All Submission Categories

The Replica Trick, Wormholes, Island Formula, and Quantum Extremal Surfaces

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 46 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

The multi-fold theory factually encounters the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture. On the other hand, the conventional AdS/CFT conjecture can also be understood as a mathematical duality, where the CFT spacetime is not necessarily physically tangent to AdS(5) (+u2026). It can be justified as a particular case of the holographic principle. Therefore, the paper revisits, and derives the holographic principle, in a multi-fold universe. As General relativity (GR) encounters multi-folds at Planck scales, the proof applies to GR-based universes. We also debunk the use of Wheeler’s bag of gold as a counter example to the holographic principle.Trying to resolve the black hole information paradox, different teams have been able to recover the black hole Page curve, by relying on the replica trick with generalized semi-classical gravitational path integrals, in asymptotic AdS, with arbitrary topologies, including spacetime (Euclidian) wormholes in between replicas, to justifies paths in between the replicas. The approach also relies on the island formula for the von Neuman entropy as fine-grained entropy. One knows that the Page curve had to be recovered one way or another as with the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture, the unitarity of CFTs implies unitarity of gravity. The quantum extremal surface that appears in the process, bounding the island, leads to proposed physical interpretations of a black hole interior, that, in our opinion creates confusions than answers. In the multi-fold theory, we have already encountered an equivalent surface, with a much cleaner microscopic interpretation. The paper discusses the differences between the two interpretations. A few recent papers reused the approach to study two entangled gravitating universes, with one possibly without gravity. This paper provides multi-fold inspired interpretations of the quantum extremal surfaces appearing among the disjoint universes.Interpreting the replica trick, and its wormholes, one can see that the role played by the wormholes between different replicas amounts to the multi-fold mechanisms.. This is further reinforced by considerations on global symmetry in the presence of gravity or wormholes. The islands associated to the different entangled universe use cases also imply that, in universes with gravity, entanglement implies gravity effects, which is also known as the E/G conjecture. It means that the M-theory encounters multi-folds. The multi-fold theory could have predicted such an outcome from the link between the Hilbert Einstein action and superstring action, and the fact that we already had GR encounter multi-folds at Planck scales.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Anthropocosmos[:] Total Quantum Physics and Solanthropic Perfect Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 64 Pages. In French

The Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws induces the quantum Planck constant and a return to steady-state cosmology. The basic Holographic Principle 2D-1D introduces the Cosmos and proves the Universe criticity, but the Planck wall is reduced by a factor 1061, which explains at last the enormous vacuum energy, by introducing a tachyonic celerity ratio C/c in the Cosmos/Universe radius ratio. The universe half radius is given by an elementary 3 minutes dimensional analysis, ruling out the universe expansion and the Initial Big Bang. This re-introduces the Perfect Cosmologic Principle, so the "impossiblegalaxies" were predicted and announced. However, tight correspondance with standard model suggests the Permanent Bang, a matter-antimatter oscillation at 10^104 Hz. Dark matter is clearly a quadrature oscillation. The Universe appears as the last gauge boson in the cosmos, rehabilitating the tachyonic bosonic string theory. The relations of Human characteristics with both the physical parameters and the Earth and solar system characteristics are so tight that the Solanthropic Principle is verified : we are alone in the Universe. The relations are so tight that one may consider that the Cosmos results solely from Human parameters. The Egyptian length unit, the meter, confirms that the physical parameters are optimal calculus basis.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Fundamental Relation Between Universal Gravitational Constant G and Coulomb’s Constant K

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this brief paper we relate the universal gravitational constant G and Coulomb’s constant k to the volumes of subatomic particles. We define a new characteristic of subatomic particles, quantum volume, which varies in an inverse proportion to the mass of the subatomic particle. As an immediate corollary, we propose an explanation to the Proton’s radius puzzle that reconciles the various seemingly contradictory results obtained, checking our postulates with a prediction of upper and lower bounds for the electron’s radius which is consistent with the current experimental bounds.
Category: Quantum Physics

Can Special Relativity, General Relativity, and Quantum Physics Unify Into One Theory?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 14 Pages.

Unifying Special Relativity (SR), General Relativity (GR), and Quantum Physics (QP) remains one of the most profound challenges in theoretical physics. While each framework has achieved extraordinary empirical success, they become mutually incompatible under extreme conditions such as the earliest moments of the universe or the interior of black holes. Cosmological observations, including dark matter, dark energy, and the Hubble tension, further expose gaps in our understanding. Existing unification attempts, such as String Theory, Loop Quantum Gravity, and Grand Unified Theories, have not yet produced a complete and experimentally verified solution.This paper argues that unification becomes possible once the global physical structure of the universe is properly identified. I propose a framework in which quantum physics occupies a central role in cosmology. Within this view, the quantum vacuum is not an empty void but an infinite medium filled with fluctuating fields and transient virtual particles. Quantum Field Theory (QFT) thus provides a natural foundation for both the origin of matter and the large-scale organization of the cosmos. The novelty of this approach lies in linking the quantum vacuum directly to the universal structure, offering a pathway toward reconciling relativistic and quantum descriptions within a single framework.
Category: Astrophysics

Symmetry and Asymmetry of The Ultimate Genetic Code Matrix

Authors: Jean-Yves Boulay
Comments: 35 Pages.

From the table of the standard genetic code at 64 codons, 61 amino acids and 3 Stop signals, It is invested a simplified matrix of the genetic code comprising only twice twenty entities: the twenty canonical proteinogenic amino acids associated with only twenty DNA biplets. By this process, a singular organization of this matrix is highlighted in both symmetrical and asymmetrical arrangements. Also, the configurations of this matrix are organized in coincidence with the alphanumeric system introduced in a recent published article by the author. This compressed version of the genetic code is called "the ultimate genetic code matrix."
Category: Physics of Biology

Two Alternative Arnowitt-Dresner-Misner,formalisms Using the Conventions Adopted by Misner-Thorne-Wheeler and Alcubierre Applied to the Natario Warp Drive Spacetime

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 80 Pages.

General Relativity describes the gravitational field using the geometrical line element of a given generic spacetime metric where do not exists a clear difference between space andtime.This generical form of the equations using tensor algebra is useful for differential geometry where we can handle the spacetime metric tensor in a way that keeps both space and time integrated in the same mathematical entity (the metric tensor). However there are situations in which we need to recover the difference between space and time.The 3 + 1 ADM formalism allows ourselves to separate from the generic equation of a given spacetime the 3 dimensions of space(hypersurfaces) andthe time dimension.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

SunQM-6s8: {N,n} QM Field Theory Development on the E/RFe-force, the G/RFg-force, and the Spin-spin Interaction

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 28 Pages.

The foundation of a brand new {N,n} QM field theory has been established in the articles of SunQM-6, -6s1, -6s2, -6s3, and -6s4. In the current article, I added some new developments. 1) For either an E/RFe-force field or a G/RFg-force field, or the spinning of a force field, we can use |n,l,m> QM state to describe, and then we can simplify the description by using nLL and nL0 QM modes only, or even by using n = 2 (with |2,1,0> and |2,1,±1>) for the description; 2) Alternatively, for a static force field (including either the G-force, or RFg-force, E-force, or RFe-force field), we can use n = 1 QM state |1,0,0> to describe. When this G-force field (or RFg-force, or E-force, or RFe-force field) increases the speed of either the translational motion or the spin motion, we can use the higher n number of nLL/nL0 mode to describe. 3) Based on that, either a single pair of E/RFe-force, or two pairs of E/RFe-force in turns of spin-spin interaction, or a single pair of G/RFg-force, or two pairs of G/RFg-force in turns of spin-spin interaction, was analyzed; 4) That the Moon is slowly moving away from the Earth can be re-explained as the weakening of the parallel spin-spin attractive force between them; 5) A complete description for the nLL QM-force was given, it not only includes the QM force in θ-1D that forming a disk (from a sphere), but also includes the QM force in Δr-1D that dissecting a disk into several rings; 6) the formation of the two spiral arms of a galaxy can be explained by using the "|nL0> elliptical/parabolic/hyperbolic orbital model". Finally, because of its completeness and self-consistence, I do believe that the {N,n} QM is qualified to be put into the "Feynman Pool" as one of the many co-existing QM theories.
Category: Quantum Physics

Sufficient Conditions and Necessary Conditions for Extreme Value Problems with Constraints

Authors: Chengshen Xu
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, we prove that the sufficient conditions for the extreme value problem with constraints requires that the projection of the gradient of the point in the final constraint surface is zero and that the second-order partial derivative matrix--Hessian matrix on the local linear subspace in the constraint surface is positive definite or negative definite. The necessary conditions require that the projection of the gradient of the point in the final constraint surface be zero and that the second-order partial derivative matrix--Hessian matrix on the local linear subspace in the constraint surface be semi-positive definite or semi-negative definite. Finally, we discuss the reconstruction of the micro-base vector on the local linear subspace in the constraint surface and the local coordinate system.
Category: Algebra

Quasi-diagonalization and Quasi-Jordanization of Real Matrices in Real Number Field

Authors: Chengshen Xu
Comments: 8 Pages.

A real matrix may not be similar to a diagonal matrix or a Jordan canonical matrix in the real number field. However, it is valuable to discuss the quasi-diagonalization and quasi-Jordanization of matrices in the field of real numbers. Because the characteristic polynomial of a real matrix is a real coefficient polynomial, the complex eigenvalues and eigenvector chains occur in complex conjugate pairs. So we can re-select the base vectors to quasi-diagonalize it or quasi-Jordanize it into blocks whose dimensions are no larger than 2. In this paper, we prove these conclusions and give the method of finding transition matrix from the Jordan canonical form matrix to the quasi-diagonalized matrix.
Category: Algebra

A Proof of the Rationality of the Definition of Momentum in Relativity

Authors: Chengshen Xu
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper we firstly use a new method--the invariance of space-time interval and some simple linear algebra knowledge to derive Lorentz transformations and four-dimensional vectors. Finally we discuss and prove how to define the force and the momentum in relativity which has not been discussed and proved in textbooks and scientific literature. The first three dimensions of a four-dimensional momentum are defined as momentum and the derivative of momentum with respect to time is defined as force. But there is a problem that the rationality of the definition of momentum is not discussed and proved. Force and momentum cannot be arbitrarily defined. Because if our senses are sensitive and sophisticated enough, only a correct definition can guarantee that when we accelerate an object with a constant force, the momentum will increase at a constant rate. It is not necessary to be discussed in classical mechanics, because in classical mechanics the force is proportional to the acceleration and the force comes before the momentum. But it is just the opposite that the momentum comes before the force in relativistic mechanics, so it's important to discuss and prove how to define the force and the momentum in relativity. In addition the fact that the same physical process does not depend on the space-time point means that the Lorentz transformations must be linear transformations, so we can derive Lorentz transformations and four-dimensional vectors by using the invariance of space-time interval and some simple linear algebra knowledge.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Formulating a Mathematical Model for Living Systems

Authors: Nguyen Khanh Toan
Comments: 4 Pages.

Prigogine’s 1978 concept of dissipative structures, drawing parallels with living systems, forms the basis for exploring life’sunique traits. However, these identified similarities prove insufficient in capturing the entirety of life. To address this gap, ourproposed modeling approach emphasizes the distinctive ability of living organisms to observe other systems—an attributeintricately tied to quantum mechanics’ "measurement" processes, as highlighted by Howard Pattee. This article introduces acomprehensive mathematical model centered on quantum dynamical dissipative systems, portraying living systems as entitiesdefined by their observational capacities within this framework. The exploration extends to the core dynamics of these systemsand the intricacies of biological cells, including the impact of membrane potentials on protein states. Within this theoreticalstructure, the model is expanded to multicellular living systems, revealing how cells observe quantum dynamical systemsthrough protein state changes influenced by membrane potentials. The conclusion acknowledges the current theoreticalstatus of the model, underscoring the crucial need for experimental validation, particularly regarding the superposition state ofmembrane proteins under the influence of an electric field.
Category: Physics of Biology

Influence of Nuclear Architecture on Magnetism, Superconductivity, Nucleosynthesis and Binding Forces in Atoms and Molecules

Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen, Subha Sen
Comments: 31 Pages, 14 Figures 05 Tables

The unique nuclear structure of iron derived from the polyhedral cage architectural model contains four free neutrons which give stability to the atom. These are capable of aligning the magnetic moments in parallel direction producing ferromagnetism, a special property of iron. Hitherto unknown source of magnetism in atoms and molecules has now been resolved and it has been interpreted that the real source of magnetism lies in the meson cloud of neutron. However, argument against it is the mass of the meson and the idea of exchange as the generator force of attraction. This difficulty can be avoided by considering the exchange of d- and u- quarks by in-phase revolution making the proton and the neutron equivalent and offering magnetic force as an alternative to the exchange force. The compass behavior of magnetite can be explained if the material Fe3O4 is placed in a ferrite lattice. The magnetic effects impart stability to atoms and molecules. Superconductivity is another phenomenon which is found to depend on the nuclear architecture and the property is explained with the help of three-dimensional channel formation by the overlap of first and second Brillouin Zones in reciprocal space.The well-known meson exchange theory for the nuclear force has been replaced by a single electron exchange between neutron and proton. The model is successful in predicting the formation of the virtual and the real alpha particles. Nucleosynthesis has been shown to occur only through the condensation of Paulion (p — n pairs), the unrecognized isomer of deuteron.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

On the Variable Nature of Electric Charge of Subatomic Particles

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we propose a variable modeling for the electric charge of subatomic particles, postulating that the charge of some subatomic particle with charge is dependent on its relativistic speed, with the speed of light as the main inertial reference frame. This variable modeling provides a solid explanation of the quantization of electric charge, and opens a new path of research in quantum physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Ebu's Suggestion: Real and Imaginary Rectangles

Authors: Ebubekir Kaya
Comments: 6 Pages. In English and German

The suggestion real and imaginary rectangles is an extension of complex numbers. With this representation, polynomial functions can be visualized. And there is a special relationship between these functions.
Category: Algebra

Solution of a Five Degree Equation

Authors: Ait saadi Ahcene
Comments: 4 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

In this article, I solve the general equation of degree 5 of the a particular form. For this I used Mathematics that I invented. The method I invented allows me to solve all equations of degrees greater than 4, as well as equations of another form: The principle, is to find for all these equations, an equation of degree three (3) which has at least one solution in common with those of degree greater than 4. With my method of course this is possible.
Category: Number Theory

The Consistent Unification of Space and Time

Authors: Richard M. Blaber
Comments: 8 Pages. Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0.

