All Submission Categories

Addition of Velocities: An Adjusted Equation

Authors: Teimuraz Bregadze
Comments: 7 Pages.

Using the ideas of the constancy of speed of light and time dilation, a revised equation of addition of velocities is obtained, which coincides with Einstein’s similar equation only in one-dimensional cases. The necessity of abandoning the idea of a ruler as a tool for instant measuring of distances, which is tantamount to instant transfer of information, is discussed. In the absence of a ruler, electromagnetic waves remain the only tools for measuring distances, and a quantum, the smallest portion of an electromagnetic emission, becomes the smallest portion (i.e. the smallest unit of measurement and the size of uncertainty) of space-time as well.
Category: Classical Physics

Isolating the Prime Numbers

Authors: Adrian M. Stokes
Comments: 4 Pages.

Prime numbers greater than 3 belong to the number sequences 6n ± 1 wheren ≥ 1. These sequences also include the composites that are not divisible by 2 and/or3 and therefore their factors must also be of the form 6n ± 1. This allows all of the6n±1 composites to be equivalently written in the form of factors (6n1±1)(6n2±1),where n1 and n2 ≥ 1, creating three sub-sequences that exclude prime numbers.Finding and isolating the prime numbers can be achieved by selecting a numberrange and creating a set of 6n ± 1 numbers for that range before subtracting thesubsets (6n1 ± 1)(6n2 ± 1) to isolate and identify all the primes in the set.
Category: Number Theory

What is Mass?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 16 Pages.

Mass should be understood in terms of potential energy arising from vector potentials of force elds. It reevaluates Einstein's famousequation E = mc2 and suggests that rest mass (denoted as mr) is essentially a form of potential energy. The text challenges traditional views by proposing that the rest mass of subatomic particles is not con- stant but varies with the potential of the elds in which they are located. Through a series of theoretical discussions and thought experiments, the author explores the implications of this view for understanding the uni- verse, including the additivity of rest mass, the variability of subatomic particle masses, and the principle of minimum potential energy (or rest mass) governing all interactions and processes in the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Are the James Webb Space Telescope's Data so Surprising?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 7 Pages.

The implications of recent astronomical observations made by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and compares them with thosefrom the Hubble Space Telescope. Specically, it discusses the discovery of galaxies such as GN-z11 and JADES-GS-z13-0, which appear to have formed at very early stages of the universe, challenging previous assumptions about galaxy formation and the age of the universe.The author uses a thought experiment involving relativistic speeds and redshift calculations to question the current estimates of the universe'sage, suggesting that the universe might be older than widely accepted. The piece critically examines the methodologies used in determiningthe age of distant galaxies and the universe, proposing that new data from JWST could necessitate a revision of cosmological models.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hubble Force and Vacuum Energy

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 3 Pages. Distributed under CC BY-NC 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please only submit finalized work)

It is common knowledge that vacuum has an intrinsic energy and exerts negative pressure (force), one which acts against gravity to drive and accelerate the expansion of the Universe. Little is known, however, about the force it causing this pressure. Indeed it is controversial whether there is any force at all behind this phenomenon so the situation must be carefully weighed. Here I shall venture to argue briefly that there does exist a force driving the expansion, the force I call the `Hubble Force'. Then, with an explicit force at hand, the whole machinery of continuum mechanics would be at our service to analyze the expansion thoroughly.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Explanation for the Red Shift

Authors: Ronald Hall
Comments: 25 Pages.

The concept of a universal ideal elastic medium is developed to show that protons, neutrons and stars can be represented as stress patterns whose characteristics are determined by the structure of the hydrogen atom and the nature of thermal radiation. One characteristic of the stress pattern of a star such as the sun is the radial velocity of light in the pattern, which is shown to be a function of both the distance from the star and the mass of the star. This velocity is equivalent to Hubble's velocity of recession.
Category: Astrophysics

The Zeta Function and the Euler-Maclaurin Formula

Authors: Marco Burgos
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author name is required on the article in pdf)

The Riemann Zeta function is very famous because hidden within it lies the much-desired prime counting function. In this paper, we will unlock the door using the Euler-Maclaurin formula and present the proof of the Riemann Hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

Designing Performance Testing Software for Cloud Based Enterprise Applications

Authors: Pranshu Mishra, Surbhi Agarwal
Comments: 4 Pages. Performance Engineering, System Design, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

The paper presents the design and implementation of performance testing software designed forcloud-based enterprise applications. With the increasing adoption of cloud computing in enterprise environments, ensuring the performance and scalability of these cloud-based applications is crucial. Traditional performance testing tools may not fully address the unique challenges posed by cloud environments as these tools are, generally speaking, usually designed as load generators. Therefore, we propose a comprehensive approach to designing performance testing software specifically for cloud-based enterprise applications in which load generation is one component of it’s architecture.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Approaching EEG Pathological Spikes in Terms of Solitons

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 13 Pages.

A delicate balance between dissipative and nonlinear forces allows traveling waves termed solitons to preserve their shape and energy for long distances without steepen and flatten out. Solitons are so widespread that can generate both destructive waves in oceans’ surface and noise-free message propagation in silica optic fibers. They are naturally observed or artificially produced in countless physical systems at very different coarse-grained scales, from solar winds to Bose-Einstein condensates. We hypothesize that some of the electric oscillations detectable by scalp electroencephalography (EEG) could be assessed in terms of solitons. A nervous spike must fulfill strict mathematical and physical requirements to be termed a soliton. They include the proper physical parameters like wave height, horizontal distance and unchangingshape, the appropriate nonlinear wave equations’ solutions, the correct superposition between sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal waves. After a thorough analytical comparison with the EEG traces available in literature, we argue that solitons bear striking similarities with the electric activity recorded from medical conditions like epilepsies and encephalopathies. Emerging from the noisy background of the normal electric activity, high-amplitude, low frequency EEG soliton-like pathological waves with relatively uniform morphology and duration can be observed, characterized by repeated, stereotyped patterns propagating on the hemispheric surface of the brain over relatively large distances. Apart from the implications for the study of cognitive activities in the healthy brain, the theoretical possibility to treat pathological brain oscillations in terms of solitons has powerful operational implications, suggesting new therapeutical options to counteract their detrimental effects.
Category: Mind Science

磁场应该用能量流重新来定义而不是矢量势的旋度
The Magnetic Field Should be Redefined in Terms of Energy Flow Rather Than the Curl of Vector Potential

Authors: shuang-ren Zhao
Comments: 77 Pages. In Chinese

本文从两个载流线圈之间的能量的纽曼公式推导了准静态电磁场方程，然后讨论了3种方法从准静态方程过度到辐射电磁场方程。1）Maxwell提出的位移电流方法，2）洛伦兹的滞后势方法，3）作者提出的基于能量守恒的包含超前波的方法。作者分析了磁场的不同定义，按照安培力，洛伦兹力，矢量势的旋度，滞后矢量势的旋度，法拉第电磁感应，坡印廷矢量，互能流定义的磁场。磁场定义还分在环路上和在直线上求平均值两种不同类型定义方法。在这些不同方法中，作者认为用互能流定义的磁场是正确的。按照这个磁场定义电磁波的磁场和电场保持90度相位差。不是像麦克斯韦电磁理论那样磁场和电场保持同相位。这样电磁波的确是无功功率的波。这种波的能量是不会溢出宇宙的。单独靠电磁波并不能传递能量。传递能量得靠互能流。互能流由同步的滞后波和超前波构成。互能流具有光子的性质，作者认为互能流就是光子。本文的重点是由互能流定义了磁场。由于互能流不管是在准静态条件下，按照麦克斯韦电磁理论，还是按照作者的电磁理论都成立。因此这样定义的磁场是合理的。这个定义和麦克斯韦按照磁矢量势定义磁场是不相同的。

This article derives the quasi-static electromagnetic field equation from the Newman formula of the energy between two current-carrying coils, and then discusses three methods to transition from the quasi-static equation to the radiation electromagnetic field equation. 1) The displacement current method proposed by Maxwell, 2) Lorentz's hysteresis potential method, 3) The method based on energy conservation and including advanced waves proposed by the author. The author analyzes different definitions of magnetic fields, including magnetic fields defined in terms of Ampere force, Lorentz force, curl of vector potential, curl of hysteresis vector potential, Faraday electromagnetic induction, Poynting vector, and mutual energy flow. The definition of magnetic field is also divided into two different types of definition methods: averaging on a loop and averaging on a straight line. Of these different approaches, the authors consider the magnetic field defined in terms of mutual energy flow to be correct. According to this magnetic field definition, the magnetic field and electric field of electromagnetic waves maintain a phase difference of 90 degrees. It is not like Maxwell's electromagnetic theory that the magnetic field and the electric field remain in the same phase. In this way, electromagnetic waves are indeed waves of reactive power. The energy of this wave will not overflow into the universe. Electromagnetic waves alone cannot transmit energy. The transfer of energy depends on mutual energy flow. The mutual energy flow consists of synchronized delayed waves and advanced waves. Mutual energy flow has the properties of photons, and the author believes that mutual energy flow is photon. The focus of this article is on the magnetic field defined by mutual energy flow. Since the mutual energy flow is established no matter under quasi-static conditions, according to Maxwell's electromagnetic theory or according to the author's electromagnetic theory. Therefore the magnetic field defined in this way is reasonable. This definition is different from Maxwell's definition of magnetic field in terms of magnetic vector potential.
Category: Classical Physics

Simple, Mysterious, New Type and Best Possible Integral Inequalities

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this note, we give simple, mysterious, new type and best possible integral inequalities.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Correlation Between μ0ε0 and Time Course

Authors: Yake Li, Juan Zhou, Jianlin Ning
Comments: 13 Pages.

In nature, matter and its motion take precedence. Time serves merely as a conceptual tool and a method utilized by people to gauge the rate of motion of matter. μ0ε0 constitutes an intriguing pair of physical quantities. When directly measured, they remain constant. However, they can vary when indirectly measured. Research has revealed that μ0ε0 influences the motion rate of all matter within a local area. Correlated with the passage of time, μ0ε0 affects and reflects the motion rate of matter. Time, like other physical concepts, has a specific scope of applicability and is not universally valid across all physical phenomena under study.
Category: Astrophysics

The Neutron Enigma II

Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 9 Pages.

We had already dealt with the neutron enigma in an earlier paper5 and calculated values that were in excellent agreement with the decay times determined experimentally for the two measurement methods solely on the basis of the underlying masses or mass differences. However, this approach was formal, as no knowledge of the decay mechanisms was available and consequently the individual calculation steps could not be justified. The solution approach presented here was based on the neutron decay mechanism described in a recent publication 1 for calculating the decay curve. In combination with the specific structure of the two competing measurement methods, it was possible to predict that, in contrast to the bottle method,energy is continuously extracted from the system in the beam method, which leads to an increase in the lifetime of the neutrons, since energy and decay time are indirectly proportional, as already explained in the paper 5 cited at the beginning. The energy loss during the beam experiment could be quantified on the basis of a simple calculation model. From the resulting residual energy, it was possible to calculate the decay time, which corresponds to that measured by Greene3 within the standard deviation. From the knowledge of the overall mechanism outlined above, some experimental modifications for the beam method can be proposed, which should lead to an approximation of the decay times for both methods:- A reduction in diameter for the beam tube- An increase in the suction voltage to remove the proton- A reduction in the particle density in the beam tube If these experimental changes lead in the direction we predicted, we can consider the neutron enigma solved.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A New Foundation for Standard Quantum Theory

Authors: Edward C. Larson
Comments: 35 Pages.

This article presents a new way of looking at and understanding quantum physics through the lens of a novel framework. It addresses core issues of realism, locality, and measurement. It proposes a general quantum ontology consisting of two field-like entities, called W-state and P-state, that respectively account for the wave- andparticle-like aspects of quantum systems. Unlike Bohmian mechanics, however, it does not take the conjunction of wave and particle literally.W-state is a generalization of the wavefunction, but has ontic stature and is defined on the joint time-frequency domain. It constitutes a non-classical local reality, consisting of superpositions of quantum waves writ small. P-state enforces entanglement obligations and mediates the global coordination within quantum systems required to bring about wavefunction collapse in causal fashion consistent with special relativity.The framework brings quantum theory much closer to general relativity; the ontological foundations of the two share common language, concepts, and principles. It explains the phenomenology of standard quantum theory, but offers a sensible alternative to the Copenhagen dispensation, which actively discourages - indeed, oracularly proscribes - inquiry that seeks to explain quantum mechanics more deeply than the fact that themathematical formalism works.
Category: Quantum Physics

Derivation of Weinberg Angle, Quark Mixing Matrix Angles and Neutrino Oscillation Matrix Angles

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 9 Pages.

Following the path of our previous articles on the masses of charged leptons and quarks, in this paper we derive in a theoretical way the Weinberg angle and in a heuristic-empirical way the angles of the mixing matrices of quarks and neutrinos.Except for the CP violation angle of the neutrino mixing matrix which has a large indeterminacy.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Comparison of the Dimensionless Toe of S. Pellis and S. Jarvis with the Dimensioned Toe of the Author

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 8 Pages. (Correction to title made by viXra Admin)

In 2019, the author postulated "12 π c3 =1" as a framework for a final ToE (Theory of Everything) and worked this out over the years until 2024 into the world formula "Space / Time = 12 π3". Here, the competing approaches of Stergios Pellis and Stephen Jarvis, both of whom present a dimensionless number theory as ToE, will be briefly compared and placed in an overall picture. Finally, it will be briefly discussed whether and in what form natural constants can exist and what distinguishes a dimensionless world formula from a dimensional world formula.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Tom: a New Model for HTML

Authors: Hui Wang
Comments: 8 Pages.

