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[137] viXra:2310.0152 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-03 01:23:04
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 30 Pages, 190 images - one pages added to Overview (page 3)
The cause of El Nino-events is hydrothermal-water that rises from submarine volcanic-areas & tectonic-fractures to the ocean-surface ! On the ocean-surface this hydrothermal-water appears in the form of growing-plumes or-blobs (sea-surface-temperature-(SST)-anomalies), which then get distributed by the main ocean-currents and by surface-currents. My study will provide first evidence of the real sources of the SST-anomalies which lead to the development of El Ninos. These are hydrothermal-sources, which are located for example in the Kermadec-Tonga-Arc (e.g. in the Monowai- and Macauley-Volcanic-areas), New-Hebredes-Trench-area, Nankai-Trough- and Philippine-Plate-area, Salado-Fracture-Zone, Falkland-Agulhas-Fracture-Zone, South-West-Indian-Ridge-area, Mid-Atlantic-Ridge, LFZ, Kane-Fracture-Zone and in the Pacific-Plate east of Japan, to name the important locations. With the NASA-Worldview-tool an analysis of the sea-surface-temperature (SST)-anomalies was done for the time-period Oct.2021 to June 2023, and for the time-periods in which the strong El Ninos from 1997/98 and 2014-16 developed. Five areas ( 1—5 ) on the ocean-floor were found where large amounts of hydrothermal-water was rising from specific areas on the ocean-floor to the surface at irregular-intervals during the mentioned time-periods ! Note: The irregular hydrothermal-activity in these five areas is a global phenomenon !! The hydrothermal-activity comes and goes in a "wave-like-pattern", which often causes activity in 3-5 areas, which are thousands of km apart, at nearly the same time ! As an example I want to mention the period 9.12.2013 to 21.12.2013 (12 days) in which the hydrothermal-activity reached a maximum level in at least four of the five areas (1-5) in this short time-period ! Note: These areas are located in the northern- and southern-Hemisphere. Changes in Earths Magnetic-Field seem to be the main cause of this increased Hydrothermal-and Volcanic-Activity ! These changes (e.g. geomagnetic-jerks) in Earths-Magnetic-Field can be caused either by internal-processes which take place near the Core-Mantle-Boundary (CMB), or they can be caused by external-events, which are strong geomagnetic-storms caused by solar-wind (space-weather). First the geomagnetic-changes (e.g. geomagnetic-jerks) seem to increase seismicity in High-Geothermal-Flux-(HGF)-areas, then with a certain delay hydrothermal-activity, especially along tectonic-fractures, is increasing, which then rises the SST and the Ocean-Heat-Content, and finally causes El-Ninos. The key to find the hydrothermal- or volcanic-sources, which cause the strong temperature-anomalies, is the precise observation of the development of every major anomaly in an animation, from the early beginning, when the first small warm-water-blob appears on the surface ! Part-2 of my hypothesis explains the probable causes of the described "global-hydrothermal-activity" in more detail !
Category: Climate Research
[136] viXra:2310.0151 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-30 01:05:44
Authors: Stephen Esmond Shum
Comments: 5 Pages.
The current paper is a follow-up to our previous research, denoted as "The Entire Universe's Expansion at the Speed of Light (Part 2) / A Comprehensive Examination of Cosmological Gravitational Redshift". In that particular study, we conducted a quantitative analysis of the effects of cosmic gravitational redshift. Our examination resulted in derived values for celestial redshift that displayed a significant alignment with observational data obtained from the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED).This current paper aims to extrapolate the total Mass-Energy Content of our local universe basedon our previous findings regarding the cosmos’ gravitational redshift. The comprehensiveMass-Energy Content of our local universe is approximated at 2.13 × 10^52 kg, presented interms of Mass Equivalence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[135] viXra:2310.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-30 04:27:45
Authors: Donggyu Lee
Comments: 14 Pages.
This study presents an active memory algorithm that generates responses in generative language models using graph databases. The development of generative language models has picked up pace recently, and there are many commercial services available. However, generative language models are limited by problems such as hallucination, low accuracy and reliability, and limitations in contextualizing and remembering. It is expensive and requires a lot of resources to develop pre-training datasets or fine-tune the base model to address these problems. Instead, well-designed prompts can be used to achieve the desired response, but this requires prompt engineers or training, as well as a thorough understanding of generative language models.All conversations are saved in a graph database to build a memory, and when a user asks a question, it proactively identifies the information it needs and pulls it and its neighbors from the graph database for reference as it generates an answer to the question. This approach streamlines the generation of natural language that disentangles complex and interconnected information in the real world. Research has shown that answering questions based on real-world information increases the efficiency and usability of generative language models in processing information and generating answers.In addition, the memory assist algorithm of the graph database converts various text datasets, not only conversations, into property graph models that can be updated in real time, and provides diverse and accurate information to the generative language model, enabling it to generate accurate responses through diverse information while reducing the size of the language model, thereby increasing efficiency and speed.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[134] viXra:2310.0149 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-30 06:05:58
Authors: Chan Rasjid Kah Chew
Comments: 7 Pages.
If a piece of conducting material has a temperature difference between its two ends, an electromotive force is observed between the ends with the hotter end being positive and the other negative. This is the Seebeck effect. The emf is dependent only on the temperature difference and the type of conductor material. Current physics only mentions the emf of the Seebeck effect, but has ignored another significant fact about the Seebeck effect. Besides the observed emf, the Seebeck effect causes a radiation energy current flow within the conductor from the hotter end towards the cooler end. The operation of a thermocouple electric cell relies on the Seebeck effect. An analysis the operation of such a cell shows that energy transmission by current-carrying conductors has nothing to do with the magnetic fields surrounding the conductor; the actual physical mechanism of energytransmission is by photon energy current within the body of the conductor.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy
[133] viXra:2310.0148 [pdf] replaced on 2024-05-13 07:39:45
Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 24 Pages.
In recent years, de Broglie matter wave has been generalized in terms of the ultimate acceleration on planetary-scale. This paper shows that the Jupiter's size and Saturn's size are the consequence of the interference of the generalized matter waves on planetary-scale. In this calculation, Jupiter's radius is determined as 7.1491e+7m with a relative error of 5.05%; Saturn's radius is determined as 5.80057e+7m with a relative error of 3.75%. This calculation also correctly predicts the locations of Halo ring and main ring for the Jupiter; ring A, B, C and D for the Saturn. In this calculation for the Earth, the tide near the equator has one maximal peak on the circumference around the Earth, the tide occurs every 24.91 hours. At the latitude 35.4N, its tide has two maximal peaks, where the tide occurs every 12.45 hours. The equatorial belt has an eastward sea-flow at the speed of about 1m/s; on the north hemisphere, between latitudes 0.1N and 35.4N there is a larger ocean circulation; between latitudes 35.4N and 90N there is another ocean circulation. This paper shows that the Jupiter's south hemisphere contains five belts/zones that are separated by five coherent ridges at 0S, 28S, 41.6S, 54.5S and 70S, respectively, with the maximal wind of 120m/s, the Great Red Spot lives constantly at 23S. the Saturn's south hemisphere contains six belts/zones that are separated by six coherent ridges, with the maximal wind of 420m/s. These predictions agree well with the experimental observations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[132] viXra:2310.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-30 15:11:40
Authors: David H. Wei
Comments: 59 pages, 8 figures
A restricted path integral method is proposed to simulate a type of quantum system or Hamiltonian called a sum of controlled few-fermions on a classical computer using Monte Carlo without a numerical sign problem. Related methods and systems of Monte Carlo quantum computing are disclosed for simulating quantum systems and implementing quantum computing efficiently on a classical computer, including methods and systems for simulating many-variable signed densities, methods and systems for decomposing a many-variable density into a combination of few-variable signed densities, and methods and systems for solving a computational problem via Monte Carlo quantum computing.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[131] viXra:2310.0145 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-15 08:50:48
Authors: Timothy Jones
Comments: 5 Pages. Expanded content per comments received.
Using the sum of the derivatives of an integer polynomial with Euler's formula we prove that pi is irrational. We show how the technique can be used to show e and pi's transcendence.
Category: Number Theory
[130] viXra:2310.0144 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-30 20:45:29
Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 6 Pages.
In this note, we will consider the interesting inversion formula that was discovered by Yoichi Maeda with respect to the unit circle on the complex plane from the viewpoint of our division by zero: $1/0=0/0=0$.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[129] viXra:2310.0143 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-29 22:20:07
Authors: J. Gregory Moxness
Comments: 19 Pages.
This paper gives an explicit isomorphic mapping from the 240 real R^8 roots of the E8 Gossett 4_{21} 8-polytope to two golden ratio scaled copies of the 120 root H4 600-cell quaternion 4-polytope using a traceless 8x8 rotation matrix U with palindromic characteristic coefficients and a unitary form e^{iU}}. It also shows the inverse map from a single H4 600-cell to E8 using a 4D<->8D chiral L<->R mapping function, phi scaling, and U^{-1}. This approach shows that there are actually four copies of each 600-cell living within E8 in the form of chiral H4L+phi H4L+H4R+phi H4R roots. In addition, it demonstrates a quaternion Weyl orbit construction of H4-based 4-polytopes that provides an explicit mapping between E8 and four copies of the tri-rectified Coxeter-Dynkin diagram of H4, namely the 120-cell of order 600. Taking advantage of this property promises to open the door to as yet unexplored E8-based Grand Unified Theories or GUTs.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[128] viXra:2310.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-29 10:14:42
Authors: B. Moran
Comments: 7 Pages. 12 Figures, LaTeX
We present an analysis of the letters game from the TV show Countdown using Monte Carlo methods.This game requires finding the longest possible words in a set of randomly chosen letters. We show that the probability of finding a word of length k from N given letters follows a Fermi-Dirac Distribution with k as the variable and N acting as control parameter. Increasing N we get to a fixed point where a phase transition occurs before reaching the IR fixed point as N goes to infinity. Lastly, we find the expected total number of words per game, and the number of letters one must be given in order to have a significant probability to find all words in the dictionary.
Category: Linguistics
[127] viXra:2310.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-29 22:12:49
Authors: Daniel Archer
Comments: 9 Pages.
Some objects currently classified as 'White Dwarf stars' are reclassified according to their givenradius as per Stellar Metamorphosis in a 'what if' scenario; explanations provided.
Category: Astrophysics
[126] viXra:2310.0139 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-29 14:57:55
Authors: Konstantin Korzov
Comments: 10 Pages.
Observing quantum interference properties in macroscopic objects is difficult because the size of the diffraction grating must be of the same order of magnitude as the de Broglie wavelength. The article shows a simple method of experimental observation and theoretical description of the interference pattern in experiments with macroscopic objects. The results obtained coincide with the solutions of the Schrödinger equation for quantum particles and can complement these solutions for macroscopic objects.
Category: Quantum Physics
[125] viXra:2310.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-29 22:08:33
Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 28 Pages. Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0.
This paper will argue that the global capitalist economy was founded, and depends, on the consumption of fossil fuels, and the increase in supply of renewable energy in the next three decades will not alter that fact significantly, given both economic and demographic growth and Jevons’ Paradox. The resulting increase in fossil fuel consumption in that time, along with that increased economic activity and human population, which is already unsustainable, will lead to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, further anthropogenic climate change, and loss of biodiversity. The so-called ‘Doomsday Argument’ predicts that the deleterious impacts of these effects will be so severe as to result in the extinction of our entire species.
Category: Social Science
[124] viXra:2310.0136 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-29 22:09:29
Authors: George Bailey
Comments: 16 pages
Almost 20 years ago, de Vries proposed a recursive equation for the fine structure constant α that depends only on the mathematical constants e and π. It gives a value for 1/α = 137.0359990958. By applying the term α/(2π) in a geometric series, this equation has the flavour of mainstream physics (see Schwinger-Dyson series on calculating the electron's g-factor), which in combination with the agreement with the experimentally found value is probably the reason why this formula, unlike many other numerology attempts, is not forgotten.The starting point and core element of this equation is the term 1/e^(π^2/2). Despite interesting approaches, it has not yet been possible to give this term an unequivocal physical meaning. So I thought it worthwhile to investigate the proximity of this value to the closest power-of-two value, i.e. 128. This resulted from the considerations I made in the previous works, where I (among many others) became aware of the importance of the number 2^128 as a link between the order of magnitude of the elementary particles and the universe.Finally, another equation for α was obtained, which is roughly equivalent in complexity to the de Vries equation, depends only on π and 128, and whose result differs from the de Vries result by only about 2^10^-10.It was during my playing around with the numerical values that I found the literature that told me that at extremely high energies the fine structure "constant" increases to the value of about 1/128. So I saw another reason to publish these number juggleries. Here they are.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[123] viXra:2310.0135 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-28 07:00:24
Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 2 Pages.
When Albert Einstein imagined himself riding on a beam of light, it was the trigger for developing his special theory of relativity. This paper will keep on trying to imagine the passage of space-time from the perspective of a photon to reveal new insights on the fundamental structure of space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[122] viXra:2310.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-28 09:47:13
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 9 Pages.
It is explicitly shown how the Schwarzschild Black Hole Entropy (in all dimensions) emerges from truly point mass sources at r = 0 due to a non-vanishing scalar curvature involving the Dirac delta distribution. It is the density and anisotropic pressure components associated with the point mass delta function source at the origin r = 0 which furnish the Schwarzschild black hole entropy in all dimensions $ D ge 4$ after evaluating the Euclidean Einstein-Hilbert action. As usual, it is required to take the inverse Hawking temperature $beta_H$ as the length of the circle $S^1_beta$ obtained from a compactification of the Euclidean time in thermal field theory which results after a Wick rotation, $ i t = tau $, to imaginary time. The appealing and salient result is that there is $no$ need to introduce the Gibbons-Hawking-York boundary term in order to arrive at the black hole entropy because in our case one has that $ {cal R } ot= 0$. Furthermore, there is no need to introduce a complex integration contour to $avoid$ the singularity as shown by Gibbons and Hawking. On the contrary, the source of the black hole entropy stems entirely from the scalar curvature $singularity$ at the origin $ r = 0$. We conclude by explaining how to generalize our construction to the Kerr-Newman metric by exploiting the Newman-Janis algorithm. The physical implications of this finding warrants further investigation since it suggests a profound connection between the notion of gravitational entropy and spacetime singularities.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[121] viXra:2310.0132 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-28 14:29:48
Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 8 Pages.
The quantum mechanics appropriates the superposition and entanglement. However, both phenomena also work in classical physics. Following this insight, a 2 Dollar DIY computer is built that calculates the optimum of n-dimensional systems in a single microsecond step. This can be used to compute a large class of complex scientific problems. The examples show network optimization and the 3-body problem.
Category: Quantum Physics
[120] viXra:2310.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-28 17:15:53
Authors: Marko V. Jankovic
Comments: 4 Pages.