This paper will argue that the Special Theory of Relativity does not unify space and time consistently, and that the Lorenz-FitzGerald transformations, which Einstein inherited from his predecessors, H.A. Lorenz and G.F. FitzGerald, fail to show how space, as such, is contracted by time dilation for moving observers in inertial reference frames.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Bounds on Mertens Function

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this brief paper we study and bound Mertens function. The main breakthrough is the obtention of a Möbius-invertible formulation of Mertens function, which with some transformations and the application of a generalization of Möbius inversion formula, allows us to reach an asymptotic rate of growth of Mertens function that proves the Riemann Hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

Fractional Dynamics in Bioscience and Biomedicine and the Physics of Cancer

Authors: Hosein Nasrolahpour
Comments: 9 Pages.

Almost all phenomena and structures in nature exhibit some degrees of fractionality or fractality. Fractional calculus and fractal theory are two interrelated concepts. In this article we study the memory effects in nature and particularly in biological structures. Based on this fact that natural way to incorporate memory effects in the modeling of various phenomena and dealing with complexities is using of fractional calculus, in this article we present different examples in various branch of science from cosmology to biology and we investigate this idea that are we able to describe all of such these phenomena using the well-known and powerful tool of fractional calculus. In particular we focus on fractional calculus approach as an effective tool for better understanding of physics of living systems and organism and especially physics of cancer.
Category: Physics of Biology

Fractional Dynamics of Cancer Cells and the Future of Research in Biomedicine

Authors: Hosein Nasrolahpour
Comments: 7 Pages.

Following our previous works on fractional biophysical issues such as fractional dynamics of protein folding process and fractional dynamics of cancer cells and their branching processes, in this work we further develop these issues and propose a new fractional biomechanics of cancer cells. In this study we present some promising models for future studies in biomedicine, including constant and variable order fractional Maxwell and Kelvin—Voigt models to study the mechanics of cancer cells. We also emphasize that fractional calculus will play a vital and central role in the understanding of the complexities that occur when we deal with the phenomena and processes in the realm of bioscience and biomedicine and particularly in physics of cancer.
Category: Physics of Biology

Cooldown Time Estimation Methods for Stirling Cycle Crycoolers

Authors: Shlomy Shitrit, Royee Bustan
Comments: 18 Pages.

Miniature crycoolers are small refrigerators that can reach cryogenic temperatures in the range of 60K to 150K. They have the capability of accumulating a small temperature drop into a large overall temperature reduction. The cooldown time estimation is becoming more and more as a design parameter, certainly in hands-on applications. The various complicated physical processes involved in crycooler operation make it hardly possible to explicitly simulate the temperature time response. The numerical methods for solving a typical crycooler suffer from numerical instability,time step restrictions and high computational costs, among others. Since the operation of crycoolers involve processes in range of 15Hz−120Hz, actually solving the crycooler transient response would require different software tools to support the design and analysis of physical processes such as heat transfer, fluid dynamic, electromagnetic and mechanical. These processes would also require an excessive amount of calculations, incurring time consuming and precision penalty. In thisarticle we try to bridge the gap between the explicit impractical approach to steady state based approach. A framework developed in Python for calculating the cooldown time profile of anycrycooler based on a steady state database, is introduced, while utilizing a semi-analytic approach under various operating conditions. The cooldown time performance can be explored at various target and ambient temperature conditions, and also the effects of an external load, material properties or thermal capacitance on the overall cooldown time response. Two case studies based on linear and rotary crycoolers developed at Ricor are used for verfication, with a good agreement between the simulated and measured values.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Measurements Clear the Fog of Quantum Interference

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 10 Pages.

There are many quantum optical experiments whose effects are supposedly not classically explainable. In this paper, the experiments of Hong-Ou-Mandel and Franson are rebuild, measured and explained with classical radio frequency waves.
Category: Quantum Physics

Robust Understanding of Gravitational Redshift

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 14 Pages. 10 figures

In the early 20th century, a lack of understanding of the physical mechanism of gravity led to erroneous assumptions. In 2020, a new physical paradigm that uses only one entity to describe the world of the masses was published. That work, seven additional publications, and two videos have together clarified and illustrated the true causes of many physical phenomena including gravity, dark matter, dark energy, and electric charge.Here, we continue to reexamine physics assumptions in light of the new paradigm.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Approaching the Value of Vacuum Permittivity Using Vacuum Ether Dipoles Concept

Authors: Ophelliam Loiselet
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper, we compute an approximate value of vacuum permittivity constant (epsilon naught), with an error of less that 5%, using ether vacuum dipoles concept (Dirac's sea). We start from first principles by defining a field equation that will give bounded states dipoles, described as stationnary waves, and an equation for their polarizability density, very close to the vacuum permittivity value.
Category: Quantum Physics

The S-Shaped Plane of Rotation of Planets is a General Law of Nature

Authors: V. D. Krasnov
Comments: 6 Pages. In Russian

Around 1100 BC The Chinese scientist Chu Kong, observing the shadow of the gnomon during the winter and summer solstices, measured the inclination of the ecliptic to the equator and determined it to be 23° 54' 02".Since then and now it is accepted that the rotation of the planets of the solar system occurs in one plane - the ecliptic, with small deviations of a few degrees of individual planets from the plane of rotation of the Earth.The planes of rotation of all planets in the past centuries and now are characterized by only one parameter - the angle of inclination. Searches for other parameters characterizing the planes of rotation of planets have not been carried out and today they do not exist.The study showed that the movement of any objects within planetary systems occurs along a wavy surface. The study showed that the "plane" of rotation of the planets is an S-shaped surface.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Field Equations of the Theory of Self-Variation

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 14 Pages.

The Theory of Self-Variation formulates gravity and electromagnetism with the same equations. These Equations concern the field created by the rest mass / electric charge of a particle. The central equation of the Theory relates three physical quantities, the rest mass or charge of the field source, the relative velocity of the field source to the observer, and the propagation velocity of the field relative to the observer. These velocities are directly related to the potential and intensity of the field measured by an observer. The first calculations give consistency of the Theory at the distance scales that we have observational data. Theory predicts increased stellar velocities on the outskirts of galaxies. It also predicts increased velocities of galaxies on the outskirts of galaxy clusters. In the frame of the Theory, the equations we present in this article apply to all interactions, not just gravity and electromagnetism. Further investigation of the equations will yield the complete, precise prediction of the Theory.
Category: Astrophysics

Intrafunctorial Calculus: An Example Solution

Authors: Emmerson, Parker
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper presents a novel approach for calculating the solution to n-CongruencyAlgebraist Topologies using intrafunctorial calculus equations. We use a com-bination of the Primal Solution to n-Congruency Algebraist Topologies and theinterpspace calculus equation to calculate the finite integral associated with thealgebraic equations and the corresponding solutions for n. We show how thelogical operator "not" can be used in conjunction with the interpspace calculusequation to both calculate the integral and to negate the algebraic statement.We also provide an example of how this approach can be used to solve a partic-ular form of the equations. The results discussed in this paper can be appliedto a variety of problems in the field of algebraic topology.This paper explored the use of interpspace calculus and logical operations to calculate the finite integral solutions associated with the n-Congruency Algebraic Topologies equation and the associated solutions for n. We then applied this combination of methods to study the dynamics of the sun's gravitational pull on the planets orbiting it. Additionally, we developed a mathematical formulation to calculate the stability of a wormhole solution. Finally, we used the interpspace calculus equation and logical operations to derive an equation for the stability of a wormhole solution. This paper provides a comprehensive approach for studying the mathematics of stable wormholes.
Category: Quantum Physics

Generalization for Specific Type of Continued Fraction

Authors: Isaac Mor
Comments: 13 Pages.

I came across "The Ramanujan Machine" on the Internet and, using my intuition on those kind of stuff, I found some interesting results.
Category: Number Theory

No Collatz Conjecture Integer Series Have Looping

Authors: Tsuneaki Takahashi
Comments: 2 Pages.

If the series of Collatz Conjecture integer has looping in it, it is sure the members of the loop cannot reach to value 1. Here it is proven that the possibility of looping is zero except one.
Category: Number Theory

[speculation on a] Framework of Corresponding Elements

Authors: Haijun Liu
Comments: 10 Pages. Note by viXra Admin: Future repetition/regurgitation will not be accepted.

The concept of corresponding metaverse matrix is proposed for the first time. It is pointed out that the corresponding element can be moved instantaneously to any place in the universe in the cosmic square. The concept of corresponding metacosmic square cube is proposed for the first time. It is pointed out that due to the cross, superposition and entanglement between the squares in the Rubik's cube, the change of particle wave intensity of the superimposed components leads to the change of particle wave intensity of the component particles, the change of particle wave intensity of the bulk particles, the change of particle wave intensity of the corresponding elementary particles, the change of particle wave intensity of the corresponding meta-cosmic squares, and the change of particle wave intensity of the corresponding meta-cosmic squares. Thus came infinite culture, infinite knowledge, infinite science, infinite laws, infinite spirit, infinite consciousness, infinite thinking, infinite wisdom. Infinite culture, knowledge, science, laws, spirits, consciousness, thinking and wisdom plan our universe and all things in the universe, design our universe and all things in the universe, manage our universe and all things in the universe, and dominate our universe and all things in the universe according to the changes of the corresponding elements, the changes of the meta-cosmic square, and the changes of the meta-cosmic square. There are infinite square matrices of corresponding elements in the universe, and there are as many square matrices as there are corresponding elements. There is only one corresponding metaverse square, and like the corresponding metaverse square, they are distributed on the inner nodes of the outer nodes of the nodal universe square.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Relativity Cosmology

Authors: Jeongin Choi
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper presents a simple cosmology that incorporates absolute spacetime and relativity. It assumes the existence of absolute spacetime, where the observer is stationary in the cosmic rest frame and free from the influence of gravity. In this frame, time flows at the fastest rate, and space expands linearly. Moving travelers have a relative universe proportional to their proper time, while the age of the universe remains unified. The Hubble constant, which represents the rate of expansion of the universe, is also redefined. This simple cosmology can provide a new perspective and insights into the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Financial Collapse of Capitalism

Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 28 Pages. Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0.

This paper will argue that the current level of international debt is a huge ‘bubble’ waiting to burst, and that, if and when it does so, the entire financial structure of global capitalism will collapse, taking capitalism, as such, with it. The mechanism of this collapse, if it occurs, will be a collapse of the international banking system, and complete loss of confidence on the exchange markets in any form of reserve currency — either the US dollar or any putative replacement for it.
Category: Economics and Finance

Magneto-Structural Phase Transitions and Two-Dimensional Spin Waves in Graphite

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu, Charles R. Ebbing, Timothy J. Haugan
Comments: 8 Pages.

We have previously found experimental evidence for several quantum phenomena in oxygen-ion implanted of hydrogenated graphite: ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, paramagentism, triplet superconductivity, Andreev states, Little-Parks oscillations, Lamb shift, Casimir effect, colossal magnetoresistance, and topologically-protected flat-energy bands [1-6]. Triplet superconductivity results in the formation of Josephson junctions, thus with potential of being used for spintronics applications in the critical area of quantum computing. In this paper, we are showing new experimental evidence for the formation of two-dimensional (2D) spin waves in oxygen-ion enriched and in hydrogenated highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. The temperature evolution of the remanent magnetization Mrem(T) data confirms the formation of spin waves that follow the 2D Heisenberg model with a weak uniaxial anisotropy. In addition, the step-like features also found in the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity between insulating and metallic states suggest several outstanding possibilities, such as a structural transition, triplet superconductivity, and chiral properties.
Category: Condensed Matter

[proof] that the Half Retarded and Half Advanced Electromagnetic Theory is Equivalent to Maxwell's Classical Electromagnetic Theory

Authors: Shuang-ren Zhao
Comments: 13 Pages.

Abstract Dirac, Wheeler Feynman, and Cramer proposed the electromagnetic theory idea of current element generating half retarded wave and half advanced wave. The author further refined this idea. Proposed the laws of mutual energy flow and conservation of energy. And thus established a new set of electromagnetic theories. For calculating electromagnetic wave radiation of current elements, Maxwell's electromagnetic theory requires electromagnetic radiation to meet the boundary conditions of Sliver Muller. In the author's new theory, this boundary condition is replaced by the charge of the absorber covering the infinite sphere. The author assumes that these absorbers are sinks and will generate advanced waves. The radiation of the current element is a retarded wave. This retarded wave and advanced wave form a mutual energy flow. The author believes that these mutual energy flows are photons. The sum of the energy of countless photons is the macroscopic electromagnetic radiation of the current element. This radiation should be consistent with the Poynting energy flow in classical electromagnetic theory. If the two are indeed consistent, it indicates that the two theories of electromagnetic radiation are equivalent. The author proves that the two theories are indeed equivalent. In this proof, the author also addresses an inherent loophole in Poynting's theorem. In addition, the author found that due to the introduction of sinks, both the field and potential must be compressed to the original %50. This corresponds precisely to the current generating either a %50 retarded wave or a %50 advanced wave. In this way, the author's electromagnetic theory can be seen as the lower level electromagnetic theory of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. This macroscopic electromagnetic wave is composed of countless photons. Photons are mutual energy flows, which are composed of retarded waves emitted by the sources and advanced waves emitted by the sinks.
Category: Classical Physics

Zeta Function

Authors: Leonardo de Lima
Comments: 8 Pages.