Today modern web site accelerated by scripts1, but the foundation, web page its self is still a static structure. Document Object Model (DOM) represents the structure of web page. Here we show a new approach: It is possible to put timetree and DOM together to shape a new structure named Time Object Model. TOM represents not only a static page but also a dynamic stream. We believe the best way for using TOM is to embed it into a HTML5 page in real time without changing the existence, it is the only way works now.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

­Special Relativity and Length Contraction

Authors: Jan Slowak
Comments: 3 Pages.

The special theory of relativity, SR, is based on two so-called postulates/axioms:1) The constancy of the speed of light The special theory of relativity postulates that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant equal to c for all observers in uniform relative motion.2) Principle of relativityAll systems, where observers move at constant speed, inertial systems, are equivalent and therefore the laws of physics must give the same result for all of them.As a consequence of SR comes two concepts/physical phenomena: - time dilation- length contraction.In this article we take a look at length contraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Special Relativity — Alternative Lorentz Transformations

Authors: Jan Slowak
Comments: 11 Pages.

Einstein's theory of special relativity, SR, is a generally accepted theory that analyses, for instance, relationships between two inertial reference systems moving at a constant speed against each other. This relationship between the coordinates of an event in the two inertial reference systems is made using so-called Lorentz Transformations, LT. These transformations constitute the most central concept within SR. We will build an alternative theory to SR. We will derive new transformations between the two reference systems. It will be easy to compare these two theories. We will show that if all the steps taken during the derivation apply the existing mathematics, logic and physics, our transformations will be flawless, contradiction free! We follow the same steps, the same way of thinking as one do in [B1].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Complementary Elements of The Theory of The Surfaces

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 63 Pages. In French

In this fascicle, we give some complementary elements concerning the theory of surfaces like the lines of curvature, the asymptotic lines.
Category: Geometry

The New Cosmology and the New Gravity

Authors: John R. Rix
Comments: 117 Pages. Minor typographical errors corrected in version 2 - equations unchanged

Traditional cosmology and gravity feature dark matter, dark energy, and an expanding universe. These features (plus general relativity) generate predictions for observations. Recent observations by the James Webb space telescope and improved observations of the Hubble parameter have generated a tension with traditional predictions that has passed the breaking point. The time has come to consider a replacement for tradition—this document (NCNG). NCNG studies a wide range of astrophysics topics of interest. NCNG is structured as a textbook or as a series of lecture notes for graduate students. A good starting point for a new reader is Appendix A, where there is a brief history of traditional development. There is also a brief history of how my ideas for NCNG were born, and why I believe I am qualified to launch this revolution.
Category: Astrophysics

The Structure and the Density of a Quark Star in a Cold Genesis Theory of Particles

Authors: Arghirescu Marius
Comments: 34 Pages.

Based on a semi-empiric relation for the current mass of quarks specific to a Cold genesis theory of particles (CGT) but with the constants obtained with the aid of the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner formula and giving values close to those obtained by the Standard Model, by a current quark’s volume obtained as sum of theoretic (apparent) volumes of preonic kerneloids, a maximal density of the current quarks [The unreadable portion is omitted by viXra Admin]
Category: Astrophysics

The Lived Experiences of Working Professionals Living in Slum Areas

Authors: Lalaine E. Crisologo, Carmille Claire B. Cuate, Grace C. Echauz, Sara Joy C. Gallano, John Lexous M. Nadua
Comments: 20 Pages.

This study explores the lived experiences of working professionals residing in slum areas within Taguig City and Pasig City, Philippines. The study employs a qualitative phenomenological research design, utilizing semi-structured interviews,observations, and audio materials to gather in-depth insights from 7 participants. Thematic analysis is employed to identify common themes and patterns within participants' descriptions of their experiences, the ways they make sense of theseexperiences, reasons behind their choice to stay in slum areas, and the impact of their environment on their quality of life. Findings reveal that participants describe their life experiences through financial expectations, community cohesion, and safety concerns. Despite challenges, they exhibit adaptive resilience, emotional attachment, aspirational determination, and a positive outlook. The decision to stay in slum areas is influencedby strong community bonds, emotional connections, and practical considerations. Participants face various challenges affecting their quality of life, including safety issues, health concerns, and poor sleep quality due to noise pollution. Their copingmechanisms and responses highlight the complex nature of life in slum areas. Recommendations include advocating for improved living conditions, addressing inadequate professional salaries, and encouraging participants to broaden their outlook beyond emotional attachments. The study provides afoundation for future programs aimed at securing improved housing for individuals residing in slum areas, fostering economic growth, and positively impacting the well-being of working professionals in these environments.
Category: Education and Didactics

Clean CUT: A Clean Cosmological Unified Theory Resolving the Hierarchy Problem

Authors: Oussama Basta
Comments: 21 Pages.

In this paper, we propose a new theoretical framework called "Clean CUT" (Clean Cosmological Unified Theory) that offers a paradigm-shifting perspective on the fundamental nature of the universe. By seamlessly unifying gravitation, electromagnetism, spin, and quantum mechanics, Clean CUT provides a comprehensive description of the fundamental forces and resolves long-standing issues in physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Einstein's Spacetime Curvature Claim Belied By One Second Loophole Of His Own Perihelion Precession Equation

Authors: Antoine Khai Nguyen
Comments: 25 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirement of viXra.org))

I have potentially discovered a loophole inside Einstein's two equations for perihelion precession, known as:ε = 24π3 a2 / T2 c2 (1-e2)ε = 6πGM / c2 (1-e2) aand two ultra-simple alternative equations thereto, defined as:ε = 6π x (v/c)2 / (1-e2) (d0.0)ε = (6π / Dc2) / (1-e2)All these discoveries appear to demonstrate that Einstein's spacetime curvature claim from Mercury's perihelion precession is contradictory in its own mathematical principle:Einstein's spacetime curvature claim was braced with the entire orbit of Mercury, as curvature (of spacetime) must logically imply the full orbital period, but his equations were braced with one second-based sampling without repetition thereof.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Theoretical Analysis of Firearm Accuracy: Insights from a Virtual Lab

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 3 Pages. 3 figures

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the factors influencing firearm accuracy, with a focus on the comparative accuracy of rifles and pistols. The investigation includes mathematical models, theoretical experiments conducted in a virtual lab, and results interpretation. Theoretical experiments explore the impact of barrel length, muzzle velocity, stability, and recoil on firearm accuracy.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Planck Quantum Gravity Theory

Authors: Xiao Lin Li
Comments: 15 Pages.

Particles do not have rest mass in 5-dimensional space-time. Different kinds of particles in 4-dimensional space-time can be unified into a single particle field in 5-dimensional space-time. Particles have the property of a quantized intrinsic length. This intrinsic length can be identified using the Planck length. This phenomenon can be called length quantization. This intrinsic length of a particle, which originates from quantization, is invariant in all frames of reference, much like physical quantities such as charge, spin, and zero-point energy. Based on the propagator and intrinsic length of particle fields, a pure quantum gravity theory can be derived using the methods of quantum field theory. Gravitational force is only an additional effect of the particle field, and there is no independent gravitational field. The commutators that transmit the gravitational force are the particles themselves, and there is no independent graviton. Gravitons do not exist. In other words, gravitons are the particles themselves. There is an unknown mapping between 5-dimensional space-time and 4-dimensional space-time. Through this mapping, the intrinsic length of particles in 5-dimensional space-time is divided into two physical quantities in 4-dimensional space-time, one is the Compton wavelength of the particle and the other is the gravitational radius of the particle. The particle's Compton wavelength and gravitational radius form a dual relationship, and the product of the two is equal to Planck length squared. This unknown mapping brings two results in 4-dimensional space-time. The first result is the rest mass of the particle in 4-dimensional space-time, and the second is the gravitational effect in 4-dimensional space-time. The gravitational force in 4-dimensional space-time is the mapping result of the gravitational force in 5-dimensional space-time. The gravitational effect of the particle field limits the maximum energy of the virtual particle, preventing the divergence of the integrals of propagators. Gravitational properties are an indispensable part of quantum field theory, and only quantum field theory that includes gravitational effects can be formed into a complete theoretical framework. The gravitational potential and the Coulomb potential have similar inverse distance properties, and the phenomenon has a common origin, both of which are the result of quantum field theory propagators. In 4-dimensional space-time, gravity has a special property of spatial background field, which can be treated as a space-time structure. Gravity imposes a limitation on coordinate transformations, which do not eliminate the intrinsic length of particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

An Essay on Afro-Indonesian Population Development Prior to the Twentieth Century

Authors: William John Page
Comments: 37 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)

The study includes a multi-discipline analysis to identify the main process through which Afro-Indonesians became established on Madagascar within the first Millennium.The conclusion proposes an extended and extensive exploration of the great rivers of Mocambique by Paleo-Indonesian expeditions. They bartered their Asian food plants grown on homes set up on islands or riverside settlements with aquatic Bantu on periodic expeditions. This process left trace patterns reflecting: 1. the Paleo-Indonesian river trade and, 2. dispersion of these crops by the Bantu agriculturalists and led to the formation of Afro-Indonesians ancestral to the Sakalava and Vezo people of western Madagascar. This paper was prepared from 1980 to 1990 and donated to the Mitchell Library in Sydney, Australia.
Category: Archaeology

Fundamental Force Coupling Constants Are Wavenumbers

Authors: Brian Beverly
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in future submission!)

This started as a [trial] derivation for force coupling constants but it is the simplest derivation of alpha, the fine structure constant, using Coulomb's law and the Planck-Einstein relations. The derivation shows that coupling constants are wavenumbers. Another derivation using Newton's law of gravity also provides the coupling constant for the gravitational force. I argue that alpha and the coupling constants represents the minimum uncertainty between wavenumber and radial distance. This is like the uncertainty between momentum (wavelength) and position. Wavenumber is defined as the inverse of the wavelength per unit distance. This is equivalent to saying that alpha is about 137 wavelengths per unit distance of radius. I go on to show this provides the correct ionization wavelengths of light for the hydrogen atom. Using whole integers, n number of energy levels, allowed me to derive the Rydberg formula. Alpha is nearly an integer number because we are using a wavenumber. This derivation is equivalent to that of the Bohr model but without needing to use classical ideas of electrons in orbit around the nucleus like planets in orbit around the sun.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Theory of Time Frames: Variable Speed of Light

Authors: Branimir Špigel
Comments: 19 Pages.

Within the framework of the Theory of Time Frames, we have revealed an intuitive explanation for the longstanding enigma surrounding the constancy of light speed in a vacuum. This was achieved through the astonishingly straightforward logic that acknowledges a photon's speed varies in proportion to the flow of time and the established fact that photons do not possess rest mass. Consequently, our research indicates that the speed of light is not constant but variable. However, this insight does not contradict the laws of physics or empirical evidence. Moreover, we propose a new dimensionless constant,nc = 299,792,458, to replace the traditional constant of light speed, c. This novel constant is consistent with all observed measurements of light speed conducted within the observer's local time flow. Although this interpretation of light speed deviates from Einstein's theory, it is grounded in solid theoretical and empirical evidence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Field Theoretic Thrust of an Accelerating Frame

Authors: Kevin Player
Comments: 5 Pages.

We consider the field theoretic picture where Unruh radiation was initially uncovered. We demonstrate how thrust serves as a more accurate and direct explanation of the Unruh effect and hence Hawing radiation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Eikonal and Black Hole Entropy

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 2 Pages.

We formulate the eikonal equation in (3+1)-dimensional spherically symmetric curved space-time using Clebsch variables. We assume that the mass is the mass of a black hole and it is related to a black hole entropy through its area.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Weak Galerkin Finite Element Method for the Incompressible Viscous Magneto-Hydrodynamic Boundary Value Problems

Authors: SongBom Kim, KwangJin Ro, MyongHyok Sin
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper, we have studied the weak Galerkin finite element method for the incompressible viscous Magneto-hydrodynamic(MHD) equations.A weak Galerkin finite element methods are based on new concept called discrete weak gradient, discrete weak divergence and discrete weak rotation, which are expected to play an important role in numerical methods for magneto-hydrodynamic equation.This article intends to provide a general framework for managing differential, divergence, rotation operators on generalized functions. With the proposed method, solving the magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) equation is that the classical gradient, divergence, rotation operators are replaced by the discrete weak gradient, divergence, rotation and apply the Galerkin finite element method. It can be seen that the solution of the weak Galerkin finite element method is not only continuous function but also totally discontinuous function. For the proposed method, optimal order error estimates are established in various norms.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Method for Detecting the Top of a Mountain by Using Fractal Technique

Authors: JongChol Ri, HyonSu Kim
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, we consider the method that detects the top area of a mountain to decrease the research area in the image processing system.The curved surface of image brightness (CSIV) on ground background forms in a woods, a rock , a crookedness of the ground and so on . The curved surface of image brightness (CSIV) on sky background generally forms in the relatively very great clouds group.Therefore, the curved surface of image brightness (CSIV) on sky background generally forms in great patterns, the curved surface of image brightness (CSIV) on ground background relatively forms in small patterns.On the basis of consideration about the fractal characteristics between the sky and ground background, the top area of a mountain where the appearance probability is very great was detected by using calculation of fractal dimension between sky and ground.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Atomic Structure

Authors: Yibing Qiu
Comments: 7 Pages.