In this paper, a comparison of "standard" arithmetic (S-arithmetic) [1] and newly proposed "wave" arithmetic (Warithmetic) is going to be performed. S-arithmetic stands for the arithmetic that is commonly used in mathematics, while theW-arithmetic is arithmetic based on slightly modified axioms of S-arithmetic. The basic change that is introduced in Warithmetic, is that operation of addition does not have only one "global" neutral element, but rather two neutral elements -one global and one "local" (one specific to each number). In the text that follows, only the set of natural number togetherwith zero is going to be considered.
Category: General Mathematics
[119] viXra:2310.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-27 04:10:55
Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 22 Pages. Novel Theory of entanglement of matter on subatomic and planetary sizes by Nuclear Magnetic Moments is developed further with details by Reginald B. Little.
Fermentative productions of amino acids are thought to retain homochirality. This work can propose rotational motions for accelerations by centrifugations during fermentative processes enrich heavier, stable isotopes of differing nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs) with consequent possibility of altered chirality and magnitude of rotating polarized light for altering chemical, physical and biological phenomena of such enantiomers. The author discovered gravity seeding homochirality. Thereby in this work, the author determined that altered gravity can change magnitude and direction of chirality. In this work, the changes in isotopes alter gravitational effects on metabolism of enantiomers in hosts eating fermentative produced amino acids. Cancer was determined from eating heavier isotopes from fermentative processes and cancer cells were reasoned in this work to be more affected as earth’s gravitational field is reduce by travel away from earth’s surface. Similarly accelerated motional and gravitational effects on isotopes in planetary atmospheres of Earth, Saturn, Jupiter, and Uranus by 14N, 15N, 1H, 3He, 13C and 17O was reasoned in this work to cause lightning. Such solvent of positive NMMs were reasoned by collisional exchange to accumulate and exchange charges in clouds and collisional exchange solute negative NMMs were reasoned to alter charge for production of leaders and streamers to induce lightning strikes. Lack of sufficient 13C and 17O in the CO2 of Venus’ atmosphere is explained in this work to mediate lack of charge accumulation and discharge for explaining lack of lightning on Venus. The lower temperature (-214 oC) and raining N2 (boiling temperature of -210 oC) in Neptune was reasoned in this work to strips 15N from the atmosphere of Neptune for explaining its lack of lightning despite its similar atmospheric composition but warmer (-193 oC) as Uranus. The charged 1H atmosphere of Neptune is thereby the basis for charging Neptune’s atmosphere and the author thereby explains the disappearance and reappearance of Neptune’s clouds by magnetic coupling of charged atmosphere of Neptune to Sun’s magnetic field.
Category: Physics of Biology
[118] viXra:2310.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-27 17:02:36
Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 8 Pages.
Let $mathfrak{X}$ be a topological stack, and $LocSys(mathfrak{X})$ a local system taking varieties $v in mathfrak{X}$ to their projective resolutions over an affine coordinate system. Let $alpha$ and $beta$ be smooth charts encompassing non-degenerate loci of the upper-half plane, and let $varphi$ be the map $beta circ alpha^{-1}$. Our goal is to describe a class of vector bundles, called $emph{geometric sub-bundles}$, which provide holonomic transport for n-cells (for small values of n) over a $G_delta$-space which models the passage $mathfrak{X} ightrightarrows LocSys(mathfrak{X})$. We will first establish the preliminary definitions before advancing our core idea, which succinctly states that for a pointed, stratified space $Strat_M^ast$, there is a canonical selection of transition maps $[varphi]$ which preserves the intersection of a countable number of fibers in some sub-bundle of the bundle $Bun_V$ over $LocSys(mathfrak{X})$
Category: Topology
[117] viXra:2310.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-26 08:39:27
Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 13 Pages. original ideas
After the clasical approach to acceleration of a charged particle by delta-formimpulsive force, we consider the corresponding quantum theory based on the Volkovsolution of the Dirac equation. We determine the modied Compton formula forfrequency of photons generated by the scattering of the delta-form laser pulse on theelectron in a rest. The article follows the physical ideas involved in the author text -Electron in an Ultrashort Laser Pulse (2003).
Category: Quantum Physics
[116] viXra:2310.0126 [pdf] replaced on 2023-11-12 21:50:55
Authors: K. L. Senarath Dayathilake
Comments: 55 Pages.
This article explores the enduring mysteries of consciousness and the afterlife, two enigmatic topics that have fascinated humanity for ages. Despite extensive scientific efforts, the existence of an afterlife remains unproven, and understanding consciousness remains a significant challenge. The research introduces innovative hypotheses through simple thought experiments with empirical evidence and robust theoretical foundations. It delves into the complexities of consciousness, its relationship with the brain, and the need for interdisciplinary approaches encompassing physics, psychology, and philosophy. Boldly contemplating the probability of a continuous consciousness after death, the study argues that existing evidence strongly supports this idea. Beyond theoretical implications, it envisions practical outcomes, suggesting that insights into these mysteries could enhance human well-being and contribute to a more harmonious world. In summary, this article embarks on a quest to shed light on age-old questions about consciousness and the afterlife. Through fresh methodologies, it aims to provide new perspectives that could reshape our understanding of existence and inspire intellectuals to positive individual and societal advancements.
Category: Physics of Biology
[115] viXra:2310.0125 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-28 07:21:25
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 4 Pages. Version 2
Space-time signature can be derived via a simple sort of spin-formalism. This formalism is described in a short comment .It comes from a simple Boole-algebra.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[114] viXra:2310.0123 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-26 12:59:04
Authors: Marvin Motsenbocker
Comments: 10 Pages.
Radio wave trains are the basic unit for communication and it is assumed that antennas require alternating resonant electric vibrations to operate. This assumption is challenged by experiments that created, sent and received single photon sized energy between a transmitting wire and a receiving wire. By completely avoiding resonance and impedance changes, single photon duration signals made by direct current were transmitted and received by wires placed 3.5 wavelengths apart. The transmitting antenna is analogous to a long molecule that has delocalized valence electrons throughout its long dimension. Radio photons may be emitted from an antenna by the same basic process whereby light photons are emitted from long molecules.
Category: Quantum Physics
[113] viXra:2310.0122 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-26 20:26:40
Authors: Joao Carlos Holland Barcellos
Comments: 20 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - The author's name should not be used to name a principle etc. Please conform!)
We will address some of the main questions regarding our Universe, such as theories about its origins, types of Universes (Virtual Universe, Parallel Universes), and questions about its finiteness, purpose, eternity, and its end.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[112] viXra:2310.0121 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-26 23:34:40
Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 5 Pages.
A scientific theory, according to Popper, can be legitimately saved from falsification by introducing an auxiliary hypothesis to generate new, falsifiable predictions. Also, if there are suspicions of bias or error, the researchers might introduce an auxiliary falsifiable hypothesis that would allow testing. But this technique can not solve the problem in general, because any auxiliary hypothesis can be clenged in the same way, ad infinitum. To solve this regression, Popper introduces the idea of u200bu200ba basic statement, an empirical statement that can be used both to determine whether a given theory is falsifiable and, if necessary, to corroborate falsification assumptions.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[111] viXra:2310.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-26 02:51:04
Authors: Ping Song, Yining Dong, Xue Gong, Mingbo Ruan, Xuanhao Mei, Weilin Xu
Comments: 11 Pages.
We propose one new concept of "aging of molecules" with no apparent structural changes, which is different from the traditional one with the breaking of chemical bond. Now, IR spectra for the traditional water molecules were changed after long-term electron impact and different potential treatment. Moreover, the performance for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) using water solution after treatment was decreased obviously. The Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations indicated the lower activity for HER is origin from comes from the shortened O-H bond length. We hope the construction of new instrument platform with ultrahigh sensitivity and resolution and new theoretical model describing new aging molecules can induce positive effect in energy and life area.
Category: Chemistry
[110] viXra:2310.0119 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-26 00:01:32
Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 26 Pages.
1) Many QM text books showed that the matter wave has the relationship of v(n,ph) = (1/2)v(n,gr), my research result suggested that v(n,ph) = (n/2)v(n,gr) may be the more Eigen description. My research result revealed that the non-Born probability (NBP) or de Broglie wave can be used for either the group wave, or the phase wave. My research result also revealed that it is the phase wave that reflects each single electron/object’s true matter wave property, the group wave only reflects the property of all electrons/objects as a group. 2) The paired up/down spin information of the electron and the nucleon may have already been presented by the positive/negative wave peaks (of the phase wave) in either the Schrodinger equation/solution (in form of NBP), or in the de Broglie wave in the Bohr H-atom model. 3) The spin of both the electron and the nucleon (in an atom) may originate from the face-to-face tidal-locked binary circular orbital rotation between them. This hypothesis also perfectly fits to the new "proton-electron mirror-coupled orbit" model (in SunQM-6s6). The result of Bohr-QM formula L(n,orbit) = mv(n)r(n) = nℏ may directly support this hypothesis. 4) Ultimately, the real meaning of spin ½ℏ for an electron may be: the electron always has an effective orbital angular momentum (between the inner and outer edges of the n shell) that is ½ℏ higher than the value at the inner edge of the n orbit. And because of the face-to-face tidal-locked, this ½ℏ effective orbital angular momentum is carried over by the electron as the electron’s effective spin angular momentum. 5) For a pair of spin up/down electrons, their (electron-proton face-to-face tidal-locked) orbital movement in φ-1D (in the opposite ±m directions) may have transformed into a uni-directional orbital movement in θ-1D. 6) A spin configuration for each of the four nucleons in an alpha particle has been proposed. 7) Planets’ spin origin may also can be explained by using the similar Bohr-QM formula L(n,orbit) = mv(n)r(n) = nℏ(gen) (that is specified for the Solar system). 8) This analysis again showed that, the quantum phenomenon is produced by the interference of the 3D spherical wave of a point-centered field (of force, mass, energy, etc.) to become a spherical 3D wave packet, so that the NBP (= wave) peaks at some positions and valleys at some other positions.
Category: Quantum Physics
[109] viXra:2310.0118 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-24 02:48:10
Authors: Zenin Easa Panthakkalakath, Juraj Kardoš, Olaf Schenk
Comments: 11 Pages.
The boundary control problem is a non-convex optimization and control problem in many scientific domains, including fluid mechanics, structural engineering, and heat transfer optimization. The aim is to find the optimal values for the domain boundaries such that the enclosed domain adhering to the governing equations attains the desired state values. Traditionally, non-linear optimization methods, such as the Interior-Point method (IPM), are used to solve such problems.This project explores the possibilities of using deep learning and reinforcement learning to solve boundary control problems. We adhere to the framework of iterative optimization strategies, employing a spatial neural network to construct well-informed initial guesses, and a spatio-temporal neural network learns the iterative optimization algorithm using policy gradients. Synthetic data, generated from the problems formulated in the literature, is used for training, testing and validation. The numerical experiments indicate that the proposed method can rival the speed and accuracy of existing solvers. In our preliminary results, the network attains costs lower than IPOPT, a state-of-the-art non-linear IPM, in 51% cases. The overall number of floating point operations in the proposed method is similar to that of IPOPT. Additionally, the informed initial guess method and the learned momentum-like behaviour in the optimizer method are incorporated to avoid convergence to local minima.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[108] viXra:2310.0117 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-24 19:43:17
Authors: Masashi Furuta
Comments: 8 Pages.
This paper is positioned as a sequel edition of [1]. First, as in [1], define "division sequence", "complete division sequence", "star conversion", and "extended star conversion". Next, we use Well-Founded Induction and Peirce's law to prove the Collatz conjecture. This proof uses the theorem proving system Idris.
Category: Number Theory
[107] viXra:2310.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-24 19:42:11
Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 8 Pages.
Gravitational energy is localized. It is shown that the massless gravitational energy is enclosed in space, which is curved by matter, according to Einstein's theory. The density of the gravitational energy of curved space is found. This solves the problem of the unambiguous localization of gravitational energy, a problem that Einstein left to the mercy of fate. In the Schwarzschild case, the receipt of the gravitational energy from space by matter increases the inertial mass of the matter. Since the gravitational mass of an isolated system is determined by the curvature of space at infinity, the inertial mass of an isolated system exceeds its gravitational mass by the value of the gravitational energy of space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[106] viXra:2310.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-24 19:40:31
Authors: Xiaohui Li
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper utilizes the fact that the prime factor among all factors in the root number rad (c) can only be a power of 1. Then, analyze all combinations of c that satisfy rad (c)=c, calculate the value of the combination, and find the maximum and minimum values of the root number rad, as well as the maximum exponent between them. Using this maximum exponent then an equivalent inequality is constructed to prove the ABC conjecture.
Category: Number Theory
[105] viXra:2310.0114 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-24 19:37:00
Authors: Gennady Shkliarevsky
Comments: 75 Pages.
The promulgation of the Equality Act has created a conscience crisis in America. It has revealed a failure a failure to fulfill the promise of ensuring equal protection of rights and freedoms of all Americans. This study discusses the failure to provide equal protection to LGBTQ rights and religious freedom. Equal protection is the fundamental principle of American civilization. A failure to realize this principle poses an existential threat to the survival of American civilization. This is what constitutes the conscience crisis that we face today. The study explores the reasons for the failure. Following a brief overview of the history of the Equality Act the study provides a critical examination of the Equality Act. The angle that the examination takes focuses on the conflation of human rights and civil rights. The examination shows that the inadequate differentiation of human rights and civil rights has created confusion that led to tensions and conflicts. The study uses two documents to substantiate its analysis: the American Declaration of Independence and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted in 1948 by the United Nations. The conflation of human rights and civil rights is the main source of the current conscience crisis. The study also outlines a possible path toward the resolution of the conscience crisis.
Category: Social Science
[104] viXra:2310.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-25 00:17:20
Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this short paper we prove that for n ≥ 2953652287 it exists some prime number between nand n + log(n), improving the best known proved bounds for the maximum interval between anynumber and the nearest prime number, as well as the maximum difference between two consecutiveprime numbers (prime gap). We note that this result proves some open conjectures on prime gapsand maximum intervals between any number and the nearest prime number.
Category: Number Theory
[103] viXra:2310.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-24 01:26:55
Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon, Yina Yoon
Comments: 5 Pages.
According to the Riemann rearrangement theorem, when a sequence converges, the sum can be changed by rearranging the order of the sequence. However, the result cannot be changed simply by rearranging the order of any sequences. In the case of the alternating harmonic series exemplified by Riemann, even if the result was the same by chance, the sum of the series was obtained by ignoring the sum oflim┬( n→∞)u2061∑_(k=n)^(2n-1) 1/(k+1)=lnu20612.