This article delves into the properties of the Riemann zeta function, providing a demonstration of the existence of a sequence of zeros ${z_k}$, where $lim operatorname{Re}(z_k) = 1$. The exploration of these mathematical phenomena contributes to our understanding of complex analysis and the behavior of the zeta function on the critical line.
Category: Number Theory

Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper discusses the distribution of the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function ζ. It looks into the question of whether any non-trivial zeros would ever possibly be found off the critical line Re(s) = 1/2 on the critical strip between Re(s) = 0 and Re(s) = 1, e.g., at Re(s) = 1/4, 1/3, 3/4, 4/5, etc., and why all the non-trivial zeros are always found at the critical line Re(s) = 1/2 on the critical strip between Re(s) = 0 and Re(s) = 1 and not anywhere else on this critical strip, with the first 1013 non-trivial zeros having been found only at the critical line Re(s) = 1/2. It should be noted that a conjecture, or, hypothesis could possibly be proved by comparing it with a theorem that has been proven, which is one of the several deductions utilized in this paper. Through these several deductions presented, the paper shows how the Riemann hypothesis may be approached to arrive at a solution. In the paper, instead of merely using estimates of integrals and sums (which are imprecise and may therefore be of little or no reliability) in the support of arguments, where feasible actual computations and precise numerical facts are used to support arguments, for precision, for more sharpness in the arguments, and for "checkability" or ascertaining of the conclusions. [Published in international mathematics journal.]
Category: Number Theory

Solar Core and Photosphere Temperatures

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 8 Pages.

Understanding how the ethereal solar corona hashyper-hot temperatures also points us to the sun’sextremely energetic core. How do hyper-hot corephotons appear to radically cool as they rise topopulate the much cooler photosphere? This heatmystery (with the sun’s photosphere at the coolerbottom of the "v" ) helps reveal how its corona heatsup so much far above the surface. In this way twogreat questions are resolved by one eloquent model.
Category: Astrophysics

Fractional Field Theory Approach to Protein Folding Dynamics

Authors: Hosein Nasrolahpour
Comments: 7 Pages.

Understanding biological complexity is one of the most important scientific challenges nowadays. Protein folding is a complex process involving many interactions between the molecules. Fractional calculus is an effective modeling tool for complex systems and processes. In this work we have proposed a new fractional field theoretical approach to protein folding. We have derived two coupled fractional partial differential equations that their solutions with specific boundary conditions and different values of the order of fractional derivative would describe and predict the possible contour of conformational changes for protein folding.
Category: Physics of Biology

Black Hole Cosmology:Entropy,Holography and Dark Energy

Authors: Alberto Coe
Comments: 16 Pages.

This is a short article in which we present some curious results based on the concepts of black hole entropy, the event horizon of the observable universe and the cosmic microwave background.By means of an arithmetic quantifier parameter two cosmological parameters are deduced: the fraction of what is known as dark energy and the fraction of what corresponds to baryonic matter b. A variation is observed over time in the ratio between and b ,which is in accordance with what the cosmological standard model proposes, namely, that dark energy varies throughout the life of the universe from its initial moments (when it was very low) to the current moment in which it predominates and constitutes something more than 2/3 of the total of what the universe is made of.
Category: Astrophysics

On a Possible Explanation of the Increased Star Velocities at the Outskirts of Galaxies

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 8 Pages.

Self-Variation Theory predicts increased stellar velocities on the outskirts of galaxies. The same Equation also predicts increased velocities of galaxies on the outskirts of galaxy clusters. Comparison with observational data requires the measurement of a constant of physics that appears in the gravitational field equations.
Category: Astrophysics

Automuse: A System for Generating Fiction Novels

Authors: Cadey A. Ratio, Nicole Brennan, Jessica Williams, Ashley Kaplan, Stephanie Williams, Ma Insa
Comments: 4 Pages.

A novel approach to generating fiction novels using a combination of Plotto, a system of plot formulas, and GPT-4, a state-of-the-art language model is presented. An eBook publication pipeline that automates the process of creating and formatting eBooks from the generated text is also described. The aim is to explore the potential and limitations of using artificial intelligence for creative writing, as well as to provide a tool for amusement and experimentation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Number Notation for Operations and Hyperoperations

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper I will apply some of notation tools in hyperoperators to the understanding of a deep and developed theory in notation. Using [a] or [-a] for an a Natural we will see the richness of this algebraic writing form.
Category: Algebra

Age, Amplitude of Accommodation and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 24 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We look into the Age(in years) vs Amplitude of accommodation(in Diopters) of eye. We draw the natural logarithm of the age, normalised, starting with an amplitude of accommodation of an eye vs the natural logarithm of the the amplitude of accommodation of the eye, normalised. We conclude that the Age vs Amplitude of accommodation of eyes, can be characterised by a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in the presence of a little external magnetic field.
Category: Physics of Biology

万物皆模式 (Everything is a Pattern)

Authors: Yiming Zhao
Comments: 499 Pages. In Chinese (Translation added by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

本书提出了一个不同于粒子物理学与弦论的基本粒子物理学模型，认为基本粒子是一个自维持的定值时序模式，由先后出现的一系列量子涨落组成，基本粒子的物理特征是量子涨落所激发的场的积分总效果。该模型可以很好地统一量子力学与相对论，统一物质、光与真空，统一场，统一物理定律与一切物理存在。

This book proposes an elementary particle physics model that is different from particle physics and string theory. It believes that elementary particles are a self-sustaining fixed-value timing pattern, consisting of a series of quantum fluctuations that appear successively. The physical characteristics of elementary particles are The integrated total effect of the field excited by quantum fluctuations. This model can well unify quantum mechanics and relativity, unify matter, light and vacuum, unify fields, unify physical laws and all physical existence.
Category: Quantum Physics

Weyl Scale Factor as a Global Dynamic Variable in Physics to Eliminate the Infinites in Quantum Theory

Authors: Qiubao Pan
Comments: 22 Pages. The copy right belongs to TOKU-E Foundation in Singapore.

In the Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), the perturbation propagators do not all have the same Weyl scale weight when integration is carried out over all momentum spaces. A dynamic scale factor is introduced to all dynamic variables in physics in this paper. The requirements for physics equations, including the Maxwell equations to be invariant under scale factor transformation is investigated. If a Planck type term with energy momentum dependence (not coordinate dependent) as scale factor is introduced to the propagator of QED, the renormalization theory is no longer needed. Instead of inventing different scheme of removing infinites, more experimental data collection is needed to determine the scale factors for different scenarios. The scale factor can also be introduced through replacing the momentum by a re-gauged momentum. Another approach of introducing the scale factor is to replace Fourier Transformation by Laplace Transformation in all quantum mechanics. The quantum gravity self-interaction terms shall no longer be infinite by choosing different scale factors.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Classically Consistent Theory of Gravitation I: the Assumption and Its Application in Astrophysics

Authors: Qiubao Pan
Comments: 16 page

Abstract: Based on the assumption that mesons mediating the gravitation travel like photons in the space-time defined by gravitation and gravitational strength is proportional to the number density of the mesons, a non-Newtonian theory of gravitation is proposed. In part I of this paper, the application of this theory to the dynamics of the Milky Way galaxy and our solar system is presented. This new theory may lead to a new explanation of dark matter in spiral galaxies and the young star formation in the center of galactic center. By observing the Saturn motion when it is in the shadow of Jupiter, the validation of the assumption presented by the author can be tested. In part II of this paper, Dirac’s big number principle is discussed. In Part III, a possible new field equation of gravitation is presented in the Kropinia geometry.
Category: Astrophysics

How to Solve the Clock Synchronization Problem to Measure the One-Way Speed of Light and Change a Second-Order Experiment to First-Order

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 5 Pages.

Measuring the one-way speed of light is deemed impossible because it requires synchronizing distant clocks which in turn depends on the one-way speed of light. The constancy of the one-way speed of light in the Special Relativity theory is therefore an assumption that is not based on any direct experimental evidence. In this paper a new method to synchronize distant clocks and measure the one-way speed of light at the same time is explained. Traditionally, clock synchronization and one-way speed of light measurement are seen as two separate procedures. This paper reveals a novel yet simple way to turn a second order (time-of- flight) light speed experiment into a much more sensitive first-order experiment.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof of the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Wiroj Homsup, Nathawut Homsup
Comments: 9 Pages.

The Collatz conjecture considers recursively sequences of positive integers where n is succeeded by n/2 , if n is even, or (3n+1)/2 , if n is odd. The conjecture states that for all starting values n the sequence eventually reaches the trivial cycle 1, 2, 1, 2u2026u2026The inverted Collatz sequences can be represented as a tree with 1 as its root node. In order to prove the Collatz conjecture, one must demonstrate that the tree covers all positive integers. In this paper, we construct a Collatz tree with 1 as its root node by connecting infinite number of basic trees. Each basic tree relates to each positive integers. We prove that a Collatz tree is a connected tree and covers all positive integers.
Category: Number Theory

An Algebrologist in Wonderland

Authors: Robert G. Wallace
Comments: 19 Pages.

By imposing a requirement for spatial isotropy, it is possible to find an algebra with a subalgebra structure having a pattern matching that of the bosons and three families of fermions of the standard model.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Heat Shock Response and Adaptation Potential in Escherichia Coli Populations Through Epigenetics

Authors: Eunsol Na, Seungjun Park, Seohee Han
Comments: 13 Pages.

With the world recording abnormally high temperatures in September, 2023, it has been analyzed that the possibility of the collapse of the Maginot Line of climate change, which scholars are concerned about, has increased.[1] Increased temperatures may have adverse effects on their production performance and animal welfare.[2] This study was conducted using wild-type Escherichia Coli(DH5-α) which is not resistant to antibiotics. The Escherichia Coli(DH5-α) was grown in a liquid medium and later mixed with a saline solution containing 0.8% NaCl. After dilution, 10µl of the solution was taken with a micropipette and spread evenly on an LB agar plate. The plate was then incubated at 37°C for 10 hours. Afterwards, the resulting colony was transferred to the LB broth medium using an inoculation loop. There were a total of 3 groups: the control group, experimental group 1, and experimental group 2. The control group was cultured at 37°C for 24 hours, while experimental group 1 was heat-treated at 42°C for 15 minutes, and experimental group 2 was heat-treated at 42°C for 30 minutes. Each group was subcultured to the third stage.
Category: Biochemistry

On Low Energy Nuclear Fusion Chain Reaction (LENR) as a Plausible New Source of Carbon-free Energy

Authors: A. P. Nikitin
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, the author explores LENR as a plausible new source of carbon-free energy and a non-mechanical engine.
Category: Condensed Matter

Origin of Left- or Right-Handed Byl Cellular Automata Replicators: An Analogy for the CISS Theory of Biological Homochirality Origin

Authors: Perry W. Swanborough
Comments: 6 Pages.

Homochiral biology can be recognized as the outcome of an ancestral breaking of chiral symmetry which has subsequently propagated through a broadening range of descendant dynamic networks. Recently published research provisionally accounts for the establishment of biological homochirality by demonstrating that the chiral symmetry of ribo-aminooxazoline (RAO) in racemic solution is broken by exclusive adsorption of D-RAO, a precursor of RNA, on to a naturally-magnetized mineral surface (magnetite). This proposed mechanism in the prebiotic environment would allow for subsequent unidirectional propagation of homochirality through homochiral RNA to homochiral peptides (including enzymes) to homochiral metabolism. Noting these recent chemical and physical results, I show that an origin out of broken chiral symmetry and subsequent homochiral replication of the Byl cellular automata replicator (1989) can be seen as an analogy to the origin and propagation of biological homochirality.
Category: Physics of Biology

Review of the Substance Structure Theory and Its Application of Wave Elements

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 21 Pages.

Existing theories of material structure and quantum field theory cannot describe the specific sources of fundamental particles. In quantum field theory, the generation of particles is the instantaneous transformation of the field, rather than the true creation of particles. It is necessary to explore the composition (or source) of the next level of elementary particles or fields. The material structure theory of "all fundamental particles mainly originate from photons" has great advantages in combining logic and fact. By utilizing this new theory of material structure, quantum theory, Bohr theory, and classical electromagnetic theory can be mixed to describe the same particle. Both this new theory of material structure and its application examples demonstrate that there is no longer a gap between the micro world and the macro world in calculating the spin angular momentum of basic particles, atomic ionization energy, and molecular dissociation energy.
Category: Quantum Physics

Superconducting Field Theory (the Unification Theory)

Authors: Sergio Perez Felipe
Comments: 10 Pages.