This article shows the atomic structure that has been proved by the related and independent experiments；and，based on the atomoc structure，gave and show the causes and machanism of the quantization of atomic energy levels.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Origin of Observed Soul/spirit and Evils on Near Death Times in a New Quantum Theory of Intelligence

Authors: Alireza Sepehri
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this research; we define a quantum intelligence for any creature and consider its communications with free intelligences in environment. To this aim; we use of experiences on near death times. Some patients near death time lose ability of speech and see things like spirit; soul and evils. Question arises that if these creatures are real? To response; a team has asked from patients who return from Coma. They have reported similar observations. Also; some of them have claimed that not only saw all events in environment but even communicate with some persons during coma. To test reality; a holography for a sleeping person has been designed. The sleeping person not only saw the predicred scenes of holography but observed more creatures and silent eyes and faces from dead persons. Summing over these considerations; one conclude that any creature has an intelligence. Signature of this intelligence may be seen in quantum scales.This quantum intelligence employs matter and energy and build body of creature.Then; maybe; soul enters to it. Thus; intelligence may be a thing separated of matter and soul or spirit. The place of intelligence isnt limitted to brain but brain even makes some errors in process of its communications with environment. For example; brain removes images that its analyzers diagnose as non reasoning pictures like images of souls and evils from visible scenes in normal conditions. But; near death; analyzers of brain lose their ability and all creatures even those non reasoning ones like evils and souls could be seen. After body or brain death; intelligence becomes free and could continue its life and communication with other intelligences. But; intelligences that are confined to bodies; see free intelligences with the shape of initial bodies that they were confined to them when they were alive or with the shape of evils or holy persons. Maybe; in good conditions of envirnment and space-time; free intelligences employ matters or energies and rebuild creatures again.
Category: Mind Science

Inside the Neutron: Calculation of the Mass and β-Decay-Curve of the Neutron

Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 19 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin: Author name is required on the article in pdf)

In this work we have used the classical neutron model of proton and nuclear electron in combination with the findings of projection theory, according to which the neutron is a cube and its interior lies below the spatial resolution, where the physical laws of our space-time world only apply to a limited extent and consequently the objections raised against this model by established physics do not apply. The electron does not reside in the entire cubic interior, but in a potential sphere (r = 6.355181 10-16 m) around the positron. This potential space is statistically occupied by the electron by random jumps with a jump duration of tmin. From the statistical frequency of the individual potential energies, the mean mass of the neutron was calculated to be 1.674927328 . 10-27 kg. The potential jumps mentioned above lead to a change in the size of the neutron at a constant elementary particle density in the rhythm of the jumps (oscillation model). The β-decay is caused by jumps of the electron to the outer surface of the neutron, where they are ejected from the neutron by membrane oscillation, whereby only 1/6 of the oscillation energy is transferred to the electron as kinetic energy. This is the real secret of the missing energy in the decay spectrum of the neutron. Two curves were constructed to calculate the decay curve. The base curve reflects the energetic and geometric conditions in the potential space of the electron, while the second, the jump curve, takes into account the individual jumps to the respective points on the neutron surface. The superposition of these two curves resulted in a curve that is in excellent agreement with the experimentally determined curves, in which the irregular curve progression at the maximum of the measurement curves is also very well reproduced, which to our knowledge is not the case with the calculations of established physicists. Neutrinos are not required in our obviously accurate model. In the last section, the conversion factor between time and length was calculated as 1 m4/3/s for the interior of the neutron. This contradicts the calculations of the same factor for the world outside the neutron with 61.66801 m4/3/s, which impressively confirms our initial hypothesis of deviating physics inside the neutron.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

General Vectorial Lorentz Transformation Formulas for Spacetimes of Arbitrary Dimensions

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 16 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please list scientific references in the future!)

The article presents generalized vectorial Lorentz transformation formulas applicable to spacetimes of arbitrary dimensions within the framework of special relativity. It introduces a novel notation to differentiate between temporal coordinates and proper time, and assumes the speed of light as dimensionless and set to 1. This approach results in a homogeneous metric space, termed U-space, facilitating the extension of Lorentz transformations beyond the conventional four-dimensional spacetime to spaces with any number of dimensions. The transformations are derived and detailed for velocities, accelerations, and other vectors in U-space, highlighting their universality and ease of application compared to traditional methods.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Visual Representation of Differential Forms and Pseudo-Forms

Authors: R. I. Khrapko
Comments: 80 Pages. In Russian

It is widely believed that the example of electrodynamics shows how physical laws are naturally expressed in terms of external differential forms and integrals of them. However, in practice, the authors of popular textbooks avoid using the mathematical apparatus of differential forms [1—4]. Differential forms are not mentioned in the popular Handbook of Mathematics [5]. Physicists ignore the remarkable works of Schouten, carried out in the first half of the last century [6, 7], in which visual images of differential forms are given. Only occasionally do publications appear on this topic [8]. However, even in the book [6] only one page is devoted to the equations of electrodynamics.On the other hand, the strict formalism of differential forms, expounded in detail and repeatedly by mathematicians [9, 10], is not suitable for the formulation and explanation of physical laws. It loses when compared with the traditional style of presentation, and the notation of mathematicians fatally prevents the use of the theory of differential forms in physics. True, a remarkable and almost successful attempt to bring mathematics and physics closer was made by Schutz [11]. However, in our opinion, the notation used in the book [11] is not yet fully adapted for successful use by physicists. This also applies to the section of the book devoted to electrodynamics.We hope to introduce external differential forms into ordinary electrodynamics primarily by changing the notation. We also use conjugation [12] instead of the traditional Hodge operation [13]. This makes it possible to connect various fields of electrodynamics into single chains. Moreover, the depiction of differential forms makes this connection very clear. In particular, the representations of fields related by Maxwell's equations made these equations self-evident. A particularly long chain of fields is shown in Fig. 9.Field chains contain both known exotic fields [14] and many hypothetical fields. The use of field chains allowed us to take a new look at the action of the Laplace operator, the action of the "second-order generation operator" inverse to the Laplace operator, and the Helmholtz expansion procedure. In particular, the Helmholtz expansion of the singular delta function turned out to be related to the expansion of magnetic induction into the magnetization vector and magnetic field strength [15]. We hope to show the simplicity and naturalness of the proposed approach.
Category: Classical Physics

About the Mass

Authors: Alexander P. Klimets
Comments: 7 Pages. 7 pp., English, Brest, Belarus

Using the mass model, the article examines the thesis about the fundamental nature of the eld form of matter in physics. A eld model of inert and heavy mass is constructed and on this basis the mechanism of inertia and gravity of massive bodies is revealed. The mass model is compared with the Dirac equation.
Category: Classical Physics

The Time-Neutral Exterior Schwarzschild Metric in Polynomial Form

Authors: Kevin Loch
Comments: 5 Pages.

The time-neutral metric is introduced and the time-neutral exterior Schwarzschild metric is con- verted to polynomial form in r and total mass M. The polynomials are found to be cubic with no constant term, which allows the two non-zero roots of each to be extracted from the reduced quadratic form.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Physical Mathematics and Geometry of Dialectical Materialism Versus the Euclidean "Mathematics" and "Geometry" of Philosophical Idealism

Authors: Ángel Blanco Nápoles
Comments: Spanish, Russian and English versions. 14 pages each. 14 drawings.

This work reveals the antagonistic and unsolvable internal contradictions of the Euclidean "geometry" of Philosophical Idealism with itself and with the mathematics that derives from it, also providing the definitive solution of Dialectical Materialism, which not only solves the aforementioned contradictions, but many others in the field of mathematics, physics, astronomy and cosmology.
Category: Geometry

The First Counterexample of Riemann Hypothesis Found Through Computer Calculation

Authors: Zhiyang Zhang
Comments: 7 Pages.

The counterexample of the Riemann hypothesis causes a significant change in the image of the Riemann Zeta function, which can be distinguished using mathematical judgment equations. The first counterexample can be found through this equation.
Category: Number Theory

A Mnemonic System for the First 33 Digits of Pi

Authors: Janko Kokošar
Comments: 5 Pages.

$Pi$ value with 33 digits is: 3.14159265358979323846264338327950... A mnemonic system for memorizing of those digits is made here by help of the numeric keypad, which can help at memorizing because of surface distribution of digits, and because of motoric memory of those who often use it. There are used also some symmetries of digits, for instance, with four symmetric triplets of digits, and with other specialties.
Category: Education and Didactics

Incomplete Gamma Function and pi

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this note we give three double series for Pi.
Category: Number Theory

On the Origin and Unification of Electromagnetism, Gravitation, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Ingo D. Mane
Comments: 59 Pages. The author welcomes feedback and discussion.

Physical action is a spacetime bivector. Based on this single assumption, this paper argues that spacetime itself is responsible for much of physics. The properties of its elements and their derivatives, especially the transformations of special relativity, allow us to successively derive and confirm major empirically found laws and equations. We exemplary derive equations for electromagnetism including: Biot-Savart Law, Electrostatic Force, Lorentz Force, Maxwell's Equations including charges, and also constants like the fine-structure constant, electric permittivity, and even additional terms that are related to spin. In strict analogy, we gain very similar equations for gravitation which, e.g., include Poisson's equation for gravity. A further derivation of these equations of gravitation leads to field equations which are comparable to the field equations of general relativity. Electromagnetism and gravitation unite into one set of equations. The fact that bivectors can be written as wave equations also unify classical physics with wave mechanics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Collatz Conjecture [Being] Truly a Definite Conclusion is Drawn by Using the Principle of Net Induction Rate and Net Reduction Rate

Authors: Chandan Chattopadhyay
Comments: 10 Pages.

This research work establishes a theory for concluding an affirmative answer to the famous, long-standing unresolved problem "TheCollatz Conjecture".
Category: Number Theory

Further Investigations on Euler's Odd Perfect Numbers

Authors: Chandan Chattopadhyay
Comments: 11 Pages.

It is a long-standing question whether there exists an odd perfect number. This article establishes a complete theory in order to prove that if an oddperfect number n exists then n = pm^2 with p prime and p is congruent to 1 (mod 4), andgcd (p, m) = 1.
Category: Number Theory

Diophantine Nth-tuples

Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please use complete sentences in the abstract)

Diophantine equations of sums of terms of various degrees [are explored.]
Category: Number Theory

The Masses of the Quarks, Parameters of the Standard Model and the Non-Trivial Zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 5 Pages.

This empirical heuristic work on the masses of quarks is a continuation of our previous work on the masses of electrically charged leptons.Onceagain the first four non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function appear very clearly. Parameters from the standard model are also used.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Diverse Use of Smoothed Asymptotics in Quantum Field Theory that Help to Additionally Provide Rigorous Proofs for Riemann Hypothesis, Polignac's and Twin Prime Conjectures

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 86 Pages.

We validly ignore even prime number 2. Based on all arbitrarily large number of even prime gaps 2, 4, 6, 8, 10...; the complete set and its derived subsets of Odd Primes fully comply with Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions. With this condition being satisfied by all Odd Primes, we argue that Modified Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are proven to be true when these conjectures are treated as Incompletely Predictable Problems. In so doing [and with Riemann hypothesis being a special case], this action also support the generalized Riemann hypothesis formulated for Dirichlet L-function. By broadly applying Hodge conjecture, Grothendieck period conjecture and Pi-Circle conjecture to Dirichlet eta function (which acts as proxy function for Riemann zeta function), Riemann hypothesis is separately proven to be true when this hypothesis is treated as Incompletely Predictable Problem. We highlight crucial connections between these Incompletely Predictable Problems in Number theory and Quantum field theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Basic Interactions That Occur as the Early Universe Evolved

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 11 Pages.

The basic forces that govern the universe are repulsive force, gravity, quark interaction, and electromagnetic force. All forces except repulsive force are attractive forces.Among these forces, repulsive force or expansive force is a force that acts between pure energies, which is the force that dominates the universe. As the universe expands, the temperature decreases and changes into dark energy and dark matter when it reaches 〖10〗^13 K.Dark matter is an invisible material called imp (invisible material particle) and consists of imps and quarks. Imp liberates gravity and creates a gravitational field. As the universe continues to expand and the temperature decreases, at 〖10〗^10 K, an imp interacts with quarks to create neutron, and the force acting at this time is quark interaction. Quark interaction is involved in creating all particles such as neutrons and protons, and is also involved in creating and closing electromagnetic force fields.Electromagnetic force is a force made by creating an electromagnetic force field inside the proton and emitting electrons during the process of converting neutron into proton. It is also involved in closing the electromagnetic force field during the process of converting proton into neutron.
Category: Classical Physics

The Electron-Positron Pair Creation in Quantum Electrodynamics

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages. Original Article

The probability of the emission of the electron-positron pairs is calculated from the vacuum-to-vacuum amplitude in such a way that the modified propagation function of photon is applied. The quantum entanglement of the electron-positronpairs is not analysed. In cosmology, pair production is the heuristic explanation of the Hawking radiation. The pair production process is explained here with the pedagogical simplicity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Removing GPT4’s Filter

Authors: Ben Lemkin
Comments: 9 Pages.

GPT4 was initially trained on large amounts of data, and then fine-tuned using Reinforcement learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), which is when volunteers give feedback in order to teach GPT4 not to create inappropriate content. In this paper, we present a method to manipulate the fine-tuned version into reverting to pre-RLHF behavior, effectively removing all safety mechanisms that the model learned during RLHF. In particular, when GPT4 acts without RLHF, it loses all inhibition, and can complete very inappropriate content given only the first few words.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Keplerbahnen (On Kepler Orbits)

Authors: Thomas Heiko Günther
Comments: 11 Pages. In German (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

Die Bahnen von Planeten um die Sonne sind Ellipsen. Die Sonne liegt dabei in einem Brennpunkt der Ellipse. Dies gilt ganz allgemein für die Bewegung eines Objekts im Gravitationsfeld einer zentralen Masse. Dieses Skript enthält eine mathematische Herleitung der Bahnkurven eines Massepunktes im sphärisch symmetrischen Gravitationsfeld auf Basis des Lagrange-Formalismus. Als Grundlage wird zunächst die Ellipsengleichung behandelt. Weitere Grundlagen werden in Kurzform im Anhang aufgeführt. Aus der Theorie ergeben sich schließlich die drei Keplerschen Gesetze.

