All Submission Categories

Testing Special Relativity With an Infinite Arm Interferometer

Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Michelson-Morley experiment and its resolution by the special theory of relativity form a foundational truth in modern physics. In this paper I propose an equivalent relativistic experiment involving a single-source interferometer having infinite arms. Further,we debate the possible outcomes from such an experiment and in doing so uncover a conflict between special relativity and the symmetry of nature. I demonstrate this conflict by the method of reductio ad absurdum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Waves of Space: A New Model of the Universe, with Space as the Fundamental Substance (Renamed from Is Space the Only Substance in the Universe)

Authors: Ronald P. Hattis
Comments: 199 Pages. Now published: Cosmos and History (2025, July 13). 21(1), 449-592.

An innovative new "Waves of Space" model is presented, providing more unified and inter-related explanations of phenomena in physics. It might help to bridge gaps between general relativity and quantum mechanics, and to resolve other mysteries. Space, composed of uniform quantized units ("volons"), is proposed as the fundamental substance of the universe, and the medium of waves and fields. That agrees with super-substantivalist philosophy, and provides physical mechanisms that help make that concept feasible. Included are intuitive new conceptions of gravitation (deletion of space units, bringing bodies together, with gravitational potential energy absorbed into spatial pressure), and of the Hubble expansion (accelerating addition of space units, pushing bodies apart). Universe expansion and contraction phases might alternate, a "Big Bang" alternative. Waves and other processes in space produce properties of matter and most energy. "Standard model" particles are actually waves in the medium of space. Most are unsustainable and inconsequential transitional waves. Time is a relationship to repetitive motions in space. Four-dimensional spacetime is geometrically optional and complicates calculations. Space deletion in moving bodies generates the Lorentz transformations. Thermodynamics’ second law is a probability phenomenon, not universal. "Singularities," dimensionless points, and infinity lack physical reality. Mass can survive matter shrinkage or disintegration. Supporting this model, space has known physical properties and is expanding; particles have wave forms. This alternative to current theories offers causal mechanisms where currently only equations exist. New plausible hypotheses from outsiders have been resisted, but may be needed for physics, and associated philosophy, to progress.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Possible Origin of the High-Energy and Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Bursts

Authors: Qinghua Cui
Comments: 7 Pages.

As highly intensive and brief pulses of light, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most energetic explosive phenomena in the Universe. A few mechanisms could explain the production of some GRB emissions, however, the physical origin of GRBs especially the high-energy (more than one GeV) and very-high-energy (above 100 GeV) ones still remains largely unknown. Based on our previously revealed quantitative relation between the speed of light in vacuum c and the temperature T of cosmic microwave background (CMB), we propose that the mass-energy relation at the redshift z space-time in the Universe should be E=mc2(1+z)2. Then, the mass-loss events such as the annihilation of matter and antimatter at high-redshift space-time will produce more energetic gamma-rays than our present space-time. Finally, we confirmed that this theoretical model is highly compatible with both the observed data and an empirical formula E_iso∝〖(1+z)〗^(〖1.80〗_(-0.63)^(+0.36) ). These results suggest that the events of mass-energy transition such as matter and antimatter collision at distant space-time in the Universe could be a possible physical origin of GRBs including the high-energy and the very-high-energy ones.
Category: Astrophysics

A Conceivable Interpretation for Micro Phenomena to Avoid Explaining the Relevant Measure Result by Probability

Authors: Wei Guo
Comments: 5 Pages.

Today, the scientific community comprehensively accepts the viewpoint of interpreting micro phenomena by probability. Here, we argue that probability is not the instinct of reality but merely caused by how the micro phenomena are measured by us. By tracing back to the very beginning, today’s cognition originates from an interpreting difficulty when we try to measure micro phenomena: we cannot simultaneously measure the conjunctive properties of micro phenomena. Logically speaking, there are two possible causes that can lead to this consequence, which are not only the relation between conjunctive properties, but also whether we could really measure them ‘simultaneously’. If the reason is attributed to the former possible cause, we would inevitably follow the path of Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation and build the current quantum mechanical system. In this paper, we instead focus on the latter possible cause and find that although the current time measure precision seems to be quite high, it leads to various ‘irrational’ measure results on micro phenomena.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Uncertainty Principle and Quantized Space-Time

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper will show that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle can be explained through quantized space-time. This idea will be developed from the double slit delayed choice quantum eraser experiment and gravitational waves.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Monitorability of AI

Authors: Roman V. Yampolskiy
Comments: 30 Pages.

Artificially Intelligent (AI) systems have ushered in a transformative era across various domains, yet their inherent traits of unpredictability, unexplainability, and uncontrollability have given rise to concerns surrounding AI safety. This paper aims to demonstrate the infeasibility of accurately monitoring advanced AI systems to predict the emergence of certain capabilities prior to their manifestation. Through an analysis of the intricacies of AI systems, the boundaries of human comprehension, and the elusive nature of emergent behaviors, we argue for the impossibility of reliably foreseeing some capabilities. By investigating these impossibility results, we shed light on their potential implications for AI safety research and propose potential strategies to overcome these limitations.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Impossibility of the Long-Distance Quantum Correlation in an Example

Authors: Hai-Jun Wang
Comments: 1 Page.

In this brief report we point out that the example in the famous paper of D. Bohm and Y.Aharonov in 1957 might not realize the long-distance quantum correlation proposed by Einstein, Rosen and Podolsky in 1935. The reason is presented briefly.
Category: Quantum Physics

Uncovering the Limited Application Range of the Doppler Effect to Review the Existing Necessity of Dark Energy

Authors: Wei Guo
Comments: 10 Pages.

Today, the scientific community comprehensively accepts the viewpoint of the accelerating expansion of the universe and the existing necessity of dark energy. But, if we trace back to the initial theory that ultimately leads to this conclusion, it is the Doppler effect that assumes an equivalence between the frequency shift of the wave sent from an object and the change in the distance between the object and the observer. We argue that, just like the equivalence in Newton's inertia law that cannot apply to all phenomena but is limited to 'macro, low-speed, inertia system', the equivalence behind the Doppler effect also has a corresponding limited application range and the remote object actually exceeds its application range. If we insist on adopting this unsuitable method to measure the change in the relative distance between remote celestial bodies and us, large-scale red shift inevitably misleads us to the cosmic accelerating expansion. To artificially expand the application range of the Doppler effect and force it to apply to all phenomena, we have to assume the whole universe is flooded with a quite high proportion of dark energy that is defined to be incapable of interacting with the electromagnetic wave.
Category: Astrophysics

Einsteinian Science Versus the Unified Theory Approach: a Theory of the Universe

Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 14 Pages.

Recently, we defined two scientific discoveries using Einsteinian science: the success/failure system and cosmic inertia. In this zenith of our work on Einsteinian science, we demonstrate through two analyses that Einsteinian science is a complete science to a theory of the universe, which can approach the true picture of the universe. First, we analyse archive materials to reveal scientific events we term Einstein’s paradoxes between Einsteinian science and unified field theory. Second, we analyse only two approaches to a theory of the universe: Einsteinian science and the unified theory approach. We demonstrate that Einsteinian science, philosophically and methodically, is a complete science, which contrasts with the Unified theory approach only practised in physics and mathematics and thus insufficient for a theory of the universe. Physicists face a potential turning point. Does Einsteinian science immediately arouse feelings and actions in physicists? Will Einstein’s paradoxes between Einsteinian science and unified field theory persist in physics forever? Science is still in its infancy in 2023, still as Einstein claimed in 1954!
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Birth Mechanism of the Universe from Nothing and New Inflation Mechanism

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 29 Pages.

There was a model claiming the birth of the universe from nothing, but the specific mechanism for the birth and expansion of the universe was very poor. According to the energy-time uncertainty principle, during Δt, an energy fluctuation of ΔE is possible, but this energy fluctuation should have reverted back to nothing. By the way, there is also a gravitational interaction during the time of Δt, and if the negative gravitational self-energy exceeds the positive mass-energy during this Δt, the total energy of the corresponding mass distribution becomes negative energy, that is, the negative mass state. Because there is a repulsive gravitational effect between negative masses, this mass distribution expands. Thus, it is possible to create an expansion that does not go back to nothing. Calculations show that if the quantum fluctuation occur for a time less than Δt=(3/10)^(1/2)t_p ~ 0.77t_p, then an energy fluctuation of ΔE > (5/6)^(1/2)m_pc^2 ~ 0.65m_pc^2 must occur. But in this case, because of the negative gravitational self-energy, ΔE will enter the negative energy (mass) state before the time of Δt. Because there is a repulsive gravitational effect between negative masses, ΔE cannot contract, but expands. Thus, the universe does not return to nothing, but can exist. Gravitational Potential Energy Model provides a means of distinguishing whether the existence of the present universe is an inevitable event or an event with a very low probability. And, it presents a new model for the process of inflation, the accelerating expansion of the early universe. This paper also provides an explanation for why the early universe started in a dense state and solves the vacuum catastrophe problem. Additionally, when the negative gravitational potential energy exceeds the positive energy, it can produce an accelerated expansion of the universe. Through this mechanism, inflation, which is the accelerated expansion of the early universe, and dark energy, which is the cause of the accelerated expansion of the recent universe, can be explained at the same time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Valuation Model for Equity-Linked Securities with Guaranteed Return

Authors: David Lee
Comments: 17 Pages.

Equity-linked securities with a guaranteed return are desirable instruments in a volatile market environment. In this paper, we consider a security whose value depends on the performance of a basket of equities averaged over certain points in time, but that is bounded below by a guaranteed amount. We show that the security’s price is given by the sum of the guaranteed amount plus the price of an Asian style option on the basket above. Here we present a new method for valuing the embedded Asian option. The method provides analytical formulas for the security’s price as well as for corresponding hedge ratios; these respective formulas appear, based on numerical testing against a Monte Carlo benchmark, to be accurate over a wide range of underlying security parameter values. Finally, we apply our method to value the embedded European style put option arising from a type of segregated fund with a maturity guarantee.
Category: Economics and Finance

The Mirror Dimension Theory

Authors: Tejesh Radhakrishna
Comments: 6 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

Most of the physicists and cosmologists believe in the concept of multiverse, In recent times, many physicists started searching for the proof of existence of multiverse and many new theories such as string theory and quantum physics shows a significant signs of existence of multiverse. There are different kinds of multiverse and one of them is mirror universe, there are remarkably very less researches conducted on mirror universe. The mirror dimension or universe is one of the type of multiverse which represents the opposite nature ofour universe. In this paper, I will be discussing in-detail about the mirror dimension and also about the experiment named "The Mirror Experiment" which i conducted for this study to find the answers for the questions including how the laws of physics works in the mirror dimension, the appearance of life in the mirror universe and finally the mirror dimension or universe is completely opposite to our universe or not.
Category: Astrophysics

The Perfect Cuboid Is Nothing More Than a Myth

Authors: Zakhar Pekhterev
Comments: 2 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

An impeccable proof of the impossibility of the existence of a perfect cuboid based on the parametrization of Leonhard Euler.
Category: Number Theory

Series with Generalized Complex Harmonic Numbers of Order 1

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this note we give some complex series related to Pi.
Category: General Mathematics

Epistemology of Intelligence Agencies

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 83 Pages. In Romanian

About the existing analogy between the epistemological and methodological aspects of the activity of information services and some scientific disciplines, advocating for a more scientific approach to the process of gathering and analyzing information within the information cycle. I affirm that currently the theoretical, ontological and epistemological aspects, in the activity of many information services, are underestimated, causing incomplete understanding of current phenomena and creating confusion in inter-institutional collaboration. After a brief Introduction, which includes a history of the evolution of the intelligence service concept after the Second World War, in Intelligence Activity I define the objectives and organization of intelligence services, the basic model of these organizations (the information cycle), and the relevant aspects of gathering information and information analysis. In the Ontology section I highlight the ontological aspects and entities that threaten and are threatened. The Epistemology section includes aspects specific to the information activity, with the analysis of the main model (Singer) traditionally used, and exposes a possible epistemological approach through the prism of the concept of tacit knowledge developed by the scientist Michael Polanyi. In the Methodologies section I present various methodological theories with an emphasis on structural analytical techniques, and some analogies with science, archaeology, business and medicine. The paper ends with the Conclusions regarding the possibility of a more scientific approach to the methods of gathering and analyzing information within the intelligence services.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Rencontres for Equipartite Distributions of Multisets of Colored Balls into Urns

Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 7 Pages.

