All Submission Categories

Exploring the Accelerating Expansion of the Universe

Authors: Tony Yuan
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Real author name is required - Please conform!)

The relative velocity between objects will affect the effect between them. The effect caused by the chase between objects is called the general Doppler effect. The speed of gravitational field energy transmission is limited, so there is also a chase relationship between the gravitational field energy and the object. This paper explores whether the Doppler effect of the gravitational field can cause the slow expansion of planetary orbits, and then thinks whether the accelerating expansion of the universe also comes from the Doppler effect of this gravitational field.
Category: Astrophysics

Ether Was Proved Based on the Sagnac Effect

Authors: Demin Liu
Comments: 2 Pages.

In fact, the ether can be proven from the deformation of the Sagnac effect formula, but relativity gives different explanations, so the author did a new experiment "The Discovery of a New Photoelectric Medium Based on Experiments" published in the Thermodynamics and Energy section of this website.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Inertial Mass and Equivalence Principle in General Relativity

Authors: Wenceslao González
Comments: 19 Pages.

We formulate the equivalence principle in Newtonian mechanics and General Relativity. We distinguish seven formulations of the equivalence principle, but not all are equivalent. We summarize the methods used in General Relativity to calculate the inertial mass. His examinationleads us to consider two total energy-momentum tensors: calculated from gravitational mass andusing inertial mass. The first is the one that appears in the gravitational field equation, and the second is the one that allows us to determine the system's energy and, therefore, its inertial mass.We conclude that the theory of General Relativity does not explain the equality of inertial andgravitational mass, although it is a result derivable from Newtonian mechanics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Brief Exposition of the Structured Vacuum Theory (STV)

Authors: Alexander Axelrod
Comments: 35 Pages.

All fundamental categories of energy were assigned to specific component of the superfluid matter velocity. Principle role of decomposition to symmetric and anti-symmetric flows was demonstrated for geometrical interpretation of gravity and electromagnetic phenomena.Energy division between kinetic and potential components was interpreted as the energy equal distribution between available degrees of freedom in the system. Main physical concepts like inertial and gravity masses, electric charge, magnetic moment, linear and rotation moments were presented as different types of the vacuum lattice symmetry breaking; Macroscopic energy transformations were interpreted as manifestations of Planck-scale energy transformation mechanisms. The energy transformations are due to energy exchange between four fundamental velocity components of the superfluid substance;All fundamental macroscopic physical laws may be underpinned by a set of 16 Planck-scale energy transformation mechanisms, as a number of coefficients in the dynamic equation describing the velocities mutual bidirectional transformations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Violations of the Vacuum Lattice Structural Asymmetry and Their Relationship to Traditional Physics Concepts

Authors: Alexander Axelrod
Comments: 20 Pages.

In this letter we demonstrate that all basic physical concepts may be defined via the prism of symmetry breaking phenomena. Specifically, each type of symmetry breaking of the vacuum structure corresponds to some traditional concept of the modern physics. Thus, we can assign the most fundamental concepts to specific type of symmetry violation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Dirac's Irony: Is The Proton/Electron Mass Ratio a Dirac's Large Number In Disguise?

Authors: Tomáš Ajdari
Comments: 2 Pages.

The proton/electron mass ratio is a scalar. The true origin of this number might be a 24D concept, (mp/me)^24 — living in the 26D space of the 26 sporadic groups. The mass of Higgs boson (125.186 GeV) is recovered. Quark masses are related to the direct product of the 26 sporadic groups.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Unveiling the Anisotropic Nature of Universal Gravity under the Influence of Gravitational Waves

Authors: Tony Yuan
Comments: 23 Pages.

Applying Newton’s universal gravitational equation, we have been able to calculate the orbit and orbital precession data of the planets in the solar system more accurately, but there are deviations between these data and astronomical observations. For example, the orbital precession of Mercury has a deviation of 43" per century. LIGO has discovered gravitational waves (GWs) from the depths of the universe, confirming that GWs are real, which brings us some new ideas for studying planetary orbits. We know that the disturbance of the gravitational field(GF) will cause GWs, then the sun’s shuttle in the Milky Way will also cause disturbances to the GF of the Milky Way, thus forming GWs around the sun, although it is very weak. But because the planets in the solar system are not far from the sun, the planets will feel the influence of GWs, which will affect the orbits of the planets. This article will analyze the specific distribution of GWs around the sun, and derive the dynamic gravitational equation under the influence of GWs, and apply it to the calculation of planetary orbits, and verify the correctness of the dynamic gravitational equation by comparing it with the astronomical observation data released by NASA, and the dynamic gravitational equation shows the anisotropic nature of gravity.
Category: Astrophysics

Hyperparameter Optimization and Interpretation in Machine Learning

Authors: Farid Soroush
Comments: 12 Pages.

Machine learning has undergone tremendous advancements, paving the way for a myriad of applications across industries. In the midst of this progress, the significance of hyperparameter tuning and model evaluation can't be understated, as they play a critical role in achieving optimal model performance. This project delves into the realm of ML model optimization and evaluation, harnessing Bayesian Optimization, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations), and traditional evaluation matrices. By focusing on a decision tree classifier, the study investigates the efficiency of various hyperparameter tuning methods, the interpretability of model decisions, and the robustness of performance metrics. Preliminary results suggest that Bayesian Optimization may offer advantages in efficiency over traditional tuning methods. Furthermore, SHAP values provide deeper insights into model decision-making, fostering better transparency and trust in ML applications.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Explain the Photoelectric Effect and Derive the Planck Constant from the Perspective of Volatility

Authors: Demin Liu
Comments: 2 Pages. (Name correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

When the photoelectric effect was discovered, it was found that only photons could explain the effect, so everyone thought that light was for particles.However, if light is a particle, it cannot explain the independent propagability of light，the particle velocity is superimposed with the emission source, and the loss of light is to loss the photon mass or the velocity.In order to solve these contradictions, I try to explain the photoelectric effect from the volatility of light.
Category: Classical Physics

The Dirac Comb and its Fourier Transform

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 2 Pages.

We determine the Fourier Transform of the Dirac comb.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

A Polynomial Solution for the 3-Sat Problem

Authors: Geraldine Reichard
Comments: 21 Pages.

In this paper, an algorithm is presented, solving the 3-SAT problem in a polynomial runtime of O(n^3), which implies P=NP. The 3-SAT problem is about determining, whether or not a logical expression, consisting of clauses with up to 3 literals connected by OR-expressions, that are interconnected by AND-expressions, is satisfiable. For the solution a new data structure, the 3-SAT graph, is introduced. It groups the clauses from a 3-SAT expression into coalitions, that contain all clauses with literals consisting of the same variables. The nodes of the graph represent the variables connecting the corresponding coalitions. An algorithm R will be introduced, that identifies relations between clauses by transmitting markers, called upgrades, through the graph, making use of implications. The algorithm will start sequentially for every variable and create start upgrades, one for the variables negated and one for its non-negated literals. It will be shown, that the start upgrades have to be within a specific clause pattern, called edge pattern, to mark a beginning or ending of an unsatisfiable sequence. The algorithm will eventually identify other kinds of pattern within the upgraded clauses. Depending on the pattern, the algorithm either sends the upgrades on through the graph, creates new following upgrades to extend the upgrade path, a subgraph storing all previous upgrades, or if all connector literals of a pattern have received upgrades of the same path or two corresponding following upgrades circle, marks the upgrade as circling. If an upgrade circles, then it is unsatisfiable on its path. It will be proven, that if after several execution steps of algorithm R, two corresponding start upgrades circle, then the expression is unsatisfiable and if no upgrade steps are possible anymore and the algorithm did not return unsatisfiable, the expression is satisfiable. The algorithm R is similar to already existing solutions solving 2-SAT polynomial, also making use of implications using a graph.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

New Interpretation of Relativity

Authors: William D. Walker, Dag Stranneby
Comments: 10 Pages.

Theoretical and experimental evidence is presented showing that both gravitational and electromagnetic fields (light) propagate instantaneously in the nearfield of a source and, within a wavelength, reduces to the speed of light c in the farfield. Relativity is shown to yield Galilean transformations when using instantaneous nearfield light, and yield Lorentz transformations when using farfield speed c light. Since time and space are real and can not depend on the frequency of light used to measure time and space of moving bodies, then it is concluded that Relativity is an optical illusion. Space and time are absolute and not flexible. Space can appear to contract, and time appear to dilate, when using farfield light to measure the effects of time and space of moving bodies. But the observed effects are not real and are an optical illusion, since using nearfield light will show that time and space have not changed. Since General Relativity is based on Special Relativity, then its effects on time and space are also an optical illusion. Gravitoelectromagnetism (GEM), based on an equivalent set of Maxwell equations for gravity, is known to be a weak field limit of General Relativity, which is all that we observe, and therefore predicts all the known gravitational observations. It is shown to also predict superluminal nearfield and farfield speed c propagating fields. GEM is concluded to be a better theory of gravity. Lastly it should be mentioned that this research shows that the Pilot Wave interpretation of Quantum Mechanics can no longer be criticized for requiring instantaneous interaction of the pilot wave with particles, thereby violating Relativity. Consequently the Pilot wave interpretation should become the preferred interpretation of Quantum Mechanics due to its deterministic simplicity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Speed of Light Cannot Be Really Isotropic Relative to the Earth

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-5 and Italian, pages 6-10

In 1887 the Michelson-Morley experiment was performed, which was supposed to detect the motion of the Earth relative to the ether (which corresponds to the space), i.e. the medium in which light would manifest itself, and therefore the only one relative to which its speed could be really the same in all directions, and that is, really isotropic.But the experiment found that the speed of light is isotropic relative to the Earth too, and therefore did not detect any motion relative to the ether.In order to justify this negative result, Lorentz hypothesized that all objects that move in the ether undergo a slowing down of time and a length contraction in the direction of motion, thus making the speed of light appear isotropic, while in reality it is not.Instead, Einstein justified this result by arguing that light propagates in a vacuum and that its speed is isotropic in all reference frame, regardless of the motion between them, specifying however that this is a stipulation and, therefore, not a real phenomenon, so the isotropy can only be apparent. But Einstein later considered this isotropy as real and the scientific community still considers it this way, overbearingly, since it does not accept to question this thesis of his.In truth, it is precisely thanks to the real slowing down of time and the real contraction of matter, that the speed of light appears isotropic. And it is a very useful appearance, because based on it you can operate the GPS system. Which cannot work according to reality, because the precise speed of the Earth relative to the ether is not known and, therefore, not even the real speed of light relative to the Earth, which would be needed to make the GPS work according to reality.But this appearance does not allow for the correct calculation of the speed and distances of celestial objects, so, by using it anyway, the scientific community has obtained a complicated model of the Universe that is incompatible with observations, and whose expansion results in acceleration, rather than deceleration, as it should be according to reality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Application of the Theory of Variable Speed of Light on the Universe

Authors: Markus Schönlinner
Comments: 25 Pages.

The Friedman-Lemaître-equations describe the expansion of the universe in the StandardModel. Thereby, the observed red-shift of the galaxies is interpreted as escape velocity. Byapplying the theory of variable speed of light, however, the galactic red-shift can be describedas a phenomenon, which only seems to be a movement and can be explained by the variation ofthe cosmic gravitational potential. The space itself varies its properties, the objects in the spacedo not change their movement. With only very general assumptions about the properties of theuniverse an alternative concept of the universe is developed, which is significantly less complexthan the Standard Model. Nonetheless, it is possible to describe consistently the fundamentalobservations with a minimum number of parameters.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Flows of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon, Yina Yoon
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Riemann hypothesis is a mathematical conjecture that relates to the calculation of prime numbers through the Riemann product formula, which represents the product of Riemann zeta function and factorial. There were flows in deriving ∫x^(s-1)/(e^x-1) dx from Riemann product formula and, in attempting to represent the negative region by substituting x with —x. Furthermore, asserting that the Riemann zeta function, in the absence of a definition for negative factorial, obtains trivial zeros for negative even numbers through the Bernoulli exponential generating formula in the negative domain is also incorrect.
Category: Number Theory

Re-derivation of the Ewald Summation Formula for Triangular Charge Distribution

Authors: Serdar Acir
Comments: 8 Pages.

A re-formulated version of Ewald Summation method is presented in this paper by replacing each point charge with a triangular shape charge distribution instead of the original Gaussian shape charge distribution. With triangular shape charge distribution, we aim to be able to accelerate the computation of the reciprocal sum part of the Ewald Summation for crystal simulations with periodic boundary conditions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Introduction to the Theory of Time Frames: (1) Time Flow

Authors: Branimir Špigel
Comments: 17 Pages.

This paper marks the beginning of a series of papers dedicated to establishing the theoretical foundations of a novel theory of relativity called the Theory of Time Frames. Due to the extensive nature of the topic, the theoretical basis of time frames will be divided into multiple papers, each addressing a specific aspect. This initial work focuses on developing a deeper understanding of the flow of time, which serves as a fundamental concept for the theory of time frames. Examining time dilation through the prism of the flow of time revealed a unique opportunity to introduce novel concepts: the background time flow, the gravitational time flow, and the kinetic time flow. Moreover, this exploration allowed for the establishment of the unit of time flow. These pivotal investigations laid a robust groundwork for delving deeper into the impact of the flow of time on various physical phenomena, offering a promising direction for further research in this domain.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Jacobi and Lagrangian Formulation of the Classical Cosmological Equations

Authors: Riddhiman Bhattacharya
Comments: 24 Pages. 150 Equations, 19 References

Classical mechanics has been a well-established field for many years, but there are still some challenges that can be addressed using modern techniques. When dealing with classical mechanics problems, the first step is usually to create amathematical expression called the Hamiltonian based on a known function called the Lagrangian. This involves using standard procedures to establish relationships like the Poisson bracket, canonical momenta, Euler-Lagrange equations, andHamilton-Jacobi relations. In this paper, we focus on a specific problem related to the calculus of variations, which deals with finding the Lagrangian function that, when used in the Euler-Lagrange equation, produces a given differentialequation. To tackle this problem, we employ two distinct methods to determine the Lagrangian and, subsequently, the Hamiltonian for the cosmological equations derived from General Relativity. These equations describe the motion of celestial objects in the universe and are of second-order in nature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is It Really Carbon?