Category: Number Theory
[102] viXra:2310.0110 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-30 21:07:58
Authors: Pierre Lamothe
Comments: 15 Pages. In French
The algebra of transition functions between elements of generalized Collatz sequences has revealed the true nature of cycles. The structure of the cyclic invariant enables us to demonstrate both:
a) The Syracuse conjecture cannot be substantiated as absolute veracity because no matter the length, a random cycle is theoretically possible.
b) The Syracuse conjecture can only hold true in practice with exceedingly probable status due to the exponential decay of a cycle’s probability as a function of length.
Category: Number Theory
[101] viXra:2310.0109 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-29 22:35:54
Authors: Aya Thompson
Comments: 4 Pages.
We propose a setup allowing the physical testing of a "one way" or rather anisotropic/directionally dependent speed of light. A foundational yet unsolved measurement problem proposed to be impossible, we demonstrate the basis for a setup that is immediately practicable. Our insight is simply that the pythagoerean theorem allows for a tiny geometric indiscrepancy in path length versus time over a 2d geometry, most likely the maximum indiscrepancy allowed. The existence of a mathematical proof of anisotropic speed of light being testable is important for relativity and more foundationally the lorentz transformation itself, while a practical test application holds the potential for answering unsolved questions regarding the nature of spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[100] viXra:2310.0108 [pdf] replaced on 2024-05-09 00:43:58
Authors: Bo Zhang
Comments: 324 Pages. If you have any problems, questions, discussions or suggestions, please contact me by mail to:creasson@163.com
This book focuses on the application of rational representations to plane geometry. Most plane geometry objects, such as circles, triangles, quadrilaterals, conic curves, and their composite figures, can be represented almost exclusively in terms of rational parameters, which makes the process of computation and proof straightforward.
Category: Geometry
[99] viXra:2310.0106 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-22 11:39:44
Authors: Thomas Heiko Günther, Khoi Anh Hoang
Comments: 13 Pages. Published in Annals of West University of Timisoara - Physics, Vol. LXV, 2023 https://sciendo.com/de/article/10.2478/awutp-2023-0005
The present article investigates whether the drag coefficient of low density objects can be determined by free fall experiments with sufficient accuracy. Among other things, the drag coefficient depends on the flow velocity, which can be controlled in wind channels experiments. Free fall experiments do not offer an experimental environment with constant flow velocity. Especially the later part of the movement gets relevantly influenced by air drag deceleration. We theoretically estimate an average sphere drag coefficient for the relevant part of the movement of falling spheres. The results are verified by examining the drag coefficient from experimental data. Finally, we determine the drag coefficient of a model rocket, which is compered to the result of the corresponding wind channel experiment.
Category: Classical Physics
[98] viXra:2310.0105 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-22 19:27:00
Authors: Sophia Ivanko, Peter Farag
Comments: 20 Pages.
Current quantum computers are expensive and require professional equipment for building it. The price for such computers depends on the amount of qubits but a 2 qubit device in average costs $10000 so the goal of this paper is to show the way of creating an optical quantum computer that is cheap and prove it utility by using the device as a quantum layer in a neural network that analyzes pictures.The article describes a way of building two devices: with 1 qubit and with 2 qubits. The devices were built from materials that everyone can easily find in a shop. A library called WavePlate was created for this project. It is made publicly available so everyone can use it.
Category: Quantum Physics
[97] viXra:2310.0104 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-25 21:02:28
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 12 Pages.
Six years ago I published a major essay on how our beautiful and ethereal solar corona is many times hotter than the photospheric surface of its sun. The coronal heating puzzle today persists among astrophysicists, despite increasing hard data. Photospheric surface temperatures are only about 9,900 degrees Fahrenheit. Coronal temperature istypically about 1.8 to 4.0 million degrees F, and even hotter, but from where? Ideas about magnetic interactions among solar neutrinos and photons within the corona help describe, but do not fully explain, what is going on. This essay is a needed update for my seminal 2017 essay referenced herein. My updated coronal heating model remains the only one that elegantly explains this hot astrophysics puzzle.
Category: Astrophysics
[96] viXra:2310.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-21 06:07:36
Authors: Stanislav Dolgopolov
Comments: 2 Pages.
Here we propose an experiment showing that a persistent supercurrent decays when its electron pairs break and recombine, i.e. when paired electrons are interchangeable with normal (single) electrons. We produce a small non-superconducting area in a massive superconducting (SC) aluminum. Electron pairs break and recombine in the non-SC area, so newly created pairs can drift from the non-SC area into SC area and replace initial electron pairs, which flow in a persistent supercurrent in the SC area. The drift and, thus, the replacement rate are directly related to the size of contact area between SC and non-SC zones, so the supercurrent lifetime is inversely related to the size of the contact area. Thus we show that the supercurrent vanishes because its electron pairs experience creation/annihilation and are not permanent.
Category: Condensed Matter
[95] viXra:2310.0102 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-22 00:09:25
Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Lauro Figueroa Valverde, Sana Ahmed, Sufia Zaman, Ibtihal Kadhim Kareem Dosh, Marcela Rosas Nexticapa, María Magdalena Álvarez Ramírez, Abhijit Mitra
Comments: 6 Pages.
This study applies Density Functional Theory(DFT), using the B3LYP functional, and via ab initio Restrict Hartree-Fock (RHF) methods, to study the infrared spectrum of steroid 17-Iodo-androst-16-ene. The spectrum was obtained viacomputational methods ab initio RHF and DFT. Optimization of molecular structure via UFF (Universal Force Field), followed by PM3 (Parametric Method 3), with geometric optimization,obtaining the spectrum of other basis sets of steroid 17-Iodo-androst-16-ene. The study this steroid was chosen because it can could act as aromatase enzyme inhibitors and this phenomenon could be translated as good compounds to treat breast cancer. The B3LYP functional always presents the lowest thermal energy than the RHF in all calculated bases, however the RHF always presents the highest Entropy than the B3LYP, in all the calculated basis sets. The normalized spectrum calculated in the B3LYP/SVP functional/basis set have harmonic frequency with peaks 3,241.83 cm−1, 100% and 3,177.535 cm−1 at 43.304% absorbance. The study has so far been limited to computational methods compatible with the theory of quantum chemistry.
Category: Condensed Matter
[94] viXra:2310.0101 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-22 01:46:46
Authors: Wilson McCord
Comments: 33 Pages. Attribution CC-BY-NC-ND: Anyone can share this material, provided it remains unaltered in any way, this is not done for commercial purposes, and the original authors are credited and cited.
Acinetobacter baumannii is a deadly Gram-negative species of bacteria whose virulence and resistance to antibiotics is threatening the lives of patients in hospitals across the globe. The examination of Acinetobacter baumannii’s virulent behaviour patterns in secluded synthetic, as well as ecological environments and; its acquisition of genes responsible for its persistence in sterile synthetic environments and those responsible for its lethality to humans reveal clear evidence of its recent artificial outbreak origin, virulent emergence and spread within healthcare facility populations around the World. A method of killing Acinetobacter baumannii is proposed based on the information presented herein.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[93] viXra:2310.0100 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-20 16:04:41
Authors: Stephen E. Shum
Comments: 9 Pages.
This study serves as a sequel to our earlier research, 'Entire Universe has been Expanding at the Speed of Light / Comprehensive Study of the Hubble Constant throughout the Ages of the Universe' (Part 1). In our prior work, we presented compelling evidence supporting the assertion that the universe has been expanding at the speed of light. This conclusion was based on an in-depth analysis of the Hubble Constant, and the resulting calculations of celestial redshift values closely mirrored observed data. Furthermore, our research shed light on the prominent cosmological gravitational redshift during the universe's earlier compact phase. The primary objective of this paper is to present a quantitative evaluation of cosmological gravitational redshift. This endeavor is to complement and expand upon the preliminary findings in Part 1.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[92] viXra:2310.0099 [pdf] replaced on 2024-06-11 20:10:40
Authors: Xiuqing Huang
Comments: 18 Pages.
Based on experimental evidence from scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, and neutronscattering in high-temperature uperconductors,we present a unified theoretical framework that the confined electrons within polyhedral quantum wells as the Mott ground state and the symmetry-breaking of electron-proton pair as the superconducting mechanism. The new theory enables the analytical determination of fundamental properties in copper- andiron-based superconductors. These properties include the magic doping and checkerboard charge order, Fermi surface structure and its splitting, the symmetry and value of the superconducting energy gap, the superconductingtransition temperature, and the spin resonance peaks and their parity. The theoretical predictions of our model show strong agreement with experimental findings. Moreover, our research offers novel insights into the microscopic nature of magnetism, spin, holes, localized Cooper pair, magnetic monopoles, the Ginzburg-Landau order parameter, and the Meissner effect.
Category: Condensed Matter
[91] viXra:2310.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-20 18:07:56
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 18 pages, 30 images, 3 tables
Changes in Earth’s Magnetic Field seem to be a main cause of Volcanic-Eruptions on Earth ! These changes (or disturbances) in Earth’s Magnetic-Field can be caused either by internal processes which take place near the Core-Mantle-Boundary (CMB), or they can be caused by external events which are strong geo-magnetic-storms caused by solar wind (space-weather). The maximum impact of the external events (geo-magnetic storms) on Volcanism seems to be around +/-20%, and the impact of internal-effects seems to be around +/-30%. As internal effect the North-Magnetic Pole Shift must be mentioned, which showed a very high acceleration between 1993 and 2002. The internal-processes inside Earth’s mantle which caused this fast shift of the North-Magnetic-Pole seem to be responsible for an increase of ~30% of Earth’s Volcanism between 1997 & 2008. In this paper I want to describe the impact of the external-events, the impact of strong geo-magnetic Storms, on Earth’s Volcanic Activity. The chart of —Total Volcanic Eruptions per year- and -Strong Geomagnetic-Storms- in the time 1800-2023 clearly shows that there are sharp increases in the number of volcanic-eruptions visible, shortly after the occurence of strong geomagnetic-storms (or -storm-periods). Further there is a clearly visible correlation of sunspot-(solar-cycle)-minimas and Lows in the chart of the -Active Volcanos per year- which shows that Earth’s Volcanism is clearly influenced by strong geomagnetic-storm-periods, or by the missing of such storm-periods! During sunspot-minimas global volcanism clearly decreases be around 20% ! There is also a clear correlation of Global Volcanism (which is strongly effected by geomagnetic-effects), with HGFA-seismicity and Global Warming ! WARNING to Climatologists & Politicians!!: The sun has considerably reduced its solarwind-activity ! Since 2006 only two days with AP-values slightly >100 occured ! The sun is heating towards an extended solar-minimum with considerable lower sunspot-numbers and solarwind-activity !! This means a general colder climate on Earth as historical climate-data from the Dalton- & Maunder-Minimum clearly show. A look at the Ocean-Heat-Content-Chart (EN4) and the Geo-magnetic Ap-Index clearly shows that during the periods 1995-97 & 2006-2012 the Ocean Heat Content (0-2000m) was stagnating ! That means global warming nearly stopped !! During these periods the smoothed Ap-Index was ≤10, which means very low solarwind activity ! That’s why the impact of geomagnetic-changes (-storms) on Earth’s Climate is clearly higher than that of CO2 !! It’s a deciding factor ! That’s why we must predict the future Solar Activity !
Category: Geophysics
[90] viXra:2310.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-21 03:56:45
Authors: Sudhanshu Sekhar Tripathy, Bichitrananda Behera
Comments: 20 Pages. Please Publish My preprint article
The escalation of hazards to safety and hijacking of digital networks are among the strongest perilous difficulties that must be addressed in the present day. Numerous safety procedures were set up to track and recognize any illicit activity on the network's infrastructure. IDS are the best way to resist and recognize intrusions on internet connections and digital technologies. To classify network traffic as normal or anomalous, Machine Learning (ML) classifiers are increasingly utilized. An IDS with machine learning increases the accuracy with which security attacks are detected. This paper focuses on intrusion detection systems (IDSs) analysis using ML techniques. IDSs utilizing ML techniques are efficient and precise at identifying network assaults. In data with large dimensional spaces, however, the efficacy of these systems degrades. Correspondingly, the case is essential to execute a feasible feature removal technique capable of getting rid of characteristics that have little effect on the classification process. In this paper, we analyze the KDD CUP-'99' intrusion detection dataset used for training and validating ML models. Then, we implement ML classifiers such as "Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, K- Nearest Neighbour, Naïve Bayes, Bernoulli Naïve Bayes, Multinomial Naïve Bayes, XG-Boost Classifier, Ada- Boost, Random Forest, SVM, Rocchio classifier, Ridge, Passive-Aggressive classifier, ANN besides Perceptron (PPN), the optimal classifiers are determined by comparing the results of Stochastic Gradient Descent and back- propagation neural networks for IDS", Conventional categorization indicators, such as "accuracy, precision, recall, and the f1-measure", have been used to evaluate the performance of the ML classification algorithms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[89] viXra:2310.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-19 01:28:54
Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 6 Pages.
The contraction of a loop on a string in the orthogonal time direction is contemplated. Its relationship to a certain mathematical concept, forcing notions, is examined. In addition, we evaluate local systems on the worldline of a particle traveling in the positive timelike direction.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[88] viXra:2310.0093 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-19 02:20:15
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 13 Pages.
The present paper is inspired by the article "Ho'oleilana: An Individual Baryon Acoustic Oscillation?" published by R. B. Tully, C. Howlett, and D. Pomarède on Sep. 2023 [1]. They claim: Evidence is presented here for the discovery of a remarkably strong individual contribution to the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) signal at z = 0.068, an entity that is given the name Ho’oleilana. K. Dawson, co-spokesperson for Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument is more inclined to believe that this latest finding is something of a coincidence, a chance alignment that simply looks like a sphere with a radius around what you’d expect for a BAO [2].In the paper, we provide a short summary of experimental observations of Boötes Void and Superclusters; discuss the main features of the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model; introduce notions "Cosmic Voids" and "Cosmic Bubbles"; elaborate a mathematical framework for different types of Cosmic Bubbles (Hubble Spherical Bubble for the World, Disk Bubbles for Galaxies; Spherical Bubbles for Extrasolar Systems, Dark Matter (DM) Spherical Bubbles for Galaxies and Superclusters); make a conclusion that the Boötes is a DM Cosmic Bubble and suggest experiments, which confirm our conclusion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[87] viXra:2310.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-19 21:48:58
Authors: Michael Glen
Comments: 28 Pages. 19 figures
The properties of a resonant half wavelength mode, sometimes called a 4pi mode, is investigated in a toroidal cavity of large aspect ratio. No dividing wall is used but instead the field is given a poloidal (in the direction of the smaller circumference) twist. The toroidal cavity resonator equations are derived by bending a length of cylindrical waveguide into a toroid and changing the field equations from cylindrical to local toroidal. If the toroid aspect ratio is large the errors are small but the equations must still be considered to be approximate and so in order to confirm the stability and form of the resonant modes a finite difference time domain (FDTD) program was written to model the propagation of the fields. This also confirms that no false assumptions have been made, particularly regarding how the fields behave where the two ends of the half wave join. This is believed to be the first confirmation of the existence of a half wave toroidal mode without a dividing wall. FDTD simulations of both a toroidal (in the direction of the larger circumference) and a poloidal spinning 4pi mode were also carried out. It was observed that the presence of twist would prevent either a pure toroidal or poloidal spinning mode being produced and that the poloidally spinning field produced a stable mode with both spin and angular momentum.