Unification theory with no extra dimensions. The first part unifies the strong nuclear force with the gravitational force in a mathematical way, the second part unifies the nuclear force with the quantum vacuum in a hypothetical structure.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Yes, Real Work is Done to Accelerate a Car; Pseudowork as Real "Work"

Authors: Richard Kaufman
Comments: 9 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required - Please conform in the future)

The work-energy theorem states that the work done on a system is equal to the change in translational and rotational kinetic energy of the system. However, there are cases in which the work-energy theorem provides for so-called paradoxes. In these situations, there is no work done by an external static force (which does not act through a distance) and yet the kinetic energy of the system has increased. To help patch up the discrepancy between both sides of the work-energy equation, the literature discusses "pseudowork", which is identified as not real work. Although the literature states or implies that energy within a system is directly transformed into kinetic energy, we argue that real work must actually be performed to increase the kinetic energy. That is, we argue that real work is performed because energy within a system is transformed into work done on the system. In these cases, a system interacts with an external object (with sufficient inertia to remain static) through equal and opposite forces. Although an external static force does not act through a distance at the system’s boundary, the external static force is transferred within the system, imparting an unbalanced force that acts through a distance to perform external work within the system itself. This is somewhat similar to the way in which the external force of gravity can act within a system to perform work, where the force of gravity is taken to act at the center of mass.
Category: Classical Physics

Increased Aperiodic Hydrothermal Activity in Defined Submarine Areas (Volcanic Areas and Tectonic Fractures ) at a Global Scale

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 30 Pages, 190 images - added 2 pages

My study provides first evidence of the real sources of the SST-anomalies which lead to the development of El Ninos: These are hydrothermal-sources, which are located for example in the Kermadec-Tonga-Arc (e.g. in the Monowai- and Macauley-Volcanic-areas), New-Hebredes-Trench-area, Nankai-Trough- and Philippine-Plate-area, Salado-Fracture-Zone, Falkland-Agulhas-Fracture-Zone, South-West-Indian-Ridge-area, Mid-Atlantic-Ridge, LFZ, Kane-Fracture-Zone and in the Pacific-Plate east of Japan, to name the important locations. The cause of El Nino-events is hydrothermal-water that rises from submarine volcanic-areas and tectonic-fractures to the ocean-surface ! On the ocean-surface this hydrothermal-water appears in the form of growing-plumes or-blobs (sea-surface-temperature-(SST)-anomalies), which then get distributed by the main ocean-currents and by surface-currents. With the NASA-Worldview-tool an analysis of the sea-surface-temperature (SST)-anomalies was done for the time-period Oct.2021 to June 2023, and for the time-periods in which the strong El Ninos from 1997/98 and 2014-16 developed. Five areas ( 1—5 ) on the ocean-floor were found where large amounts of hydrothermal-water was rising from specific areas on the ocean-floor to the surface at irregular-intervals during the mentioned time-periods ! Note: The irregular hydrothermal-activity in these five areas is a global phenomenon !! The hydrothermal-activity comes and goes in a "wave-like-pattern", which often causes activity in 3-5 areas, which are thousands of km apart, at nearly the same time ! As an example I want to mention the period 9.12.2013 to 21.12.2013 (12 days) in which the hydrothermal-activity reached a maximum level in at least four of the five areas (1-5) in this short time-period ! Note: These areas are located in the northern- and southern-Hemisphere. Changes in Earths Magnetic-Field seem to be the main cause of this increased Hydrothermal-and Volcanic-Activity ! These changes (e.g. geomagnetic-jerks) in Earths-Magnetic-Field can be caused either by internal-processes which take place near the Core-Mantle-Boundary (CMB), or they can be caused by external-events, which are strong geomagnetic-storms caused by solar-wind (space-weather). First the geomagnetic-changes (e.g. geomagnetic-jerks) seem to increase seismicity in High-Geothermal-Flux-(HGF)-areas, then with a certain delay hydrothermal-activity, especially along tectonic-fractures, is increasing, which then rises the SST and the Ocean-Heat-Content, and finally causes El-Ninos. The key to find the hydrothermal- or volcanic-sources, which cause the strong temperature-anomalies, is the precise observation of the development of every major anomaly in an animation, from the early beginning, when the first small warm-water-blob appears on the surface ! Part-2 of my hypothesis explains the probable causes of the described "global-hydrothermal-activity" in more detail !
Category: Geophysics

Zero Times Zero Equals Nonzero

Authors: Michael Graham
Comments: 3 Pages.

The current Multiplication and Division Properties of Zero are flawed and illogical. This paper illustrates why and presents logical solutions that resolve the issue of dividing by zero.
Category: Number Theory

Extension Formulas and Norm Inequalities in Sobolev Hilbert Spaces

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this note, we shall consider extension formulas and norm inequalities for some typical Sobolev Hilbert spaces. We see many related openproblems.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Law of Malus and Principle of Least Action.

Authors: Pierre Leroy
Comments: 14 pages + 6 for source code.

This document proposes to apply a principle of least action to the law of Malus in the context of using a photon model with local variables. It shows that in this context, a principle of least action does not seem to apply. It proposes an interpretive hypothesis allowing to assume that this principle really applies.
Category: Quantum Physics

Critical Analysis of Maxwell's "Displacement Current" Hypothesis and "Electromagnetic Waves" Theory

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 18 Pages. version2.0

Maxwell's equations introduced "displacement current" theoretical hypothesis, which stated that a changing electric field could induce a changing magnetic field in a vacuum. Furthermore, Maxwell extended Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction from metal circuits to vacuum, and theoretically concluded that a changing magnetic field could induce a changing electric field in a vacuum. Then, Maxwell predicted the existence of "electromagnetic waves" in a vacuum and claimed wireless communication could be achieved by "electromagnetic waves". This study reinterprets Hertz's "electromagnetic waves" verification experiment and reveals that Hertz’s experiment did not prove the existence of "electromagnetic waves", but rather proved that wireless communication was achieved by independent electric field waves. Based on Coulomb's law and mathematical derivation, this paper proves that Maxwell's "displacement current" hypothesis is inconsistent in theory, and directly demonstrates through experiment that the "displacement current" hypothesis is not true, that is, a changing electric field cannot induce a changing magnetic field in a vacuum. In a modern wireless broadcasting system, there are only electric field signals without magnetic field signals. Wireless radio signals are the transmission, propagation, and reception of independent electric field waves in the air. In the application of microwave technology, when a microwave oven is turned off or on, the energy density of the electric field wave and the energy density of the magnetic field wave are not equal, which violates the principle of energy conservation. In EMC engineering testing, a magnetic field probe cannot directly detect magnetic field signals in a changing electric field environment. Based on theoretical analysis and experiments, this study proves that Maxwell's "displacement current" hypothesis is incorrect and denies the existence of "electromagnetic waves," which will have a profound impact on modern scientific discoveries and technological advancement.
Category: Classical Physics

Finding Rational Points of Circles, Spheres, Hyper-Spheres via Stereographic Projection and Quantum Mechanics}

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 14 Pages.

One of the consequences of Fermat's last theorem is the existence of a countable infinite number of rational points on the unit circle, which allows in turn, to find the rational points on the unit sphere via the inverse stereographic projection of the homothecies of the rational points on the unit circle. We proceed to iterate this process and obtain the rational points on the unit $S^3$ via the inverse stereographic projection of the homothecies of the rational points on the previous unit $S^2$. One may continue this iteration/recursion process ad infinitum in order to find the rational points on unit hyper-spheres of arbitrary dimension $S^4, S^5, cdots, S^N$. As an example, it is shown how to obtain the rational points of the unit $ S^{24}$ that is associated with the Leech lattice. The physical applications of our construction follow and one finds a direct relation among the $N+1$ quantum states of a spin-N/2 particle and the rational points of a unit $S^N$ hyper-sphere embedded in a flat Euclidean $R^{N+1}$ space.
Category: Geometry

Prototype-Based Soft Feature Selection Package

Authors: Nana Abeka Otoo, Asirifi Boa, Muhammad Abubakar
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper presents a prototype-based soft feature selection package (Sofes) wrapped around the highly interpretable Matrix Robust Soft Learning Vector Quantization (MRSLVQ) and the Local MRSLVQ algorithms. The process of assessing feature relevance with Sofes aligns with a comparable approach established in the Nafes package, with the primary distinction being the utilization of prototype-based induction learners influenced by a probabilistic framework. The numerical evaluation of test results aligns Sofes' performance with that of the Nafes package.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Equality of the Values of the Area and Perimeter of a Number of Two—dimensional Figures, Volume and Area

Authors: Andrey VORON
Comments: 3 Pages.

Possible variants of the equality of the values of the area and perimeter of a number of two—dimensional figures (square, circle, rectangular, obtuse and equilateral triangles), volume and area - three-dimensional (Platonic bodies, cone, cylinder, pyramid and sphere) are considered.
Category: Geometry

Making Progress by Thinking About Light Differently

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 7 Pages.

A brief history of theories of light is given. New terminology that will be useful in the discussion of matters to do with light or it’s precursor is given, and how it is to be applied is discussed. Thinking about concealed possibilities comes next, considering the material reality that is concealed and what superposition actually represents. A Model with a pre-light binary with divisible photon carrier wave is presented, accounting for the outcomes of double slit apparatus experiments and experiments involving beam splitting and recombination, with an objective material solution. Reason for the speed of ‘light’ being unaffected by speed of source and recipientexplained by using transmission as a pre-light binary model.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On the Largest Prime Factor of the K-Generalized Lucas Numbers

Authors: Herbert Batte, Florian Luca
Comments: 14 Pages.

Let $(L_n^{(k)})_{ngeq 2-k}$ be the sequence of $k$--generalized Lucas numbers for some fixed integer $kge 2$ whose first $k$ terms are $0,ldots,0,2,1$ and each term afterwards is the sum of the preceding $k$ terms. For an integer $m$, let $P(m)$ denote the largest prime factor of $m$, with $P(0)=P(pm 1)=1$. We show that if $n ge k + 1$, then $P (L_n^{(k)} ) > (1/86) log log n$. Furthermore, we determine all the $k$--generalized Lucas numbers $L_n^{(k)}$ whose largest prime factor is at most $ 7$.
Category: Number Theory

A Framework for Modeling, Analyzing, and Decision-Making in Disease Spread Dynamics and Medicine/Vaccine Distribution

Authors: Zenin Easa Panthakkalakath, Neeraj, Jimson Mathew
Comments: 12 Pages.

The challenges posed by epidemics and pandemics are immense, especially if the causes are novel. This article introduces a versatile open-source simulation framework designed to model intricate dynamics of infectious diseases across diverse population centres. Taking inspiration from historical precedents such as the Spanish flu and COVID-19, and geographical economic theories such as Central place theory, the simulation integrates agent-based modelling to depict the movement and interactions of individuals within different settlement hierarchies. Additionally, the framework provides a tool for decision-makers to assess and strategize optimal distribution plans for limited resources like vaccines or cures as well as to impose mobility restrictions.
Category: Statistics

Levelwise Accessible Equivalence Classes of Fibrations

Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 6 Pages.

For a space of directed currents, geometric data may be accessible by means of a certain $frac{1}{n}$-type functor on a sheaf of germs. We investigate pointwise periodic homeomorphisms and their connections to foliations.
Category: Geometry

3D Space Bosons in Their Symmetrical 5D Field [and General Relativity]

Authors: GuiHyeon Hwang
Comments: 8 Pages.

3-dimensional space bosons in their symmetrical five-dimensional field is the bending of four-dimensional space-time. 3D space bosons in their 5D field is in a stable state of energy. However, by the principle of time-energy uncertainty, their time become unstable.That explains Einstein's field equations in quantum mechanics. Because, the 5D field is ina state of flux, it's able to ascend to a higher dimension or to descend to a lower dimension.The dimensions are relatively asymmetrical. Therefore, their space bosons are relativelyin a stable state of time. This means that the probability of converting energy into matterincreases in space.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Thirteen Hypotheses on Quantizig Gravity

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 4 Pages.

Since the 1930‘s, when at first Goldstein tried to quantize the gravity-field of a light-beam and failed because he got infinities in his solution, the problem of non-renomalization in quantizing gravity occured. In the mean time till today many intelligent tryings are made to quantize gravity in a successful way. Some Supergravity-theories failed also. The most promising tryings nowadays are superstringtheories and loop-gravity but with some strange results. So here are some qualitative thoughts about quantizing gravity. There are then thirteen possibilities (may be more) respectively thirteen commandments.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons with Realistic Magnetic Dipole Moment

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 3 pages

The original Born-Infeld model of electrons has been used to describe static electrons without magnetic dipole moment. It is not obvious how to include the magnetic field of a realistic magnetic dipole moment in the original model. This short work proposes a small modification to the original model that might allow for experimentally observed values of electric charge and magnetic dipole moment of electrons.
Category: Classical Physics

Unlocking Robotic Potential Through Modern Organ Segmentation

Authors: Ansh Chaudhary
Comments: 4 Pages.

Deep learning has revolutionized the approach to complex data-driven problems, specifically in medical imaging, where its techniques have significantly raised efficiency in organ segmentation. The urgent need to enhance the depth and precision of organ-based classification is an essential step towards automation of medical operation and diagnostics. The research aims to investigate the effect andpotential advantages transformer models have on binary semantic segmentation, the method utilized for the project. Hence, I employed the SegFormer model, for its lightweight architecture, as the primary deep learning model, alongside the Unet. A custom 2D computerized tomography (CT) scan dataset was assembled, CT-Org2D through meticulous operations. Extensive experiments showed that, in contrast to the selected models, the task’s simplicity required a redesigned Unet architecture with reduced complexity. This model yielded impressive results: Precision,Recall, and IOU scores of 0.91, 0.92, and 0.85 respectively. The research serves as a starting point, motivating further exploration, through different methodologies, to achieve even greater efficiency in organ segmentation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Diminishing Returns Observed from AI Music Models

Authors: Clifford Njoroge
Comments: 12 Pages. AI music

Music generation is a challenging task that requires capturing the complex and diverse aspects of musical structure and expression. In this paper, we investigate the factors that affect the quality of music generated by various AI models, such as MuseGAN, MuseGAN-Image and GPT3-Music¹[1]. We use different data encoding and processing techniques to create and evaluate music generation models based on generative adversarial networks (GANs) and transformers. We compare the advantages and disadvantages of each method in terms of harmonic, temporal and spatial aspects of music. We identify several challenges and drawbacks of the existing methods, such as harmonic loss, GAN overshooting, chord progression, octave representation, and framework compatibility. We also suggest some possible solutions and future directions for improving music generation with AI.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

[ Demonstration] that the Expansion of the Universe is Slowing, and not Accelerating

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: 30 Pages.

