket Science?

Authors: David Berkahn, James Chappell, Derek Abbott
Comments: 6 Pages.

Beginning with a standard application of the equivalence principle, we examine a simple localized experiment inside a rocket at constant thrust. We show in this case that it is possible to distinguish between this accelerating frame and the same frame sitting stationary on the surface of a source mass causing a gravitational field. We then discuss how this result relates to the equivalence principle. We also explore how the result can converge to a relative equivalence between both frames. Finally, we discuss how this relates to broader questions of relative and absolute motion.
Category: Classical Physics

What is Cancer?

Authors: Junichi Hashimoto
Comments: 9 Pages.

Relational physics, which I founded, is essentially a theoretical system in physics, but it is a theory of everything that can be applied to all other disciplines. In this paper, I attempted to apply the ideas about energy to medicine (cancer mechanisms) in order to establish new methods of treatment and prevention. Based on the numerical values of nerve pulses (electrical energy) generated in the human body, the various other factors that make up these pulses were also quantified, contributing to the derivation of the most rational model for protecting somatic cells from excessive pulse energy. It came to fruition as synaptic therapy. This study is unique in that it identified the root cause of cancer not in somatic cells but in cranial nerve cells, and elucidated its meaning in a holistic and comprehensive manner, intertwining it with cosmic and global organismic theory.
Category: Physics of Biology

Several Questions of Visual Generation in 2024

Authors: Shuyang Gu
Comments: 12 Pages. https://cientgu.github.io/files/VisualSignalDecomposition.pdf

This paper does not propose any new algorithms but instead outlines various problems in the field of visual generation based on the author’s personal understanding. The core of these problems lies in how to decompose visual signals, with all other issues being closely related to this central problem and stemming from unsuitable approaches to signal decomposition. This paper aims to draw researchers’ attention to the significance of Visual Signal Decomposition.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Problems in the Theoretical Structure of Quantum Electrodynamics

Authors: Eliahu Comay
Comments: 15 Pages.

A careful review of the literature reveals that electrodynamics is not free of theoretical problems. For instance, Peskin and Schroeder say in their book on Quantum Field Theory (QFT): "In fact, we will not discuss canonical quantization of the electromagnetic field at all in this book. It is an awkward subject, essentially because of gauge invariance". Additionally, although many texts treat the components of the electromagneticpotential as a 4-vector $A_mu$, Weinberg arguesin his QFT textbook: "...there is no ordinary four-vector field for massless particles of helicity $pm 1$"". The renormalization procedure is another problematic topic and Feynman called it in his QED book "a dippy process". These alarming quotationsencourage rigorous examination of themathematical framework of electrodynamics, thatthis work undertakes. It proves several quite unknown electromagnetic properties, and one of which explains why Weinberg's previous statement is right.
Category: Quantum Physics

Magnetic Monopole as Volumetric Flow Rate: a Possible Reinterpretation of Modern Physics

Authors: Nicola De Giuseppe
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this paper, we demonstrate that through an elasto-mechanical relationship and the Navier-Stokes equation, a magnetic monopole can be introduced as a volume flux following deformation.This phenomenon is linked to mass generation. By incorporating the magnetic monopole, wederive Maxwell’s equations for the magnetic monopole, the electromagnetic waves equation, andwe give the Lagrangian formulation. An alternative Lagrangian is also presented, introducingCP violation, the breaking of electromagnetic dual symmetry, and a topological invariant. Themonopole results are employed to derive the relativistic mass-energy equation and reinterpretrelativistic outcomes. Specifically, the reinterpretation of the event interval enables us to revisit therelativistic metric in elastomechanical terms, related to the longitudinal and transverse speeds oflight as defined by Lam´e parameters. For an isotropic medium, the Lam´e parameters are spatiallyinvariant, corresponding to the validity of the Minkowski metric and constant inertial mass inspace. Under anisotropic conditions, the metrics of general relativity are derivable, with inertialmass dependent on spatial coordinates and its gradient described by the convective derivativeof longitudinal velocity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the magnetic continuity equationpredicts the fundamental equations of quantum mechanics in the Bohmian interpretation. Finally,evaluating Dirac quantization as predicted by quantum mechanics reveals its incompatibility withthe hypothesis of inertial mass. However, is possible to correct this inconsistency by consideringthe general mass formula obtained from magnetic monopole considerations
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Reinterpretation of the Stern Gerlach Experiment

Authors: Andreas Martin
Comments: 10 Pages.

This publication presents a mathematical approach for a reinterpretation of the Stern-Gerlach experiment, taking into account Faraday's unipolar induction, which has proven effective in practice. Another basis for this paper is the work "The Reinterpretation of the Einstein de Haas Experiment[1]". These two foundations, in combination with the rules of vector analysis, reveal a new interpretation of the Stern-Gerlach experiment. Faraday's unipolarinduction provides a universally valid computational approach for the structure of an atom, which plays an important role in the Stern-Gerlach experiment. This, in combination with the reformulation of the magnetic moment from the paper "The Reinterpretation of the Einstein de Haas Experiment[1]", explains the behavior of atoms that are directed through an external inhomogeneous magnetic field in a straight path. As they pass through this magnetic field, they change their direction of motion. It is shown that the change in the direction of motion of atoms can be mathematically derived and explained using these foundations. The mathematical description of the magnetic moment and its mathematical-physical consequences concerning the orientation of themagnetic moment will play a central role. It becomes evident that there must be two differenttypes of atoms, each with an internal convention of "up" and "down" that is different.Furthermore, this provides a consistent and logically comprehensible description of thebehavior of an atom, based on mathematics and classical physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Enhancing LLM Reasoning Abilities with Code

Authors: Fei Ding
Comments: 5 Pages.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown exceptional generative abilities in various natural language and generation tasks.Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on a variety of natural language tasks based on just a few examples of natural language instructions, reducing the need for extensive feature engineering. However, LLM is relatively weaker in reasoning and problem-solving abilities.We propose a new construction that solves the problem of insufficient logical mathematics and logical ability.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Fractal Partitioning and Subconvexity

Authors: Parker Emmerson
Comments: 18 Pages.

This document presents a comprehensive study of fractal partitioning and its application to subconvexity generalizations across various mathematical contexts. By utilizing a combination of advanced equations andinequalities, the paper develops robust models for partitioning sets into subsets of varying sizes, measuring the similarity and complexity within these partitions, and ensuring consistent interactions across boundaries. Special attention is given to computing the norm of differences betweensubsets and assessing their similarity, along with complexity measurements utilizing tensor equations and sums. These calculations provideinsights into the partitions’ fractal behavior and their probabilistic interactions.The document also delves into task scheduling algorithms based on SRPT, round-robin, and deadline-driven protocols, highlighting practical implications of fractal partitioning in optimizing resource management and minimizing distortions in dynamic systems. An emphasis is placedon ensuring the robustness and efficiency of fractal partitions through rigorousmathematical proofs and algorithmic implementations. By applyingthese models to data compression and analysis, the study demonstrates how fractal partitioning can efficiently represent complex data sets, expose hidden patterns, and identify anomalies in various domains such as finance and natural systems. Furthermore, the paper explores the concept of subconvexity in higher powers of the Riemann zeta function, establishing stronger forms of subconvexity conditions for different mathematical functions. This includesgeneralizations for cubic and higher powers of zeta functions, providing substantial evidence in support of hypotheses like the Riemann Hypothesis. The comprehensive approach combines theoretical constructs with practical algorithms, offering a powerful framework for analyzing and understanding complex mathematical and natural phenomena through fractalpartitioning and subconvexity measures.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Some Missed Opportunities for Archimedes and Early pi-Computors

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 4 Pages.