Category: Classical Physics
[86] viXra:2310.0091 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-26 11:49:17
Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 12 Pages.
The classical emission (ballistic) theory of light predicted that the speed of light reflected from a moving mirror is c + 2v, where v is a component of the mirror velocity. In 1913, A. Michelson carried out an experiment to test this hypothesis and concluded that the speed of light reflected from a moving mirror is constant c independent of mirror velocity, to a high degree of precision. With the advent of Albert Einstein’s special relativity theory, and with additional experimental counter evidences such as moving source experiments, the classical emission theory was finally abandoned. Many years later, in 1967, an experiment was being carried out to test Einstein’s gravitational time dilation by bouncing radar pulses grazing the sun off the planet Venus. As analyzed and disclosed by Bryan G Wallace, large ‘anomalous’ first order variations in the round-trip time were found in the raw data, in complete disagreement with Einstein’s light postulate, but conforming to the long forgotten classical emission/ ballistic theory. In this paper, I present a new model of the speed of light reflected from a moving mirror that resolves these contradictions. Although the model can make correct predictions, its physical meaning is inexplicable. Light behaves as if it is reflected from the point in space where the mirror is/was at the instant of emission, and the speed of the reflected light is the sum of the speed of light c and twice a component of the mirror velocity, i.e. c + 2v. Logically, one would have to take into account the motion of the mirror during the transit time of light to determine the point in space where light is reflected. This paper shows that this logical and conventional thinking is possibly wrong in the case of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[85] viXra:2310.0089 [pdf] replaced on 2023-12-18 16:55:40
Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 7 Pages.
Ontological view of natural phenomena, which was introduced as 4-D Complex Space in physics to understand physics comprehensively from classical physics to modern physics, such as quantum physics and theory of relativity, is compared with the ancient oriental scripture called Chun-Bu-Kyung, which is saying that there is immutable one in natural phenomena all the time despite that its appearance keeps being changed in many ways with a cyclical nature. Then, we can say that matters in natural phenomena are just variations of one fundamental entity, energy in physics, and that the variations in phenomena are made through physical interactions, such as gravitational and electromagnetic interactions. In addition, the one intrinsic nature of the physical interactions, which is the tendency to return to the equilibrium state in physical vacuum space, is comparable to the cyclicality mentioned in the scripture.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[84] viXra:2310.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-18 20:55:33
Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by vXra Admin: Future repetition/regurgitation will not be accepted!)
In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration B, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit B, in the solar system, B=2.956391e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect connecting to B will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory. As an application, the quantum gravity theory with the ultimate acceleration provides a mechanism to explain and calculate the geomagnetic field, the earth's geomagnetic field is calculated to be -0.6Gauss at the north pole.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[83] viXra:2310.0087 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-18 15:06:22
Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 9 Pages.
We propose that QCD tetrahedrons mediate the strong force between hadrons in the nucleus by enabling double quark exchange reaction between protons and neutrons splitting the pionic deuterium ground state energy level to a doublet. The QCD tetrahedron generates with the deuterium a transition state complex that further performs quark exchange reactions with the charged pion that shifts and broadens the pionic deuterium ground state energy. The proposed charged pion exchange reactions generate a negatively charged cloud at the deuterium nucleus vicinity that reduces the effective charge of the proton. The proposed pion exchange reaction is an alternative mechanism to pion absorption and production at low energies by the nucleus.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[82] viXra:2310.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-18 20:42:57
Authors: Tibor Endre Nagy, Erzsebet Szolnoki
Comments: 31 Pages.
The radius of the universe can be determined by combining the Einstein formulas, which determine the degree of gravitational redshift and describe the angle of refraction of a beam of light running along celestial bodies. The relationship between the two equations is made by the ratio of the total angle to the angle of deflection of the beam of light passing by the Earth according to the rules of Euclidean geometry (2π/α). The so-called Darwinian evolutionary distances measured from the color changes of the respiratory pigments of biological creatures (in connection with the phase of their circulation) can be paralleled with this. It is possible to measure these to the radius of the universe determined in this way. During the nearly 4-billion-year uninterrupted process of Darwinian evolution, living organisms presumably adapted to surface gravity during mutations as well as to any other environmental factor. In this way, they can accelerate continuously along the imaginary straight line from the origin of life to the appearance of the human race, i.e., within the short evolutionary distance, due to the attractive effect of gravity. During the free fall from the past to the present, the curvature of space-time may gradually appear in their physiological processes and anatomical structure. Specifically in their circulatory system, the rate of evolution would correspond to the most qualitatively advanced level, i.e., the velocity of human blood circulation. In this way, the evolution accelerating to almost the speed of light is reduced to 5.23 cm/s due to an enormous time dilation (as a proportion of angles; α/2π). With this average human blood flow velocity, together with data from cardiac and circulatory procedures, a toroidal, or even more refined, ‘interlocking figure 8 model’ can be constructed. It reflects the dimensions, flow and pressure conditions of the pulmonary and systemic circulation, as well as the work of the heart.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[81] viXra:2310.0085 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-22 12:03:17
Authors: Antimatter Enigma Solved: Astronomical Data Allows Identification of 77 Supermassive Antimatter Black Holes, 23 Antimatter Galaxies.
Comments: 18 Pages. Updated considering results from the Alpha-CERN antihydrogen experiment
Initial results from the Alpha-CERN antihydrogen experiment indicate no discernible difference in the gravitational behavior between matter and antimatter, challenging CP violation models. Given that antimatter exhibits the same gravitational behavior as matter, distinguishing between a supermassive black hole (SMBH) composed of matter and an antimatter supermassive black hole (ASMBH) becomes challenging, as their gravitational effects are indistinguishable. This raises the question: Could the SMBH in the Milky Way, and in all observed spiral galaxies, potentially be an ASMBH, with its event horizon concealing the equivalent number of antimatter particles, thereby preventing matter-antimatter annihilation within a matter galaxy?This article assesses astronomical data comparing the mass of 100 SMBHs with their host galaxies. A theoretical value for the logarithmic mass relationship Log( M_Stellar 〖/M〗_SMBH ) is presented: 2.963 for ASMBHs situated in matter galaxies, and 2.285 for MSBHs in antimatter galaxies. This relationship, derived from the Ulianov Theory, is based on the premise of matter galaxy formation from protons and electrons expelled by ASMBHs during cosmic inflation. The same theory also posits antimatter galaxy formation from antiprotons and positrons released by matter SMBHs during this period. The data base analysis (of 100 galaxies and their respective SMBHs) revealed that 77% of the SMBHs are composed of antimatter, resulting in a logarithmic relationship value of (2.945 ± 0.018) for the Log(M_Stellar/M_ASMBH ), while 23% are composed of matter, resulting in a value of (2.267 ± 0.036) for the Log( M_AStellar/M_SMBH ). The congruence between these values and the theoretical prediction is likely not mere coincidence. A thorough examination of the results confirms the model's validity and underscores the precision of astronomers' mass measurements, with only 3 cases showing actual measurement errors beyond the predicted range. This discovery is pivotal, as it suggests the Ulianov Theory's potential to produce novel predictions, such as this model. Originating from a cold and empty universe, this model outlines the galaxy mass formation process, in which ASMBHs harness energy from cosmic inflation, converting it into matter and antimatter particles. This process is termed the "Small Bang" model by the author, reflecting its cold and gradual nature, contrasting the explosive nature of the "Big Bang".
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[80] viXra:2310.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-17 05:32:45
Authors: Sardar Dilbag Singh Khalsa
Comments: 6 Pages.
Actual Determination of Time-span in Absorption Spectroscopy and variation of absorbance vs.concentration is crucial in chemistry and biology. We investigated molecular absorption spectraof 1,4 -diamino anthraquinone taking concentration 20 − 90μM. We primarily report a violationand quantization of Absorbance in Beer’s Lambert Law and propose an alternative explanationfor the inherent phenomenon, quantum mechanically. Upon laser pulse excitation yielded photontransfer excited state having 17-96 attoseconds lifespan is formed for different concentrations ofsamples. We furnished a general equation for the electrostatic field, the wave function of photonsand its correlation with absorbance. Further, we propose an intricate relationship between theelectromagnetic field generated by particles and its wavefunction.
Category: Quantum Physics
[79] viXra:2310.0083 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-25 10:02:01
Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 3 Pages. Dear Editor, I am replacing the article due to errors in Example 2. Thank you for hosting my work on vixra.org. Best regards Emmanuil Manousos
In this article we present an algorithm for finding the factors Q of composite Fermat numbers. The algorithm finds the Q factors with less tests than required through the equation 2n×K+1.
Category: Number Theory
[78] viXra:2310.0082 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-18 00:29:45
Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 5 Pages.
This paper proposes a concept of electromagnetic wave propagation that allows for the possibility of faster communication speeds than are currently achievable. This paper bases the concept on principles described in a previous paper. Included are experiment proposals that can help support or refute the concepts described.
Category: Astrophysics
[77] viXra:2310.0081 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-10 19:09:34
Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 27 Pages. English Edition
In this paper, the absolute static reference frame of the universe is established, Galileo's relativity principle and the essence of light are analyzed, and the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment is re-recognized. The conclusion is that the light in two directions reaches the eyepiece at the same time, and when the interferometer is rotated at any angle, the light in two directions still reaches the eyepiece at the same time, and the interference fringes will not move, so the zero result of the experiment is inevitable. This paper analyzes Lorenz's explanation of the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment, and points out many contradictions and mistakes in it. Because Michelson's wrong calculation result is not consistent with the zero result of the experiment, Lorenz had to set up "length shortening", "clock slowing down" and a Lorenz transformation factor to piece together the zero result of the experiment. It is precisely because these assumptions are incorrect that all the relations and related theories that use Lorentz transformation factors are incorrect. Only Galileo's relativity principle can correctly explain the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment, and galilean transformation is the theory that correctly describes motion. This paper also re-understands the relationship between matter, space, time and motion, inertia, field, field wave, force and energy, analyzes the essence of nuclear energy, and establishes a new model of the universe. It makes physics return to the correct track of classical theory and deepens and develops classical theory.
Category: Classical Physics
[76] viXra:2310.0080 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-17 00:26:38
Authors: Francois Zinserling
Comments: 22 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!)
It is postulated that the vacuum of space is filled with a dynamic primordial aether; boson particles moving at the speed of light, forming a tensor flux of spin=2 massless bosons. Each aether particle consists of two destructively interfering spin=1 bosons. This dynamic aether is compatible with known concepts of spacetime, and further leads to an understanding of the unstoppable arrow of time, and the mechanisms that slow clocks at velocity or in a gravity well. Mass, energy and momentum is understood, Fermions that interact with the aether gain the property of mass. From the well-known equation E=mc2, E is seen as only the portion of aether that interacts with mass. When a mass is set in motion, the aether bosons traversing an object is perturbed to not only reflect its energy and momentum, but the aether also perpetuates the motion. Further, an equivalence exists; a mass which finds itself in an asymmetric aether, is driven by the aether toward a constant velocity. This may lead to further investigations into the mechanics of gravity.
Category: Classical Physics
[75] viXra:2310.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-15 01:49:28
Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper proposes experiments that may help support or refute the concept of sub-photons. These include both earth-based and space satellite experiments. Propositions are made for the existence of a sub-photon "shield" around the earth, the measurement of power in extremely low frequency waves in space and using atmospheric or crustal voltage gradients as proxies for gravitational waves.
Category: Astrophysics
[74] viXra:2310.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-15 03:02:13
Authors: Hui Liu
Comments: 5 Pages.
General relativity and quantum mechanics are two very important theories in modern physics, but they have incompatibilities when describing the laws of nature. We have found a way to solve this problem --- using density to explain the wave function, and replacing probability with density. It can explain some problems in quantum mechanics, such as wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle, quantum entanglement, and so on. It can also explain gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[73] viXra:2310.0077 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-15 21:43:22
Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 5 Pages.
The relativistic Schwarzschild model solves Einstein's equations exactly for the assumption of a point gravitational mass and empty space in its vicinity. This model leads to a static and symmetric solution for the mathematical equation of space-time that allows its Gaussian curvature to be calculated at each point. We have calculated some curvature values and found an equation to calculate them that allows us to extend the results to a wider range of distances. Finally, we have applied these results to the real case of the black hole of our galaxy SAGITTARIUS A*, obtaining values of Gaussian curvature of the space-time in its vicinity that are valid if it is correct to apply this model.
Category: Astrophysics
[72] viXra:2310.0076 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-05 09:58:51
Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 37 Pages.
Vacuum is the fundamental state of the quantum field & this is the dark energy. Dark Energy has a characteristic frequency which is an universal constant. Every point of space-time is considered as an oscillator in its fundamental state. Vacuum has also a density of entropy. Dark Matter is a high density of vacuum energy.
Category: Quantum Physics
[71] viXra:2310.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-15 21:41:20
Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 6 Pages. Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0.
It is easy to show how Eddington’s number (the number of protons and electrons in the Universe) and the mass of the Universe are related to the gravitational fine-structure constant, and how, via the postulate of a ‘gravito-electric’ current, all three may permit the unification of gravitation with electromagnetism and vice versa.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[70] viXra:2310.0074 [pdf] replaced on 2023-11-05 04:00:45
Authors: Amisha Oufaska
Comments: 2 Pages.
In this paper , I prove that the infinite series 1+2+3+4+⋯ is strictly divergent or simply 1+2+3+4+⋯=+∞ applying an argument by contradiction .
Category: Functions and Analysis
[69] viXra:2310.0073 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-14 14:16:08
Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 2 Pages.
A short and speculative philosophical essay proposing consciousness as a singular function of both observation and memory creation that like light, that does not require a medium in which to propagate, is free of a medium.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[68] viXra:2310.0072 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-14 21:34:32
Authors: Ruben Hugo Martinez
Comments: 6 Pages. In Spanish
An irrigation system is proposed for the Turfan depression, involving the construction of an aqueduct from the China Sea to said region, in a first phase the aqueduct must be fed with centrifugal electric pumps, in several stagesuntil, due to the difference between the lowest level in the depression and sea level,establish the siphon effect, then the system could also provide electrical energy to thegrid. In the last stage, the drinking water is separated from the sea salt and other elements.unwanted through reverse osmosis devices.