A multiset of u*b balls contains u different colors and b balls of each color. Randomly distributing them across u urns with b balls per urn, what is the probability that no urn contains at least two balls of a common color? We reduce this problem to the enumeration of u X u binary matrices with constant row and column sum b and provide an explicit table of probabilities for small b and u.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Uncovering the Principle Behind All Methods for Measuring Time to Recognise What Dilates is not Time But Timer

Authors: Wei Guo
Comments: 8 Pages.

Today, the scientific community comprehensively accepts the viewpoint of time dilation. Here, we argue that any method for measuring time relies on an equivalence between time and some phenomena for reference as a timer, e.g. swing of pendulum, fall of sands in sand clock or electron jumping between two states in atomic clock. We propose what really dilates is not time but timer because the equivalence in time measure only holds true within a limited phenomena range and the clock in either variant gravity or speed exceeds its application range, just like the equivalence in inertia mass that cannot apply to those phenomena that exceeds the application range of 'macro, low-speed, inertia-system'.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Individual in the Collective: An Examination of Individual Complexity in Modern Social Science Theories

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 25 Pages.

This paper reviews the importance of individual complexity in the development and application of social science theories. It underscores the need for a balanced approach, acknowledging both individual differences and collective phenomena. Drawing from a broad range of literature, including seminal and contemporary studies, the paper identifies the intricate interplay between individual agency and societal structures. It suggests future research directions that emphasize logical coherence, interdisciplinary approach, and comprehensive inclusion of cultural and societal contexts. It also addresses inherent challenges related to subjective interpretation, methodological consistency, and the integration of logical reasoning with statistical analysis. This review concludes that recognizing individual complexity remains a crucial frontier for social sciences, requiring a delicate equilibrium between individual and collective understandings.
Category: Social Science

The Most Beautiful Form of the Dirac Equation, and Some Speculations re "123 Mystery"

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 9 Pages.

Dirac 1928's relativistic electron wave equation had involved 4×4 matrices. We show how to reformulate it using 2×2 matrices only, and also that we can get rid even of them provided we make the wavefunction be biquaternion-valued. The Majorana equation then has quaternion-valued wavefunction. We then speculate that extensions of this idea might be able to solve one or two of the oft-cited "great mysteries" of physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Natural Explanation of Cosmological Acceleration

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 7 Pages.

The problem of cosmological acceleration (PCA) is usually considered in the framework of General Relativity and here the main uncertainty is how the background space is treated. In the approaches where it is flat, PCA is usually treated as a manifestation of dark energy and (as acknowledged in the literature) currently its nature is a mystery. On the other hand, if the background space is curved then a problem arises why the observed value of the cosmological constant is as is. Following the results of our publications, we show that the solution of PCA does not contain uncertainties because cosmological acceleration is an inevitable kinematical consequence of quantum theory in semiclassical approximation. In this approach, background space and its geometry (metric and connection) are not used and the cosmological constant problem does not arise.
Category: Astrophysics

Possible Solutions of the Rational Cuboid Problem

Authors: B. S. Safin
Comments: 5 Pages.

This article covers a number of forms for elliptic equations that were derived from the simultaneous equations describing a rational cuboid. The analysis of these elliptic equations shows that some rational points on the elliptic curves exist, but they are not the points of infinite order, accordingly they do not belong to any of the right triangles.
Category: Number Theory

Search for Congruent Numbers

Authors: B. S. Safin
Comments: 3 Pages.

By parametrizing the Pythagorean equation with hyperbolic functions you can obtain an algebraic equation of the 3rd degree that describes congruent numbers. In some cases this equation may facilitate the search for these numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Cosmological Model Free of Singularity and Inflation Based on the Large Numbers Hypothesis

Authors: Dimitar Valev
Comments: 10 Pages. Added addendum regarding quantum vacuum energy related to zero-point energy

It is shown that the new precise formulation of the Large Number Hypothesis (LNH), relating by means of the large number N = 5.73x10^60 the modern cosmological parameters (age, size, mass, average density, and minimum temperature of the universe) with the corresponding Planck units, allows to determine the time course of these cosmological parameters during the expansion. It was found that the dimensions and mass of the universe increase linearly with time, from Planck time to the present day, starting from Planck values and increasing 5.73x10^60 times to now. The amazing result was found that for each discrete time step (beat) with a unit Planck time, the size of the universe increases by one Planck length and its mass increases by one Planck mass. It is shown that the average density of the universe decreases proportionally to the square of time, and starting from the Planck density ~ 10^96 kg m^(-3) decreases N^2 = 3.28x10^121 times to 9.46x10^(-27) kg m^(-3) in the current epoch. The minimum measurable temperature, which is equal to the Hawking temperature for the universe decreases linearly with time 5.73x10^60 times, and starting from the Planck temperature ~ 10^32 K, it falls to 1.75x10^(-29) K at the present time. It is shown that the found time course of cosmological parameters and the Planck values of the size, mass, average density, and temperature of the universe at the initial moment of the expansion (Planck time) follow from the requirement to preserve the Euclidean geometry of space throughout the time of the cosmological expansion. Therefore, the suggested cosmological model based on the new formulation of LNH is free of singularity because the size and density of the universe remain finite/Planckian in the initial moments of its emergence. Besides, this model conserves the flatness and homogeneity of the universe during cosmological expansion and does not need an inflationary epoch in the early universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Some Way to Make Memory in Quantum Computing

Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 18 Pages, One figure

A novel definition for making memory in quantum computing based on the Bloch sphereis proposed.(1) We discuss memory of functions.We store the property of a function $f$ itself by means of the unitary operation $U_f$. Therefore, we write function data on the Bloch sphere. In addition, we recall the property of the function $f$ by means of the same unitary operation $U_f$ as the above. That is, we read data from the Bloch sphere.We discuss that we can read/write small amount of data on the Bloch spherewhen we consider the function as data. (2) We discuss memory of values. We store an arbitrary natural number relating to a phase $phi$ (real number) itself by means of the unitary operation $U_f$. Therefore, we write value data on the Bloch sphere. Also in addition, we recall the natural number relating to the phase $phi$ by means of the same unitary operation $U_f$ as the above. That is, we read data from the Bloch sphere.We discuss that we can read/write infinite data on the Bloch spherewhen we consider an arbitrary natural number relating to the phase factor of a quantum state as data.It may be much likely that, from the property of quantum physics, the Bloch sphere is a high-speed memory system in quantum computing at least in an algorithm level.
Category: Quantum Physics

Adapted Metrics for a Modified Coulomb/newton's Potential

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu, G.T. Pripoae, C.L. Pripoae
Comments: 42 Pages.

Modified Theories of Gravity include spin dependence in General Relativity, to account for additional sources of gravity instead of dark matter/energy approach.The spin-spin interaction is already included in the effective nuclear force potential, and theoretical considerations and experimental evidence hint to the hypothesis that Gravity originates from such an interaction, under an averaging process over spin directions.This invites to continue the line of theory initiated by Einstein and Cartan, based on tetrads and spin effects modeled by connections with torsion. As a first step in this direction, the article considers a new modified Coulomb/Newton Law accounting for the spin-spin interaction. The physical potential is geometrized through specific affine connections and specific semi-Riemannian metrics, canonically associated to it, acting on a manifold or at the level of its tangent bundle. Freely falling particles in these "toy Universes" are determined, showing an interesting behavior and unexpected patterns.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Comparative Analysis of the New Physical Paradigm

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 15 Pages.

As the problem of dark energy has remained unresolved, many physicists have concluded that the underlying hypotheses are incorrect; thus, a deep revision of the physical paradigm has become urgent. In 2020, a description of a new physical paradigm was published. This paradigm is based on Nikola Tesla’s statement that there exists an invisible primary substance from which the world of mass is created [1]. Among other things, this new paradigm reveals the mechanism of gravity, and subsequently, the problem of dark energy is resolved. Here, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of this new paradigm in comparison with the dominant paradigm.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Preliminary Study on the Essence of Temperature, Heat and Energy

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 41 Pages.

Through the analysis of the nature of temperature and heat, I found that temperature is not the sign of the average kinetic energy of molecular thermal motion, but related to the frequency corresponding to the peak intensity of thermal radiation, and the temperature is positively correlated with the main frequency of molecular thermal motion. Based on this, the physical phenomena such as constant temperature but absorbing or releasing a large amount of heat during the phase transition of most substances can be well explained. At the same time, the physical phenomena such as the inverse relationship between specific gravity and specific heat of most solid materials are predicted and explained. Heat is a measure of the degree of change of molecular kinetic energy in the process of molecular temperature convergence. On the basis of a new understanding of temperature and heat, this paper intends to reinterpret and understand entropy increase, heat death and the second law of thermodynamics.Energy is the most common term in physics, but there are still many disputes and misunderstandings about the nature of energy. In this paper, the essence of energy is discussed in depth, and its physical significance is expounded on this basis. At the same time, by expounding the essential meaning of temperature and heat, it is applied to explain the abnormal correlation between temperature and heat during the phase change of water and the abnormal temperature distribution in various layers outside the sun.On the basis of re-examining the differences between the two forms of Planck's blackbody radiation formula (frequency, wavelength and energy intensity respectively), the relationship between blackbody temperature and the frequency corresponding to the peak radiation intensity is re-deduced, and the temperature of the sun surface is calculated to be 9932.78℃ by using this relationship, instead of 5522.85℃ calculated by Wien's law. The reason of uneven surface temperature of artificial earth satellite is also discussed.
Category: Classical Physics

Systems of State Set-Permutated Langton Cellular Automata Replicators Compared with Systems of Byl Replicators

Authors: Perry W. Swanborough
Comments: 7 Pages.

Methods applied to the Byl cellular automata (CA) replicator (1989) which demonstrated strict homochirality and functional heterochirality of replication were applied to the earlier Langton CA replicator (1984). Langton replicators varying by state set permutations group into systems of two members each, replicating under a single system-specific cell state transition function. Notably, the Langton systems are smaller than the homochiral Byl replicator systems of three or four members. There are fundamentally two Langton systems distinguishable by the non-existence of permutation transforms which interconvert either one to the other, so in one sense there is non-trivial state-set permutation variation in the set of permutated Langton systems that does not exist in the set of permutated Byl systems.
Category: Physics of Biology

Symmetry Groups in Quantum Relativistic Dynamics.

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 9 Pages.

The transformations of relativistic dynamics in the Special Theory of Relativity and quantum relativistic dynamics (it's fashionable to say Quantum Theory of Relativity) are presented in "Unified Theory 2" in one mathematical truth. We are talking about dynamic space-matter, a special case of a zero or fixed angle of parallelism, there is the Euclidean axiomatics of space-time. The Special Theory of Relativity cannot describe space-time in quantum fields with their uncertainty principle. It is impossible to fix both the time and the coordinate at the same time. And there is no quantum relativistic dynamics in the gauge fields that follow from the Dirac equation. We will consider the conditions: a(X)=f(x)≠const, and substantiation of symmetries in quantum relativistic dynamics (in the Quantum Theory of Relativity).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Higgs Boson and the Evolution of the Universe Derived from Einstein’s Equation with a Fourdimensional Sphere as the Metric

Authors: Kay Zum Felde
Comments: 15 Pages.

We critically review the inflational Big Bang theory, which is the favorite model of the origin of the Universe. It has been the result of this model, that the Universe is expanding by a huge boost. The Standard Model is proposing a homogenous isotropic initial state of the Universe. The inflation model is avoiding the flatness and the horizon problem. The horizon proplem has been identified as disconnected regions of particles, that were the result of a non-causal connected initiation of the Big Bang. The second problem is flatness.That means the Universe shows what is called the cosmological principle. It is looking everywhere the same. A problem is the critical mass. If the critical mass needed to become the known Universe’s initial state is close to the actual mass density, it is not stable. We use Einstein’s equation to formulate a new interpretation of the evolution of the Universe. We invent a szenario of the origin of the Universe based on Einstein’s equation, by means of the metric being a four dimensional sphere.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unveiling Earth's Hidden Secrets: Exploring the Hypothesis of a Quadrupolar Inner Planet Within an Oblate Dipolar Earth

Authors: D'Eart Ishintreel
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper presents a mathematical analysis supporting the hypothesis of an inner planet within the Earth, characterized by a quadrupolar magnetic field. We propose that the oblateness of the Earth at the equator obstructs the horizontal component of the magnetic field, resulting in a dipolar magnetic field observed on the Earth's surface. By deriving mathematical equations and considering the geometry and parameters of the inner planet, we demonstrate the feasibility of this alternative model. The implications of this hypothesis for geophysical processes are discussed, along with the experimental and observational challenges associated with validating this hypothesis.
Category: Geophysics

The Determinant of Cubic-Matrix of Order 2 and Order 3, Some Basic Properties and Algorithms

Authors: Armend Salihu, Orgest Zaka
Comments: 21 Pages.