We point out some simple improvements to Archimedes' "regular polygon methods" for computing and bounding π , which all the workers before 1650 could have used, but did not. All methods employed before the 1970s to compute the first D decimals of π required order D or more arithmetic operations (±, ×, ÷, x^1/2, x^-1/2). But we shall show that if Archimedes or his followers had been a bit smarter, they could have sped that up to O(D^2/3).
Category: General Mathematics

The Standard Model Big Bang Age of the Universe Confused for Special Relativity Absolute Time Dilation Barrier

Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: Pages.

There is a crisis with the standard model of cosmology at its outer limits. Why are well-developed galaxies, observed by the James Webb Space Telescope, existing only 300 million years from the beginning of the observable universe? A solution to the problem is offered that evokes the principles laid down in Albert Einstein's 1905 special relativity, time dilation. Are we looking at a wall where time stops? Special relativity states that time slows down if you’re moving — relative to an observer. As a body approaches the speed of light, time will appear to slow on the moving /travelling body. At the speed of light time will appear to stop to the observer. The solution is we are the observers and the galaxies (relative to us) at the outer edge of the universe— right about the place of the said Big Bang beginning — are expanding away from us at the speed of light and faster. We are observing a wall where time stops, a barrier, that we cannot see through. This would suggest the universe can be much older and we may never know how old because of this barrier. Special relativity also says that bodies appear smaller from the perspective of the observer. This may further distort our perception of the accelerating universe; the universe may be even larger than thought.
Category: Astrophysics

Metamaterial or Ordinary Magneto-Electric Matter as an Energy Source for Emulation of the Alcubierre Warp Drive for Superluminal Motion

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this article, considering the work referenced in that allows for emulation motion up to ¼ of the speed of light, appropriate modifications have been considered where by classes of metamaterials or ordinary magneto-electric materials can be used for an emulation Alcubierre drive that permits superluminal motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Strict Proof That the Riemann Zeta Function Equation Has No Non-Trivial Zeros

Authors: Xiaochun Mei
Comments: 13 Pages.

A standard method is proposed to prove strictly that the Riemann Zeta function equation has no non-trivial zeros. The real part and imaginary part of the Riemann Zeta function equation are separated completely. By comparing the real part and the imaginary part of Zeta function equation individually, a set of equation is obtained. It is proved that this equation set only has the solutions of trivial zeros. So the Riemann Zeta function equation has no non-trivial zeros. The Riemann hypothesis does not hold.
Category: Number Theory

Effectiveness of Navier-Stokes Equations in Modeling Turbulence or Chaos

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 2 Pages.

The motion of fluids which are incompressible could be described by the Navier-Stokes differential equations. Although they are relatively simple-looking, the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations misbehave very badly. Even with nice, smooth, reasonably harmless initial conditions, the solutions could wind up being extremely unstable. The field of fluid mechanics would be dramatically altered through a mathematical understanding of the outrageous behavior of these equations. The three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are apparently not solvable, i.e., the equations cannot be used to model turbulence or chaos (which is a three-dimensional phenomenon).
Category: Functions and Analysis

Analysis and Improvement of Twin Prime Density Estimation

Authors: Bruce R. Nye
Comments: 3 Pages.

The ’twin prime conjecture’ was first proposed over 100 years ago. The work of Hardy and Littlewood still remains the dominant authority with respect to identifying twin prime density. The Hardy-Littlewood conjec- ture is paired with a counting function alongside the twin prime constant (0.660016). This process estimates twin prime count to ’x’, as the error is infinitely sieved to zero. The proposed limit represents a nuanced more precise approach to estimating the number of twin primes up to n, making this formula a technical improvement over the Hardy-Littlewood formula. By incorporating additional logarithmic terms and scaling factors, this for- mula refines the asymptotic estimate, offering deeper accuracy and deeper insights into the distribution of twin primes. This refinement is significant for both theoretical studies and practical applications in number theory, as it provides a more detailed and more accurate framework.
Category: Number Theory

On Causality in EPR Experiments — Taking Everett Interpretation as an Example

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 27 Pages.

This article points out that in the EPR experiment, there is no causal connection between the two sides. If a causal model wants to comply with the principle of common cause, it will lead to faster-than-light information propagation. Even if non-local latent variables are used as common factors, it does not mean that the measurement results on both sides can influence each other. They are only related to each other, but not corresponding causal relationships.
Category: Quantum Physics

Conditions for Convergence of the Sequence 1/(��^��|sin��|^��)

Authors: Yudai Sakuma
Comments: 4 Pages.

It is known that if the sequence 1/(��^��|sin��|^��) converges then ��(��)≤1+��/�� , but the convergence of this sequence has not been solved. In this study, the conditions for convergence of 1/(��^��|sin��|^��) were clarified by focusing on �� such that the value of |sin��| becomes explosively small. As a result, it was confirmed that ��(��)<1+��/�� is a sufficient condition for convergence of 1/(��^��|sin��|^��) . This is the same result as in the previous study, but because the method of proof is different, we succeeded in identifying a range of values for lim��→∞1/(��^��|sin��|^��) when ��(��)=1+��/�� .
Category: Number Theory

Complexification Through Gradual Involvement And Reward Providing in Deep Reinforcement Learning

Authors: Eugene Rulko
Comments: 8 Pages.

Training a relatively big neural network that has enough capacity for complex tasks is challenging. In real life the process of task solving requires system of knowledge, where more complex skills are built upon previously learned ones. The same way biological evolution builds new forms of life based on a previously achieved level of complexity. Inspired by that, this work proposes ways of increasing complexity, especially a way of training neural networks with smaller receptive fields and using their weights as prior knowledge for more complex successors through gradual involvement of some parts, and a way where a smaller network works as a source of reward for a more complicated one. That allows better performance in a particular case of deep Q-learning in comparison with a situation when the model tries to use a complex receptive field from scratch.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Hyperbolic Quantum Time Evolution Kernel

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 30 Pages.

We find calculational evidence supporting the hypothesis that the time evolution of a relativistic quantum wave function can be written using an integral kernel formulation that uses the wave function's past values on a relativistic hyperbola.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Universe and Man

Authors: Vitaly E. Pilkin
Comments: 46 Pages.