In this article I demonstrate that the expansion of the Universe is slowing, and not accelerating, as the scientific community claims. In fact I have demostrated that the deduction of accelerating expansion is due to a series of successive misinterpretations of redshift, which in turn are due to a misinterpretation of the result of the Michelson-Morley experiment. However, with a correct interpretation of that result, I have deduced a correct interpretation of redshift and that the expansion of the Universe is slowing.In truth I have been arguing for several years that the expansion of the Universe is slowing, both through discussion in forums and by publishing articles online, and no one has ever managed to confute my demonstrations. But I must also say that the forums and scientific journals frequented by professional astrophysicists are controlled by the scientific community, which has not allowed me to publish my posts and articles there, and therefore they have not been reviewed by them. But recently I discovered the Quora forum platform, which allows anyone, including them, to post and read. So they can review my articles and, if they will be able, confute my arguments.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Physically Reinterpreted Effect in Symmetric Measurements in Quantum Optics

Authors: Koji Nagata, Do Ngoc Diep, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 5 Pages.

We study the mathematical foundations of quantum optics. We consider the case that the ncertainty principle exists because we think both of commutativeness and non-commutativeness and then we derive natural value. On the other hand, we consider the case that the uncertainty principle does not exist because we think only commutativeness and then we derive unnatural value. We propose an experimental accessible inconsistency within quantum optical phenomenain terms of imperfect sources and detectors.In more detail, we encounter an imperfect quantum state, the dark count, and the quantum efficiency, which cannot be avoidable in a real experimental situation. Such an error of the number of particles becomes less and less important as we increase trials more and more by using the strong law of large numbers.As a result of our study, a perfect mathematical model for quantum optical phenomena does not exist, at this stage.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravitational or Centrifugal Forces Produce Different Potential Changes in Different Metals

Authors: Kuo Tso Chen
Comments: 19 pages, in English

In the quest to find various energy solutions, concentration difference batteries have been widely studied, but concentration differences and potential differences caused by gravity have rarely been studied. The initial purpose of this research is to investigate whether centrifugal force or gravity can be used to generate potential differences to create new and useful energy devices. The Nernst equation infers that changes in chemical potential in different gases vary with changing height. Additionally, different metal solids can exhibit different chemical potential changes under Earth’s gravity. The resistance of metal is very low, and because the energy output is inversely proportional to the resistance, voltage differences in metals could be significant, which may provide a large energy output. Therefore, an experiment was designed using aluminum and lead connected in series with a cumulative height difference of 176 m, and the potential difference caused by gravity was measured. It is conjectured that the vibrational energy from hot electrons can be converted into electrical energy at a constant temperature, surpassing the limitations of Carnot’s theorem. Thus, if an experiment works in a gravity field, then it should also work in a centrifugal force field. In a centrifugal force field, when the rotation speed is doubled, the output energy is increased by 16 times. Therefore, if centrifugal forces can be used to convert thermal energy into electrical energy in an economically efficient way, it may be a new energy conversion method that is suitable for different occasions, which may address energy dilemmas.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Simple Proof of the Absolute Nature of Space

Authors: David M. Bower
Comments: 2 Pages.

A logical extension / extrapolation of Newton's bucket argument shows that space is absolute with respect to translational motion as well as rotational motion.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Renaming Dark Matter: An Elegant Solution That Merges Condensed Gravitational Fields With Cosmology

Authors: Gene A. Harvey
Comments: 3 Pages.

Condensed Gravitational Fields, (CGF), extends the Universal Gravitational Constant of Einstein to incorporate similarities with the other three forces into a concept that provides a different and potentially more elegant explanation for the observed anomalous velocities in galaxies, which have traditionally been attributed to the presence of dark matter. If one considers that gravity, (like the other three forces), strengthens, (or condenses), in and around mass and matter, then it is possible to reevaluate Dark Matter as a consequence of that strengthening. Very similar to magnetic fields, gravity gets stronger around matter. (Recall the "Inverse Square Law" which is fundamental to both Newton and Einstein theories.)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mathematicians, Physicists and Technologists

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 6 Pages.

The branch of the science we call physics does not go unnoticed when Einstein published his famous articles. In this article, I reflect on this branch of science.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Mtemáticos, Físicos Y Tecnólogos (Mathematicians, Physicists and Technologists)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 6 Pages. In Spanish

No pasa inadvertida la mutación de la ciencia que denominamos física cuando Einstein publicó sus artículos famosos. Refiero a esa mutación las reflexiones contenidas en este documento.

The branch of the science we call physics does not go unnoticed when Einstein published his famous articles. In this article, I reflect on this branch of science.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Pionic Deuterium and the Pion Tetrahedron Vacuum Polarization

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 18 Pages.

A double-well potential model is proposed for the pionic deuterium that enables calculating the energy split, the potential barrier and the pion tetrahedron edge length. We propose that pion tetrahedrons mediate the strong force by enabling quark exchange reactions between protons and neutrons. A vacuum polarization Feynman diagram is proposed for the pion tetrahedrons having two chains of gluons and fermion loops for the two valence quarks and anti-quarks. With a higher order vacuum polarization diagram, the two fermion loops are connected and flipped by additional gluons and the pion tetrahedron chiral symmetry is broken by the non-empty vacuum as expected by the QCD chiral perturbation theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

3n+1 Conjecture: A Proof or Almost

Authors: A. Makarenko
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Collatz algorithm is rewritten to remove divisions by two and to transform it from a hailstone to a steadily growing value. In contrast with the original problem this new sequence becomes reversible and it is reverted in combinatorial way to find all integers leading to the sequence end. Computer programs are available for demonstrations and experimenting.
Category: Number Theory

Linear-Time Estimation of Smooth Rotations in ARAP Surface Deformation

Authors: Mauricio Cele Lopez Belon
Comments: 10 Pages.

In recent years the As-Rigid-As-Possible with Smooth Rotations (SR-ARAP [5]) technique has gained popularity in applications where an isometric-type of surface mapping is needed. The advantage of SR-ARAP is that quality of deformation results is comparable to more costly volumetric techniques operating on tetrahedral meshes. The SR-ARAP relies on local/global optimisation approach to minimise the non-linear least squares energy. The power of this technique resides on the local step. The local step estimates the local rotation of a small surface region, or cell, with respect of its neighbouring cells, so a local change in one cell’s rotation affect the neighbouring cell’s rotations and vice-versa. The main drawback of this technique is that the local step requires a global convergence of rotation changes. Currently the local step is solved in an iterative fashion, where the number of iterations needed to reach convergence can be prohibitively large and so, in practice, only a fixed number of iterations is possible. This trade-off is, in some sense, defeating the goal of SR-ARAP. We propose a linear-time closed-form solution for estimating the codependent rotations of the local step by solving a sparse linear system of equations. Our method is more efficient than state-of-the-art since no iterations are needed and optimised sparse linear solvers can be leveraged to solve this step in linear time. It is also more accurate since this is a closed-form solution. We apply our method to generate interactive surface deformation, we also show how a multiresolution optimisation can be applied to achieve real-time animation of large surfaces.
Category: Geometry

Like Gravity, the Electric Field Should be Also Recognized as a Form of Acceleration

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 12 Pages.

Gravity is already recognized as form of Acceleration, but the nowadays Science of Physics does not recognize (yet) the Electric Field also as a form of Acceleration.Based on structural identities between Newton's Universal Gravitational Law and Coulomb's Law, this paper provides arguments which indicate that the Electric Field should be also recognized as a form of Acceleration.This paper also proposes a relatively simple experiment, which if implemented, it might prove, (or disprove), the above presented statement that the Electric Field should be also recognized as a form of Acceleration.If this experiment will be implemented, and its results will be successful, such that the Electric Field will be also recognized as a form of Acceleration, this will also result in significant implications
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Primordial Cosmology from Self-Organized Criticality

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 13 Pages.

Recent observations suggest that the dynamics of the primordial Universe unfolds as complex evolution outside thermodynamic equilibrium. Here we argue that a viable description of the primordial Universe must be built from concepts relevant to complex dynamics such as Self-Organized Criticality and Multifractal Geometry. This approach brings fresh insights into the early genesis of Dark Matter and into some outstanding challenges of standard cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem by Relating to Monic Polynomial Properties

Authors: Tae Beom Lee
Comments: 5 Pages.

Fermat's Last Theorem(FLT) states that there is no natural number set {a,b,c,n} which satisfies a^n+b^n=c^n or a^n=c^n-b^n when n≥3. In this thesis, we related LHS and RHS of a^n=c^n-b^n to the constant terms of two monic polymials x^n-a^n and x^n-(c^n-b^n). By doing so, we could inspect whether these two polynomials can be identical when n≥3, i.e., x^n-a^n=x^n-(c^n-b^n), which satisfies a^n=c^n-b^n. By inspecting the properties of two polynomials such as factoring, root structures and graphs, we found that x^n-a^n and x^n-(c^n-b^n) can’t be identical when n≥3, except when trivial cases.
Category: Number Theory

Visual Model of Electromagnetic Interactions of Sub-Photons

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper provides a visual based conceptual model and framework to help explain the behavior of electrical, electromagnetic and gravitational phenomenon. The model is conceptual only and the hypothetical particles and interactions presented are simply designed as a way to visualize and understand electromagnetic interactions. Further research needs to be done exploring the possibility that the proposed hypothetical particle and interactions may actually exist. Future improvements to the model may need to be made to help it conform to new scientific discoveries. Examples are provided showing how the framework conforms to many of the behaviors of electricity, electromagnetism and radiation. A hypothetical particle is introduced, referred to as a sub-photon by this paper. The proposed framework relies on previous research in controversial physical models and assumptions such as repulsive gravity and a fractal universe. Despite the reliance on controversial concepts, the model is intuitive in many respects, easy to visualize and not dependent on difficult mathematics. The model can be used as a visual tool to help explain very complex interactions with minimal mental effort. Whether or not the existence of the sub-photon particle and its interactions are later supported by scientific literature, the model can remain a useful way to visualize and understand basic electromagnetic interactions. This paper includes predictions about celestial bodies and gravitational waves that can be used to test the model in future research.
Category: Astrophysics

Sidelobe Suppression of LFM Signal Using Variability Index (VI)-Wavelet Threshold Method

Authors: Choe Kwang Hyon, Choe Chol Jun, Ri Kwang Il
Comments: 14 Pages.

In the pulse compression radar using linear frequency modulation (LFM), the sidelobe suppression signal processing is very important to overcome an effect that may mask smaller targets or maybe mistaken as separate targets. This paper considers a novel framework of the sidelobe suppression for linear frequency modulation signal (LFM) at a receiver when existing internal receive noise. In pulse compression for LFM signal, there exist not only range mainlobe components but also range sidelobe components in the matched filter output. It is necessary to effectively suppress the sidelobe components at the receiver of radar. This paper presents variability index (VI)-threshold operation based on the wavelet transform to further reduce these range sidelobes, and then analyzes it compared to the conventional window method. The results show that the proposed method is very effective in suppression of sidelobes components for LFM signal. It also indicates that this method gives better a peak to sidelobe ratio (PSR) performance than other methods for the sidelobe suppression.
Category: Condensed Matter

Tired Light Hypothesis Possibly Got Confirmation by Direct Observation of Light Scattering

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 13 Pages.

The hypothesis of Big Bang is still predominates today but have more and more difficulties. Too many galaxies, galaxies too mature, galaxies have active nucleus due to very big black holes appeared faster than galaxy may be formed — all those facts discovered by James Webb Space Telescope seems to bring the Big Bang idea to the end. But the important question appears: what is instead? One of the old ideas resurrected now is tired light hypothesis. Indeed, there is no process found in the nature so far that has absolutely zero friction — the slow loss of energy by that or this mechanisms is present everywhere. Why would light be an exception (and the present understanding of light is counting on this assumption). However, the initial idea of tired light is not possible — the electromagnetic path to lose energy will not help (see the article). So the idea is to have light losing energy in very small steps — in this situation the energy loss is possible to explain while preserving the other properties of the observed light from the far galaxies. This idea also easily explains the "active" nuclei of the far galaxies by the direct observation of the light scattering in the vacuum. This scattering is actually too strong for gravitation and way too weak for electromagnetic force, so the fifth force is possibly involved here.
Category: Astrophysics

Divisible Cyclic Numbers

Authors: Julian Beauchamp
Comments: 4 Pages.

There are known to exist a number of (multiplicative) cyclic numbers, but in this paper I introduce what appears to be a new kind of number, which we call divisible cyclic numbers (DCNs), examine some of their properties and give a proof of their cyclic property. It seems remarkable that I can find no reference to them anywhere. Given their simplicity, it would be extraordinary if they were hitherto unknown.
Category: Number Theory

Localization of Energy-Momentum and Spin of Electromagnetic Radiation

Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 18 Pages. In Russian; Submitted to JETP Letters.