Based on geometric intuition, in this paper we are trying to give an idea and visualize the meaning of the determinants for the cubic-matrix. In this paper we have analyzed the possibilities of developing the concept of determinant of matrices with three indexed 3D Matrices.We define the concept of determinant for cubic-matrix of order 2 and order 3, study and prove some basic properties for calculations of determinants of cubic-matrix of order 2 and 3.Furthermore we have also tested several square determinant properties and noted that these properties also are applicable on this concept of 3D Determinants.
Category: General Mathematics

Alone in the Neguentropic Universe

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 25 Pages. In French

Perfect cosmology is confirmed by the unifying role of the negentropic field at 14.125 Kelvin. The terminal term of the Topological Axis f(30) is thus related to the particle parameters to within a few billionths. The natural theoretical framework of Pythagorean integers is confirmed by the involvement of the Lucas-Lehmer series, rational approximations of pi and sporadic groups. The period 19.137 ms (Neuron), defined by the constants of Newton, Planck and Fermi, is close to the average between the universal period of 13.8 billion years, given by the three minutes calculation, and that of the electron. The gap is identified, to the nearest billionth, with the musical interval 419/417. Highly singular relationships link human and astrophysical parameters, introducing the Solanthopic Principle. It's the end of the several paradoxes: that of Fermi, of information, of the cosmological constant and of vacuum energy.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Invisible Dark Matter

Authors: A. I. Andreus
Comments: 7 Pages. In Russian and Ukrainian

Dark matter is described on Wikipedia, you can also get acquainted with the variants of the topic on Wikipedia in Russian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, German, English, French, Polish, Romanian, Turkish, Ukrainian editions. The phenomenology applied in these editions, in essence, the topic goes away from reality, from how it really is. Matter is invisible, it does not emit photons for our senses and our devices, it emits neophotinos that are inaccessible to our senses and we do not have devices to register them.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Magnetic Levitation

Authors: Dudarev Valery
Comments: 4 Pages.

The proposed device belongs to the field of classical physics, namely, to the method of creating an electromagnetic force having a strictly defined action vector.
Category: Classical Physics

SunQM-6s4: In {N,n} QM Field Theory, A Point Charge’s Electric Field Can Be Represented by Either the Schrodinger Equation/Solution, Or A 3D Spherical Wave Packet, In Form of Born Probability

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 24 Pages.

In the newly designed {N,n} QM field theory, the four fundamental forces were re-classified to be three pair of forces: E/RFe-force, G/RFg-force, S/RFs-force, and each pair of this force was hypothesized that can be represented by the Schrodinger equation/solution. In the current paper, I worked out that not only a point charge’s static electric field electric field strength E ∝ 1/r^2, but also its potential field U ∝ 1/r, can be reconstituted by using the H-atom’s Schrodinger equation/solution (in form of the radial Born probability density functions). A global fitting method was developed for this kind of curve fitting. In the reconstitution, the (normalized) radial Born probability density functions can be treated as the "unit vector base functions" of a high-dimensional Hilbert space (that covers from r → 0 to r = ∞). This result confirmed that, not only the point-centered mass (density) field (see SunQM-3 series), but also the point-centered force field (or potential field), can be directly described by Schrodinger equation/solution. The physical meaning of this result can be viewed in either the wave mechanics, or in the particle mechanics. This work also showed that all point-centered fields (including both the mass field and the force field) can be represented in the form of 3D spherical wave packet. Therefore, these two methods are equivalent. These results, plus the three pairs of force (E/RFe-force, G/RFg-force, S/RFs-force) description (see SunQM-6), the non-Born probability description (see SunQM-4 series) that equals to the re-explanation of the Born probability density as the collection of all elliptical orbital tracks (see SunQM-6s2), the 3D wave packet description and the dis-entanglement of the outmost shell (or the "general decaying" process, see SunQM-6s1, -6s2, -6s3, etc.), the "|nL0> elliptical/parabolic/hyperbolic orbital transition model" (see SunQM-6s2, -6s3), and the trick that using the high-frequency n’ to pin-point any small region in the {N,n} QM field (see SunQM-3s11, -6s1, etc.), all together they formed the foundation of the newly designed {N,n} QM field theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Elemental Property of Primes and Small Gaps Between Primes

Authors: Yung Zhao
Comments: 2 Pages.

The solution to the Twin Prime Conjecture lies in the elemental property of primes. We construct a sequence of consecutive primes, analyzing and handling them by the combination of the elemental property of primes and the Statistics theory reveal that Twin Prime Conjecture is true.
Category: Number Theory

Magnetism and Gravity

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 10 Pages.

The magnetism aspect of electromagnetism (EM)seems mathematically more related to gravity(through inverse square relationships) than toclassical bipolar electrical fields. An electrical force field drops off quickly at linear distances; whereas both push/shadow gravity and magnetic force fields operate even within cosmological dimensions. All EM "forces" are simultaneously present within each yin/yang sphere as primary EM, based on the emerging 21st-century physics and astrophysics paradigm.
Category: Astrophysics

Both Pedagogy and Psychology Need the Concept of Thirst for Ability and Thirst for Blazing New Trails

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 10 Pages.

The desire for ability (the interest in increasing wisdom) and the desire for innovation (the interest in creation) exist objectively, and the desire for knowledge (interest in recognition) cannot replace them. People pay more attention to ability, especially creativity, than to knowledge. It is much easier to make up for the lack of knowledge than to make up for the lack of ability. However, in pedagogy and psychology, there is only the concept of the desire for knowledge, but not the concept of the desire for ability and the concept of the desire for innovation. The strange phenomenon of "using cognitive interest to carry out intellectual and creative education" has existed for a long time. This makes insufficient the subjective initiative of "the cultivation of ability and innovation consciousness that must be started and run through". Strong comprehensive ability and innovation are the needs of the times for talents. Ability and innovation awareness can be cultivated. Just as the levels of knowledge and ability are different, the levels of thirst for knowledge and thirst for ability are also different. The thirst for knowledge cannot replace the thirst for ability and innovation. The process and methods of ability development and knowledge transfer are different and cannot be replaced by each other. It is necessary and possible to establish the concept of desire for ability and desire for innovation. Apply the concept of desire for ability and innovation to change the strange situation of cultivating creativity and comprehensive ability based on cognitive interest.
Category: Education and Didactics

Driving Force of Continental Drift

Authors: Hyukee Ahn
Comments: 11 Pages.

I suggest a new mechanism for the force that moves continents. This force, which moves the plates of the Earth, is the same force that splits Supercontinents, creates oceans, and forms giant mountain ranges.I suggest that the source of this force is the Earth tides, specifically the Tide lever crack and Tide lever push work.
Category: Geophysics

On Non-Trivial Zeros and Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper examines the mysterious non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function ζ and explains their role, e.g., in the computation of the error term in Riemann’s J function for estimating the quantity of primes less than a given number. The paper also explains the close connection between the Riemann zeta function ζ and the prime numbers. [Published in international mathematics journal.]
Category: Number Theory

On Energy Numbers

Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 7 Pages.

The "energy numbers" of Parker Emmerson are critically examined, and an application of these exotic numbers to particle physics is attempted. Along the way, we establish the quaternion field identity, which is an isomorphism between a certain characterization of the abstract structure of a Hermitian space, and the complex Borel algebra of its generators.
Category: Number Theory

Dark Matter Particles

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 12 Pages.

Researchers have been able to infer the existence of Dark Matter (DM) only from the gravitational effect it seems to have on visible matter. DM seems to outweigh visible matter roughly six to one, making up about 27% of the universe. Here's a sobering fact: The matter we know and that makes up all stars and galaxies only accounts for 5% of the content of universe! But what is DM? [1]. Many experiments to detect and study Dark Matter Particles (DMPs) directly are being actively undertaken, but none have yet succeeded. Indirect detection experiments search for the products of the self-annihilation or decay of DMPs in outer space [2].In this paper, we discuss the main ideas of the Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) and introduce an additional new DMP "XION" (boson) with the rest energy 10.6 μeV that is an analog of Axion. On June 28, 2023, it was announced the existence of Cosmic Gravitational Background. In frames of WUM, we give an explanation of this discovery based on the analysis of "Gravitoplasma" composed of objects with Planck mass, which were created as the result of Weak Interaction between XIONs and other particles in the Medium.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Dimensionless Equations of the Universe

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 50 Pages.

In this paper in an elegant way will be present the Dimensionless Equations of the Universe. All these equations are simple,elegant and symmetrical in a great physical meaning. We will propose the Dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions and the Dimensionless unification of atomic physics with cosmology. We find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will prove that the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. From the dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions will propose a possible solution for the density parameter of baryonic matter,dark matter and dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dimensional Bandwidth of the Gravitational Field Density

Authors: Mark Anthony Tierno
Comments: 7 Pages. This paper is a spinoff from my paper at https://vixra.org/abs/2303.0083 so please read that one first.

In my papers "Relationship of the Internal Structure of the Photon with Field and Charge" (https://vixra.org/abs/2301.0148) and "Relationship of the Photon to Cosmology and Origin of the Universe" (https://vixra.org/abs/2303.0083) I computed the Gravitational Field Density (FDg) for our universe and stated that each other universe (or Field) has a different value for this; a different value of its Field. However, a question arises and that is one of bandwidth. Specifically, given that each value of FDg is a different universe, down to how many decimal places of accuracy must we go before the values for two different universes amount to being one and the same? What is this bandwidth? Also, is there a limit to how large or small a value of FDg there can be?
Category: Classical Physics

Einführung in Den Raketenbau Leitprogramm Naturwissenschaften Und Technik (Introduction to Rocket Construction Executive Program Natural Sciences and Technology)

Authors: Ursin Solèr
Comments: 61 Pages.

Das hier vorliegende Dokument ist das Resultat langjähriger Bemühungen im MINT-Bereich. Viele der Unterrichtseinheit hier werden in den USA von der NASA und anderen in der Jugendförderung im STEM-Bereich seit Jahrzehnten umgesetzt. In der Schweiz und hier insbesondere im Zyklus 1 & 2 des neuen Lehrplans sind zwar solche Interventionen angedacht, aber es fehlt nach wie vor an zielgruppengerecht aufgearbeiteten Unterlagen zur Unterrichtsdurchführung. Darum richtet sich dieses Dokument vor allem an Lehrpersonen die Themen aus dem MINT-Bereich vermehrt in Ihren Unterricht einfliessen lassen möchten und damit für Ihre SuS die Türe zu Konzepten und Themen der höheren Schulbildung aufstossen möchten.

This document is the result of many years of effort in the STEM field. Many of the lessons here have been implemented in the US by NASA and others in STEM youth empowerment for decades. In Switzerland, and especially in cycle 1 & 2 of the new curriculum, such interventions are being considered, but there is still a lack of target group-specific documentation on how to carry out the lessons. This document is therefore primarily aimed at teachers who would like to increasingly include topics from the MINT area in their lessons and thus open the door to concepts and topics of secondary school education for their students.
Category: Education and Didactics

PC'de Şifreli Kuantum İletişim Protokolü(Encrypted Quantum Communication Protocol on PC)

Authors: Mesut Kavak
Comments: 4 Pages. in Turkish

Bir süredir evreni yöneten temel kanunlar üzerine çalışıyorum. Görünen o ki; herhangi bir fiziksel olguya neden olan en temel ve etkileyici ilke; Heisenberg'in Belirsizlik İlkesi, varlığın herhangi bir özelliğinin belirsizlik nedeniyle var olduğudur. Bu süreçte bilginin korunması üzerine düşünürken şunu fark ettim ki; bilgi, asla kaybolamaz; ama bir noktada alternatifi olmadığı için bize göre tamamen tanınmaz hale geliyor. Her türlü bilgi ve aranan bilgi bize göre bir noktadan sonra aynı hale geliyor. Duyarlılık sonsuza kadar artar ama kaybolmaz. Her hassasiyet seviyesi ayrıca daha yüksek seviyeye sahiptir; ki yani aslında mutlak bir koruma mümkün görünüyor. "Peki böyle bir koruma, donanımsal olmayan bir kuantum sistem dışında da örneğin kuantum tünelleme ile öngürülemez olarak bilgi korunumunu amaçlayan bir kuantum etkisi yakalayarak mümkün müdür?"