Authors: Stephen Meredith Williams
Comments: 6 Pages. CC_BY_4.0

The titular question is specified more fully, showing that the IPCC (Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change) answer is not the only one, briefly expanding on why the issue matters and alluding to the connection with nuclear power generation. The "Carbon Net Zero" project to prevent global warming is described as "a collective delusion of reference", with brief remarks on belief in human exceptionalism. Also, challenges to that belief are adumbrated from the history of cosmology and from the work of Charles Darwin, Sigmund Freud and others in the emotivist tradition. Then, alternatives to what we term the carbon hypothesis are described arising from palaeoclimatology. In particular, the work of Milutin Milankovitch is sketched out, explaining the ice ages in terms of some long-term cycles in the motion of the Earth. Johannes Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion were framed in the early Xvii century, and today much more is known about the movement of our Earth.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Geometry, Symmetries, and Quantization of Scalar Fields in de-Sitter Space-Time

Authors: Arpan Dey, Riddhiman Bhattacharya, Sanchari Sen
Comments: 28 Pages. 3 Figures:3; 22References

The paper commences by examining the geometric properties of de-Sitter space-time,with a specific focus on the isometries generated by Killing vectors. It also investigatesvarious metrics that are applicable to specific regions of space-time, revealing that in thedistant future, the symmetries exhibit a similar local structure to that of $R^3$.Furthermore,the classical Klein-Gordon equation is solved within this space-time, leading to the discoverythat energy is not conserved. The solutions to the Klein-Gordon equation yield intriguing outcomes that have the potential to enable observations from the early inflationary era.Finally, the primary objective of the paper is to comprehensively examine a quantized scalarfield in the de-Sitter background, exploring the solutions for the two-point function andanalyzing their behavior during both early and late time periods.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof that the Center of Buoyancy is Equal to the Center of Hydrostatic Pressure (Part 3:) Submerged Circular Cylinder and Arbitrary Shaped Submerged Body

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 22 Pages, 2 Figures, 47 Equations, 62 References.
Published on the Bulletin of Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science in Japan, 2024 (June), Vol.64, No.1, pp.27~48, https://nias.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2000047.

We recently proved that " the center of buoyancy is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure " for floating bodies. This subject was an unsolved problem in physics and naval architecture, even though the buoyancy taught by Archimedes' principle can be obtained clearly by the surface integral of hydrostatic pressure. Then we thought that the reason why the vertical position of the center of pressure could not be determined was that the horizontal force would be zero due to equilibrium in the upright state.

As a breakthrough, we dared to create the left-right asymmetric pressure field by inclining the floating body with heel angle. In that state, the forces and moments due to hydrostatic pressure were calculated correctly with respect to the tilted coordinate system fixed to the body. By doing so, we succeeded in determining the center of pressure. Then, by setting the heel angle to zero in order to make it upright state, it could be proved that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy, i.e., the centroid of the cross-sectional area under the water surface.

As mentioned above, we have already proved this problem for rectangular and arbitrarily shaped cross-sections, and published them on this viXra.org in English. Following that, in the 2nd report, separate proofs for a semi-submerged circular cylinder and triangular prism were also published here. Thus, we have completed the proof for floating bodies, so in this 3rd report, we aim to prove for submerged bodies. We first prove for a submerged circular cylinder, and then apply Gauss's integral theorem to prove it clearly for an arbitrarily shaped submerged body.
Category: Classical Physics

About an Integral in Valean's Book

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

The evaluation of integrals is an important subject in mathematics, physics and applied sciences. In this note we give some integrals fot pi^3 .
Category: Number Theory

How the Effect of the Uncertainty Principle Might be in Simultaneous Measurements

Authors: Koji Nagata, Do Ngoc Diep, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 8 Pages.

We respect the uncertainty principle (the Schr"odinger--Robertson uncertainty relation) in describing properly physical phenomena even more in today's or future experiments with opposite results. We explain such a question about the uncertainty principle this: We perform an experiment by simultaneous measurements in order to test the effect of the uncertainty principle. Only commuting observables must be measured thinking in the experimental situation. Thus, the effect of the uncertainty principle cannot be seen by simultaneous measurements.This explanation of the experimental data is our main assertion in this paper. However, what we dare to say is not to disturb the uncertainty principle, but to notice our policy in using the principle, respecting itself. Therefore, we respect the Schr"odinger--Robertson uncertainty relation as the famous mathematical form of the uncertainty principle. We show the Schr"odinger--Robertson uncertainty relation has naturally the understandable upper limit (the Bloch sphere) and the meaningful lower limit (exactly zero). We expect our discussions give some insight for future studies for the uncertainty principle.
Category: Quantum Physics

Solving Cosmological Constant Problem

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 11 Pages.

Physicists usually believe that physics cannot (and should not) derive the values of c and ћ but should derive the value of the cosmological constant Λ. This problem is considered fundamental after the phenomenon of cosmological acceleration (PCA) was discovered in 1998. This phenomenon is usually considered in the framework of General Relativity (GR) and here the main uncertainty is how the background space is treated. If it is flat, PCA is usually treated as a manifestation of dark energy and (as acknowledged in the literature) currently its nature is a mystery. On the other hand, if it is curved then a problem arises why the value of Λ is as is. However, in our approach based only on universally recognized results of physics, the solution of the problem does not contain uncertainties because PCA is an inevitable kinematical consequence of quantum theory in semiclassical approximation. Since the de Sitter (dS) algebra is semisimple, it is the most general ten-dimensional Lie algebra because it cannot be obtained by contraction from other ten-dimensional Lie algebras. Let R be the parameter of contraction from the dS algebra to the Poincare one. Then the problem why the quantities (c,ћ,R) are as are does not arise because they are contraction parameters for transitions from more general Lie algebras to less general ones. In our approach, background space and its geometry (metric and connection) are not used but, in semiclassical approximation, the result for PCA is the same as in GR if Λ=3/R^2.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The H-Bond Breakdown Switch Allows DNA and Protein Transitions in the Brain to Control the Dynamics of Hormonal Communication and Learning Vocalization

Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 37 Pages. 12 figures

The choroid plexus epithelium (CPE) generates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a mutual exclusive vectorial kinetic according to a potential of hydrophilic-plasma 0mV -60mV to hydrophobic-CSF +4mV. Astrocytes are cells with actin filaments for pulsatile propulsion in the cell’s skeleton, bi-directional transport of ions gradient Na+, which impulses the CSF flux into the lumen along a glial network. Luminal K+ is required for sustained CSF secretion. At ventricular side, the Na+/K+-ATPase releases the Na+. Quantum mechanics microtubules nano scale (10-9m) flow a parallel transportation from the exterior to the nuclei of glucose, nascent Mg2+, O2, etc., and antiparallel of dimers. The microtubule diameter allows a very small number of molecules in a minimal volume to reach a saturation state for enzyme activity. An increasing in the number of random collisions allows to concatenate Na+/K+ translocation into nano space at minimal capacitance to operate at maximal voltage. Myelination discontinuity at the Ranvier nodes allows open systems exchanges with CSF to re-supply the optimal ion concentration to maintain rapid transmission of the propagation of the action potential. The Doppler shift could tune in with the spin-flip of electrons of a 21 cm line of hydrogen, operating as an antenna for the neuronal membrane action potential state of firing for vectorial networking. Thus, synchronizing the electric potential by a sequence of interneuronal crosstalk could avoid electromagnetic neuronal noises. At the nerve terminal, neurotransmitters are present within 35-50 nm synaptic vesicles that release neurotransmitters that dock and fuse at the base of specialized 10—15 nm cup-shaped lipoproteins. These porosomes range from 15 nm in neurons, astrocytes to 100—180 nm in endocrine and exocrine cells. In striatal neurons adenylyl cyclase (AC) coupled via 7TM receptors via stimulatory or inhibitory receptors (Rs and Ri) on G protein phosphorylation. A dopamine-(DA)-dependent cAMP/PKA interactions with acetylcholine and adenosine signals for DA transients to carry reward-related signals in learning reinforcement. The enthalpies of AC-H-bonds breakdown of intermediates coordinated by Mg2+ and bending and sliding when calmodulin release of Ca2+ to coordinative into hydrophobic box, and release of dimers in the up-hill thermodynamics cycling AMP into cAMP, creating molecular transitions capable to participate in meaningful encoding signals coordinative stages. The Mg-cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein by insertion for DNA H-bond breakdown unzipping into three strands and transcription cycle turnover by coupling to H-bond donor water cluster.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Double Field Theory: Uniting Gauge and Gravity Theories Through the Double Copy of Yang-Mills

Authors: Riddhiman Bhattacharya
Comments: 8 Pages.

In the realm of theoretical physics, scientists have long been intrigued by the link between gaugetheories and gravity. This study explores a fascinating idea called the "double copy technique," which reveals a deep connection between these two seemingly different theories. While gauge theories, like Yang-Mills, describe basic interactions in a simple and elegant way, gravity, despite its symmetry, is a complex and challenging theory in the quantum world. This paper investigates the "double field theory" (DFT) and its connection to the double copy method. This connection shows that gauge and gravity theories are remarkably similar at the quantum level. The double copy technique essentially transforms gravity into a sort of "squared" gauge theory, offering insights into how color and movement are related in gauge theories. By carefully studying the math and important equations, this paper explains how this connection is tied to the idea of color and movement duality. The study concludes by introducing the DFT action, which is derived through the double copy method and doesn’t rely on a specific background. This surprising result highlights how the complexity of gravity can be beautifully linked to the simplicity of Yang-Mills theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Absence of the Implications of Negative Mass and the Resultant Problems in Physics

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 12 Pages.

In the Standard Model, there is a lack of discourse on the effects of particles with negative masses to be taken into consideration to attempt solutions of outstanding problems such as Dark Matter, Dark Energy and other experimentally observed phenomena for which no exhaustive data and therefore no suitable explanations exist. Also, it was while deriving the equation, R = GM/c², in which the restrictive condition for creation of a Black Hole at the end of a stellar collapse is totally removed, similar to the Schwarzschild’s Radius R☉ for a Black Hole resulting from a stellar collapse, R☉ = 2GM☉/c², very uncomfortable questions arose that are yet to be addressed. Moreover, the asymmetry between the ubiquitous presence of particles and the relative scarcity of antiparticles in the observable universe also isn’t explainable. The present article continues to probe the untouched areas of inferable possibilities, not yet arrived at by peers in peer-reviewed materials, and touch upon some of the yet unsolved questions by probing aspects of matter-energy relationship.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Quantum Model

Authors: Carlton Frederick
Comments: 11 Pages. (Correction to Title made by viXra Admin to conform with scholalry norm - Please conform!)

In contradistinction to the Copenhagen nterpretation of quantum mechanics [1], Louis DeBroglie considered the wave function and the particle as two distinct quantities[2]. David Bohm followed up on this to provide a deterministic ontological description of quantum mechanics [3]. This paper builds on the above to posit a 'mechanical' model for quantum mechanics. An interpretation of superposition, entanglement and the nature of time is proposed.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Correct Way to Calculate the Rapidity in Special Relativity

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 3 Pages.

Taylor and Wheeler, in their SPACETIME PHYSICS book (1966 edition), give the "rapidity" (or "velocity parameter") as theta = A * tau, where "A" is the acceleration in ly/y/y, and "tau" is the age in years of the person on the trailing rocket (assuming that the rocket fires when that person has just been born, and is at the origin of the chart at birth). The chart’s vertical axis gives the distance "X" from the starting point, and the horizontal axis gives the age "tau" of the person on the trailing rocket. The velocity, according to that person, is then v = tanh(theta) ly/y, and the distance traveled from X = 0 by that person is just the integral of "v" with respect to "tau". If desired, OTHER rockets can start from positions farther up the "X" axis, at positions D = D1, D = 2*D1, etc. The curve of the second-lowest curve, starting at X = D1 and tau = 0, is exactly the same shape as the lowest curve, just shifted upward by the amount D1. It is possible to have any number of such rockets, each with a curve shifted upward by some distance "D" above the immediately lower curve, and having exactly the same shape as the lowest curve. The result is the view according to the people in the lowest rocket.NOW, one can use the length contraction equation (LCE) to get the corresponding chart according to the initial inertial observer (IIO), with time variable "t" and position "x": one just divides each point of each curve by the factor gamma, wheregamma = 1 / { 1 - sqrt [ (v * v ) ] }.But when one does that, the results are ABSURD. If there is just a single rocket, starting fromx = 0 at t = 0,then according to the IIO, that rocket will first move a large distance away from x = 0, but will eventually start to move back toward the IIO (even though its rocket is always pointing away from x = 0, and is still producing the same thrust). Ultimately, that rocket gets arbitrarily close to the IIO, as "t" goes to infinity. Clearly, that is absurd, and it can’t be true. So we must reject Taylor and Wheeler’s scenario and their equation for the rapidity.IS there an alternative scenario and rapidity equation which DOESN’T have an absurd outcome? YES! We use the viewpoint of the IIO who is present (and stationary) at the launch. According to that IIO, at time "t" in the IIO’s life, the trailing rocket is moving at the speedv = tanh(theta),where theta is NOW given by theta = A * t, not theta = A * tau. And a rocket starting at distance D1 above the origin is vertically separated from the lowest curve by the amount D1 / gamma. Likewise, another rocket starting at a distance D2 will be vertically separated from the lowest curve by amount D2 / gamma, etc. For this alternative scenario, there are no absurdities like there were in the first scenario.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Configuration Space

Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 13 Pages. Correct version

A particular class of real manifolds (Hermitian spaces) naturally model smooth, possibly complex n-spaces. We show how to realize such a space as a restriction of a super-smooth stack using a compass. We also discuss the classical relationship between iterated loop spaces and the configuration space of a particle.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Exploring the Potential Shifts in Our Understanding of Space and Time Through Quantum Gravity

Authors: Riddhiman Bhattacharya
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, I tried to provide an overview of how various quantum gravity approachesprompt us to reconsider our understanding of space and time. The primary focus hasbeen on two prominent contenders: string theory and loop quantum gravity. However,it’s important to bear in mind that these theories remain unverified and lack a universallyaccepted consensus.As we navigate through these ideas, it becomes evident that our conventional notionsof space and time might necessitate a fundamental shift. The very fabric of spacetimecould reveal intricacies that challenge our prior assumptions. Moreover, our explorationwill encompass diverse viewpoints on the nature of time within the realm of quantumgravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Theory of Compton Effect in Dielectric Medium

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 13 Pages. original article

We determine the Compton effect from the Volkov solution of the Dirac equationfor a process in medium with the index of refraction n. Volkov solution involves themass shift, or, the mass renormalization of an electron. We determine the modifedCompton formula for the considered physical situation. The index of refractioncauses that the wave lengths of the scattered photons are shorter for some anglesthan the wave lengths of the original photons. This is anomalous Compton effect.Since the wave length shift for the visible light is only 0,01 percent, it means thatthe Compton effect for the visible light in the dielectric medium can be performedby the well educated experimenters.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Some Speculations on Black Hole Evaporation and Quantum Gravity

Authors: Randolph L. Gerl
Comments: 41 Pages.