The spin theory of electrodynamics, dating back to the work of Sadovsky, Poynting and others, is called in the article the classical spin theory, in contrast to the currently widespread spin theory, which is a gradient theory. The uniqueness of the local densities of energy-momentum and spin of the electromagnetic field is demonstrated, and the energy-momentum is determined by the Maxwell tensor, which does not allow change. In particular, the Belinfante-Rosenfeld procedure is meaningless. The existence of spin as an internal angular momentum is confirmed experimentally. Mathematically, spin arises from the Principle of Least Action in the form of a spin tensor, along with energy, momentum and moment of momentum relative to some point. The use of the spin tensor made it possible to obtain new results concerning the emission and absorption of spin angular momentum. It is shown that the use of the spin tensor is the same natural process as the use of the energy-momentum tensor. The adequacy of the spin tensor provides the violation of the gauge equivalence of various vector potentials. In particular, it is demonstrated that the standard vector potential gives an incorrect value for the spin emission from a rotating dipole. Vector potentials related to each other by a gauge transformation are equivalent to each other only when calculating energy-momentum. The gradient theory of spin has been criticized. In particular, it separates the internal spin angular momentum from the energy and momentum of the radiation.
Category: Classical Physics

For a Number k, Can (2[k]m)+1 Always be Prime for All Number m?

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper is about hyperoperators. In this paper I ask myself and the mathematical community if there is possible that a k-ation of the number 2 will be always a number prime for any number m if we add the number one to the result.
Category: Number Theory

Bridging the Concrete and Abstract: A Pedagogical Strategy for Teaching Irrational Numbers

Authors: Haoxi Zhang, Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper explores the multifaceted pedagogical challenges involved in teaching irrational numbers. It proposes teaching strategies to bridge the divide between mathematical abstraction and empirical measurement when comprehending irrational quantities. The literature review synthesizes key findings on persistent conceptual gaps in irrational number understanding across educational levels. The theoretical framework draws on cognitive psychology, philosophy of mathematics, and constructivist learning theory in addressing the cognitive dissonance students experience. Core challenges include the abstract nature of irrational numbers, issues of representation and notation, and the psychological leap required from rational numbers. Proposed teaching strategies emphasize contrasting mathematical models with physical representations, challenging assumptions of measurement exactness, using symbolic notation, integrating active learning, and encouraging philosophical reflection. The paper advocates balancing theoretical precision with approximation in real-world measurement. Scaffolding experiential learning and multiple representations can facilitate deep comprehension. The paper concludes that grasping irrational numbers involves reconciling formal deductive reasoning with intuition about empirical constraints. Comprehensive pedagogical approaches must bridge this divide between abstraction and experience to foster robust mathematical understanding.
Category: Education and Didactics

On the Experimental Study of the Hong-ou-Mandel Effect

Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 4 Pages.

The HOM effect is based on the fundamental properties of quantum physics. Since the discovery of the effect [1], a huge amount of experimental work has been carried out to study its nature. However, the most important, interesting and simple experiment here has not yet been brought to its logical end.
Category: Quantum Physics

Superstrongly Interacting Gravitons: Low-Energy Quantum Gravity and Vacuum Effects

Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 14 Pages. Chapter in book: Horizons in World Physics. Volume 312, edited by A. Reimer, NY: Nova Science, 2024, pp 225-240.

A brief review of the consequences of the hypothesis about the existence of a background of superstrong interacting gravitons isgiven. Gravity is seen as a shielding effect in a sea of low-energy gravitons, and Newton's constant can be calculated as a function of the background temperature. At very small distances,the phenomenon of asymptotic freedom arises. Restrictions on the geometric language and the ban on the existence of black holes areconsidered. Additional deceleration of massive bodies occurs due to forehead and backhead collisions with gravitons. Scattering ofphotons by background gravitons leads to a redshift of distant objects, their additional darkening and the appearance of a background of scattered photons. These effects could revolutionize cosmology because they don't need dark energy, the Big Bang, etc. to explain observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Incompletely Predictable Problems of Riemann Hypothesis, Modified Polignac's and Twin Prime Conjectures

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 82 Pages. Now incorporating Hodge conjecture, Grothendieck period conjecture and Pi-Circle conjecture

We validly ignore even prime number 2. Based on all arbitrarily large number of even prime gaps 2, 4, 6, 8, 10...; the complete set and its derived subsets of Odd Primes fully comply with Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions. With this condition being satisfied by all Odd Primes, we argue that Modified Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are proven to be true when these conjectures are treated as Incompletely Predictable Problems. In so doing [and with Riemann hypothesis being a special case], this action also support the generalized Riemann hypothesis formulated for Dirichlet L-function. By broadly applying Hodge conjecture, Grothendieck period conjecture and Pi-Circle conjecture to Dirichlet eta function (which acts as proxy function for Riemann zeta function), Riemann hypothesis is separately proven to be true when this hypothesis is treated as Incompletely Predictable Problem.
Category: Number Theory

Ground State Spin Glassing Model Order Parameter and Machine Learning Perceptron

Authors: Akira Saito
Comments: 4 Pages. In Japanese (Note by viXra Admin: Please fill in author name in English)

We were able to express the order variables of the spin glassing model in the ground state using simultaneous equations. By similar formula expansion, a formula equivalent to a machine learning perceptron can be obtained. The machine learning perceptron is an empirical form that is the result of trial and error, and there is no basis for formulating it. However, by deriving an equivalent formula by mathematical formula expansion of the spinglassizing model, we have I think the proof has been established. In addition, we believe that creating simultaneous equations will advance machine learning analysis, potentially contributing to reducing learning costs and creating highly accurate models, and contributing to the further penetration of machine learning into various fields.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Mathematics for Incompletely Predictable Problems Required to Prove Riemann Hypothesis, Modified Polignac's and Twin Prime Conjectures

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 69 Pages.

As two different but related infinite-length equations through analytic continuation, Hasse principle is satisfied by Riemann zeta function as a certain type of equation that generates all infinitely-many trivial zeros but this principle is not satisfied by its proxy Dirichlet eta function as a dissimilar type of equation that generates all infinitely-many nontrivial zeros. Based on two seemingly different location that are in fact identical, all nontrivial zeros are mathematically located on critical line or geometrically located on Origin point. Thus we prove location for complete Set nontrivial zeros to be critical line confirming Riemann hypothesis to be true. Sieve of Eratosthenes as a certain type of infinite-length algorithm is exactly constituted by an Arbitrarily Large Number of (self-)similar infinite-length sub-algorithms that are specified by every even Prime gaps. Modified Hasse principle is satisfied by this algorithm and its sub-algorithms that perpetually generate the Arbitrarily Large Number of all Odd Primes. Thus we prove Set even Prime gaps with corresponding Subsets Odd Primes all have cardinality Arbitrarily Large in Number confirming Modified Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures to be true.
Category: Number Theory

Collatz Conjecture Proved Ingeniously & Very Simply

Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 12 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong

Collatz conjecture states that beginning with a positive integer, if one repeatedly performs the following operations to form a sequence of integers, the sequence will eventually reach the integer one; the operations being that if the integer is even, divide it by 2, but if the integer is odd, multiply it by 3 and add one; and also, use the result of each step as the input for the next step One would note the patterns of the sequence terms as the Collatz process reaches the equivalent powers, 2^(2k) (k = 2, 3,...) and the sequence reaches the integer 1 by repeated division by 2. Two main cases are covered. In Case 1, the integer can be written as a power of 2 as 2^(k) (k=1,2,3,u2026), and in this case, the sequence would reach the integer one by repeated division by 2, i.e., 2^(k-1), 2^(k-2), 2^(k-3,),u2026,2^(k-k). In Case 2, the integer cannot be written as a power of 2, but the sequence terms reach the equivalent power, 2^(2k) (k = 2, 3,...) and by repeated division by 2, the sequence will reach the integer 1. In Case 2, when the sequence terms reach some particular integers such as 5, 21 and 85, the application of 3n + 1 to these integers will result in the powers, 2^(2k). One would call these integers, the 2k-power converters. There are infinitely many 2k-power converters as there are 2^(2k) powers. There are infinitely many paths for converting integers to 2^(2k) powers. Of these paths, the integer 5-path, is the nearest 2^(2k) converter path to the integer 1 on the 2^(2k)-route. Other integers can follow the integer 5-path to 16 as follows: Let n be an integer whose sequence terms would reach 16, and let n ± r = 5, where r is the net change in the sequence terms before the integer 5; and one uses the positive sign if n<5, but the negative sign if n > 5. One will call the following, the 5-path 2k-converter formula: 3(n ± r) + 1 = 16. By the substitution axiom, using this formula, the sequence of every positive integer that cannot be written as a power of 2, would reach the integer, 16, and continue to reach the integer 1. Therefore, the sequence of every positive integer would reach the integer 1.
Category: Number Theory

Discrete Physical Space: Discrete Structure of Black Holes, White Holes and Dark Matter

Authors: Ekaterina Shurygina, Alexander V. Evako
Comments: 11 Pages.

Using the methods and results obtained in digital topology, we construct discrete two- and three-dimensional physical spaces. The structure of discrete spaces is free from constraints and can be chosen depending on external conditions. We develop local and global structure of discrete physical spaces and construct and investigate discrete black and white holes. We hypothesize that the points forming the discrete space have certain properties that turn them into sources of dark matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mirror Composite Numbers: Their Factorization and Their Relationship with Goldbag Conjecture.

Authors: Ángeles Jimeno Yubero, Óscar E. Chamizo Sánchez
Comments: 5 Pages.

Mirror composite numbers are composite numbers of the form 2n-p for some n positive natural number and p prime. We shall show that the factorization of these numbers have interesting properties in order to face the Goldbach conjecture by the divide et impera method.
Category: Number Theory

Exploring Dark Energy Through Gravity and Its Relationship with Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Yeomyung Lee
Comments: 32 Pages.

Modern physics requires a new gravity theory to explain relationship about gravity and quantum effects. However, quantum mechanics have an unsolved problem about the interpretation. Also, theory of relativity cannot explain dark energy. Currently, there is no theory that can comprehensively solve these problems. Here, as a result of reinterpreting the concept of reduced mass, this paper shows that quantum superposition can be explained as the intersection of spacetime trajectories of each quantum according to gravitational potential. Spacetime which is absolute in relativity theory is relative in this theory, and it can be explained why the speed of light is independent from the inertial system. Additionally, because the classical mechanical energy conservation law is relative, as in the Casimir effect, a new conservation law for a quantum version is proposed. Dark energy can be explained by the theory that rest mass changes according to gravitational potential. Dark energy is an action along the dimension of gravitational potential, and its size increases as that of rest energy decreases. Dark energy affects quantum effects and the asymptotic freedom of strong interaction can be explained similarly.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Information and Entropy Another Proof of the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Authors: Friedrich Sösemann
Comments: 16 Pages. In English and German

Order, structure, informative states, changes more frequently to disorder, less informative states than vice versa, because information and probability are inverse. However, this does not apply objectively or in general, but is caused by subjective weighting and lack of environment informationAll this is demonstrated by the attempt to prove the second law of thermodynamics based on probability and information theory.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

CMB, Hawking, Planck and Hubble Scale Relations Consistent Wth Recent Quantization of General Relativity Theory

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 14 Pages.

We are demonstrating new relationships between the Hawking temperature, the CMB temperature, and the Planck scale. When comprehended at a deep level, this is in line with recent developments in the quantization of cosmology and its connection to the Planck scale. This is also entirely consistent with a recently published approach to quantizing Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
Category: Astrophysics

A Novel Derivation of the Reissner-Nordstrom and Kerr-Newman Black Hole Entropy from truly Charge Spinning Point Mass Sources

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 12 Pages.

Recently we have shown how the Schwarzschild Black Hole Entropy in all dimensions emerges from truly point mass sources at r = 0 due to a non-vanishing scalar curvature R involving the Dirac delta distribution in the computation of the Euclidean Einstein-Hilbert action. As usual, it is required to take the inverse Hawking temperature beta as the length of the circle S^1_beta obtained from a compactification of the Euclidean time in thermal field theory which results after a Wick rotation, i t = tau, to imaginary time. In this work we extend our novel procedure to evaluate both the Reissner-Nordstrom and Kerr-Newman black hole entropy from truly charge spinning point mass sources.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Polysingular Model of the Universe

Authors: Ilya Alexandr Boldov
Comments: 17 Pages.

The article deals with the processes associated with the time of formation of our Universe. An assumption is made that the formation of the matter of the universe occurred not from one, but from many singularities . A mechanism for the formation of galaxies by ejection of "protostars" from a rotating singularity - "grain of the galaxy" is proposed. An assumption is put forward about the spatial and temporal fluctuations of this process, which explains the entire spectrum of possible shapes and sizes of galaxies.A similar mechanism is proposed for the formation of all structural elements of the solar system from a "protostar" by planet formation waves . It is assumed that the main source of energy in stars is not the thermonuclear reaction of the hydrogen-helium cycle, but the fission of supermassive nuclei, and the decay of neutrons on the surface of the dense core of the star. An explanation is given for the presence of heavy chemical elements in the Solar System. A mechanism is proposed for the formation of the entire spectrum of stable atomic nuclei by chains of their fission from massive and supermassive nuclides. The rotation of the Galaxy as a whole is explained not by the presence of "dark" matter, but by the fact that each star is connected with neighboring stars by gravitational forces, which are very strong in statics.A hypothesis has been put forward about the origin of the Universe as conjugated three-dimensional and two-dimensional spaces, the uneven conjugation of which led to the emergence of points of occurrence of singularities that form the " three-dimensional craquelure" of galaxies.
Category: Astrophysics

A Simple Alternative Explanation for Dark Matter

Authors: Jo Ke
Comments: 31 Pages.