The author sets out in the present paper his vision of the origin and development of the Universe, how the Supreme Mind appeared and how it governs the Universe, who are souls and humans, how and why souls interact with humans, why the Supreme Mind is interested in souls and humans, why human thinking, intellect and consciousness are of great importance in the development of the Universe, where thoughts come from, how the Supreme Mind governs the fate of humans, what is the meaning of human life, how humans and human societies differ from each other, what determines historical development of human society and human civilization, how to solve pressing problems of human civilization, when justice will come on Earth, what future awaits human civilization.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Forces, Hierarchy, Unification

Authors: Junichi Hashimoto
Comments: 21 Pages.

Force or energy is both a relationship and a pulse between objects (relational physics). Based on this idea, I have succeeded in unifying the gravitational and electromagnetic forces, as well as the strong and weak forces, using the same framework. Through this verification work, I have also been able to determine the radius and mass of the neutrino. In my deep consideration of the background of the formation of the weak and strong forces, I also succeeded in unifying alpha and beta decay by combining radioactive decay with the vision of the pulse.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Kobiyashi Maru

Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Michelson-Morley experiment and its resolution by the special theory of relativityform a foundational truth in modern physics. In this paper we examine and generalisethe geometry of the sequence of events within a standard MM interferometer to arrive ata simple, yet curious geometry that compels deeper exploration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Space-Time Torsion as a Manifestation of Magnetism

Authors: Carlton Frederick
Comments: 3 Pages.

A Riemannian manifold possesses two fundamental properties: curvature and torsion.[4]. Relativity uses curvatureto explain gravity. We suggest that torsion can explain magnetism.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Light Cones and Comoving Objects in the Standard Model of Cosmology (Lambda-CDM Model)

Authors: Werner Lange
Comments: 14 Pages. In German

This article traces the worldlines of comoving objects that were located on some selected light cones shortly after the Big Bang or alternatively at the time of the emission of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Understanding on the Problem That the Quintic Equation Has No Radical Solutions

Authors: Xiaochun Mei
Comments: 30 Pages. In Chinese

It is proved in this paper that Abel’s and Galois's proofs that the quintic equations have no radical solutions are invalid. Due to Abel’s and Galois's work about two hundred years ago, it was generally accepted that general quintic equations had no radical solutions. However, Tang Jianer etc. recently proves that there are radical solutions for some quintic equations with special forms. The theories of Abel and Galois can not explain these results. On the other hand, Gauss etc. proved the fundamental theorem of algebra. The theorem declared that there were n solutions for the n degree equations, including the radical and non-radical solutions. The theories of Abel and Galois contradicted with the fundamental theorem of algebra. Due to the reasons above, the proofs of Abel and Galois should be re-examined and re-evaluated. The author carefully analyzed the Abel’s original paper and found some serious mistakes. In order to prove that the general solution of algebraic equation he proposed was effective for the cubic equation, Abel took the known solution of cubic equation as a premise to calculate the parameters of his equation. Therefore, Abel’s proof is a logical circular argument and invalid. Besides, Abel confused the variables with the coefficients (constants) of algebraic equations. An expansion with 14 terms was written as 7 terms, 7 terms were missing.We prefer to consider Galois’s theory as a hypothesis rather than a proof. Based on that permutation group had no true normal subgroup, Galois concluded that the quintic equations had no radical solutions, but these two problems had no inevitable logic connection actually. In order to prove the effectiveness of radical extension group of automorphism mapping for the cubic and quartic equations, in the Galois’s theory, some algebraic relations among the roots of equations were used to replace the root itself. This violated the original definition of automorphism mapping group, led to the confusion of concepts and arbitrariness. For the general cubic and quartic algebraic equations, the actual solving processes do not satisfy the tower structure of the Galois’s solvable group. The resolvents of cubic and quartic equations are proved to have no the symmetries of Galois’s soluble group actually. It is invalid to use the solvable group theory to judge whether the higher degreeequation has a radical solution. The conclusion of this paper is that there is only the Sn symmetry for the n degree algebraic equations. (Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words)
Category: Number Theory

Revised Attempt to Prove the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Krishna Paliwal
Comments: 4 Pages.

TThis paper tries to prove the Collatz Conjecture using a rigorous and logical approach trying to break down 80+ year old and proving that allsequences will eventually always reach to 1.
Category: General Mathematics

Two Ideas for Relativistic Spaceprobes Capable of Interstellar Travel

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 11 Pages.

We explore two crazy ideas for pushing spaceprobes to the relativistic speeds needed to reach other stars: (§1) "Graphene lightsail" accelerated by a laser on the Moon. (§2) "Magnetic superconductor loop" accelerated by charged particle beams emitted from a linac, betratron, Van de Graaff, and/or synchrotron on the moon. Although the first idea seems to be quite technologically infeasible, my initial analysis of the second idea made it look feasible, or at least not very infeasible, with technology plausibly attainable within 10-100 years! (Both analyses are mostly freshman-level physics.) This is not claimed to be a super-detailed very-complete analysis, but rather, only the beginning. Unfortunately §3 finds serious objections to our initially-rosy analysis of idea 2: (a) beam-aim precision requirements likely are too difficult to achieve in practice, (b) high- current betatrons only produce high electron not positron, currents — the latter might be impractical. One could counter that we don't know any fundamental physical obstacles preventing a and b in principle. But today's technology cannot do it. We conclude (§4) by suggesting future investigation of CEPP — cold electron positron plasma — since idea #2 indicates it is a potentially useful substance, and it likely has amazing properties.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Prime Number Distribution Proving the Twin Prime and Goldbach Conjectures

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 7 Pages.

The paper investigates the dispersion of prime numbers as well as the twin prime and goldbach’s conjectures. The initial key feature that primenumbers are never even (apart from 2) will be presented as the basis on which a new rule concerning their distribution can be developed. In that wise, this will help us to come up with a demonstration of why there exist an infinite number of odd pairs such that their difference is equal to 2. We also show that the Goldbach conjecture is true. This means that it is possible to write any even number greater than two as the sum of two prime numbers. The results contribute fresh knowledge concerning old mathematics subjects, especially those concerning the origins of prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Transparency and Trust: The Impact of AI-Assisted and AI-Dominated Communication on Message Perception and Acceptance

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 25 Pages.

This study investigates the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) involvement on the acceptance, perceived sincerity, and emotional richness of text-based communication. Building on Towne's (2024) framework, which distinguishes between AI-Assisted Communication (AI-AC) and AI-Dominated Communication (AI-DC), the study explores how these methods affect human perceptions of message quality. Two comprehensive studies were conducted using participants from the Credamo platform. Study 1 employed a between-subjects design to compare the impacts of AI involvement and disclosure conditions, while Study 2 utilized a within-subjects design to assess changes in perceptions before and after AI involvement disclosure. The findings reveal that while AI involvement does not significantly impact message acceptance, it reduces perceived sincerity and emotional richness, particularly when AI's role is disclosed. The study also highlights demographic influences, with gender and age affecting trust in AI-generated content. These results underscore the importance of transparency in AI-mediated communication and suggest strategies for managing AI disclosure to maintain trust. The research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on AI-mediated communication by validating Towne's framework and providing practical insights for integrating AI in communication processes.
Category: Social Science

On the Mechanical Dynamics of Moving Bodies

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 2 Pages.