Category: Climate Research
[67] viXra:2310.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-14 21:29:32
Authors: Parker Emmerson
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please fill out author name as follows: First name and last name)
It is from the definitions δ = Bθ (α) −→ δ |∆(κ,κi)= Bθ (αi) and the chain of definitions∫ τ λu2032 ∩ (∀ρ) → τ ≤i−j 1 ≤ℓ l(δ), that can be expressed by Φ(τ iδℓ), such that ∀τ <ν (Λ − β), then for some p(w) → p−1(v), there is some vector u of positive variational uπ such that i−a = vn(τ ). This implies that the numberof binary connections from ia,ν , lowers the complexity of φ. ∀(τ <ν (Λ−β)) ∃ p(w) → p−1(v) ∃ u, where uπ > 0 and i−a = vn(τ ) so that φ is less complex. This process is facilitated by the idea that the functions Bθ (α) and Φ(τ iδℓ)can be used to express changes in the system and yield new solutions. By specifying certain values of τ , δ and ℓ, as well as using the relation τ ≤i−j 1 ≤ℓ l(δ), a set of parameters which are applicable in various contexts canbe constructed. This allows for an easier analysis of the system, which can subsequently be used to develop more efficient solutions. Thus, these definitions and functions can be used to construct useful parameters which can enhance the performance of the system.
Category: Algebra
[66] viXra:2310.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-14 20:32:38
Authors: En Okada
Comments: 2 Pages.
Being inspired by numbers of too-unlikely-to-be-coincidence relationships between the current universe and its Planck scale precursor, together with the well-known Eddington number riddle, we propose an audacious hypothesis that the mass of elementary particles is proportional to the inverse cubic root of the scale factor of the universe. The hypothesis eloquently explains, within Einstein’s original theory of general relativity, why the universe seems to have roughly three times as much of energy as the sum of light and dark matters, and why it seems to accelerate its pace of expansion. Moreover, we provide an alternative formulation that is equivalent to the Riemannian geometry of the general relativity, paving the way for a grand unification of gravity with the other three basic interactions that are described by quantum field theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[65] viXra:2310.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-14 20:33:57
Authors: En Okada
Comments: 12 Pages.
The entity of time and energy have successfully evaded any concrete definition or elucidation for a disproportionately long period despite their pivotal importance in physics. In this paper, we present a novel theoretical scheme in which not only time and energy but all perceivable physical realities can be concretely defined by the degree of asymmetry in a binary digital field. It is made up of spatial quanta with Planck scale properties, and the field has an intrinsic potential to break its symmetry in a totally spontaneous and stochastic manner. The scheme vividly explains the origin of the mass of most of the elementary particles only with fundamental physical constants plus some numbers with universal meaning such as the fractional powers of pi, instead of any artificial parameters. Though it is still in a hatching stage like the old quantum theory, as this paper shows in detail, its capability to provide clear physical images as for why particular Lie groups could rightly describe their corresponding forces is a promising sign that this paradigm shall serve as a powerful guide toward the super-unification of all the fundamental interactions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[64] viXra:2310.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-13 03:06:12
Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 47 Pages. 23 figures
The development from a hormonal memory based on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HTPA) axis is constituted by a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions, among the components of an adrenal neuroendocrine system that during human nurturing allows hormonal communication, integrating a newborn with his family. The brain hypothalamus functions to regulate the anterior pituitary to develop hormonal (fully emotional) communication that precedes the stage of language development. A pure emotional language constitutes an unconscious, a barrier to self-cognition on the own personality dynamics. This one could be potentiated by Doppler analysis of vector neuronal emotional childhood association to the adult stage to constitute new psyche connectomes. These ones are accessible to psychoanalytic techniques that focus on the study of the psyche, and treatment by using free association to allow healing. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), an endogenous corticoid (internally produced), is the most abundant circulating steroid in humans, which is not required as vitamins, which are only available from food. DHEA is a prohormone derived from cholesterol and pregnenolone that is a precursor of mineralcorticoids (aldosterone, etc.), glucocorticoids (cortisol, etc.) and testosterone and estradiol. Usually a clinical treatment to supplement the level of testosterone or estradiol will produce the desired immediate effect, but thereafter reduce the physiological natural production, as expression of a negative feedback. DHEA might prove to have benefits in treating people diagnosed with certain conditions, such as adrenal insufficiency and lupus. Hence, these ones will respond to a physiological regulation through the attractive sexual pathways. Adolescence increases DHEA levels declining by 75-90% by the time humans hit 75-80 years old associated with a loss of function and increased risk for disease. It impacts quality of life and longevity. DHEA has become a popular anti-aging supplement. A 12 years study of old men found that an increase of 100 μg/dL of DHEA-sulfate solution injected in blood showed a 36% reduced risk of death.
Category: Biochemistry
[63] viXra:2310.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-13 20:08:20
Authors: Akira Saito
Comments: 4 Pages. In Japanese (Note by viXra Admin: Please fill in author name in English)
We were able to express the order parameter of the spin glass model in the ground state using simultaneous equations. Although this simultaneous equation is an equation that is valid only in the ground state, it is possible to minimize economic loss from a network system that influences each other to model food chains, organizations, economic social phenomena, etc., and to obtain optimal results from complex conditions. Accurately understanding the ground state provides a wide range of benefits, including combinatorial optimization problems that enable accurate matching. Furthermore, since the spin glass ising model is a basic model, it is also possible to refer to natural world and mathematical problems such as complex systems and P≠NP problems [1]. Here, as a basis for these problems, and as a method for analyzing social phenomena and problems such as combinatorial optimization problems and complex systems, we will introduce simultaneous equation formulation and numerical calculation of simultaneous equation solutions as a solution method for ground state spin glass models. Show the results.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[62] viXra:2310.0066 [pdf] replaced on 2024-07-11 08:14:27
Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 4 Pages.
This article attempts to prove that Einstein obtained his transformation formulas by applying striking manipulative mathematics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[61] viXra:2310.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-13 16:56:30
Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 3 Pages.
We propose a classical mechanism for the creation of magnetic moment in a particle.
Category: Classical Physics
[60] viXra:2310.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-13 19:49:11
Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 4 Pages. Submitted to JETP Letters
The article presents fundamental results which significantly change the theory of gravity: (1) Gravitational energy is localized. The problem, from which Einstein, Eddington, and other classics have distanced themselves, has been solved. This is contrary to Landau, Lifshitz's assertion that "It has no meaning to speak of a definite localization of the energy of the gravitational field in space". This is contrary to Misner, Thorne, Wheeler’s assertion that "One cannot define a localized energy-momentum for the gravitational field". (2) For the first time it is stated that the law of conservation of inertial mass-energy is violated during gravitational interaction and the mass defect is positive. The inertial mass-energy of bodies exceeds their gravitational mass by the massless energy of curved space-time. This is contrary to Misner, Thorne Wheeler’s assertion that "The mass-energy of a neutron star is less than the mass-energy of the same number of baryons at infinite separation".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[59] viXra:2310.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-13 20:20:19
Authors: Edward C. Larson
Comments: 27 Pages.
This article presents a new way of looking at and understanding quantum physics through the lens of a novel realist framework. It addresses core issues of realism, locality, and measurement. It proposes a general quantum ontology consisting of two field-like entities, called W-state and P-state, that respectively account for the wave- and particle-like aspects of quantum systems. Unlike Bohmian mechanics, however, it does not take the conjunction of wave and particle literally.W-state is a generalization of the wavefunction, but has ontic stature and is defined on the joint time-frequency domain. It constitutes a non-classical local reality, consisting of superpositions of quantum waves writ small. P-state enforces entanglement obligations and mediates the global coordination within quantum systems required to bring about wavefunction collapse in causal fashion consistent with special relativity.The framework brings quantum theory much closer to general relativity. The two share common language, concepts, and principles. It offers a sensible alternative to the Copenhagen dispensation, which actively discourages - indeed, oracularly proscribes - inquiry that seeks to explain quantum mechanics more deeply than the fact that the mathematical formalism works.
Category: Quantum Physics
[58] viXra:2310.0062 [pdf] replaced on 2023-11-08 22:57:39
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 23 pages, 60 images+diagrams, 3 Tables - pages 2 & 11 were added in V2
Changes in Earth’s Magnetic Field seem to be a main cause of Volcanic-Eruptions on Earth ! These changes (or disturbances) in Earth’s Magnetic-Field can be caused either by internal processes which take place near the Core-Mantle-Boundary (CMB), or they can be caused by external events which are strong geomagnetic-storms caused by solar wind (space-weather). The maximum impact on volcanism, of the geomagnetic-changes caused by internal processes is around +/-30%, and the maximum impact of the external events is around +/-20%. There is a clear correlation of geo-magnetism, HGFA-seismicity, volcanism and global warming. First the geomagnetic-changes seem to cause earthquakes, especially in High-Geothermal-Flux-(HGF)-areas (e.g. mid-ocean-ridges), then with a delay of 1-2 years Volcanism (& hydrothermal-activity) is increasing, which then rises the Ocean-Heat-Content (->El-Nino-events), and eventually accelerates Global-Warming. We can see a sharp rise and an elevation of the global-volcanic-activity since around 1997, just after the sharp acceleration of the North-Magnetic Pole-shift (Pole-wander) began, around 1-2 years before. The velocity of the North-Magnetic-Pole-shift was <20km/yr before 1990, and it increased to >45km/yr in 1997 ! In just 7 years it more then doubled ! This fast North-Magnetic-Pole-shift is caused by an interference/interaction between two large lobes (blobs) of negative-magnetic-flux near the Earth’s core-mantle-boundary (CMB), as Satellite-data of ESA’s Swarm-mission showed. This fast North-Magnetic Pole-shift, which can be explained by shifts of either fluids or electric-charge near the CMB, is a onetime-event which has increased global-volcanism by around 30% between ~1997 & 2015, probably caused by increased pressure inside Earth’s mantle, as a result of increased dynamical-processes near the CMB. Another effect which must be mentioned here: Strong magnetic-acceleration-patterns (magnetic-waves) which are located along the equatorial regions of the CMB, and which move around Earth’s outer-core with a 7-year period seem to influence Volcanism too. The -number of active volcanos- in the Phillipines which oscillates with a ~7-year period between 0 and ~3 may be the proof for that. Further there is a clear correlation of sunspot-(solar-cycle)-minimas and Lows in the chart of the -Active Volcanos per year- which shows that Earth’s Volcanism is clearly influenced by strong geomagnetic-storm-periods, or by the missing of such storm-periods ! During sunspot-minimas global volcanism clearly decreases by around 20%! Further the chart of -Total Volcanic Eruptions per year- and strong geomagnetic-storms from 1800-2023 shows that there are sharp increases in volcanic-eruptions visible, shortly after strong geomagnetic-storm-periods !
Category: Geophysics
[57] viXra:2310.0061 [pdf] replaced on 2024-07-18 02:28:48
Authors: Mohammadjavad Maheronnaghsh, Mohammad Mahdi Gheidi, Abolfazl Younesi, MohammadAmin Fazli
Comments: 11 Pages. I have uploaded another versions before. Please remove the previous versions from ViXra.
In the dynamic world of financial markets, accurate price predictions are essential forinformed decision-making. This research proposal outlines a comprehensive study aimed at forecasting stock and currency prices using state-of-the-art Machine Learning (ML) techniques. By delving into the intricacies of models such as Transformers, LSTM, Simple RNN, NHits, and NBeats, we seek to contribute to the realm of financial forecasting, offering valuable insights for investors, financial analysts, and researchers. This article provides an in-depth overview of our methodology, data collection process, model implementations, evaluation metrics, and potential applications of our research findings.The research indicates that NBeats and NHits models exhibit superior performance in financial forecasting tasks, especially with limited data, while Transformers require more data to reach full potential. Our findings offer insights into the strengths of different ML techniques for financial prediction, highlighting specialized models like NBeats and NHits as top performers - thus informing model selection for real-world applications.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[56] viXra:2310.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-12 07:16:54
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this short paper I will present new calculations of black holes that could solve many problems in modern cosmology.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[55] viXra:2310.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-12 13:00:00
Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 12 Pages.
In the present article, we derive an analytic formula of the Apparent Daytime Length Ratio with respect to the Earth's orbit angle $alpha(t)$ between the orbital position of the Earth's perigee and the orbital position of the Earth at a given $t$, with respect to the latitude, with respect to the Earth's axial tilt $epsilon$ and with respect to the solar apparent diameter $theta_{AS}$. That formula is simplified a lot under the approximation of a punctual Sun ($theta_{AS}=0$) and we name it the Punctual Daytime Length Ratio. The first steps for the derivation of the Apparent Daytime Length Ratio is to consider the parametric curve on the Earth's surface satisfying a tangent sunlight with respect to the parametric angle $theta$, the Sunlight obliquity angle $Omega$ (the equatorial declination of the Sun) and with respect to a solar apparent diameter $theta_{AS}$. The second part of the present article is about the precise numerical derivation of the Zenith Time Angle and the precise numerical derivation of the Equation Of Time in the following both cases : at the Meridian Plane $S_{JS}$ parallel to the sunlight at the exact time of the June Solstice, and at the Meridian Plane $S_{ME}$ parallel to the sunlight at the exact time of the March Equinox. For both Zenith Time angles and for both Equations Of Time, there is a tiny latitude dependency/variation of $17$ seconds.
Category: Astrophysics
[54] viXra:2310.0058 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-22 12:23:16
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 5 Pages.
This brief note calls attention to tentative new evidence supporting the hypothesis that Dark Matter represents a large-scale dimensional condensate.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[53] viXra:2310.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-13 01:00:46
Authors: Policarpo Yoshin Ulianov
Comments: 31 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!)
This article analyses the LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory). The author contends that the LIGO failed to detect true GWs which will open door for the emergence of new physics models, at least, the ones that can explain who make a True GWs Detector, as the Witte Ulianov Time Interferometer model. To carry out this analysis, of one True Gravitational Waves Detector (TGWD), we will also use AI Artificial Intelligence. But to do this we first need to show that today, the question is no longer using the TT (Turing Test) to distinguish between a person and an AI. This test has been improved, by the author, to be a new TTT (True Turing Test), and now allows us to differentiate a TAI (True Artificial Intelligence) from a FAI (Fake Artificial Intelligence). This paper also introduces the Witte Ulianov Time Interferometer (WUTI), that can be used as base to make a TGWD. Built upon Einstein’s General Relativity (GR), WUTI capitalizes on the concept that gravitational fields can influence time dilation, akin to a "time flow rate". So, the WUTI identifies GWs through time distortion, over two time sources, when these waves traverse the detector. WUTI employs the Witte effect, first noted by R. D. Witte in 1991, while measuring disparities between atomic clocks. This effect enables the measurement of "time flow" alterations between two points in space, utilizing accurate time sources like atomic clocks or highly stable frequency laser sources. Upon encountering a gravitational wave, these clocks experience modified "time flow" between them, observable through phase comparators.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[52] viXra:2310.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-11 20:07:19
Authors: Lev Ryzhikov
Comments: 5 Pages.