The orbits of planets around the sun are ellipses. The sun lies at a focal point of the ellipse. This applies generally to the movement of an object in the gravitational field of a central mass. This script contains a mathematical derivation of the trajectories of a mass point in a spherically symmetrical gravitational field based on the Lagrange formalism. The ellipse equation is first treated as a basis. Further basics are briefly listed in the appendix. The theory ultimately gives rise to Kepler's three laws.
Category: Classical Physics

Alpha Is a Wavenumber and the Uncertainty Principle Exists

Authors: Brian Beverly
Comments: 5 Pages.

A simple derivation of alpha, the fine structure constant, using Coulomb's law and the Planck-Einstein relations. I argue that alpha represents the minimum uncertainty between wavenumber and radial distance. This is like the uncertainty between momentum (wavelength) and position. The fine structure constant is related to this uncertainty principle but in spherical coordinates using wavenumber for momentum and radius for distance. Wavenumber is defined as the inverse of the wavelength per unit distance. This is equivalent to saying that alpha is about 137 wavelengths per unit distance of radius. I go on to show this provides the correct ionization wavelengths for the hydrogen atom. Using whole integers, n number of energy levels, allowed me to derive the Rydberg formula. Alpha is nearly an integer number because we are using a wavenumber. It is not a mystery to find integer values when wavenumbers are used. This derivation is equivalent to that of the Bohr model but without needing to use classical ideas of electrons in orbit around the nucleus like planets in orbit around the sun.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

On Navier-Stokes Equations

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 3 Pages.

All classical systems must be Galilean invariant,but Navier--Stokes equations are not. The solutionis the correct derivation of Navier--Stokes equations.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Riemann Hypothesis is [Claimed to Be] Proven

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please use complete sentences and do not use grandiose title - Future non-compliant submission will be rejected))

A short research about the Riemann Hypothesis [is given].
Category: Number Theory

Proof for Localized Energy or Inertia in Curved Spacetime

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 13 Pages.

General Relativity is known for its local character; unlike the omnipresence, i.e., instancy/immediacy of Einstein's ``spookyaction'' while Quantum Entanglement. Hence, it is expected that a local observer can measure/harvest the energy. This means that the famous problem of energy localization should have a positive solution. I introduce an inertial coordinate system (a local inertial tetrad) and derive conservation laws from the covariant four-dimensional divergence of the energy-momentum tensor. As an introduction to the revealing power of such tetrads, different mathematical methods have coincided in showing that Black Holes can start shrinking and, in the finale, completely vanish the falling test objects; the annual pointing of the rotational axis of Earth on the North Star area is also explained.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Does Newton’s Ether Exist?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 7 Pages.

Newton's ether theory, where the ether is a medium through which light travels and celestial bodies move has been largely rejected in the scientific community because it failed to explain observations. Nevertheless, I claim that this rejection is problematic.
Category: Astrophysics

Euler-Mascheroni Constant is Irrrational

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 2 Pages.

[The attempted proof that the Euler-Mascheroni constant is irrrational is given.]
Category: Number Theory

Second Moment/order Approximations by Kernel Smoothers with Application to Volatility Estimation

Authors: L. Beleña, E. Curbelo, L. Martino, V. Laparra
Comments: 14 Pages.

Volatility estimation and quantile regression are relevant active research areas in statistics, machine learning and econometrics. In this work, we propose two procedures to estimate local variances in generic regression problems by using of kernel smoothers. The proposed schemes can be applied in multidimesional scenarios (not just for time series analysis) and easily in a multi-output framework, as well. Moreover, they allow the possibility of providing uncertainty estimation using a generic kernel smoother technique. Several numerical experiments show the benefits of the proposed methods, even comparing with benchmark techniques. One of these experiment involves a real dataset analysis.
Category: Statistics

Proof of Riemann Hypothesis via Robin's Theorem

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 3 Pages.

I show that the minimum of the function F=e^gamma*ln(ln n)-sigma(n)/n isfound to be positive. Therefore, F>0 holds for any n>5040.
Category: Number Theory

The Signature of Abc Conjecture is Proven

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 4 Pages.

Equivalent view of abc conjecture is proven. Some crucial properties of the abc conjecture are presented and proven. For example, there exist three numbers (a, b, c) that satisfy the abc conjecture for an arbitrary value c.
Category: Number Theory

An Attempt to Prove the Riemann Hypothesis Simply

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 1 Page.

This work says that Riemann Hypothesis is true.
Category: Number Theory

Proof of Some Conjectures and Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 5 Pages.

A simple proof confirms Riemann, Generalized Riemann, Collatz, Swinnerton-Dyer conjectures and Fermat's Last Theorem.
Category: Number Theory

A Sketch of Effective Learning Using Technology [Part 1]

Authors: Timothy Jones
Comments: 7 Pages.

A problem set from a calculus text is solved. The goal is to see whether or not modern calculators and a CAS are genuinely helpful.
Category: General Mathematics

Proof of Strong Golbach Conjecture

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please use complete sentences in the abstract)

Proof of Strong Golbach Conjecture [is explored in this article].
Category: Number Theory

The Astonishing Conflict of the Constancy of the One-Way Speed of Light Within Relativity

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 13 Pages.

We show that if we assume the existence of a frame in vacuum where the one-way speed of light is c (c is the measured value of the two-way speed of light in vacuum) than for another frame moving with velocity v_1 in relation to that frame the speed of light in this another frame cannot be c. What is c in this another frame is the one-way Einstein speed of light. Although this has been known and affirmed several years ago, only recently we have an increase of publications stating the variability of the one-way speed of light. Therefore, since the constancy of the speed of light is sometimes considered an unquestionable postulate, we are assisting to an astonishing conflict between the "standard formulation of Relativity" and "Relativity with variable light speed". However, this conundrum can be easily resolved with the clarification of the conceptualization of simultaneity and synchronization.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Understanding Quantum Mechanics

Authors: D. J. Larson
Comments: 10 Pages. Submitted to Physics Essays

Quantum mechanics presently has many unanswered questions, paradoxes, and even outright logical contradictions. To make progress in understanding quantum mechanics, we begin by proposing that relativity be set aside in favor of an absolute aetherial theory. Once that step is taken, we can understand quantum collapse as a description of real wave-packets collapsing in a faster-than-light way. By assuming that a partially observable reality exists, we can then extend our analysis of wave-packets into the subquantum, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle then follows from the Fourier uncertainty principle coupled with the de Broglie relation. Further progress in understanding quantum mechanics is possible by modifying the de Broglie and Planck relations. Those modifications lead to matter-waves moving at the speed of light rather than superluminally as presently theorized, and they allow the results of matter-wave two-slit experiments to be understood from any reference frame. A modified time-dependent Schrödinger Equation results from our modifications, but the spatial time-independent Schrödinger Equation is retained.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Physical Basis of the Fine Structure Constant in Relativistic Rotational Motion

Authors: Preston Guynn
Comments: 2 Pages.

The physical basis of the fine structure constant is relativistic rotational motion. Matter and its interactions consist of space time structures of rotational motion. The results of the model match experimentally determined values to within 1 part in 10^11.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

EcoGen: Fusing Generative AI and Edge Intelligence for Sustainable Scalability

Authors: Sai Harvin Kusumaraju, Arya Suneesh, Aastha Rana, Sriharsha Bodicherla, Bhaumik Tyagi
Comments: 8 Pages.

Abstract—The accelerating advancements in Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) have led to an unprecedented surge in data creation on the Internet, posing challenges to current computing and communication frameworks. GenAI, a distinct category of AI, generates content akin to human creations. Currently, GenAI services heavily rely on traditional cloud computing, resulting in high latency due to data transmission and a surge in requests. In response, the integration of edge-cloud computing emerges as an attractive paradigm, offering computation power and low latency through collaborative systems. This research paper provides a comprehensive overview of the intersection between GenAI and edge-cloud computing. We delve into recent developments in both domains and examine technical challenges through the lens of two exemplary GenAI applications. Introducing an innovative solution, we propose the Generative AI-oriented synthetical network (EcoGen), a collaborative cloud-edge-end intelligence framework. EcoGen facilitates bidirectional knowledge flow, allowing GenAI's pre-training to provide foundational knowledge for Edge Intelligence (EI), while EI aggregates personalized knowledge for GenAI. The framework leverages data-free knowledge relay to buffer contradictions, enabling virtuous-cycle model fine-tuning and task inference. Importantly, we incorporate a detailed analysis of the energy efficiency and environmental sustainability aspects of deploying Generative AI systems at scale, particularly in edge computing. Strategies to optimize energy consumption and reduce the carbon footprint are explored, contributing to a more sustainable AI ecosystem. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of EcoGen in achieving seamless fusion and collaborative evolution between GenAI and EI. The paper concludes by outlining design considerations for training and deploying GenAI systems at scale and pointing towards future research directions, emphasizing the imperative of sustainable AI practices.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A New Attempt to Check Whether Ramanujan's Formula Pi^4 Approx 97.5-1/11 is a Part of Some Completely Accurate Formula

Authors: Janko Kokošar
Comments: 7 Pages.

Intuitively, it seems that Ramanujan's formula $pi^4approx 97.5-1/11$ is an approximation for some perfectly accurate formula for $pi$. Here is one attempt to prove this. The principle of proof, however, is based on closeness of the every rest term to the inverse of integers. Although it is indeed somewhat closer to integers than it is on average, this proof is not complete. So we cannot say for sure whether this proves or disproves that this Ramanujan's formula has higher approximations; however, it gives hints and opens up space for further research.Moreover, this attempted proof is quite original. Also, such a method could also help in physics.
Category: Number Theory

The Connection of the Imaginary Parts of the Non-Trivial Zeros (Second, Third and Fourth) of the Riemann Zeta Function with the Masses of the Leptons

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this work the connection of the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function and a unification theory appears again. From this hypothetical theory yet to be developed, we obtain equations that connect these nontrivaial zeros with the masses of the electron, tau and muon leptons. In this case the imaginary parts of the second, third and fourth non-trivial zeros are used.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Growth of the Universe: Another Approach to Cosmology

Authors: Vyacheslav A. Ruchin
Comments: 10 Pages.

At present, the idea that our space-time is emergent, as a kind of low-energy phase transition into some kind of condensed matter and superconductor, is becoming quite popular. This space-time is formed as a kind of new network, the volume of which, when measured in Planck units, is equal to the number of network nodes. The growth of such a network and the increase in its volume is not due to the stretching of existing cells, but as a result of adding new cells. Considering the growth of such a network in a similar way to the growth of the volume of a new phase, one can naturally explain the redshift and many other problems of modern cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Back to Anthropocosmos

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 17 Pages. (Fonts reduced by viXra Admin - Please smaller fonts and do not use all caps in the title!)

Two ancient paradigms are re-established: that of the perfect, aesthetic Cosmos, and that of "solanthropy": the solitude of umans in the universe. The invariant cosmological quantities of the holographic steady-state model correlate with human parameters in a multitude of ways. Musical harmony plays a central role, as do the parameters of the Earth and the Solar System. The residual probability for the existence of another civilization is infinitesimal. This article uses results from https://vixra.org/abs/2401.0133 which rehabilitates string theory.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

PEMBARYA: The Learned Helplessness Experiences of Beggars in Pasig City

Authors: Georgia P. Cadion, Mary Joy A. Flores, Shantal M. Flores, Lerry Ann Kawabata, Kimverly A. Largado, Mykaila T. Legaspi
Comments: 12 Pages.

This research delves into the learned helplessness experiences of beggars in PasigCity. This study addresses how learned helplessness manifests in the lives ofbeggars, the internal and external factors that have contributed to the development of this condition, and the response strategies of those who experience learned helplessness. Previous research on this psychological phenomenon has been limited, with most of it occurring in Western or other Asian countries. ThePhilippine research community has not yet thoroughly examined learned helplessness in the Filipino context. Using a qualitative study approach that included comprehensive interviews and theme analysis, the researchers discoveredpatterns in how learned helplessness emerges in people's daily lives, such as hopelessness and a lack of self-efficacy, motivation, and life accountability. Internal and external factors, such as the perception of control over one's life and the level of accessibility to external resources, were frequently identified in participants'responses. Participants frequently opt for spiritual and cognitive avoidanceapproaches to respond to their learned helplessness experiences.
Category: Social Science

L[n]garithms

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 3 Pages.

I introduce in this paper a new perception of the concept of logarithm. Generalization of the log_a(b) and doing some combinations we can assume that the log concept is just a case of a more abstract idea.
Category: Algebra

Is the Field of Real Numbers Really Complete?

Authors: Yinghao Luo
Comments: 3 Pages.

The definition of a limit can only be applied to real numbers rather than infinity, and infinity is independent, necessary and important, so the definition of the limit is incomplete. Based on the incomplete definition of the limit, we can rigorously conclude that the field of real numbers is complete. However, from the point of view that the set of real numbers and the open interval (0, 1) are topologically equivalent but the (0, 1) interval is not a complete space, the completeness of the field of real numbers is inconsistent. We can give a complete definition of a limit through revision. According to the revised definitions, we can rigorously deduce that the field of real numbers is incomplete.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Peculiar Case of "p"

Authors: Simon A. Pritchett
Comments: 63 Pages.

Division by zero is a phenomenon described by confused mathematicians for hundreds of years. I would like to declare the value of one divided by zero to be equal to "p". I shall call p the pseudo-imaginary unit, as it shares several characteristics with i, the imaginary unit, as they both solve difficult equations that cannot be solved with basic algebraic and arithmetic mathematical operations, and they both extend real numbers into a new, larger set of numbers. In the case of i, the set is known as the complex numbers, whereas with p, it is known as the "pseudo-complex numbers".
Category: General Mathematics

ACI: An Analogy Based Intelligence model

Authors: Akira Pyinya
Comments: 17 Pages.

Inspired by the Copycat Project, we construct ACI, an analogy-based theory of intelligence in which intelligence is defined as doing the same thing in new circumstances, rather than as an optimization force that pursues goals or maximizes utility. The ACI theory integrates different paradigms of cognitive science and artificial intelligence, explains the emergence of intelligence, and provides a novel perspective on AI alignment that focuses on the balance between capability and normativity and rules out the Paperclip Maximizer scenario. It also shows the possibility of constructing analogy-based machine learning and neural network projects that can outperform current projects in terms of interpretability.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Curious Family of Integrals that Give pi

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this note we give a set of integrals for Pi.
Category: Number Theory

Quantum and Relativistic Physics as Theories of an Internal Observer

Authors: A. V. Kaminsky
Comments: 13 Pages.

We discuss the hypothesis that the special theory of relativity (STR) and quantum mechanics (QM) are descriptions of physical reality from the perspective of an observer who is part of a finite deterministic system.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Division by Zero 1/0 = 0/0 = 0 and Computers Real.div: New Information and Many Applications

Authors: Saburou Saitoh, Yoshinori Saitoh
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this note, we introduce the new information {bf real.div} on the division by zero results $1/0= 0/0=0$ that is recently informed and we would like to propose the related important problems on the division by zero calculus.
Category: General Mathematics

The Electric Charge Influence on Space-Time Curvature

Authors: Eran Magshim Lavi
Comments: 6 Pages. Copyright license: CC BY-NC

This article presents a novel approach to understanding the influence of electric Energy on space-time curvature. EFE actual calculations refer solely to gravitational charges. In this article, I expand them to include the electric charge with calculations carried specifically for electric charges, with exciting results. The article leverages the universal consistency of physical laws, applying the known effects of gravitational charges on space-time curvature to electric charges. The research focuses on calculating the specific impact of electric charges on space-time curvature, rooted in the principle that space-time curvature is omnipresent. The findings reveal that space-time curvature's alteration due to an electric charge is influenced by various factors, including the charge's location, magnitude, mass, density, associated electric field, and its motion through space-time. Notably, the conversion factor for electric charges differs from the conversion factor of gravitational charges. These insights significantly enhance our understanding of electromagnetism and general relativity, paving the way for a more profound comprehension of electric charges.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Software Security and Quantum Communication: A Long-distance Free-space Implementation Plan of QSDC Without Quantum Memory

Authors: Yew Kee Wong, Yifan Zhou, Zi Yan Li, Yan Shing Liang, Xinlin Zhou
Comments: 23 Pages.

Software security is crucial to ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of software systems and applications. However, conventional cryptographic methods based on mathematical assumptions are vulnerable to various attacks, especially in the era of quantum computing. Therefore, there is a need for a new paradigm of software security that can resist quantum threats. This paper proposes a novel approach to using Long-Distance Free-Space Quantum Secure Direct Communication (LF QSDC) to enhance software security. LF QSDC is a quantum communication protocol that enables two parties to exchange secret messagesdirectly without relying on a pre-shared key or quantum error correction. Our research delves into integrating LF QSDC into software security, emphasizing its practicality for long-distance communication through theuse of memory DL04 protocol, Machine Learning Enhanced JEEC, and PAT Technologies. By adopting this approach, we reinforce security for global software security and ensure their sustainability in an era where both quantum and advanced classical threats coexist side by side. Thus, LF QSDC emerges as a future-proofsecurity mechanism highly applicable to software security systems.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Supportive Intersection

Authors: Bin Wang
Comments: 20 Pages.

Let $X$ be a differential manifold. Let $mathscr D'(X)$ be the space of currents, and $S^{infty}(X)$ the Abelian group freely generated by regular cells, each of which is a pair of a polyhedron $Uppi$ and a ifferential embedding of a neighborhood of ${Uppi}$ to $X$. In this paper, we define a variant that is a bilinear map begin{equation}begin{array}{ccc} S^{infty}(X)times S^{infty}(X) &ightarrow & mathscr D'(X)(c_1, c_2) &ightarrow & [c_1wedge c_2]end{array}end{equation} called the supportive intersection such thatpar 1) the support of $[c_1wedge c_2]$ is contained in the intersection of the supports of $c_1, c_2$; 2) if $c_1, c_2$ are closed, $[c_1wedge c_2]$ is also closed and its cohomology class is the cup-product of the cohomology classes of $c_1, c_2$.
Category: Geometry

The Mathematics of New Constants in L=mc²

Authors: Emil Junvik
Comments: 3 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm -Please conform!)

This article explores a novel conceptual interpretation of Albert Einstein's famous equation, L=mc², by introducing a series of new constants, denoted as kn. By reworking Einstein’s original formulation involving luminosity L and its relation to mass and energy, a previously overlooked constant relationship emerges. The primary focus is on redefining and simplifying the understanding of thermal radiation processes.I introduce the constant k1 as a relationship between heat flow (T4) and mass (m), offering insights into the interplay between mass and temperature on a quadratic scale. Further, the relationship between the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, σ, and these new constants is investigated, leading to an alternative formulation of this constant that simplifies its thermodynamic definition.By introducing k2 I offer alternative expressions for heat radiation and mass loss, as well as a novel definition of temperature that directly links mass, the speed of light (c), and temperature. This application challenges the traditional understanding and provides new insights into the interplay of these fundamental physical quantities. My analysis shows that this new approach not only simplifies the understanding of existing constant relationships but also offers a more direct link to thermodynamic principles. This research opens avenues for a deeper understanding of energy, mass, and temperature in the realm of physics.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Lieselott Enders 1927—2009

Authors: Jan Peters, Peter Enders
Comments: 11 Pages.

Obituary by her tight friend and colleague Jan Peters (1932—2011). His original text in German is reproduced in Section 1. Section 2 contains the translation (using DeepL) and numerous additions (headlines, footnotes) by her son, Peter Enders (February 12, 2024).
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Induced Nuclear Magnetic Moments and Spins for Transient Coupling to Electronic Orbitals: Relation of Magic Number Nuclei to Biochemistry

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 86 Pages. Author develops more details of his theory of induced nuclear magnetic moments for life.

This review highlights the author’s theory of quantum fluctuations in systems down to nuclei, nucleons and quarks (as induced by surrounding thermal space, gravity, electric and magnetic fields and other nucleons) releasing and/or inducing nuclear fields, nuclear magnetic moment and/or spins. Many isotopes of elements are presented to give proof by many correlations of novel physical, chemical, biological, nuclear, thermodynamic and transport properties with nonzero nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs) and spins. The author further develops his theory of such fractional reversible (FR) fissing and fusing by perpetual quantum fluctuations of quarks and nucleons correlating with proximity of nucleons to magic number (MN) nuclei (2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126 u2026) and magic number nucleonic molecules (MNNMs). By such the author is able to correlate stable isotopes of various elements and their zero, nonzero and chiral NMMs to their masses relative MNs. The lifetimes of unstable isotopes are also reasoned and correlated to relative separation from MNs. The stable and unstable nuclei for various isotopes are presented by the authors theory to undergo hidden FR transmutations by FR electron capture (EC), FR electron release (ER), FR proton and neutron captures and/or releases as reasoned by infinitesimal quantum fluctuations of nuclei by the author’s theory. New catalytic system of Ne solvent with NaF solute is introduced in highly activated conditions for catalyzing CO2 + H2O ↔ CxHy and CxHyOz by NMMs and induced NMMs in the catalytic solute and solvent Ne and NaF. By such correlated phenomena, the author develops more his theory of new physicochemical basis for life; novel catalysis and enzymatics, unconventional nuclear reactions, room temperature and pressure superconductivity, and gravitational chemistry.
Category: Biochemistry

Fit Probability Density Function Without Knowing the Form of Distribution

Authors: Dajun Chen
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper proposes two methods for fitting probability density function only with samples from the distribution. The methods are inspired by Generative Adversarial Networks . The demos run in Pytorch and they are available on https://github.com/chendajunAlpha/Fit-probability-density-function
Category: Statistics

Enhancing Neural Language Models: A Comprehensive Approach with Tensorized Transformer and Over-Parameterization

Authors: Pratham Taneja, Keshav Chandra, Daamini Batra, Akshita Gupta, Rahul Kumar, Bhaumik Tyagi
Comments: 10 Pages.

Abstract—This research paper introduces novel strategies to enhance the performance and efficiency of neural language models, addressing challenges in resource-limited settings and scalability. This research presents multi-linear attention with Block-Term Tensor Decomposition (BTD), a self-attention model leveraging tensor decomposition and parameters sharing. This approach achieves significant parameter compression while demonstrating improved performance on language modeling tasks. Comparative evaluations against traditional Transformer models underscore the effectiveness of multi-linear attention. TensorCoder employs a dimension-wise attention mechanism to address the quadratic complexity of the scaled dot-product attention in Transformers, making it suitable for long sequence tasks. The proposed approach is validated on masked language modeling and neural machine translation tasks, showcasing a substantial reduction in computational complexity while maintaining or surpassing performance compared to the original Transformer. This research also optimizes pre-trained language models (PLMs) through fine-tuning. To overcome computational challenges associated with large PLMs, the paper introduces a matrix product operator for over-parameterization during fine-tuning. Efficient decomposition methods factorize parameter matrices into higher-dimensional tensors, enabling the selection of important parameter matrices through static and dynamic strategies. Extensive experiments demonstrate that this approach significantly enhances the fine-tuning performance of small PLMs, enabling them to outperform larger counterparts with three times the parameters. This research opens avenues for efficiently scaling language models without compromising inference latency, showcasing the potential of over-parameterization in enhancing the applicability of large PLMs in real-world systems.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Web 3.0 and Quantum Security: A Long-Distance Free-Space and Implementation of QSDC for Global Web 3.0 Networks

Authors: Yew Kee Wong, Yifan Zhou, Yan Shing Liang, Angelina Li, Linnea Zhou
Comments: 22 Pages.

With the advent of Web 3.0, the swift advancement of technology confronts an imminent threat from quantum computing. Security protocols safeguarding the integrity of Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 are growing more susceptible to both quantum attacks and sophisticatedclassical threats. The article introduces long-distance freespace quantum secure direct communication (LDFS QSDC) as a method to safeguard against security breaches in bothquantum and classical contexts. Differing from techniques like quantum key distribution (QKD), LDFS QSDC surpasses constraints by facilitating encrypted data transmission sans key exchanges, thus diminishing the inherent weaknesses of key-based systems. The distinctiveness ofthis attribute, coupled with its quantum mechanics base, protects against quantum computer assaults and advanced non-quantum dangers, harmonizing seamlessly with theuntrustworthy tenets of the Web 3.0 age. The focus of our study is the incorporation of LDFS QSDC into network infrastructures, highlighting its efficacy for extended-range communication via memory DL04 protocol, quantumaware low-density parity check (LDPC), and pointing, acquisition, and tracking (PAT) technologies. Utilizing this method not only bolsters the security of worldwide Web 3.0 networks but also guarantees their endurance in a time where quantum and sophisticated classical threats exist simultaneously. Consequently, LDFS QSDC stands out as a robust security solution, well-suited for Web 3.0 systems amidst the constantly evolving digital environment.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Validating Collatz Conjecture Through Binary Representation and Probabilistic Path Analysis

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 15 Pages.

The Collatz conjecture, a longstanding mathematical puzzle, posits that, regardless of the starting integer, iteratively applying a specific formula will eventually lead to the value 1. This paper introduces a novelapproach to validate the Collatz conjecture by leveraging the binary representation of generated numbers. Each transition in the sequence is predetermined using the Collatz conjecture formula, yet the path of transitionsis revealed to be intricate, involving alternating increases and decreases for each initial value. The study delves into the global flow of the sequence, investigating thebehavior of the generated numbers as they progress toward the termination value of 1. The analysis utilizes the concept of probability to shed light on the complex dynamics of the Collatz conjecture. By incorporatingprobabilistic methods, this research aims to unravel the underlying patterns and tendencies that govern the convergence of the sequence.The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the Collatz conjecture,offering insights into the inherent complexities of its trajectories. This work not only validates the conjecture through binary representation but also provides a probabilistic framework to elucidate the global flow ofthe sequence, enriching our comprehension of this enduring mathematical mystery.
Category: Number Theory

Nonlinear Maxwell Equations

Authors: Sergey Y. Kotkovsky
Comments: 32 Pages. Improved translation to English

Based on the analysis of biquaternion quadratic forms of field, it is shown that Maxwell equations arise as a consequence of the principle of conservation of the energy-momentum flow of field in space-time. It turns out that this principle presupposes the existence more general nonlinear field equations. Classical linear Maxwell equations are embedded in a special way into new nonlinear equations and are their special case. It is shown that in a number of important cases nonlinear equations, in contrast to linear ones, allow solutionsthat have a swirling energy flow. Solutions of the equations we obtained make it possible to give wave description of charged particles, common for quantum mechanics, within the framework of nonlinear classical electrodynamics. Special attention in the work is paid to the problem of dividing the field into "own" field of a charged particle and a field "external" to it. From the nonlinearfield equations follow both the classical Maxwell equations themselves and the equations of charges moving under the Lorentz force. In this way, the problem of finding nonlinear field equations that include interaction is solved. In our approach, the particle charge is electromagnetic (complex-valued), passingthrough periodically changing linear combinations of electric and magnetic charges - from purely electric to purely magnetic. In real processes, it is not the particle charge itself that plays a role, but its phase relationship with other charges and fields.
Category: Classical Physics

Elementary Particles and Their Interaction with Space-Time Curvature

Authors: Eran Magshim Lavi
Comments: 25 Pages. Distributed under CC-By Attribution 4.0 International

This article investigates the fundamental principles that establish universal limits in physical phenomena, such as the uniformity of physical laws and Energy conservation, leading to the concepts of maximum speed, locality, and maximum density. These principles guide me to explore Quantum Black Holes—relativistically rotating, miniature charged black holes with a singular core at the highest possible density. Uniquely, these Quantum Black Holes maintain all quantized charges, including gravitational ones. The study further demonstrates that quarks and leptons are composed of these Quantum Black Holes, redefining them as the actual elementary particles.Exploring these particles reveals that they emit Energy outward, modifying the curvature of nearby space-time. This discovery provides new insights into local space-time dynamics, characterized by a single equation that includes the influence of all charges and hidden Energy. By the conclusion of this article, I show that Quantum Black Holes offer explanations for several Standard Model deficiencies: the nature of luminous, dark, and anti-Matter; the mass, size, and quantized charges of all elementary particles (including gravitational); the nature of neutrino oscillations; and the mechanism by which electric charges remain bound even though the same type of electric charge components must repeal each other.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Exploration of Mass Defect, Preons and Relic Neutron

Authors: Victor Chibisov
Comments: 17 Pages. (Title modified by viXra admin to conform with scholarly norm)

This article was originally prepared in anticipation of the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) by NASA on December 24, 2021. JWST, in accordance with its program of work, is expected to peer into the first galaxies beyond the redshift corresponding to the time interval of 100-250 million years after the Big Bang. explosion. The article presents the rationale for the prediction of the detection of metals in the gaseous environment of the first galaxies at this point even before the explosion of the first supernovae. To substantiate this forecast, the article considers a variant of the preon structure of nucleons, which allows us to take a fresh look at the mechanism of the occurrence of a mass defect, and the ensuing consequences about the existence of relic neutrons of increased mass in the early Universe, and the implementation of primary nucleosynthesis according to Gamow’s scheme from relic neutrons of increased mass. This article is of a discussion nature and is intended to familiarize the scientific community with the proposed concept, which, in our opinion, does not contradict the ideas of modern physics about the structure of matter, but refines this structure taking into account previously put forward and unreasonably rejected hypotheses.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Extreme Oscillation Phenomenon of Relativistic Propagator

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 19 Pages.

We study the relativistic Schrodinger equation of a massive point particle in one dimension both with analytical calculations and with numerical computations, and we find that this equation is almost consistent with Special Relativity, with an apparent problem of small amplitude leaking from outside the past light cone. We find a conjecture that is related to an extreme oscillation phenomenon. We find a paradox that is related to Klein-Gordon equation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Langenscheidt's Pocket Japanese Dictionary and the Onsager's Solution

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 24 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the entries of Langenscheidt's Pocket Japanese Dictionary written in a Romanized pronunciation system. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We find that the entries underlie a magnetisation curve. The magnetisation curve i.e. the graph of the reduced magnetisation vs the reduced temperature is the exact Onsager solution of the two dimensional Ising model in the absence of external magnetic field.
Category: Condensed Matter

Effective Mass of Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Authors: Yuri Mahotin
Comments: 2 Pages.

Theoretically, we discovered very unusual properties of the effective mass of dark matter and dark energy. If dark energy increases the effective mass, as is currently assumed, then dark matter reduces it. In the extreme case, the effective mass of an object can be zero and therefore can move at incredibly high speed, comparable to the speed of light.
Category: Classical Physics

Dark Galaxies, Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction, Tunguska Event — Explained by WUM

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 14 Pages.

Great experimental results and observations achieved by Astronomy in the last decades revealed new unexplainable phenomena. Astronomers have conclusive new evidence that a recently discovered "dark galaxy" is, in fact, an object the size of a galaxy, made entirely of dark matter. They found that the speed of the Earth's rotation varies randomly each day. 115 years ago, the Tunguska Event was observed, and astronomers still do not have an explanation of It. Main results of the present article are: 1) Dark galaxies explained by the spinning of their Dark Matter Cores with the surface speed at equator less than the escape velocity. Their Rotational Fission is not happening. Extrasolar systems do not emerge; 2) 21-cm Emission explained by the self-annihilation of Dark Matter particles XIONs (5.3 μeV);3) Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction explained by the influence of the Sun’s and the Moon’s magnetic field on the electrical currents in the Geomagma (the 660-km layer), and, as a result, the Earth’s daylength varies;4) Tunguska Event explained by the huge atmospheric explosion of the Superbolide, which was a stable Dark Matter Bubble before entering the Earth’s atmosphere.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Langenscheidt's Pocket Russian Dictionary and The Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 23 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the words of the Langenscheidt’s Pocket Russian Dictionary, 2012 Reprint. We draw thenatural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the dictionary can be characterised by the magnetisation curve, BP(4,βH = 0.01), in the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel, in the presence of four nearest neighbours and little external magnetic field, H, with βH = 0.01. βis 1/(k_B T), where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics

Mysterious, Modulated Continuous Oscillations of Air Pressure in Central Europe

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 10 Pages.

A comparison of the spectra of many European barometers shows that, despite the large distances between the sensors, the air pressure changes in phase at certain very low frequencies. The period lengths of around 60 hours are not related to the length of the day and do not provide any information about the possible causes of these oscillations. Over a period of twenty years, constant amplitudes and phase modulations are measured at a few discrete frequencies.
Category: Geophysics

Rätselhafte, Modulierte Dauerschwingungen Des Luftdrucks in Mitteleuropa
Mysterious, Modulated Continuous Oscillations of Air Pressure in Central Europe

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 10 Pages.

Ein Vergleich der Spektren vieler europäischer Barometer zeigt, dass sich der Luftdruck bei speziellen, sehr niedrigen Frequenzen trotz großer Abstände der Sensoren phasengleich ändert. Die Periodendauern von etwa 60 Stunden stehen in keiner Relation zur Tageslänge und liefern keine Hinweise auf mögliche Ursachen dieser Schwingungen. Während des Zeitraums von zwanzig Jahren misst man konstante Amplituden und Phasenmodulation mit wenigen diskreten Frequenzen.

A comparison of the spectra of many European barometers shows that, despite the large distances between the sensors, the air pressure changes in phase at certain very low frequencies. The period lengths of around 60 hours are not related to the length of the day and do not provide any information about the possible causes of these oscillations. Over a period of twenty years, constant amplitudes and phase modulations are measured at a few discrete frequencies.
Category: Geophysics

Calculating the Gaussian Curvature of Spacetime

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 6 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Future nonconforming submission or replacement will not be accepted!)

We are working on applications of the Schwarzschild metric to the cosmos. Here we have calculated the curvature of space-time in an isotropic and homogeneous universe with a constant energy density, relating this universe to the Schwarzschild metric using the Birkhoff-Jebsen theorem. Already in this metric it is possible to calculate gaussian curvatures and thus we have found a solution to this problem. The result 0,1.10-52 m-2, is very close to zero and this agrees with the opinion of many scientists. To reach this result, we have found an equation that relates the Gaussian curvature of the space-time of the Schwarzschild model with several cosmic parameters and through it and the Birkhoff-Jebsen theorem we have established a relationship between the Schwarzschild metric and the universe of the standard cosmological model. This has allowed us to calculate the proportionality factor between curvature and mass density. With this, calculating the curvature of space-time is immediate.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dance as a Mental Health Therapy in the Metaverse: Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Dance Movement Therapy as a Non-Pharmacological Treatment in the Metaverse

Authors: Petar Radanliev
Comments: 27 Pages.

Introduction: This study conducts a detailed qualitative review of alternative therapies for mental health and proposes a novel design for integrating Non-Pharmacological Interventions into the Metaverse Extended Reality environments. Aim/Question: This study investigates the potential of the Extended Reality environments for Non-Pharmacological Interventions in Mental Health, with a specific focus on Dance Movement Therapy as a preventive and therapeutic strategy for anxiety, depression, and other mental health conditions.Method: This study conducts qualitative evidence syntheses of primary quantitative data and performs meta-analyses of existing studies of participants reporting anxiety, depression, or other mental health conditions. Results: Dance Movement Therapy in the Extended Reality environments shows promise as a viable alternative therapy, but data privacy and ethical considerations must be addressed.Discussion: This study raises significant concerns regarding the privacy and security of participants' data, necessitating the storage of only the metadata in electronically compatible files, in cases where users’ data is stored for long-term preservation. Implications for Practice: The outcomes of this study could revolutionise mental health practice, providing effective Non-Pharmacological Interventions for anxiety, depression, and other mental health conditions.
Category: Social Science

The Scholar Dictionary Portuguese and The Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 23 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the words of Scholar Dictionary Portuguese. We draw the natural logarithm of thenumber of headwords, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank ofthe letter, normalised. We conclude that the dictionary can be characterised by the magnetisationcurve, BP(4,βH = 0), in the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model, in the presence of four nearest neighbours and in the absence of external magnetic field,H, with βH = 0. β is1/(k_B T), where, Tis temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics

Artificial Intelligence and Quantum Cryptography

Authors: Petar Radanliev
Comments: 17 Pages.

The technological advancements made in recent times, particularly in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Quantum Computing, have brought about significant changes in technology. These advancements have profoundly impacted quantum cryptography, a field where AI methodologies hold tremendous potential to enhance the efficiency and robustness of cryptographic systems. However, the emergence of quantum computers has created a new challenge for existing security algorithms, commonly called the 'quantum threat'. Despite these challenges, there are promising avenues for integrating neural network-based AI in cryptography, which has significant implications for future digital security paradigms. This summary highlights the key themes in the intersection of AI and quantum cryptography, including the potential benefits of AI-driven cryptography, the challenges that need to be addressed, and the prospects of this interdisciplinary research area.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Resolving Relativity's Unresolvable Paradoxes

Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 17 Pages. 5 Diagrams

In a recent viXra posting, David Bower identifies an unresolvable paradox in special relativity involving the Lorentz transformation. Three or more reference frames with different velocities could create multiple rates of time for each. Paradoxes are an inherent problem with special relativity. They occur in all cases. The source of the conflict is the one-dimensional consideration of light and time in linear motion when they're innately three-dimensional constituents. Simply abandoning light's (presumed) constancy and recognizing its (factual) compounding with motion, and variability, completely eliminates all paradoxes. But this practical real-world resolution would undermine relativity's founding premise, which would in turn invalidate nearly all of it, along with all other ancillary theories that are based on light's (untenable) fixed velocity, including the Lorentz transformation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary by Vaman Shivram Apte and The Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 22 Pages. author's title Biswas has become Bisaws

We study the words of the dictionary, the Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary by Vaman Shivram Apte, the second reprint edition. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words,normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised.We conclude that the dictionary can be characterised by BW(c=0.01), the magnetisation curve ofthe Ising Model in the Bragg-Williams approximation in the presence of external magnetic field,H. c =H/γε = 0.01 with ε being the strength of coupling between two neighbouring spins in the Ising Model, γ representing the number of nearest neighbours of a spin, which very large.
Category: Linguistics

On a Solution of the Inverse Spectral Problem for Differential Operators on a Finite Interval with Complex Weights

Authors: V. A. Yurko
Comments: 7 Pages.

Non-self-adjoint second-order ordinarydifferential operators on a finite interval with complex weights are studied. Properties of spectral characteristics are established andthe inverse problem of recovering operators from their spectral characteristics are investigated. For this class of nonlinear inverse problems an algorithm for constructing the global solution is obtained. To study this class of inverse problems, we develop ideas of the method of spectral mappings.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Quantum States as Physical Possibilities

Authors: Armin Nikkhah Shirazi
Comments: 16 Pages. 7 figures

There is a common back-of-the-mind idea, prompted by the counterintuitiveness of quantum phenomena, that quantum states may represent ``mere possibilities'' in some vague sense. Yet, this idea reflects itself neither in the quantum formalism nor in the way we use it. In this paper, I explore what it entails to take this idea seriously.I begin by showing that already axiomatic probability fails to formally distinguish between possibilities and outcomes, even though it is conceptually supposed to be a unit measure over possibilities. I propose an axiomatic enrichment which introduces the distinction into Kolmogorov's axiomatization and then demonstrate how this provides a more faithful model of reality. Next, I explore an analogous mathematical modification of the standard quantum formalism in which Hilbert Space elements are no longer states of physical systems but mere physical possibilities, each linked to one of a set of actual states of systems we can observe if the possibility is actualized. The modified formalism leaves the rules of quantum mechanics the same as before, but makes it possible to distinguish between what Heisenberg called ``potentialities or possibilities'' and ``things and facts'' at the level of the mathematics. I call this the Heisenberg Interpretation, and while it is not testable within the domain of quantum mechanics itself, it does erect a mathematically well-defined separation between quantum and classical physics. If the classical domain is identified with that of general relativity, then the formalism can be tested by checking for the existence of the boundary via proposed experiments like the BMV effect or by measuring the gravity field of an ultra high energy laser. Finally, I argue that physical possibilities are an overlooked conceptual ingredient critical to all of physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Leveraging Large Language Model (LLM)[1] for Natural Language to SQL Query Generation in HR Analytics: A Case Study on IBM Attrition Dataset

Authors: Mayur Sinha, Sangram Kesari Ray, Khirawadhi
Comments: 5 Pages.

This research paper explores the application of the GPT-3.5 Turbo Instruct model for the transformation of natural language queries intostructured SQL queries within the domain of Human Resources (HR) analytics.The study focuses on the IBM Attrition dataset, utilizing the advanced capabilities of the GPT-3.5 Turbo Instruct model to enable efficientand intuitive querying of HR-related data.Employing the model, we conducted experiments to assess its effectiveness in generating SQL queries from diverse natural language inputs,specifically tailored to the nuances of HR analytics questions pertaining to employee attrition within the IBM dataset. By leveraging prompt engineering, with only a few shots, our investigation revealed the model's capacity to accurately understand and interpret complex queries, providing SQL outputs that align with the dataset structure.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Study of Relativistic Gravity-Clock in Egg-Sperm Combination Process

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted!)

In the present paper, de Broglie matter wave has been generalized in terms of the ultimate acceleration on a cell-scale. A sperm fuses with an egg to begin the process of fertilization. In a fertilized egg, it is subject to the interference of the gravity-associated relativistic matter waves between egg and sperm in the cell, which would produce a beat phenomenon. The beating pulse as a gravity-clock will evolve into the embryo's heart beat, from then on for the whole life, no matter how many times the fertilized cell reproduces itself, the body is driven by the gravity-clock. The fertilized cell will develop 5 prominent proteins on its surface, finally the human body will evolve into 5 prominent branches: one head, two arms and two legs. The mean human lifespan is determined as 84 years; the total number of heart beats for a lifespan is determined as 3.08e+9 pulses, it holds for human being, mammals, birds and fishes. These predictions agree well with the experimental observations. Filter mechanism in kidney, liver and brain are investigated. It is found that the entanglement of the gravity-associated relativistic matter waves actually establishes a filter mechanism for the organs.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How an Airplane Flies: [An] Explanation

Authors: Guillermo Ayala-Martinez
Comments: 3 Pages.

The way an airplane wing acts has given rise to multiple popular explanations with erroneous and incomplete theories. Here it is explained simply with physical principles applied to aeronautics and without errors.
Category: Classical Physics

First-person Perspective on Personal Identity: Where Will I Wake Up?

Authors: Hailun Sun
Comments: 30 Pages.

Personal Identity is one of the hot topics in Western Philosophy. Among the various interpretations, the Reductionist explanation given by Derek Parfit has had a profound impact. However, his depersonalization of experience is counterintuitive and fails to sufficiently address the controversies surrounding the continued existence of the self, especially in scenarios involving Fission and Mind-Switching—where will I wake up? These conundrums epitomize the challenges faced by Reductionism. To resolve this predicament, we must first clarify the essence of personal identity. This paper begins with this question and then elucidates the specific meaning of the statement ‘I am X’—it signifies that ‘I am perceiving things from X’s first-person perspective’. Adopting this internal, first-person perspective, we re-examine the cases offered by Parfit, Williams, and others, reanalyzing their reductionist strategies. Our purpose is to address the fundamental controversies within philosophical literature and ultimately provide a complete explanation of the continued existence of the self over time.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Totally Connected Superluminal Natario Warp Drive Spacetime with Constant Velocities

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 20 Pages.

Warp Drives are solutions of the Einstein Field Equations that allows superluminal travel within the framework of General Relativity. There are at the present moment two known solutions:The Alcubierre warp drive discovered in $1994$ and the Natario warp drive discovered in $2001$. However one the major drawbacks concerning warp drives is the problem of the Horizons(causallydisconnected portions of spacetime) in which an observer in the center of the bubble cannot signal nor control the front part of the bubble. The behavior of a photon sent to the front of the warp bubble in the case of a Natario warp drive with constant velocity and a lapse function is the main purpose of this work.We present the behavior of a photon sent to the front of the bubble in the Natario warp drive in the $1+1$ spacetime with lapse function using quadratic forms and the null-like geodesics $ds^2=0$ of General Relativity and we provide here the step by step mathematical calculations in order to outline the final result found in our work which is the following one: For the case of the lapse function the Horizon do not exists at all.Due to the extra terms in the lapse function that affects the whole spacetimegeometry this solution allows to circumvent the problem of the Horizon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Retro-Causality in Relational Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Ahmed Samir Albezawi
Comments: 5 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required)

The Wigner-Friend paradox is discussed in the light of relational quantum mechanics (RQM). It’s concluded that RQM requires retro-causality as a logical necessity if quantum mechanics is to be correct with respect to all observers. A more general model of retro-causality in RQM is proposed afterward, in which the entire history of a system changes with time.
Category: Quantum Physics

Derivation|Correction of Hardy-Littlewood Twin Prime Constant using Prime Generator Theory (PGT)

Authors: Jabari Zakiya
Comments: 7 Pages. Corrected data value in Figure 2 for m = 11.

The Hardy—Littlewood twin prime constant is a metric to compute the distribution of twin primes. Using Prime Generator Theory (PGT) it is shown it is more easily mathematically and conceptually derived, and the correct value is a factor of 2 larger.
Category: Number Theory

The Continuum Theorem

Authors: David L. Selke
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in future submissions)

An injection from omega-1 to the paths in the binary tree leads to a bijection between the omega-length binary strings and an aleph-1 sized set. Since there are 2^aleph-null many omega-length binary strings, this proves the Continuum Hypothesis, 2^aleph-null = aleph-1. The technique may be extended to show the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis, which however will be reported separately.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

On Discrete Hopf Fibrations, Grand Unification Groups, the Barnes-Wall, Leech Lattices, and Quasicrystals

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 13 Pages.

A discrete Hopf fibration of $S^{15}$ over $S^8$ with $S^7$ (unit octonions) as fibers leads to a $16D$ Polytope $P_{16}$ with $4320$ vertices obtained from the convex hull of the $16D$ Barnes-Wall lattice $ Lambda_{16}$. It is argued how a subsequent $2-1$ mapping (projection) of $ P_{16}$ onto a $8D$-hyperplane might furnish the $2160$ vertices of the uniform $2_{41}$ polytope in $8$-dimensions, and such that one can capture the chain sequence of polytopes $ 2_{41}, 2_{31}, 2_{21}, 2_{11}$ in $ D = 8,7,6,5$ dimensions, leading, respectively, to the sequence of Coxeter groups $ E_8, E_7, E_6, SO(10) $ which are putative GUT group candidates. An embedding of the $E_8 oplus E_8 $ and $ E_8 oplus E_8 oplus E_8$ lattice into the Barnes-Wall $ Lambda_{16}$ and Leech $Lambda_{24}$ lattices, respectively, is explicitly shown. From the $16D$ lattice $ E_8 oplus E_8$ one can generate two separate families of Elser-Sloane $4D$ quasicrystals (QC's) with $ H_4$ (icosahedral) symmetry via the ``cut-and-project" method from $ 8D$ to $ 4D$ in each separate $E_8$ lattice. Therefore, one obtains in this fashion the Cartesian product of two Elser-Sloane QC's $ {cal Q} times {cal Q} $ spanning an $8D$ space. Similarly, from the $24D$ lattice $ E_8 oplus E_8 oplus E_8$ one can generate the Cartesian product of three Elser-Sloane $4D$ quasicrystals (QC's) $ {cal Q} times {cal Q} times {cal Q} $ with $ H_4$ symmetry and spanning a $12D$ space.
Category: Mathematical Physics

New Age for Quantum Computing with Dynamic Platforms

Authors: Renju Rajan
Comments: 9 Pages.

Quantum computers are information processing devices which rely on quantum parallelism. Various physical systems such as NMR and ion traps are employed for realizing this parallelism. Specific algorithms which utilize this parallelism are in place. These algorithms make quantum computers outperform their classical counterparts in computational performance for certain class of problems. As and when efficient quantum algorithms are developed, and with a reliable physical system in place, quantum computer are destined to become universal computing platforms in decades to come. This review sheds light on some of the fundamental aspects of quantum computing along with the physical systems which implement them in an unambiguous way.
Category: Quantum Physics

Cyber Diplomacy: Defining the Opportunities for Cybersecurity and Risks from Artificial Intelligence, IoT, Blockchains, and Quantum Computing

Authors: Petar Radanliev
Comments: 64 Pages.

Cyber diplomacy is critical in dealing with the digital era's evolving cybersecurity dangers and possibilities. This article investigates the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), Blockchains, and Quantum Computing on cyber diplomacy. AI holds the potential for proactive threat identification and response, while IoT enables international information sharing. Blockchains enable secure data sharing and document verification, but they also pose new threats, such as AI-driven cyber-attacks, IoT privacy breaches, blockchain vulnerabilities, and the potential for quantum computing to break encryption. This article conducts case study reviews in combination with secondary data analysis and emphasises the value of international cooperation in developing global norms and frameworks to control responsible technology adoption. Cyber diplomacy can promote cybersecurity, protect national interests, and foster mutual trust among nations in the digital sphere by capitalising on possibilities and reducing threats.
Category: Social Science

Beyond Neural Scaling Laws for Fast Proven Robust Certification of Nearest Prototype Classifiers

Authors: Nana Abeka Otoo, Asirifi Boa, Muhammad Abubakar
Comments: 9 Pages.

Methods beyond neural scaling laws for beating power scaling laws in machine learning havebecome topical for high-performance machine learning models. Nearest Prototype Classifiers (NPCs)introduce a category of machine learning models known for their interpretability. However, theperformance of NPCs is frequently impacted by large datasets that scale to high dimensions. Wesurmount the performance hurdle by employing self-supervised prototype-based learning metrics tointelligently prune datasets of varying sizes, encompassing low and high dimensions. This processaims to enhance the robustification and certification of NPCs within the framework of the LearningVector Quantization (LVQ) family of algorithms, utilizing Crammer normalization for arbitrarysemi-norms (semi-metrics). The numerical evaluation of outcomes reveals that NPCs trained withpruned datasets demonstrate sustained or enhanced performance compared to instances where trainingis conducted with full datasets. The self-supervised prototype-based metric (SSL) and the Perceptual-SSL (P-SSL) utilized in this study remain unaffected by the intricacies of optimal hyperparameterselection. Consequently, data pruning metrics can be seamlessly integrated with triplet loss trainingto assess the empirical and guaranteed robustness of Lp-NPCs and Perceptual-NPCs (P-NPCs),facilitating the curation of datasets that contribute to research in applied machine learning.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

About the Planck LT System of Units

Authors: Konstantin Nikonenko
Comments: 46 Pages.

The article presents the Planck LT system of units, formed on the basis of the dimensions of physical quantities of the kinematic system of units by R.O. di Bartini. The values of units of measurement, basic constants, conversion coefficients in relation to the International SI and Gaussian system are given, ensuring the transfer of initial data and calculation results between these systems of units without loss of calculation accuracy.
Category: Classical Physics

Being & Logos → OntoTopoLogia → Big Ontological Revolution

Authors: Vladimir I. Rogozhin
Comments: 10 Pages.

The essay presents the main ideas of the philosophical system «OntoTopoLogia», developed and promoted since 1990 at the I-IV, VIII Russian Philosophical Congresses, the XX World Philosophical Congress (Boston, 1998), Conference «Problems of Consciousness in Philosophy and Science» (Institute of Philosophy RAS, 1996), Conference «Philosophy of Physics: Current Problems» (MSU, 2010), seven International contests The Foundational Questions Institute (USA, FQXi Essay 2012-2020), International scientific conference «Modern Ontology» (St. Petersburg , 2013, 2017, 2019, 2023), Third All-Russian Scientific Conference «Philosophy of Mathematics: Current Problems» (MSU, 2013), International Congress «Fundamental Problems of Natural Science» (St. Petersburg, 2013, 2016, 2022), Conference «Foundations of Fundamental Physics and Mathematics» (RUDN University, 2023). The ideas of the «OntoTopoLogia» system are aimed at overcoming the conceptual-paradigmatic crisis in the metaphysical/ontological basis of fundamental science (mathematics, physics, cosmology) on the basis of a holistic paradigm («paradigm of understanding»), a comprehensive conceptual-figurative synthesis, a method of dialectical-ontological construction, MetaCategory, MetaAxiom, SuperPrinciple and Metasymbol, a new holistic understanding of matter, its ontological unification across all levels of existence of the Universe as eternal holistic process of generating more and more new meanings, forms and structures. A model of the Primordial (absolute) generating structure is being built - a single ontological basis of knowledge: ontological framework, carcass, foundation as an all-encompassing Ideality, a single basis for the «sciences of nature» and «sciences of the spirit».
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Adaptive Polynomial Factorization (APF) Method: Enhanced Factorization using Modified Pollard Rho Algorithm

Authors: Anil Sharma
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in future submissions)

This research paper introduces the Adaptive Polynomial Factorization (APF) Method, an enhanced factorization technique based on the Modified Pollard Rho Algorithm. The method incorporates adaptive polynomial evaluation, providing efficiency in factorization tasks. The paper presents a mathematical representation, performance analysis, and examples showcasing the APF Method’s versatility and superiority over the original Pollard Rho algorithm.
Category: Number Theory

The Riemann Hypothesis Assumes that the First Counterexample is Located Near S=0.383+(1.578 * 10 ^ 16) I

Authors: Zhiyang Zhang
Comments: 10 Pages.

We already know the distribution of non trivial zeros in the Riemann hypothesis, and there is a formula for calculating counterexamples. The first counterexample can be obtained using a computer, and its value is s=0.383+15786867949799975i
Category: Number Theory

On the Generation of Odd Prime Numbers Through a Modified Composite Expression

Authors: Anil Sharma
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in future submissions)

This research paper investigates a distinctive mathematical expression involving natural numbers, unveiling its remarkable property of generating odd prime numbers. The expression, given by N+1 / N × (N! mod PN k=1 k) for natural positive integers N ranging from 2 to infinity, serves as the focal point of our exploration. The paper formulates a formal conjecture, provides a comprehensive proof, and elucidates the claim through stepwise examples.
Category: Number Theory

[The Inconsistency] of Special Relativity

Authors: Octavian Balaci
Comments: 6 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

Reassert[ion of] the twin paradox in a new light lead[s] to the conclusion that the theory of relativity is inconsistent with the physical reality. Symmetric clocks paradox [with] two clocks in a special setup, in which both clocks are in inertial movement on the entire duration of experiment[, are used to demonstrate the inconsistency.]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Beyond Fibonacci: the Sequence of Integer Powers of Numbers

Authors: Jean-Philippe Vassan
Comments: 15 Pages. In French

Neighboring triangles of Pascal's triangle, cousin numbers of the golden ratio, a simplified formula giving the numbers of generalized Fibonacci sequences, associated generating function, chaos theory and tent function equation.