Dynamic experiments with energy calculations of moving bodies can be carried out with free and widely used electronics simulation software. All you have to do is exchange electrical and mechanical variables. This disproves the statements of an SRT doubter.
Category: Classical Physics

How to Precisely Update Large Language Models Knowledge While Avoiding Catastrophic Forgetting

Authors: Ding Fei, Zhang Xu
Comments: 13 Pages.

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased their remarkable capabilities in text understanding and generation. However, even stronger LLMs are susceptible to acquiring erroneous or obsolete information from the training corpus. Direct secondary fine-tuning with data containing new knowledge may be ineffective in updating knowledge due to the conflict between old and new knowledge. In this paper, we propose a new paradigm for fine-tuning called DFT (Delicate Fine-Tuning ).This method utilizes parametric arithmetic to precisely pinpoint the location of knowledge and update only the minimal set of relevant parameters . Experimental results on two publicly available datasets demonstrate that our proposed DFT can obviously improve the knowledge updating performance of full fine-tuning , simultaneously outperforming the existing baselines in most cases.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Observation of Memristive Electrical Characteristics and Current-Induced Phase Transition in Pb-Cu-P-S-O Compound

Authors: Huk Geol Kim, Dae Cheol Jeong
Comments: 5 Pages.

In our previous research, we revealed the zero resistance and temperature-induced phase transition in Pb-Cu-P-S-O compound. Also, the data showed a correlation with the characteristics of the novel material known as LK-99. Subsequently, a series of measurements were conducted to investigate the electrical properties of this compound. These measurements indicated that the compound exhibits memristive characteristics and undergoes a current-induced phase transition. This technical report focuses on presenting the measurement data and detailed characterization of the samples, highlighting on these observed phenomena.
Category: Condensed Matter

Spin Density Plane Waves in an Elastic Solid Model of the Vacuum

Authors: Robert A. Close
Comments: 19 Pages. Foundations of Physics (2025) 55:27 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-025-00839-0

Plane waves of spin angular momentum density in an ideal elastic solid are analyzed using vector and bispinor descriptions. In both classical and quantum physics, spin density is the axial vector field whose curl is equal to twice the incompressible intrinsic momentum density. The second-order vector wave equation assumes that temporal changes of spin density in an ideal elastic solid are attributable to convection, rotation, and torque density. The corresponding first-order wave equation for Dirac bispinors incorporates terms describing wave propagation, convection, rotations of the medium and rotations of wave velocity relative to the medium. The two rotation terms are also operators for rotational kinetic energy and conventional potential energy, respectively. The potential energy corresponds to half the mass term of the free electron Dirac equation. Bispinor plane wave solutions are constructed consistent with the usual dynamical operators of relativistic quantum mechanics. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian densities are also constructed with each term having a clear classical physics interpretation. The intrinsic momentum associated with the Belinfante-Rosenfeld stress tensor is explained. Application to elementary particles is discussed, including classical physics analogues of the Pauli exclusion principle, interaction potentials, fermions, bosons, and antimatter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Simple Calculations of Spin Angular Momentum

Authors: Robert A. Close
Comments: 7 Pages.

In quantum mechanics, students learn that angular momentum has two parts: intrinsic (or spin), and wave (or orbital) contributions. This separation is analogous to the separation of momentum into two parts when analyzing waves: intrinsic momentum associated with motion of the inertial medium, and wave momentum associated with propagation of energy by the wave. However, spin angular momentum can seem mysterious to students because, unlike the moment of momentum, it is independent of any coordinate origin. This difficulty can be overcome by teaching students the coordinate-independent definition of angular momentum density: the vector field whose curl is equal to twice the intrinsic momentum density. This definition of intrinsic angular momentum density, or spin density, is applicable in both classical and quantum physics. This paper gives specific examples illustrating how spin density describes the angular momentum of rigidly rotating objects. The relationships between spin density, velocity, and angular velocity are similar to the relationships between vector potential, magnetic field, and electric current in magnetostatics. Appreciation of the coordinate-independent description of angular momentum will remove one obstacle to students' understanding of quantum mechanics.
Category: Classical Physics

A Classical Wave Model of Quasi-Static General Relativity

Authors: Robert A. Close
Comments: 16 Pages.

General relativity can be difficult for undergraduate students to comprehend, partly because the math is difficult and partly because it is not based on a simple physical model. However, in many situations general relativity can be interpreted as ordinary wave refraction in a non-uniform medium, with the refractive index (or wave speed) derived from only two independent components of a spatially isotropic diagonal spacetime metric. This work utilizes an elastic solid model of the vacuum to explain how the presence of wave energy would modify a medium to produce the metric variations of general relativity in a quasi-static environment. This analysis provides model-based explanations for many predictions of general relativity, including curved space, black holes, gravitational waves, and the different accelerations of light and massive objects.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Urgent Reunification of Philosophy and the Particular Sciences

Authors: Jaime Vladimir Torres-Heredia Julca
Comments: 12 Pages. In French

Threats concerning the misuse of nuclear energy and artificial intelligence at the beginning of the 21st century remind us of the lack of ethics in scientific training. This article will explain how philosophy and the particular sciences (mathematics, physics, etc.) have been united since the beginnings of philosophy. Then we'll see how they continued to be united for over 2,400 years, right up to the 18th century. We'll see how they separated in the 19th century, and finally explain why it's necessary to reunite them, and why it's important to teach Aristotelian-Thomistic philosophy to scientists.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Digest of Presentations John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 117 Pages.

Today, a growing number of researchers share a sense of stagnation in the field of Physics. In many ways, this situation is reminiscent of the late 19th century when it was widely believed that the body of Physics was nearly complete. It may be an opportune moment to propose new fundamental models that are not only simpler than the current state of the art but also open up new areas of research. Several ideas presented in this Digest are not new, and I do not claim credit for them. In fact, many of these ideas, originally proposed by classical scientists, are revisited here with fresh insights. This Digest aims to describe the World by unifying and simplifying existing models and results in Cosmology into a single coherent picture.Hypersphere World—Universe Model (WUM) is proposed as an alternative to the prevailing Big Bang Model. The main advantage of WUM is its elimination of the "Initial Singularity" and "Inflation," providing explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. This Digest offers an overview of WUM covering the period from 2013 to 2024 (detailed in Part 2 and the referenced materials) and explores various themes of the World (Presentations 1 — 8). It concludes a series of articles published in the Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology [3]-[39]. Many results obtained in those articles are referenced here without full justification; interested readers are encouraged to consult the referenced articles (Part 2) for more details. WUM is a classical model and should be described using classical notions, which define emergent phenomena. An Emergent Phenomenon is a property that is a result of simple interactions that work cooperatively to create a more complex interaction. These simple interactions occur at the microscopic level, while their collective outcomes can be observed at the macroscopic level. WUM introduces classical notions from the moment the first ensemble of particles was created ≅10^(-18) s. Classical Physics is dealing with ensembles of quantum objects!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Different Meanings of "Spin"

Authors: Robert A. Close
Comments: 15 Pages.