I've been working on the fundamental laws that govern the universe for some time now. Apparently, the most fundamental and impressive principle that causes any physical phenomenon; Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle is that any property of being exists due to uncertainty. While thinking about the protection of information in this process, I realized that; knowledge can never be lost; but at some point it becomes completely unrecognizable to us because there is no alternative. For us, all kinds of information and sought-after information become the same after a point. Sensitivity increases forever but does not disappear. Each sensitivity level also has a higher level; So in fact, absolute protection seems possible. "But is such protection possible outside of a non-hardware quantum system, for example, by catching a quantum effect, which is unpredictably aimed at information preservation, by quantum tunneling?"
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Quantum Information Processing Time Vs. Relativistic Dilatation: a Necessary Paradigm Change, for Relativity and Also Quantum Physics.

Authors: Carles Udina i Cobo
Comments: 18 Pages.

In the LORENTZ Transformation is extensively detailed why the relativistic Contraction/ Dilatation of Units was a premature interpretation and therefore erroneous, since its correct justification is the appearance of an underlying quantum Information Processing Time of Physics, therefore empirical, and also necessary for control of dynamics of Matter (the intrinsic laws of Physics). That provides causality to Physics, and integrates Relativity and Quantum. Modifying the LORENTZ Factor (wrongly assumed as a scalar) by a function of the interacting masses, it is harmonized the special Relativity (SR) with the general Relativity (GR). A new Time (which is an ignored part of observed and empirical Time) that requires a new 5-dimensional geometry (three from Space, but two from Time) to resolve the paradoxes and inconsistencies of physics (e.g., explains HEISENBERG's Indeterminacy, etc.).
Category: Quantum Physics

Entropy Passage Through the Black Hole Singularity in Active Galaxies

Authors: Milan D. Nešić
Comments: 13 Pages.

The "big bang" hypothesis was based on three assumptions. First, Einstein in 1917 in Cosmological considerations on the general theory of relativity assumed that all mass of the world is the mass of our Galaxy, therefore unique one, since all mutual velocities in it are negligibly small compared to the speed of light. Then in 1927, Lemaître, doctor of physics and otherwise theologian, already in the title of his article assumed that all the mass of the world is constant, a Homogeneous universe of constant mass and increasing radius, taking into account the radial speed of extragalactic nebulae. And when Hubble 1929 published the article Relation between distance and radial velocity in extragalactic nebulae, according to which they are receding faster the farther away they are; it was enough for Lemaître to assume that the whole world originated from a single point, from the Primordial Atom, The Expanding Universe, 1931.None of these assumptions are correct.The paper proposes the method of a schematic representation of zero uncertainty vacuum symmetry as proof that every active galaxy could be a "big bang."
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Total Mechanical Energy (δ): Theory and Typical Applications

Authors: Dimosthenis K. Michopoulos, Kostas P. Peppas
Comments: 10 Pages.

The principles of science, whose history can be traced back to centuries of presence in scientific writings and whose fidelity appears to have been verified through a variety of experiments and applications, could still need some corrections or even supplementary proposals so that their content becomes whole. The principle of energy conservation is at least two hundred years old and is one of the most undeniable principles, with universal application in classical and quantum physics. However, as we expand in this paper, dynamic energy could be defined more precisely by including cases that deviate from it. In other words, we highlight and fill a scientific gap relevant to the principle of energy conservation. Of course, this historical scientific principle cannot be restated. For scientific as well as pedagogical reasons, however, we highlight our findings and note the fields, both traditional and modern, of classical and quantum physics, that researchers must take into account to fully understand an object under study. We also introduce and apply the conservation of total mechanical energy in the cases of terminal velocity (falling object), and forced oscillation in classical mechanics as well as in the case of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Fabbrini Problem

Authors: Ed Andersen
Comments: 2 Pages.

This document intends to emphasize some aspects of a recent algorithm capable of generating a secret key by transmitting information over a public channel. Given that the scheme’s construction is engaging and represents a topical innovation, we deem it useful to refer to it as "The Fabbrini Problem", after its author.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Golden Sengol: The Spirit and Force of Law in the Dharmasastra

Authors: Sunil Sondhi
Comments: 19 Pages. A holistic concept of law including both ethical and legal perspectives seems to provide a more realistic picture of Indian legal culture.

The Vedic doctrine of dharma in its entirety imparts to danda or sengol the character of an instrument for the advancement of culture. Law elevates man out of superficial sensory perceptions by instituting legislation, adjudication, and the enforcement of duties. The functions of law are thus in keeping with the ideas involved in the doctrine of dharma. The law as a pedagogic or purgatorial or moral- training institution is not merely an ownership-securing agency, but a dharma- promoting community. And herein the Indian knowledge tradition provides the justification for the installation of Golden Sengol in Indian parliament as a symbol of devotion to the cause of furtherance of the ‘highest good’ of man.
Category: Social Science

The Method by the Definition of Sets to Compare the Relative Number of Elements in Infinite Sets

Authors: Hongyi Li
Comments: 5 Pages.

In mathematics, the derivation from the definition is reliable. Therefore, the method proposed in this paper to compare the relative number of elements of infinite sets from the definition of sets is highly reliable and accurate, far more reliable than the traditional one-to-one correspondence method, and will not cause any paradox. This paper also eliminates the paradoxes of Galileo, the infinite hotel, the whole equals the part and so on.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Influence of Consumer Expertise and Psychological Value on Product Pricing: An Examination of the Consumer Evaluation and Psychological Value Pricing Theory

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: This is a stub - Future stubs instead of fully written scholarly articles with scholarly refrences will not be accepted)

This paper introduces a new theoretical framework, the "Consumer Evaluation and Psychological Value Pricing Theory," which focuses on the influence of consumer evaluation abilities and psychological value on product pricing. By examining the interplay of these two elements, we aim to enhance our understanding of consumer behavior and pricing strategies, offering practical guidelines for real-world applications.
Category: Economics and Finance

Estimating the Age of the Universe Using the Second Friedmann Equation

Authors: Samuel Meng
Comments: 15 Pages.

The surprising discovery of much earlier and bigger galaxies by James Webb space telescope indicates the inadequacy of our understanding on cosmology. Although it is commonly believed that the age of the newly discovered galaxies are only a few million years old based on the current estimate of the age of the universe, it is possible that the age of the universe is an underestimation. Adopting a new approach, the paper estimates the age of the universe based on the turning point embedded in the second Friedmann equation, namely, the point the universe transits from decelerating to accelerating. By ignoring the weaker force in both decelerating and accelerating phases, the paper provides the most conservative estimate of the age of universe to be 14.7 billion years, which is about 1 billion years greater than the existing estimate. When the weaker force is included in the accelerating phase, the age of the universe is estimated at 16.5 billion years. It is expected that if the weaker force is also included in the decelerating phase, the estimate should be even higher. In order to estimate the age of universe more accurately and directly from the cosmological survey data, the paper suggests to construct the current cosmological model mainly based on the second Friedmann equation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Graviton Momentum — a Natural Source of Dark Energy

Authors: Samuel Meng
Comments: 15 Pages.

The dark energy concept in the standard cosmological model can explain the expansion of the universe. However, the mysteries surrounding dark energy remain, such as its source, its unusual negative pressure, its long-range force, and its unchanged density as the universe expands. In this paper, we propose a graviton momentum hypothesis, develop a semiclassical model of gravitons, and explain the pervasive dark matter and accelerating universe. The graviton momentum hypothesis is incorporated into the standard model and explains well the mysteries related to dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Set of Prime Numbers

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 5 Pages.

"The Octets of the Odd Numbers" theory categorizes the odd numbers into four categories D1, Q1, D2, Q2. We relate the distribution of octets of odd numbers in the set of integers to the distribution of prime numbers and obtain an algorithm for finding the set of prime numbers of the form D2 and Q2. The algorithm sequentially finds all prime numbers of the form D2 and Q2 in ascending order.
Category: Number Theory

Comment [on] Bhandari and Bhandari['s Paper "[fundamental Forces Are not Fundamental [..."]

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 6 Pages.

The new gravity approach of Bhandari and Bhandari was examined and a simplified formula is presented to describe quite well the results of the Newtonian gravity formula. We got for the gravitational force the relation F=16∙G〖∙M〗_1∙M_2∙R^2/(r_1^2∙r_2^2 ) (N) , where G is the established Newtonian gravity constant, R is the distance between two bodies of radii r1 respectively r2, and M1 respectively M2 are the masses of spherical cutouts as external energy shadow regions (vacuum of energy lines of an external energy source assumed to power our universe).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Vacuum Energy Near the Earth's Surface. 5.8.10^10 J/m^3

Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 6 Pages.

Gravitational energy is localized. The problem, from which Einstein, Eddington, and other classics have distanced themselves, has been solved. It is shown that the gravitational energy that, for example, a falling apple receives, is released by space during its additional curvature caused by the fall of this apple. The local density of gravitational energy is determined by the characteristics of the space-time curvature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

I! (i Factorial)

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 8 Pages.

Here is a proof of the value of i Factorial, according to my point of view.
Category: General Mathematics

P=NP? Proving the Problem

Authors: Mesut Kavak
Comments: 3 Pages.

The question about the problem is pretty clear:"Can any question whose solution can be quickly verified, also quickly solved?"
Category: Number Theory

3D-Brane Gravity Without Equidistance Postulate

Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 14 Pages. 2 figures

The 3D-brane universe model is an alternative non-Einsteinian theory of gravity. It was initially built using the so-called equidistance postulate. In this paper we consider a version of the theory without this equidistance postulate.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Nachweis Der Begleiter Algol-D Und Algol-e Und Die Geschwindigkeit Von Gravitationswellen (Detection of the Companions Algol-D and Algol-e and the Speed of Gravitational Waves)

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 11 Pages.

In den Langzeitdaten des Luftdruckes findet man die GW des Dreifach-Sternsystems Algol bei 8.073 µHz, die mit vier unterschiedlichen Frequenzen phasenmoduliert ist. Zwei Frequenzen können dem Erdorbit um die Sonne und Algol-C zugeordnet werden. Die beiden anderen könnten durch zwei bisher nicht entdeckte Sterne Algol-D und Algol-E erzeugt werden. Der hohe Modulationsindex aller vier PM lässt sich nur erklären, wenn die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der Gravitationswellen deutlich kleiner ist als die Lichtgeschwindigkeit.

In the long-term data of the air pressure one finds the GW of the triple star system Algol at $8.073~mu$Hz, which is phase-modulated with four different frequencies. Two frequencies can be assigned to Earth's orbit around the Sun and Algol-C. The other two could be generated by two previously undiscovered stars Algol-D and Algol-E. The high modulation index of all four PM can only be explained if the propagation speed of the gravitational waves is significantly lower than the speed of light.
Category: Astrophysics

Detection of the Companions Algol-D and Algol-e and the Speed of Gravitational Waves

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 11 Pages.

In the long-term data of the air pressure one finds the GW of the triple star system Algol at $8.073~mu$Hz, which is phase-modulated with four different frequencies. Two frequencies can be assigned to Earth's orbit around the Sun and Algol-C. The other two could be generated by two previously undiscovered stars Algol-D and Algol-E. The high modulation index of all four PM can only be explained if the propagation speed of the gravitational waves is significantly lower than the speed of light.
Category: Astrophysics

The Velocity-Wavelength Right Triangles Unit Circles Standard Clock and the Twin Paradox

Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 6 Pages.

Using energy and momentum definitions: E=(m_0)c²/sqrt(1-v²/c²) and p=(m_0)v/sqrt(1-v²/c²)their frequencies and wavelengths may be shown as reciprocal transformations: f=c/λ_{c} , λ=c/f_{c} yielding the generally referred to: (λ_{c)}(f_{c})=v=v_{g} group velocity ; and λf=(c/f_{c})(c/λ_{c))=c²/((λ_{c)}(f_{c}))=c²/v=v_{p} phase velocity and yields the right triangles: ((((m_0)c)/h)λ_{c})²(v/c)²=1 and [((((m_0)v)/h))λ]²(v/c)²=1 represent wavelength-velocity right triangles with unit hypotenuses (radii of unit circles) As unit circles, the time rate of change of the angle of these wavelength-velocity right triangles may be considered a standard clock of a relativistic reference frame. Analysis may be made for any planets in a solar system; and similarly for binary star/planet/moon system(s) and also for bodies within rotating galaxies. Using this standard relativistic clock the effects of acceleration concerning the twin paradox may be calculated.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Boolean Structured Autoencoder Convolutional Deep Learning Network (BSautoconvnet)

Authors: Sing Kuang Tan
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper, I am going to propose a new Boolean Structured Autoencoder Convolutional Deep Learning Network (BSautoconvnet) built on top of BSconvnet, based on the concept of monotone multi-layer Boolean algebra. I have shown that this network has achieved significant improvement in accuracy over an ordinary Relu Autoencoder Convolutional Deep Learning Network with much lesser number of parameters on the CIFAR10 dataset. The model is evaluated by visual inspection of the quality of the reconstructed images against groundtruth with reconstructed images by models in the internet.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Series Limit of Sum_k Cos(a Log K)/[k Log k]

Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 7 Pages.