A possible way to understand the preservation of information during black hole evaporation is explored and a new approach to quantizing General Relativity is considered. Black holes, like all physical objects, are subject to the energy-time uncertainty principle which means their spacetime characteristics must have quantum uncertainty. It is conjectured that this quantum uncertainty is what permits the escape of energy and information from black holes. It is further conjectured that spacetime and mass-energy can be quantized together (here termed metric quanta) by replacing spaces based on the real number line with a quantum information state. Eigenvalues of operators that act on the information state characterize the metric quanta and this means that differential equations do not ultimately describe nature. A formulation of General Relativity is explored that uses a quantization procedure which replaces the basis vectors for curvilinear coordinate systems with operators that act on the information state of the cosmos. This paper concludes with the possibility that these ideas can eventually be made into a workable theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Oleg G. Verin
Comments: 30 Pages.

More than 20 years ago, in 2002 the small book "Vacuum dynamics and the soliton theory of elementary particles" was published that showedMaxwell’s model effectiveness in describing elementary particles as solitons in vacuum. Already in this book there was a derivation of the equation for the internal field of electromagnetic soliton (electron), which solution gives thevalue of the fine structure constant theoretically or, how it used to say R. Feynman, from computer, not putting it there secretly. Then this calculation was made, but convincing result was not yet achieved because the applied method of calculation has not provided adequate accuracy of the received constant value. And now, 20 years after, the great dream of physicists at last has become the truth: the fine structure constant was got from that equation with good accuracy and rather simple, using for calculation a customary notebook, so that everybody who wants can do it without hard work.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Black Holes and the Expansion of Space

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 1 Page.

This Essay suggests a way to prove that curved space-time guides photonic light how to move, but unlike matter, photonic light will not guide space-time how to curve. This will lead to the conclusion that photonic light has no direct gravitational effect on space-time. This conclusion leads to the source of dark energy which accelerates the expansion of space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Atomic Structure Possibly in Between Models of Thomson and Rutherford

Authors: Jianping Mao
Comments: 17 Pages.

Evidences from physics and chemistry implies that atoms likely can gradually grow out, on their core (Z ＝ 1-2 that will expand in Z ＝ 27-28 and 45-46), vertical 4 a (Z ≧ 1, representative), 4 b (Z ≧ 21, transition), and 8 c (Z ≧ 57, inner transition) alpha clusters bonding with valence neutrons that electron and proton distributions seem similar — all of electrons of inner shells following protons in nuclei, which means that most of atomic space was occupied by electrons of outermost shell only and experimental results of Geiger and Moseley could not completely exclude a possibility that atomic nuclei contain electrons. In other words, atomic structures — foldable — corresponded to Thomson’s model, but distributing distances of outer and inner electrons were very different, not uniform as in Rutherford’s model to some degree, which could pave a promising way to clarify or integrate structures of atoms and atomic nuclei.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Equations of the Unified Physics

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 39 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future regurgitation/repetition will not be accepted)

In this paper will be presented the equations of Unified Physics. The beautiful equations of the unification of the fundamental interactions. We calculate the unity formulas that connect the coupling constants of the fundamental forces. These equations are applicable for all energy scales. Also we present the unification of atomic physics and cosmology and the formulas for the cosmological constant. It will discover a new simple Large Number Hypothesis which calculates the Mass,the Age and the Radius of the universe. The diameter of the observable universe will be calculated to be equal to the ratio of electric force to gravitational force between electron and proton on the reduced Compton wavelength of the electron. We will prove the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. We propose a possible solution for the density parameter of baryonic matter,dark matter and dark energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Frenet's Trihedron of the Second Order

Authors: Abel Cavași
Comments: 9 Pages.

Based on the remarkable property of the Darboux vector to be perpendicular to the normal, I define a new trihedron associated with curves in space and prove that this trihedron also satisfies Frenet's formulas. Unlike the previous paper, where I used the trigonometric form of Frenet's formulas for simplicity, in this paper I construct a proof based only on curvature and torsion, respectively, darbuzian and lancretian.
Category: Geometry

Triedrul Lui Frenet de Ordinul al Doilea (Frenet's Trihedron of the Second Order)

Authors: Abel Cavași
Comments: 9 Pages. In Romanian

Bazându-mă pe proprietatea remarcabilă a vectorului lui Darboux de a fi perpendicular pe normală, definesc un nou triedru asociat curbelor din spațiu și demonstrez că și acest triedru satisface formulele lui Frenet. Spre deosebire de lucrarea anterioară, unde am folosit pentru simplitate forma trigonometrică a formulelor lui Frenet, în această lucrare construiesc o demonstrație bazată doar pe curbură și torsiune, respectiv, pe darbuzian și lancretian.

Based on the remarkable property of the Darboux vector to be perpendicular to the normal, I define a new trihedron associated with curves in space and prove that this trihedron also satisfies Frenet's formulas. Unlike the previous paper, where I used the trigonometric form of Frenet's formulas for simplicity, in this paper I construct a proof based only on curvature and torsion, respectively, darbuzian and lancretian.
Category: Geometry

Embracing Artificial Intelligence in Academia

Authors: R. L. Marker
Comments: 2 Pages.

Artificial intelligence is redefining academia. The free and effective use of online AI such as ‘ChatGPT’ should be viewed as academia’s friend, not their foe. How could cheating possibly be a friend of academia? Those institutions that effectively embrace the technology will advance themselves and their students.
Category: Education and Didactics

On the Mechanics of Quasi-Quanta Realization

Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan, Parker Emmerson, Oliver Hancock
Comments: 7 Pages.

We model an absolute reference frame using a pullback on a certain locally trivial line bundle. We demonstrate that this pullback is unrealizable in $mathbb{R}^4$. We devote section 3 to process-based thinking.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Birth of the Universe

Authors: Teguh Waluyo
Comments: 2 Pages.

The universe is created from nothing. Before the birth of the universe, matter, space, and time were not yet created. The mass of universe before the birth is zero. Space and time are something unknown. Calculation using the relative density of space-time, the universe gets mass from its birth at the birth time and the process is instantaneous.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Introduction to Phenomenology About the Nature of the Muon

Authors: A. I. Andreus
Comments: 4 Pages. In Russian

Introduction to phenomenology about the nature of the muon. Phenomenology about the proton, about the neutron, about the muon, about the tau-lepton, about the pion in the light of the photon can shed light on the ultimate truth - how everything really is - the sphere - the clouds of theensemble of matter. A certain excitation of the proton pulls out a volume close to spherical,clouds of matter from the proton, which represent descriptions and definitions - the internal energy of the proton, the rest energy of the muon, the rest mass of the muon. Similarly, as for the electron and positron, it is possible toformulate moments of truth about matter, and from the proton onwards for the tau lepton, and for the pion, and for the muon, and for any other emainingelementary particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Evidence of Hidden Variable and its Consequence

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 9 Pages.

In 3D space, a vector needs three basis vectors. It was found that the Lorentz force uses only two basis vectors, leaving the third basis vector as an undefined variable. It is put forward that the third basis vector and its component is able to serve as the quantum hidden variable. Gravitational force also has the similar hidden variable which is responsible for the quantum gravity effects. As an application of the hidden variable theory, it is found that human lifespan is determined by this quantum gravity, further calculation shows that human average lifespan is about 84 years.
Category: Quantum Physics

Discrete Space, Continuous Time: A Study of Relativistic and Quantum Mechanics on a Discrete Non-Hausdorff Manifold

Authors: Blazej Kot
Comments: 26 Pages.

We seek to present a novel model of motion which underlies, and provides interpretations for, both the theory of relativistic motion (including gravity) and quantum mechanics. We reject the continuity of space and instead treat motion and space as discrete phenomena. Crucially, we also allow space to have "holes" and "branches" in it in the sense of it being a non-Hausdorff manifold. Thus space is not an all-pervading background "stage" but rather a dynamic entity built up as particles interact with each other. Only paths a particle may physically take enter into building this manifold. We reject the idea of space existing for a particle even where it cannot physically be present, such as inside the barrier in the double-slit experiment. We present our theory of motion then show the key phenomena and equations of special and general relativity as well as quantum mechanics can be recovered from it.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Geometric Collatz Correspondence

Authors: Darcy Thomas
Comments: 28 Pages. This is a final, and more complete, version of the paper. It is better categorized number theory.

The Collatz Conjecture, one of the most renowned unsolved problems in mathematics, presents adeceptive simplicity that has perplexed both experts and novices. Distinctive in nature, it leaves manyunsure of how to approach its analysis. My exploration into this enigma has unveiled two compellingconnections: firstly, a link between Collatz orbits and Pythagorean Triples; secondly, a tie to theproblem of tiling a 2D plane. This latter association suggests a potential relationship with PenroseTilings, which are notable for their non-repetitive plane tiling. This quality, reminiscent of theunpredictable yet non-repeating trajectories of Collatz sequences, provides a novel avenue to probethe conjecture’s complexities. To clarify these connections, I introduce a framework that interpretsthe Collatz Function as a process that maps each integer to a unique point on the complex plane.In a curious twist, my exploration into the 3D geometric interpretation of the Collatz Function has nudged open a small, yet intriguing door to a potential parallel in the world of physics. A subtle link appears to manifest between the properties of certain objects in this space and the atomic energy spectral series of hydrogen, a fundamental aspect in quantum mechanics. While this connection is in its early stages and the depth of its significance is yet to be fully unveiled, it subtly implies a simple merging where pure mathematics and applied physics might come together.The findings in this paper have led me to pursue development of a new type of number I call a Cam number, which stands for "complex and massive", indicating that it is a number with properties that on one hand act like a scalar, but on the other hand act as a complex number. Cam numbers can be thought of as having somewhat dual identities which reveal their properties and behavior under iterations of the Collatz Function. This paper serves as a motivator for a pursuit of a theory of Cam numbers.
Category: Number Theory

A Novel CPW-Fed Multiband Planar Monopole Antenna for GSM/ WLAN/ WiMAX Applications

Authors: Paek Ye Song, Jong Hye Gon, Kim Un Chol, Gang Ung, Hong Myong Su, Ha Song Jin
Comments: 6 Pages.

A novel CPW-fed multiband planar monopole antenna is designed and investigated in this paper. The proposed antenna is fabricated on FR4 substrate and has a compact size of 26 × 45 × 1.6 mm3. A prototype is fabricated and then measured. The simulated and measured results exhibit that the operating bandwidth with a reflection coefficient of less than −10 dB is about 150 MHz (1700—1850MHz), 310 MHz (2.38—2.69 GHz), 520 MHz (3.23—3.75 GHz), and 820 MHz (5.09—5.91 GHz). These frequency ranges meet the bandwidth requirement for GSM 1800MHz, WLAN 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz and WiMAX 2.5/3.5/5.5 GHz bands. Also, almost omnidirectional radiation patterns and peak gains of 2.1dBi at 1.8 GHz, 2.21dBi at 2.4 GHz, 2.8dBi at 3.5 GHz, and 4.98dBi at 5.5 GHz are obtained. The proposed antenna with small size, planar structure, good impedance bandwidth and omnidirectional radiation patterns is very suitable for GSM/ WLAN/ WiMAX applications.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Anomalous Payload Detection System by the Combination of Sparse-Response Deep Belief Network and Support Vector Machine

Authors: Han Ok Chol, Hyon Hui Song, Pak Chol Ryong
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper proposes how to detect malicious network data effectivelyby the combination of sparse-response deep belief network and support vector machine.The Sparse-response Deep belief networks (SR-DBN) is an efficient non-supervised leaning machine for learning feature representation of the data without redundancy and the Support Vector Machine is designed to develop a classifier, which has high generalization ability in the feature space, in a supervised manner. In this paper, the feature representation of anomalous payload is performed by Sparse-response Deep belief Networks(SR-DBN), while the classification of normal or abnormal payload is performed by Support Vector Machine. Simulations and experiments show that the proposed abnormal network-detecting system is higher detection rate than the multi-layer perceptron which has stacked auto-encoder.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Sum of Three Cubes Explored - Proof

Authors: James DeCoste
Comments: 15 Pages. Contact: jbdecoste@eastlink.ca

Using already known techniques along with some not so obvious innovations on my part, I was able to show (prove) that there are solutions for all K (except those of the form 9m+/-4 and 9m+/-5 which are impossible) for +/-K = +/- (x^3) +/- (y^3) +/- (z^3). A further stipulation is that x, y and z must be whole numbers that can be a combination of positives and negatives. This is achieved through simple subtraction. Setting up a table showing that all K can be represented using a multiple of 27 plus a mask lends validity to a portion of the proof. These representations may and often do contain many more than the required number of cubes summed up. I side step that problem by showing that no matter the K picked and how ever many cubes are required to create it in my representations, they can all be reduced to a maximum of cubes summed. Exactly what we require for the proof. Having done that we are complete. The three new cubes we have just reduced to are already included in table. They are items I have already represented in the above format.
Category: Number Theory

The Biological Rule that Need to be Followed to Build the Martian Space Station Ecosystem

Authors: Zhengxi Wang
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, the biological survival rule is described, based on which the cause of the failure of Biosphere 2 is analysed at the structural level to find solutions to the existing problems and guide biological practices in the future. The main cause of the failure of Biosphere 2 was that species were not introduced in classes, in order and in a step-by-step manner and not in sufficient time. A solution for establishing a biosphere involves step-wisely introducing species in the following order: prokaryotes, eukaryotes, plants, animals, and humans. The future Mars ecological engineering project should also adopt the above rule and follow the biological survival rule, starting from introducing prokaryotes and then simple eukaryotes to reproduce the process of biological evolution on Earth, which can also be applied to Lunar bases and space station.
Category: Physics of Biology

Interpretation of the Double-Slit Experiment Based on the Quantum Light

Authors: Taekjin Kim
Comments: 4 Pages.