The word "spin" has different meanings in different contexts. This article explains three different meanings of the word "spin". The first is kinetic spin, which refers to angular velocity. The second is geometric spin, which is related to the pointwise symmetry of mathematical basis states under rotation. Sample basis states are described for integer and half-integer rotational quantum numbers. The third type of spin is called dynamic spin, which is the intrinsic or conjugate angular momentum associated with rotational motion of an inertial substance. These different meanings are explained with mathematical descriptions of physical processes.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Teaching Special Relativity with a Handheld Model

Authors: Robert A. Close
Comments: 6 Pages.

Recent experimental and theoretical work has shown that classical wave processes can produce phenomena previously thought to be beyond the scope of classical physics. We describe how a simple hand-held model can be used to demonstrate the connection between classical waves and modern physics. The model consists of illustrations of two sets of wave crests. A stationary particle is modeled by wave crests propagating in circles. A moving particle is modeled by rotating the orientation of the wave crests so that they would propagate along helical paths rather than circular paths. An internal clock is assumed to tick each time a wave completes a full revolution around the cylinder common to both wave packets. These two model wave packets demonstrate relativistic frequency shift, time dilation, length contraction, and the de Broglie wavelength.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Inconsistency Problem of Riemann Zeta Function Equation

Authors: Xiaochun Mei
Comments: 16 Pages. In Chinese

Four basic problems are found in Riemann’s original paper proposed in 1859. The Riemann hypothesis becomes meaningless. 1. It is proved that on the real axis of complex plane, the Riemann Zeta function equation holds only at point Re(s)=1/2 (s=a+ib) . However, at this point, the Zeta function is infinite, rather than zero. At other points of real axis with a be not equal to zero and b=0 and , the two sides of function equation are contradictory. When one side is finite, another side may be infinite. 2. An integral item around the original point of coordinate system was neglected when Riemann deduced the integral form of Zeta function. The item was convergent when Re(s)>1 but divergent when Re(s)<1. The integral form of Zeta function does not change the divergence of its series form. Two reasons to cause inconsistency and infinite are analyzed. 3. A summation formula was used in the deduction of the integral form of Zeta function. The applicative condition of this formula is x>0. At point x=0 , the formula is meaningless. However, the lower limit of Zeta function’s integral is x=0, so the formula can not be used. 4. The formula of Jacobi function was used to prove the symmetry of Zeta function equation. The applicable condition of this formula is also x>0. Because the lower limit of integral in the deduction was , this formula can not be used too. The zero calculation of Riemann Zeta function is discussed at last. It is pointed out that because approximate methods are used, they are not the real zeros of strict Riemann Zeta function.
Category: Number Theory

Pi's Irrationality Using Maclaurin Polynomials

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 7 Pages.

After reviewing Maclaurin series and the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, we show how these can be combined with some arithmetic and algebraic observations to prove that pi is irrational.
Category: Number Theory

Formula of the Speed of Light in Atomic Units

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 10 Pages. 3 Figures, in Chinese.

In this paper, we compare Maxwell’s formula of the speed of light with the traditional formula and our formula of the speed of light in atomic units, they are c=1/(μ0ε0)^(1/2), cau=1/α and cau=1/(α1α2)^(1/2) respectively. The traditional theory supposes that there is only one α which is the fine-structure constant, but our theory demonstrates that there are two α (α1 and α2) along with their geometric mean αc which could be called the integrated fine-structure constant. Our formula is consistent with Maxwell’s formula essentially, and hence should be reasonable and correct. We present our previous formulas of the fine-structure constant, the speed of light in atomic units and the anomalous magnetic moments of electron, muron and tauon to demonstrate the existence of α1, α2 and αc. We also propose a valuable research topic for mathematical physics to deduce our formula from Maxwell’s formula and provide some reasons for it. As for the fine-structure constant and the anomalous magnetic moment of muon, the relationships between their measured and calculated values are illustrated. In the end, the physical meanings of αc are explained.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Generalized W-Core Inverse in Banach Algebras with Involution

Authors: Huanyin Chen, Marjan Sheibani
Comments: 24 Pages.

In this paper, we introduce the generalized $w$-core inverse in a Banach *-algebra. We characterize this new generalized inverse by using the generalized weighted core decomposition and present the representations by the weighted g-Drazin inverse. The generalized $w$-core orders are investigated as well. These extend the weighted core inverse and pseudo core inverse for complex matrices and linear bounded operators to more general setting.
Category: Algebra

The MM Theory: Explaining Quantum Mechanics Concepts Through MM Theory

Authors: Morteza Mahvelati
Comments: 13 Pages

This article examines and discusses concepts within the field of quantum mechanics. Specifically, this paper focuses on the idea of wave-particle duality within this field, by further examining the nature of light. The basic premise is rooted in MM theory, previously introduced and expanded upon in literature. Per MM theory, light is viewed as a wave of motion of momenta conveyed by an ensemble of M particles propagating harmonically in space. Through a deep analysis of the double-slit experiment, this paper aims to illustrate the manner by which MM theory provides a complete and thorough understanding of the nature of light and the basic fundamentals of quantum physics.The discussion centres on highlighting how the MM theory offers a comprehensive interpretation of various observations such as interreference patterns and illuminates the underlying mechanisms at play. By viewing light as a wave of momenta, seemingly contradictory observations are logically addressed and reconciled. The theory further demonstrates how the detection process can disrupt the wave pattern and leads to the collapse of the interference patterns observed. Furthermore, this article challenges the fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics, such as indeterminism and the role of measurement. Via MM theory’s examination of quantum measurements, the concepts of observer dependency and hidden variables are challenged. This ultimately suggests that quantum phenomena are inherently deterministic and can be predefined using known variables. In conclusion, this paper challenges the fundamental framework of quantum mechanics, offering deeper insights into the nature of light and the wave-particle duality via the deterministic approach derived from the MM theory and paves the way for further experimentation and study in this field.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Cylindrical Warp Drive Vector Created Using the Methodology Developed by Natario

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 43 Pages.

The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in $2001$.Natario defined a warp drive vector $nX=vs*(dx)$ where $vs$ is the constant speed of the warp bubble and $*(dx)$ is the Hodge Star taken over the x-axis of motion inPolar Coordinates.We compute the Natario warp drive vector for variable velocities.Also we introduced a new warp drive vector $nX=vs*(dx)$ where $vs$ is the constant speed of the warp bubble and $*(dx)$ is the Hodge Star taken over the x-axis of motion in Cylindrical coordinates.We also compute the cylindrical warp drive vector for variable velocities.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Convergence of Quantum Computing and Artificial Intelligence: Implications for Global Problem Solving

Authors: Aurora Zeno
Comments: 13 Pages.