The slowly converging series sum_{k>=2} cos(a log k)/[k log k] is evaluated numerically for a=1/2, 1, 3/2, ..., 4. After some initial terms, the infinite tail of the sum is replaced by the integral of the associated interpolating function, an Exponential Integral, and the "second form" of the Euler-Maclaurin corrections is derived from the analytic equations for higher order derivatives.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Hooke's Claim on the Law of Gravity

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 7 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submissions will not be accepted)

Based on Galileo's experiments, Newton develops the theory of gravity in his first book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Principia") of 1686. Immediately after, Robert Hooke accused Newton of plagiarism, claiming that he unduly assumed his "notion" of "the rule of the decrease of Gravity, being reciprocally as the squares of the distances from the Center". But, according to Edmond ley, Hooke agreed that "the demonstration of the curves generated by it" belongs entirely to Newton.
Category: Classical Physics

Note on the Function Exp(x Arctan(x))

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this note we give two infinite products for exp(x arctan(x)).
Category: General Mathematics

Number System in Base One Hundred

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper I show my work on the possibility of make a number system in base one hundred, showing the table of possible assignations for every symbol and showing examples and conclusions.
Category: Number Theory

Analytical Proof of 3x + 1

Authors: Samuel Ferrer Colas
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Collatz or 3x + 1 conjecture is perhaps the simplest stated yet unsolved problem in mathematics in the last 70 years. It was circulated orally by Lothar Collatz at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Cambridge, Mass, in 1950 (Lagarias, 2010).The problem is known as the Thwaites conjecture (after Sir Bryan Thwaites), Hasse's algorithm (after Helmut Hasse), or the Syracuse problem.In this concise paper I provide a proof of this conjecture, by finding an upper bound to the Collatz sequence and, as a consequence, a contradiction.
Category: Number Theory

Choosing the Wavelength for Spectrophotometric Determination of Thermodynamic Dissociation Constants

Authors: T. A. Skripnikova, S. S. Lysova, Yu. E. Zevatskiy
Comments: 20 Pages.

Thermodynamic dissociation constant is of crucial importance for a wide range of utilitarian and research purposes, being a key physical and chemical parameter of a compound. Analytical wavelength is one of the parameters determined through the spectrophotometric determination of dissociation constants. The article offers an outline of the published approaches to the determination of the wavelength using the traditional method of spectrophotometric titration and introduces the new method of concentration spectrophotometry that measures this parameter with utmost accuracy.
Category: Chemistry

Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 28 Pages.

We prove the Riemann Hypothesis by studying the behavior of a holomorphic function which has the same non-trivial zeros as the Riemann zeta function.
Category: Number Theory

Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Authors: Mesut Kavak
Comments: 18 Pages.

I have been working on the fundamental laws of physics for a long time. During this time, I realized that gravity does not work like Newtonian and this misleads us into Dark Matter. The relationship between distance and gravitational force varies with distance. Gravitational properties vary for every point in empty space and have some limits. The gravity equation varies with some value between $1/r$ and $1/r^2$ for the farthest or closest available distance. However, empty space also has a gravitational and expansion effect. This study aims to analyze and discuss these two phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Resolution of the Horizon Problem in the Alcubierre Warp Drive: Computation I

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 8 Pages.

A solution of general relativity is presented that describes an Alcubierre propulsion system in which it is possible to travel at superluminal speed while reducing the energy density and energy by an arbitrary value, and eliminating the event horizon, for superluminal motions,which would have otherwise led to explosion of the spaceship (instability of the warp bubble ).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Resolution of the Horizon Problem in the Alcubierre Warp Drive: Computation II

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 8 Pages.

A solution of general relativity is presented that describes an Alcubierre propulsion system in which it is possible to travel at superluminal speed while reducing the energy density and energy by an arbitrary value, and eliminating the event horizon, for superluminal motions,which would have otherwise led to explosion of the spaceship (instability of the warp bubble).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Process of Pulsation of a Quantum of Matter

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 14 Pages.

According to the ideological position of the author, nature is material and dialectical in its basis. The materiality of nature means that all bodies, things, objects in nature are material, that is, they ultimately consist of minimal material bodies that are no longer divisible or crushable. Such bodies are fundamental particles (proton, neutron, electron, etc.). The dialectic nature of nature means that the entire evolution of nature is reduced to continuous changes in everything in all of nature. Everything in nature is in motion, displacement, change, evolution. Nature is logical and the logic of nature is dialectical logic. As for fundamental particles, the author believes that each fundamental particle is based on a quantum of matter. The quantum of matter is the true material "first brick" of our Universe. The quantum of matter is in constant external motion — this is moving of the quantum of matter. The quantum of matter is also in constant internal motion — this is the pulsation of the quantum of matter. This article is devoted to the consideration of the algorithm of the quantum of matter pulsation process. This article is written in Russian. Please study Russian.
Category: Classical Physics

The Semiprime Equivalent Proof of the Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Stephen Marshall
Comments: 6 Pages.

In number theory, for very difficult Number theory problems that have been open and unsolved for long periods of time it can often be wise to take alternative approaches to the problem. There more old unsolved Number Theory problems than most would think. The Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest and best-known unsolved problems in number theory and all of mathematics, it has been unsolved for over 281 years. On 7 June 1742, the German mathematician Christian Goldbach wrote a letter to Leonhard Euler (letter XLIII) in which he proposed the following conjecture:Every even integer which is ≥ 4 can be written as the sum of two primes. It also states that every even natural number greater than 2 is the sum of two prime numbers. Or more specifically, that the "strong" Goldbach Conjecture asserts that all positive even integers ≥ 4 can be expressed as the sum of two primes. Two primes (p,q) such that p + q = 2n for n a positive integer ≥ 2.The conjecture has been shown via computer to hold for all integers less than 4×1018, but remains unproven despite enormous effort by many mathematicians over hundreds of years. Even the author has spent much effort attempting to solve this conjecture using several different direct methods and have come very close but was not able to prove the Goldbach Conjecture using any of these direct approaches. All of this effort made the author realize how difficult the Goldbach Conjecture is to solve using direct approaches, so this made him consider looking for a back door approach, or a work around the direct approaches. Any such approach could be different than the Goldbach Conjecture, but if it is a different Conjecture must be the equivalent of the Goldbach Conjecture, conjecture otherwise it would not solve the Goldbach Conjecture. This is exactly what the author has done, an equivalent conjecture has been developed and proven, thus solving the Goldbach Conjecture. Therefore, we call this a "back door" proof of the Goldbach Conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Kara Madde ve Kara Enerji (Dark Matter and Dark Energy)

Authors: Mesut Kavak
Comments: 18 Pages. In Turkish

Uzun zamandır fiziğin temel kanunları üzerine çalışıyorum. Bu süre zarfında, yerçekiminin Newtoncu gibi çalışmadığını fark ettim ve bu durum bizi Kara Madde olarak yanıltmaktadır.. Mesafe ve yerçekimi kuvveti ilişkisi mesafeye göre değişir. Çekim özellikleri boş uzayın her noktası için değişir ve bazı sınırları vardır. Çekim denklemi, mevcut en uzak ya da yakın mesafe için 1/r ile 1/r^2 arasındaki bazı değerlerle değişir. Bununla birlikte boş uzayın da çekim ve genişletme etkisi mevcuttur. Bu çalışma, bu iki olguyu analiz etmeyi ve tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır.

I have been working on the fundamental laws of physics for a long time. During this time, I realized that gravity does not work like Newtonian and this misleads us into Dark Matter. The relationship between distance and gravitational force varies with distance. Gravitational properties vary for every point in empty space and have some limits. The gravity equation varies with some value between $1/r$ and $1/r^2$ for the farthest or closest available distance. However, empty space also has a gravitational and expansion effect. This study aims to analyze and discuss these two phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Estimation of Percentile Score Based on Marks Obtained in an Examination: A Simple Mathematical Model

Authors: Sudipto Roy
Comments: 9 Pages. This article describes the formulation of a very simple mathematical model, leading to the derivation of a simple formula, expressing the percentile score as a function of the percentage of marks obtained in an examination.

In order to find whether a student is eligible for admission to higher academic institutions, it is often necessary to estimate the percentile score of the student, based on the marks obtained in a competitive examination. In the present article, we have discussed a very simple mathematical model to calculate the percentile score based on marks. For this purpose, we have defined a function representing the probability that a certain fraction of the syllabus has been studied by a candidate before appearing for the examination. Another function has been derived, in terms of that fraction, representing the probable percentage of marks obtained by the candidate. Using these functions, we have derived expressions for the expected percentile score and the rank of the candidate in terms of the percentage of marks. To determine the values of the constant parameters involved in the present model, one is supposed to use the marks-versus-percentile-versus-rank data obtained from the results of previous years. Due to the unavailability of these data, we have used different combinations of values of the parameters to show graphically how the percentile score and rank of a candidate vary as functions of the percentage of marks obtained in the examination.
Category: General Mathematics

Statistics of L1 Distances in the Finite Square Lattice

Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 12 Pages.

The L1 distance between two points in a square lattice is the sum of horizontal and vertical absolute differences of the Cartesian coordinates and - as in graph theory - also the minimumnumber of edges to walk to reach one point from the other. The manuscript contains a Java program that computes in a finite square grid of fixed shapethe number of point pairs as a function of that distance.
Category: Statistics

Protecting People in Aerospace and Automotive Technology from Quantum Electromagnetic Waves.

Authors: V. Korniienko, F. Mejidov, M. Turkin
Comments: 11 Pages.

It is known that most aerospace accidents are due to the human factor, the reason for which follows from Einstein's theory of general relativity, according to which matter consists of energies, the interaction of which forms a quantum electromagnetic field (QEF) in it. Therefore, the application of loads to matter causes perturbation of its QEF in the form of waves of quantum electromagnetic energy (C-radiation), which we experimentally discovered. Due to the presence of QEF in the matter, any electric generator together with electricity generates S-radiation, which pollutes the environment. For the same reason, QEFs of the matter of all celestial bodies, including the Earth, generate S-radiation, which reveals the origin of geopathogenic radiation (GR), the property of which is known to cause diseases. In addition, in the spectrum of S-radiation in the summer of 2003, we observed how in the summer of 2003 the Earth and the Sun occupied the energy information field (EIF) of cosmic origin. It was divided into small EIFs, which began to suck energy from technology and people, which caused cardiovascular failure, which killed an extra 80,000 people in Europe and the United States in August 2003. Soon, the EIF was divided into smaller factions, so the mass deaths stopped. Later, the EIF occupied buildings and transport, and their joint exposure to people with S-radiation causes diseases that are the cause of accidents due to the human factor. Therefore, the article proposed, based on standards and innovations, to ensure the neutralization of quantum impacts, which will increase the safety of aerospace and automotive technology.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dimensional Physics

Authors: Christian Kosmak
Comments: 43 Pages.

Dimensional physics (DP) is a theory that unites general relativity (GR) with quantum field theory (QFT). The QFT results, via a common basis in spacetime, from the GR as a correspondence principle. This requires assumptions about the structure of spacetime. There are different spacetimes and each is continuous. The number of space dimensions separates them from each other. The "dimensionaltransition" creates the quantisation. Any form of energy or mass is a spacetime density directly in spacetime. Gravity is a spacetime strain directly in spacetime. A density creates a stretch. Therefore, all "objects and forces" are changes in spacetime itself. There are no separate objects using spacetime as a "stage". Different spacetimes are not only a dynamic stage, they are the only actors. The various manifestations of the elementary particles of the Standard Model, are a combination of low-dimensional spacetime densities. The proposed solution in the DP is thus a geometric approach.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Ceres Extinction due to Quantum Gravity Effect

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 10 Pages.

In recent years, de Broglie matter wave has been generalized to the solar system on planetary scale, this approach provides a new method for testing quantum gravity effects. This paper shows that the generalized matter wave can quantize the orbits of eight planets correctly, but the orbit of Ceres (dwarf) is forbidden in terms of the quantum gravity theory. This forbidden orbit successfully explains why Ceres is almost extinct in the solar system.
Category: Astrophysics

Stiinta Noastra Cea de Toate Zilele (Our Everyday Science)

Authors: Mugur B. Răuţ
Comments: 653 Pages.

Avem privilegiul să trăim în prezent zilele unei epoci fără precedent în istoria civilizaţiei noastre. Apar zilnic multe descoperiri noi, multe invenţii în faţa cărora ne minunăm, aplicaţii ale ştiinţei şi tehnicii care ne fac traiul mai bun, şi toate aceste noutăţi într-o afluenţă de nestăvilit.Creativitatea ştiinţifică a devenit un factor decisiv care determină produsul intern brut al oricărei economii sănătoase, iar totul pare că vine ca o avalanşă peste noi. Nici nu apucăm să ne acomodăm cu noutăţile că au şi apărut altele cu care trebuie să ne acomodăm. Se perfecţionează lucrurile într-un ritm debordant, cu care, la fel, nu avem când să ne acomodăm că şi apar alte variante şi mai perfecţionate.

We are privileged to live now in the days of an unprecedented epoch in the history of our civilization. Many new discoveries appear daily, many inventions that amaze us, applications of science and technology that make our lives better, and all these novelties in an unstoppable influx.Scientific creativity has become a decisive factor that determines the gross domestic product of any healthy economy, and it all seems to be coming like an avalanche upon us. We don't even have time to come to terms with the news because others have appeared that we have to come to terms with. Things are perfected at an overflowing pace, with which, likewise, we don't have time to accommodate ourselves to the fact that other, more perfected versions appear.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Gravity is Similar to Dispersive Adhesion Among Macroscopic Objects

Authors: Ashraful Islam
Comments: 5 Pages.

Gravity is a universal and inherent attraction among the masses. In this article here I propose gravity is similar to adhesiveness among masses. Among different adhesive mathematical models, I will prefer here the dispersive adhesion. For making an equation of motion due to the gravity concept of the "London Van der Waals attraction between macro particles" by H.C. Hamaker will be used. Photons or light particles can be agglomerated and can result in mass.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Perception of Scale: Connecting the Scales of Reality & Expanding Our Mathematical Tools

Authors: Donald G. Palmer
Comments: 25 Pages. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27038.69443 License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Over the last several centuries, science has discovered objects in the world along a continuum of scale. In one direction, we have found planets and stars, galaxies and galaxy clusters. In theother direction we have found cells and proteins, atoms and neutrinos. In order to locate and model this world, we use the 3 traditional directions of length, width and height. Howeverinherent in all our measurements is the scale of what we are measuring — a continuum we do not directly see with our eyes. A key reason we do not understand this direction as part of our worldis that we do not know how to measure along this continuum. We do not understand how to measure along this direction because we lack the mathematical tools to do so. Those toolsrequire a numeric representational system with more power than our traditional decimal or positional based numerals. A system that can provide a single value for complex numbers andhas built into it more operations than addition/subtraction, multiplication/division, and exponentiation/logarithms (from whence the new system gets its additional power).The author presents some opening remarks on what is anticipated to be a much larger discussion, looking at a perspective of reality where objects at all levels of scale exist and interact togetherand considers some implications of utilizing more powerful mathematical tools than we have today.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Collision Entropy Estimation in a One-Line Formula

Authors: Alessandro Gecchele
Comments: 14 Pages.

We address the unsolved question of how best to estimate the collision entropy, also called quadratic or second order Rényi entropy. Integer-order Rényi entropies are synthetic indices useful for the characterization of probability distributions. In recent decades, numerous studies have been conducted to arrive at their valid estimates starting from experimental data, so to derive suitable classification methods for the underlying processes, but optimal solutions have not been reached yet. Limited to the estimation of collision entropy, a one-line formula is presented here. The results of some specific Monte Carlo experiments give evidence of the validity of this estimator even for the very low densities of the data spread in high-dimensional sample spaces. The method strengths are unbiased consistency, generality and minimum computational cost.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Singularities as Ontological Limits of the General Relativity

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 33 Pages.

The singularities from the general relativity resulting by solving Einstein's equations were and still are the subject of many scientific debates: Are there singularities in spacetime, or not? Big Bang was an initial singularity? If singularities exist, what is their ontology? Is the general theory of relativity a theory that has shown its limits in this case?In this essay I argue that there are singularities, and the general theory of relativity, as any other scientific theory at present, is not valid for singularities. But that does not mean, as some scientists think, that it must be regarded as being obsolete.After a brief presentation of the specific aspects of Newtonian classical theory and the special theory of relativity, and a brief presentation of the general theory of relativity, the chapter Ontology of General Relativity presents the ontological aspects of general relativity. The next chapter, Singularities, is dedicated to the presentation of the singularities resulting in general relativity, the specific aspects of the black holes and the event horizon, including the Big Bang debate as original singularity, and arguments for the existence of the singularities. In Singularity Ontology, I am talking about the possibilities of ontological framing of singularities in general and black holes in particular, about the hole argument highlighted by Einstein, and the arguments presented by scientists that there are no singularities and therefore that the general theory of relativity is in deadlock. In Conclusions I outline and summarize briefly the arguments that support my above views.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fully Non-Local Optimization as Origin of Quantum Randomness

Authors: Miguel Moreno-Torres Tirado
Comments: 6 Pages.

An elemental scheme for an alternative theory to quantum mechanics is proposed. The aim is to reproduce quantum phenomenology avoiding intrinsic randomness and action at a distance, but allowing temporal and spatial non-locality. The hypothesis is that all particle dynamics are driven by a non-local but real optimization principle which determines trajectories by minimizing/maximizing a quantity. This quantity is computed uniformly over an unbounded cluster of events no matter when or where they take place. These events are understood as the points where a possible path forks and eachoption contributes differently to the optimized quantity. In this article the mechanism is sketched using a toy model for the measurement of a particleof spin 1/2 (or two for the entangled case) where the events computed for the particle path are kept discrete and dual. The calculation that follows is aimed to provide a natural yet non-local explanation of the violation of Bell inequalities without the requirement of any intrinsic randomness or express ‘hidden variables’. No method or formalism from current quantum mechanics is intended to be used. Only the experimental outcomes for measurements of spin1/2 particles are considered.
Category: Quantum Physics

Uncovering the Rigorous Application Range of Any Mathematical Equivalence Between Different Physical Properties to Avoid Adding Extra Unverifiable Things Into Reality for Explaining Inherent Discrepancy in Phenomena Measure

Authors: Wei Guo
Comments: 65 Pages.

Today, the scientific community comprehensively accepts adding many extra unverifiable things into reality, e.g. extra mass: dark matter, extra energy: dark energy, extra position: superposition, extra dimensions, or even extra parallel reality. Considering reality is not understood completely, adding something into reality's unknown part is indeed a shortcut for explaining inherent measured discrepancy, but such behaviors are likely to distort the instinct of reality. Here, we aim to explain all measured discrepancies without distorting reality. We report any inherent measured discrepancy involving an indirect measure method that relies on an artificially-defined equivalence, e.g. inertia mass indirectly measures mass via an equivalence between mass and force/acceleration. Time measure relies on an equivalence between time and some phenomena for reference, e.g. the swing of a pendulum, the fall of sands or electron jumping between two states. Since Galileo, mathematical equal sign is introduced so naturally between different physical properties. We argue that any such equivalence only holds true within a limited phenomena range. Although we summarized some method's application range, e.g. inertia mass can only apply to phenomena meeting 'macro, low-speed, inertia-system', we state such scattered descriptions collected from experience are not rigorous. Instead, we deduct a rigorous application range from principle and hence any inherent measured discrepancy results from the measured phenomena exceeding the method's application range, e.g. remote objects actually exceed the Doppler effect's application range. By ignoring this, large-scale red shift inevitably misleads us to the universe's accelerating expansion and the dark energy's existing necessity. Similarly, dark matter only logically exists to expand the dynamical mass' application range to cover the phenomena of most galaxies.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Compact CPW-Fed Triple Band Monopole Antenna with Simple Structure for WLAN/WiMAX Applications

Authors: Baek Ye Song, Kim Nam Chol Kim Un Chol, Kim Ju Il, Song Sung Bom
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, a new compact coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed triple band monopole antenna with dual circular rings and two L-shaped parasitic strips on the ground plane is presented. The fabricated antenna with new simple structure has a compact size of 26 mm × 34 mm. The proposed antenna has impedance bandwidths of 2.39-2.69 GHz, 3.21- 4.12GHz and 5.08 -5.86GHz with a reflection coefficient of less than -10dB. The measured performances are compared with the simulated results and show good agreement. The proposed triple band monopole antenna also has good omnidirectional radiation patterns and available gain. The simple structure, ease of implementation, compact size and good performances make the proposed antenna an excellent candidate for WLAN and WiMAX applications.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Design and Implementation of a Compact CPW-Fed Planar UWB Antenna with Quadruple Band Notched Characteristics

Authors: Kim Dae Il, Kim Un Chol, Ryu Dong Myong, Choe Jong Yol, Pak Chung Jin
Comments: 9 Pages.

A novel coplanar waveguide ()-fed planar UWB antenna with quadruple band-notched property is presented. The quadruple band rejection is achieved by etching a M-shaped slot on the radiation patch and a U-shaped slot on the feed line, and adding two L-shaped parasitic strips near radiator patch and two split ring resonators (SRRs) on the back surface of the substrate. The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) results show that the proposed antenna exhibits good wideband performance over an UWB frequency range from 3 to 11.8 GHz with VSWR less than 2, except for four stop-bands at 3.3~3.75GHz, 5.15~5.85GHz, 7. 2~7.76GHz, 8~8.55GHz respectively. It also demonstrates a nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern and available gain. The fabricated antenna has a tiny size, only 34mm 31mm0.508mm. The simulated results are compared with the measured results and good agreement is obtained. The simple structure, compact size and good characteristics make the antenna an excellent candidate for UWB applications.
Category: Mathematical Physics

La Puebla de Almoradiel, el lugar de la Mancha de Don Quijote

Authors: Daniel Consalles
Comments: 17 Pages.

En este estudio tratamos de identificar el famoso "lugar de la Mancha" de Don Quijote, asumiendo que la distancia media por jornada es unos 30 kms e identificando tres poblaciones a menos de una día de distancia del pueblo de Don Quijote (El Toboso, Quintanar de la Orden y el Campo de Criptana). Añadiendo diversos criterios adicionales limitamos el alcance a una pequeña zona de cuatro villas (Quero, Miguel Esteban, La Villa de don Fadrique y la Puebla de Almoradiel). Finalmente, tras analizar el primer viaje a la venta del caballero, llegamos a la conclusión que la aldea de Don Quijote es la Puebla de Almoradiel.

In this study we try to identify the famous "place of La Mancha" of Don Quixote, assuming that the average distance per day is about 30 kms and identifying three towns less than a day's distance from the town of Don Quixote (El Toboso, Quintanar of the Orden y el Campo de Criptana). Adding several additional criteria, we limited the scope to a small area of four villas (Quero, Miguel Esteban, La Villa de don Fadrique and the Puebla de Almoradiel). Finally, after analyzing the primer viaje a la venta del caballero, we came to the conclusion that the village of Don Quixote is the Puebla de Almoradiel.
Category: Social Science

Relativistic Interferometry Using Aqueous Waves

Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper we investigate the geometry and sequence of events within a Michelson-Morley interferometer and generalise our findings into the aqueous domain. In doing so we uncover a conflict between the predictions of special relativity and the symmetry of nature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Integration of Modern Technologies in Education

Authors: Arkadiusz Kobus
Comments: 6 Pages. In Polish

In this article, we discuss the need for and methods of incorporating modern technologies into the educational system. We highlight possible changes in the Polish high school curriculum that utilize the internet and artificial intelligence. We also stress the importance of interdisciplinary learning and creating opportunities for students to learn by participating in educational projects that have real-life applications.
Category: Education and Didactics

Collatz Problemi İspatı (Proof of the Collatz Problem)

Authors: Mesut Kavak
Comments: 4 Pages. In Turkish

Pozitif bir tam sayı seçildiğinde, sayı çift ise 2'ye bölünür; aksi takdirde 3 ile çarpılır ve bundan sonra sonuca 1 eklenir. Sonucun tek veya çift olması şartından dolayı problemin gerekli seçeneği ile aynı işlem tekrarlandığında, 0 ve 1'den farklı olan her pozitif tamsayı 1'e indirgenebilir mi?

Choosing a positive integer is divisible by 2 if the number is even; otherwise it is multiplied by 3 and then 1 is added to the result. Can every positive integer other than 0 and 1 be reduced to 1 when the same operation is repeated with the required option of the problem, provided that the result is odd or even?
Category: Number Theory

We Produce the Values of Physical Constants and [Propose] Physical Laws

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 8 Pages. Small spreadsheet error noticed; Figure 1 replaced.

Any number, N, such as the numerical value of a physical constant measured in any units, will be mapped by any function, f, of the observer’s choice to a rational number, n, that will lie within any infinitely-divisible discrete framework of the observer’s choice. Although all numbers N map to numbers n that lie within the framework, interesting N map to n that are integers, or fractions of low denomination. The value of n explains the value of N in terms of the function f. For this observer, numbers N that characterise particularly interesting quantities often are found to map to numbers n that are precisely multiples of 25. Many examples are shown, where N is the numerical value of a quantity measured in Planck, SI or diverse other units. Physical constants whose values have been produced by means of conceptual observation conform to all of reality as known by the observer — hence the apparent fine-tuning of the universe for life. Because physical constants hold good for all time, past and future, it seems that time is an intuition of the observer, as argued by Kant. Conceptual observation has been used to correlate physical parameters, with implications for the origin of physical laws.
Category: Quantum Physics

Telelucru (Telework)

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 76 Pages.

Telework, as a new way of working by performing an activity (form of work) flexible in time and at a distance, using information technology and advanced communications, is embodied in teleactivities and teleservices.In recent years, new information and communication technologies have developed rapidly, so that the emergence and development of the Information Society has been at the center of recent scientific, political and economic debates, generating new work opportunities but also essential changes in regarding the nature of work and the way of working, changes comparable to those that happened in the industrial revolution.In this context, telework has become a strategic field from a theoretical and practical point of view, because it represents a solution with important practical potential; can develop quickly; it can positively influence the lives of many Europeans; is an excellent promoter of new processes and advanced technologies; it is a component of the new scientific and technological revolution, oriented towards society based on information and knowledge.
Category: Economics and Finance

Gravitational Wave Colliding with a Small Mass Having Path Not Approximately a Geodesic

Authors: Karl De Paepe
Comments: 2 Pages.

We consider a system of a gravitational plane wave pulse colliding with a point mass of small mass. The path of the mass is shown not to be approximately a geodesic.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

İkiz Asallar Kestirimi İspatı (Proof for Twin Prime Conjecture)

Authors: Mesut Kavak
Comments: 3 Pages. in Turkish

İkiz asallar, aralarındaki fark 2 olan asal sayılardır. Sonsuz sayıda ikiz asal sayı var mıdır?Twin primes are prime numbers that differ by 2. Are there an infinite number of twin prime numbers?
Category: Number Theory

Proof for Twin Prime Conjecture

Authors: Mesut Kavak
Comments: 3 Pages.

"Twin primes are prime numbers that differ by 2. Are there infinitely many twin primes?"
Category: Number Theory

Proof for Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Mesut Kavak
Comments: 4 Pages.

When a positive integer is chosen, if the number is even, it is divided by 2; otherwise, it is multiplied by 3 and after that 1 is added to the result. Due to the condition that the result is odd or even, the same operation is repeated with the required option of the problem, every positive integer other than 0 and 1 can the integer be reduced to 1?
Category: Number Theory

Covid-19: Lesson Learnt and Using Technology to Possibly Mitigate the Pandemic and Other Viral Infections

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 7 Pages.

Covid-19 has made its unexpected entrance into the world some time in late 2019 causing much fear, economic disasters, suffering and fatalities throughout the world. This paper examines the pandemic and introduces an aggressive intervention and strategy, for humanity should not let themselves be sitting ducks waiting for the virus to attack, and some possible technological methods for mitigating Covid-19 and other viral infections. [This important paper on saving lives is published in international public health journal.]
Category: Physics of Biology

Delocation (Non-Locality), Immediacy (Action-at-a-Distance), Processing Time, and Singularity

Authors: Carles Udina i Cobo
Comments: 7 Pages.

Delocation ("non-locality")*, massless Energy, Pre-material Quantum Information with its Processing, and Immediacy ("action-at-a-distance")*, allow us to understand and characterize what preceded and originated our material Universe. Said Information is manifested in our Universe by Processing Time, Time that is fully empirical since it is represented by the LORENTZ Transformation (erroneously associated with supposed dilations-contractions). The current inconsistencies and limitations of physics are resolved with a 5-dimensional geometry (three from Space, but two from Time). Said ignored quantum pre-material scenario, continues to exist, manifested by the Singularities of what we call Black Holes. Finally, the historic Ether controversy is resolved.* Semantics is important due of the interdependence between unconscious and language. For what has been clarified here, the historical and centuries-old name of "action-at-a-distance" is very unfortunate ("Immediacy" is appropriate, since what is important is time, not distance, which also, as will be seen, does distances not exist), this is what confuses the physicist. Likewise "non-locality" (better "Delocation", because as will be seen, there are no places or localities).
Category: Quantum Physics

Introducing Proteus: a Mega Prompt with Personality, Skills and Dynamic Logic Based Internal Prompt Manipulation

Authors: Shaun Stoltz
Comments: 10 Pages.

There have been significant improvements in directing large language models (LLM) to answer logic-based question such as mathematical reasoning tasks. This has resulted in near perfect performance on these types of problems with accuracy levels in the mid ninety percentile level using state of the art models (GPT-4). The achievement of this level of accuracy has previously needed a multi-prompt approach to elicit better performances from LLM’s. This paper introduces a new prompt paradigm termed "Mega prompt" and further introduces Proteus, a state of the art mega prompt, that has been used to achieve a new level of accuracy on the GSM8K math data set of 97%.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Einstein Model of a Solid as a Model of the Mental Apparatus from the Economic Perspective of Psychoanalytic Theory

Authors: Theodoros Aliferis
Comments: 27 Pages.

As Freud set out as early as in the ‘Project for a Scientific Psychology’ (1895), ‘The intention is to furnish a psychology that shall be a natural science’. The aim of this theoretical, interdisciplinary article is to bridge classical psychoanalysis and thermodynamics. The Einstein model of a Solid (ES) is a thermodynamic model with applications in solid-state physics. I intend to show that the ES, in the grand canonical or the canonical ensemble, is a suitable model of the mental apparatus from the economic point of view. The approach I follow is to establish a strict one-to-one correspondence between the constituents of the ES, quantum harmonic oscillators (QHOs), and energy quanta, and those of the psychic apparatus, ideas, and quota of affect, respectively. I also prove that the laws of thermodynamics, as applied to the ES, are correlated with the principles of the economic model, Pleasure, Reality, Nirvana, and Constancy. In case we consider the Ucs. as a sealed-off chamber, impermeable to ideas to the ego, then the proper ensemble is the canonical ensemble. In this case, the average energy of the ego remains the same, but the fluctuations in the number of particles (QHOs) disappear. The significance of this research is in introducing science into psychoanalytic theory.
Category: Social Science

[An Attempt at an] Final Theory for Graviton (English)

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 2 Pages. This option does not require the graviton concept.

Existing theories for the transmission of gravitational force have considered thegraviton particle and predicted that this particle moves with maximum speed. When somephenomena and events in nature are examined with the mentality of "continuity from thebeginning", it can be comprehended that these hypotheses are unnecessary.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Competences in Ontology-based Enterprise Architecture Modeling: Zooming In and Out

Authors: Rodrigo F. Calhau, João Paulo A. Almeida, Giancarlo Guizzardi
Comments: 27 Pages. Preprint submitted to the International Journal on Software and Systems Modeling (SoSyM), Trends in Enterprise Architecture Management Research

Competence-based approaches have received increased attention, as the demand for qualified people with the right combination of competences establishes itself as a major factor of organizational performance. This paper examines how competences can be incorporated into Enterprise Architecture modeling: (i) we identify a key set of competence-related concepts such as skills, knowledge, and attitudes, (ii) analyze and relate them using a reference ontology (grounded on the Unified Foundational Ontology), and (iii) propose a representation strategy for modeling competences and their constituent elements leveraging the ArchiMate language, discussing how the proposed models can fit in enterprise competence-based practices. Our approach is intended to cover two tasks relevant to the combined application of Enterprise Architecture and Competence Modeling: `zooming in' on competences, revealing the relations between competences, knowledge, skills, attitudes and other personal characteristics that matter in organizational performance, and `zooming out' of competences, placing them in the wider context of other personal competences and overall organizational capabilities.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

How Quantum is Quantum Gravity

Authors: Koustubh Kabe
Comments: 6 Pages. The paper asserts that the force associated with Planck scale is non-quantum and evaluates some of the consequences.

Nature does not compartmentalize its happenings into different theories or disciplines. The theories are put forth by us to approximately understand the finer workings of nature. All theories are mere mathematical models built to understand nature. Any or all of them can be superseded by a better model or combination of models. The current paper analyses the formulation of Planck scale quantities, the workings of the temporal gauge, the concept of time other related fundamental issues. In particular, the paper points out that the force at the Planck scale is non-quantum.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gauge Invariance in Counting and Combinatorics

Authors: Koustubh Kabe
Comments: 7 Pages. This paper explores a new kind of gauge invariance that makes its appearance in counting and combinatorics.

There is perhaps no part of mathematics that is more intimately connected with everyday experiences than probability theory and statistics. The element of chance dominates the physical world. Probability is the heart of physics, in particular — quantum physics. At the probability theory lies combinatorics. We make an observation in the combination of n objects taken r objects at a time. We find a sort of combinatorial gauge invariance hidden there in that the combination of �� objects taken �� at a time or �� − �� at a time is the same. It has been argued that the Pauli Exclusion Principle is not a principle or cause at all; rather it is an effect of the combinatorics which essentially delivers the Fermi Dirac Statistics. We explore the consequent applications in quantum mechanics and field theory with particle statistics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Considerations on the 3n+1 Problem

Authors: V. Barbera
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper presents some considerations on the 3n+1 problem. In particular on the next odd elements in the sequence lower than the starting number.
Category: Number Theory

Evrende Dik Açı Kavramı Üzerine (On the Concept of Right Angles in the Universe)

Authors: Mesut Kavak
Comments: 8 Pages.

Alan, herhangi bir boyutta ve yönde hareketin oluşması için zorunlu ön koşullardan biridir. Hareketin hızı ve bunun bir süre içerisinde yapıldığı zamana bağlıdır. Herhangi bir boyutta hareket kabiliyeti, yalnızca buna müsade eden bir fiziksel ortam olduğu sürece olanaklı olur. Aksi halde diğer hareket unsurları da oluşmayacaktır. Peki alanı hangi kurallar yönetir?

Field is one of the necessary prerequisites for movement of any size and direction to occur. It depends on the speed of the movement and the time it is done within a period of time. Mobility in any dimension is possible only as long as there is a permissive physical environment. Otherwise, other movement elements will not occur. So what rules govern the space?
Category: Geometry

Mechanismus Der Gravitation (Mechanism of Gravity)

Authors: Fuad Shalabi
Comments: 7 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin)

Mit diesem Paper möchte ich Sie an meiner Erkenntnis über den Grund der Gravitation teilhaben lassen. Am Ende dieser Abhandlung werden sie sehen wie alles in wunderschöner Weiseund komplett physikalisch ineinander greift. Ich werde viele Ungereimtheiten und Unendlichkeiten im derzeitigen Verständnis bereinigen. Es bleibenkeinerlei Unklarheiten oder Verständnislücken übrig, nachdem man die Zusammenhänge wie in der folgenden Erklärung zusammenführt.m Im Paper dreht es sich darum, was die Ursache der aumzeitkrümmung ist. Ich fange also nicht wie üblich bei der Raumzeitkrümmung als Ursache an (Einsteins ART),sondern erkläre komplett konsistent mit allen Beobachtungen und Formeln den MECHANISMUS der Gravitation.

In this paper I would like to share with you my knowledge of the reason for gravity....
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Remarkable Triple of Numbers (Pi, 4, 10)

Authors: Aleksey Vaneev
Comments: 1 Page.

This paper presents a collection of numerical facts relating the triple of numbers (Pi, 4, 10) toour human reality, the system of Sun-Earth-Moon, with an accuracy of 99.2% and higher.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Newton’s Action at a Aistance: Different Views

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 4 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

Different authors have attempted to clarify the aspects of remote action and God's involvement on the basis of textual investigations, mainly from the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Newton's correspondence with Richard Bentley (1692/93), and Queries that Newton introduced at the end of the Opticks book in the first three editions (between 1704 and 1721).
Category: Classical Physics

About the Universe, the Soul, the Meaning of Life and Life After Death

Authors: Vitaly Pilkin
Comments: 4 Pages.

This article answers the questions that concern modern man about the Universe, the soul, the meaning of life and life after death. The material below is a development of my article "Facts, Evidence and Reflections About the Universe" (available at: https://vixra.org/abs/2304.0165), which for the first time provides a scientific justification for the existence of God, presents facts and evidence of the predestination of the future , as well as logical reflections about the Universe.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

How Fictitious Forces Instead of Gravity Create Tides

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: Pages.