The traditional understanding of the double-slit experiment, which serves as a classicdemonstration of wave-particle duality, is being reconsidered due to new insights into therole of the central barrier between the slits. Contrary to the expectation of seeing twostripes on the screen when treating light as particles, the pattern can be more complex.This complexity arises from the interaction of light with the central barrier, where it isabsorbed and re-emitted in the form of surface plasma polaritons (SPPs). These SPPs travelalong the barrier's surface and contribute to the observed interference pattern. If theirprogress is interrupted by a Geiger counter, the pattern is altered, suggesting that theparticle nature of light alone can sufficiently explain the phenomena. This challenges thetraditional wave-particle duality interpretation and calls for a more nuanced understandingof quantum behavior.
Category: Quantum Physics

Leveraging ChatGPT Capabilities in Vietnamese High School Mathematics Education

Authors: Ha Truong
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper explores the integration of ChatGPT, a state-of-the-art natural language processing model, into the realm of high school mathematics education in Vietnam. With a focus on enhancing students' learning experiences and outcomes, we discuss the potential benefits and challenges of incorporating ChatGPT in the Vietnamese mathematics curriculum. By leveraging ChatGPT's capabilities, educators can create interactive, personalized, and adaptive learning environments, fostering a deeper understanding of mathematical concepts and problem-solving skills among high school students. In this paper, we present a comprehensive framework for integrating ChatGPT into the Vietnamese mathematics education system, highlighting its potential to revolutionize teaching and learning in the digital age
Category: Education and Didactics

Potential of ChatGPT in Vietnamese Poem Creation

Authors: Thu Nguyen
Comments: 6 Pages.

This academic paper explores the potential of ChatGPT, a state-of-the-art language model, in the context of Vietnamese poetry creation. While ChatGPT has demonstrated impressive capabilities in various natural language processing tasks, including text generation, its ability to create complex Vietnamese poetic forms such as "Thất Ngôn Bát Cú Đường Luật," "Thất Ngôn Tứ Tuyệt Đường Luật," and "Lục Bát" remains unexplored. This paper examines the challenges and opportunities of using ChatGPT for Vietnamese poem generation and discusses its limitations and potential enhancements in this specific artistic domain.
Category: Linguistics

Conservation of Baryon and Lepton Number is an Effect of Electric and Magnetic Charges

Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 5 Pages.

The conservation of baryon number and lepton number has not yet been explained. Here I present a new nomenclature where I redefine isospin and hypercharge. By doing so I explain baryon and lepton number conservation as an effect of the electric-magnetic duality and the U(1) x U(1) gauge symmetry of quantum electromagnetodynamics. By using this method I predict the quantum numbers of an octet of magnetic monopoles. Another surprising result is that both leptons and quarks have nonzero magnetic isospin, a new quantum number.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Meet the Hidden Holy Spirit’s Work in the Gospels

Authors: Victor Christianto
Comments: 21 Pages. The present draft has been submitted to a journal

Several scholars such as the late Prof. Eta Linnemann suggested that the original authors of New Testament Gospels wrote their work independently from each others, that is called independence source hypothesis. Meanwhile others including Mark Goodacre wrote that even the Gospel of Thomas was written by acknowledging earlier sources from Synoptic Gospels. In this short review article we are humbly suggesting that it is possible that each of authors of Synoptic Gospels, the John Gospel and even the Thomas Gospel, were writing their work both independently based on their own memory recollection, and partly influenced by Holy Spirits’s inspiration, and also based on other earlier sources such as Quelle from Hebrew material, that we can preferably call the process as Multiple Ensemble Learning model of Gospels in New Testament. Small contribution of the present article is to clarify the process with more clarity scheme based on methods known in machine learning.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Systematic Byass in Celestial Mechanics (In English)

Authors: Jose J. Astorkia
Comments: 6 Pages.

An eigenexperiment shows systematic byass and miscalculation in celestial mechanics when relative velocity is greater than escape velocity. Evidences and consequences are presented.
Category: Astrophysics

Reproducing the Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period Climate in the 2020s

Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 13 Pages. Creative Commons License, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

The current expectation of climatologists is that levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases, such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), will correspond, in the 2020s, to an increase in mean annual global near-surface atmospheric temperature of less than 1.5°C above the pre-industrial Holocene norm (1750 baseline; atmospheric CO2 = 278 ppm). This paper will argue, contrarily, that it is not possible to reproduce the atmospheric chemistry of the Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period (3.3-3 Mya) of the Pliocene Epoch, 5.3-2.588 Mya, without also reproducing its climate, and that — consequently — we can expect to see global warming of 3°C this decade.
Category: Climate Research

Proof of Beal's Conjecture

Authors: Vedernikov Sergey Ivanovich
Comments: 11 Pages. In Russian

Применение некоторых моментов, не имеющих распространения в современной алгебре и теории чисел, по крайней мере в справочной литературе, для доказательства теоремы Ферма и гипотезы Била.

The purpose of this work is to prove Beal's conjecture. The proof is based on methods not currently used by elementary mathematics. The concept of them is absent in the reference sources. Firstly, this is an idea of the possibility of expressing an even number that has a factor of 8 by the difference of the squares oftwo odd numbers. In addition, a feature of the integer solution of the quadratic equation by Pythagorean triples is applied. As a result, Beale's conjecture was completely proved, taking into account the accompanying Fermat's Last Theorem, by simple methods. Keywords: difference of squares of two odd numbers, factorization, even numbers, odd numbers, Pythagorean triples.
Category: Algebra

Does the value of Planck time vary in a Black Hole Event Horizon?

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov, Jonas Paulo Negreiros
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper considers the assumption that Planck time and length values increase in gravitational wells, an effect that becomes more extreme in a black hole event horizon. Obviously, this assumption considers the point of view of an observer who is far from the gravity well, as opposed to an observer in the well, will not feel the effects predicted by the Schwarzschild equation. Whereas the values of these Planck constants remain unchanged for the observer in the well.If physicists can accept that the Schwarzschild equation describes effects that are applicable to Planck time and Planck length, they will see that in a black hole´s event horizon the value of Planck length grows to the size of the event horizon. Thus, in terms of Planck length, every black hole (no matter its mass) has an event horizon radius that is always the same size, which is equal to one Planck length.These authors believes that these considerations are fundamental in the development of a new theory that can effectively unite quantum mechanics with general relativity. The first step in this direction is to break the basic paradigm that considers that Planck constant values (Planck time and Planck length) are always constant, regardless of the location of the observer, which comes into direct confrontation with the Schwarzschild equation. Keeping in mind that the time dilatation and space shrink effects, given by the Schwarzschild equation, depend on the observer´s position.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Direct, Simple, and Basic Computation of a Difference of Two Dilogarithms

Authors: Hervé Gandran-Tomeng
Comments: 2 Pages.

The computation of dilog(sqrt(2)-1)-dilog(1-sqrt(2)) is performed.
Category: Number Theory

Strong-Force Quark Bond Patterns Within Nucleons

Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 15 Pages.

According to the Standard Model, nucleons consist of three up/down quarks confined by strong-force interactions as mediated by gluons. The net effect of these interactions is a nucleon model that has an equilateral-triangular form with a strong-force bond between each quark pair.However, this model assumes that strong-force interactions are equally likely between two same-charge quarks (which would otherwise be expected to repel each other) as they are between opposite-charge quarks.Should strong-force interactions only take place between opposite-charge quarks, then the nucleon model changes from an equilateral-triangular to a quark-chain model that involves only two strong-force bonds, each connecting the central quark to an oppositely charged quark. The quark-chain nucleon model leads to some interesting possibilities related to the structure of atomic nuclei, to electron orbitals and related covalent bonding patterns, and to the cause of radioactive decay in unstable elements.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Bi-Verse Theory Visualizing Universe as One Side of a Thread

Authors: Sreeram Pozhat Menon
Comments: 21 Pages. CC-BY Sreeram

In this theorem titled bi-verse, we aim to provide a unique mathematical explanation for the current nature of the universe. By conceptualizing the world as a thread, we introduce a novel approach where particles are generated due to the oscillations of this thread. This paper sets our work apart by offering a new framework that diverges from traditional theories about the nature of universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Induced Chirality of Biology by Nuclear Magnetic Moments of 13C and 17O with 1H, 14N, and 25Mg

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 7 Pages.

Gravity is the one asymmetry on earth.  Magnetism on earth is symmetry with N and S on earth.  Electric field is also symmetrical with + and - on earth.  Such symmetrical forces of electric and magnetic fields cannot as well explain the chiral nature of life’s molecules.  But RBL theory of gravity better explains homochirality of biomolecules as gravity on earth is asymmetrical with mostly Br gravity on earth. In this work, RBL theory is developed more that Br gravity on earth is what broke the symmetry of chirality for one chirality for life on earth. Prior theories of homochirality do observe magnetic effects on physical processes, but magnetic fields on earth are not asymmetric, macroscopically.  So different magnetic fields can alter chirality and the two polarities can manifest both chiralities.  But why is there only one chirality in healthy organisms?  RBL’s theory explains homochirality better by his gravity theory.  Gravity on earth is asymmetrical. RBL theory determines earth’s gravity and its Br nature and irrational, fractional nature acts on stable isotopes of nonzero nuclear magnetic moments 13C and 17O in aqueous solvents on earth to organize organic compounds with preferred chirality for origin of life on earth. Such basis for life’s chiral origins is consistent with other aspects of RBL’s theory as isotopic enrichment in living organism can alter the primordial isotopic blueprint of chirality for altering metabolism for aging and disease.
Category: Quantum Physics

Introduction to the Cubic Ellipsoid Nuclear Model: an Interpretation of the Nuclear and Atomic Structures

Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 32 Pages.

This study suggests that the nuclear structure determines the atomic properties and proposes a geometric nuclear model to confirm this claim.The model combines the advantages of the liquid drop, shell, collective and cluster models and can serve as a starting point to an effective field theory process.The main goal is not necessarily to obtain more accurate results than existing models, but rather to raise the possibility of a tangible interpretation of nuclear and atomic physics and to explore different perspectives of this idea.According to the model, the nucleus generally has an ellipsoidal shape, made up of a three-dimensional lattice of proton-neutron bonds (treated here as a cubic system) and nuclear shells populated by protons, which resemble the atomic shells of the periodic table.The excess neutrons (those not paired with protons) are located in the nuclear envelope.The model was first tested and confirmed on various nuclear phenomena and then its link to atomic physics was demonstrated and analyzed.Its main achievements are:u2022a nuclear geometry from which the periodic system is derived.u2022its agreement with various nuclear and astrophysical phenomena.u2022demonstrating the link between the nuclear structure and the atomic properties through the correlation of the nuclear geometry with the atomic covalent radius.u2022the interpretation of atomic phenomena in the light of the model.This article summarizes the main stages of the research to understand the concept as a whole.A detailed analysis and description of each research phase will be published in separate articles.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Spacetime Dipole Wave Pressure and Black Holes

Authors: Policarpo Batista Uliana
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper is based on John A. Macken's proposal [1], that the universe is only spacetime. In the context of Quantum Mechanics, Macken defines the spacetime dipole wave (DW) model, where spacetime can be seen as a sea of energetic waves, traveling at light speed. From this model, the DW pressure (~ 10113 J/m3) is analyzed in the context of the kinetic gas theory and so DW pressure is used to define a fundamental particle, named by the author as a Ulianov Hole (uhole). Auhole can be related to an elastic tube connecting two regions of space (or time), generating variations inDW pressure. Two kinds of uholes are presented in this paper: the spatial uhole (uhole-S) that has a property related to mass; and the time uhole (uhole-T) that has a property related to electric charge. This paper presents a basic analysis of the uholes-S model, that can explain the mass generation mechanism of elemental particles, without using the Higgs field model. The uhole-S has two ends, one related with matter and the other with antimatter. And so, a mass particle is formed when one uhole-S is stretched enough to avoid an annihilation process. The uhole-S model also relates mass particles to the behavior of micro black holes that reduce the DW pressure. This model also explains mass attraction force (gravitational mass) and the resistance of mass movement in space (inertial mass), enabling the deduction of some of Newton’s Laws.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Uncovering the Numerous Manifestations in Our Material Universe of a Neglected Quantum Scenario

Authors: Carles Udina i Cobo
Comments: 25 Pages.

Although today, information technology has revolutionized our civilization, demonstrating that information management allows simulating and/or managing any imaginable process, be it mechanical (automatisms), biological (genetic information) or behavioral-cognitive (information and psychic faculties), physics continues ignoring their own underlying information. We will enumerate the multiple physical phenomena that require such pre-material underling information, its full empirical justification, its absolute consistency, and the paradoxes and contradictions that it resolves, such as Relativity and/or the Big Bang (BB). This induces that Quantum physics is a Scenario whose components are exclusively the underlying Information and the Energy (photons), totally independent of all the material physics of the Universe, given it was prior to it. As well as without Space (delocalisation) and without Time, since both are emergent characteristics in the materialisation of the Universe
Category: Quantum Physics

Collatz Conjecture Proof for Special Integer Subsets and a Unified Criterion for Twin Prime Identification

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper presents a proof of the Collatz conjecture for a specific subset of positive integers, those formed by multiplying a prime number "p" greater than three with an odd integer "u" derived using Fermat’s little theorem. Additionally, we introduce a novel screening criterion for identifying candidate twin primes, extending our previous work linking twin primes (p and p+2) with the equation 2(p−2) = pu+v, where unique solutions for u and v are required. This unified criterion offers a promising approach to twin prime identification within a wider range of integers, further advancing research in this mathematical domain.
Category: Number Theory

Red Teaming Generative Ai/nlp, the BB84 Quantum Cryptography Protocol and the Nist-Approved Quantum-Resistant Cryptographic Algorithms

Authors: Petar Radanliev, David De Roure, Omar Santos
Comments: 30 Pages.

In the contemporary digital age, Quantum Computing and Artificial Intelligence (AI) convergence is reshaping the cyber landscape, introducing both unprecedented opportunities and potential vulnerabilities.This research, conducted over five years, delves into the cybersecurity implications of this convergence, with a particular focus on AI/Natural Language Processing (NLP) models and quantum cryptographic protocols, notably the BB84 method and specific NIST-approved algorithms. Utilising Python and C++ as primary computational tools, the study employs a "red teaming" approach, simulating potential cyber-attacks to assess the robustness of quantum security measures. Preliminary research over 12 months laid the groundwork, which this study seeks to expand upon, aiming to translate theoretical insights into actionable, real-world cybersecurity solutions. Located at the University of Oxford's technology precinct, the research benefits from state-of-the-art infrastructure and a rich collaborative environment. The study's overarching goal is to ensure that as the digital world transitions to quantum-enhanced operations, it remains resilient against AI-driven cyber threats. The research aims to foster a safer, quantum-ready digital future through iterative testing, feedback integration, and continuous improvement. The findings are intended for broad dissemination, ensuring that the knowledge benefits academia and the global community, emphasising the responsible and secure harnessing of quantum technology.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Natural Units, Pi-Groups and Period Laws

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 16 Pages.

In the context of QFT and Gauge Theory, the introduction of Natural Units, as a quantization in disguise'' combined with Buckingham's Pi-Theorem, provides a direct connection with de Rham Periods, as also hinted by Feynman amplitudes, Dessins d'Enfant and Belyi maps models of baryon modes etc.A program emerges: Physics Laws as Period Laws, and Alpha, as an element of the Pi-groups, a period. Our models of the Physical Reality emerge from the union of Cohomological Physics and Number Theory,helping us understand ``the unreasonable effectiveness of Mathematics''.An overview of the Network Model is included, with impacts to Sciences in general. Further prospects for understanding the fine structure constant are presented.
Category: Mathematical Physics

How Torsion [] May Permit Cosmological Constant and [Serve] Baseline as to Dark Energy

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 8 Pages. (Correction to Title made by viXra Admin to conform with scholalry norm - Please conform!)

Based on the idea of cyclic conformal cosmology, we discuss how torsion may allow for a cosmological constant, which links the ideas given by Beckwith and QaZi 2023 to a presentation as far as Torsion as given by de Sabbata and Sirvaram, Erice 1990 . The 1990 article claims that Torsion cancels Cosmological vacuum energy whereas our formulation leads to a left over cosmological constant 10^-121 times vacuum energy . Meantime speculation as to how all this relates to black hole physics and speculation given by Corda which replaces traditional firewalls with a different formulation are included as that presentation by Corda uses the idea of a quantum number n, which ties into our own Cosmological constant presentation
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Electrons System

Authors: Sheng-Ping Wu
Comments: 13 Pages.

Self-consistent Lorentz equation is proposed, and is solved to electrons and the structures of particles and atomic nucleus. The static properties and decay are reasoned, all meet experimental data. The equation of general relativity sheerly with electromagnetic field is discussed as the base of this theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Updated Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 3 Pages.

Unlike deuterium - tritium plasma of nuclei of identical charges, which give a certain instability, thermonuclear reactions are physically permissible: 1. method: inelastic collisions of tritium nuclei, without primary plasma, with high-energy protons, at a ready-made collider. 2. Method: structuring of charged counter streams of deuterium plasma at the meeting point, modified by TOKAMAK, by vertical beams of low-energy antiprotons. The reaction products are helium and antiproton, which structures new and new nuclei. At the same time, the number of antiprotons is regulated by beams of protons in annihilation. 3. Method of inelastic collisions in beams of a deuterium nucleus of low energies, without primary plasma.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Floor and Ceiling Functions

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this note we give some properties of the Floor and Ceiling functions.
Category: Number Theory

Proof of the Collatz Conjecture, 3x+1 by Adriano Bertaggia

Authors: Adriano Bertaggia
Comments: 81 Pages.

We will proof that the 3x+1 conjecture is true, using modular arithmetic and a new approach based on an ancient symbol THE ENNEAGRAMMA. We will show that for every integer n, n ≡ 1 (mod 2) if and only if 3n+1 ≡ 4 (mod 6). With the help of directed graphs, flow and block diagrams we will find 1 equation which, applying the 2 conditions, links all the odd numbers and consequently the positive integers to the powers of 2. We will find the analytical equation of the function. We will show how "numerical gravity" arises from the deterministic divisibility that the combinations of integers allow. We will go up the Collatz graph represented by the inverse function which forms a tree with the exception of the cycle 1-4-2-1... We will show how all positive integers are present in the tree, that is connected to the number 1, making extensive use of graphs, tables and colors to represent the beauty of mathematics. We will follow the exact chronology of the insights. Careful observation of the numbers will return an elementary (-a)rithmetic (double logical negation equals affirmation). We will not omit steps that are obvious, since these are the substrate on which the approach is based. We hope you can appreciate the extreme simplicity, harmony and rhythm that the numbers manifest.
Category: Number Theory

Risk Dynamics Modeling and Credit Valuation Adjustment

Authors: David Lee
Comments: 25 Pages.

A broad range of financial products bear credit risk. This paper presents an integrated approach to model credit risk. We focus on the impact of default dependence and rating migration on derivative security valuation, as correlated default risk is one of the most pervasive threats in financial markets. The numerical study shows that the model-implied credit spreads are very close to the market observed credit spreads. Both have the same patterns and trends. The numerical study also indicates that the calculated default correlation is consistent with the market default correlation observed, implying that the model is accurate for computing the market value of credit risk.
Category: Social Science

On United States Mass Shootings

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 35 Pages. final update with supporting evidence.

The severity of the effects on organisms, especially human males, of histamine and serotonin biochemical interactions - and their subsequent behaviors - has been vastly underestimated in the scientific community. Humans, like all life, are sensitive to their environment. Mentally ill or unstable individuals can be triggered into impulsive and violent activities from spikes in serum serotonin. Human serum histamine level is directly proportional to environmental allergen or pollen levels, but serum serotonin level is inversely proportional to serum histamine levels with human males having 52% more serotonin than females. Data show an association between the dates of violent acts, especially male single shooter mass shootings in the United States, and the dates of dramatic decreases in pollen levels thus indicating pollen and serum histamine level drops as a possible precursor or triggering relationship. This knowledge can be used as a potential predictor for law enforcement and medical agencies for a given city or region. Mental health professionals would be advised to lower serotonin boosting meds and even supplement antihistamine and sedative medications to male patients in the timeframes of March through June, for spring tree pollens especially juniper tree pollen, and from September through November, for fall ragweed weed pollen.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Prototype-based Feature Selection with the Nafes Package

Authors: Nana Abeka Otoo, Muhammad Abubakar
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper introduces Nafes as a prototype-based feature selection package designed as a wrapper centered on the highly interpretable and powerful Generalized Matrix Learning Vector Quantization (GMLVQ) classification algorithm and its local variant (LGMLVQ). Nafes utilizes the learned relevances evaluated by the mutation validation scheme for Learning Vector quantization (LVQ), which iteratively converges to selected features that relevantly contribute to the prototype-based classifier decisions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Microcontrollers A Comprehensive Overview and Comparative Analysis of Diverse Types

Authors: Muhammad Samiullah, Muhammad Zohaib Irfan
Comments: 5 Pages.

This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of five popular microcontrollers: AVR, 8052, PIC, ESP32, and STM32. Each microcontroller is analyzed in terms of its architecture, peripherals, development environment, and application areas. A comparison is provided to highlight the key differences between these microcontrollers and assist engineers in selecting the most appropriate microcontroller for their specific needs. This paper serves as a valuable resource for beginners and experienced engineers alike, providing a comprehensive understanding of the different microcontrollers available and their respective applications.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Proof of Kepler's Third Law

Authors: Haijun Liu
Comments: 6 Pages.

The motion trajectories of planets are divided into static trajectories and dynamic trajectories. It was proposed that planets revolve around the center of mass of stars and other planets. It suggests that the center of mass of a planet, or the center of mass of an entire galaxy, is not a closed curve in the plane of the galaxy, but a solid spiral curve around that closed curve. It was proposed that the planet and its orbiting moons were a whole. It was proposed that the orbit of the planets around the star is a closed, irregular spiral curve around the center of mass of the planets and moons, around the center of mass of the stars and other planets. Similarly, the orbit of the satellite around the planet is also a circle of irregular spiral curves. The curve in the closed irregular galactic plane is static, and is the projection of the threaded center of the dynamic spiral curve onto the galactic plane. The closed irregular spiral curve is dynamic. It was proposed that the trajectory of the planets around the star was not an elliptic curve in the galactic plane, but a three-dimensional spiral curve around this irregular flat curve that resembled an ellipse. It turns out that Kepler's third law describes the dynamics of planets. In other words, Kepler's second law, which is a static description of planets, follows the area law. Kepler's third law, which describes the dynamics of planets, also follows the area law and is in perfect agreement with Newton's law of gravitation.
Category: Astrophysics

On the Frequency of Light in Vacuum Space

Authors: Larry Huang, Lynn Huang
Comments: 18 Pages.

Based on the fact that the frequency of light is reduced at the same rate (redshift) across a far distance, and the fact that the speed of light is constant, we can yield a mathematical law of light’s frequency loss. This law states for light traveling through vacuum space, its frequency must reduce an amount equal to Hu2092= H/MPC = 2.26*10^(-18) Hertz for every cycle (or every 1 wavelength of travel) of the light wave, where H is Hubble Constant and MPC = Megaparsecs = 30,856,775,814,913,673,000 km or Δf/f = -Hu2092t. This frequency is reducing exponentially against time (f(t) = fu2092e-Hu2092t). In Mathematics, some properties of Digamma function ψ(x) is used to deliver the law. By carefully comparing space’s expansion and this law of frequency loss, we conclude the expansion of space cannot be the reason of light’s frequency reduction, since they contradict one another. Instead, light traveling in space will lose a very small and constant amount of energy for every of its wavelengths that it travels. Finally an experiment is proposed to prove the theory and to find the Hubble Constant without needing to look at galaxies millions of light years away.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Causal Loops in Time Travel

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 19 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Only Preprint is acceptable and all future non-compliant submission will be rejected!)

About the possibility of time traveling based on several specialized works, including those of Nicholas J. J. Smith ("Time Travel"), William Grey ("Troubles with Time Travel"), Ulrich Meyer ("Explaining causal loops"), Simon Keller and Michael Nelson ("Presentists should believe in time-travel"), Frank Arntzenius and Tim Maudlin ("Time Travel and Modern Physics"), and David Lewis ("The Paradoxes of Time Travel"). The article begins with an Introduction in which I make a short presentation of the time travel, and continues with a History of the concept of time travel, main physical aspects of time travel, including backward time travel in the past in general relativity and quantum physics, and time travel in the future, then a presentation of the Grandfather paradox that is approached in almost all specialized works, followed by a section dedicated to the Philosophy of time travel, and a section in which I analyze Causal loops for time travel. I finish my work with Conclusions, in which I sustain my personal opinions on the time travel, and the Bibliography on which the work is based.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Gravity from Dimensional Analysis of the Planck Scale

Authors: Thiago Campos Araújo
Comments: 125 Pages.

This article is proposed to demonstrate in an informal and conceptual way that the equations of Quantum Mechanics are derived from the dimensional analysis of Planck units, this gives the possibility of extracting the equations of Quantum Gravity through the same process of reverse engineering, although it seems something simple this is extremely powerful for visualizing the possibility of a unification.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 4 Pages.

One of the immediate consequences of Cauchy's integral formula is Liouville's theorem, which states that an entire ( that is, holomorphic in the whole complex plane C ) function cannot be bounded if it is not constant. This profound result leads to arguably the most natural proof of Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.
Category: General Mathematics

Quick Tiling

Authors: Volker W. Thürey
Comments: 4 Pages.

In the first part, we tile the plane with k-gons for natural numbers k which have the rest three if we devide it by four. The proof is by pictures. In a second part, we extend the result to all natural numbers larger than two. The foundation is the tiling of the plane by rectangles or hexagons. We use at most two different tiles for the covering.
Category: Geometry

Using Three [Plausible] Light-related Conclusions to [Attempt to] Explain 76 Light-related Physical Phenomena and Experimental Results

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 48 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future regurgitation/repetition will not be accepted)

Through my long-term research on dozens of physical phenomena and experimental results related to light, I have summed up three related conclusions, which respectively explain the nature of light, the law of interaction between light and medium, the nature of light speed and the main factors that determine light speed. At the same time, it also shows that many physical phenomena and experimental results related to light can be explained only by using the most basic Coulomb law and Biot-Savart law in electromagnetism. This paper uses these three conclusions to explain the following 76 common physical phenomena and experimental results related to light at the same time, and has achieved unexpected success. Please correct your mistakes if you are interested. At the same time, I hope to collect more questions related to light through this paper to further test the applicability, reliability and correctness of these three conclusions. If these three conclusions can explain more physical phenomena and experimental results related to light without exception, it can be proved that the closer these three conclusions are to objective reality, the closer they are to truth. These three conclusions will be more accurate, objective and true in understanding and summarizing the nature of light, the law of interaction between light and medium, the nature of light speed and the main factors that determine light speed.
Category: Classical Physics

The Planets of BH1

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 4 Pages.

A star — about the size of the Sun — orbits the nearby black hole BH1. The duo emits a gravitational wave that affects Earth's atmospheric pressure. With this receiving antenna and an extremely narrow-band receiver, we measure and evaluate the signal of the binary system. It is phase modulated with seven different frequencies that obey a simple formation law. The parameters of the PM allow the orbital periods, masses and positions of the planets to be estimated. The unexpectedly high values of the modulation index suggest that gravitational waves propagate slower than the speed of light.
Category: Astrophysics

Authors: G. Hervé
Comments: 2 Pages. (Abstract added by viXra Admin)

[This note is about a proof of a conjecture on the Riemann zeta-function at even integers]
Category: Number Theory

A Proposal for Pilot Experiments on Gravitational Levitation

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 5 Pages.

The purpose of this proposal is the disentanglement between tangential and radial energy stored around a gravitational source. Due to the disentanglement the attraction to a pilot mass is destroyed in the sense of quantum mechanical exchange between radial and tangential pseudo vector clusters. In other words the pilot mass levitates or hovers, no air involved, above the surface of Earth. Some precursor experiments are needed before the gravitational levitation is possible. Firstly the propagation of the electromagnetic power through all kind materials has to be researched. After this and understanding the power loss process then g-levitation is just a matter increasing the power cross section to the impact of the Earth surface.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Tumor Angiogenic Optimizer: a New Bio-Inspired Based Metaheuristic

Authors: Hernández Rodríguez, Matías Ezequiel
Comments: 10 pages, 2 figures

In this article, we propose a new metaheuristic inspired by the morphogenetic cellular movements of endothelial cells (ECs) that occur during the tumor angiogenesis process. This algorithm starts with a random initial population. In each iteration, the best candidate selected as the tumor, while the other individuals in the population are treated as ECs migrating toward the tumor's direction following a coordinated dynamics through a spatial relationship between tip and follower ECs. EC movements mathematical model in angiogenic morphogenesis are detailed in the article.This algorithm has an advantage compared to other similar optimization metaheuristics:the model parameters are already configured according to the tumor angiogenesis phenomenon modeling, preventing researchers from initializing them with arbitrary values.Subsequently, the algorithm is compared against well-known benchmark functions, and the results are validated through a comparative study with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The results demonstrate that the algorithm is capable of providing highly competitive outcomes.Also the proposed algorithm is applied to a real-world problem. The results showed that the proposed algorithm performed effective in solving constrained optimization problems, surpassing other known algorithms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Expressing Even Numbers Beyond 6 as Sums of Two Primes

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 3 Pages.

The "strong Goldbach conjecture" posits that any even number exceeding 6 can be represented as the sum of two prime numbers. This study explores this hypothesis, leveraging the constancy of odd integer quantities and cumulative sums within positive integers. By identifying odd prime numbers, pα1and pα2, within [3, n] and (n, 2n-2) intervals, we demonstrate a transformative process grounded in the unchanging nature of odd number counts and their cumulative sums. Through this process, we establish the equation 2n =pα1 + pα2, offering a significant stride in unraveling the enigmatic core of the strong Goldbach conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Critical Analysis of Special Relativity

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 9 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholalry norm - Please conform!)

In this study, the theory of special relativity is critically analyzed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Redefining Gravity

Authors: Felipe Wescoup
Comments: 14 Pages.

The purpose of this paper is to present a hypothesis that redefines gravity. The currentdefinition for gravity is: The natural force of attraction between any two massive bodies,which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional tothe square of the distance between them.The current definition explains the force of attraction between two massive bodies.Einstein’s well-known equation, E = mc2, relates mass and energy. So, this paperexpands upon that premise and proposes that gravity is not the force of attractionbetween two massive bodies but is rather the force of attraction between two energybodies.Gravity — the natural force of attraction between any two energy bodies, which is directlyproportional to the product of their energies and inversely proportional to the square ofthe distance between them.This proposed definition of gravity predicts the bending of light by a massive body. Andmay also be used to improve our understanding of how galaxies rotate. If supported byexperimentation, we may then be able to combine gravity into a Grand Unified Theory.
Category: Classical Physics

The Synchrotron Spectrum from the Volkov Solution of the Dirac Equation

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 14 Pages. Original Article

We derive the power spectrum of the synchrotron radiation from the Volkov solution of the Dirac equation and from S-matrix. We also generalize the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equation for the spin motion in case it involves the radiation term. This equation play the crucial role in the spin motion of protons in LHC and in FERMILAB. The axion production in the magnetic feld described by the Volkovsolution is discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Common Points of Parallel Lines and Division by Zero Calculus

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this note, we will consider some common points of two parallel lines on the plane from the viewpoint of the division by zero calculus. Usually, we will consider that there are no common points or the common point is the point at infinity for two parallel lines. We will, surprisingly, introduce a new common point for two parallel lines from the viewpoint of the division by zero calculus.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Why Einstein Was Right About Unified Field Theory?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 9 Pages. Final Version

Goal of physics is to arrive at new theory still rooted in old theory. From Newtonian physics to Einstein and most probably to quantum gravity and then to unified field theory that is most accepted view on how physics theories should progress. But what if this assumption is not true?What if from Newton to Einstein and then to Extended Einstein? What if final step does not take into account quantum physics? This seems absurd at first but I will explore this possibility. First question that arises is that basics or fundamental physics should stay at basic level same, basic physics is classical physics and then from it Relativity emerges as result of Maxwell equations. Then a new physic is born, quantum physics that changes the view of classical physics into probability theory with no way to say what will happen exactly.This approach was most successful theory of twenty century and to this day proves itself with amazing accuracy. On the other side of physics there is another successful theory that is general relativity, that proves itself with any experiment. But both theories are incomplete, quantum physics lacks gravity, relativity breaks down at singularities that emerge from it in crucial of universe evolution moment that is the moment of big bang itself.Most physics community effort goes into trying to quantize gravity one way or another, or in general unify quantum physics with gravity and extensions of standard model. But there should be equal amount of tries to do the opposite, try to make quantum physics consistent with gravity first. By that I mean that quantum should be relativized same way theory of relativity needs to be quantized.My approach will be even another one, I will assume that only step forward is to extend relativity into more general theory without need to quantize it at all. And that its generalization will be good enough to explain quantum effects. This may seem absurd at first but as I will show it gives pretty good results and in general is a good but very complicated model of spacetime curvature.Field a physical field should be threat as field a continuous one with no gaps with empty parts of that field. Same should apply to matter field, matter should be threat as one field that is continuous in all space and that is goal of this work.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Anisotropy of Factions

Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 3 Pages. (Abstract added by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

Factions, or agent-based secret-sharing networks, are discussed. Convergence of multiple belief systems is described as the anisotropic propagation of truth by factions.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

An Analysis of the Essence of the Bernoulli Effect in Perspective of Thermodynamics

Authors: Demin Liu
Comments: 4 Pages. (Author name corrected by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

Boltzmann gave us the answer to temperature and Bernoulli summarized the laws of motion of fluids. So is there a connection between temperature and the motion of fluids? The answer is yes. Fluids that move in different ways exhibit different temperatures.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Indivisible Aspects Theory with Redefined Zeros (IATRZ)

Authors: David C. Salles Jr
Comments: 26 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

The Indivisible Aspects Theory with Redefined Zeros (IATRZ) is a proposed new framework attempting to integrate principles from mathematics, philosophy, and physics. It tries to offers a fresh perspective on zero, infinitesimals, and infinity, plausibly reshaping our understanding of the numerical system. In this new perspective, zero, infinitesimals, and infinity are intricately interconnected, forming a unity. Zero plays a vital role in the emergence of infinitesimals, which, in turn, contribute to the boundless expanse of infinity. The IATRZ system redefines zero as an indivisible component of every value, enabling a holistic comprehension of numerical values. Absolute zero becomes the neutral reference point, allowing for the evaluation and comparison of values. Infinitesimals bridge the gap between zero and finite values, revealing the continuous nature of numerical progression. Infinity represents the limitless potential and vastness of the numerical landscape, allowing us to explore the finest granularity possible. This proposed framework challenges traditional interpretations and invites us to explore the interconnectedness of numerical values.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Sum of Positive and Negative Prime Numbers are Equal

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper unveils a profound equation that harnesses the power of natural numbers to establish a captivating theorem: the balance between positive and negative prime numbers’ summation, intricately linked through the medium of natural numbers. As a corollary, the essence ofnatural numbers emerges as a testament to the harmonious interplay between even and odd elements. Notably, we expose the remarkable revelation that odd numbers find expression as both the aggregate of prime divisors and the sum of prime numbers, fusing diverse mathematical concepts into an elegant unity. This work reshapes the landscape of number theory, illuminating the hidden connections between primes, naturals, andtheir arithmetical compositions.
Category: Number Theory

Redefining Electron Spin and Anomalous Magnetic Moment Through Harmonic Oscillation and Lorentz Contraction

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper proposes a new perspective on spin angular momentum. Traditionally, electron spin precession is based on the assumption of uniform circular motion. In this study, we model the acceleration as a simple harmonic oscillator and the precession as a sinusoidal function. This approach reveals a double angle in the outer product of the Thomas precession and demonstrates that half the circumference of a photon yields an angular velocity equivalent to one rotation. Additionally, we show that a single electron can exhibit both up and down spins depending on the time transition. We further explore the effect of Lorentz contraction on the circumference in the direction of the axis of rotation. Einstein noted that in a rotating coordinate system, the ratio of circumference to diameter deviates from $pi$. We propose that this Lorentz contraction accounts for the anomalous magnetic moment. By treating the anomalous magnetic moment as a Lorentz contraction of rotational angular momentum, we calculate the stationary free electron's average trembling motion velocity within Compton wavelengths to be approximately four percent of the speed of light. Moreover, we include considerations from general relativity, using the Schwarzschild radius to predict the electron's size.
Category: Quantum Physics

[t]he Steady State Qubit Universes

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 12 Pages.

Genesis, the creation of our cosmos in six times 24 hours with one day rest by super massive black holes, white radiators having a crossing time for the light speed over the event horizon of about 24 hours, can be derived by group symmetric considerations based on Monster symmetry. The age of our cosmos seems to be 13.7 billion years as a representation of the omega condition breaks down in: (243 x √2 x6)2 = (1.173005 105)2 = 1.375941 1010 /1.0024532 = 1.3692 1010 yrs Or as observed in: 1.375941 1010 x 1.0024532 = 1.383 1010 yrs The cubic power of 24 hrs represents two dark matter black holes accelerated in opposing direction to an end velocity of ½√2 c in a time sequence cycle of six of those cubes. The ratio 1.002453 is a genuine deviation derived from the symmetry number of the Monster. The time sequence cycle is repeated till the overall mass of the universes has been reached.The day of rest represents the formation of a super massive white radiator, black hole as remnant in present-day galaxies. Given by:24 x 6 = 144 x √4/3 =166.2768 hrs or 7 x 24 = 168 hrs. The 24 x √4/3 = 27.7128 hrs is the expansion time needed for the formation of the ultra fast and ultra light mediating medium having an maximum momentum of (½ c) effective due to acceleration to the end velocity to ½ √2 c. The alpha condition or the inflationary period of our cosmos, the onset in opposing time symmetries confirms the initial state of the Big Bang for the group symmetry Monster number, a compacted state for neutrons having an imaginary macro mass in the order of Jupiter with event horizon of one metre. The so called inflationary period, alpha initial condition, lasted for 768 yrs times 2 due to the fast mediation medium. All massive white radiators as macro quantum states were released during that period.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Discovery of a New Photoelectric Medium Based on Experiments

Authors: Demin Liu
Comments: 8 Pages.

The fiber optic gyroscopes is based on the Sagnac Effect, and the two lights propagating in different directions produce a phase difference when the fiber loop rotates. However, when the gyroscope is stationary, that is, the medium is stationary, the applied radial and axial magnetic field gyroscope will also produce a phase difference, and the phase difference is directly proportional to the magnetic field strength. At present, only the magneto-optic effects on the gyroscope are the Faraday Effect and the Cotton-Mouton Effect. In order to verify whether the axial magnetic field is the role of the above two magneto-optic effects, the fiber optic gyroscope is specially modified to let the two beams of light in the optical fiber propagate in the same direction, and then add the radial and axial magnetic fields to the fiber loop, that is, two experiments, B-1 and B-2. Through experiments, we first excluded the possibility of the Cotton-Mouton Effect. Two experiments, radial magnetic field A-1 and axial magnetic field A-2, were then performed in normal mode. Calculate acording totheory, the Faraday Effect of the A-1 experiment is at least 367 times higher than that of theA-2 experiment, but the experimental results are only 1.56-fold. Therefore, this abnormalexperimental phenomenon is a major discovery. The phase difference produced by the axialmagnetic field will not be caused by the Faraday Effect, and the existing theory cannot give areasonable explanation to the abnormal experimental phenomenon, which also means thatthere must be an unknown photoelectric medium.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Close-Orbiting Black Hole Pairs Are Macroscopic Quantum-Gravitational Systems. or Quantum Mechanics is Invalid.

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 17 Pages.

Close-orbiting black hole pairs with near-equal masses M≈m are a new kind of macroscopic quantum object because they have inherent mass-uncertainty ΔM_total>(M+m)/380. That makes them the largest and heaviest macroscopic quantum systems ever found, the first observable physical system plausibly requiring quantum gravity for an accurate description, and the first which plausibly will enable learning about quantum gravity via direct observation. Lengths and times measured in the vicinity also should have relative uncertainties⪆1/380. To show that, we combine (1) rigorous forms of the energy-time uncertainty principle with (2) graviton-emission rate estimates – large rates force high mass-uncertainties ΔM; and more gravitons are emitted during 1 hour of super-super hole tight orbiting than the total count of non-graviton particles in the observable universe.

Perhaps you think it crazy anything that huge can have this large inherent mass, length, or time uncertainties. If so, then you interpret this as a paradox or crisis which needs resolution via adding some extra ingredient to today's laws of physics. The penultimate section, added for the third draft, proposes as that extra ingredient: the ΔEΔt uncertainty relations lose their validity when ΔE exceeds order 1 in Planck units, and explains how that is predicted by the author's "Cloud QFT" theory. The final section,added for the fourth draft, covers the "Copenhagen controversy" and related data analysis, which I wish the LIGO team would publicly perform every time instead of ignoring.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Questions of Quantum Field Theory 1

Authors: Danny Fainozzi, Alessandro Giacchetto
Comments: 98 Pages.

Introduction to QFT through questions and exercises starting from Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations, passing through the Second Quantization and ending with interacting fields.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Computing Solid Angle Using Perimeter Points

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 8 Pages.

The solid angle of a region can be computed as the rotational transformation of an axis after its tip slews about the solid angle region once while its base remains fixed at the observer location. The transformation can be achieved by moving the tip of the axis from perimeter point to point sequentially using great circle arcs until it returns to its original orientation. This method works very well for spherical polygon shapes, but has reduced accuracy when the perimeter is curved. Increasing the number of points that define the perimeter improves accuracy but can also introduce numerical roundoff error. The proposed method uses both slewing and rotational motion of the axis to define the contour of the solid angle region more accurately. This new method results in greater accuracy while using fewer perimeter points. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the method.
Category: Classical Physics

The Cold Fusion

Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 9 Pages.

In conventional thermonuclear fusion process of atomic nuclei, one critical condition is how to make them close together or pass through the Coulomb barrier between themselves. Although the thermonuclear fusion has been understood well with the conventional theory in nuclear physics, cold fusion, which has been issued with Fleischmann-Pons experiment in 1989, or nuclear fusion at room temperature in general is not explained with the conventional theory. However, if nuclear force inside the nucleus is considered as the spin-spin magnetic interaction of nucleons initiated by electric polarization between proton and neutron, there is an alternative way to understand cold fusion. Since the electric polarization between nucleons can be induced by an external electric field, the electric polarization can be an important clue to understand cold fusion, such as the nuclear fusion of deuterium nuclei absorbed into the lattice structure of palladium.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Thermostatic Control of Mems Imu Using a Peltier Plate

Authors: Sok Hun Kim, Thae Ju Ri, Ung Cha
Comments: 7 Pages.

In recent years, the micro-electro- mechanical-system(MEMS) IMUs (Inertial Measurement Units) have been widely used in UAVs(Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), UGVs(Unmanned Ground Vehicles) and Robotics due to their small size, light weight, low power consumption and low cost.MEMS IMU contains 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis magnetometer, thermometer, etc. in a single microchip, but MEMS gyroscope’s accuracy tends to be low, especially by temperature influence, and they generally require error compensation in practical applications.Especially, the zero-bias is greatly changed by temperature variations.Considering the simplification and real-time requirement, we present the hardware and software design methods for thermostatic control of MEMS IMU using a peltier plate.Then the Neural Adaptive PID (Proportion Integration Differentiation) controller is used to stabilize the inner temperature of MEMS IMU enclosure by controlling the amount of heating and cooling of a peltier plate.As shown in the experiment, the transient time is less than 3 min , the rising time is less than 5s/℃ and the falling time is less than 10 s/℃ so the property of the dynamic response in the thermostatic control system is improved much better than in other methods.The overall cost is lower than 100$ and it is easy to implement hardware and software.Thus this can be widely used in UAVs, UGVs and Robotics
Category: General Mathematics

Double Inequalities Related to Approximate Formulas of Euler-Mascheroni Constant with Continuedfraction

Authors: JiSong Ro, SongIl Kang, JinSong Yu, HyonChol Kim
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, we present some new double inequalities starting from the approximate formula for Euler-Mascheroni constant the newly obtained by us.
Category: Number Theory

New Approaches to Riemann Hypothesis Solution

Authors: Miroslav Sukenik, Magdaléna Súkeníková
Comments: 3 Pages.

In the article, we assume that the Golden Ratio plays a fundamental role in alocalosation of non-trivial zero points of the Riemann Zeta function on the critical line s = 0.5.
Category: Number Theory

Constantes Fundamentales: Uniendo Gravedad Y la Expansión Acelerada Del Universo Por Medio Del Bosón de Higgs

Authors: Mohamed Makraini
Comments: 19 Pages. In Spanish

En este artículo, se plantea una nueva reinterpretación de la geometría curva del espacio-tiempo, donde de considera que el espacio-tiempo experimenta una contracción longitudinal. Este efecto, se manifiesta en cambios de la métrica del espacio-tiempo que determinan como se miden las distancias y los intervalos temporales en esa región. Es decir, una variación de dimensión en la escala, tamaño o longitud aparente del espacio-tiempo. Esta reinterpretación es compatible con las ecuaciones de campo de Einstein y Maxwell. La constante gravitacional universal GNewton, la constante de Hubble para la expansión acelerada del universo H(0) y la constante cosmológica asociada con la hipotética energía oscura Λ, se pueden obtener y aproximar mediante este nuevo enfoque, donde la masa del bosón de Higgs con sus privilegiadas y únicas características, juega un papel trascendental para dar respuesta a una multitud de preguntas abiertas en física y en la actualidad cosmológica moderna. La reinterpretación de la geometría curva por la contracción espacio-temporal, proporciona un nuevo marco para entender mucho mejor la gravedad. Al obtener valores muy aproximados de la constante de gravitación universal, es posible determinar la fuerza inversa a la gravedad responsable de la expansión acelerada del universo. Esto es posible gracias a la teoría de divergencia de Gauss, donde la distribución de carga determinada por la constante de Coulomb en el marco de la expansión multipolar definida por el electromagnetismo, constituye una analogía bastante sólida, siendo de forma inversamente proporcional a la gravedad, mediante la cuál es posible obtener y calcular con mucha precisión, el valor de la constante H(0) de Hubble. La constante cosmológica Λ, considerada como una posible energía oscura que impulsa la expansión acelerada del universo, también puede ser obtenida y explicada a través de este nuevo enfoque. La reinterpretación de la geometría curva de la gravedad, como una contracción espacio-temporal, afectaría a las propiedades de la expansión del espacio-tiempo, donde la interpretación de contracción del universo, que describe la Relatividad General, debe ser reinterpretada, comprendida y aceptada, como la gravedad misma a cualquier escala.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Fundamental Constants: Uniting Gravity and the Accelerated Expansion of the Universe Through the Higgs Boson

Authors: Mohamed Makraini
Comments: 19 Pages.

This article presents a new reinterpretation of the curved geometry of spacetime, where it is considered that spacetime undergoes longitudinal contraction. This effect is manifested in changes in the spacetime metric that determine how distances and temporal intervals are measured in that region. In other words, a variation in the scale, size, or apparent length of spacetime. This reinterpretation is compatible with Einstein's field equations and Maxwell's equations. The universal gravitational constant of Newton, G, the Hubble constant for the accelerated expansion of the universe, H(0), and the cosmological constant associated with hypothetical dark energy, Λ, can be obtained and approximated using this new approach, where the mass of the Higgs boson with its unique and privileged characteristics plays a crucial role in addressing numerous open questions in physics and modern cosmology. The reinterpretation of curved geometry through spacetime contraction provides a new framework for better understanding gravity. By obtaining very close values of the universal gravitational constant, it is possible to determine the inverse force to gravity responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe. This is achievable through Gauss's divergence theorem, where the charge distribution determined by the Coulomb constant within the framework of multipolar expansion defined by electromagnetism constitutes a quite solid analogy, being inversely proportional to gravity. This allows for the precise calculation of the value of the Hubble constant, H(0). The cosmological constant Λ, considered as a potential dark energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe, can also be obtained and explained through this new approach. The reinterpretation of the curved geometry of gravity as spacetime contraction would affect the properties of spacetime expansion, where the interpretation of the universe's contraction described by General Relativity must be reinterpreted, understood, and accepted as gravity itself at any scale.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Causally Complete Science for the Reason-Based Society

Authors: Andrei P. Kirilyuk
Comments: 9 pages, 5 refs; paper presented at the FQXi Essay Contest - Spring, 2023, https://forums.fqxi.org/d/3997-causally-complete-science-for-the-reason-based-society

Modern fundamental science tends to avoid the principle of physical causality and realism, replacing it with heuristically postulated and separated mathematical constructions that impose their own rules before being adjusted to measurement results. While it is officially accepted as the single possible kind of rigorous knowledge, we argue that another, explicitly extended kind of science can provide the causally complete picture of reality avoiding the glaring gaps, growing problems and persisting stagnation of the artificially reduced knowledge paradigm. The logic of science development and especially its current state call for the urgently needed transition to the extended, causally complete kind of knowledge and related sustainable progress at superior creativity levels of self-aware, reason-based society.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

[Unified Theory of Four] Field Forces Based on [the Electric Field]

Authors: Xiao Jun
Comments: 17 Pages.

The unified theory of the four fundamental forces has been a goal pursued tirelessly by physicists. Attempts have been made from various aspects such as quantum field theory, general relativity, and string theory, but none have yielded satisfactory results. This article starts with the electric field interaction between two charges. By considering the additional effect of positive and negative vacuum polarization charge clouds around the particles, the divergence equation of the electric field can not only derive the expression of the potential energy of the non-divergent electric field at zero distance, but also derive the potential energy expressions of the non-divergent nuclear force, short-range weak force, and universal gravity. These four forces are different manifestations of the static electric force between charges, and all have a non-zero equilibrium distance. The well-known Newtonian universal gravity, Coulomb force, and Yukawa nuclear force are all results when the action distance is much greater than the equilibrium distance.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

About God in Newton's Correspondence with Richard Bentley and Queries in Opticks

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 8 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

In Newton’s correspondence with Richard Bentley, Newton rejected the possibility of remote action, even though he accepted it in the Principia. Practically, Newton’s natural philosophy is indissolubly linked to his conception of God. The knowledge of God seems to be essentially immutable, unlike the laws of nature that can be subjected to refining, revision and rejection procedures. As Newton later states in Opticks, the cause of gravity is an active principle in matter, but this active principle is not an essential aspect of matter, but something that must have been added to matter by God, arguing in the same Query of Opticks even the need for divine intervention.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

On the Particle-Wave Duality in Light Propagation

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 56 Pages. In Chinese

An important and crucial Law —‘Law of Light Propagation’— is firstly put forward by author, and a relevant Law —‘Law of Motion Observation’— is revealed. They are fundamental laws in Relativistic Theory for Motion Observation. Minkowski Space-time is the space-time where there is only one ‘Observer’, and could be imagined to be a ‘Single-Observer’s World’, and its ‘World-line’ is represented by a ‘single curve’ . The proposed equations for deriving Lorentz Transformation are defined in Minkowski Space-time, which makes Lorentz Transformation being ‘Identical Transformation’ i.e. ‘Null Transformation’. Lorentz Transformation describes observation process of either one single observer or two relatively rest observers. But, on the contrary, Galilean Space-time is the space-time where there are more than one ‘Observers’, and could be imagined to be a ‘Multi-Observer’s World’, and its ‘World-line’ is represented by a branch of similar curves. The logical relationship for Space-time and Transformation is as follows: Minkowski Space-time, which is the "Set of Identical Transformation", is subset of Galilean Space-time, and Galilean Space-time, which is the "Set of Galilean-Zhou Transformation", is subset of the "Newtonian Space-time" (the ‘Universe Space-time’). Lorentz Transformation in Minkowski Space-time is actually ‘Identical Transformation’ which is only fit for fibre-glass and wiring propagation without Doppler’s Effect, and Galilean-Zhou Transformation in Galilean Space-time is fit for all around wireless propagation with Doppler’s Effect. It is necessary to give crucial physical verification and evidence for predictions and mathematical conclusions made by STR and GTR, deduced in Minkowski Space-time (‘Single-Observer’s World’) by means of Galilean-Zhou Transformation in Galilean Space-time (‘Multi-Observer’s World’ ), otherwise any mathematical conclusion deduced in Minkowski Space-time won’t acquire real physical interpretation and, consequently, will not but just only be mathematical conjecture.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On V-Categories

Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 3 Pages.

Lawvere introduced a deceptively simple category, V, which is complete, symmetric, and monoidal closed. Here, we extend this construction to describe a rather general notion of localization called ��-truncation. We show that this procedure produces tame, realizable n-cells in a standard Grothendieck universe, ��. Finally, we clarify our notion of smallness for objects of stable rings in ��.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Diagonal Sections of Bivariate Archimedean Copulas and the Estimation of Parameters

Authors: Kum-Chol Son, Song Jin-A, Ro Song-Chol
Comments: 20 Pages.

We introduce new concepts-a generator of degree and a diagonal section of degree for any real number . A diagonal section of degree is the one of the bivariate Archimedean copula with a generator of degree . Generators of many well-known parametric families of bivariate Archimedean copulas, including those of Clayton, Frank and Gumbel-Hougaard, are of degree . In this article, we show that each bivariate Archimedean copula with a generator of degree is uniquely determined by its diagonal section. An asymptotic representation of these copulas in terms of corresponding diagonal sections is obtained. We also provide a sufficient condition to be a diagonal section of degree . These results allow us to construct several statistical inference procedures for bivariate Archimedean copulas. Since diagonal sections of copulas are absolutely continuous, we suggest a parametric estimation procedure for bivariate Archimedean copulas based on the likelihood of a full sample from the diagonal section.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Numerical Calculation of Roots of Real Polynomial Functions, Convergent Method

Authors: Juan Jorge Isaac Lopez
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Newton-Raphson method is the most widely used numerical calculation method to determine the roots of Real polynomial functions, but it has the drawback that it does not always converge. The method proposed in this work establishes the convergence condition and the development of its application, and therefore will always converge towards the roots of the function. This will mean a conclusive advance for the determination of roots of Real polynomial functions. According to interpretation of the Abel-Ruffini theorem, the roots of polynomial functions of degree greater than 4 can only be determined by numerical calculation.
Category: General Mathematics

Calculation of Nth Partial Sums ���� of Power Series and Its Relationship with the Calculation of Bernoulli Numbers

Authors: Carlos Oscar Rodríguez Leal
Comments: 2 Pages. In Spanish

In this work, the general formula of the n-th partial sums ��_n of sums of powers of the form 1^n+ 2^n + . . . + m^n is obtained by an algebraic method, and said formula is applied to the obtaining the Bernoulli numbers by a new simple method.

En este trabajo se obtiene la fórmula general de las n-ésimas sumas parciales ��^n de sumas de potencias de la forma 1^n + 2^n + . . . + m^n mediante un método algebraico y dicha fórmula se aplica a la obtención de los números de Bernoulli por un método alternativo recursivo sencillo.
Category: Algebra

Knot in Weak-Field Geometrical Optics

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 4 Pages. 1 figure.

We construct the geometric optical knot in 3-dimensional Euclidean (vacuum or weak-field) space using the Abelian Chern-Simons integral and the variables (the Clebsch variables) of the complex scalar field, i.e. the function of amplitude and the phase related to the refractive index. The result of numerical simulation shows that in vacuum or weak-field space, there exists such a knot.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Proof by Analysis-Synthesis and by the Absurd of Goldbach's Conjecture

Authors: Yves Désiré Ipolo
Comments: 8 Pages. In French

This article proposes an original approach never before addressed to demonstrate the Goldbach conjecture which uses reasoning by analysis-synthesis followed by reasoning by the absurd. I would like to put forward the key to the demonstration in the form of a revisited Goldbach Conjecture 1: "For every natural integer n strictly greater than 3, there exists at least one prime natural integer p which is prime with n such that 2n-p is prime and prime with n." The "Goldbach solutions", if they exist, are necessarily prime with 2n.
Category: Number Theory

Proposal of a Microbial Route for the Synthesis of the Rare Tsumeb Mineral Sohngeite, Ga(OH)3

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 4 Pages.

Microbes seem to play an important role in the formation of rare minerals as recently indicated by the synthesis of dioptase. We propose the synthesisof rare Tsumeb minerals such as sohngeite or stottite via microbe activities.
Category: Chemistry

Hilbert and Pólya Conjecture, Dynamical System, Prime Numbers, Black Holes, Quantum Mechanics, and the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Mohamed sghiar
Comments: 13 Pages.

In mathematics, the search for exact formulas giving all the prime numbers, certain families of prime numbers or the n-th prime number has generally proved to be vain, which has led to contenting oneself with approximate formulas [8]. The purpose of this article is to give a simple function to produce the list of all prime numbers.And then I give a generalization of this result and we show a link with the quantum mechanics and the attraction of black Holes. And I give a new proof of lemma 1 which gave a proof of the Riemann hypothesis [4]. Finally another excellent new proof o f the Riemann hypothesisis given and I deduce the proof of Hilbert Polya's conjecture
Category: Number Theory

Meta-Physical Inquiry Sees How the 'four-Interactive-Forces' Are Here at Work Within and Between us Humans

Authors: Ian Turnbull
Comments: 3 Pages. 2 images

Physicists have determined that there are 'four-interactive-forces' in each and every atom. The forces were identified and named mainly on the basis of their objective properties.They are known everywhere as:Gravity, Electromagnetism, the Strong and the Weak Nuclear Forces.A meta-physical interest in the subjective nature of these same four forces recognises how they are equally here at work within and between us humans. They are especially evident in our family lives. In this setting, we distinguish the 'four forces' on the basis of their domestic and social and emotional attributes, and can classify them as:Masculine strength, Feminine power, Family group energy, and sexuality.Impressed by the evidence of energetic symmetry within and between the human and particle realms, I comment on the subjective and social nature of the processes that work together to form the Mushroom Cloud. In contrast to the established idea of the destructive nature of the atomic bomb blast, we become as witnesses to the unification and marriage of the masculine and feminine forces released out of the atoms by the fission process.A consequence of this intellectual process, where-in we study the nuclear processes with both sides of our twin-hemisphere brain switched on, is the realisation that atoms are the family systems of the particle population. This in turn suggests the Atomic World is as a dimension of life unto itself.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Mechanism of Earth Plate Motion

Authors: Hyukee Ahn
Comments: 11 Pages.

I suggest a new mechanism for the force that moves continents. This force, which moves the plates of the Earth, is the same force that splits Supercontinents, creates oceans, and forms giant mountain ranges.I suggest that the source of this force is the Earth tides, specifically the Tide lever crack and Tide lever push work.
Category: Geophysics

The Results of the CDF Collaboration on W+, W-Bosons and Their Inconsistency with the Standard Model. a New Consideration of W+, W-Bosons.

Authors: Dudarev Valery
Comments: 6 Pages.

Physicists of the CDF collaboration have obtained results on the masses of W+ and W-bosons that do not coincide with the predictions of the Standard Model. The article considers a quantum model of the structure of elementary particles with energy levels, similar to the existing model of the atom, and a new point of view on W+ W bosons.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Formula for Mertens' Function and Its Applications

Authors: Roy L. Lewis Jr.
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this article, we prove the limit formula lim M(x) / &pi(x) = lim h / log(x) = 0, h = a constant for Mertens' function M(x) using arithmetic and analytic arguments based on theorems for the prime counting function &pi(x) and the series &sum &mu(k)/k. The formula is evaluated using limit theorems to give: an alternative proof of lim M(x)/ x = 0, a new disproof of Mertens' conjecture, proof of the Odlyzko--te Riele conjecture and a disproof of the Riemann hypothesis based on Littlewood's equivalence theorem.
Category: Number Theory

A Further Thought of Genetic Coding of Rna on the Basis of Theological Biology

Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 4 Pages.

Genetic codons are a three-letter code to be related to specific amino acids. Since there are four nucleotides including adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil, the permutation for the three-letter codons will lead to 4x4x4=64 possible codes for amino acids. But, essential amino acids are only twenty kinds plus start and end codons. Thus, the third position of the genetic codon is called wobble code. The first two codes can lead to 4x4=16 permutations compared to 20 kinds of essential amino acids. Thus, the first two codes are more important to decide the amino acids in evolution. And, hydrophilic amino acids are related to adenosine in codons and hydrophobic amino acids are related to uracil in codons. Both have reasons in theological biology.
Category: Biochemistry

Einstein’s Clock Observation While Riding a Train

Authors: Richard Kaufman
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this note, we revisit Einstein’s thought experiment for viewing Bern’s clock tower with riding on a train. Einstein imagined observing Bern’s clock tower while travelling on a train at the speed of light away from the clock. He concluded that he would not see the clock hands move. As the story goes, this inspired Einstein’s work on Special Relativity, where he used an assumed constant speed of light, c, to show that time dilation and length contraction must occur for different observers moving at uniform velocity (greater than 0) relative to each other. This is a different interpretation of Lorentz’s equation, where the formulas still hold.Typically, time dilation is discussed in terms of considering the clocks for each of the two inertially moving observers. However, in the one-page paper that follows, we shall consider what a clock would show at different distances to the clock. Here, we will only consider the observations of the observer (us) stationary to the clock, and still show that the other observer would see a different time according to the light from the clock. We will observe that the moving observer will see the time on the clock slow down when moving away from the clock at a constant speed of 0.5c (for example) and that this observer would see time on the clock speed up when returning to the clock at the same speed. Everything works out so that both observers see the same time on the clock at the beginning and end of the trip (at the clock’s location).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mass is not What You Think

Authors: Thomas H. Weight
Comments: 2 Pages.

We clarify critical misunderstandings in physics by showing that mass is not a scalar constant and by reminding readers that momentum is a vector.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Mass Scale Law of the Universe

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this paper we will present a new mass scale law of the universe. First from the Dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions we will find the formulas for the Planck mass. It will be presented as an extended mass relation for fundamental masses. Also we will find the expressions for the minimum mass and the mass of the observable universe.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Securing the Foundations of Probability Theory

Authors: Randolph L. Gerl
Comments: 6 Pages.

Several traditional problems in probability theory are discussed and a resolution to them is proposed. The use of probability theory in the study of physical reality is contrasted with its use in pure mathematics and the latter is found to be problematic. The proposed resolution is postulated to work for all physical reality but is inclusive enough to cover many situations in pure mathematics.
Category: Statistics

Photons Experiencing Non-Electromagnetic Interaction Are the Best Explanation of Clumpy Early Galaxies Observed by James Webb Space Telescope.

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 6 Pages.

Recent observations of unusual appearance of galaxies at high Z may be not due to unusual history of them, but rather because the light itself demonstrates a new type of interaction, leading to the unusually weak scattering. This extra-weak scattering only reveal itself on very large distances like 13 billions of light years and possibly means the presence of a new, non-electromagnetic type of interaction of light quanta. Reasons for such conclusion are outlined in the paper.
Category: Astrophysics

The New Law of Motion — Revisited

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 3 Pages.

In a previous paper a new law of kinematics was proposed: given an inertial frame, in every elastic collision, it will always be the case that after an elastic collision the higher kinetic energy body will lose kinetic energy and the lower kinetic energy body will gain kinetic energy. The arguments given came from similar arguments in Special Relativity with different observers in different inertial frames of reference and thermal equilibrium concepts. In this paper, we give a proof of this law that is more in line with simple conservation laws and mathematical logic.
Category: Classical Physics

Mathematical Foundations of the Dark Energy Ether Hypothesis

Authors: Kris M. McKenna
Comments: 60 Pages.

This paper develops mathematical models to describe the hypothetical dark energy ether. By formalizing theoretical principles, it aims to facilitate quantitative analysis and empirical examination of this proposed cosmic medium. The framework translates conceptual constructs into equations encoding ether dynamics, displacement by matter, resulting pressure gradients, and emergent gravitational effects.

Beginning with foundational relationships like E_d = ∫ ρ_m dV linking matter density to displaced ether volume, the study progressively builds formalisms capturing localized displacement fields, permeability of matter, propagation of pressure variations, and connections to spacetime curvature. Governing equations resemble fluid dynamics, relating pressure, density, and displacement. Concepts from quantum mechanics are integrated to account for inherent uncertainties.

Extending analysis to complex systems involves approximation techniques and N-body simulations to model intricate multi-body interactions under ether's influence. Proposed experiments leverage particle colliders, galaxy observations, and other astrophysical phenomena to scrutinize predictions. Evaluating concordance with empirical data can ascertain viability across galactic dynamics, gravitational lensing, and cosmological expansion.

By deriving precise mathematical representations, this undertaking transforms an imaginative conjecture into scientifically testable models. Developed formalisms lay groundwork for simulations, experiments, and observational analyses while maintaining adherence to established physical laws. The ultimate worth relies on surviving rigorous empirical falsification. Regardless of outcome, constructing these foundations enables evidence-based assessment, propelling ether hypothesis towards maturity.

The additional sections after the conclusion provide balanced analysis of limitations, challenges, philosophical criticisms, ethical considerations, and potential impacts if validated. This supplements the core mathematical development with critical examination from multiple vantage points.

In summary, by bridging conceptual ether models with quantitative formalism and examining implications thoroughly, this work aims to catalyze scientific discourse and exploration into the deeper fabric of our universe. The lure of discovery beckons us to embark on the difficult yet rewarding path towards illumination.

The Dimensionless Fractal Universe

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 25 Pages.

In this paper from the Dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions we will calculate the unity formulas that connect the coupling constants of the fundamental forces. We will present the Dimensionless unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will prove that the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. From the dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions will propose a possible solution for the density parameter of baryonic matter,dark matter and dark energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Unruh Effects, Hawking Black Hole Evaporation, Quantum Corrected Larmor Formula, Numbers of Particles in Curved Spacetime: "Same-Same, But Just a Bit Different"

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 29 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

This paper explains the origin of the Unruh Temperature, in terms of disagreements, on the number of particles encountered between accelerated and inertial observers, and relates it to the conventional approach of Unruh accelerated detectors. It is not a new explanation.However, we argue that the same explanation applies to justify why (massive) accelerated charged particles radiate, leading to the Larmor formula, including its QED versions. We contend that not just the quantum corrections, but also the classical part, are just equivalent to the Unruh effects. It also explains why Hawking black hole radiation includes contributions both from particles escaping on the black hole horizon, and from particles created, by spacetime curvature changes, between the horizon and the asymptotic infinite away from the black hole. It is also why observers can’t agree on the number of particles present in a curved spacetime. The use of these phenomena to explain the full Larmor radiation formula, and the Hawking radiation derivation options may not be widely known. In fact, at the difference of recently published popular science articles about alleged first observation of Unruh radiations, the present paper argues that Unruh radiations have been observed from a long time: whenever an accelerated (massive) charged particle radiates, like for example in a radio source, antenna, or oscillator. In fact, the Larmor radiation can be extended to any Yang Mills interactions for accelerated massive particles, based on the Unruh effect. It has consequences on particle decays, with now the possibility for example that an "accelerated proton" decays due to the Unruh effect. We ruled out such decays in an inertial frame, but when accelerated, it is possible, and it still does not support GUTs.The paper also introduces the notion of Larmor gravitation radiation, that it exemplifies with frame dragging General Relativity (GR) effects, and the universe spacetime memory. It is then extended also to all the other interactions: QED, QCD, Electroweak. As a digression, we conclude that radiation when electron jump down to a lower level of energy in an atom are also Larmor radiations. Similarly, we present some considerations on the Schwinger effects and its relation to all this.We conclude with some multi-fold universe considerations, based on the microscopic composition of the spacetime of multi-fold universes (massless Higgs boson, including why gravity and entanglement break the Reeh-Schielder theorem.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Proof of the Odd Goldbach's Conjecture

Authors: Samuel Ferrer
Comments: 2 Pages. (Abstract added to Article by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

In this work a proof is presented provided that the original Goldbach’s conjecture(Goldbach’s) has been verified.
Category: Number Theory

Solving the Cosmological Constant Problem by Extending General Relativity Into Subquantum Domains to Extract an Exact Classical Solution to Dark Energy in General Relativity

Authors: Gene A. Harvey
Comments: 11 Pages. Discovered a 'transposition' error, which made the original paper incorrect.

The Cosmological Constant Problem has long been recognized as one of the most significant challenges in modern physics. The problem arises from the very large discrepancy between the predicted value by Quantum Field Theory and observed values of the cosmological constant. Recent observations by the European Space Agency and the Integral Space Telescope appear to provide a solution to the dark energy component of the ΛCDM model. This paper proposes to supply that much-needed correction to that model. The boldness of this claim to have solved the problem comes directly from the equations,calculations, and solutions that we provide below. The calculations suggested that only one equation,(vacuum energy density), to correct for the discrepancy of QFT and observations. That modification solves the discrepancy with a high degree of confidence. Since that correction follows classical field theory, renormalization and UV cut-offs are avoided. This correction introduces a scaling factor, derived from the granularity of spacetime as revised to 10−45,which aligns theoretical predictions with observed values of the cosmological constant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Central Universe

Authors: Zhengxi Wang
Comments: 9 Pages.

The universe is oblique, the energy density distribution of the whole universe is uneven, and anisotropic, the formula of energy density distribution is derived in this paper. The universe has a center, the energy is continuously emitted from this center and diffuses outward in a spherical shape. The density is highest at the center, which is equal to Planck density. the density is inversely proportional to the square of the radius of the universe. That is, the farther away from the center, the smaller the density. The universe has an outward direction and a theoretical boundary. The mass of the whole universe is greater than 1061kg.The matter of the observable universe is erupted from the middle of the universe，and then gather matter to form galaxies, now it is in the process of diffusion, eventually, it will spread to the edge of the universe and disappear. The age of the universe we measure does not represent the age of the universe as a whole.When the observable universe disappears,the central universe still exists, the process described above is still being repeated. In the end, the whole universe ends with energy depletion.
Category: Mathematical Physics