Most optical systems used in lithography include both illumination and imaging parts. The illumination part projects the light source into the plane of the objects of the optical system. In most cases, illuminators use the Kohler type of illumination, when the light source is projected to infinity. However, in some cases in illuminators, it is necessary to use the "Critical" type of illumination when the light source is projected directly into the plane of the objects of the optical system. In this case, it becomes possible to control the plane of objects, that is, to change the configuration of the object without reticle change. That is, in this case, it will be possible to change the configuration of the object without changing the reticle. In this case, the object must include a set of SLM (special light modulators) that form the desired configuration, which must be transferred to the image plane. Thus, by managing the SLM set, you can change the configuration of the object and thus exclude its replacement. That means that one reticle can be used to obtain different images. In this case, the SLM kit makes it possible to eliminate the replacement of the reticle when changing the geometric configuration of the object, which is achieved by changing the transmission (reflection) of the light flux.
Category: Classical Physics
[51] viXra:2310.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-11 09:20:03
Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 4 Pages.
In the "Experiment: Classical fields masquerade as quanta", the Bell/CHSH inequality was violated with classical fields, which until then was considered an indicator for a successful QM experiment. The false positive result raises questions.In the current paper, the Bell/CHSH mathematics is tested with artificially generated classical and quantum data, respectively.
Category: Quantum Physics
[50] viXra:2310.0054 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-11 14:11:23
Authors: Hongyi Li
Comments: 18 Pages.
Some counterexamples to the uniqueness of the set of natural numbers were given and the non-uniqueness of the set of natural numbers was proved on the basis of strict definition of the number of elements of any set. It was proved that the number of elements in any infinite set is more than that in its proper subset and any one-to-one correspondence cannot be established between two sets with different number of elements according to the definition of bijection. As a result, an infinite set cannot correspond one-to-one to its proper subset. So, there is no infinite hotel paradox and Galilean paradox. The set of natural numbers that corresponds one-to-one to the rational numbers set Q is not the proper set of Q, but another set of natural numbers. The part does not equal the whole. The number of digits after the decimal point for infinite decimals may also be different for infinite decimals. When the number is the same, there is no one-to-one correspondence between different dimensional spaces and there is no one-to-one correspondence between different length segments. The real numbers are countable. There is no uncountable set. Almost all of Cantor's counterintuitive theories are wrong in their logic, so the conflict between intuition and logic is not normal and intuitionism and logicism must be united. It is possible to reach limit but the infinite process can never be completed. There is no Zeno paradox. The fact that there are so many errors in the most rigorous mathematics and that they remain uncorrected for so long shows that human logical thinking ability needs to be greatly improved and no one can be sure that he is correct. Therefore, it is foolish to impose one's own views, including ideology and values, on others, even by force, to push mankind towards self-destruction in nuclear and biological wars.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[49] viXra:2310.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-11 23:37:59
Authors: Parker Emmerson
Comments: 11 Pages.
The intent of this paper is to provide a simple focus on that mathematical concept and solution, phenomenological velocity to shine light on aworthy topic for mathematicians and physicists alike. Phenomenological Velocity is essential to the formulation of a gestalt cosmology. The bibliography of this paper provides references to the extensive research that has been conducted by myself on the topic. I have performed conditional integrals of the phenomenological velocity in its most liberated standard-algebraic form, I have shown that the computational-phenomenological velocity satisfies its real-analytic solutionwhen not using the speed of light in scientific notation to get the computational version, thus demonstrating that it is a valid solution. So, phenomenological velocity has profound consequences to the foundations of physics as civilization moves into a galactic scale and information is communicated at the quantumlevel, because it is such a mathematical reality it ought not be ignored when considering topics from hidden dimensions (a real, algebraic technique) and relativity to gravity and dark matter. It gives us a new perspective on how weperceive the meaning of velocity itself with pragnanz, and thus with the new meaning, perspectives can change. I hope the reader will investigate the combined research I have performed on this topic, available by referencing the works in this bibliography to fully understand the nature of the arguments being made within. So, this points the right direction for future research, perhaps even withintent to encourage experimental design.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[48] viXra:2310.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-10 02:40:58
Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 19 Pages.
When the observer's motion state changes, different forms of energy in an isolated system will undergo changes (this is the relativistic effect of energy). If the coefficients of the relativistic effects of different forms of energy are different, changing the observer's state of motion can become a condition for breaking energy conservation. This situation is the principle of energy conservation state change (PECSC). It can serve as a theoretical criterion for testing the correctness of physical theories. Through quantitative analysis of several cases, it was found that PECSC holds true: the principle of narrow relativity can lead to the destruction of the conservation of quantities in the system. This conclusion prompts us to seek new perspectives on spacetime. Considering that the phrase ‘spacetime undergo changes due to absolute motion’ coordinates the relationship between relative and absolute, a relatively-absolute view of spacetime (RAVS) that is compatible with each other can be chosen, and a RAVS which is compatible with both relative and absolute can be chosen. The advantages of RAVS have been proved. Applying the RAVS to analyze previous experimental data, it can be predicted that the absolute motion speed of the Earth is 0.0005c.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[47] viXra:2310.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-10 09:44:29
Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 10 Pages.
According to general relativity, the cause of the light deflection near the Sun is a geometric distortion of spacetime, regardless of the photon structure. Because Einstein had no photon model at his disposal, he used mathematical techniques. In his theory, Einstein did not explain the physical mechanism through which mass produces the spacetime curvature. However, a new paradigm has provided a photon model that can reveal the mechanism of photon deflection in a gravitational field, i.e., in Tesla's inhomogeneous primary substance.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[46] viXra:2310.0050 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-10 22:03:45
Authors: Bukac Josef
Comments: 11 Pages. We use interpolation to get the starting values of parameters. Another paper about The singularity of the atrix appearing in the Gauss-Newton method will follow.
We describe models of proportions depending on some independent quantitative variables. An explicit formula for inverse matrices facilitatesinterpolation as a way to calculate the starting values for iterations in nonlinear regression with logistic functions or ratios of exponential functions.
Category: Statistics
[45] viXra:2310.0049 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-10 22:01:00
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 6 Pages.
The differential equation of second order for space-time-oscillation in flat tangential-spacetime of Minkowski-type can be written as an energy-equation. For this energy-equation the analogon of damping energy in two coupled Minkoswki-spacetimes with ftl can be calculated and formulated over Lamberts W-function or via Euler-equation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[44] viXra:2310.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-10 21:59:13
Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 11 Pages. (Correction to Title made by viXra Admin to conform with scholalry norm - Please conform!)
A Specific Magnitude Budget for the Detection of 44 Nuclear Earthquakes near Large Urban Areas subject to a Natural Seismic Hazard was crucial for finding the typical parameters of the Nuclear Earthquakes : $5.9-7.9~M_w$, from 1st January 1960 to 15th September 2023, $R_i <160~km$ with the index $i$ spanning the $1230$ largest cities and having a maximal horizontal shaking ratio $10^{M_w,i} /R_i^2$ for each specific city $i$ satisfying these typical parameters. Therefore, it allows to build a filter $mathcal{F}_Z$ and to filter out a total of $189$ earthquakes around $372$ cities with a relatively low background of Natural Earthquakes with respect to the Nuclear ones. By including the $189$ filtered earthquakes around these $372$ cities, there is a total of $393$ cities having enough seismic data, with respect to a sufficiently large background of the recent smaller earthquakes around these same cities ($M_wgeq M_{w,0} =4.0$, 1980-2022, $R_i < R_{max}=160~km$, Gutenberg-Richter law and $Delta N_i geq 10^{5.9-4.0}>79$ in the case of an absence of filtered earthquakes with the filter $mathcal{F}_Z$), in order to derive the Probability Estimation of having a such maximal horizontal shaking ratio. Finally, there is a 8.4-$sigma$ anomaly from a statistical excess of the maximal horizontal shaking ratio of the filtered earthquakes with the filter $mathcal{F}_Z$ and with a Probability Estimation Cutoff of $<0.43$ (There is an artifact close to $1$ arising from an exponential behavior inside the Probability Estimation formula of having a such maximal horizontal shaking ratio). Of course, by taking some random positions for the $1230$ largest cities, it vanishes completely that 8.4-$sigma$ anomaly.
Category: Geophysics
[43] viXra:2310.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-10 21:49:36
Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 5 Pages.
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into education has the potential to revolutionize traditional teaching and learning methods. AI can offer personalized learning experiences, streamline administrative tasks,enhance feedback mechanisms, and provide robust data analysis. Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive impact of AI on both student outcomes and teacher efficiency. However, caution must be exercised when implementing AI in education, considering potential risks and ethical dilemmas. It is essential to use AI as a tool to support human educators rather than replace them entirely. The adoption of AI in education holds the promise of creating more inclusive and effective learning environments, catering to students of diverse backgrounds and abilities. As AI technology continues to advance, the education sector can anticipate even more innovative applications, further shaping the future of learning.This abstract provides an overview of the multifaceted landscape of AI in education, highlighting its potential benefits, associated challenges, and the importance of responsible integration.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[42] viXra:2310.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-10 21:48:11
Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 9 Pages.
The enigma of dividing zero by zero 0 0 has perplexed scholars across philosophy, mathematics, and physics, remaining devoid of a clear-cut solution. This lingering conundrum leaves us in an unsatisfactory position,as there emerges a genuine necessity for such divisions, particularly in scenarios involving tensor components that are both set at zero. This article endeavors to grapple with this profound issue by leveraging the insights of Einstein’s theory of special relativity. Surprisingly, when we wholeheartedly embrace the ramifications of this theory, it becomes evidentthat zero divided by zero must equate to one 00 = 1. Essentially, we are confronted with a pivotal decision: either embrace the feasibility and definition of dividing zero by zero, in accordance with Einstein’s theory of special relativity, or reevaluate the integrity of this fundamental theory itself. This exploration delves into the profound consequences arisingfrom this critical choice.
Category: Number Theory
[41] viXra:2310.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-10 21:46:42
Authors: Parker Emmerson
Comments: 13 Pages.
The Riemann Hypothesis can be reworded to indicate that the real part of one half always balanced at the infinity tensor by stating that the Riemann zeta function has no more than an infinity tensor’s worth of zeros on the critical line. For something to be true in proof, it often requires an outside perspective. In other words, there must be some exterior, alternate perspective or system on or applied to the hypothesis from which the proof can be derived. Two perspectives, essentially must agree. Here, a fractal web with infinitesimal 3D strange attractor is theorized as present at the solutions to the Riemann Zeta function and in combination with the infinity tensor yields an abstract, mathematical object from which the rewording of the Riemann Zeta function can be derived. From the rewording, the law that mathematical sequences can be expressed in more concise and manageable forms is applied and the proof is manifested. The mathematical law that any mathematical sequence can be expressed in simpler and more concise terms: ∀s∃su2032⊆s: ∀φ: s⊆φ ⇒ su2032⊆φ, is the final key to the proof when comparing the real and imaginary parts. Parker Emmerson is affiliated with now defunct, Marlboro College, as he attained his B.A. in Psychology and Philosophy with a focus on mathematics of perception in 2010.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[40] viXra:2310.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-10 22:09:47
Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 2 Pages.
This paper describes a concept that sub-photons (described in a previous paper) contribute to a "zero reference point" for velocity. This paper also describes how this "zero reference point" can vary in the universe. Also proposed is a variable speed of light depending on the reference, based on a comparison of the origin of electromagnetic or gravitational waves to the point of measurement. Also described is a proposal to explain the controversial subject of high velocities of celestial objects in the outer portions of rotating galaxies.
Category: Astrophysics
[39] viXra:2310.0042 [pdf] replaced on 2024-05-21 20:44:46
Authors: Benjamin Lesel
Comments: 3 Pages.
Modern physics primarily focuses on time in the durational context which we, as humans, are very familiar with and has been historically useful from an evolutionary perspective. However, this experiential bias of durational time may be misleading when trying to uncover the true nature of time and the relationship between the quantum and relativistic aspects of our universe. Here we will discuss time as a spatial dimension through a simple derivation of the time dilation equation utilizing simple conversions of time to a spatial dimension to highlight a new understanding of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[38] viXra:2310.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-10 01:15:19
Authors: Hashem Sazegar
Comments: 5 Pages.
Oppermance’ conjecture states that there is a prime number between n^2 and n^2 + n for every positive integer n,first we show that , All integer numbers between x^2 and x^2 + ϵx can be written as x^2 + i > 4p that 1 ≤ i ≤ ϵx andp = (x − m − 2)2 + j in which j is a number in intervals 1 ≤ j ≤ ϵ(x − m − 2),and then we prove generalization of Oppermance’ conjecture i.e there is a prime number in interval n^2 and n^2 + ϵn such that 0 < ϵ ≤ 1.
Category: Number Theory
[37] viXra:2310.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-09 19:00:11
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 31 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
Group theory is a good way to study Particle Physics, when all the details are not known. U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3) is a good example as the symmetry group of the Standard Model (SM). It is well established, yet it is still a mystery why these symmetries, and why not a different or bigger group. The paper starts with an analysis of multi-fold aspects inspired from the Geometric Unity (GU). The first stages of the GU approach are contrasted with the multi-fold space time matter induction approach. It leads to different ways to characterize the symmetries of the 4D spacetime in the embedding space: Two unoriented 7D space time, tagged to cover a left and a right chirality, undefined in 7D, and therefore a Spin(7,7) symmetry. Spin (7,7) can be reduced by symmetry breaking to Sl(2,ℂ) x U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3), via a whole bunch of different paths and possible interim symmetries. The first term corresponds to General Relativity (GR) in 4D with Lorentz symmetries, while the rest are the SM symmetries associated to Quantum Physics. This 7D space, with chiral labels, is a local 7D ε neighborhood seen from the 4D spacetime, through multi-fold entry, exit or mapping points, locally embedding it, without Physics in it and implementing space time matter induction and scattering in the 4D multi-fold spacetime, ensuring U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3) for the SM, and induction of the SM particles. Indeed, the doubling of the spacetime sharing time as 7D embedding space explains the algebra doubling on non-commutative geometry in 4D that also predicts the SM particles. Revisiting the multi-fold mechanisms, we explicitly detail why a multi-fold spacetime carries U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3) symmetries, in addition to Lorentz symmetry. Also, GR reigns in the embedding space, Ricci flat or Einsteinian. It allows us to revisit aspects of wormhole traversability.Explaining why SM has the symmetry that it has is quite unique. So far, the GUTs failures to provide such an explanation, made U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3) even more puzzling. Furthermore, supersymmetry is not physical/A consequence of this paper is that GR, or the Hilbert Einstein action contains fully the Standard, and that there is no need to invoke fine-tuning or multiverses to explain our universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[36] viXra:2310.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-09 22:13:27
Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 14 Pages.