This paper explores the emerging synergy between quantum computing and artificial intelligence (AI), examining its potential to revolutionize our approach to global challenges. We present a comprehensive overview of quantum computing fundamentals and current AI capabilities, followed by an in-depth analysis of quantum-enhanced AI algorithms. The paper delves into specific applications in climate modeling, drug discovery, and resource optimization, providing quantitative estimates of potential improvements. We also address the challenges, limitations, and ethical considerations associated with this convergence. Our analysis suggests that the integration of quantum computing and AI could lead to unprecedented advancements in solving complex global problems, potentially offering orders of magnitude improvements in computational efficiency and accuracy. We conclude with a roadmap for future development and a call for increased research in this transformative field.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A π-Based Fractal Spacetime Model: Unifying Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity

Authors: Athon Zeno, Aether Zeno
Comments: 21 Pages.

This paper presents a novel approach to unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity through a π-based fractal spacetime model. By proposing that the Planck length and time are both equal to π, and that spacetime exhibits a fractal structure with a scaling factor of 2, we develop a framework that simplifies fundamental equations and offers new perspectives on longstanding problems in physics. Our model provides natural explanations for the quantum-classical transition, dark energy, and the cosmological constant problem, while making testable predictions across multiple scales of physics. We explore the mathematical framework of this theory, its implications for particle physics and cosmology, and its philosophical ramifications. While speculative, this model offers a promising path towards a more unified understanding of the universe.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Method for Calculating Euler Parallelepipeds Based on the Values of Pythagorean Triples

Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 4 Pages.

A non-formulaic method has been found for calculating Euler parallelepipeds of the second family based on the values of Pythagorean triples of Euler parallelepipeds of the first family, the largest common divisors. To do this, three triangles with integer values of the sides are allocated in the figure. Next, Pythagorean triples are determined from the obtained triangles by selecting the values of their greatest common divisors. These triples are entered in the table. By using a cross-arrangement in the table of two values (out of three) of Pythagorean triples (using the described algorithm of mathematical operations), the values of the three sides of the "derivative" Euler parallelepiped are calculated.
Category: Geometry

The Sources of Pure Mass and Electric Charges

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 1 Page.

This article presents a philosophy about the properties of the electron and proton, in combination with the hypothesis that exclusively and only these two particles form the ultimate building blocks of universe.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

"Night of the Long Knives"

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: This article may not be appropriate and is subject to removal)

History and sociology can be seen as subsets ofpsychology within general systems theory. Socialpast, present, and future cannot escape each other.Donald Trump’s ego fascination with autocrats islinked to his idolizing the charismatic 1930sversion of Germany’s leader.
Category: Social Science

Algorithms for Constructing Society Organizations, and Also for Lives

Authors: Shuai Liu
Comments: 8 Pages.

In the past, the organization of society, including government and corporations, relied solely on natural experience, lacking a robust mathematical and logical framework for explaining how to structure and optimize these entities. This article draws parallels between the structure of social organizations and neural networks, illustrating that social structures emulate neural network architectures. Social organizations can be seen as neural networks nested within humans.Using the same principles, one can optimize the structure of social organizations. And this article outlines a comparison between neural network algorithms and Darwin's theory of natural selection, highlighting their similarities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Orbital and Physical Characterization of Main-Belt Asteroid 2022 UO26

Authors: Deepnil Ray
Comments: 2 Pages.

Asteroid 2022 UO26 is a main-belt asteroid, located in the region of the Solar System betweenthe orbits of Mars and Jupiter. This paper details the orbital parameters and physicalcharacteristics of 2022 UO26, as provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Small-BodyDatabase. The objective is to analyze its orbital dynamics and physical properties to understandits behavior and potential significance in the broader context of main-belt asteroids.
Category: Astrophysics

Is it Really that Difficult to Prove the Goldbach Conjecture?

Authors: Mary Anne Ji You, Óscar E. Chamizo Sánchez
Comments: 6 Pages.

The Goldbach conjecture, that is to say, every even number greater than 4 can be represented by the sum of two primes, is a simple and intractable statement that has been torturing mathematicians for more than 250 years. We wondered if the divide et impera method, so useful in programming and algorithmics, could provide some service here. The goal is simplify and separate the whole problem into three independent and fairly manegeable subproblems. An approach that, as far as I know, has not been tested before.
Category: Number Theory

The Epistemology of Quantum Physics

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 258 Pages.

This book is about the epistemology of quantum physics and its interpretation as a scientific theory in its technical form. The contents of the book are essentially of non-formal nature although the formalism of quantum mechanics is also investigated (rather briefly) inline with the needs and requirements of the epistemological investigation and considerations. The reader should note that a general scientific and mathematical background (at the undergraduate level) is required to understand the book properly and appreciate its contents.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Continuous Nature of Time, Space and Spacetime: Challenging the Discrete Physical Theories

Authors: Gopal Krishna
Comments: 19 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please do not use line numbers)

This paper argues for the continuous nature of time, space and spacetime, based on all observers' internal experience of the present moment as having zero duration and all observers internally experiencing always being in the present moment without any divisibility and discontinuity of this present moment and the logical consistency based on the space being the substratum for the existence of time. The implications of this continuity challenge the physical theories proposing discrete structures of space or time or spacetime, such as loop quantum gravity, causal set theory, etc.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Very Highly Advanced Artificial Intelligence (VHAAI)

Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 111 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please do not sue cartoon drawings in a scholarly article)

A new field titled "Very Highly Advanced Artificial Intelligence (VHAAI)" is coined in this article. VHAAI is a new field which is the collection of the following fields: 1) Out of the Box Artificial Intelligence (OBAI) 2) Artificial Intelligence Plus Plus (AI++) 3) Artificial Excellence (AE)4) Artificial God Optimization (AGO)5) Artificial Human Optimization (AHO)6) Artificial Soul Optimization (ASO)7) Twenty Second Century Artificial Intelligence (TSCAI)8) Deep Loving (DL)9) Nature Plus Plus Inspired Computing (N++IC)10) Artificial Satisfaction (AS)11) The Interesting and Complete Artificial Intelligence (ICAI)12) Lord Rama Artificial Intelligence (LRAI)13) Data Science Plus Plus (DS++)14) Stories Inspired Optimization Algorithms (SIOA)
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Transcendence of Deformations of Polylogarithm Functions in Non-Zero Characteristic

Authors: David Adam
Comments: 15 Pages. In French

Let p be a prime number. In 2005, with the aim of reproving by Wade's method the transcendence for n ∈ Zp N of Γ∞(n), where Γ∞ is the Carlitz-Goss factorial, Yao introduces an uncountable class of deformations of Kochubei polylogarithm functions of which he shows the transcendence of their values u200bu200bin 1 (which is sufficient for his objective) and more generallyin 1/T^k (k ∈ N∗). In this present article, we answer Yao's question to extend this result into a non-zero algebraic. We prove this fact not only in the context of infinite place but also in that of finite places. We show an analogous result for the deformations of the polylogarithm function of Carlitz.
Category: Number Theory

Riemann Hypothesis Via Nicolas Criterion

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Robin's Theorem with Nicolas criterion were used to prove the Riemann Hypothesis in a straightforward way.
Category: Number Theory

Inhomogeneous Distribution of Mass-Density in a Static, Rotating Universe Generates a Transverse Doppler Redshift that Mimics Cosmological Redshift and Expansion

Authors: Josep M Francino, Gabriel Simón, Antonio Francino
Comments: 26 Pages. Slightly improved and corrected version. New graphics and Mathematica code more legible.