Dark matter is invoked in those astronomical scenarios where there is a discrepancy between the baryonic mass and the dynamical mass. Such scenarios include the rotation curves of disk galaxies and the high velocities of galaxies in galaxy clusters. For our alternative explanation we assume there is no dark matter and guess that the dynamical mass is a weighted sum of the baryonic mass. When we do this, it turns out that the required weighting function has a simple power law structure, and this is sufficient to explain both disk galaxies and galaxy clusters. The weighting function also enables us to predict the dynamical mass distribution from the baryonic mass distribution, so we can predict the rotation curves of disk galaxies and the velocities of galaxies in galaxy clusters. This basic observational result is difficult to ignore as it is so simple, and surpasses what dark matter and modified gravity theories can do. We make no use of dark matter and we make no changes to Newtonian gravity.
Category: Astrophysics

A Simple Proof that E^(p/q) is Irrational

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 3 Pages.

Using a simple application of the mean value theorem, we show that rational powers of e are irrational.
Category: Number Theory

Observation of Multiplex Photon by Iccd

Authors: Kazufumi Sakai
Comments: 10 Pages. Journal for Foundations and Applications of Physics

The image intensifier is a revolutionary device that allows direct observation of the particle nature of photons. This outstanding instrument can simultaneously detect the presence and position of photons, which has greatly improved the study of interference at the photon level. However, this instrument can not measure the energy or wavelength of the photon, so even if multiple photons are detected at the same location, it is still detected as one. We found that the histogram of the ratio of the total light intensity to the peak value of the individual fluorescence images obtained by the image intensifier splits into two peaks. We show that this peak splitting occurs with a high probability near the bright line of the interference fringes and can be explained by the continuous photon incidence.
Category: Quantum Physics

Cote’s Spiral in Neptune Great Dark Spot (GDS)

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijit Mitra
Comments: 3 Pages.

The characteristic equation of which spiral theCyclone its double spiral shape, whose mathematical equation has already been definedas Cote’s spiral, Gobato et al. (2022) and similarly Lindblad (1964) show shape of double spiral galaxies. In physics and in the mathematics of plane curves, a Cotes’s is one of a family of spirals classified by Roger Cotes. The image captured by Voyager 2, the Neptune’s Great Dark Spot (GDS) presents a characteristic that resembles a Cote’s Spiral. Its ellipsoidal shape is due to the rotation of the differentplanetary rotation layers in opposite directions, increasing and compressing the GDS, from the lower to upper layers of Neptune’s atmosphere.
Category: Astrophysics

Neutron Reinterpretation: A Unified Model for Strong, Weak, and Electromagnetic Interactions

Authors: Alfonso De Miguel bueno
Comments: 41 Pages.

This paper presents a novel interacting fields model that reconceptualizes the neutron as an intermediate state linking proton and antiproton transformations, incorporating antimatter and dark matter into nucleon dynamics.Within an octonionic framework, the model offers a geometric interpretation of QCD and its unification with weak and electromagnetic interactions.It proposes a curvature-based mechanism for the emergence of mass, charge, and fundamental interactions, leading to several quantitative predictions, including a geometric explanation of the fine-structure constant, Planck’s constant, and the Higgs boson.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Roots of Real Polynomial Functions and of Real Functions

Authors: Juan Jorge Isaac Lopez
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Newton-Raphson method is the most widely used numerical calculation method to determine the roots of Real polynomial functions, but it has the drawback that it does not always converge. The method proposed in this work establishes the convergence condition and the development of its application, and therefore will always converge towards the roots of the function. This will mean a conclusive advance for the determination of roots of Real polynomial functions. According to interpretation of the Abel-Ruffini theorem, the roots of polynomial functions of degree greater than 4 can only be determined by numerical calculation.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Totally Lossless Projections

Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this brief note, we discuss projective morphisms of perfect categories which are fully faithful, i.e., totally lossless.
Category: Geometry

Several Questions About Infinity

Authors: Jincheng Zhang
Comments: 15 Pages.

What is infinity? What principles should be adhered to when researching infinity? For a predicate on a natural number system, is it true that finite holds, and infinite holds? This paper reexamines the nature of infinity and proposes two opposite infinite axioms (δ+1=δ or δ+1≠δ). Based on these two infinite axioms, the "infinite induction" of the identity formula is proved; it is found that the infinite axioms in the ZF system do not satisfy the equality axiom, and there are many contradictions in the reasoning of the Cantor ordinal number. The ordinal theory of set theory ZF system is not strict. It is hoped that the mathematics community will pay attention to these questions and give a convincing answer.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Is it Possible to Reconcile Space and Time with Spacetime?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 4 Pages.

Is it possible to reconcile Newton’s claim that space and time in the universe are two distinct and not related entities, whereas Einstein claimed that space and time are inextricably linked in one entity called space-time?Yes, it is possible to reconcile these two claims that at first glance seem to be contradictory. I claim that these terms can be reconciled when taking into account the structure of the entire universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

One Law of Nature Makes One Law of Human Nature

Authors: Gerhard Ris
Comments: 13 Pages.

This model provides a base to judge all pseudo-science as directly or indirectly based on pseudo axioms and provides the instruction manual for the individual and collective human instrument brain. The latter most high school children must learn. Most mathematicians and physicists need urgent remedial teaching. Inconsistent science is illegal in schools, courts of law, and in funded science by public means. The Trias Politica democratic majority rule logically over time leads to oligarch mob rule dictatorship. This illegality causes pestering which leads to mounting stress and results in the thermodynamics of conflicts, amok, and genocidal war which ultimately leads to premature extinction. Here I show that the simple decision by any inherent oligarch to do the proposed Oracle Senate test of the Cinque Politica no longer as a lawmaker but as an advisor to all will hypnotically change the inherently religious paradigm toward global peace and prosperity. This model is more than 99.9% old-school general knowledge. All the science was already in ages ago. Due to a dirty little secret earning model of desire, everyone in the current paradigm more or less was forced to withhold essential information. These errors of the highest order lead to the falsification of current science to hold any authority whatsoever on any elementary issue. Performing my task on the social contract with humanity as a former highly successful litigator and magistrate I’ve done what peer-reviewed science should have done—split science in school into elementary science and basic science. Only university science evolved out of basic science has a legal error rate. Mathematicians should have defined postulates as historic prior odds and axioms as posterior odds assumptions. The grand postulate of one consistent cosmos combines the four first postulates of Euclid and transforms into the five exclusive axioms on five wise humane goals. Science will always remain incomplete and the cosmos unfathomably complex. Yet by simply following the one law of nature and thus of human nature homo sapiens will stay on a pareto optimum until the end. One law of nature is split into ten dualistic laws of everything that always apply at the same time all the time in infinity. Only data pro none con. Laws by homo sapiens for homo sapiens. We are all different sorts of potentially highly gifted deep idiots in a host of seeming contradictions. Idiots in a Ponzi-style pyramid game exploiting each other’s idiocies cause war.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Quantum Geometry Conserves Baryon Symmetry: the Matter-Antimatter Universe

Authors: Gary Barham, Christine van Blokland
Comments: 40 Pages.

The Universe that we live in is a universe of matter, even though we know that there must be just as much antimatter around that will balance the matter it appears that the antimatter is no where to be found. We know this to be simply true, as a matter-antimatter universe would vanish in one annihilation event, which is what apparently happened very, very soon after the big bang. We are here by grace of a very small imbalance in favor of matter, one particle of matter surviving for every one billion matter-antimatter pairs.Other than the mirror matter-antimatter universe hypothesis, or matter-antimatter bubble universe, most research in baryon asymmetry, baryogenesis, is directed at finding a good mechanism for symmetry breaking, following the three conditions set by Sakharov in 1967. To date there are no viable theories, and the matter-antimatter imbalance remains as one of the great unsolved mysteries in physics. However, this then implies that nature has created a universe that is so out of balance that the dance partner is nowhere to be found. Quantum Geometry is a new proposal to allow baryon symmetry to be conserved, and a universe with 50% matter and 50% antimatter, to actually exist, everywhere. At the lowest level of existence, that of the fundamental particles, both quarks and antiquarks can be used to construct the composite particles of the second level, the subatomic particles, without annihilation. In the heart of the sub-atomic particles, the proton and neutron, the geometry of the gluon equilibrium allows these particles to contain quarks and antiquarks, the proton holding four quarks and one antiquark, the pentaquark, and the neutron being made up of three quark-antiquark pairs. These sub-atomic particles then interact further as particles of matter, avoiding annihilation in the world of matter.Then, Quantum Geometry is used to propose a composite electron. This sub-atomic particle would be made of four antiquarks and one quark, an antimatter pentaquark. The atom then becomes the third level building block of matter, made of protons with a baryon number of +1, neutrons with a baryon number of 0, rather than also +1, and a composite electron with a baryon number of -1, rather than being a point-particle fermion. This allows the universe we see to have a baryon number of 0, to have baryon symmetry, without having to search for the antimatter or to consider that it has all disappeared in an explosion of light.Every atom contains an equal amount of matter and antimatter, held in equilibrium by a powerful geometry that is fully explained in this new theory of Quantum Geometry that will take us beyond relativity theory. Our universe is a balanced geometric matter-antimatter universe, at all levels, each balanced through a zero-point that is anchored in absolute time.
Category: Astrophysics

Euler's Identity, Leibniz Tables, and the Irrationality of Pi

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 6 Pages.

Using techniques that show show that e and pi are transcendental, we give a short, elementary proof that pi is irrational based on Euler's formula. The proof involves evaluation of a polynomial using repeated applications of Leibniz formula as organized in a Leibniz table.
Category: Number Theory

Single Field Universe Update

Authors: Michael Griffin
Comments: 12 Pages. contact email mdg46@juno.com

More features are presented to fit a single-field version for a unified field theory, based upon Euler’s equation as the hidden variable to model enfielding of energy into matter.The spin values and their range spectrum are revised to fit estimates for the different magnitudes of gravity and electromagnetism. Features of Maxwell’s equations on a larger scale are considered. A conservation principle for total velocities is also proposed. Force constants and a different simultaneity principle are suggested.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Norse Burial Practices and Medieval Fear of Revenants in the Ragnarök Saga

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 14 Pages.

After the introduction of the Christian religion, a traumatic shift took place in the Viking approach to death rituals. Transition went with strains between the ancient era of cremation and the new inhumation period. We argue that the Ragnarök saga, written after Icelandic Christianization, might refer to the Norse mythical past of funeral pyres as opposed to the Christian funeral practices. We provide novel insights about the role of Odin, who is swallowed by Fenrir as if he has been buried in the ground, and of Surtr, who burns the world to restore the purifying role of the flames. Yet, the fear among Norse people for dead revenants can be traced in the Ragnarök myth, in which malevolentand benevolent characters return from death. Ragnarök sets out how to cope with revenants either to keep them quiet, or counteract their evil powers, or fully remove their menace. Concerns about revenants were more compelling forMedieval Northmen after Christianization, when the corpses could not be any longer destroyed/purified by the fire, but rather had to lie in the earth with easy access to return from death. Summarizing, we argue that: a) Ragnarök outlines the transition from Viking to Christian burial practices and the ways Northmen coped with this trauma; b) Ragnarök is also a history of revenants, in which the Vikings strive to deal with the uncanny powers of dead. Besides, we provide a new version of Ragnarök that merges excerpts from both the Eddas in chronological order.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Convergence and Computation of Sum of a Series on the Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: HaeRyong Kim, HyonChol Kim, YongHun Jo
Comments: 13 Pages.

In this paper, we present a new method of evaluating the convergence and sum of a series with the Riemann zeta function in its general term.We consider the convergence and sum of a series by means of difference other than previous methods.
Category: Number Theory

Optimal FractionalPIβ(t)Dα(t) Controllers and Numerical Simulation for DC Motor Speed Control

Authors: Ji-Song Ro, Myong-Hyok Sin, Yong-Ho Kim, Sung-Il Gang
Comments: 12 Pages.

We model the rotation process of the motor for variable-order fractional control, which has been active in recent research, and perform numerical simulation of its optimal control and automatic control process. In this paper, we verify numerical method and error estimation of variable order fractional linear dynamic system with time-varying coefficients, a variable-order fractional PID controller design method where the integral of the absolute error with time weight is minimized is proposed using particle swarm optimization algorithm and demonstrate its effectiveness through numerical simulation for DC motor speed control. Numerical experiments show that the performance of the VFPID controller is superior to PID and FPID, especially VFPIDB (B-type variable order FPID) controller has the best performance. Finally, when the differential order varies, the subtypes of variable-order fractional derivatives are analyzed for the effects on the control objective, its effectiveness is newly clarified, and their research and practice is highlighted.　
Category: Number Theory

Barnett’s Resolution of the Minkowski — Abraham Dilemma Holds, no 4-Vector Issue

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 4 Pages.

There has been a century long controversy about the momentum density of photons in a medium, with two models getting experimental confirmation: the Minkowski model and the Abraham model. The latter being experimentations targeting the particle aspects of light, while the former focuses on its wave aspects. In 2010, Barnett proposed a simple resolution to the dilemma: both approaches are correct models, but one needs to distinguish what the momentum densities represent. The model is elegant and consistent with Maxwell’s equations in a medium. Subsequently, Changbiao Wang published two papers arguing that the reasoning is incorrect because the Abraham light momentum in the medium would not be a 4-vector. This paper shows that such a view is incorrect: the author incorrectly sets the kinetic momentum density of the medium to zero. Finally, we point out another paper that explains that the controversy is a relativistic effect between the reference frame in proper time for the wave and external observers.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravitational Redshift and Curvature of Space-Time According to the Schwarzschild Model

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 8 Pages.