This paper proposes that both gravitational waves and electromagnetic waves are created by the same small particles which are referred to here as sub-photons. These sub-photons cause a "pushing" or repulsive type gravity described by Le Sage and many other researchers. Proposals are given to describe how sub-photons contribute to gravity, electrical current, magnetism, inductance and the energy generation of celestial objects.
Category: Astrophysics
[35] viXra:2310.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-08 09:40:27
Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: 2 Pages.
Using dimensional analysis, possible reasons are discussed why the pressure-induced spin bi-stability in dense molecular hydrogen occurs at an intermolecular distance of 1.509(14) Å and why the intramolecular distance levels off at 0.727(5) Å at high pressures.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[34] viXra:2310.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-08 22:27:45
Authors: Wanpeng Tan
Comments: 21 Pages. more papers at https://www.wanpengtan.com/smm/
A novel chiral electron-hole (CEH) pairing mechanism is proposed to account for non-BCS superconductivity. In contrast to BCS Cooper pairs, CEH pairs exhibit a pronounced affinity to antiferromagnetism for superconductivity. The gap equations derived from this new microscopic mechanism are analyzed for both s- and d-wave superconductivity, revealing marked departures from the BCS theory. Unsurprisingly, CEH naturally describes superconductivity in strongly-correlated systems, necessitating an exceedingly large coupling parameter ($lambda>1$ for s-wave and $lambda>pi/2$ for d-wave) to be efficacious. The new mechanism provides a better understanding of various non-BCS features, especially in cuprate and iron-based superconductors. In particular, CEH, through quantitative comparison with experimental data, shows promise in solving long-standing puzzles such as the unexpectedly large gap-to-critical-temperature ratio $Delta_0/T_c$, the lack of gap closure at $T_c$, superconducting phase diagrams, and a non-zero heat-capacity-to-temperature ratio $C/T$ at $T=0$ (i.e., the ``anomalous linear term''), along with its quadratic behavior near $T=0$ for d-wave cuprates.
Category: Condensed Matter
[33] viXra:2310.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-09 02:24:04
Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 15 Pages. This manuscript gives powerful theory from authors prior theory of nuclear magnetic moments for explaining range of phenomena from industrial fermentative productions to lack of lightning on Venus and Neptune and Neptune's disappearing clouds!
Fermentative productions of amino acids are thought to retain homochirality. This work proposes rotational motions for accelerations by centrifugations during fermentative processes enrich heavier, stable isotopes of differing nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs) with consequent altered chirality and magnitude of rotating polarized light for altering chemical, physical and biological phenomena. The author discovered gravity seeding homochirality. Thereby in this work, the author determined that altered gravity can change magnitude and direction of chirality. In this work, the changes in isotopes alter gravitational effects on metabolism in hosts eating fermentative produced amino acids. Cancer was determined from eating heavy isotopes from fermentative processes and cancer cells were reasoned in this work to be more affected as earth’s gravitational field is reduce by travel away from earth’s surface. Similarly accelerated motional and gravitational effects on isotopes in planetary atmospheres of Earth, Saturn, Jupiter and Uranus by 14N, 15N, 1H, 3He, 13C and 17O was reasoned in this work to cause lightning. Such solvent of positive NMMs were reasoned to accumulate and exchange charges in clouds and solute negative NMMs were reasoned to alter charge for streamers to induce lightning strikes. Lack of sufficient 13C and 17O in the CO2 of Venus’ atmosphere is explained in this work to mediate lack of charge accumulation and discharge for lack of lightning on Venus. The lower temperature (-214 oC) and raining N2 (boiling temperature of -210 oC) in Neptune was reasoned in this work to strips 15N from the atmosphere of Neptune for explaining its lack of lightning in spite of its similar atmospheric composition but warmer (-193 oC) as Uranus. Such internal charging of Neptunian’s atmosphere by the inability to discharge lightning by the author’s theory is a basis for stronger gravitomagnetic coupling of Neptune to the magnetic field of the Sun. The author thereby explains the disappearance and appearance cycle of Neptune’s clouds by gravitomagnetic coupling of charged clouds of Neptune to 11-year magnetic pole reversal of the Sun!
Category: Physics of Biology
[32] viXra:2310.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-07 15:57:16
Authors: Adam Mohib, Kiran Abraham, Karan Ramesh Urs, Tamilchezhiyan Kalidass, Rishi Chandrasekaran, Rayna Jindal, Vivitsa Labh, Mostafa Khan
Comments: 7 Pages.
Type 2 diabetes, often referred to as T2D, is a widespread health condition. This study focuses on the specific genetic variation in a single nucleotide poly- morphism (SNP) rs7903146 in the gene TCF7L2 and its potential association with T2D. We examined DNA samples from Bangladeshi individuals to see whether the genetic variant rs7903146 is associated with T2D in this community. We discovered that the CC variant of rs7903146 was extremely prevalent, appearing in all of the samples from people without T2D and in the majority of the samples from people with T2D out of the 38 sequences they looked at (16 from people without T2D and 22 from people with T2D). In a tiny proportion of T2D patients, there was also a less prevalent variant called CT. Surprisingly, the Bangladeshi population in this study did not show a clear association be- tween rs7903146 and T2D. This counters what several earlier investigations have found. This opens the door for more future research to completely comprehend the genetic and environmental causes of T2D to build preventative treatments for this quickly increasing global health problem.
Category: Biochemistry
[31] viXra:2310.0034 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-31 06:51:21
Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 18 Pages.
Newton's Laws of Motions are considered a basic corner stone of Physics. Thus, a claim that Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, might not be applicable in certain cases, sounds as an out of line, and an incorrect claim.Nevertheless, this paper presents such a claim, based on arguments resulting from the structural identities between Newton's Universal Gravitational Law and Coulomb's Law.Based on these structural identities, this paper presents the prediction, that similar to Newton's Gravitational Field, which is already recognized also as a form of Acceleration, also Electric Fields, might be also forms of Acceleration.The above also results in the conclusion, that for Electrically Charged Bodies, attracted or repelled under Coulomb's Law, Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, might not be applicable, and should be replaced with a different Law, namely, F=kqa.Also, based on the above-mentioned structural identities between Newton's Universal Gravitational Law and Coulomb's Law, a paper published by the author of this paper, expandsEinstein’s General Relativity Theory to include Electrically Charged Bodies in addition to Massive Bodies, which also provides an explanation for the source of the attraction or the repulsion between Electrically Charged Bodies, which is still a mystery today.The above presented predictions, presented in this paper, that Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, might not be always applicable, and that Electric (or Magnetic) Fields are also forms of Acceleration, might sound extraordinary, not correct, and out of line predictions.However, this paper also proposes a relatively simple experiment, which if implemented, and its results will be successful, it might provide validity, (or disprove), the above presented predictions.Parts of the materials presented in this paper, were already presented in additional papers, by the author of this paper. Those papers are also mentioned in the body of this paper, and also appear in the references section of this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[30] viXra:2310.0033 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-16 01:02:37
Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 145 Pages.
I searched for the root of phenomenon and discovered that the origin of the universe is a simple structure. In other words, it was found that space is made up of infinitesimal grains, and they are in such a relationship that when one contracts, the other expands. The contraction and expansion of these grains form elementary particles, which are substances. It also forms gravitational fields and dark energy fields as spatial distortions. This discovery follows the law of conservation of energy and complies with the theory of relativity. And the universe circulation system can be predicted.The gravitational field is a positive energy field in which grains in the space around a star contract and form layers arranged in a spherical shape. The dark energy field is a negative energy field in which grains of space expand and form layers arranged in a spherical shape from the edge of the universe. An elementary particle is an excited state of space in which the expansion and contraction of grains in space rotate while shifting the phase. The center part represents character of a particle, and the foot part represents a character of field.Matter moves as it is dragged along by kinetic energy, which is waves generated in space. The kinetic energy of an electron separates from the electron and becomes a photon.Dark matter is a gravitational field. The dark energy field also explains the isotropic acceleration of galaxies moving away from each other and the existence of the cosmic background radiation. Also, contrary to the Big Bang theory, the universe circulation system predicts the existence of older, more mature galaxies the farther out into space.I found the following about elementary particles. 1. 1. The speed of a photon is different from the speed of light 2. The reason for the principle of constant speed of light, 3. Coulomb's constant, the speed of light, and Planck's constant are the same thing 4. The field is the foot of a particle. 5. The reason why an electrical field and a magnetic field are at right angle each other. 6. The reason why an electron and a proton have the same charge. 7. A magnetic field is created around electric current. 8. The appearance of electrical current and the way how electrical energy is transported, 10. Antiparticles are particles that move in the opposite direction of the particles, etc.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[29] viXra:2310.0032 [pdf] replaced on 2024-12-04 19:15:45
Authors: E. Curbelo, L. Martino, F. Llorente, D. Delgado-Gomez
Comments: 45 Pages.
In this paper we address the problem of performing Bayesian inference for the parameters of a nonlinear multioutput model and the covariance matrix of the different output signals. We proposean adaptive importance sampling (AIS) scheme for multivariate Bayesian inversion problems, which is based in two main ideas: the variables of interest are split in two blocks and the inferencetakes advantage of known analytical optimization formulas. We estimate both the unknown parameters of the multivariate non-linear model and the covariance matrix of the noise. In the first part of the proposed inference scheme, a novel AIS technique called adaptive target adaptive importance sampling (ATAIS) is designed, which alternates iteratively between an IS technique over the parameters of the non-linear model and a frequentist approach for the covariance matrix of the noise. In the second part of the proposed inference scheme, a prior density over the covariance matrix is considered and the cloud of samples obtained by ATAIS are recycled and re-weighted to obtain a complete Bayesian study over the model parameters and covariance matrix. ATAIS is the main contribution of the work. Additionally, the inverted layered importance sampling (ILIS) is presented as a possible compelling algorithm (but based on a conceptually simpler idea). Different numerical examples show the benefits of the proposed approaches.
Category: Statistics
[28] viXra:2310.0031 [pdf] replaced on 2023-12-09 15:09:44
Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 9 Pages.
In this paper we introduce the idea of electric fictitious currents for the electromagnetic field. Electric fictitious currents are currents that arise in electrodynamics when we change the topology of space. We show, with a specific example, how fictitious currents may be the source of magnetic moment of a singularity.
Category: Classical Physics
[27] viXra:2310.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-06 22:50:59
Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 4 Pages.
In one of my previous articles (https://vixra.org/abs/1701.0042) I already demonstrated the deep relationship of this Riemann function (canonical partition function of the imaginary parts of the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann z function) with gravity and electromagnetism. In this work we recover it to show its deep connection with a new very simple function that uses the imaginary part of the first zero of the Riemann zeta function together with another well-known function of the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function.Its extraordinary simplicity, without random terms appearing, and that in both functions (the canonical partition function of the imaginary parts of the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function and the new one, derived from the imaginary part of the first zero of zeta) are present the Planck mass, Newton's gravitation constant and the elementary electric charge, implies that their coincidence is completely impossible. At the same time, and for some time now, both mathematicians and physicists have been trying to demonstrate the Riemann hypothesis from quantum mechanics, but so far this has not been achieved. Our work works in reverse and demonstrates that the Riemann zeta function for non-trivial zeros plays an essential role in quantum mechanics and in a possible unification theory, as will be observed by the equations that we will show. We even dare to conjecture that the Physical baryon density ( value 2018,0.0224±0.0001 ) parameter is obtained with a function involved in this work (non-trivial zeros of the function z)
Category: Quantum Physics
[26] viXra:2310.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-05 01:35:15
Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 11 Pages.
In presenting the case for an information touchstone of logic as the code of a zero-dimensional time and space theory, in confirming what is observed of physical phenomena, the presumption of consciousness in this process of logic, information, confirmation, and thence the supposition of awareness is addressed. The manner of this address is through identifying information as themes relevant to the zero-dimensional physical theory’s derivations. In recognition of our conscious drives and abilities, the information themes are considered as being self-evident for what is generally considered as consciousness. Identified here in this paper are those basic themes in physical reality we more likely than not as conscious beings are subject to.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[25] viXra:2310.0028 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-10 07:23:27
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 10 Pages.
This paper explores how to detect the viscous force of dark matter fluids. In a microscopic environment like the Earth, the ideal measuring device is the gravitational constant measuring device. However, although the order of magnitude of the viscosity force of dark matter fluid is equivalent to the gravitational constant, due to the symmetry arrangement of the gravitational constant Measuring device itself, the influence of various external factors including the viscous force of dark matter fluids has also been eliminated. Of course, The gravitational constant measuring device used in a general physics laboratory may not be accurate. It requires sophisticated professional equipment to complete. In addition, the direct measurement with other devices is not very good. The main thing is that the accuracy requirements are higher. In the interstellar range, the use of artificial satellites and spacecraft to make measurements may also be affected by gravity, and there are also some key problems to solve. In order to solve the above problems, this paper proposes a method that uses the principle of superconducting diamagnetism to balance pendulum, effectively eliminating the problem of symmetric placement of pendulum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[24] viXra:2310.0027 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-05 20:39:48
Authors: S. A. Larin
Comments: 9 Pages.
We suggest a new solution to the strong CP problem. The solution is based on the proper use of the boumdary conditions for the QCD generatimg functional integral. It obeys the principle of renormalizability of Quantum Field Theory and does not involve new particles like axions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[23] viXra:2310.0026 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-23 19:39:36
Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 7 Pages.