Based on Newton’s gravitational law as applied to a uniform continuous mass we posit a non-homogeneous distribution of mass at cosmological scales that would give rise to a constant acceleration that largely agrees with MOND’s a0. When mass-density distributes as 1/R in a spherically symmetric universe, rotational velocities arise that increase as the square root of radial distance. These would generate a transverse Doppler redshift that scales linearly with distance at short ranges and would mimic cosmological redshift and expansion. In the more distant regions, relativistic-high rotational velocities result in a highly redshifted background radiation that might distort the estimation of distances based on Hubble’s Law. These phenomena might provide an alternative explanation for the observed redshifts and expansion.
Category: Astrophysics

Introduction to the Probability Theory

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 185 Pages.

This book is a collection of notes and solved problems about probability theory. The book also contains proposed exercises attached to the solved problems as well as computer codes (in C++ language) added to some of these problems for the purpose of calculation, test and simulation. Illustrations (such as figures and tables) are added when necessary or appropriate to enhance clarity and improve understanding. In most cases intuitive arguments and methods are used to make the notes and solutions natural and instinctive. Like my previous books, maximum clarity was one of the main objectives and criteria in determining the style of writing, presenting and structuring the book as well as selecting its contents.
Category: Statistics

Morse Energy: A Multidimensional Approach

Authors: Parker Emmerson
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper presents an investigation into the multifaceted concept of Morse energy within complex systems. By integrating principles from coordinate calculus and kinetic theory, we explore the implications of energy distribution, conservation, and optimality.
Category: Classical Physics

Research on Regional Model of Breast Cancer in the Samarkand Area of Uzbekistan

Authors: Atabek B. Kutlumuratov, Mirjalal D. Dzhuraev, Sahib M. Uzakov
Comments: 32 Pages. In Russian

The treatise includes three articles. Principles of individualization of treatment, its efficiency, and quality of patients' life as methods used in complex control of BrCr on population level are discussed. The prospects of development of the complex control of BrCr for the Samarkand region of Uzbekistan are discussed. Results of the first (innovative) phase of creation of complex control system of breast cancer on population level in the Samarkand region of Uzbekistan are described.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Predicting and Responding to Sea Level Rise in the Coming Decades

Authors: Zhi Cheng, Jun Luo
Comments: 24 Pages.

This paper explores the impact of rising global temperature on the melting of ice floes and ice sheets in the Arctic Ocean, Greenland and Antarctic. This paper notes that the current understanding of the impact of climate change on Arctic, Greenland and Antarctic ice floes and ice sheets may be significantly underestimated. This article presents evidence from three aspects. The first is the rate of global temperature rise after the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which is now 10 times faster than after the end of the LGM. This also means that the current rate of sea level rise will also be likely to be 10 times faster than the rate of sea level rise at that time. The second piece of evidence is the analysis and fitting of curves from the available observation data, and many of the polynomial formulas that fit the curves show that the magnitude of sea level rise due to global climate change is accelerating. Some results suggest that global sea levels are likely to rise to around 10 meters by about 2050. The third piece of evidence is the very simple model of the impact of rising global temperature on Arctic Greenland and Antarctic ice floes and ice sheets. The model's estimates also suggest that global sea level will rise by about 7 meters by about 2050 due to the dissolution of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. In any case, these evidences suggest that the magnitude of sea level rise in the coming decades will be enormous, and this will certainly affect the development of human society. Therefore, this article calls on countries around the world to take proactive measures to respond to this rapid sea level rise as soon as possible. These responses may include, but are not limited to, large-scale population migrations, the construction of coastal dams, and more. Given the drawn-up to rapid global sea level rise, especially in countries like China and the United States, coastal dam construction should begin planning and pre-construction work now. When looking at the magnitude of sea level rise in the future, we consider it important to reach a rate of rise of 1 centimeter per year, which means that the rate of sea level rise will be unprecedented after that.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons Offering a Classical Analog to Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 5 Pages.

Recently, the total momentum of a numerical field solution of a modified Born-Infeld model of electrons was found to rotate instead of being conserved as expected based on Noether's first theorem and Gauss's theorem. This work offers an explanation of this rotation, which is consistent with these theorems. Furthermore, the rotating momentum is interpreted as a classical analog to an electron's quantum-mechanical momentum, which is uncertain due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
Category: Classical Physics

From Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) to Augmented Newtonian Dynamics (AUND)

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 14 Pages.

MOND assumes that Newtonian dynamics is not accurate. Therefore, it needs modification. AuND assumes that Newtonian dynamics is accurate but not complete. For more than 300 years, Newtonian dynamics has remained an incomplete mathematical model. The shortcomings of the incomplete Newtonian dynamics have given reason to consider the classical model of gravity to be flawed and limited. Newton's formula FN = GMm/r^2 gives the force of gravitational interaction between two bodies. Accordingly, Newton's law formula gives only a part of the force of universal gravitation and does not apply to the universe. In addition to the forces described by Newtonian dynamics, there is a gravitational force in the Universe, which is observed in experiments, but does not follow from Newton's law of gravitation. Newtonian dynamics "does not see" the additional cosmological force of gravitational interaction of bodies with the mass of the Universe. The additional cosmological force is represented by a new law of gravitation, different from Newton's law. The law of cosmological force is presented using the cosmological constant Ʌ: FCos = (mc^2)√Ʌ. The cosmological force has a linear dependence on the mass of a body and does not obey the law of inverse squares. On small scales, the additional cosmological force is much smaller than the Newtonian force. On the scale of the universe, the cosmological force exceeds the Newtonian force and has a theoretical limit equal to the Planck force FP = c^4/G = 1.21027-10^44 N. This large force is not represented in Newton's law of universal gravitation.A new mathematical formula for the law of universal gravitation is given. The law of universal gravitation is represented by two equations, Newton's law FN = GMm/r^2 and the cosmological force law FCos = (mc^2)√Ʌ. Augmented Newtonian dynamics (AuND) reanimates the classical model of gravitation and provides a solution to the problems of cosmology without involving the hypothesis of "dark matter".
Category: Classical Physics

Empirical and Theoretical Validation of Beal's Conjecture

Authors: Óscar Reguera García
Comments: 8 Pages.