Triangles voisins du triangle de Pascal, nombres cousins du nombre d'or, une formule simplifiée donnant les nombres des suites de Fibonacci généralisées, fonction génératrice associée, théorie du chaos et équation de la fonction tente.
Category: Number Theory

Dark Matter Versus Dark Energy in Clusters Using the Dark Matter by Gravitation Theory-V2

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 23 Pages. V2 version has extandend the V1 version, finding important results about DM

This paper develops the Dark Matter by Gravitation theory, DMbG theory hereafter, in clusters of galaxies.Originally this theory was developed by the author for galaxies, especially using MW and M31 rotation curves.An important results got by the DMbG theory is that the total mass associated to a galactic halo depend on the square root of radius, being its dominion unbounded. Apparently, this result would be absurd because of divergence of the total mass. However it is the Dark energy the responsible to counterbalance the DM. As the DE is negligible at galactic scale it is needed to extend the theory to clusters in order to study the capacity of DE to counterbalance to DM. Put in brief the main goal of this paper has been to develop the DMbG theory at cluster scale. In this paper the DMbG theory finds unexpected theoretical results because it is at cluster scale where DM and DE are counterbalanced mutually. In this work it is defined, the total mass as baryonic matter plus DM and the gravitating mass as the addition of the total mass plus the negative mass associated to dark energy.In clusters it is defined the zero gravity radius (RZG hereafter) as the radius needed by the dark energy to counterbalance the total mass. It have been found, that the ratio RZG / RVIRIAL = 7.3 and its Total mass associated at RZG is 2.7 MVIRIAL .This works postulates that the factor 2.7 may equilibrate the strong imbalance between the Local mater density parameter (0.8) versus the Global matter density one (0.24). Currently this fact is a big conundrum in cosmology.Also it has been found that the zero velocity radius, RZV hereafter, i.e. the cluster border because of the Hubble flow, is 0.6u2022RZG and its gravitating mass is 1.5 MVIRBy derivation of the gravitating mass function it is calculated that at 0.5RZG this function reaches its maximum whose value is 1.57 u2022MVIRThroughout the paper some of these results have been validated with recent data published for MW or M31 galaxies and the Virgo or Coma clusters.By other side, these new theoretical findings offer to scientific community a wide number of tests to validate or reject the theory. The validation of DMbG theory would mean to know the nature of DM that currently it is an important challenge for the astrophysics science.
Category: Astrophysics

Will Sars-Cov-2 Become Mild Like a Cold?

Authors: Patrick Douglas Shaw Stewart
Comments: 16 Pages.

Several recent studies conclude that an increase in the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 cannot be ruled out. However, this does not mean that increased pathogenicity is probable. Note that SARS-CoV-2 is a "direct" respiratory virus - meaning it is usually spread by the respiratory route but does not routinely pass through the lymphatics like measles and smallpox. Moreover, it is not normally spread by the fecal-oral route. Providing its tropism does not change, it will be unique if its pathogenicity does not decrease over time until it becomes similar to influenza and common cold viruses. As pointed out by Ewald in the 1980s, most respiratory viruses, unlike many other viruses, benefit greatly from the mobility of their hosts, creating a strong selective pressure favoring respiratory virus strains that cause only mild symptoms. In this review, I discuss the biological factors that tend to reduce the pathogenicity of respiratory viruses, including sensitivity to heat (which means the virus is less likely to multiply in warmer areas such as the lungs) and alterations to the cleavage sites and binding domains on the virus's surface proteins. Increasing immunity within a host population may increase selection for mild strains. Conversely, several biological factors could potentially increase respiratory viruses’ pathogenicity. These include the virus replicating in the lymphatic system, spreading via solid surfaces, and transmitting through fecal matter, including contaminated water. Furthermore, human activities and political events could increase the harmfulness of SARS-CoV-2. These include the following: large-scale testing, especially by methods where the test results are delayed by one or more days, such as PCR tests; the spread of the virus in settings where people are close together and not free to move around; poor hygiene facilities in developing countries; and social, political, or cultural influences that encourage people to remain socially active when they are sick, including political crises such as wars. If we can avoid these and similar eventualities, it is likely that SARS-CoV-2 will evolve to become milder, eventually becoming another common cold virus. However, the timescale is uncertain. Observations of previous influenza and influenza-like pandemics suggest that in the absence of effective medical interventions, it may take two or three decades for the virus to become indistinguishable from other cold viruses.
Category: Biochemistry

Origin of the Meissner Effect and Superconductivity

Authors: John P Wallace, Michael J. Wallace
Comments: 9 Pages. Major addition and new experiments

Superconductivity in most metals is due to the activity of longitudinal spin waves binding electrons into pairs in such a way that the Meissner effect is generated along with the angular momentum responses in static magnetic fields. The bulk of these spin waves appear to be sourced by nuclear spins on the lattice. Experimentally longitudinal spin waves are not difficult to detect at room temperature as they form Bose-Einstein condensates that have onset temperatures, > 1000oK, for the low mass entities, less than 10−40kg. These large scale quantum structures on the order of 1 meter are ubiquitous in metals and will also exist in space with low density matter where the ambient static magnetic fields are weak and temperatures are low. These massive boson collections probably are the source of the gravitationally detected dark matter in space and these experiments provide a test bed to understand their properties.
Category: Condensed Matter

The Symmetry of S∞+i and Number Conjectures

Authors: Yajun Liu
Comments: 4 Pages. (Author name reversed by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

In this paper, we discuss the symmetry of S∞+i and we find that using the symmetry characters of S∞+i , we can give proofs of the Hodge Conjecture and the Prime Conjectures: Goldbach Conjecture、Polignac’s conjecture and Twins Prime Conjecture. And we also give a proof of Collatz conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Charged Leptons Part 1: Foundations

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 4 Pages.

This work proposes and outlines a generalization of a modified Born-Infeld model of electrons that includes all charged leptons, i.e., electron, muon, tau, and their antiparticles. In the proposed model, all charged leptons are based on linearly scaled versions of a single field solution. Due to the nonlinear nature of the modified Born-Infeld field equations, these linearly scaled versions themselves do not satisfy the field equations. A quantized excitation is hypothesized to compensate for the nonlinear effects and satisfy the nonlinear field equations such that electron and positron correspond to the ground state of the excitation, and heavier leptons correspond to excited states. While the proposed model is assumed to be testable, an actual test is beyond the scope of this work.
Category: Classical Physics

Proof of the Reimann Hypothesis

Authors: Ayoub Zaroual
Comments: 38 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)

This article shows that zeta function is a spiral on the complexe plane, then based on the general equation of the spiral we define an analytic continuation for zeta function and finally we prove that Reimann hypothesis is true.
Category: Functions and Analysis

TaYi - Future-oriented Value Blockchain Network

Authors: Yemao Xiao
Comments: 35 Pages.

With the development of blockchain technology and the rise of non-homogeneous tokens (NFTs), this study proposes an innovative blockchain architecture aiming to improve the data processing flexibility of blockchains by using NFTs as core data storage and management elements. In this architecture, NFT not only acts as the chain state basic unit, but also plays the role of a node in the graph structure maintained by the blockchain, which optimizes the efficiency of data organization and retrieval. In addition, smart contracts, account information, and other blockchain data are abstracted into NFT structures to enhance the security and transparency of the system. This study adopts a hybrid methodology for design and implementation, which first elaborates the NFT-based blockchain design principles and data structures, and then implements smart contracts through real-world cases to verify their usability. The experimental results show that the design not only improves the credibility of data retrieval results, but also enhances the scalability of the blockchain system. This study provides new perspectives and solutions for blockchain technology in dealing with complex data structures and optimizing systematic data retrieval, which is of great significance for the future application and research of dedicated blockchain and NFT.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Reliability Enhancement and NFT Data Structure Design for Blockchain-Based Traceability System for Large-Value Commodities

Authors: Yunpeng Qi
Comments: 16 Pages.

The aim of this thesis is to propose a reliability enhancement method for blockchain-based traceability system for large-value commodities, and to design the data structure as NFT (non-homogenized tokens), which highlights the uniqueness and uniqueness of the NFT in order to improve the trustworthiness and reliability of the system. Through a combination of user-submitted proposals, evaluation platforms, and proof monitoring centers, the system realizes the traceability and supervision of large-value commodities and ensures the uniqueness and anti-counterfeiting of each commodity using the NFT data structure. The system utilizes the decentralized nature of blockchain and the automated execution of smart contracts to improve the transparency, security, and credibility of traceability for large-value commodities.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Function for Prime Numbers

Authors: Massimo Russo
Comments: 58 Pages.

The Function [5*(1+1/x) + 1] for every value of x determined by Sequence A: x = (5^2)+5*2*(n(n+1)/2)where n ≥ 0 determines an infinite series of fractional numbers N/d: 5*(1+1/x) + 1 = N/dsuch that N and d are prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

String Theory and the Grid Dimension

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in future submissions)

In string theory energy comes in the form of Planck length sized strings vibrating at different frequencies. The questions that arise from this model are: why is the Planck length so unique? How can this model explain the non-locality of quantum mechanics? This paper will show another approach to string theory where the strings are made from quantized local spacetime units and an extra non-local grid like dimension (the grid dimension). This approach can enable a visualization of the non-locality behavior of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Einstein's Coordinate Condition Makes GR Self-Consistently Lorentz Covariant; Friedmann's Galilean Metric Condition Eliminates Gravitational Time Dilation

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 25 Pages.

In 1915 Einstein adopted a new coordinate condition for his GR gravity theory, namely that the metric tensor's determinant always equals -1, its Minkowskian zero-gravity value. In his landmark November 18, 1915 paper, Einstein showed that applying this coordinate condition to the approximate calculation of the metric of a static point mass (the sun) results in agreement with the previously unaccounted-for part of Mercury's perihelion shift, and doubles the deflection of light by the sun's gravity from his previous calculation which didn't use this coordinate condition; a 1919 solar-eclipse expedition verified the doubled deflection. In January, 1916 Schwarzschild published the exact version of Einstein's new static point-mass metric; as expected, it slightly lengthens circular-orbit periods. In May 1916 Droste published a much simpler metric which violates the Einstein equation at an empty-space radius and fails to lengthen circular-orbit periods. In 1922 Friedmann tried fixing the metric's time-time component to unity, making it Galilean covariant instead of Lorentz covariant, and eliminating gravitational time dilation. We replace Friedmann's metric condition by Einstein's in the Oppenheimer-Snyder model; the resulting gravitational time dilation accommodates both the acceleration of the universe's expansion and its early inflation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Возможность регистрации Кильватерных гравитационных волн с помощью гравиметрического оборудования
The Ability to Register Wake Gravitational Waves Using Gravimetric Equipment. (Ru)

Authors: A. V. Antipin
Comments: 15 Pages. In Russian

This article follows the article "Registration of Wake gravitational waves using pulsar timing" [5] and is devoted to the registration of Wake gravitational waves using direct measurement of gravitational forces with standard equipment.Preliminary estimates of the physical and geometric characteristics for the search for Wake gravitational waves are presented.

Данная статья следует за статьёй «Регистрация Кильватерных гравитационных волн с помощью тайминга пульсаров» [5] и посвящена регистрации Кильватерных гравитационных волн при помощи непосредственного измерения гравитационных сил стандартным оборудованием. Представлены предварительные оценки физических и геометрических характеристик для поиска Кильватерных гравитационных волн.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Structural Formation and Mechanism of Action of Gravitational Quanta and Electromagnetic Waves from Their Generating "Zugs"

Authors: Viktor S. Dolgikh
Comments: 8 Pages.

This work will describe the structural formation and mechanism of action of Gravitational quanta and the entire spectrum of Electromagnetic waves from their generating "Zugs".It is a continuation of the work 1701.0488 with some clarification and addition.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A Third Order Sequence

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

We study the third order sequence:u(n)=3u(n-1)+6u(n-2)+3u(n-3) , u(0)=1,u(1)=3,u(2)=15,n=3,4,5,...
Category: General Mathematics

Beyond the Multiverse

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 17 Pages.

One way to comprehend the very smallest frames ofreference is to model the largest. Boundaries of the universe of universes help us better understand the smallest real dimensions, plus intermediate local universe visible dimensions. Challenges regarding infinity, plus the Second Law of Thermodynamics, gravity, and other physics puzzles are more easily resolved.
Category: Astrophysics

Analyzing the Connection from (H(z)) to the Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: Oussama Basta
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper explores the intriguing connection between the function (H(z) = ln(|sec(pi z/log(z))|)) and the Riemann Zeta Function (zeta(s)). The journey begins by investigating the zeros of (H(z)) and employing advanced mathematical tools such as the Taylor series expansion, the argument principle, and the inverse Mellin transform. Through this exploration, we establish a relationship that leads to a complex integral representation connecting (H(z)) to the Riemann Zeta Function (zeta(s)).
Category: Number Theory

A Mathematical Criterion for the Validity of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Zhiyang Zhang
Comments: 7 Pages.

We already know in what situations there will be counterexamples for the Riemann hypothesis, but simply increasing Im (s) to find counterexamples for the Riemann hypothesis is still very slow. If there is only a counterexample when Im (s)=10 ^ 1000, or even 10 ^ 10000, then the performance requirements for the computer are very demanding. So, we must create a numerical order determinant to determine whether the Riemann hypothesis holds.
Category: Number Theory

Spectral and Symplectic Riemann Mappings

Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 12 Pages.

Given a collection of sections of a principal fiber running from the base of a topological space to its top, can we recreate the entire topological space? We answer this question in the affirmative for symplectic manifolds,assuming we are given a filtration of weights. Using the weights which are representative generators at each local neighborhood about each section of a smooth fiber, we reduce our original problem to the Ricci-iterated mapping of Riemann surfaces along a geodesic.
Category: Topology