In previous study, the masses of six dimensional neutrinos were calculated and the ratio of the 0D mass to the 3D mass was shown to be cosmological constant problem 1E-121.54. In this study, four values were additionally found. (1) The neutrino root ratio of the 3D mass to the 2D mass is 2.99789E8, and the error is 0.001% of light speed 2.99792E8 m/s. (2) The neutrino root ratio of the 5D mass to the 6D mass is 88.163%, and the error is 0.02% of the ratio 88.145% of W 80.377 GeV and Z 91.1876 GeV. (3) The neutrino root ratio of the 0D mass to the 1D mass is 5.9065E-39, and the error is 0.01% of gravitational coupling constant 5.90595E-39. (4) From 2D gravino mass 2.2504E-50 eV/c2 that is photon, 6.5836E-16 eV·s is calculated, and the error is 0.023% of Dirac constant 6.5821E-16 eV·s. It was once again confirmed that the origin of all things is neutrinos and gravinos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[22] viXra:2310.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-05 20:33:49
Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 3 Pages. Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0
Recent research, published in Nature (Anderson et al, 2023 [1]) shows that antimatter, in the form of antihydrogen, falls freely in the presence of a gravitational field. This ought to come as no surprise to any physicist, as it follows, logically, from the Special Theory of Relativity, which proposes that mass and energy are equivalent, and the General Theory of Relativity, which proposes that mass-energy produces gravitational fields, and is affected by them. As antimatter possesses both mass and energy, if the experiment conducted by Anderson and his colleagues had shown any other reaction to the one it did, they would have disproved both of Einstein’s theories. ‘Exotic matter’, rather than antimatter, is the kind that can be expected to evoke an ‘anti-gravity’ effect.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[21] viXra:2310.0024 [pdf] replaced on 2023-11-04 20:36:23
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 18 Pages. Final Version
Goal of physics is to arrive at new theory still rooted in old theory. From Newtonian physics to Einstein and most probably to quantum gravity and then to unified field theory that is most accepted view on how physics theories should progress. But what if this assumption is not true?What if from Newton to Einstein and then to Extended Einstein? What if final step does not take into account quantum physics? This seems absurd at first but I will explore this possibility. First question that arises is that basics or fundamental physics should stay at basic level same, basic physics is classical physics and then from it Relativity emerges as result of Maxwell equations. Then a new physic is born, quantum physics that changes the view of classical physics into probability theory with no way to say what will happen exactly.This approach was most successful theory of twenty century and to this day proves itself with amazing accuracy. On the other side of physics there is another successful theory that is general relativity, that proves itself with any experiment. But both theories are incomplete, quantum physics lacks gravity, relativity breaks down at singularities that emerge from it in crucial of universe evolution moment that is the moment of big bang itself.Most physics community effort goes into trying to quantize gravity one way or another, or in general unify quantum physics with gravity and extensions of standard model. But there should be equal amount of tries to do the opposite, try to make quantum physics consistent with gravity first. By that I mean that quantum should be relativized same way theory of relativity needs to be quantized.My approach will be even another one, I will assume that only step forward is to extend relativity into more general theory without need to quantize it at all. And that its generalization will be good enough to explain quantum effects. This may seem absurd at first but as I will show it gives pretty good results and in general is a good but very complicated model of spacetime curvature.Field a physical field should be threat as field a continuous one with no gaps with empty parts of that field. Same should apply to matter field, matter should be treat as one field that is continuous in all space and that is goal of this work.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[20] viXra:2310.0023 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-07 23:32:03
Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 44 Pages. Published in Axioms, vol. 13, No. 3, 138 (2024) https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/13/3/138
We solve the particle-antiparticle and cosmological constant problems proceeding from quantum theory, which postulates that: various states of the system under consideration are elements of a Hilbert space$cal{H}$ with a positive definite metric; each physical quantity is defined by a self-adjoint operator in $cal{H}$;symmetry at the quantum level is defined by a representation of a real Lie algebra $A$ in $cal{H}$ such that the representation operator of any basis element of $A$ is self-adjoint. These conditions guarantee the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory. We explain that in the approaches to solving these problems that are described in the literature, not all of these conditions have been met. We argue that fundamental objects in particle theory are not elementary particles and antiparticles but objects described by irreducible representations (IRs) of the de Sitter (dS) algebra.One might ask why, then, experimental data give the impression that particles and antiparticles are fundamental and there are conserved additive quantum numbers (electric charge, baryon quantum number and others). The matter is that, at the present stage of the universe, the contraction parameter $R$ from the dS to the Poincare algebra is very large and, in the formal limit $Rtoinfty$, one IR of the dS algebra splits into two IRs of the Poincare algebra corresponding to a particle and its antiparticle with the same masses. The problem why the quantities $(c,hbar,R)$ are as are does not arise because they are contraction parameters for transitions from more general Lie algebras to less general ones. Then the baryon asymmetry of the universe problem does not arise. At the present stage of the universe, the phenomenon of cosmological acceleration (PCA) is described without uncertainties as an inevitable {it kinematical} consequence of quantum theory in semiclassical approximation. In particular, it is not necessary to involve dark energy the physical meaning of which is a mystery. In our approach, background space and its geometry are not used and $R$ has nothing to do with the radius of dS space. In semiclassical approximation, the results for PCA are the same as in General Relativity if $Lambda=3/R^2$, i.e., $Lambda>0$ and there isno freedom in choosing the value of $Lambda$.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[19] viXra:2310.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-04 00:26:43
Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 18 Pages.
Proposed here is a touchstone logic for physical phenomena, notable as a proposed logic for the zero-dimensions of time and space, specifically for time as a moment and space as a point. The proposed logic utilizes the conjecture that a moment in time is not a point in space, and by their difference, according to a specific mathematically labelled logic, the dimensions of time and space become manifest. The manifestation of the dimensions from zero-dimensionality are thence shown to encompass a time and space dimensional number theory that when scaled with physical phenomena is shown to harbour all the known information of quantum field theory and general relativity. The confounding result for this zero-dimensional number theory as a physical theory is the stars beyond this solar system derived as being a holographic projection of activity in this solar system’s Hydrogen wall. Discussed here therefore is whether the proposed touchstone logos used here is or is not an exact account of physical reality’s structure.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[18] viXra:2310.0021 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-04 21:28:20
Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 4 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required - Please conform in the future)
We propose a Physical explanation of duality by considering two new concepts, namely that every particle is made up of a stationary wave and that empty space is a granular medium which is a fluid quantum. The corpuscle can be considered as a vortex of this medium in a balance state with it, the wave is so the resonant state of the medium-space .This interpretation is compatible with quantum and relativistic theories .
Category: Quantum Physics
[17] viXra:2310.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-04 07:27:08
Authors: Rolando Zucchini
Comments: 13 Pages.
In the chapter 12° of his most significant book LIBER ABACI, Leonardo Pisano known as Fibonacci (Pisa 1170-1240 (?)) proposed a problem on the reproduction of rabbits [*]. So many scholars deduced that he arrives to his famous numerical sequence starting from this problem. In this article is explained a new hypothesis. The Fibonacci sequence was generated by the iteration of a theorem on the Golden Section, and it is presumably that was the great Italian mathematician to state and demonstrate it. The theorem allow us to proof a lot of properties of Fibonacci numbers. [*] A man put a pair of rabbits in a place surrounded on all sides by a wall. How many pairs of rabbits can be produced by the initial couple in a year supposing every couple each month produces a new pair that can reproduce itself from the second month?
Category: Number Theory
[16] viXra:2310.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-04 08:06:50
Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 2 Pages.
In this brief note there are showed original formulations for the reciprocal of the Riemann zeta function evaluated at 1, and Mertens function.
Category: Number Theory
[15] viXra:2310.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-04 11:42:36
Authors: Victor L. Mironov, Sergey V. Mironov
Comments: 10 Pages.
We present a description of plane Poiseuille flow of non-Newtonian time-independent fluid based on symmetric equations, which take into account both the longitudinal motion and rotation of the vortex tubes. This model has analytical solution in the form of the two-parametric velocity distribution, which is in good agreement with velocimetry data in microchannels. The advantage of this approach is that, in contrast to the Ostwald-de Waele power law, it provides a more accurate approximation of experimental velocity profiles for different Reynolds numbers by model profiles corresponding to the same viscosity parameter. We believe that this simple model can be useful for making adequate estimates for the parameters of non-Newtonian time-independent fluids in engineering hydrodynamics.
Category: Condensed Matter
[14] viXra:2310.0017 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-04 21:23:10
Authors: Joao Carlos Holland Barcellos
Comments: 25 Pages.
The "Scientific-Meta-Ethics , or simply SME, to shorten it, is a scientific-philosophic theory that aims to standardize, or rather, to bring ethics and morals into the domain of science, and as a consequence to bring law and justice
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[13] viXra:2310.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-04 21:22:16
Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 6 Pages.
It is demonstrated that the statistical method of the famous Aspect- Bell experiment requires negative densities and negative probabilities from "the thing" researched, else that thing doesn’t exist. The thing refers here to Einstein hidden variables. This requirement in the experiment is absurd and so the results from such experiment are meaningless.
Category: Quantum Physics
[12] viXra:2310.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-04 22:21:52
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 5 Pages.
This short paper provides a short list of comments in answer to the request for public comments for the MPAI MMC (Multi-modal conversations) V2.Our concerns can be grouped in terms of questions on business value, on the architecture assumptions, the standardized artefacts, and the scope of the MMC use cases. Except for the latter, these comments can probably read, and apply to other drafts published by MPAI (MOVING PICTURE, AUDIO AND DATA CODING BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE) and on-going activities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[11] viXra:2310.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-03 23:45:18
Authors: Jeonghoon Lee
Comments: 18 Pages.
Time is a concept to explain change. Since gravity is a force that causes change, time can be defined using the rate at which gravity is propagated. (gravity-time). The speed of gravity is invariant in the pan-inertial frame and is not affected by other gravity, gravity-time is homogeneous even in the gravitational field. (In an inertial frame, gravity-time is equal to the time of the special theory of relativity). Gravity, created by a point mass, can be removed by using a reference frame of uniform circular motion (speed v) so that the speed of light in the gravitational field can be calculated. Here, if Newtonian mechanics is applied as an approximation and the above equation is converted into an equation of radius R, then the speed of light and the size of the black hole exactly match the values calculated by the general theory of relativity. The principle of constancy of the speed of gravity establishes the Lorentz transformation. When viewed from a moving object in respect to a star, gravity-time in the star passes slowly. Due to the difference in the time flow between the star and the object, the gravity transmitted from the star for a certain time reaches the moving object in a longer time, so the gravity works weakly compared to a stationary object. The gravity-time equations of motion could be represented using the momentarily co-moving pan-inertial frame. With this equation, we can show that even inside a black hole, the acceleration or the acting force does not become infinite. Also, the size of a black hole is smaller than the Schwarzschild radius. The theory of gravity-time predicts that gravitational wave is faster than light in a gravitational field, and that gravity works weakly on a moving object compared to a stationary one.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[10] viXra:2310.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-03 23:46:39
Authors: Parker Emmerson
Comments: 6 Pages.
The Riemann Hypothesis can be reworded to indicate that the real part of one half always balanced at the infinity tensor by stating that the Riemann zeta function has no more than an infinity tensor's worth of zeros on the critical line.
Category: Number Theory
[9] viXra:2310.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-03 23:47:40
Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 9 Pages.
Entanglement is information distributed over the parts of a system, classical or quantum. It can be modeled as a reduction of the structure group, of horizontal symmetries, extending the Gauge Theory paradigm. Many conflicting interpretations are rooted in considering quantum properties as ``intrinsic'', e.g. in the Point-Form QFT / Gauge Theory, and needing a causal connection for ``changing'' the unknown state of the partner-particle, or confirming that QM is (was) ``incomplete'': EPR. The natural explanation of entanglement starts with Einstein's time synchronization and takes advantage of the advancement in our models of particle physics and quantum computing. The ``external variables'' emerge from the ``intrinsic variables'' and the entanglement relations are in fact generalizations of conservation laws. New aspects will be discussed: beyond Noether Theorem, from gauge fiber to horizontal symmetry groups, Hopf algebras model change of symmetry group, analogous to creation-annihilation of pairs of particle-antiparticle, but for information, corresponding to entanglement. Relations with quantum eraser, 2-slit experiment and retrocausality are discussed.
Category: Quantum Physics
[8] viXra:2310.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-03 23:31:46
Authors: Antonio Francino, Gabriel Simón
Comments: 13 Pages.
One of the most effective theories for dark matter is Milgrom’s Modified Newtonian Dynamics, where a modified law of gravity based on a fixed acceleration scale a0 is postulated that provides a correct description of the gravitational fields in galaxies. However, the significance of a0 is unknown, and the whole theory is generally viewed as a phenomenological description of the observations. Based on Newton’s gravitational law as applied to a uniform continuous mass we posit a non-homogeneous distribution of mass at cosmological scales that would give rise to a constant acceleration that agrees with MOND’s a0. The implications for MOND as a viable theory of dark matter and for the problem of dark energy are discussed. In particular, relativistic high rotational velocities would be achieved at the border regions of the universe that would generate a transverse Doppler redshift that scales linearly with distance and migh provide an alternative explanation for the observed redshifts and expansion.
Category: Astrophysics
[7] viXra:2310.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-02 05:29:02
Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 19 Pages.
We find one proof for one form of the change of variable in integration result with Lebesgue integrals.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[6] viXra:2310.0008 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-02 08:46:23
Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 7 Pages.
It’s not a question of nature being inherently chaotic or random, an issue like a dead horse that has been beaten multiple times. It’s a question of reality versus fantasy. As curious beings, we have a need to know, we want to understand, and the data required to validate our theories compels us to observation. By re-examining what the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle entails at quantum scale, we are faced with the brute fact that the very nature of the real world demands that any theory describing it faithfully is a probability theory. And Quantum Mechanics is such a theory. Einstein once famously said that God doesn’t play dice with the universe. We agree with this view, however for different reasons. In this paper a deity will play, surprisingly, a different role.
Category: Quantum Physics
[5] viXra:2310.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-02 22:38:46
Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 9 Pages.
Gravitational energy is localized. It is shown that the massless gravitational energy is enclosed in space, which is curved by matter, according to Einstein's theory. This solves the problem of the unambiguous localization of gravitational energy, a problem that Einstein left to the mercy of fate. Depending on the nature of the curvature of space, this energy can be positive (gravitational waves) or negative (Schwarzschild space). The density of the space’s energy is obtained. The emission of massless gravitational waves reduces the inertial mass of the emitter. In the Schwarzschild case, the receipt of the gravitational energy from the space by matter increases the inertial mass of the matter. Since the gravitational mass of an isolated system is determined by the curvature of space at infinity, the inertial mass of an isolated system exceeds its gravitational mass by the value of the gravitational energy of space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2310.0006 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-02 14:08:51
Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 4 Pages.
Several Human-Inspired Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms were proposed in literature. But the concept of Devotees-Inspired Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms is not yet explored. In this article, Lord Rama Devotees Algorithm (LRDA) is proposed which is a new Devotees-Inspired Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithm.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[3] viXra:2310.0005 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-03 14:27:03
Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 19 Pages. V4. JHEPGC (2024) in press.
A model for particles based on preons in chiral, vector and tensor/graviton supermultiplets of unbroken global supersymmetry is engineered. The framework of the model is little string theory. Phenomenological predictions are discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2] viXra:2310.0003 [pdf] replaced on 2023-12-11 20:49:00
Authors: Kuan Peng
Comments: 17 Pages.
It is known that the Lorentz forces between two current elements do not respect the Newton's third law. This discrepancy hides an unknown property of electromagnetism. For solving this problem, we will derive a new law of magnetic force which respects the Newton's third law. This new law reveals the mechanism that transforms Coulomb’s force into magnetic force. We will also present experimental evidence that supports this new law.
Category: Classical Physics
[1] viXra:2310.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-10 02:13:49
Authors: Oussama Basta
Comments: 2 Pages. A better version
The Riemann zeta function is one of the most important functions in mathematics, but it is also one of the most difficult to compute. In this paper, we present a new closed formula for the Riemann zeta function at prime numbers. Our formula is based on a new function.
Category: Number Theory
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