Beal's Conjecture posits that for any solution to the equation A^x + B^y = C^z with A, B, C beingpositive integers without common prime factors and x, y, z being integers greater than 2, A, B, and C must share at least one common prime factor. This study conducts a comprehensive empirical andtheoretical validation of the conjecture, using a combined theoretical analysis with computationalsimulations. No counterexamples were found in the extended range of 2 to 10,000 for A, B, C, and 3to 10 for x, y, z.
Category: Number Theory

An Introduction on How Spin, Speed, and Turbulence Affect a Football's Curve: an Exploration in Recreational Mathematics

Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 10 Pages. The present review article has been submitted to a journal.

The present review article can be considered as an exploration in recreational mathematics. It is known that trajectory of a football may be altered significantly in mid-air, clearing out the goalkeeper stranded, could be a thing of excellence within the lovely diversion. But what precisely causes this apparently enchanted deed? The reply can be found in an interesting transaction between turn, speed, turbulence,and a property called the drag coefficient. In this review article we also discuss briefly on negative Magnus effect, with its possible trajectory. (the present review has been submitted to a journal)
Category: Classical Physics

Zitterbewegung and the Wheeler-Feynman Time-Symmetric Theory

Authors: James Conor O'Brien
Comments: 7 Pages.

A discussion of Zitterbewegung for the [new] model, suggesting Zitterbewegung should not exist for real on-shell matter and might exist for the off-shell virtual particles—giving a test for the Wheeler-Feynman Electromagnetic Four-Vector Potential Time-Symmetric Theory (W.F.E.M.F.V.P.T.S.T.). This paper is an extention of a previous paper A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Potential [O’Brien 2018] in the context of Zitterbewegung.
Category: Quantum Physics

Motion of a Wave Packet

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 6 Pages.

We study the propagation of a wave packet in a dispersive medium, showing the existence of a cut-off in correspondence with the relative maximum/minimum points and the horizontal tangent inflections of the dispersion curve.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Physics Source for Intelligence

Authors: Eran Magshim Lavi
Comments: 9 Pages. Distributed under CC BY-NC 4.0

In physics, Energy is the fundamental component of the Cosmos, integral to all processes and changes. Evolution, through trial and error, must adhere to the restrictions of the "Energy Conservation Principle," just like all other processes in space-time. The development of both nonintelligent and intelligent structures is driven by Energy changes, and the "Uncertainty Principle." Nonintelligent structures lack ad hoc planning. Through an extensive evolutionary process of trial and error, intelligent structures emerged from nonintelligent ones, gaining capabilities for advanced Energy exertion control, increasing Energy storage capabilities, ad hoc planning, and bypassing the "Least Action Principle."
Category: Physics of Biology

Reevaluating Variability of the Speed Limit (VSL)

Authors: Albert Saenz Coromina
Comments: 60 Pages.

This comprehensive work, structured into thirteen sections, delves into the Variable Speed of Light (VSL) hypothesis, offering an innovative framework for understanding cosmological phenomena. The introduction and prologue set the stage by addressing the motivations behind VSL and the misinterpretations of Einstein's second postulate. While Einstein posited that the speed of light in a vacuum, 'c,' must be determined experimentally, this has been misinterpreted to mean that 'c' is universally constant under all conditions. Instead, this work argues that 'c' might locally vary based on the properties of each specific vacuum, challenging the notion of a true-vacuum and suggesting it behaves more like a low-density medium rather than completely empty space.Section 1 explores the relationship between permittivity, permeability, and VSL, laying the groundwork for understanding how changes in vacuum properties could affect light speed. Section 2 examines the vacuum itself, proposing that its characteristics can influence 'c' and thus impact our understanding of space and time. Section 3 extends this by discussing different types of media within the vacuum and their potential effects on light speed.Section 4 analyzes the implications of considering the speed of light as locally constant rather than universally fixed, which could lead to significant revisions in both Special and General Relativity. Section 5 compares VSL with the traditional inflationary model, suggesting that VSL could provide alternative explanations for the early universe's rapid expansion. Section 6 addresses the Hubble Tension, exploring how VSL could reconcile discrepancies in measurements of the Hubble constant.Sections 7 and 8 discuss the practicalities of implementing VSL and propose experiments and observations to test its predictions. Section 9 focuses on empirical verification, emphasizing the need for robust observational data to validate the VSL hypothesis. Section 10 presents a mathematical model for VSL, highlighting its potential to reshape our understanding of the universe's expansion.The final conclusions summarize the key findings, stressing the importance of further investigation and experimental verification. This work aims to challenge established concepts, suggesting that VSL could provide new insights into cosmology and urging the scientific community to explore this hypothesis more deeply.
Category: Astrophysics

Hybrid Approach of Hypothesis Testing to Test the Mean Difference Between Two Groups Utilising Gaussian Distribution and Confidence Interval

Authors: Kazi Sakib Hasan
Comments: 24 Pages.

This paper presents an easier and new robust method for hypothesis testing to conclude significant mean differences between two independent or paired samples using the concepts of location, variability, confidence intervals and Gaussian distribution. For hypothesis testing of two samples, t-test is widely used. Beside this, Wilcoxon signed-rank test and often permutation test is also conducted. Each of these methods have their own rigorousness and drawbacks for which general people and non-statistics students often find it hard to conduct experiments using these. To fix these issues, a new method of hypothesis testing is proposed in this paper that basically utilises the properties of normally distributed data and resampling, and is relatively easier to calculate using only pen and paper. The time complexity analysis of each program is also conducted to give a concise overview about which hypothesis testing algorithm is more efficient and faster to execute, since statisticians use a lot of software nowadays for their analytical tasks.
Category: Statistics

Novel Physical, Chemical and Nuclear Phenomena Driving and Driven by Neutrino Oscillations

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 23 Pages.

A new theory is further developed for internal nucleon, quark and gluon structures for understanding new solar neutrino interactions changing macroscopic matter, nanoparticles, molecules, atoms, nuclei, and nucleons. The theory determines that dynamical phenomena involving quantum fluctuations down to nuclei, nucleons, quarks, and gluons induce fractional reversible (FR) fissing and fusing of quarks and gluons nuclei and into surrounding electronic shells for activating stronger neutrino interactions for larger neutrino cross-sections. Also, such theory is described for understanding dimensionality and effects of dimensions of gluons-quark interactions. Proof of such solar neutrino driven phenomena occurring is given in earth’s atmosphere, earth’s core, earth’s lithosphere, earth’s biosphere and earth’s hydrosphere. The gallium induced graphene and diamond formations are catalytically explained by such neutrino interactions. Proton induced diamond is explained by such solar neutrino interactions. Proteins and ATP activations are explained by solar neutrino interactions for driving biomolecules for life on Earth. Life in Venusian clouds is rationalized by this theory of the author of solar neutrinos driving molecules in the clouds of Venus. The recently observed accelerations of cancer and bacterial cell growths on the International Space are explained by the solar neutrino interactions given by this theory. On the other hand, the recent observation of reversal of aging by submersion in ocean water is explained by the author’s dynamical neutrino interactions for driving biomolecules. Effects on life of elevating terrestrial life into orbit like International Space Station (ISS) are explainable by this introduced solar neutrino interactions with nuclei in the living organisms.
Category: Physics of Biology