We are working on concrete applications of the relativistic Schwarzschild model to the cosmos. In this report we relate the Gaussian curvature of space-time according to the Schwarzschild model with the gravitational redshift. The relativistic Schwarzschild model solves Einstein's equations exactly assuming a point gravitational mass and empty space in its vicinity. This model leads to a static and symmetric solution of the mathematical equation of space-time that allows its Gaussian curvature to be calculated at each point. We have calculated some curvature values and found an equation to calculate them which allows us to extend the results to a wider range of distances. We have quantitatively related this Gaussian curvature equation to the gravitational redshift equation by establishing a new equation between these two magnitudes. Finally, we carefully studied this found equation and applied it to the assumption of the supermassive black hole in our galaxy SAGITTARIUS A*.
Category: Astrophysics

The First AI Created Will Be The Only AI Ever Created

Authors: Dimiter Dobrev, George Popov
Comments: 7 Pages.

Our generation is the one that will create the first Artificial Intelligence (AI). We are the ones who will set the rules to which this AI will operate. Once these rules are set, they will be there forever, hence our responsibility is huge. There will be no chance of a second AI because the first one will take control and will not allow the creation of another AI. Our first and foremost concern is not to lose control of the first (and only) AI. Hopefully we will be reasonable enough and not let that happen. However, even if people retain control of AI, the question that comes next is who exactly will those people be? Should they enjoy the absolute power to issue whatever commands to AI they wish? Or should certain restrictions be embedded in AI at its very inception?
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Search for Gravitational Waves: Fundamentals of Reception Technology

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 10 Pages.

In order to detect and decode the phase-modulated signals of gravitational waves in noise, you need an antenna and a receiver in the $mu$Hz range with special properties. The necessary technology is described in detail.
Category: Astrophysics

Die Suche Nach Gravitationswellen, Grundlagen Der Empfangstechnik (The Search for Gravitational Waves: Basics of Reception Technology

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 10 Pages.

Um die phasenmodulierten Signale von Gravitationswellen im Rauschen zu entdecken und zu dekodieren, benötigt man einen Empfänger im $mu$Hz-Bereich mit speziellen Merkmalen. Die notwendige Technik wird ausführlich beschrieben.

In order to detect and decode the phase-modulated signals of gravitational waves in noise, a receiver in the $mu$Hz range with special features is required. The necessary technology is described in detail.
Category: Astrophysics

Multi-fold Dark Matter and Energy Effects Fit The Ratios to Normal Matter in the Universe

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 20 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical models remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting into what we define as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without New Physics other than gravity, i.e. no new particles or forces, or with the standard cosmological model (ΛCDM) in terms of dark matter and dark energy. The present paper provides estimates for the ratios of normal matter to multi-fold dark matter effects (~ 1 to 5) and to dark energy (~ 1 to 14). These ratios match the estimates for our real universe, in particular the Λ-CDM model. Such results increase the relevance of multi-fold theory. To our knowledge, being able to predict such ratios, ab initio, i.e., solely based on the underlying microscopic mechanisms is not a small feat, and the reasonings presented in this paper, would not be applicable to ratio estimates from the other mainstream theories. It is a strong validation of the multi-fold theory, and its potential applicability to our real universe and its cosmology. It also validates the E/G conjecture with its proposal that entanglement creates gravity like effects.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Novum Trias Politica: Survey for New Three Vertices as Demarcating, Delegating, and Executing

Authors: Heejoong Gim
Comments: 7 Pages.

Since the system for Trias Politica has been accepted as standard form of government in history, it has not reflected innovation from below. For this matter, I survey the problems of system of present government, and look at the process the alternatives have risen. And then I would suggest new form of government as three vertices as demarcating, delegating, and executing.
Category: Social Science

[speculation On] Sub-Photon (Magnetic) Rocket Propulsion

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 2 Pages.

This is an illustrated concept for rocket propulsion using the magnetic lines of force of the earth's magnetic field. This author's previous papers on sub-photon behavior may be helpful to understand the proposed concept.
Category: Astrophysics

Reverse Chebyshev Bias in the Distribution of Superprimes

Authors: Waldemar Puszkarz
Comments: 12 pages. Originally posted on ResearchGate in September 2023.

We study the distribution of superprimes, a subsequence of prime numbers with prime indices, mod 4. Rather unexpectedly, this subsequenceexhibits a reverse Chebyshev bias: terms of the form 4k + 1 are more common than those of the form 4k + 3, whereas the opposite is the case in the sequence of all primes. The effect, while initially weak and easy to overlook, tends tobe several times larger than the Chebyshev bias for all primes for samples of comparable size, at least, by one simple measure. By two other measures, it can be seen as fairly strong; by the same measures the ordinary Chebyshev effectis very strong. Both of these measures also imply that the reverse Chebyshev bias for superprimes is more volatile than the ordinary Chebyshev bias.
Category: Number Theory

Ultra-high Frequency Gravitational Waves

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 3 Pages.

There is a goal of the Ultra-High Frequency Gravitational Wave Research Initiative: "Gravitational waves at frequencies above 10 kHz inevitably arise from something outside the physics of the Standard Model, such as exotic astrophysical objects or cosmological events in the early Universe." A very interesting goal, but with vagueideas about the causes of the appearance and properties of gravitational waves. Yes, there is a fact and experiments in detecting gravitational waves, in this case, astrophysical objects. But what is a gravitational wave in this case? There is an understanding that this is a periodic superimposition of "gaps" in space, in the direction of the source of such gravitational waves, that is, the rotation of two connected massive astrophysical objects, neutron stars, "black holes". It is even possible to build mathematical models of the rotation ofmassive spheres with a certain frequency, within the framework of certain equations. But mathematics answers the question HOW? And physics answers the question WHY? In the framework of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, we are talking about the curvature of space-time near a source of energy-momentum, massive spheres in this case.And here many questions arise.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Development of Some New Hybrid Structures of Hypersoft Set with Possibility-degree Settings

Authors: Atiqe Ur Rahman, Florentin Smarandache, Muhammad Saeed, Khuram Ali Khan
Comments: 32 Pages.

The concept of a hypersoft membership function is introduced in the extension of a soft set known as a hypersoft set, permitting it to handle complicated and uncertain information in a more powerful and flexible manner. Many academics have already become fascinated with this new area of study, leading to the development of a number of hybrid structures. This chapter develops some new hybrid hypersoft set structures by taking into account multiple fuzzy set-like settings and possibility degree-based settings collectively. Additionally, numerical examples are included to clarify the concept of these structures. Researchers can utilize this work to better understand and apply a variety of mathematical ideas.
Category: General Mathematics

Improvement of Proportional Conflict Redistribution Rules of Combination of Basic Belief Assignments

Authors: Théo Dezert, Jean Dezert, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 27 Pages.

This paper discusses and analyzes the behaviors of the Propor tional Conflict Redistribution rules no. 5 (PCR5) and no. 6 (PCR6) to combine several distinct sources of evidence characterized by their basic belief assignments defined over the same frame of discernment. After a brief review of these rules, the paper shows through simple examples why their behaviors can sometimes increase the uncertainty more than necessary,which is detrimental to decision-making support drawn from the result of the combination.We present a theoretical improvement of these rules, and establish new PCR5+ and PCR6+ rules of combination.These new rules overcome the weakness of PCR5 and PCR6 rules by computing binary-keeping indexes that allow to keep only focal elements that play an effective role in the partial conflict redistribution. PCR5+ and PCR6+ rules are not associative but they preserve the neutrality of the vacuous belief assignment contrary to the PCR5 and PCR6 rules, and they make a more precise redistribution which does not increase improperly the mass of partial uncertainties.
Category: General Mathematics

On the Binomial and Fermat's Last Theorem

Authors: Carlos Villacres
Comments: 9 Pages.

An approach to the classic problem of Fermat's last theorem. Using the binomial theorem and the cases where n is even or odd, we find a solution as well as a Pythagorean triple generator.
Category: Number Theory

Quantum Gravity

Authors: Alexander P. Klimets
Comments: 39 Pages. (Abstract moved by viXra Admin to conform with the requirement of viXra.org

In the Collection "Quantum Gravity" the first article presents a new method for constructingquantum gravity, based on the equations of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. It is shown that the natural space-time boundary is the Planck length. A new uncertainty relation between the gravitational radius of a particle and its position has been found. The basic equation of quantum gravity has been stablished. The inevitable nature of the three-imensionality of space is shown. A hypothesis has been put forward about the nature of the singularities of black holes and the Metagalaxy. The second article establishes Bohr’s general principle of complementarity, its extension to other areas of reality and its philosophical significance. The last article builds a visual model of special relativity and shows its role in scientific knowledge.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Evolution of Information and the Laws of Physics

Authors: Thomas Bradley
Comments: 32 Pages.

This paper combines insights from information theory, physics and evolutionary theory to conjecture the existence of fundamental replicators, termed `femes'. Femes are hypothesised to cause transformations resulting in the structure and dynamics of the observable universe, classified as their phenotype. A comprehensive background section provides the foundation for this interdisciplinary hypothesis and leads to four predictions amenable to empirical scrutiny and criticism. Designed to be understood by a multidisciplinary audience, the paper challenges and complements ideas from various domains, suggesting new directions for research.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Proof for a Generalization of the Inequality from the 42nd International Mathematical Olympiad

Authors: Youming Zhao
Comments: 3 pages, fixed two notational typos

In this paper, we present a proof for a generalization of the inequality from the 42nd International Mathematical Olympiad. The proved inequality relates to a sum involving square roots of fractions. It has various applications in mathematical analysis, optimization, or statistics. In the field of mathematical analysis, it can be used in the study of convergence. In terms of optimization, it may help establish bounds or relationships between the variables involved.
Category: General Mathematics

The Symmetry of N-domain and Numbers Conjuctures

Authors: Yajun Liu
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper, we discuss the symmetry of N-domain and we find that using the symmetry characters of Natural Numbers we can give proofs of the Prime Conjectures: Goldbach Conjecture、Polignac’s conjecture (Twins Prime Conjecture) and Riemann Hypothesis. . We also gave a concise proofs of Collatz Conjecture in this paper.
Category: Number Theory

Real Numbers: a New (Quantum) Look, with a Hierarchical Structure

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 36 Pages. Presentation in the ISU Pure and Applied Mathematics Seminar

Rational numbers Q have much more structure beyond the ordered field structure which leads to Real Numbers as a metric completion.The modular group representation of continued fractions is used as a Number Theory "friendly" implementation of the real numbers, with a possible unification with p-adic numbers, beyond the "direct sum" adeles framework. This approach also allows to extend Fourier and Haar Wavelet Analysis, by including inversion as a geometric antipode. Other applications in Mathematical-Physics steam from the central role of the modular group: Belyi maps, Farey graphs and tessellations etc. which allow the study of important classes of numbers (algebraic, periods) in a systematic way. The presentation is a preliminary version the project, stating the motivation, goals and approach.
Category: Mathematical Physics

[speculations On] Microscopic Particles and Corresponding Elements

Authors: Haijun Liu
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper, a new concept of corresponding elements is proposed for the first time. The concepts of the cosmic square of corresponding elements and the Rubik's cube of the cosmic square of corresponding elements are proposed. It is pointed out that the infinite components of any component of any microscopic particle are the representation of the universe, deducing the interaction and changes of all things in the universe. Therefore, any component, in its infinite components, has infinite counterpart elements, infinite culture, infinite knowledge, infinite science, infinite theory. Any Rubik's cube corresponding to a cosmic square has infinite spirit, infinite consciousness, infinite thinking, and infinite wisdom. The corresponding elements of egg-laying animals, mammals and plants are proposed for the first time.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Proving the Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Jim Rock
Comments: 2 Pages.

In 1742 Christian Goldbach suggested that any even number four or greater is the sum of two primes. The Goldbach Conjecture remains unproven to the present day though it has been verified for all even numbers up to 4 x 1018. This paper suggests an algorithm for checking the Goldbach conjecture for individual even numbers and a generalization that could be used to prove the Goldbach conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

The Myth of Renewable Energy

Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 13 Pages. Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0.

It is often contended that all we need to do in order to solve the climate emergency is to transition from supplying our energy needs using fossil fuels to supplying them using renewable forms of energy. This paper will show that this idea is a myth, and that it does not take account of several important facts, not least of which are economic and population growth, and the immense political power, in all senses of the term, of the fossil fuel industry.
Category: Social Science

Multi-folds for Entanglement and EPR

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 20 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

This paper clarifies section 4.1 of the original paper on gravity emergence from entanglement, distinguishing between examples and actual expectation for EPR entanglement of isolated EPR entangled particles. In that paper we started from a hypothetical multi-fold universe U_MF, where the propagation of everything is slower or equal to the speed of light and where entanglement extends the set of paths available to Path Integrals. This multifold mechanism enables EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) "spooky actions at distance" to result from local interactions in the resulting folds. It produces gravity-like attractive effective potentials in the spacetime, between entangled entities, that are caused by the curvature of the folds. When quantized, multi-folds correspond to gravitons and they are enablers of EPR entanglement. Gravity emerges non-perturbative and covariant from EPR entanglement between virtual particles surrounding an entity. In U_MF, we encounter mechanisms that predict gravity fluctuations when entanglement is present, including in macroscopic entanglements.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory