All Submission Categories

A New Identity For Prime Counting Function

Authors: Amisha Oufaska
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this article, the author proves on a new identity (or equation) which asserts that for every natural number n the sum of the prime-counting function π(2n) and the con-counting function π ̅(2n) equals n , explicitly and simply ∀ n∈N^* we have π(2n)+ π ̅(2n) = n . The new identity (or equation) may have many applications in Number Theory and its related to one of the famous problems in Mathematics .
Category: Number Theory

Very Simple Proof of 3x+1

Authors: Samuel Ferrer Colas
Comments: 2 Pages.

The Collatz or 3x + 1 conjecture is perhaps the simplest stated yet unsolved problem inmathematics in the last 70 years. It was circulated orally by Lothar Collatz at the InternationalCongress of Mathematicians in Cambridge, Mass, in 1950 (Lagarias, 2010).The problem is known as the Thwaites conjecture (after Sir Bryan Thwaites), Hasse's algorithm(after Helmut Hasse), or the Syracuse problem.In this concise paper I provide a very simple proof of this conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Proof that the Center of Buoyancy is Equal to the Center of Hydrostatic Pressure (Part 2:) Semi-Submerged Circular Cylinder and Triangular Prism

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 27 Pages. 4 Figures, 65 Equations, 60 References.

Published in the Bulletin of Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science in Japan, 2023 (December), Vol.63, No.2, Research Notes in Mathematical and Physical Science, pp.117~143.

We prove that " the center of buoyancy of floating bodies is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure ". This subject is an unsolved problem in physics and naval architecture, even though the buoyancy taught by Archimedes' principle can be obtained clearly by the surface integral of hydrostatic pressure. Then we thought that the reason why the vertical position of the center of pressure could not be determined was that the horizontal force would be zero due to equilibrium in the upright state.

As a breakthrough, we dared to assume the left-right asymmetric pressure field by inclining the floating bodies with heel angle. In that state, the force and moment due to hydrostatic pressure were calculated correctly with respect to the tilted coordinate system fixed to the floating body. By doing so, we succeeded in determining the center of pressure. Then, by setting the heel angle to zero in order to make it upright state, it can be proved that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy, i.e., the centroid of the cross-sectional area under the water surface.

As noted above, we have already proved this problem for rectangular and arbitrarily shaped cross-sections, and published them here on viXra.org in English. Although the case of a semi-submerged circular cylinder and a triangular prism are also included in the proof of arbitrary shapes, we prove for each shape separately in this 2nd report, since they are two typical cross-sectional shapes along with rectangles. However, there is an essential difference in the proof between the two shapes. The reason is why the former does not change its underwater shape when inclined laterally, while the latter, like the rectangle, changes its cross-sectional shape when inclined. The present paper provides clear proofs for both shapes.
Category: Classical Physics

An Experiential Astronomy Sees the Photon that Lights the Earth

Authors: Ian Turnbull
Comments: 4 pages, 7 images.

Humanity is entirely adapted to seeing how the Earth, along with the captive Moon, and the inner and outer planets, revolve together around the central Sun. Whereas this conceptual understanding sees our planetary system from the outside, from above, as-it-were, this paper seeks to record the Earth-bound observer's experience of being inside the field of Light coming from the Moon and from the Sun in the course of a year. A year being as a unit of time for this particular lighting effect and therefore the appropriate duration for this experiential form of astronomy.The outcome of this inquiry indicates how the light from the Moon and the light from the Sun combine to create for the observer, and indeed, for all life on Earth, the annual experience of being within a circulating field of waveform and particle energy. An 'energetic effect' that physics has observed at the atomic level and knows as a 'photon'. This inquiry concludes with the perception of how parents traditionally and instinctively conform with this same photon dynamic to create a unified field that conveys their love and light on down to their children. This interpretation blends physical and metaphysical observations which together indicate that 'photons' are universal devices, whose primary function is to transfer quantum units of whole Light (electromagnetism+gravity) from one dimension (or generation) to another.
Category: Astrophysics

An Alternative to the Higgs field Mass Generation Mechanism, based on a Dipole Wave Pressure Model

Authors: Policarpo Yoshin Ulianov
Comments: 16 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Only Preprint is acceptable)

This paper is based on John A. Macken´s proposal [1], that the universe is only spacetime. In the context of Quantum Mechanics, Macken defines the spacetime dipole wave (DW) model, where spacetime can be seen as a sea of energetic waves, traveling at light speed.From this model, the DW pressure (~ 10113 J/m3) is analyzed in the context of the kinetic gas theory and so DW pressure is used to define a fundamental particle, named by the author as a Ulianov Hole (uhole).Auhole can be related to an elastic tube connecting two regions of space (or time), generating variations inDW pressure. Two kinds of uholes are presented in this paper: the spatial uhole (uhole-S) that has a property related to mass; and the time uhole (uhole-T) that has a property related to electric charge.This paper presents a basic analysis of the uholes-S model, that can explain themass generation mechanism of elemental particles, without using the Higgs field model.The uhole-S has two ends, one related with matter and the other with antimatter. And so, a mass particle is formed when one uhole-S is stretched enough toavoid an annihilation process. The uhole-S model also relates mass particles to the behavior of micro black holesthat reduce the DW pressure. This model also explains mass attractionforce (gravitational mass) and the resistance of mass movement in space (inertial mass), enabling the deduction of some of Newton’s Laws.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Ulianov Perfect Liquid Model Explaining why Matter Repels Antimatter

Authors: Policarpo Yoshin Ulianov
Comments: 30 Pages.

This paper presents a new model for generating mass of materials particles that is compatible with the theory of general relativity and some aspects of quantum mechanics. The new model was called Ulianov Perfect Liquid or UPL model.The UPL model arises from a very simple idea, which is to observe the foundations of the models of perfect liquid (ie a liquid without friction and without viscosity) that are used to model problems in the framework of general relativity.If indeed the space time continuum can be simulated using models of perfect, why we can’t assume that there is in fact some kind of perfect fluid, from which spacetime emerges?Considering this possibility, the authors did a real breakdown of a perfect liquid, linking it to "space-time atoms", that behave as ideal spheres, which were named Ulianov Spheres or uspheres.The UPL model allows us to observe the emergence of matter and antimatter, derive the law of gravitation and some equation obtained from general relativity (Schwarzschild equation) and also explains the origin of inertial mass. Moreover the UPL model show us some repulsive forces arising from the iteration between particles of matter and antimatter, what is presented in this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Complexities of the Pharmaceutical Industry and the Drug Pricing Challenge

Authors: Massimo Titolo
Comments: 32 Pages.

The pharmaceutical industry, a dynamic sector integral to healthcare, is a highly complex field valued at nearly 1.5 trillion dollars. The sector encompasses the research, development, production, and marketing of drugs. Noteworthy companies like Pfizer and Bayer have played pivotal roles, tracing their origins to the 19th century. Presently, the industry is globally centralized, with developed and developing nations both participating. The industry's growth potential is vast, though developments face competition and challenges. The advent of COVID-19 has significantly impacted the industry, prompting both positive and negative effects. The drug pricing dilemma underscores the balance between profit and accessibility, spotlighting intricate ethical dilemmas. Regulatory systems like drug approval processes and pricing controls attempt to address these concerns. Government intervention seeks to strike equilibrium, but tensions persist between health and economics. Ethical controversies arise and are furthered by corrupt events such as the Thalidomide Scandal. Countries employ divergent pricing systems - the U.S. wrestles with private insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, and 340B programs, while European nations emphasize healthcare efficiency. The UK navigates compulsory licensing, global trade, and equity pricing. The pharmaceutical industry's multifaceted landscape traverses history, economics, ethics, and health, influencing and being influenced by global policies and perspectives. By analyzing varying strategies employed around the world and the evolution of the industry, leaders can progress towards a solution for the various challenges involved in drug pricing and the pharmaceutical industry as a whole.
Category: Economics and Finance

On the Existence of Solutions to Erdh{o}s-Straus Type Equations

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

We apply the notion of the textbf{olloid} to show that the family of ErdH{o}s-Straus type equation $$frac{4^{2^l}}{n^{2^l}}=frac{1}{x^{2^l}}+frac{1}{y^{2^l}}+frac{1}{z^{2^l}}$$ has solutions for all $lgeq 1$ provided the equation $$frac{4}{n}=frac{1}{x}+frac{1}{y}+frac{1}{z}$$ has solution for a fixed $n>4$.
Category: Number Theory

Earth: Review Article

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 16 Pages.

Every year on 22 April, we have celebrated Earth Day and the beautiful planet we call home. Earth Day, established in 1970, has been used to highlight our planet’s environmental challenges and raise awareness of the importance of protecting our world for future generations [1]. To provide the protection of our planet, we should explain Earth’s environmental challenges to the best of our knowledge in frames of contemporary Geophysics. This paper gives a short overview of the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) and pay particular attention to the principal role of Dark Matter (DM) in the Earth’s life. In this manuscript, we discuss different aspects of the Earth: a condition of Early Earth before the Beginning of life on It; Internal Structure; "The 660-km Boundary" that we named Geoplasma; Random Variations of Earth’s Rotational Speed on a daily basis; Origin of Moon; Expanding Earth; Internal Heating; Faint Young Sun paradox; Geocorona and Planetary Coronas; High-Energy Atmospheric Physics. WUM proposed principally different way to solve the problems of Internal Heating, Origin of the Moon, and Faint Young Sun paradox based on DM core of the Earth. The Model revealed the fact that the Sun Activity causes the Geoplasma Activity and, as a consequence, Random Variations of Earth’s Rotational Speed by the varying Sun’s magnetic field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Navier-Stokes Equation and Euler Equation

Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 7 Pages. In Chinese

The existence of Navier-Stokes equation is still a puzzle. Here, I provide solutions to the compressible or non-compressible fluids of the Navier-Stokes equation. In addition, the smoothness of Navier-Stokes equation is proved. In the above conditions, Navier-Stokes equation can be reduced to Laplace equation or Poisson equation to obtain the solutions and to prove the existence and smoothness of the Navier-Stokes equation.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Precision Oncology Approach to Molecular Cancer Therapeutics Targeting Oncogenic Signaling Pathways is a Means to an End

Authors: Manish Kumar
Comments: 53 Pages. Related Works: https://doi.org/10.20935/AL2490 https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3945 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8070312 https://doi.org/10.57874/048a-v126 https://doi.org/10.17632/svnv7z65sn.1 https://doi.org/10.7303/syn57348038

Cancer is a deadly genetic disease with diverse aspects of complexity, including cancer immune evasion, treatment resistance, and recurrence requiring optimized treatment to be cured. Molecular studies have revealed that tumors are profoundly heterogeneous in nature, leading to the complexity of cancer progression that is ultimately linked to its genetic machinery. It is important to note that patients with the same types of cancer respond differently to cancer treatments, indicating the need for patient-specific treatment options. This requires an in-depth genomic study of the patient's tumors to fully understand the driving factors of cancer for effective targeted therapy. Precision oncology has evolved as a form of cancer therapy focused on genetic profiling of tumors to identify molecular alterations involved in cancer development for tailored individualized treatment of the disease. Whole genome sequencing, tumor and cell-free DNA profiling, transcriptomics, proteomics and exploration of the cancer immune system form the basis of this field of cancer research and treatment. This article aims to briefly explain the foundations and frontiers of precision oncology in the context of ongoing technological advancements in related fields of study in to assess its scope and importance in achieving effective cure against cancer.
Category: Physics of Biology

The Planets of the Binary Star TZ Mensae

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 7 Pages.

The two stars in TZ Mensae emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 2.70 $mu$Hz, which may be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows eleven companions. The orbital times of the planets fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

The Planets of the Binary Star Cygnus X1

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 7 Pages.

The black hole in Cygnus X1 orbits a supergiant and emits gravitational waves with a frequency of 4.134 $mu$Hz. The GW can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows eight companions. The orbital times of the planets fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

Exploring Parallels Between String Theory and the Dark Energy Ether Hypothesis

Authors: Kris M. McKenna
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper investigates potential unification between string theory and the dark energy ether hypothesis for gravity. String theory proposes vibrating one-dimensional strings as fundamental elements comprising the universe. Meanwhile, the ether hypothesis envisions a ubiquitous cosmic medium, the ether, which interacts with matter to create pressure gradients generating gravitational effects. Despite arising in different contexts, these two theories exhibit captivating parallels that could reveal deeper connections between the quantum and cosmological scales.The analysis explores several intriguing conceptual alignments between strings and the ether. Both theories propose an omnipresent substrate underlying physical phenomena — the higher-dimensional arena for vibrating strings or the cosmic ether medium respectively. Additionally, they both posit the interactions and disturbances of these substrates give rise to observable phenomena like forces and particles. The introduction of extra dimensions in string theory also finds resonance with the ether hypothesis, suggesting the ether inhabits a higher-dimensional space influencing our perceived 3D world. Most profoundly, the shared notion of disturbance creating observable effects hints at a deeper unity.Mathematically, potential avenues for unification include translating between the vibrations of strings and the proposed disturbances propagating through the ether. Equations describing string interactions could connect to those depicting matter displacing the ether and inducing pressure gradients. Identifying shared mathematical symmetries or structures may reveal foundational links. Geometrically modeling ether displacement in the extra dimensions of string theory could yield insights.By proposing concrete mechanisms grounded in the interplay between ether, strings, and higher dimensions, this conceptual synthesis aims to weave together gravity, quantum phenomena, and the cosmos through compatible dynamical frameworks. The resulting unified theory could reshape our understanding of spacetime, gravitation, and the forces permeating our universe. While challenges remain in empirically testing these ideas, the mathematical and conceptual resonances compel further exploration.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

An Equation that Relates the Energy Density to the Curvature of Space-Time in the ΛCDM Model

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 6 Pages.

Starting from the Birkhoff-Jebsen theorem, some mathematical results on the spacetime curvature of the relativistic Schwarzschild cosmological model have been related to the space-time curvature and energy density in the ΛCDM model. With this result, an equation has been obtained that relates the Gaussian curvature of space-time with the energy density in the ΛCDM model. The equation found can facilitate the resolution of the Friedmann equation in some cases.
Category: Astrophysics

The Design of an Igniting Agent for Fusion Energy Systems

Authors: Ryoji Furui
Comments: 4 Pages.

Single-layer graphene is currently produced on an ongoing basis to meet the demands of researchers. In recent years, there have been significant discoveries regarding the unique properties of this material, one of which is the generation of plasmons in graphene in response to excitement in the THz frequency range. Based on this concept, the present paper proposes two possible designs for a fusion energy ignition agent. These concepts could potentially allow fusion ignition at lower energies than are currently possible.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Circular Current Loop as a Model of Fundamental Particles

Authors: Günther Landvogt
Comments: 26 Pages.

The presented circular current loop model reveals that charged fundamental particles such as the electron consist essentially of electric and magnetic energy. The magnetic properties have the same order of magnitude as the electric ones. The electromagnetic field energy is the origin of the inertial mass. The Higgs boson, existing or not, is not needed to "explain" particle mass. The magnetic moment of fundamental particles is not anomalous! The "anomaly" indicates the existence of a small additional amount of kinetic energy. Thus, fundamental particles are not purely field-like such as photons and not (essentially) mass-like such as atoms, they represent a special kind of matter in between. Their kinetic energy is obviously not due to any relativistic effect but is related to an independent physical law that provides, together with the magnetic energy, the angular momentum exactly to be . Fundamental particles are (at least) two-dimensional. In the simplest case their core consists of two concentric, nearly identical current loops. Their relative design details, the "anomaly" factor, and the rotational velocity of the uniformly distributed elementary charge follow from the stability condition, i.e. electric and magnetic force balance, and do not depend on the particle’s rest mass! Fundamental particles are objects of classical physics. Their magnetic forces are the true origin of the weak and strong nuclear interactions. For their explanation bosons and gluons are not needed.
Category: Classical Physics

Observation Theory: Wave Propagation and Apparent Velocity of Object Motion

Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 12 Pages. In Chinese

This paper deepens and develops Galileo's principle of relativity of motion, and summarizes the Laws of relativity and superposition of motion or wave (light). The essence of light is analyzed. Analyze the characteristics of various waves (sound waves, water waves, electromagnetic waves or light waves, etc.) and their relationship with the motion speed of objects (wave sources). Wave acts as a messenger for people to know things, and uses wave (light) as a signal to receive, perceive and know things far away. The observation of an object is an observation perspective effect, not the real motion of the object. The real motion of the wave source can exceed the wave speed, and the observed speed of the object moving at the super wave (light) speed can be much lower than the wave (light) speed in some visual angles, while the observed speed of the object moving below the wave (light) speed will be much higher than the Apollo speed in some visual angles. Objects moving at super wave (light) speed will produce special phenomena when observed from some angles. Superwave velocity (including superlight velocity) of real motion of objects and inversion of observation time sequence are common phenomena. Finally, the superluminal phenomenon of quasars and the technical application prospect of observation angle effect are discussed. This theory is widely used in remote sensing, astronomical observation, microscopic detection, satellite navigation, weather forecast, microscopic observation, medical detection, dynamic identification and so on. All of them are calibrated by the formula of observation angle effect derived in this paper, which can improve the accuracy of observation results. Especially in the observation technology of high-speed moving objects such as high-energy collider, cosmic ray, cosmic radiation and nuclear reaction, the application effect is more remarkable, and more real and accurate results are achieved.
Category: Classical Physics

The [abc] Conjecture Solved by Giving a Mathematical Value to [the] "Rarely"

Authors: Giovanni Di Savino
Comments: 2 Pages.

The "abc conjecture" is an important unsolved theorem of number theory, it concerns equations with one or more unknowns. The conjecture is formulated as follows: we take three integers a, b and c which are prime to each other, i.e. which have no common factors except 1 and which satisfy the relation a+b=c. If d=radd(abc) is defined as the product of the distinct factors of abc, the conjecture states that d is "rarely" smaller than c. In order to be able to compare the mathematical result of two equations, it is necessary to give a well-defined mathematical meaning to the "rarely" and this work seeks, finds and mathematically defines the value that the "rarely" reported in the statement must have; only by knowing the values u200bu200bof c and d, it is possible to define when, how, why and how much is the difference between the result of two equations in which two different mathematical operations operate: addition and multiplication.
Category: General Mathematics

From Keystrokes to Cognition: A Narrative Review of Touch Typing and Human Cognition

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 23 Pages.

Touch typing, the ability to type without visually referencing the keyboard, has been extensively studied in the digital age. While it was initially met with skepticism, the ubiquity of word processing software and ergonomic keyboard designs has bolstered its widespread adoption. However, surprisingly, studies have shown that skilled typists can execute precise keystrokes at remarkable speeds without explicit knowledge of the keyboard layout, suggesting a heavy reliance on implicit memory processes. This raises vital questions about the nature of skill acquisition and the interplay between implicit and explicit cognitive processes. Here we show that touch typing exemplifies the intelligence and adaptability of implicit memory, challenging traditional views of its simplicity and inflexibility. This narrative review reveals that implicit memory facilitates the seamless integration of complex motor skills and linguistic processing, enabling typists to navigate different keyboard layouts with ease. We suggest that there is a fluid interaction between implicit and explicit memory systems, with implicit processes playing a much larger and important role in sophisticated cognitive tasks than previously assumed. Therefore, humans’ implicit memory may be highly complex and intelligent, capable of autonomously executing complex tasks that would typically require conscious involvement. In other words, this raises a vital question: can our body "think" for itself? Future research must unravel the cognitive dimensions of touch typing, as we may gain fundamental and groundbreaking insights into the nature of human learning, memory, and the acquisition of expertise, with far-reaching implications for education, rehabilitation, and, most importantly, our understanding of cognition.
Category: Mind Science

The Planets of the Binary Star RR Caeli

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The two stars in RR Caeli emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 76.22 $mu$Hz, which may be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows nine companions -- including the planet already discovered with electromagnetic waves. Identical values of the orbital frequency are measured with both methods. The orbital times of the remaining planets fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

Linear Compositional Regression

Authors: Josef Bukac
Comments: 7 Pages. A paper on interpolation by generalized logistic functions will follow

We study the properties of regression coefficients when the sum of the dependent variables is one,ie, the dependent variables are compositional.We show that the sum of intercepts is equal toone and the sum of other corresponding regressioncoefficients is zero. We do it for simple linearregressions and also for a more general case usingmatrix notation. The last part treats the casewhen the dependent variables do not sum up to one. We simplify the well known formula derived by theuse of Lagrange multipliers.
Category: Statistics

Music as Primordial Change

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages.

A short and informal essay considering the significance of music or musical melodies. Music is considered as being equivalent to a fundamental encoding of change in a digital universe. Consciousness is also proposed as being what it feels like to have dopamine levels change in an organic brain. Consciousness is considered as emergent from an agent with sufficient memory and context or a threshold of a vast number of associations in memory. Memory is, thus, noted as existentially primordial and required for any change or consciousness. Music is proposed as possibly being the boot code for any experience.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Fine Structure Constant: Revisited

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 10 Pages.

A comparison between hydrodynamics (NSE) and gauge theory vector potential gauge flow (e.g. Hopf solution of NSE), yields alpha as the Reynolds number: eddies as Feynman loops etc. It explains the QED grading by alpha and lifetimes of particles (graded by powers of alpha) as a dissipation process.The theory of alpha can be formulated via the Schrodinger operator spectrum for Hydrogen atom and Boltzmann partition function, when related to Hopf fibration (Kepler problem on S3, magnetic topological monopole in the gauge theory formulation as an exact solution of NSE) for one loop (electronic orbital).The computation of the fine structure constant uses finite symmetry groups corroborated with H. Jehle's loopforms model of electron (Hopf fibration with connection and vector potential flow).The article brings together research material towards achieving such a goal. A program emerges: Physics Laws as Period Laws, and alpha an element of Pi-groups of periods.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Nature and Origin of Matter, Dark Matter and Dark Energy (Part 1): Fundamentals

Authors: Paul S. Gee
Comments: 54 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.

A theoretical model (Model OMG, Ongoing Mass Genesis) is presented that explains the nature and origin of matter, dark matter and dark energy and calculates energy densities matching the Planck mission data. The model is based on the FLRW cosmology but with continuing creation of equal amounts of positive and negative matter in a Null universe. Dark Energy is gravitational repulsion caused by negative matter, Dark matter is non-normal positive matter, including antimatter, in bosonic form but gravitationally attractive to normal matterThe model proposes a unified description of gravity and electric potential calculated using Bessel functions for the natural masses and electric charges of fermions, with mass quantisation correct to 2-4 significant figures. Apart from the mass of the electron there are no free parameters used in the theory which is essentially geometric. Matter is generated in a "chronoverse" containing eight orthogonal time-like directions, three describe the non-neutrino leptons residing on the surface of a unit radius "chronosphere", and encode mass, gravity, charge and an electroweak force. The fourth dimension governs the strong force and defines the quarks. Photons and neutrinos involve an 8D chronoverse. Each "chronotype" of particle is the same matter, differing only in chronosphere coordinates, possibly representing background-independent, intrinsic timelike quantum signatures. The gravitational behaviour of matter is attributed to a preon-like quark-constituent of mass 0.5766 MeV. The Planck fine structure constant is calculated and evidences the tritoelectron and tritopreon. Quarks have a substructure of constituent preons each consisting of three tritopreons creating a superposition of a greater number of virtual preons. The Model embodies a descriptive unification of the 4 forces in an overall 11-D spacetime. The continuing creation of matter proceeds from tritopreons via compound bosons dubbed Careyons and is statistically-controlled. The mass creation model is supported by correct prediction of the primordial H:helium-4 ratio.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Natural Number Infinite Formula and the Nexus of Fundamental Scientific Issues

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 9 Pages.

Within this paper, we embark on a comprehensive exploration of the profound scientific issues intertwined with the concept of the infinitewithin the realm of natural numbers. Through meticulous analysis, we delve into three distinct perspectives that shed light on the nature of natural number infinity. By considering the framework of time reference, we confront and address the inherent challenges that arise when contemplating the infinite. Furthermore, we navigate the intricate relationship betweenthe infinite and fundamental scientific questions, seeking to unveil novel insights and resolutions. In a departure from conventional viewpoints,our examination of natural number infinity takes on a relativistic dimension, scrutinizing the role of time and the observer’s perspective. Strikingly, as we delve deeper into the foundational strata, we uncover the pivotal significance of relativity not only in physics but also in mathematics. This realization propels us towards a more holistic and consistentmathematical framework, underlining the inextricable link between the infinitude of natural numbers and the essential constructs of time and perspective.
Category: Number Theory

Energy Conservation Law for the Gravitational Field in a 3D-Brane Universe Without Equidistance Postulate

Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 20 Pages.

The 3D-brane universe model is an alternative non-Einsteinian theory of gravity. The initial version of this theory was built using the so-called equidistance postulate. Its second version is free of the equidistance postulate. In the present paper we rederive the energy conservation law for the gravitational field within the framework of the second extended version of the theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Model and Genomic Evidence of Imprinting DNA Sequence on Water Structure Around Nucleosomes

Authors: Ivan Savelev, Aleksandr Vikhorev, Nelly Zyryanova, Oksana Polesskaya, Richard Alan, Miller, Inna Plastun, Pavel Zhylidin, Pavel Filin, Michael Rempel, Max Myakishev-Rempel
Comments: 4 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

This paper presents a model where DNA imprints its structure on water, proposing a continuous and dynamic self-reorganization process of water clusters, called snowflake signaling. The model's hypothesis is that DNA structure affects water structure in the cell nucleus. Genomic evidence supports the model, revealing evolutionary genomic imprinting of DNA-DNA interactions through structured water.
Category: Quantitative Biology

An Extension to Fermat's Pythagorean Triangle Area Proof, and Fermat's Last Theorem

Authors: Richard Kaufman
Comments: 12 Pages. This is a new paper with new results from Darmon and Merel.

Pierre de Fermat proved that the area of a Pythagorean triangle is not a square. Here we extend his result for Pythagoran triangles to consider cubic integer areas and higher power areas. We show how each such power �� immediately leads to a Fermat’s equation ��^k + ��^k = ��^k for integer �� > 2 and positive integers ��, ��, and ��. Using only elementary results, we show that a Pythagorean triangle area is not a cube. Using non-elemantary results from Darmon and Merel, we can extend Fermat’s Pythagorean triangle area result to show that these areas cannot be higher powers either. The results from Darmon and Merel are an alternative to using Andrew Wiles more complex result for Fermat Last Theorem to establish the same result - using the impossibility of the Fermat equations ��^k + ��^k = ��^k. Based on equations derived in this paper, we may wonder if some of these elementary results could have been known to Fermat himself. That is, could Fermat’s proof that the area of a Pythagorean triangle is not a square have helped him to envision what we have come to know as Fermat equations and Fermat’s Last Theorem?
Category: Number Theory

How Large is Our Universe?

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 19 Pages.

Our local universe can be confused with its visibleuniverse. The visible region of our local universe issomewhat smaller than its extended region, mostlybecause of the pre-photonic, hyperluminal momentat the very beginning of our local big bang. Thisessay examines the relative role of light speedversus sketchy 2D concepts of stringy spacetimethat question fourth-dimensional time itself. The4D multiverse is modeled, and hyperluminality’skey role concludes this discussion — along with thecausative differences between common black-holeformation, and formation of rare big bangs.
Category: Astrophysics

Exploring the Chemical Capabilities of Google Bard in Vietnamese High Schools

Authors: Phong Nguyen, Hana Truong, Phuong Nguyen, Philippe Bruneau, Linh Cao, Jin Wang
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper presents an evaluation of the chemical aptitude exhibited by Google Bard when subjected to the chemical evaluation section of the Vietnamese National High School Graduation Examination (VNHSGE). In order to facilitate this evaluative endeavor, the VNHSGE dataset, originally in Vietnamese, was rendered into English due to the prevailing lack of Vietnamese language support in the Bard system. The outcomes of this investigation reveal that Google Bard attained a performance level of 47%, aligning closely with the respective achievements of ChatGPT and BingChat, which secured scores of 48% and 52.5%. It is imperative to underscore that this performance metric might be subject to the influence of the translation process from the Vietnamese language to English. Consequently, prudence dictates that Vietnamese students refrain from relying upon Google Bard, ChatGPT, and BingChat for the resolution of chemical predicaments.
Category: Education and Didactics

The Planets of the Binary Star R Canis Majoris (R Cma, HD 57167)

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 7 Pages.

The two stars in textit{R Canis Majoris} emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 20.33 $mu$Hz, which may be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{nine} companions -- one was suspected using electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

Thickenings in the Ring System of the Binary Star V4046 Sagittarii

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The protoplanetary disk orbiting textit{V4046 Sagittarii} may contain planets. The central binary system $A1-A2$ emits gravitational waves with a frequency of 9.56 $mu$Hz, which may be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW provides evidence that there are textit{twelve} rings that are not rotationally symmetric. Some may contain young planets. The orbital times fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the asymmetry of the mass distribution to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

The Final Formulas of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron, Muon and Tauon

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 8 Pages. 2 figures.

This paper is a subsequent paper to our previous paper "Concise Formulas of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron/Muon/Tauon and the Fine-structure Constant" (viXra:2106.0042v5), in which we gave some formulas and values of the anomalous magnetic moment (a=(g-2)/2) of electron, muon and tauon. For example, we calculated the values of the anomalous magnetic moment of muon to be 0.00116592057152 and 0.00116592057075 on 2021/6/13 and 2023/3/10 respectively, and with 3 less digits they have the same value of 0.00116592057. On 2023/8/10 Fermilab Muon g-2 Collaboration announced their latest measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of muon to be 0.00116592057(25), which should be perfectly consistent with our calculations or predictions. In this paper, we give the final formulas of the anomalous magnetic moment of electron, muon and tauon, prediction to Fermilab muon g-2 collaboration’s next measurement to be 0.00116592057(15), and correlations of 2π-e formula to elements and elementary particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Establishing Connections Between Gravitational and Pressure Equations

Authors: Kris M. McKenna
Comments: 41 Pages.

This paper investigates the mathematical connections between the physical domains of gravity and pressure, motivated by the search for a deeper unification between these fundamental forces. A comprehensive analysis across numerous equations reveals striking mathematical resonance suggesting gravity and pressure share foundational origins.Equations governing gravitational and pressure forces exhibit identical inverse square distance dependence, implying a common radial attenuation principle. Spacetime curvature tensors in general relativity bear marked similarity to strain and stress tensors used in pressure models, hinting at a geometric correspondence. Direct mathematical links are provided by hydrostatic equilibrium equations balancing gravity and pressure gradients.Thermodynamic gas expansion equations mirror cosmic expansion equations, further indicating a profound theoretical bond between gravity and pressure. Quantum-level analysis also unveils parallels in wave dispersion and information properties. Together, these abundant similarities strongly intimate gravity arises from pressure gradients in an underlying medium.While gaps remain, translating between mathematical frameworks could enable novel computational techniques and a reconception of spacetime curvature as macroscopic manifestation of microscopic pressure dynamics, demystifying gravity’s fundamental essence. Experimental validation of novel predictions related to dark energy, gravitational waves, lensing, and structure formation would substantiate this unification hypothesis.The proposed research program aims to place unification efforts on a firm empirical footing through simulations, tensor mapping, quantum analysis, and customized coordinate transformations tailored for deeper gravity-pressure connections. If established, the mathematical unity may redefine gravity, sparking breakthroughs in physics across scales from quantum to cosmological.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Condition for the Real Part of Dirichlet Function to be 1/2

Authors: Xiaohui Li
Comments: 1 Page.

Find the trigonometric function sin(n/2)π that satisfies the Dirichlet feature, and then analyze the conditions for making the real part of the L-function 1/2.
Category: Number Theory

The QCD Ground State Chiral Tetrahedron Symmetry

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 34 Pages. (Author name converted by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark introduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson having a tetrahedron geometry and symmetry. The transition from the neutral pion superposition of two free mesons to the tetrahedron geometry with optional two chiral states may be the symmetry breaking of the QCD ground state. The tetrahedron mass may be calculated by measuring the β decay rate variability. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle exotic tetraquarks confined by the strong force. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in electron pairing mechanism in both chemical bond forming and superconductor Cooper pairs. We propose a hypothesis where the QCD ground state tetrahedrons play a central role in low energy physics where quark exchange reactions between particles and the QCD tetrahedrons via gluon junctions transfer all the forces. The QCD ground state tetrahedrons hypothesis provides a symmetry breaking and a mass gap may be created by the ground state QCD tetrahedrons Bose-Einstein condensate.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Simple Structure of Prime Numbers

Authors: Ihsan Raja Muda Nasution
Comments: 3 Pages.

The prime numbers have a pseudo-random structure. And this structure is not simple. In this paper, we analyze the behavior of prime numbers. And we diagnose the inner body of the prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Gell-Mann Matrices (Strong Force Interaction) in Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0)

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 37 Pages.

In this paper, we will find a way to apply the Gell-Mann matrices in the Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0) realm. And without the need of adding the time as an ad-hoc dimension, but just considering that the time emerges naturally as one of the 8 degrees of freedom that appear in geometric Algebra Cl(3,0).Once these transformations are obtained, we will define the bra-ket product in Geometric Algebra and check that gives the same results as in the matrix representation.We will apply it both for Euclidean and non-Euclidean spaces. With the values obtained, we will show that the g-2 issue of the muon could be perfectly related to gravitational issues (to non-Euclidean space). The difference between theoretical and measured value of g-2 of the muon is 2,79E0-9. And on the surface of the Earth, the effects of non-Euclidean space due to gravitational effects are in the range of 1,39 E-09. It can be checked that the muon g-2 value is just the double (this is, in the same order) of the gravitational effects. So, gravitational effects could indeed affect the g-2 value of the muon on the surface of the Earth as it will be shown.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Proof of Collatz Conjecture Using Division Sequence Ⅲ

Authors: Masashi Furuta
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper is positioned as an extra edition of [1]. First, as in [1], define "division sequence", "complete division sequence", and "star conversion". Next, we consider loops and divergences in the Collatz conjecture, respectively. Theorem Proving is not used in this paper.
Category: Number Theory

Dodecahedron as an Encoder of the Theory of Everything

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) is the lacking main part of the Theory of Everything (TOE). Here we show that the Gallo-Roman dodecahedron encodes the fundamental ideas on which the SST is based. It suggests contacts between earthly civilizations and representatives of advanced cosmic civilizations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The General Relativity in the Radius of Particles

Authors: Piscedda Giampaolo
Comments: 4 Pages.

Through Minkowsky’s Geometry and the equation on the curva- ture of a light ray, derived from the Theory of General Relativity, we deduce that in the presence of a mass, a constant volume must always be subtracted from that volume containing that mass, by decreasing the radius of a sphere containing such a mass. So we show that the same phenomenon physic leads also to a reduction in the radius of mass of particles with mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quarks and the Atomic Nucleus

Authors: David Johnson
Comments: 10 Pages.

According to the Standard Model, nucleons consist of three quarks bound together by three strong-force bonds, with protons containing two up-quarks and one down-quark, and neutrons two down-quarks and one up-quark. However, this model involves a strong-force bond between the two same-charge quarks, which is most unlikely. A quark-chain nucleon model involving two strong-force bonds connecting a central quark with a pair of oppositely charged quarks is much more feasible and leads to some interesting possibilities for the structure of atomic nuclei.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Calculation of the Mathematical Expectancy of Cauchy's Law and Extension to Other Improper Integrals

Authors: André Pérennec, Gilles Burel
Comments: 2 Pages.

It is well known that the calculation of the mathematical expectancy of Cauchy'slaw in probability generates an indeterminate form. We show here that this indeterminacy canbe lifted and the calculation leads to a fixed value. Moreover, we show that other improperintegrals with an indeterminate result can be computed.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Any Even Number Greater Than 6 Can be Written as the Sum of Two Prime Numbers

Authors: Xiaohui Li
Comments: 3 Pages.

The so-called strong Goldbach conjecture, which means that any even number greater than 6 can be written as the sum of two prime numbers, is also known as the "strong Goldbach conjecture" or the "Goldbach conjecture about even numbers".This paper utilizes the basic principle that the number of all odd numbers in the positive integer remains constant, and the sum of all odd numbers remains constant, and the values of odd numbers are not equal to each other. It is found that there are both odd prime numbers pr1 and pr2 in the [3, n] and (n, 2n-2) intervals, respectively. Then, the equivalent transformation is performed by using the principle that the number of all odd numbers, the sum of all odd numbers remains constant, and the values of odd numbers are not equal to each other, thereby proving that 2n=pr1+pr2.
Category: Number Theory

Newton's Principia on God-Mediated Action

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 5 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

As John Henry states, Newton simply wants to reaffirm the truth of God's omnipresence without directly involving him in the physics of the world system. Newton simply wants to distance himself from a Cartesian concept of God and convince the atheists that God is a real presence extended in the world. God must exist in space for the space to exist, but God does not only act through contact. Henry believes that Andrew Janiak and Hylarie Kochiras give us a wrong picture of a Newton who believes in opportunism. Newton, Henry asserts, has always assumed that God acted through secondary causes:
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Electrostatic Polyhedron

Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: 7 Pages.

I minimize the N charges electric potential on a sphere, the minimum potential optimize the distance between the charges and it is possible to obtain the polyhedrons from the N charge positions
Category: Geometry

Effect of Dark Matter Fluids on Gravitational Constant Measurements

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper explores the possibility of experimentally testing the viscosity of dark matter fluids in laboratories on Earth's surface. From the theoretical calculation results, the viscous force of dark matter fluid and gravity are basically the same order of magnitude as the gravitational force. At the same time, because the experimental devices for measuring the gravitational constant are very precise and can accurately sense changes in gravity, we believe that the existing experimental devices for measuring the gravitational constant can be used to measure the viscosity of dark matter fluids. Since the experiment is carried out on the ground, it is convenient to control various parameters artificially. In this paper, the influence of the viscous force of dark matter fluid on the measurement results of gravitational constant is discussed by analyzing the existing experimental device for measuring the gravitational constant by the angular acceleration feedback (AAF) method. This paper argues that in some current experiments on measuring the gravitational constant by angular acceleration feedback methods, the influence of the viscous force of dark matter fluids has been ignored. If the influence of the viscous force of dark matter fluid is taken into account, the problem of inconsistent results of different experiments can be better solved. After the introduction of the viscosity of dark matter fluids, the upper and lower limits of the gravitational constant (HUST-19) measured by the angular acceleration feedback method of Huazhong University of Science and Technology can be extended to 6.674351×10^(-11) m^3·kg^(-1)·s^(-2) and 6.674551 × 10^(-11) (m^3·kg^(-1)·s^(-2) ), which can improve the inconsistency with the time-of-swing method results to a certain extent.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Improving Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Efficacy on Breast Cancer Cells Control-Ability and Mortality by Using Vitamin C and Static Magnetic Field

Authors: R. Mehrabifard, H. Mehdian, K. Hajisharifi, E. Amini
Comments: 21 Pages.

Since the last decades, there have been numerous reports about the interaction of magnetic field (MF) and cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) with the biological systems, separately. In this manuscript, we have investigated the combined effect of CAP with the static magnetic field (SMF) as an effective method for cancer cells treatment. MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were cultured and treated with CAP in different input power and different exposure time in the presence and absence of the SMF. Vitamin C is used in medium, and cell viability is investigated in the presence and absence of this antioxidant compound. The MTT assay has been employed to measure cell survival, and then T-test and one-way ANOVA are used to assess the significance level of quantitative data. In order to determine the migration rate of cancer cells, wound healing assay has been carried out. Results show that presence of the SMF and vitamin C as well as increasing the input power has a significant role on the attenuation of the survival and migration rate of the cells. The results of the present investigation will greatly contribute to improve the CAP efficiency in cancer therapy through using the SMF and vitamin C as a complement to conventional CAP therapies.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Investigating Quantum Mechanics In 5th Dimensional Embedding via Deterministic Structure, Small Scale Factor, And Initial Inflaton Field

Authors: Andrew W Beckwith
Comments: 10 Pages. submitted to JHEPGC for evaluation

We consider if a generalized HUP set greater than or equal to Planck's constant divided by the square of a scale factor, as well as an inflaton field, yields the result that Delta E times Delta t is embedded in a 5 dimensional field which is within a deterministic structure. Our proof concludes with Delta t as of Planck time, resulting in enormous potential energy. If that potential energy is induced by a repeating universe structure, we get a free value of Delta E Delta t that is almost infinite, supporting a prior conclusion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Proof of a Conjecture of lu Concerning Inequality for the Gamma Function

Authors: CholMyong Song, TaeHyon Mun, YongIl Han, WonChol Kim, HyonChol Kim
Comments: 6 Pages.

Dawei Lu [Dawei Lu, A generated approximation related to Burnside’s formula, Journal of Number Theory 136 (2014) 414—422; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnt.2013.10.016] proposed a conjecture: for every real number k>0, there exists depending k, such that for every, it holds: He guessed that it is suitable for taking = 0.5. In this paper, we prove the conjecture of Dawei Lu.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Improvement of Imperceptibility Evaluation Method and Security of Non-Blind Digital Image Watermarking Technique

Authors: Jon Tae Bom, Kim Kyong Jin, Ri Hyo Il, HyonChol Kim, Jang Un Ju
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper presents the new digital image watermarking technique that has high imperceptibility and robustness against various geometric image attacks such as rotation attack and cropping attack using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD).In this paper, watermark logo is scrambled by 3D Arnold’s cat mapping and Chebyshev mapping, then security of watermark logo is realized.And control parameters of chaos mapping are encrypted bythe proposed quantum resistant encryption technique.Also in this paper, the suitable color image similarity evaluation method and the suitable embedding scaling factor using the relative vision characteristic of human are defined,computed and used in evaluation of imperceptibility.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

The Structure of a Black Hole

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 11 Pages.

Einstein’s field equations (EFE) have several solutions. I relate here to Kerr’s solution of EFE because Kerr describes a known physical phenomenon — namely, all celestial bodies spin. The Schwarzschild solution is merely a mathematical solution of EFE because it assumes a non-rotating celestial body. I hypothesize that at the center of a black hole, there is a spinning neutron star. A neutron star may reside inside the singularity ring only if the radius of the neutron star is smaller than the singularity ring radius. This hypothesis is verified by analyzing the M87 black hole.
Category: Astrophysics

Lifeguard, Snell's Law, Fermat's Principle and Brachistochrone_ENG+ITA

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 12 Pages.

Lifeguard, Snell's Law, Fermat's Principle and Brachistochrone.
Category: Classical Physics

One Third Crucial Theorem for the Refoundation of Elementary Set Theory and the Teaching of that Discipline to Future Generations

Authors: Nhat-Anh Phan
Comments: 22 Pages. In French - Copyright All rights reserved

For a given infinite countable set A, we demonstrate that A is an infinite countableset if and only if A is equal to an infinite countable set indexed to the infinity. Saidotherwise we demonstrate that A is an infinite countable set iff there exists an infinite numberof non-empty, distinct elements a_i ǂ ∅, i ∈ N∗, ∀i, j ∈ N∗, i ǂ j, a_i ǂ a_j such thatA = U_{+∞}_{i=1} {a_i}. At this occasion, for infinite countable sets constituted by the union of two giveninfinite countable sets A and B, Au2032 = [A ∪ B]P(Au2032), we introduce the notion of undeterminedinfinite countable set in order to designate infinite countable sets for whichan explicit indexation is not determined meanwhile such indexation must necessarilyexist.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

"Eureka" Shift, Taylor Shift, Offset, Symmetry Point, and Symmetry in Polynomials

Authors: Charles Kusniec
Comments: 16 Pages.

In this study we show the existence of three types of shifts in polynomial curves that will always result in integer sequences: 1. "Eureka" shift, 2. Taylor shift, and 3. Offset. Then, we demonstrate that every polynomial equation has a reference point that we call sp - symmetry point. From the symmetry point of any polynomial sequence of integers we can define two types of symmetry and one type of asymmetry. At the end, we name and define asymmetry, and the two types of symmetries.
Category: Number Theory

Space-Time as Spinors

Authors: Julian Simon Brown
Comments: 6 Pages.

We uncover an implicit volume-preserving mapping from the $mathbb{C}^4$ space of a bispinor onto the past cone belonging to an arbitrary spacetime point in $mathbb{R}^{3,1}$. The quotient group $SO(3,1)$ is shown to be given by $SO(8)/U(1) cross U(1) cross SO(3)$ and a simple geometrical interpretation is presented. We conclude by showing that the novel mapping allows the reformulation of many equations of motion of boson and fermion fields as integral equations over null cones that are devoid of field derivatives.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Theoretical Value for the Hubble Constant

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 29 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4547576 Distributed in Astronomy & Astrophysics eJournal Vol 5, Issue 32, November 22, 2023 Distributed in Accelerators, Beams & Fields eJournal Vol 1, Issue 41, October 04, 2023

In this paper we will study the Hubble constant. From the dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions will be calculated the theoretical value of the Hubble Constant H0=72.69 (km/s)/Mpc. This value is very close to the last experimental measurements. Also will be presented the formulas of the Hubble constant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Generalized Relativistic Transformations in Clifford Spaces and Their Physical Implications

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 18 Pages.

A brief introduction of the Extended Relativity Theory in Clifford Spaces (C-space) paves the way to the explicit construction of the generalized relativistic transformations of the Clifford multivector-valued coordinates in C-spaces. The most general transformations furnish a full mixing of the grades of the multivector-valued coordinates. The transformations of the multivector-valued momenta follow leading to an invariant generalized mass M in C-spaces which differs from m. No longer the proper mass appearing in the relativistic dispersion relation E^2 - p^2 = m^2 remains invariant under the generalized relativistic transformations. It is argued how this finding might shed some light into the cosmological constant problem, dark energy, and dark matter. We finalize with some concluding remarks about extending these transformations to phase spaces and about Born reciprocal relativity. An appendix is included with the most general (anti) commutators of the Clifford algebra multivector generators.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On a Solution of "P vs NP" Millennium Prize Problem Based on the Subset Sum Problem

Authors: B. Sinchev, A. B. Sinchev, A. М. Mukhanova
Comments: 7 Pages.

Given a set of distinct non-negative integers X^n and a target certificate S parametrized in: ∃X^k⊆X^n,∑_(x_i∈X^k)[]x_i =S (k=|X^k |,n=|X^n |). We present a polynomial solution of the subset sum problem with time complexity T≤O(n^2) and space complexity S≤O(n^2 ), so that P = NP.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

The Planets of the Binary Star Epsilon Ursae Minoris

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

So far, no planets have been discovered in the binary star system, which is 300 LY away. The two stars emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 586 nHz, which can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{eleven} companions -- unseen by electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravity as a Pressure Resulting form Dark Energy Displacement by Matter.

Authors: Kris M. McKenna
Comments: 26 Pages.

This paper presents a speculative hypothesis proposing that gravity could emerge as a pressure phenomenon resulting from the displacement of a hypothetical omnipresent dark energy medium by matter. Current physics provides incomplete explanations for the fundamental origins of gravity and the nature of enigmatic dark energy, which drives the accelerated expansion of the universe. This hypothesis aims to construct a conceptual bridge between these two outstanding mysteries by theorizing that dark energy exists as a kind of ether pervading all of space uniformly.According to the hypothesis, concentrations of mass displace and squeeze this dark energy ether locally, producing regions of varying density and pressure gradients within the medium. These hypothesized pressure gradients then exert reactionary forces on matter that manifest at the macro scale as gravitational attraction between masses. In this view, gravity results from matter interacting with and disturbing a universal dark energy field.While departing from the prevailing model of gravity as curvature in spacetime, the hypothesized mechanism does not inherently contradict Einstein's general theory of relativity. However, it proposes a deeper foundation for the origins of gravity in the displacement of a ubiquitous ether. This perspective offers potential avenues for enhancing our understanding of phenomena from black holes to cosmic expansion by modeling their relation to dark energy ether interactions.The paper acknowledges that the hypothesis currently lacks direct empirical support and faces significant theoretical challenges. However, by creatively integrating existing concepts like quantum vacuum energy, emergent forces, and a cosmological medium into a novel framework, it aims to spur productive discourse and exploration around foundational questions in physics. The path forward involves rigorous theoretical development and models paired with experiments and observations that could provide hints about the viability of an ether model of gravity. Even if proven incorrect in its specifics, the hypothesis exemplifies the generative value of bold conjecture in pushing the boundaries of scientific knowledge.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Physics and Politics of Climate Change

Authors: Alphonsus J. Fagan
Comments: 13 Pages.

This essay summarizes the physics of climate change and provides commentary around some of the political challenges faced in mobilizing the actions needed to address it.
Category: Climate Research

Can Artificial Intelligence be Conscious?

Authors: Victor V. Senkevich
Comments: 16 Pages.

All magic and mystery disappear as soon as an obscure mysterious concept gets a rigorous formal definition. In order to provide an opportunity to talk about the applicability of philosophical / cognitive concepts to the subject area of AI, it is necessary to "ground" these concepts by formulating rigorous formal definitions for them. The fundamental importance of such formal definitions is quite obvious, since any concepts applied to the field of Information Technology must be "codable", i.e. potentially implementable in program code. Thus, the "codable" formal definitions of cognitive terms are the necessary basis on which alone it is possible to build the architecture of AI technology that has the ability to embody these concepts in a real software. The question of the adequacy of such definitions of "reality" and their compliance with existing generally accepted philosophical theories is also very important and quite discussable, but this does not affect the priority and fundamental nature of the requirement for the formulation of "codable" formal definitions. The formulation of "codable" definitions for the concept of "consciousness" and related cognitive concepts and, based on them, statements about their applicability to the subject area of AI is the topic of this publication. Covering questions:Can AI have a Personality / Motivations / Free Will?
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Administration of Nebulized Saliva from Healthy Volunteers To Prevent Chronic Infection in Lung Transplant Patients

Authors: Ryan A. Eghlimi
Comments: 7 Pages.

Lung transplantation has poor long-term survival relative to other solid organ transplants. This can be largely attributed to higher rates of chronic lung allograft dysfunction and infection following transplant. The lungs are non-sterile and a lung microbiome is present primarily through microaspiration of upper respiratory tract microbiota. Patients who have undergone lung transplantation exhibit a dysbiotic lung microbiome relative to healthy patients. It is proposed that the saliva from the upper respiratory tract of healthy volunteers can be nebulized to produce aerosolized microbe-containing saliva droplets. Lung transplant patients can inhale nebulized saliva from healthy volunteers to help establish a healthy lung microbiome and prevent chronic infection following their transplant. This concept is analogous to the well-established use of a fecal transplant from healthy volunteers in patients with a dysbiotic colon.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Physical Basis of PROCOPIU’S Quantization

Authors: Nicolae Mazilu
Comments: 86 Pages. To appear in the "Memoirs of the Scientific Sections" of Romanian Academy, Series IV, Tome XLVI, 2023

The procedures of quantization are the same in the case of matter as in the case of light. They involve specific invariants to the scale change, and specific statistics describing that scale change in physics. A previous part of this work [35] explores the general mathematics of the physics involved in the problem of quantization. The present part deepens the similitude between the procedures of quantization in light and matter, by proving the identity of the resonators serving for quantization from a thermodynamical point of view. They are dipoles: electric in the case of light — Planck’s resonators, representing the matter — and magnetic in the case of matter — Procopiu’s resonators, representing the light. Mathematical details are exposed, and some physical consequences in observance thereof are explored.
Category: Quantum Physics

The First Room-Temperature Ambient-Pressure Superconductor

Authors: Sukbae Lee, Ji-Hoon Kim, Young-Wan Kwon
Comments: 22 Pages.

For the first time in the world, we succeeded in synthesizing the room-temperature superconductor (Tc≥400 K, 127∘C) working at ambient pressure with a modified lead-apatite (LK-99) structure. The superconductivity of LK-99 is proved with the Critical temperature (Tc), Zero-resistivity, Critical current (Ic), Critical magnetic field (Hc), and the Meissner effect. The superconductivity of LK-99 originates from minute structural distortion by a slight volume shrinkage (0.48 %), not by external factors such as temperature and pressure. The shrinkage is caused by Cu2+ substitution of Pb2+(2) ions in the insulating network of Pb(2)-phosphate and it generates the stress. It concurrently transfers to Pb(1) of the cylindrical column resulting in distortion of the cylindrical column interface, which creates superconducting quantum wells (SQWs) in the interface. The heat capacity results indicated that the new model is suitable for explaining the superconductivity of LK-99. The unique structure of LK-99 that allows the minute distorted structure to be maintained in the interfaces is the most important factor that LK-99 maintains and exhibits superconductivity at room temperatures and ambient pressure.
Category: Condensed Matter

Modeling Learning Behavior of Students of Mathematics

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 11 Pages.

This paper introduces an innovative approach to comprehending and modeling the collective behaviors of students within the context of mathematics education. The core objective is to present a comprehensive mathematicalframework capable of addressing the entire spectrum of behaviors exhibited in mathematics classrooms. We introduce a novel SIR-basedmodel, tailored to capture behaviors under the influence of individual students. Additionally, we propose that interactions among students acrossdifferent classrooms can serve as a regulatory mechanism for these behaviors. To validate our approach, we conduct a series of simulations thatdemonstrate the practicality and significance of our model. This paper significantly contributes to the advancement of our understanding of studentbehaviors in the realm of mathematics education and their mathematical representation. By bridging the gap between mathematical modeling andthe intricate dynamics of student conduct, this work provides valuable insights into the behaviors displayed in math classrooms.
Category: General Mathematics

Exact Sum of Prime Numbers in Matrix Form

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper introduces a novel approach to represent the nth sum of prime numbers using column matrices and diagonal matrices. The proposed method provides a concise and efficient matrix form for computing and visualizing these sums, promising potential insights in number theory and matrix algebra. The innovative representation offers a new perspectiveto explore the properties of prime numbers in the context of matrix algebra.
Category: Number Theory

Connected Old and New Prime Number Theory with Upper and Lower Bounds

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this article, we establish a connection between classical and modern prime number theory using upper and lower bounds. Additionally, weintroduce a new technique to calculate the sum of prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Inner Product of Two Oriented Points in Conformal Geometric Algebra in Detail

Authors: Eckhard Hitzer
Comments: 19 Pages. accepted for D. DaSilva, D. Hildenbrand, E. Hitzer (eds.), Proceedings of ICACGA 2022, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, Springer, Heidelberg, 2023.

We study in full detail the inner product of oriented points in conformal geometric algebra and its geometric meaning. The notion of oriented point is introduced and the inner product of two general oriented points is computed, analyzed (including symmetry) and graphed in terms of point to point distance, and angles between the distance vector and the local orientation planes of the two points. Seven examples illustrate the results obtained. Finally, the results are extended from dimension three to arbitrary dimensions n.
Category: Algebra

A Note on the Laws of Newtonian Mechanics.

Authors: Jeremy Dunning-Davies
Comments: 2 Pages.

Here attention is drawn to the assumptions behind some very elementary results of Newtonian mechanics. It is noted that incorrect conclusions may be drawn if these are not remembered when applying or criticising these laws.
Category: Classical Physics

The Planets of the Binary Star Alpha Coronae Borealis (Alpha CrB)

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Infrared Astronomical Satellite has detected an excess of infrared radiation in der Umgebung von textit{Alpha CrB}. This suggests the presence of a large disc of dust and material around the star, prompting speculation of a planetary or proto-planetary system. Although the binary system is only 76.5 light years away, no planets have been discovered so far.The two stars emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 1333.426 nHz, which can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{twelve} companions -- unseen by electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

Does QM Embedded in 5th Dimensional Embedding Allow for Classical Black Hole Ideas Only in Early Universe, Whereas Corda Special Relativity Plus QM May Eliminate Event Horizons for Black Holes After Big Bang?

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 29 Pages. To be published in JHEPGC.

We first look at the possibility that the ideas of event horizons for black holes may have their application only in early universe conditions whereas Corda’s ground breaking work rejecting event horizons may be due to the formation of quantum mechanics free of an embedding in 5 dimensions allowing for a simpler more direct approach. Which rejects the idea of a firewall. First, we present the idea of classical black hole physics applied only once as for the early universe, whereas in such a setting, there may be a way to present NLED and structure formation due to an initial entropy approach as outlined . Then the ideas of Corda’s breakthrough are presented for the reasons he illuminated in his recent work, due to QM being fully formed separate from higher dimensional embedding after the initial evolution of the universe
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Solvable Sextic Equation

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper presents a solvable sextic equation under the condition that several coefficients of such polynomials are restricted to become dependent on the preceding or following coefficients. We can solve a sextic equation by restricting one or two in total seven coefficients available, and by solving a bisextic equation and a quintic equation. And we can also find the arbitrary coupling coefficients that generate a new solvable sextic equation as well.
Category: Algebra

Embedding of Octonion Fourier Transform in Geometric Algebra of R^3 and Polar Representations of Octonion Analytic Signals in Detail

Authors: Eckhard Hitzer
Comments: 17 Pages. 3 tables, 1 figure. Published in Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, 2023. DOI: 10.1002/mma.9639.

We show how the octonion Fourier transform can be embedded and studied in Clifford geometric algebra of three-dimensional Euclidean space Cl(3,0). We apply a new form of dimensionally minimal embedding of octonions in geometric algebra, that expresses octonion multiplication non-associativity with a sum of up to four (individually associative) geometric algebra product terms. This approach leads to new polar representations of octonion analytic signals and signal reconstruction formulas.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Control of Altitude and Acceleration in Direction of Gravity for Ehd and Electrostatic Propulsion Devices

Authors: Taku Saiki
Comments: 8 Pages.

Electro hydro dynamic (EHD) and electrostatic propulsion devices has no moving parts and, in the air, operates on electrical energy. It is expected to develop electric propulsion systems without future moving parts of airplanes and helicopters propellers in the future. I had succeeded in hovering EHD device in an arbitrary space for the first time. It means that we can control height at floating in the air. Also, I had succeeded in controlling the speed and acceleration of the EHD device and decreased to a significantly low level. I considered a theory for hovering EHD device. Here, high output voltage of small Tesla coil was modulated at a low repetition frequency, and output voltage of Cock-Walton circuit was controlled in a rectangular pulse shape temporally. Furthermore, I analyzed position, velocity, and acceleration of EHD device for levitation and descent using the optical-flow method. I confirmed that the velocity and acceleration were significantly lower than when a high DC voltage was applied.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Zeta Distribution and Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Yahya Grari
Comments: 7 Pages.

we will be very optimistic and give what seems to be a probabilistic argument in favor of theRiemann hypothesis through Denjoy's version.
Category: Number Theory

The Planets of the Binary Star Kepler-35

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The two stars in textit{Kepler-35} emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 1116 nHz, which can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{twelve} companions -- one was discovered using electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

Cosmic Gravitational Potential

Authors: Wenceslao Segura González
Comments: 12 Pages.

Gravity is a long-range interaction, so the entire causally connected Universe acts gravitationally on a test body. In this investigation, we calculate the cosmic gravitational potential at a fixed location in the Universe. We verified that the most distant bodies are the ones that produce a more intense gravitational action. The Big Bang singularity is responsible for the infinite gravitational potential produced by cosmic radiation, which we avoid by renormalizing the cosmic potential. We calculate the participation of each epoch of the Universe in the cosmic potential and its variation with time
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Non-Constant Separation of the Rockets Contradicts the Resolution of the Twin Paradox

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 1 Page.

The resolution of the Twin Paradox is well-known: during the traveler's (his) instantaneous turnaround, he must conclude that his home twin's (her) age instantaneously increases.  But IF it's true that the two separated rockets in the Bell's Paradox (whose accelerometers show equal constant readings) DON'T maintain a constant separation, that CONTRADICTS the resolution of the Twin Paradox. Here's how to see that contradiction: Suppose we start out with him being separated and stationary with respect to her. Imagine that, at the instant before he instantaneously increases his speed toward her, he is colocated and stationary with respect to the TRAILING rocket.  And suppose that the LEADING rocket is colocated and stationary with HER then. (The rockets are unaccelerated before and at that instant). When he instantaneously changes his speed with respect to her from zero to some large non-zero value, the two rockets instantaneously do the same thing. During his instantaneous speed change, suppose that the leading rocket is ASSUMED to instantaneously INCREASE its separation from the trailing rocket.  THAT would result in HER seeing the leading rocket INSTANTANEOUSLY move a finite distance away from her, WHICH IS ABSURD! So the ASSUMPTION that the separation of the rockets isn't constant CAN’T be correct.   Q.E.D.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

SunQM-6s6: Using {N,n} QM Field Theory to Study the Atomic Electron Configuration, the Pre-Sun Ball’s {N,n} QM Structural Configuration, and the Nuclear Proton Configuration

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 28 Pages.

Solving Schrodinger equation for an H-atom directly produced r1s < r2p < r2s < r3d < r3p < r3s < r4f u2026 in Born probability density’s radial function, and it fitted perfectly for the pre-Sun ball’s {N,n} QM structural configuration (as proved in paper SunQM-3s3 by assigning the |5,4,m> and |4,0,0> QM states to Jupiter surface atmosphere’s zonal bands and belt bands). However, in all QM text books, for a Z > 1 atom, its ground state electron configuration is always r1s < r2s < r2p < r3s < r3p < r3d u2026 , (that reversed l sub-shell sequence in comparison with the Schrodinger equation’s solution for an H-atom). All QM text books have to explain this difference by using some kind of patches. In the current paper, I (qualitatively) solved this problem by changing the potential V = Vr to V = Vr + Vθφ in Schrodinger equation (with Vr < 0), and with either Vθφ > 0 for the electron-electron’s repulsive interaction in the same l sub-shell, or Vθφ < 0 for the pre-Sun ball’s attractive interaction between the objects in the same l sub-shell. After assuming Vθφ << Vr, and treating Vθφ as a small perturbation of Vr, and then forcing Vθφ to be a function of r-1D, I was able to analyze the Schrodinger equation’s solution semi-quantitatively, and obtained the expected result. Then, I explored Schrodinger equation for Vr > 0, and guessed out a (Bohr formula equivalent) formula for a point-centered repulsive force field, (also with rn = r1 n^2, En = E1 / n^2, but with n ≤ 1, or n" = 1/n, with n" > 0). Then, I proposed a brand new "proton-electron mirror-coupled orbit" model: for an atom with the ground state electron configuration of r1s < r2s < r2p < r3s < r3p < r3d , its nuclear protons has a E/RFe-force energy level ground state configuration of (approximately) r1s > r2s > r2p > r3s > r3p > r3d . Furthermore, the 1s proton and 1s electron, the 2s proton and 2s electron, etc., are always dynamically (or transiently) coupled. This model may be useful in the explanation of the K-capture, or the formation of the black hole (from a {-2,1} star during the gravity collapse). Based on that, I proposed a second new hypothesis: the γ decay may can be attributed to the nuclear proton’s pure E/RFe-force energy level de-excitation (without involving the S/RFs-force). Some semi-quantitative estimations have been calculated to support this hypothesis.
Category: Quantum Physics

Statistical Analysis of the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics I: the Fundamental Laws of Quantum Dynamics

Authors: Koustubh Kabe
Comments: 7 Pages. This paper provides a rigorous analysis of the Copenhagen interpretation and Feynman path integral formalism by statistical means and establishes the laws of quantum dynamics akin to the laws of thermodynamics.

In this paper the laws of quantum dynamics are enunciated based upon statistical considerations of a generic quantum system. A new concept called quantropy is introduced and related to the Feynman path integral formalism as well as the orthodox Copenhagen Interpretation.
Category: Quantum Physics

An ADMM Algorithm for a Generic L0 Sparse Overlapping Group Lasso Problem

Authors: Youming Zhao
Comments: 10 pages, fixed two mistakes

We present an alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) for a generic overlapping group lasso problem, where the groups can be overlapping in an arbitrary way. Meanwhile, we prove the lower bounds and upper bounds for both the $ell_1$ sparse group lasso problem and the $ell_0$ sparse group lasso problem. Also, we propose the algorithms for computing these bounds.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Special Relativity: Time Dilation Revisited

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 5 Pages.

Motion being a relative quantity, the question often asked in Special Relativity (SR) is: which observer is moving, and which one is at rest? How is this to be determined? There are many who have tried to answer this conundrum. Most answers fall into two categories: 1) the use of a Minkowski diagram (space-time coordinates) — but motion is still relative even on a space-time coordinate system; 2) by specifying which observer is accelerating — acceleration like velocity is still a relative quantity. None of these are satisfactory. In this paper we offer a solution. But to answer that question properly we must go back to the derivation of the time dilation equation and focus on what is really at stake. Out of this investigation we get a new look at time dilation as the equivalent of a Doppler effect.
Category: Astrophysics

Scientific Investing: Revisiting the Foundation: Black Swan, Randomness, Causality, Convexity, Tail Risk, Tail Risk Hedging,Causal Factor Investing, Randomized Factor Investing, Flawed Conventional Statistical Tools, Forward Looking Finance in Time

Authors: Pankaj Mani
Comments: 145 Pages.

The paper attempts to unify scientifically the two extremes in the form of Duality of Randomness & Causality, Predictability & Uncertainty in Market like Wave-Particle duality scientifically in Nature. And how that should be leveraged in Financial Investment & Risk Management Strategies in Real World Practical Applications.Conventional Financial/Factor Investing has been studied and practiced from an economic perspective logic for a long time through the application of Conventional flawed Popular Statistical Tools. Factor Investing (Often Misunderstood by the Modelers) affecting trillions of dollars in investment globally seems to lack the proper Scientific base. This paper aims to check the conceptual Scientific validity of Financial Investment, Factor Investing, Valuation, Conventional Risk Management Tools, Black Swan , Tail Risk, Convexity, Conventional Statistical Tools e.g. Linear Regression, and Popular Risk measurement metrics e.g. Sharpe Ratio, Max Drawdown etc. , Historically important Puzzle e.g. Equity Risk Premium. Then it further explains the proposes the scientific foundation of Convexity, Causal Laws of Motion in Markets, Causal Based Randomized Factor Investing for Portfolio Management, and how Financial Investment & Risk Management should be studied and practiced in a Scientific way in the Real World rather than based on many economic theories without proper Scientific validation. It also talks about how Value should be redefined Scientifically in Real World Investment unlike Conventionally flawed definition . It looks scientifically at the foundational issues with the Conventional Statistical /Mathematical /AI/ML tools e.g. Non-Stationarity ,Linear Regression etc. applied in Real World Financial Investment and tries to make it scientific in improved way. It also proposes the new Causal Based Randomized Learning Approach for ML in Investment in Real World.This is basically a Conceptual Paper that also looks at the foundation of Conventional Mathematical & Statistical Tools applied in Investment & Risk domains e.g. Monte Carlo Simulations Probability theory, Expectations etc and how that need to be evolved in Real World Investment driven by Quantum Human Behavior Dynamics. In a nutshell, It explores how financial investment and risk management/taking should be done scientifically in forward direction of time rather backward direction of time as usually happens in most statistical based models in financial investment and risk areas.
Category: Economics and Finance

Mutation Validation for Learning Vector Quantization

Authors: Nana Abeka Otoo
Comments: 12 Pages.

Mutation validation as a complement to existing applied machine learning validation schemes hasbeen explored in recent times. Exploratory work for Learning vector quantization (LVQ) based onthis model-validation scheme remains to be discovered. This paper proposes mutation validation as an extension to existing cross-validation and holdout schemes for Generalized LVQ and its advanced variants. The mutation validation scheme provides a responsive, interpretable, intuitive and easily comprehensible score that complements existing validation schemes employed in the performance evaluation of the prototype-based LVQ family of classification algorithms. This paper establishes a relation between the mutation validation scheme and the goodness of fit evaluation for four LVQ models: Generalized LVQ, Generalized Matrix LVQ, Generalized Tangent LVQ and Robust Soft LVQ models. Numerical evaluation regarding these models complexity and effects on test outcomes,pitches mutation validation scheme above cross-validation and holdout schemes.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

How the Naz[i]s Split Modern Physics, and How It Can Be Reunified

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 9 Pages. Submitted to Foundational Questions Institute (FQXI) Essay Context, March 2023

Everyone knows that the Naz[i]s hated Einstein and relativity. I argue that this hostility had aprofound influence on the development of quantum mechanics in the 1930s, and how it wastaught. Specifically, de Broglie showed that quantum waves derived from special relativity, butpolitical pressures forced German physicists to hide this close connection in the first textbooks.Furthermore, Einstein’s objections to aspects of quantum theory (such as entanglement) wereignored. This led to a split in the foundations of physics that has continued to the present,between relativity on the one hand, and quantum theory on the other. It is past time to reunifyphysics, by reimagining how "quantum relativity" would have developed without the influenceof the Nazis. This may have important implications for the future of physics, particularlyregarding quantum computing.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

An Alternative Form of Hardy-Littlewood Conjecture

Authors: Junho Choi
Comments: 5 Pages.

I found an alternative form of Hardy-Littlewood Conjecture using Mertens’ 3rd theorem. This new form has a theoretical background and coincides with prime number theorem. It is expected to provide an easier way to prove the conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

An Interesting Case of Twins Paradox - Twins Approaching Each Other

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 7 Pages.

In two recent papers the meaning of the Twins paradox is criticised interestingly and one of the configurations is described in both papers similarly. Therefore, it is easy to address some features of the papers simultaneously. The configuration is about the approaching of the twins in one inertial frame of reference that exhibit complete symmetry. We describe that configuration criticising the approach of both papers with the support of our recent work "The Resolution of the Twin Paradox with Three Frames of Reference — A Mathematical and Physical Report", where we report how we can use a time dilation-like expression eliminating the twin paradox conundrum that standard formulation is unable to accomplish, since misleadingly attribute the meaning of a reciprocal relation to the ageing of the twins. The misinterpretation of the time-like dilation mathematical expression as the time dilation expression.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculation of the Space-Time Curvature in the Vicinity of Schwarzschild Black Holes: Application to Sagittarius A*

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 6 Pages. In Romanian (Correction made by viXra admin - For the last time, please conform!)

We have calculated values of space-time curvature in the vicinity of Schwarzschild black holes. For this we have used the metric and the results of Schwarzschild collected in his study on relativistic gravitation published in 1916 as well as techniques of differential geometry of surfaces. This has allowed us to obtain values of space-time curvature in the vicinity of SAGITTARIUS A*, and thereby giving a physical content to our mathematical approach to the subject. The results are consistent with what was expected.
Category: Astrophysics

On the Microscopic Substantiation of Two-Fluid Hydrodynamics in Helium II

Authors: S. V. Akimenko
Comments: 7 Pages.

It is shown that the formally correct expression of the existing theory of superfluidity, obtained for the momentum of a phonon gas in helium II, does not describe the physically real transfer of the effective mass of the phonon gas. The physically real transferable effective mass of a phonon gas turns out to be (10)^12 times less than it is considered in the existing theory. It is established that the laws of energy and momentum transformation of a massive quasiparticle in helium II differ somewhat from the corresponding laws used in the existing theory. It follows from this that if the gas of rotons with the dispersion law introduced in 1947 behaves as a whole, then it must be entirely at rest relative to the "unexcited background" in helium II. It is noted that the criterion for the superfluidity of liquid helium implicitly assumes the use of an additional hypothesis about the direction of the momentum excited in liquid helium II quasiparticle (phonon).
Category: Condensed Matter

Riemann Hypothesis: the Abstract Physics Behind Mathematical Equations

Authors: Pankaj Mani
Comments: 20 Pages.

In this paper, I'm looking unconventionally at the underlying Physics behind the Mathematical Equation in context of Riemann Hypothesis to show that Riemann Hypothesis would be true ! It's about the new way of looking at Mathematics where one has to imagine and look at the governing abstract physicalities e.g. symmetry behind the arithmetical operations like addition, multiplication,0, complex numbers, etc. Mathematics has its own abstract Physics behind it. Riemann's Hypothesis is about imagining that rather than trying to solve the equations endlessly in my humble view. It will likely pave the way forward to develop a new branch of discipline to study the abstract physics behind mathematics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Analytic and Parameter-Free Formula for the Neutrino Mixing Matrix

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 13 Pages.

A parameter-free analytic expression for the PMNS matrix is derived which fits numerically all the measured matrix components at 99.7$%$ confidence. Results are proven within the microscopic model and also lead to a prediction of the leptonic Jarlskog invariant $J_{PMNS}=-0.0106$. An outlook is given on the treatment of the CKM matrix.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Establishment of a Security System Based on Arduino

Authors: GyongBong Ju, KyuSol Han, SongIl An, SongIl Han
Comments: 19 Pages.

Today, the security problem is emerging as a crucial problem for people, and research into solving this problem is now on its way worldwide. Everyone is aware of the urgency and seriousness of the security problem, and at this time, this problem has a giant impact on the overall social life. As science and technology develop, researches for solving security problems are advancing to a new stage, and their reliability is increasing day by day.In this study, a powerful quadruple security system was designed and realized by combining Keypad, RFID, Fingerprint, and Bluetooth (HC06) modules to thoroughly secure the security of medicines, jewelry, documents, and other valuables and doors.This system is based on the Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller and is an intelligent system with a display function, voice function, SMS transmission function by GSM module, and alarm function. The system is an excellent system that can thoroughly guarantee the safety of security with low cost and low power consumption.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Contraction of Ramanujan Formulas in the Letter to Hardy

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper we show an approach to the Ramanujan summation of series formulas, proving that it is possible a contracted version of them.
Category: Number Theory

An Algebraic Structure of Music Theory

Authors: Shao-Dan Lee
Comments: 8 Pages.

We may define a binary relation. Then a nonempty finite set equipped with the binary relation is called a circle set. And we define a bijective mapping of the circle set, and the mapping is called a shift. We may construct a pitch structure over a circle set. And we may define a tonic and step of a pitch structure. Then the ordered pair of the tonic and step is called the key of the pitch structure. Then we define a key transpose along a shift. And a key transpose is said to be regular if it consists of stretches, shrinks and a shift. A key transpose is regular if and only if it satisfies some hypotheses.
Category: Algebra

A New Type of Approximation for the Gamma Function Based on the Windschitl’s Formula

Authors: HyonChol Kim
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, we present a new approximate formula based on the Windschitl’s type formula, one of the important approximate formulas of the Gamma function.And we introduce interesting double inequality associated with our new formula.
Category: Number Theory

Dark Matter and Quantum Entanglement

Authors: Sheng Li Zhang
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper explores the possibility of unifying the four fundamental forces with dark matter and quantum entanglement. It was found that when dark matter has quantum entanglement, the dark matter vortex forms and the dark matter outside the vortex will expand. This will slow down the matter and dark matter being involved in the vortex. The dark matter inside the vortex will also expand under the effect of the rotating compression force. The expansion force is proportional to the internal rotation speed of the vortex. From the edge to the core, the expansion force increases with the increase of the rotational compression force, and the dark matter at the core expands the most. When matter spirals into the center of a vortex, it forms a compressive force through its spin, which compresses dark matter towards the core, creating a gravitational layer. Outside this gravitational layer, dark matter is compressed and expands, forming a high expanded zone with a diameter equal to the radius of the gravitational layer. This creates four concentric layers from the center to the outer edge of the vortex: the gravitational layer, the high expanded zone outside the gravitational layer, the expansion-compression zone, and the outer expansion zone of the vortex. The high expanded zone is within the expansion-compression zone. The smallest vortices have only the gravitational layer and the outer expansion zone, without the expansion-compression and high expanded zones. The largest vortex is the universe, which has no external expansion zone. The density of the gravitational layer and the outer expansion zone can be controlled by controlling the rotation speed of dark matter vortices. This principle can also be used to control dark matter vortices for nuclear fission and fusion, create aircraft, and control and form celestial bodies and black holes.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Agricultural Drought Analysis in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Using Remote Sensing Data and Gis Technology

Authors: GyongBong Ju, YongMin Kim, GwangSu Kim, YunHui Kim
Comments: 17 Pages.

This paper describes the comprehensive analysis and evaluation of agricultural drought phenomena in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea from 2012 to 2021 using remote sensing technology and GIS technology, which have proven superior in drought research. We analyzed dynamic changes in agricultural drought according to the characteristics of each drought index during the growth period from 2012 to 2021 through the calculation of SPI, VCI, TCI, VHI, and NVSWI derived from time series CHIRPS and MODIS data. The moisture condition index (MCI) was newly proposed starting from the importance of the moisture condition of crops, confirmed reliable by comparing it with the staple agricultural drought indices. Paper proposed a new integrated drought index CDI that comprehensively reflects the vegetation status, soil moisture status, and crop moisture status using the logical calculation function of the geographic information system.As a result of examining the dynamic change of agricultural drought from 2012 to 2021 using CDI, high temperature and sub-normal rainfall were the main factors causing the drying. The integrated drought index CDI proposed in this paper provides a premise that can be a staple indicator for agricultural drought analysis and evaluation as it is possible to comprehensively and simultaneously consider the vegetation status, soil moisture status, and crop moisture status.
Category: Geophysics

Harmonic Graphs Conjecture: Graph-Theoretic Attributes and their Number Theoretic Correlations

Authors: Felipe Correa Rodríguez
Comments: 6 Pages. Perfected version. I posted this but time has passed already and there weren't updates on the replacement, so I fear a mistake.

The Harmonic Graphs Conjecture states that there exists an asymptotic relation involving the Harmonic Index and the natural logarithm as the order of the graph increases. This conjecture, grounded in the novel context of Prime Graphs, draws upon the Prime Number Theorem and the sum of divisors function to unveil a compelling asymptotic connection. By carefully expanding the definitions of the harmonic index and the sum of divisors function, and leveraging the prime number theorem's approximations, we establish a formula that captures this intricate relationship. This work is an effort to contribute to the advancement of graph theory, introducing a fresh lens through which graph connectivity can be explored. The synthesis of prime numbers and graph properties not only deepens our understanding of structural complexity but also paves the way for innovative research directions.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

The QCD Ground State Tetrahedrons

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 27 Pages.

We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark introduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson compact bound tetraquark having a tetrahedron geometry. The transition from the pion two free mesons to the tetrahedron geometry may be a Goldstone symmetry breaking. The tetrahedron mass may be calculated by measuring the β decay rate variability as proposed in a previous paper. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle exotic tetraquarks. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in electron pairing mechanism in both chemical bond forming and superconductor Cooper pairs. We propose a hypothesis where the QCD ground state tetrahedrons play a central role also in low energy physics where quark and gluon dynamics are relevant not only in the high energy physics research. Quark exchange reactions transfer force via gluon junctions interacting with the QCD ground state tetrahedron having quarks and antiquarks in equal portions
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Ramanujan’s Infinite Summation Formula: Key Fundamental Scientific Issues

Authors: Pankaj Mani
Comments: 18 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

The author tries to Look at the famous Ramanujan's Infinite Summation Result from a Relativistic Time reference frame and resolving the fundamental issues. Mathematics unlike conventional views ,when looked at Relativistic Time, Observer's perspective, many contradictions.conflicts seem to get resolved. In fact at deeper foundational level, there is critical role of relativity, time and observer even in mathematics like physics that must be incorporated to make mathematics consistent.
Category: Number Theory

Gradual Rise and Growth Versus the Sudden Inflation of the Cosmic Globe

Authors: Jaswant Rai Mahajan
Comments: 10 Pages. constructive feedback is welcome

According to the present investigation, the energy (Mc2) of the Cosmic Globe is a kinetic expression of its Potential Energy (P. E.) in the Vacuum Field (V-Field). It is above the Zero Point Energy (ZPE) of the Vo-Field and due to its dynamic nature expands isotropically in the surrounding Vacuum, increasing the size of the Cosmic Globe. But the progress of Centrifugal Expansion is opposed by the Centripetal drag of the G-Field, which brings the expansion to a halt when the P.E. in the V-Field and the Kinetic Energy (K.E.) of the Cosmic Globe exhaust themself at Rc = Mc2 x G/c4. Instead, the G-Field P.E. attains its maximum value Rc x c4 /G = Mc2 = total mass-energy of the Cosmic Globe - which triggers the Contraction phase. Thus, Rc is the delimiting non-crossable boundary for the mass-energy expanding inside the Cosmic Globe - marking a sharp contrast with the Schwarzschild radius (Rs), which delimits the no-return boundary of the mass-energy collapsing under its g-forces! And, during the G-compression, the contracting globe squeezes out the voids and discharges its energy into the V-Field to attain its ZPE state. At the Maximum Contraction (Ro), the G-Field P.E. equals zero, while the P.E. with respect to the V-Field attains its maximum value - which initiates the Expansion Cycle. In short, the Cosmic Globe perpetuates its expansion and contraction cycle by recycling its total energy through the periodic and gradual interconversion into the P.E. of the V-Field and G-Field.
Category: Classical Physics

A Theory of Physical Time and its Impact on Physics Applications

Authors: Robert T. Longo
Comments: 23 Pages.

The story I wish to tell in this work starts with Newton's mathematical time, which is not a true definition of time but only its measure. It leaves out a deeper understanding of the true nature of time. When applying physics to the broader universe, numerous anomalies appear. One change in the definition of time, and these anomalies, galaxy rotation, dark matter, electric and magnetic properties, the speed of light, Hubble's law, dark energy, the Big Bang, the CMB, and the Pioneer anomaly all disappear, while physical theories are left unchanged.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Reality in the Context of Relativity and Quantum Physics

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 11 Pages.

Consideration of the problem of ambiguous meaning of the word ‘reality’. Clarifying what is being modeled by currently mainstream physics and highlighting what is missing. The way in which sensory awareness is driven by receipt of sensory stimuli is discussed. As well as showing that sensory stimuli exist in the environment, and can be detected (as objective evidence). A reason for the constant speed of ‘light‘ in a vacuum is given. It is proposed that disturbance of the medium filling ‘empty’ space can account for magnetism, effects of electric fields, electrostatic forces, electromagnetism and effect of gravity on matter. Discussion relevant to General Relativity follow. Observer independent passage of time and non simultaneity are considered. Problems in Quantum physics are identified; the relativity (‘seen this way’) nature of measurement, measurement changing the condition of the measured, missing object permanence, vulnerability to illusion, the model of ‘light’ currently used functions to account for result but is probably not correct i.e. does not correspond to observer independent reality The alternative, singular divisible environmental wave and ‘solid-like’ particle, is given as an explanation of curious quantum behaviour. Finally hydrodynamic analogs are mentioned.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Astronomical Body's Matter Evolution Hypothesis

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 3 Pages.

I show in this paper an idea related to the composition and evolution of astronomical bodies. With an a philosophic and non-proofed scientifically point of view I will try to transmit this idea for a future discussion. The main idea eradicates in the development of celestial bodies along the time (evolution) and the solution of dark matter problem.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Basic Non-Archimedean Functional Analysis Over Non-Archimedean Field ^{∗}ℝ_{c}^{#}. Application to Constructive Quantum Field Theory

Authors: Jaykov Foukzon
Comments: 298 Pages.

Functional analysis works with TVS (Topological Vector Spaces), classically over archimedean fields like R and C. Canonical non-Archimedeanfunctional analysis, where alternative but equally valid number systems such as p-adic numbers p etc. are fundamental, is a fast-growing discipline. This paper deals with TVS over non-classical non-Archimedean fields (Note: Unintelligible portion of the abstract is removed by viXra Admin)
Category: Mathematical Physics

Limitations of Gravitational Physics in the Early Universe

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 7 Pages.

Evidence from recent astrophysical experiments - including the James Webb Telescope (JWST) and Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTA) - reveal potential inconsistencies with standard Big-Bang cosmology [1-4]. Several competing explanations of these (and similar) anomalies have been suggested, but a conclusive resolution is yet to be seen. The object of this brief note is to bring up a key challenge faced by classical gravity in far-from-equilibrium conditions. These conditions exist in the very early stages of cosmological evolution and point to a paradigm shift in our understanding of foundational physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Correcting Rudin's Perfect Sets Are Uncountable Proof

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 4 Pages.

It is fascinating fact that the reals are uncountably infinite. Usually Cantor's diagonal method is used to show this. Rudin gives a second proof that promises to be more rigorous than this method. But his proof is a little confusing, if not incorrect. His proof does not stipulate that the perfect set be bounded, but its proof hinges on a local, bounded phenomenon. We duplicate Rudin's proof and argue using two examples that assuming any indexing scheme for the presumed countable set can't work. We then give two proofs: one re-indexes points and the other indexes in the course of the proof.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Genesis Explained: Reasoned Scientifically Due to Monster Symmetry

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 10 Pages.

Genesis, the creation of our cosmos in six times 24 hours with one day rest by super massive black holes, white radiators having a crossing time for the light speed over the event horizon of about 24 hours, can be derived by group symmetric considerations based on Monster symmetry. These scaling exercises were self consistent and prove the weak gravity initial condition for the universes. The alpha condition or the inflationary period of our cosmos for pseudo vector barons is confirmed by the scalar theory of conformal gravities by M.A. Thomas. The onset in opposing time symmetries confirms the Big Bang initial state of the group symmetry Monster number decomposing into 6.7 nano seconds, a compacted state for neutrons having an imaginary macro mass in the order of Jupiter with event horizon of one metre. The sequence of six days or 144 hrs arises from six time axes in an enclosed pyramid frame for coherent photon energy caused by gravity generation per universe maintaining these super massive black holes imbedded by Monster symmetry and ending the alpha condition in somewhat less than thousand years a long time ago. The omega condition is treated step wise which involved three topics, the scaling for the best choice matched to the calculations in ref1 for the initial black hole condition, M40 of about ten times solar, then the internal condition of the hollow super massive state adapted to the generalized concept of gravity generation by the ultra fast and ultra light mediating medium and as last the determination of the range of super massive black holes. All this is a strong possibility that explains these super massive entities as remnants of the galaxies in the twelve congruent universes of which the matter distribution is due to the group symmetric properties of dark matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Exploration of Microscopic Particle Models

Authors: Bin Dong
Comments: 32 Pages.

The microparticle model constructed in this paper can reasonably explain, using classical physics and relativity theory: the formation and decay of all elementary particles, the principle of the four fundamental forces, the principle of the Big Bang, the formation of matter, the principle of antimatter, the principle of energy conversion, the principle of superconductors, the principle of relativity, the principle of pulsars, magnetic monopoles, and black holes. This paper also suggests the feasibility of controlled nuclear fusion.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Newton Bucket Argument and the Quantized Space-Time

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.

Isaac Newton’s spinning bucket argument demonstrating true spinal motion reference to an absolute space, stand in conflict with Einstein’s special theory of relativity which defines relative spin without an absolute frame of reference. This paper will solve the conflict by introducing a quantized space-time with a staggered frames of reference structure.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Verification Experiment of an "Ether Vacuum" and Measurement of Absolute Velocity of the Earth

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 9 Pages. version2.0

Based on an in-depth analysis of the Michelsonu2012Morley experiment, this study reveals that the moving speed of the Michelsonu2012Morley experimental apparatus cannot be superimposed on the propagation speed of light in "ether vacuum". Furthermore, there are design flaws in the Michelsonu2012Morley experiment. Therefore, the Lorentz's length contraction hypothesis and the Lorentz transformation have no experimental basis. A new experimental apparatus is proposed in this study to verify the existence of an "ether vacuum" and measure the absolute velocity of the Earth. The new experimental apparatus has an asymmetric optical path structure and double-slit interference. A laser source is divided into two laser beams, the first laser beam is always in the glass medium, and the second laser beam is partially in the glass medium and partially passes through an "ether vacuum". With theoretical analysis and calculation, it can be concluded that the number of interference fringes moving is 1.12 before and after the apparatus is stationary and moving at a constant speed of 100 m/s. To measure the absolute velocity of the earth in the "ether vacuum", the experimental apparatus is placed in different positions and directions and slowly rotated 180 degrees to observe the number of interference fringes moving. When the number of interference fringes moving is the maximum, the x-axis of the experimental apparatus is consistent with the direction of the absolute velocity of the earth. The absolute velocity of the Earth relative to the "ether vacuum" can be calculated with the number of interference fringes moving. The "ether vacuum" is an integral and indivisible absolute stationary space. Therefore, the inertial frames involved in the "ether vacuum" are not independent of each other. Neither Newton's classical principle of relativity, nor Einstein's general validity of the principle of relativity is applicable to inertial frames involving the "ether vacuum". The special relativity derived from the principle of invariance of the speed of light and the general validity of the principle of relativity is no longer true.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Origin of Time

Authors: Anton Biermans
Comments: 47 Pages.

If in a universe which creates itself out of nothing, particles, their properties must be as much the cause as the effect of their interaction, of forces between them, then their communication —and the transmission of light— must be instantaneous: not over any space distance but over any spacetime distance, which is something else entirely. If there would exist only a single electrically charged particle in the entire universe so it cannot express its charge in interactions, then it cannot be charged itself. Charge, any property then must be something which lives within particle interactions, something a particle cannot privately own. Similarly, if by definition there is nothing outside the universe, then it cannot have any particular property nor be in any particular state as a whole as ‘seen’ from the outside (no matter that there is no outside to the universe) as well as seen from within. If, as in big bang cosmology, it at any moment in cosmic time would have particular properties and be in some particular state as a whole, then it would have the same properties and be in the same state as ‘seen’ from without. Though big bang cosmology aims to describe the universe from within, it fails to achieve this, a failure which has disastrous consequences for cosmology in general and for our notion of time in particular. For in speaking about its age, for example, big bang cosmology in fact states that time is defined, that time passes even outside of it —which of course makes no sense and if true would mean that the origin and nature of time cannot be understood even in principle. While a big bang universe lives in a time continuum not of its own making; as a self-creating universe only exists as seen from within, it contains, produces all time inside of it.As a result, time in this universe cannot be observed to pass at the same pace at all distances, so past, present and future are relative, observer-dependent notions —as opposed to big bang cosmology where we can delude ourselves that we can determine what in an absolute sense precedes what, what is cause of what.This paper is an exploratory study into the origin and nature of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Consideration of Electromagnetic Induction - Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction vs. Maxwell's Equation

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 12 Pages.

Based on theoretical analysis and experimental verification, this study proves that the electromotive force truly expressed by Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is the open-circuit electromotive force of a metal loop. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction should be revised to Faraday's law of open-circuit electromagnetic induction. The electromotive force of a closed metal loop is equal to zero, that is, the line integral of the electric field intensity along a closed metal loop must be equal to zero. Therefore, Maxwell's mathematical expression of electromagnetic induction is inconsistent with Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. This study further proposes a symmetrical metal closed loop - an equipotential metal current ring. The charges in the equipotential metal current ring are not affected by an electric field force, and are only affected by the Lorentz magnetic field force. Theoretical and experimental verification prove that the electric potential and electric field intensity in an equipotential metal current ring are equal to zero everywhere, and a changing magnetic field cannot induce an electric field in the equipotential metal current ring. Expanding the equipotential metal current ring to the vacuum, it can be concluded that in the vacuum, a changing magnetic field cannot induce an electric field, which is a great challenge to Maxwell's "electromagnetic waves" theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Analysis of Global Crises, Highly Adverse Long-Term Trend and Prevention: A Choice 2050 Report

Authors: Suresh K. Maran
Comments: 24 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholalry norm) First Published in Researchgate http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.25862.91201/1

In this article, I will do a deeper analysis of the world crises, such as the pandemic, global warming, inflation, income inequality, etc. I will discuss why the many global crises are symptoms of a lack of scientific management of global relational phenomena. I will discuss how these crises are effects of the events driven by adverse interaction of dispositions associated with various global relational factors such as educational, cultural, political, and economic factors. We will discuss the covid19 pandemic as one of the effects of these, and its timing and location are predictable based on these. I will discuss how the further advancement of adverse effects of the global relational factors continues to increase the risk of many future global crises that is likely to cause an existential threat to humanity through advanced technology through spontaneous emergence of major global conflicts, hyper extremism, or high-tech fascism leading to hell-like living conditions. I will discuss the necessity and ways of steering away from these trends by moving into inclusive and relationship-based educational training, economic advancement with intensive scientific management of the relational factors. I call this report as Choice 2050 report because how we manage the relational environment in the world from now on may lead to different conditions by 2050, healthy or hellish environment.
Category: Social Science

Estimation of Dark Matter Fluid Parameters and Their Influence on Galaxy Motion

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper explores the effects of dark matter fluids on galactic matter within the confines of the solar system. In this way, we can explore the possible effects of dark matter fluids on a smaller scale. The effect of this dark matter fluid in the solar system is mainly the tilt angle of the rotation of the planet or star. Because even in very large-scale cosmic scales, conservation of angular momentum can always be established, so the change of angular momentum has become the most sensitive parameter of galactic matter to external influences. Through the analysis and calculation results of this paper, it is shown that when there is a high-speed relative motion between galactic matter and dark matter fluid, the viscous force of dark matter fluid will cause changes in the orbital or rotational angular momentum of planets or stars like gyroscopes affected by gravity. This may be an important reason for the tilt of the eight planets in the solar system, as well as the sun itself. The calculation results according to the model in this paper show that the calculation results are basically consistent with the actual observed precession period of the major planets and the sun. A few inconsistencies can be corrected by external factors such as asteroid impacts. The significance of this study is to provide an important way to detect the existence of dark matter in a smaller galaxy range, and also estimate some important parameters of dark matter fluid, such as the flow speed of dark matter fluid and the viscosity coefficient of dark matter fluid.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Interpretation and Verification Experiment of Single-Photon Double-Slit Interference

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 8 Pages.

A light wave is the emission wave of photons, and its propagation in a vacuum does not require any medium. Based on wave-particle duality of light, this paper proposes that the interference of light is caused by the wave characteristics of a single photon itself. A light wave is the cumulative expression of the individual movement of a single photon particle with the wave characteristics at different times. The double-slit interference of light requires neither two wave sources nor multiple photons to participate at the same time. Therefore, in the single photon double-slit interference experiment, a single photon can pass through one of the two slits in turn to achieve double-slit interference. There is no superposition principle in the single photon double-slit interference experiment, and a single photon cannot pass through two slits at the same time. Furthermore, a verification experiment to check the superposition principle of single photon double-slit interference is presented. A light shield is used to block one of two slits in turn to ensure that each single photon can only pass through one of the two slits separately. The verification experiment of single photon double-slit interference will expand people's understanding of the quantum world, and it is a new challenge to the superposition principle, Heisenberg uncertainty principle and quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Grand Unification of Human Knowledge

Authors: Suresh K. Maran
Comments: 18 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm) First Published first in Research gate october 2021: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18400.00003

In this paper we will discuss how various fields of knowledge can be unified, first in physical sciences, then in Life-Dependent Sciences and ultimately try to develop a grand unified understanding of both sciences.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Prime Numbers, Finding Them All with a Method Based on Divisible Numbers (Using Only Additions and not Divisions)

Authors: Filiberto Marra, Cristina Gabrielli
Comments: 29 Pages.

This study on prime numbers presents a method that allows us to know divisible numbers without performing complex calculations. It is based on a simple calculation system using additions of numbers instead of divisions, and it enables finding all divisible numbers. By eliminating them, we can identify all prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Using Machine Learning to Classify and Localize Stellar Objects

Authors: Ahmed Taha Hassina
Comments: 10 Pages.

Mapping the universe has always been a salient endeavor in astronomy and astrophysics. Advancements in observational astronomy have generated vast amounts of data containing various features of celestial objects. Inducing a growing need for accurate and detailed classification and localization of stellar objects in the cosmos. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study that combines machine learning techniques to classify celestial objects into distinct categories and predict their precise locations in the sky. This study is divided into two parts: a classification task, where the stellar objects are classified into galaxies, stars, or quasars (quasi-stellar radio sources). The resulting model exhibits exceptional performance in differentiating these objects, as demonstrated by high classification accuracy. We extend our analysis to predict the location of stellar objects using regression techniques. By employing multi-target regression, we model the right ascension and declination coordinates, enabling accurate localization of celestial objects on the celestial sphere. The practical implications of our research lie in producing comprehensive celestial catalogs, facilitating targeted observations, and contributing to the broader field of observational astronomy. The ability to accurately classify and localize stellar objects lays the groundwork for mapping the cosmos and advancing our understanding of the universe's intricate structure.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Conceptual Framework of Value Systems

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 26 Pages.

In an era marked by intricate global financial interdependencies, traditional economic paradigms underpinning value dynamics are under scrutiny. This paper introduces the "Value Systems" theoretical framework, offering a holistic perspective on the multifaceted mechanisms of value creation, perception, and transmission in modern financial markets. Grounded in both historical and contemporary analyses, the framework categorizes market participants into distinct types, from active proponents to intermediaries, elucidating their roles in shaping value dynamics. Real-world examples, ranging from the 2008 financial crisis to niche fandom economies, serve as illustrative touchpoints, highlighting the framework's applicability and implications. While primarily conceptual, this nascent framework underscores the need for a more comprehensive understanding of value in the face of evolving global financial challenges.Keywords: Value Systems, Financial Interdependencies, Market Participants, Value Dynamics, Economic Paradigms.
Category: Economics and Finance

Improved Memory-guided Normality with Specialized Training Techniques of Deep SVDD

Authors: Xie Lei
Comments: 2 Pages.

Deep learning techniques have shown remarkable success in various tasks, including feature learning, representation learning, and data reconstruction. Autoencoders, a subset of neural networks, are particularly powerful in capturing data patterns and generating meaningful representations. This paper presents an investigation into the use of combination with Deep SVDD and memory modules.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Cubic Ellipsoid Nucleus Part 1: the Model and Its Mass Formula

Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 28 Pages.

This study deals with the hypothesis that the nuclear structure determines the atomic shape and properties; this idea led to the construction of a tangible nuclear model, that provides a visual interpretation to nuclear and atomic physics and possibly enables drawing additional conclusions and new insights. The model suggests that the nucleus has, in general, an ellipsoid shape with a cubic system of proton-neutron bonds and that the nuclear and atomic shells correlate with each other. A simplified mass formula was developed to compare between the model and the experimental data; the formula is based on the model's theory and depends only on two parameters, unlike the common formula which is semi-empirical and contains five to six parameters, that are not an inherent part of the theory. the mass formula calculations delivered results, that agree with the experiment; a byproduct of this procxess, that strengthened the assumption of the model, was the estimation of the combined radii of the proton and the neutron.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

On the Numbers 3F2(1,(1-N)/2,-N/2; 3/2,1/2-N;4) , N=0,1,2,3,...

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this note we give some formulas related to the numbers 3F2(1,(1-n)/2,-n/2;3/2,1/2-n;4),n=0,1,2,3,...,where 3F2 is the generalized hypergeometric function.
Category: Number Theory

The Planets of the Binary Star Kepler-34

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 9 Pages.

The two stars in Kepler-34 emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 833 nHz, which can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows twelve companions - one was discovered using electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit very well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

Quark and Particle Isomers

Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 6 Pages.

The process of finding the least common denominator of quarks has yielded four new unique quarks. Taking this process one step further, particles made of these new quarks can be proposed and investigated. If these new particles are just isomers of existing particles, how can we tell if a particle is composed of the well-known quarks or the new quarks?
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Planets of the Binary Star Toi-1338/bebop-1

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 9 Pages.

The two stars in TOI-1338 emit gravitational waves with a frequency of $1.58~mu$Hz, which can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows seven companions -- two of which were discovered using electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit very well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

Why the Economy is Hard to Manage and How This Could Possibly be Dealt with

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper raises some points about the economy and economic policies, and presents some possible economic solution, providing the stimulus for economic thought and importantly action to forestall economic problems. The practicable economic policies suggested in the paper would to some extent alleviate the serious economic problems of inflation, deflation, recessions and unemployment, though it is also hoped that the suggested economic policies could permanently eliminate these serious economic issues. The successful implementation of these economic policies would certainly lead to a better society, possibly with inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all. [This paper published in an international economics journal is the sequel to the paper "We should Control the Economy and Not Let the Economy Control Us: How this May Be Achieved through a Macro-Economical Way" (which was published in 2021, https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3001 ).]
Category: Economics and Finance

Quantum Gravity Framework: 1.0. A Framework of Principles for Quantum General Relativity with Time and Measurement

Authors: Suresh K. Maran
Comments: 36 Pages.

The purpose of this article is to outline a framework of concepts and principles to combine quantum mechanics and general relativity so that time and measurement (reduction) are present as integral parts of the basic foundations. First, the problem of time in quantum gravity and the measurement problem in quantum mechanics are briefly reviewed and the popular proposals to tackle these two problems are briefly discussed. Next, on the already known foundations of quantum mechanics, a framework of principles of dynamics is built: 1) Self-Time Evolution - Newtons first law is reinterpreted to define time, 2) Local Measurement by Local Reduction - Quantum diffusion theory is adapted, and 3) Global Evolution by Global Reduction. Ideas on how to apply the framework to study quantum general relativistic physics are discussed. Further, more general and modified forms of some of these principles are also discussed. The theoretical elements in the framework to be made concrete by further theoretical and experimental investigations are listed. Revision information is included.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Graviy Framework 2.0: A Complete Dynamical Framework of Principles for Quantization of General Relativity

Authors: Suresh K. Maran
Comments: 40 Pages. First Published on Researchgate https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301835572_Quantum_Gravity_Framework_20_A_Complete_Dynamical_Framework_of_Principles_for_Quantization_of_General_Relativity

Developing Planck scale physics requires addressing problem of time, quantum reduction, determinism and continuum limit. In this article on the already known foundations of quantum mechanics, a set of proposals of dynamics is built on fully constrained discrete models: 1) Self- Evolution - Flow of time in the phase space in a single point system, 2) Local Measurement by Local Reduction through quantum diffusion theory, quantum diffusion equation is rederived with different assumptions, 3) Evolution of a multipoint discrete manifold of Systems through a foliation chosen dynamically, and 4) Continuum limit, and determinism are enforced by adding terms and averaging to the action. The proposals are applied to the various physical scenarios such as: 1) Minisuperspace reduced cosmology of isotropic and homogenous universe with scalar field, 2) Expanding universe with perturbation, and 3) Newtonian Universe. Ways to experimentally test the theory is discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Gravity Framework 3: Relative Time Formulation and Simple Applications to Derive Conventional Hamiltonians

Authors: Suresh K. Maran
Comments: 22 Pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28466.32960 Published on June 2021

In this paper we discuss quantum gravity framework 3.0, where we discuss relative time formulations. Applications of relative time formulations are discussed. The conventional Hamiltonian of bulk matter is derived from quantum gravity Hamiltonian. The derivation of Hamiltonians in the contexts of fields is briefly discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Gravity Framework 4: Fully Path Integral Framework, Structure Formation and Consciousness in the Universe

Authors: Suresh K. Maran
Comments: 22 Pages. First Publish on researchgate http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15044.55688/1

In this paper I give a major update of quantum gravity framework project. The heuristic conceptual framework proposed in previous versions is expanded to include structure formation and consciousness in the universe. A Path Integral version of decoherence in curved space-time is introduced as major update. Then we discuss the philosophical insights into structure formation in the universe and consciousness. We introduce various mathematical concepts to describe structure formation in the universe and consciousness.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Third Attempted Proof of Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Huhnkie Lee
Comments: 7 Pages. thank You

There have been two previously published attempts at the proof of Riemann hypothesis. The author learned from the papers but also found some errors therein. This paper presents the third attempt at the proof. It may contain some errors as well, but we will let our future generations of mathematicians correct them if any.
Category: General Mathematics

A Conjecture On σ(n) Function

Authors: Sourav Mandal
Comments: 9 Pages.

We know many Arithmetical Functions [1] like ϕ(n),σ(n),τ(n) etc. In this paper we will discuss about σ(n) and will see a phenomenal observation.And later we will claim this observation as a conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Twenty Second Century Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 61 Pages.

Preface: In 20th and 21st Centuries the global optimization algorithms were created by taking inspiration from birds (Particle Swarm Optimization), ants (Ant Colony Optimization), chromosomes (Genetic Algorithms) etc. In "Twenty Second Century Artificial Intelligence" book global optimization algorithms are created by taking inspiration from Humans, Souls, Gods, Satisfied Beings, Mothers, Children, Particular Human Beings and Stories.In 20th and 21st Centuries research scientists focused mainly on Brain Inspired Computing. In "Twenty Second Century Artificial Intelligence" book a new path is shown where algorithms are created by taking inspiration from both heart and brain.In 20th and 21st Centuries the path of "Artificial Intelligence" is the main focus of research. In "Twenty Second Century Artificial Intelligence" book we defined "Artificial Satisfaction".In 20th and 21st Centuries researchers created many algorithms by taking inspiration from Nature (Nature Inspired Computing). In "Twenty Second Century Artificial Intelligence" book we created "Nature Plus Plus Inspired Computing".Abstract: The book defines various new paths as nine different chapters. First, second and third chapters deal with "Artificial Human Optimization", "Artificial Soul Optimization" and "Artificial God Optimization" respectively.Three new branches titled "Artificial Satisfaction", "Deep Loving" and "Nature Plus Plus Inspired Computing" are shown in fourth, fifth and sixth chapters respectively.The seventh chapter describes "Artificial Heart Neural Networks" where algorithms are created by taking inspiration from both Heart and Brain.Two new branches "Artificial Excellence" and "Stories Inspired Optimization Algorithms" are created in last two chapters of this book.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Stories Inspired Optimization Algorithms - The Breakthrough in Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 2 Pages.

The primary purpose of writing this letter is to invent and define a new area called "Stories Inspired Optimization Algorithms (SIOA)".
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Fake Multiverses

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 6 Pages.

The paradigm of one omnipresent 4D multiverseembracing a large community of local 4D "bubble"universes is both elegant and physically logical. Onthe other hand, paradigms of numerous 2D stringuniverses curling within a vast number of curling2D stringy branes, with two-way wormholes, isneither elegant nor logical without weird math.Why do so many laypeople and scientists acceptfanciful fake multiverses?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Invalidation and Proof of the Mass Gap and Viability of The Standard Model on a Discrete Spacetime

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 43 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

The Yang Mills Mass gap is often considered as phenomenologically solved, after all QCD does not halt, but mathematically, it remains an open problem, that must be theoretically proven, in order to axiomatically reconstruct Yang Mills, and prove its suitability. The mathematical problem has been elevated to one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems defined by the Clay Mathematics Institute, which has offered a prize of USD1,000,000 for its resolution. In past papers, we argued its resolution in a multi-fold universe with its discrete spacetime, relying on existing proofs in Lattice QCD. It works for discrete spacetime, but was not definitive in the continuous spacetime limit. In this paper, we revisit the standard model on lattices, in particular in the context of the Nielsen—Ninomiya theorem that identifies challenges for modeling both the Weak interaction and QCD on lattices. We treat the continuous case as a larger scale approximation of SM on a discrete spacetime. The paper studies Yang Mills fields and SM viability on discrete spacetimes besides continuous spacetime, and that includes the mass gap. Indeed, in previous papers we showed that General Relativity (GR) prescribes a discrete spacetime. Therefore, the mass gap and the Nielsen—Ninomiya theorem challenges must be addressed for SM in GR-based universes, which, a priori, includes our real universe.Doing so, the paper derives properties like asymptotic freedom, confinement and chiral symmetry breaking in non-abelian 4D Yang Mills theories. It also provides a new understanding of the link between confinement, and the chiral symmetry breaking, which typically occur around when confinement occurs, and explains the differences for abelian fields. These results are valid for discrete and continuous spacetime.In addition, the paper invalidates the mass gap conjecture and its Millennium prize formulation for 4D continuous spacetime by explaining that it can’t guarantee a mass gap. With reformulation, the mass gap Millennium Prize Problem is generally correct only in a 4D discrete spacetime, or in a multi-fold universe.SMG denotes the SM with gravity effects are not negligible at its scales. The present work gives new arguments for SMG: Yang Mills, QCD, and SM. The results also reinforce arguments for a (fundamental) particle desert above the electroweak scale, where the Ultimate Unification (UU) is encountered, and GUTs do not exist. The mass gap is generically proven for 2D random walk multi-fold universes, which characterize all of Physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Categorifying Connections

Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 5 Pages.

The notion of a connection from differential geometry is employed in a category-theoretic context. We discuss the properties of holonomy from a tangent ∞-category perspective.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Unexpected Connection Between Triangular Numbers and the Golden Ratio

Authors: Waldemar Puszkarz
Comments: 5 Pages. Originally posted on ResearchGate in March 2023.

We find out that when a sum of five consecutive triangular numbers, $S_5(n)= T(n)+...+T(n+4)$, is also a triangular number $T(k)$, the ratios of consecutive terms of $a(i)$ that represent values of $n$ for which this happens, tend to $phi^2$ or $phi^4$ as $i$ tends to infinity, where $phi$ is the Golden Ratio. At the same time, the ratios of consecutive terms $S_5(a(i))$ tend to $phi^4$ or $phi^8$. We also note that such ratios that are the powers of $phi$ can appear in the sequences of triangular numbers that are also higher polygonal numbers, one case of which are the heptagonal triangular numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Calculation of the Energy Density Parameter ρ in the Cosmological Model ΛCDM and Through Experimental Data

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 4 Pages.

We have calculated the energy density parameter, which appears in the cosmological model ΛCDM in the Friedman equation, using cosmological data values from recent experimental results reported in the literature. A statistical calculation has been performed to determine its uncertainty. Finally, the result is commented linking it with the possible existence of dark energy.
Category: Astrophysics

New Series and Concise Algorithm for "Lambert W Function"

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 2 Pages.

We give a new series expression, and code up a concise algorithm,for the "Lambert W function" W(X) such that We^W=X with W≥-1.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Critique of Logical Foundations of Induction and Epistemology

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 268 Pages. In Arabic

This is my latest books (in Arabic). It is a theoretical analysis and assessment of the logical foundations of induction and epistemology (related also to the theory of probability).
Category: General Mathematics

Portfolio Construction and Management - Active vs. Passive Management

Authors: Lu Zhang
Comments: 6 Pages.

A common goal of portfolio investors is to seek for a higher risk adjusted return. However, according to Samelson (1965) and Farma (1970), the stock market is efficient and the market prices incorporate all information, which leaves no possibility for investors to achieve abnormal returns (Hilsted, 2012). There are various factors under the real world financial market, nevertheless; prevent the market from achieving its efficiency and thus leave room for arbitrage opportunities. The superior performance comes from factors such as market timing, economic environment, stock selection, trading and etc. In our project, we are interested in exploring the effect of active portfolio management strategy on portfolio performance. we used mean-variance optimization method to construct various portfolios of nine stocks that we have chosen from five different industries. More details of these nine stocks will be demonstrated in section 2. The two main optimization method we employed were minimization of risk with and without given expected return level. Then we utilized three strategies to invest and managed our portfolio, one passive strategy and two active strategies. The passive strategy would use the weights calculated from first year historical returns and fix the number of shares of each stock for next 4 years. The active strategies enable investor change the weights invested in each stock frequently: one allowed them change every year and the other allowed changing every quarter. We would employ mean-variance optimization method on a rolling basis in active strategies. To evaluate these three management strategies, we apply them to three-month intervals from 2012 to first quarter of 2016 and compare values of these portfolios during this period. In section 2, mean-variance optimization method will be explained, including risk-return tradeoff and efficient frontier, followed by details of rolling analysis of our portfolios. In section 3, we will present our results of portfolio constructions under two different optimization restrictions. Then the performances of passive strategy and two active strategies will be compared in terms of value of portfolio. In addition, we will explain limitations of our project and demonstrate future work that could be done to improve our findings.
Category: Economics and Finance

The Rise and Fall of Cryptocurrencies: Defining the Economic and Social Values of Blockchain Technologies, Assessing the Opportunities, and Defining the Financial and Cybersecurity Risks of the Metaverse.

Authors: Petar Radanliev
Comments: 44 Pages.

This study contextualises the common queries of "why is crypto crashing?" and "why is crypto down?", the research transcends beyond the frequent market fluctuations to unravel how cryptocurrencies fundamentally work and the step-by-step process on how to create a cryptocurrency.This research examines blockchain technologies and their pivotal role in the evolving Metaverse, shedding light on topics such as how to invest in cryptocurrency, the mechanics behind crypto mining, and strategies to effectively buy and trade cryptocurrencies. Through an interdisciplinary approach, the research transitions from the fundamental principles of fintech investment strategies to the overarching implications of blockchain within the Metaverse. Alongside exploring machine learning potentials in financial sectors and risk assessment methodologies, the study critically assesses whether developed or developing nations are poised to reap greater benefits from these technologies. Moreover, it probes into both enduring and dubious crypto projects, drawing a distinct line between genuine blockchain applications and Ponzi-like schemes. The conclusion resolutely affirms the continuing dominance of blockchain technologies, underlined by a profound exploration of their intrinsic value and a reflective commentary by the author on the potential risks confronting individual investors.
Category: Economics and Finance

Sines and Cosines of Any Angles May be Determined to Any Degree of Accuracy and a Relativistic Non-Doppler Effect

Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 5 Pages. fixed some errors and made some additions

The unit circle yields an exact half-angle formulas for sines, cosines, tangents, etc. of ANY angles, with examples.
Category: Geometry

The Planets of the Binary Star Kepler-16

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The two stars in textit{Kepler-16} emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 563.5 nHz, which can be measured on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{eleven} companions. The orbital times fit very well with the predictions of Dermott's law, an improved version of the Titus-Bode rule. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

Humans or Artificial Intelligence: Who Will Rule the World?

Authors: Vitaly Pilkin
Comments: 11 Pages.

To understand the degree of danger of AI for human civilization and the existence of humanity as a whole is possible only through understanding the Universe, the place of humans in the Universe and understanding the nature of thinking, consciousness and mentality.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A New Simple Constructive Proof of Kannan’s Theorem

Authors: Sunny Daniels
Comments: 4 Pages. "Complexity Theory" would almost certainly be the best arXiv category for this paper, but there doesn't seem to be any corresponding viXra category.

I appreciate the feedback from Fortnow (the author of [1]) on my recent viXra article [2], and inparticular him supplying me with a definition of the standard polynomial-time universal Turingmachine[4]. In [3], I clarified the way in which my construction and proofs in [2] could be re-worked to be analogous to the more usual definition of a universal Sigma_2^P Turing machine.Shortly after publishing [2], I realised that my construction in [2] or [3] gives rise to a very, verysimple new constructive proof of Kannan’s theorem: much simpler than anything that has beenpublished before, if I am not mistaken, and even simpler than my proposed "layer by layer" proof in[2]. I suspect that Fornow realised this soon after reading [2]: his e-mail correspondence with meseems to hint at this. If so, I appreciate him giving me the opportunity to pubish this new proofmyself!I present a sketch of this new proof here.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Four-Dimensional Newtonian Relativity

Authors: Kennard Callender
Comments: 11 Pages.

The constancy of the speed of light seems to imply that time and space are not absolute. However, we aim to demonstrate that this is not necessarily the case. In this article, we use Newton's concepts of absolute time and absolute space, along with the hypothesis that physical space is four-dimensional, to construct an alternative formulation of special relativity. We prove this formulation is mathematically equivalent to Einstein's theory by deriving the Lorentz transformation from the Galilean transformation for frames of reference in four-dimensional Euclidean space.
Category: Astrophysics

A Proof that the Separation Between Accelerating Rockets is Constant

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 1 Page.

For rockets whose accelerometers show identical, constant readings, their separation is constant. The proof of that fact makes use of the limit of a sequence of accelerations "A", lasting for a time "delta_t", such that the total change in rapidity "A*delta_t", and therefore the total change in the velocity, don’t vary for each iteration of the sequence of accelerations. In the limit, as "A" goes to infinity, and "delta_t" goes to zero, the velocity of the rockets changes instantaneously, and their separation doesn’t change. The result is analogous to the CoMoving Inertial Frame (CMIF) simultaneity method of Special Relativity, which says that, according to the traveling twin (him), the home twin (she) instantaneously gets older during his instantaneous turnaround. Likewise, the ages of the people on the leading rocket instantaneously get older during their instantaneous velocity change.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Sex and Aging: The Theory of the "Prized Son"

Authors: Joao Carlos Holland Barcellos
Comments: 25 Pages. New theory of causes of senescence

After highlighting where some of the most well-known theories about aging and death fall short, we will propose a new theory that explains sexual reproduction and aging. In this theory, both sexual reproduction and senescence emerge as Darwinian adaptations. A mechanism that circumvents group selection is also suggested. We will then develop the "Equation of Death," which establishes species longevity as a function of parameters related to their prey and predators.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Null Algebra Resolutions of Complex Exponentiation: Null Algebra Extension III

Authors: Robert S. Miller
Comments: 23 Pages. This document replaces the paper of the same title published 9 Aug 2023.

This paper explores the Null Algebra and traditional Algebra resolutions for the complex number ����. It explains the apparent differences between the Null Algebra resolutions, and thoseof traditional Algebra, which uses the substitution i=e^(i π/2) . The methods shown herein explore the full set of subspace equations implied by a given equation whose output results in ���� for a specific input. It is shown that the values obtained from the various possible resolutions of ���� are found on some aspect of the given equation, or its expanded subspace equation sets. It shows ���� equals -1 and +0.20788. It is assumed the reader has read and understood Null Algebra, as well as Null Algebra Extensions I and II in addition to standard Algebra and Trigonometry. The Null Algebra texts are available for download at (https://vixra.org/abs/2103.0131), (https://vixra.org/abs/2206.0135) and (https://vixra.org/abs/2304.0205). If you have not yet read these texts and attempted the examples contained therein for yourself it is highly suggested you do so before reading further as some concepts explained in detail there, are given only cursory review here. Without reading these prerequisites you may not fully understand the reasoning behind logic used in the equations of this text. This version of the paper is submitted as a correction to original submission on 9 August 2023 of the same title. The explanation of how various solutions were arrived at, and the graphs of those solutions plotted, did not include a necessary step addressing ⨁ numbers, raised to ⨁ exponents. Those errors have been corrected in this paper.
Category: General Mathematics

How Can We Observe Waves Without Seeing The Ocean?

Authors: Policarpo Yoshin Ulianov
Comments: 26 Pages.

This article presents a new kind of gravitational-wave detector, named by the author as the Witte-Ulianov Time Interferometer (WUTI) gravitational-wave detector. This new detector is based on the General Relativity (GR) concept that gravitational fields change "time flow".In February 2016 the world received news that the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) finally and successfully detected a gravitational-wave. Nevertheless, LIGO´s detectors have several technical limitations, mainly associated with low frequency noise sources, which result in a narrow measuring range, from 80 to 300Hz. It is very little if we consider that important events can generate gravitational-waves having periods of time ranging from a few seconds to several hours long. Using an analogy, we can say that LIGO shows us a universe that can be observed by gravitational-waves. Though, unfortunately, LIGO`s narrow measuring range has not really "opened the door" for this new universe, only allowed us to look at it through the "keyhole".The Witte-Ulianov Time Interferometer can detect gravitational-waves, based on time distortion that, as provided by General Relativity, happens when this kind of wave passes through the detector. To measure distortions of time, WUTI uses the Witte effect. This effect was first observed by R. D Witte in 1991 when he was measuring errors in atomic clocks. The Witte effect allows the observation of time distortions by measuring phase changes over precise time sources. This author believes that the Witte effect enables us to measure changes in the "time flow" between two points in a space, using two very accurate clock sources (atomic clocks or high stable frequency laser sources). When these clocks are hit by a gravitational-wave, the "time flux" between these points changes. These changes can be easily observed using phase comparators. As the WUTI detector of gravitational-waves monitors "Time flow", its operation is minimally affected by physical phenomenon, in contrast to the LIGO detectors that are affected by many noise sources (mainly in low frequencies).Therefore, the WUTI detector is able to operate without low frequency limitation, making it possible to detect gravitational-waves that have time periods of seconds, minutes or even hours. This allows the detection of very slow of gravitational fields, enabling the observation of variations in the fields around Earth, caused by the planet´s displacement and rotation. The WUTI is able to observe the moon and the sun´s gravitational fields, and also the Milky Way´s gravitational variations. This means this detector can "see" not only gravitational-waves, but also the Gravity Ocean in which the Earth sails.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Constant C Makes the Abc Conjecture Hold

Authors: Xiaohui Li
Comments: 4 Pages.

The ABC conjecture in number theory was first proposed by Joseph Oesterl é and David Masser in 1985. Mathematicians declare this conjecture using three related positive integers a, b, and c (satisfying a+b=c). The conjecture states that if there are certain prime powers in the factors of a and b, then c is usually not divisible by the prime powers.This paper utilizes the fact that the prime factor among all factors in the root number rad (c) can only be a power of 1. Then, analyze all combinations of c that satisfy rad (c)=c, calculate the value of the combination, and find the maximum and minimum values of the root number rad, as well as the maximum exponent between them. Using this maximum index, an equivalent inequality is constructed to prove the ABC conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Paradoxes of Causal Loops in Spacetime

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 8 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

There is, among some scientists and philosophers, the idea that any theory that would allow the time travel would introduce causal issues. These types of temporal paradoxes can be avoided by the Novikov self-consistency principle or by a variation in the interpretation of many worlds with interacting worlds. The world in which we live has, according to David Lewis, a Parmenidean ontology: "a manifold of events in four dimensions," and the occupants of the world are the 4-dimensional aggregates of the stages - "temporal lines". The causal loops in backwards time travel involve events that appear to "come from nowhere," paradoxical "self-existent" objects or information, resulting in a bootstrap paradox. Many believe that causality loops are not impossible or unacceptable, but only inexplicable.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Notes of Black Holes

Authors: Alexandra B. Chanson
Comments: 178 Pages. The proofs are schockingly accurate, and represents the fundamental backbone of results presented at Strings 2023 and Qubit 2023.

This article invokes non-standard analysis throughout physics to generallygain insight towards how to holographically ``de-centralize" hidden conformalmodes (large central tower OPEs). Ultimately, measurements, continuum, andsingularity mechanics are dualized against Wilson partitions, chaosrepresentation, and RG flow to produce a candidate universal topological fieldtheory. Many results are shown along the way, but the primary resultsestablished are: sub-harmonic chaos in $U(1)$ gauge theory is identified andquantized in the the flat space celestial hologram, a virial model ofcircuit-information is asymptotically probed and found dual to a Hubble-likeequation of state, and a background model of loop-information in Einstein'sgravity is found to be a loop gauge theory of d=4 $2times x2$ Gaussian UnitaryEnsembles, establishing it as a candidate of non-perturbative, loop QCD ingravity. The state preparation of this GUE 2x2 M-gauge simultaneously producesa post-selected supersymmetry algebra (over the canonical log-partition) whichsurvives all possible no-go tests. Finally, the the canonical $2x2$ GUEpartition state identifies a $frac{1}{8}$-BPS topological phase measurementprepared as a quasi-continuous state of information decay; the partiallyconformal background is identified as a $frac{1}{4}$-BPS shadow and given amechanism of spin-entanglement. Notably also, the Cosmological Hierarchy problem is resolved, the finestructure constant is derived (up to 5 orders of magnitude) using analyticblack hole decay, and a new, $21-pt$ emergent universal holographic constraintbound between celestial gravitons, quantum information stability is shown atloop level, which further resolves the naturalness of $d=4$ emergent spacetimeand the directedness of time.
Category: Astrophysics

An Elementary Proof of Goldbach’s Conjecture v. 3.0

Authors: Ronald Danilo Chávez
Comments: 29 Pages.

In this present paper we will show you an elementary proof of the Goldbach’s Conjecture based on probabilities.
Category: Number Theory

Pricing of European Options using GBM and Heston Models in C++

Authors: Farid Soroush
Comments: 10 Pages.

The valuation of financial derivatives, particularly options, has long been a topic of interest in finance. Among the various methods developed for option pricing, the Monte Carlo simulation stands out due to its versatility and capability to model complex financial instruments. In this article, we apply the Monte Carlo method to price European options using two prominent models: the Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) and the Heston model. While the GBM model assumes constant volatility and offers simplicity, it often falls short in capturing real market dynamics. Conversely, the Heston model introduces stochastic volatility, providing a more nuanced representation of market behaviors. Leveraging the computational efficiency of C++, our simulations reveal distinct price paths for each model. The GBM paths exhibit smooth trajectories, while the Heston paths are more varied, reflecting its allowance for stochastic volatility. Statistical analyses further underscore a significant difference in the final stock prices generated by the two models. The Heston model's prices display a broader distribution, capturing the model's inherent variability. Additionally, autocorrelation analyses suggest a more intricate autoregressive structure for the Heston model. In conclusion, while the GBM model provides simplicity and predictability, the Heston model offers a richer, albeit more complex, representation, especially in volatile market scenarios. This article offers a comparative study of the GBM and Heston models, shedding light on their utility under varying market conditions.
Category: General Mathematics

Superconductors with Close Interatomic Distances Have High Superconducting Transition Temperatures

Authors: Kazuo Abe
Comments: 3 Pages.

The essence of electrical resistance is the scattering of free electrons by non-free electron orbital regions generated by lattice vibrations; therefore, superconductors with structures where non-free electron orbital regions are not generated due to close interatomic distances have higher superconducting transition temperatures.
Category: Condensed Matter

The Gravity Waves from the Binary Galaxies by JWST

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 13 Pages.

The energy spectrum of gravitons emitted by the black hole binary as a gravity waves iscalculated in the first part of the article. Then, the total quantum loss of energy, is calculatedin the Schwinger theory of gravity. Using analogy with the binary stars, we calculate thegraviton spectrum of the binary galaxies discovered by the JWST of NASA.
Category: Astrophysics

Light Fields Are Also Affected by Gravitational Waves

Authors: Policarpo Yoshin Ulianov
Comments: 18 Pages. This article had been published in 2016, in Global Journal of Physics, 4(2), 404-421. But now they "disappeared" from the internet...

According to General Relativity, a passing gravitational wave can "shrink" objects and change their lengths. On this basis, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory’s (LIGO) designers used a modified Michelson interferometer, thinking that gravitational waves could be recorded by using laser beam interference to observe the interferometer’s arm variations. However, LIGO’s detectors have a basic problem: Light fields are also affected by passing gravitational waves. When one gravitational wave "hits" LIGO’s interferometers, it does not only "shrink" the interferometer’s arms, but in fact, distorts its own space-time fabric, also "shrinking" the light beams. This means that no phase difference can be observed in the output of Michelson’s interferometer, thus, gravitational waves cannot be recorded using this kind of equipment. Considering this problem, this author believes that LIGO’s detectors are not able to detect gravitational waves. However, after more than a decade in operation, without showing any results, in February 2016 the LIGO team announced the first detection of a gravitational wave in the GW150914 event, supposedly to be related to the collision of two black holes. Despite the fact that more than 400 physicists say that LIGO’s detection is true, for this author, Einstein’s equivalence principle presents a barrier for the operation of LIGO’s system, therefore, preventing it from detecting gravitational waves. This author has accessed the data from the GW150914 event and, by playing "devil's advocate", has gone beyond the LIGO team’s basic analysis. The results of the analysis, presented in this article, point to the fact that the signals recorded by LIGO at the GW150914 event, cannot originate from the collision of two black holes, instead probably being the result of random noise sources picked up by the detectors
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Planets of the Binary Star HD 75747

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

So far it has been assumed that the star system HD 75747, also known as HR 3524 or RS Chamaeleontis (RS Cha), has only textit{one} companion. A gravitational wave at 13.86 $mu$Hz is calculated from the orbital period of 1.67 days. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{eleven} companions. The orbital times fit very well with the predictions of Dermott's law, an improved version of the Titus-Bode rule.
Category: Astrophysics

My New Constructive Kannan’s Theorem Construction Using More Standard Conventions

Authors: Sunny Daniels
Comments: 6 Pages. "Complexity Theory" would almost certainly be the best arXiv category for this paper, but there doesn't seem to be any corresponding viXra category.

I appreciate the feedback from Fortnow (the author of [1]) on my recent viXra article [2], and inparticular him supplying me with a definition of the standard polynomial-time universal Turingmachine. In this article I re-work my previous definitions and proofs to put in the circuit sizeexponent "k" explicitly (rather than the pseudo-variable "99" in [2]) and use more standardconventions for the derivation of my construction from the standard polynomial-time universalTuring machine construction.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

A Linear Relationship Between the Baryonic and Dynamical Masses of Disk Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters

Authors: Jo Ke
Comments: 21 Pages.

We present the first linear relationship that explains both the rotation curves of disk galaxies and the dynamical masses of galaxy clusters, without the need for any dark matter. A previous paper analysed the rotation curves of galaxies from the SPARC catalogue and a linear relationship was found. Similar analysis has been applied to recently published data on galaxy clusters and the same linear relationship has been found. This linear relationship is an observational result, not a theoretical one. It rules out the requirement for any dark matter in disk galaxies and galaxy clusters.Given the distribution of baryonic matter (stars, gas) in a spiral galaxy, we can use the linear relationship to predict the rotation curve; something dark matter cannot do. And given the distribution of baryonic matter (gas, galaxies) in a galaxy cluster, we can use the same linear relationship to predict the dynamical mass; again, something dark matter cannot do. The analysis is interpreted as meaning the energy scale varies from location to location. No dark matter is required, and no changes to Newtonian gravitation are required either; just a simple variation of the energy scale.
Category: Astrophysics

From Energy to Physical Phenomena

Authors: Shanshan Zhao
Comments: 7 Pages.

Through observation and summary, the operating principle of energy was reasonably inferred, and on this basis, potential field theory was developed. Through the explanation and explanation of the basic concepts of potential field theory, the nature of temperature, wave—particle duality, electromagnetism, mass and motion, gravity and other phenomena is reasonably inferred. The main conclusion is that the existence of energy gradients is the fundamental cause of all phenomena. Some speculations: dark matter is energy with low energy intensity; when the coupling of energy in the flow will generate fluctuations (electromagnetic waves), that is, quantum fluctuation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Growth in Matrix Algebras and a Conjecture of Perez-Garcia, Verstraete, Wolf and Cirac

Authors: Yaroslav Shitov
Comments: 12 Pages.

Let S be a family of n x n matrices over a field such that, for some integer l, the products of the length l of the matrices in S span the full n x n matrix algebra. We show this for any positive integer l > n^2 + 2n − 5.
Category: Algebra

On The Primary Set of Quran and Similarities Program

Authors: Iman Mosleh
Comments: 329 Pages. In Persian

In this paper i show the primary set of Quran (and also Evangel) which is one of the most important programs we need to follow to establish a letter system for Quran and also show some similarities of Quran sentences on similarities program that we defined in God Words Good Understanding via Letter Theory article. The second program is one of the widest programs of letter theory. The article and the program have some important and amazing outputs like "name of Imam Ali and the prophet doughter and their marriage in Quran and their children (Alraad 29).The article is one of the evidences that we can use to show that letter theory exists because these similarities better show us self semilarity of Quran that is necessary for having a letter system which we introduced in Letter Theory article. Also the article shows that we have a long road to understand what god tries to tell us and most of receptions that traditional islamic scholars (versus letter theory view) have about Quran are false and this wide program together other programs we defined should be followed to understand what god has said.We have also a simple pre-proof which shows that everything exists in Quran (by self-similarity of Quran and the universe).
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

New Large Number Hypothesis of the Universe

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 29 Pages.

From the dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions we will discover a new simple Large Number Hypothesis which calculates the Mass,the Age and the Radius of the universe. The diameter of the observable universe will be calculated to be equal to the ratio of electric force to gravitational force between electron and proton on the reduced Compton wavelength of the electron 2·RU=N1·ƛc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Analytic Proof of The Prime Number Theorem

Authors: Subham De
Comments: 24 Pages.

In this paper, we shall prove the textit{Prime Number Theorem} by providing a brief introduction about the famous textit{Riemann Zeta Function} and using its properties.
Category: Number Theory

Quasi-Perfect Numbers Have at Least 8 Prime Divisors

Authors: B. Zemann
Comments: 17 Pages.

Quasi-perfect numbers satisfy the equation sigma(N) = 2*N+1, where sigma is the divisor summatory function. By computation, it is shown that no quasi-perfect number has less than 8 prime divisors. For testing purposes, quasi-multiperfect numbers are examined also.
Category: Number Theory

Newtonian and Relativistic Gravity

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 6 Pages. In Romanian

Classical Newtonian gravity admits a geometrical description. Together with special relativity, this allows for a heuristic description of general relativity. Inertial motion in classical mechanics is related to the geometry of space and time, basically along geodesics where universe lines are straight lines in relativistic spacetime. According to general relativity, the force of gravity is a manifestation of the local space-time geometry. General relativity is a metric theory of gravity. At its base are Einstein's equations, which describe the relationship between the geometry of a four-dimensional, pseudo-Riemannian manifold representing space-time and the energy-momentum contained in that space-time. Gravity corresponds to changes in the properties of space and time, which in turn alter the paths of objects.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

In the Name of Inclusion: Why Repealing Affirmative Action is a Right Thing to Do

Authors: Gennady Shkliarevsky
Comments: 42 Pages.

The article discusses the recent decision by SCOTUS to repeal affirmative action. It addresses one very important question: Is the repeal of affirmative action a good thing? Following a brief historical overview, the article offers a critique of affirmative action. It argues that affirmative action does not true inclusion, but rather a surrogate. There are several problems that the article sees with the intellectual and moral foundation of affirmative action. First of all, it offers selective inclusion that is merely a form of exclusion, rather than universal inclusion. Also, affirmative action is elitist in its approach; it has been formulated by elites and for the benefit of elite rule. The article particularly focuses on three major features of black culture that are cultivated in the black community and are integral to black identity: the role of the church and religion in public life; the principle of the sanctity of life, and the black family and family values. The article shows that liberal ideology and practice [ignore] these values that are so important to the black community. Liberal disregard for these values amounts to de facto exclusion of the black community and culture by the liberal elites. Finally, the article offers a perspective that makes possible to embrace black values on their own terms. The proposed perspective makes possible to achieve true inclusion and equality for all races and groups in American society. The article concludes that the repeal of affirmative action is a right thing to do since it opens new possibilities in the search for inclusion, equality, and justice.
Category: Social Science

Combination Rule and Last Fermat's Theorem

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 6 Pages. carloschiappini@gmail.com

The central objective of this document is to reason regarding the combined use of two or more methods to solve a mathematical problem.To facilitate understanding I present the topic with the help of a known problem. I have chosen Fermat's Last Theorem because the polynomial that expresses it has few monomials and few variables.
Category: Number Theory

Regla de Combinación y Último Teorema de Fermat (Combination Rule and Last Fermat's Theorem)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 8 Pages. In Spanish (email: carloschiappini@gmail.com)

El objetivo central de este documento es razonar respecto al uso combinado de dos o más metodos para resolver un problema matemático. Para facilitar la comprensión presento el tema con ayuda de un problema conocido. He escogido el último teorema de Fermat porque el polinomio que lo expresa posee pocos monomios y pocas variables.

The central objective of this document is to reason regarding the combined use of two or more methods to solve a mathematical problem. To facilitate understanding I present the topic with the help of a known problem. I have chosen Fermat's Last Theorem because the polynomial that expresses it has few monomials and few variables.
Category: Number Theory

How do Stars Shine[?]

Authors: Haijun Liu
Comments: 5 Pages.

The concepts of gravitational field center and sphere layer are put forward. It is proposed that the electromagnetic wave generated by the field control effect generated by the superposition of the spherical layer of the gravitational field of stars returns to their own stars under the action of the potential difference generated by the electromagnetic field cutting, and compensates for the lost kinetic energy. The overall result is that the energy of each star is always constant. It is proposed that the light of the earth is converted into visible light by the kinetic energy of the earth in the superposition region, and the visible light converted by the sun is returned to the sun.
Category: Astrophysics

Spin Generates Gravity and Lepton Propagation

Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 11 Pages.

Fields have an infinite distance of influence and act instantaneously without transit time of a vector boson. Spin creates gravity. Spin creates lepton propagation.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Vehicle Longitudinal Dynamics Model

Authors: Mustafa Yildirim
Comments: 11 Pages.

This technical report presents a MATLAB Simulink model that represents the longitudinal dynamics of an actual vehicle with remarkable accuracy. Through validation against empirical data, the model demonstrates a close adherence to the real-world behaviour of a vehicle, encompassing key aspects such as acceleration, braking, and velocity control. With its versatility and applicability in various engineering domains, this model is a valuable tool for automotive research, aiding in developing advanced control systems and autonomous driving technologies.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Analogies and Decisive Formulas

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 24 Pages. In French

By presenting 13 correlations involving Avogadro's number, Jean Perrin definitively imposed the idea of the atom, i.e. the negation of the infinitely small. Here, we're talking about both the negation of the infinitely large and the "infinitely insignificant" advocated by officials. textit{We are therefore alone in the Universe}, which the James Webb telescope should confirm. Already, the observation of old galaxies instead of the baby galaxies predicted by standard cosmology destryesz the latter. This failure of cosmology has brought science to a standstill. In particular, CERN failed to detect the expected super-symmetric particles, forgetting Eddington's prophecy of Proton-Tau hyper-symmetry, here linked to cosmology. What we haven't realized is that understanding the quantum world requires cosmology, which therefore appears to be the essential discipline. In fact, it even provides a limit to science, since there is a PERMANENT CREATION of neutrons. Although too weak to be measured directly, this is manifest in the baby galaxies revealed by Halton Arp. The lack of mastery of quantum phenomena is evident in the turbulent history of the laser, still misunderstood, in the quantum Hall and Josephson effects, and in the lack of understanding of climato-cosmic effects. Unlike Perrin's relations, ours are directly verifiable by everyone, which finally rehumanizes Science
Category: Quantum Physics

Integrating Superconductivity in cu Replace Lead Apatite by Nuclear Magnetic Moment Theory of RBL

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 6 Pages.

Recently, scientists proclaimed superconductivity under ambient conditions of room temperature and 1 atmosphere pressure in Cu substituted lead apatite: Pb(10-x)Cux(PO4)6. This paper highlights the application of RBL stable isotope of positive and negative nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs) theory for explaining the heavy isotopic enrichment of this materials as {207Pb{10-x}63Cux(`31P17O4)6} and the resulting superconductivity and novel room temperature atmospheric pressure superconductivity of this heavy isotopic enriched substance. On the basis of such analysis by RBL theory, the synthesis of high temperature regular pressure superconductivity can be explained and this recent experimental observation of ambient pressure and temperature superconductivity in 207Pb{10-x}63Cux(`31P17O4)6, proves RBL NMMs theory of high temperature superconductivity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Can You Paint a Painting Without Any Canvas?

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 3 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

The mathematical blueprint of the arrow of Time [is discussed] in a nutshell.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Cosmological Redshift as a Function of Relative Cosmic Time: Introducing a Stationary Light Model

Authors: James S. OSHEA
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper evaluates cosmological redshift as a function of the relative cosmic age of the emitter and observer of light, suggesting a model of spatial expansion that radically differs from the present interpretation. This Stationary Light model suggests that the propagation of light and expansion of space are synonymous. We can yield close numerical agreement of the distance/redshift relation to λCDM without the consideration of any conventional or theoretical forces, and thus no consideration of density (Ω).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Connecting de Broglie's Inner Frequency to the Hubble Constant: a New Road to Quantum Cosmology?

Authors: E. P. J. de Haas
Comments: 6 Pages.

While working on the concept of space volume absorption, as underlying classical Newtonian gravity, I got the idea to connect de Broglie's idea of an inner frequency to the Hubble constant. The space absorption concept brings gravity conceptually in line with Hubble's space expansion and allows balancing Hubble space volume expansion with space volume absorption. This reproduced Friedmann's critical density formula. The introduction of the concept of the rate of space volume absorption, a Lorentz scalar, leads to an expression for a quantized bubble of space absorption of the size of the largest nucleus. The mass independent formula for the volume of this quantized bubble of space absorption combines Friedmann's formula and de Broglie's formula and thus integrates the universal constants of Newton, Hubble, Planck and Einstein. I noticed a conceptual similarity between thus quantized space and the sub-quantum medium of the Bohm-Vigier-de Broglie theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Significance of the Number Space and Coordinate System in Physics for Elementary Particles and the Planetary System

Authors: Helmut Schmidt
Comments: 21 Pages. I am grateful for every comment!

In physics, a single center of gravity is assumed for forces. However, at least 3 fixed points π, π², π³are required as the center, orthograde for the 3 spatial dimensions. With this approach, the universe can be understood as a set of rational numbers Q. This is to be distinguished from how we see the world, a 3-dimensional space with time. Observations from the past is the subset Q⁺ for physics. A system of 3 objects, each with 3 spatial coordinates on the surface and time, is sufficient for physics. For the microcosm, the energy results from the 10 independent parameters as a polynomial P(2). For an observer, the local coordinates are the normalization for the metric. Our idea of a space with revolutions of 2π gives the coordinates in the macrocosm in epicycles. For the observer this means a transformation of the energies into polynomials P(2π). This is used to simulate the energies of a system. c can be calculated from the units meter and day.π/2 c m day = r_Earth²This formula provides the equatorial radius of the earth with an accuracy of 489 m. Orbits can be calculated using polynomials P(2π) and orbital times in the planetary system with P(8). A common constant can be derived from h, G and c with the consequence for H0:h G c⁵s⁸ /m¹⁰ ( π⁴- π²- π^-1 - π^-3) ^1/2 H0_theory= π^1/23 h G c³ s⁵/m⁸A photon consists of 2 entangled electrons e^- and e⁺m_neutron / m_e=(2π)⁴ +(2π)³+(2π)²-(2π)¹-(2π)⁰-(2π)^-1+2(2π)^-2+2(2π)^-4-2(2π)^-6 +6(2π)^-8 = 1838.6836611 Theory: 1838.6836611 m_e measured: 1838.68366173(89) m_eFor each charge there is an energy C = -π+2π^-1- π^-3+2π^-5-π^-7+π^-9- π^-12Together with the neutron mass, the result for the proton is: m_proton=m_neutron + C m_e= 1836.15267363 m_eFine-structure constant:1/α= π⁴+ π³+ π²-1- π^-1 + π^-2- π^-3 + π^-7 - π^-9- 2 π^-10-2 π^-11-2 π^-12 = 137.035999107The muon and tauon masses as well as calculations for the inner planetary system are given.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Alone in the Universe

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 14 Pages. In French

The history of science shows the effectiveness of analogies, complementing rigorous formalism. But this practice has been neglected, leading to the current bankruptcy of official cosmology. Here are 30 formulas giving the Hubble radius, including 3 linked to the Solar System and two linking the cosmos and the Egyptian Nombrol 3570, linked to the 17th power of the golden ratio, holographically defining the meter from the terrestrial radius. In addition to these 5 specific relationships, there are 14 directly solanthropic relationships. This is comparable to Jean Perrin's book "Les atomes", which brings together 13 independent formulas involving Avogadro's number. But these relations are precise to the nearest thousandth, making a total improbability of 10^{-3 times 44 = -132}, whereas for Perrin's 10 % precise relations it's more like 10^{-1 times 13 = -13}. But Perrin definitively imposed the idea of the atom, i.e. the negation of the infinitely small. Here, we're talking about both the negation of the infinitely large and the "infinitely insignificant" advocated by officials. textit{We are therefore alone in the Universe}, which the James Webb telescope should confirm, after the brigth rejection of Initial Big Bang cosmology from the "Universe breakers galaxies".
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Cirrus Praedicandi Tempestas (Cirrus Foretells the Storm)

Authors: Savinov Sergei
Comments: 4 Pages.

The article describes a new kind of cirrus clouds, which has a synoptic value for a short-term thunderstorm forecast with a very high probability
Category: Climate Research

The Collatz Conjecture, While F(x) = 1 as X → ∞

Authors: Aya Thompson, Colin Thompson
Comments: 11 Pages. V2, edited for readability and a missing description of a key variable

The Collatz Conjecture is one of the most famous unsolved problems in mathematics,and the most basic unsolved one. Our contribution is to show that the problem can be split intotwo dimensions, each dimension can be represented by a single function that can then beshown to not form a loop, other than the established X = 1. The lack of other loops in the collatzconjecture is direct proof of the conjecture itself.
Category: General Mathematics

万有引力与时空弯曲的物理机制探讨 (a Study on the Physical Mechanism of Universal Gravitation and Space-Time Curvature)

Authors: Yake Li
Comments: 13 Pages. In Chinese

研究证明，光速在局域内具有绝对不变的一面，但在局域间又具有相对变化的另一面，随空间相对变化的光速是产生重力加速度g的物理原因， g=-(dc^2)/ds ，在10m空间范围内，光速仅相对变化了△C = -0.000000166782 (m/s) ，就可产生g = 10 m/s²的重力加速度，这是一个令人难以置信的结果。光速变化的原因，是物体质量对真空物理性质μ_0 ε_0的影响，物体的质量使μ_0 ε_0随空间发生变化，尽管也是一个非常微小的变化量，同样使空间中的物体具有了高低能量状态之分，物体就会自发地朝低能态方向运动，在这样的空间中，物体等效于受到了一个重力F_m的作用，F_m=-m_0 (dc^2)/ds。本文解释了空间如何传导引力的物理机制问题，同时也解释了时空弯曲的物理机制问题。

It has been proven in studies that the speed of light remains absolutely constant within a local area, but relative changes in the speed of light can occur between different local areas. The speed of light that changes with space is the physical factor responsible for the generation of gravitational acceleration g ( g=−(��������^2)/�������� ). Within a range of 10 m, it is possible to generate a gravitational acceleration g = 10 m/s² with only a relative change in the speed of light at △ C=-0.000000166782 (m/s), which is a remarkable feat. The change in the speed of light can be attributed to the influence of the mass of an object on the physical properties of vacuum μ0ε0, which changes it with space. Although it is a minor change to the object in space, it results in the establishment of high and low energy states, and consequently, the object will spontaneously move towards the low energy state. In such a space, an object is equivalent to being subjected to the action of gravity ��������, and ��������=−����0��������2��������. In this article, the physical mechanism of the conduction of gravity in space and the physical mechanism of space-time curvature are explained.
Category: Astrophysics

Arguments for Continued Emdrive Testing

Authors: John Malcolm Newell
Comments: 9 Pages.

If special relativity describes a complex time relationship between objects inrelative motion then there is an alternate explanation for electrical interaction, inertiaand maybe even gravity, which allows a mechanism of action for emdrive propulsion.These notions are exceedingly speculative but it is now necessary to find atheory of radiation which does not raise paradox. Refusal to experimentallyinvestigate the functionality of emdrive propulsion by the physics community lackscourage. Considering the reasonable cost and relative ease of conducting theseexperiments properly and the enormous potential benefits to transportation, spacenavigation and physical science, it is a great shame that it has yet to be thoroughlytested by anyone but its inventor. The hurdles are theoretical, the Complex timerequired to resolve a mechanism of action for the emdrive may also resolve nonlocality.This essay is a call for these question to be explored and these experiments tobe conducted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Voltage of the Photon

Authors: Forrest Bishop
Comments: 15 Pages.

The photon is imagined to be a quantized, transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM wave). Proceeding from that origin, novel and compact expressions for its voltage, current, charge, fields, flux, spin, and other parameters are developed herein a consilient system with few assumptions. This voltage plays a crucial role in the quantization criteria for the transverse A, E, and B fields of the photon, the foundational assumptions of Quantum Electrodynamics, and leads to a further question.
Category: Quantum Physics

Accessibility and Inclusiveness of New Information and Communication Technologies for Disabled Users and Content Creators in the Metaverse

Authors: Petar Radanliev, David De Roure, Peter Novitzky, Ivo Sluganovic
Comments: 23 Pages.

Despite the proliferation of Blockchain Metaverse projects, the inclusion of physically disabled individuals in the Metaverse remains distant, with limited standards and regulations in place. However, the article proposes a concept of the Metaverse that leverages emerging technologies, such as Virtual and Augmented Reality, and the Internet of Things, to enable greater engagement of disabled creatives. Based on the findings, the paper concludes that the active involvement of physically disabled individuals in the design and development of Metaverse platforms is crucial for promoting inclusivity. The proposed framework for accessibility and inclusiveness in Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed realities of decentralised Metaverses provides a basis for the meaningful participation of disabled creatives. The article emphasises the importance of addressing the mechanisms for art production by individuals with disabilities in the emerging Metaverse landscape. Additionally, it highlights the need for further research and collaboration to establish standards and regulations that facilitate the inclusion of physically disabled individuals in Metaverse projects.
Category: Social Science

Academic Standardization Hinders Innovation

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper explores the relationship between academic standardization and innovation, focusing on the potential negative impact of standardization on innovative research. Academic standardization encompasses journal publication, degree requirement, recruitment and promotion, and research funding application standardization. While these processes are essential for maintaining research quality and rigor, they may inadvertently hinder creativity and risk-taking, thereby limiting the pursuit of innovative ideas. Despite the challenges posed by standardization, disruptive research persists, indicating the potential for a balanced approach. Future research should address gaps in the current literature, investigate alternative models of standardization, and examine the long-term effects of these practices on academia, innovation, and society. The paper emphasizes the need for ongoing dialogue and research to ensure a more dynamic research environment that fosters both rigor and originality.
Category: Social Science

Proof that the Real Part of All Non Trivial Zeros of Riemann Zeta Functions is 1/2

Authors: Xiaohui Li
Comments: 4 Pages.

Riemann hypothesis is that the real part of all nontrivial zeros of Riemann zeta functions is 1/2.Mr. Riemann formed Riemann zeta function by Analytic continuation of Euler zeta function,There are trivial and non trivial zeros in the Riemannian zeta function that make its value zero.Standard By analyzing the Trigonometric functions relationship in the equivalent Algebraic expression of Riemannian zeta function, it is concluded that the real part of all nontrivial zeros is 1/2.
Category: Number Theory

Skolems Solution for Integer-Linear-Recurrences, with Commensurable Arguments for Characteristic-Roots of the Same Modulus

Authors: Deepak Ponvel Chermakani
Comments: 9 Pages. Explained more on the proofs

For a homogeneous linear-recurrence f(n) with integer coefficients and integer starting points, we derive a deterministic algorithm that finds the upper bound of the last non-periodic position n where f(n)=0, for a large family of special cases. First, when theta is a given irrational constant, then we show that, an eventual lower bound of minimum(absolute(cos(m PI theta)), over positive integers m less than n), for large positive integers n, is (2 theta / (sqrt(5) n)). Our deterministic algorithm is based on the key concept that this lower bound decreases at a lower rate than the nth power of the ratio of root-moduli since the ratio is lesser than 1. Our deterministic algorithm is developed for the special cases where G(x), the characteristic polynomial of f(n), has either equal absolute values of arguments or commensurable arguments of those complex roots whose moduli are equal. In an attempt to extend this algorithm as a general solution to Skolems problem, we obtain the lower bound of the distance between a zero and the next (2^(m+1))th zero, in the weighted sum of m continuous cosine functions, where the weights are given real-algebraic constants.
Category: Algebra