It is interesting to realize that a cubic meter of water at the surface of the oceans is subject to a gravity of Earth itself of 9800 N and to 0.03 N of Moon’s gravity. So any influence of the Moon on the level of such water must be excluded. Notwithstanding this fact the most weird theories haven been developed to prove the opposite, especially to show which phenomenon creates the mysterious double frequency of the tides. This chapter shows an all-encompassing solution.
Category: Geophysics

Grondvesten (Foundations)

Authors: Hans van Leunen
Comments: 360 Pages. In Dutch (Dit is onderdeel van het Hilbert Book Model project)

Het Hilbert Book Model project heeft deze publicatie opgeleverd. De zoektocht naar een betrouwbare basis van de fysieke werkelijkheid heeft veel tegenslagen gekend en verloopt traag. Als gevolg hiervan raakte de reguliere natuurkunde op een zijspoor. Kwantumveldentheorie, kwantumelektrodynamica en kwantumchromodynamica gebruiken het minimale actieprincipe als basis. Het Hilbert Book Model laat zien dat continuüms tot de derde fase van een speciale verzameling behoren en niet kunnen werken als basis van de wiskundige fysica. Dit document laat zien hoe de drie fasen van de speciale verzameling leiden tot een vectorruimte en getalsystemen, die van toepassing zijn op een systeem van Hilbertruimten waarin het lokale universum en een parallel multiversum kunnen optreden. Ook laat het document zien dat de wetenschap het Higgs-deeltje of het Higgs-veld niet als onderdeel van het standaardmodel moet beschouwen. In plaats daarvan zou het standaardmodel van de experimentele deeltjesfysici zich moeten beperken tot de elementaire fermionen. De meeste natuurkundigen interpreteren fotonen als excitaties van het elektrische veld. Daarentegen interpreteert het HBM fotonen als ketens van donkere energieobjecten, en de donkere energieobjecten zijn schokfronten die het veld verstoren en zodoende het lokale universum vertegenwoordigen. Hoplandingen van de toestandsvectoren van de fermionen produceren bolvormige schokfronten die met lichtsnelheid wegsnellen van de locatie van deze landing. Dit is in strijd met de ideeën van behoudswetten die in de reguliere natuurkunde spelen. Volgens het HBM heeft een oerknal nooit plaatsgevonden. Het model beschouwt twee gedeelten en aan het begin van het tweede gedeelte begint de tijd samen te lopen met een voortdurende schepping van fermionen.

The Hilbert Book Model project has produced this publication. The search for a reliable basis of physical reality has had many setbacks and is progressing slowly. As a result, mainstream physics got sidetracked. Quantum field theory, quantum electrodynamics and quantum chromodynamics use the minimal action principle as a basis. The Hilbert Book Model shows that continuums belong to the third stage of a special set and cannot function as the basis of mathematical physics. This paper shows how the three phases of the special set lead to a vector space and number systems, applicable to a system of Hilbert spaces in which the local universe and a parallel multiverse can occur. The paper also shows that science should not consider the Higgs boson or the Higgs field part of the Standard Model. Instead, the experimental particle physicists' standard model should be limited to the elementary fermions.Most physicists interpret photons as excitations of the electric field. In contrast, the HBM interprets photons as chains of dark energy objects, and the dark energy objects are shock fronts that distort the field and thus represent the local universe. Hop landings of the fermions' state vectors produce spherical shock fronts that speed away from the location of this landing at the speed of light. This is contrary to the ideas of conservation laws at play in mainstream physics. According to the HBM, a big bang never happened. The model considers two parts, and at the beginning of the second part, time begins to coincide with a continuous creation of fermions.
Category: Mathematical Physics

[an Attempt at a] Final Theory of Graviton

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 2 Pages. In Turkish (The concept of continuity from the beginning)

Kütle çekim kuvvetinin iletilmesi için mevcut teoriler graviton parçacığını dikkate almış ve bu parçanın üst limit olan ışık hızıyla hareket ettiği tahmin edilmişti. Doğada bazı olgu ve olaylar "başlangıçtan itibaren süreklilik" bilgisi eşliğinde incelendiğinde bu hipotezlerin gereksiz kaldığı idrak edilebilir.

Existing theories for the transmission of gravitational force have taken into account the graviton particle and predicted that this particle moves with the speed of light, which is the upper limit. When some phenomena and events in nature are examined with the knowledge of "continuity from the beginning", it can be realized that these hypotheses are unnecessary.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Easy Approach for the Sinc Integral

Authors: SungJin Kim, HyonChol Kim, IlSu Choe
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, by using simple mathematical method we established a generalized formula. In fact, the calculation method of this integral is introduced in several papers by using some advanced analysis knowledge like Fourier transform, Poisson summation and so on. But we used only very general mathematical knowledge.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

EEG Emotion Classification Using 3-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks

Authors: Maksym Oleksandrovich Stavratii
Comments: 7 Pages.

Classification of electroencephalography (EEG) signals has important applications in the diagnosis and treatment of various neurological disorders. In this paper, we propose a methodology for classifying EEG signals based on signal processing using wavelet transform and superlet transform. The wavelet transform is used to decompose the EEG signal into frequency components, which are then used as features for classification. The proposed approach is evaluated using the publicly available "GAMEEMO" EEG dataset, which has been annotated by valence and emotional arousal. We use a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for classification at the waveform level. The results of this study suggest that the wavelet transform and its modifications, such as the superlet transform, can be valuable tools for analyzing and classifying EEG signals
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Phase Shifter

Authors: Dhaifallah Almutairi, Karl Johnson, Alexei Smolyaninov, Andrew Grieco, Yeshaiahu Fainman
Comments: 13 Pages.

This study proposes a novel technique for a 2D beam steering system using hybrid plasmonic phase shifters with a cylindrical configuration in a 2D periodic array suitable for LIDAR applications. A nanoscale VCSEP design facilitates a sub-wavelength spacing between individual phase shifters, yielding an expanded field of view and side lobes suppression. The proposed design includes a highly doped sub-micron silicon pillar covered by a thin layer of nonlinear material and an additional conductive metal layer. Characterization of a single VCSEP demonstrated a Free Spectral Range (FSR) of 53.28 ± 2.5 nm and a transmission variation of 3dB, with VπL equal to 0.075 V-mm.
Category: Classical Physics

Illustrative Axiomatic Derivation of the Special Lorentz Transformation from Merely the Properties of Empty Space and Inertial Systems

Authors: Peter M. Enders, Romano Rupp
Comments: 35 Pages.

The Lorentz transformation is derived merely from the properties of space and time when spaceis empty and Galileo relativity. Additional postulates about the speed of light, reciprocity, and other ones are not necessary. Straight world lines are bijectively mapped onto straight world lines. This known fact is exploited in an illustrative manner. This is extremely useful for teaching special relativity, in particular, at an elementary level. Moreover, the approach described here, (i), provides an example of strict physical thinking, (ii), corrects a widespread erroneous belief, see over-next paragraph, and, (iii), presents an elementary introduction to the largely unknown hyperbolic rotations (the common rotations are circular). The transformation to be found is represented as a kind of rotation times a Lorentzian ‘scale factor’. This crucially simplifies the calculations and is much easier to grasp than a rather abstract ansatz with unknown coefficients. The rotation is proven to be hyperbolic rather than circular. After that, the scale factor turns out to equal unity in a most direct manner. The reciprocity property of the transformation is obtained as a by-product. Not special relativity makes an additional assumption for justifying the appearance of a seemingly additional natural constant, the speed of light in vacuum c, but classical mechanics does whence c disappears. Two common basic assumptions of classical mechanics lead not to the Galileo but to the Lorentz transformation. The existence of a maximum speed of bodies is shown to be a purely kinematic effect, too. Einstein’s second postulate is obtained as a by-product.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Deriving the Spherical Pythagorean Theorem Using Infinitesimal Area

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Spherical Pythagorean Theorem is derived by performing an infinitesimal rotation of a spherical right triangle about a vertex not containing the right angle. The infinitesimal areas swept out by the sides of the spherical triangle are easily computed and used to derive the Spherical Pythagorean Theorem.
Category: Geometry

Can the Light be Used to Treat Obesity and Diabetes?

Authors: Rédoane Daoudi
Comments: 9 Pages.

The treatment of obesity and diabetes remains a challenge and the biological mechanisms of these diseases are still not fully understood. Diabetes and obesity are associated with increased risk of the development of cardiovascular complications and there is an urgent need to find novel therapeutic approaches for treating obesity and diabetes. Currently there are several approaches to treat these diseases. Among them chemical uncouplers could be used as an effectivetreatment for obesity but the dangerous side effects of these compounds has limited their use in vivo. Here we propose a novel theoretical model based on the mechanism of action of chemical uncouplers: the thermogenin-like system (TLS). The TLS may be used in vivo to reproduce the mechanism of action of chemical uncouplers but without their dangerous side effects.
Category: Quantitative Biology

My ZFC Inconsistency Odyssey

Authors: Jim Rock
Comments: 1 Page. (Note by viXra Admin: Please refrain from repetitions and repeated withdrawls and resubmissions - They will not be accepted)

My progress in understanding ZFC’s inconsistency is chronicled through the papers reviewed in this document.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Whither Ukraine: Through the Glass Darkly

Authors: Gennady Shkliarevsky
Comments: 14 Pages.

The article offers an analysis of the two main trends in Ukrainian politics that offer different approaches in addressing the problems faced by Ukrainian society. One tendency advocates reliance on government institutions and formal bureaucratic practices. The other represents the radically inclined militant activists who insist on immediate radical action that will eliminate corruption and treason in the country. The standoff between these two trends prolongs the war in Ukraine and is harmful to the country. It hinders the resolution of the military conflict that is ruining the country and makes rebuilding its economy and improving the life of Ukrainian citizens more difficult, if not impossible. The article also analyzes the political practice of president Zelensky who largely pursues the approach advocated by the radicals.Key words: Ukraine, Zelensky, corruption, radicals, "Right Sector," Maidan
Category: Social Science

A Selected Collection of Exams of Geodesy and Mathematical Cartography From The German School

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 17 Pages. In French

This paper contains a selected collection of exams of geodesy and mathematical cartography. These exams are from the German school, namely from the Institute of Geodesy of the University of Stuttgart where the eminent professor Erik W. Grafarend (1939-2020) taught geodesy courses and in particular mathematical cartography. This is an opportunity for French-speaking students to share the German methodology.
Category: Geophysics

An Expression of A in Power Law Equation for Resistivity and Temperature, Resistance or Color and Pressure

Authors: Yong Bao
Comments: 6 Pages.

We study the power law equation governing the relationship between resistivity and temperatureof a superconductor, as well as the pressure-induced it's resistance and color change, through the generalized relational expression. By assuming a relationship between resistivity, effective mass and temperature, we find a generalized formula without gravitational effect and a generalized expression for the power law coefficient A. Through careful selection of the exponent N of the speed of light in vacuum, we obtain specific power law equations and a particular expression for A. In regards to the relationship between temperature and pressure, it has that the resistance varies inversely with pressure to the power of a third, sixth or half within a specific range. Similarly, in relation to color and pressure, the frequency varies directly with pressure to the power of a quarter, half, linearity, negative half, or inverse proportion. This indicates that the color shifts from blue to purple to blush as the pressure rises within a certain range. It shows that the expansion of the application of generalized relational expression can be achieved by appropriate choicing the exponent of the constants.
Category: Condensed Matter

About Black Holes of Intermediate Mass as Sources of Short Gamma-Bursts

Authors: Oleg Avramenko
Comments: 2 Pages. In Russian

This article complements my hypothesis that black holes, having reached the limiting intermediate mass, not only emit a gamma-ray burst, but also, possibly, dark matter and dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dimensionless Theory of Everything

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 92 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4469668 Distributed in Cosmology & Large-Scale Structure eJournal Vol 5, Issue 23, June 21, 2023

In this paper we will present the Dimensionless theory of everything. In an elegant way will be present the Dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions. We will calculate the unity formulas that connect the coupling constants of the fundamental forces. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. It will present the law of the gravitational fine-structure constant followed by ratios of maximum and minimum theoretical values u200bu200bfor natural quantities. Also we will present the Dimensionless unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We find the formulas for the cosmological constant. We will prove that the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. From the dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions will propose a possible solution for the density parameter of baryonic matter,dark matter and dark energy. The sum of the contributions to the total density parameter at the current time is Ω0=1.0139. It is surprising that Plato used a dodecahedron as the quintessence to describe the cosmos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Karl Popper și Problema Demarcației între știință și ne-știință
Karl Popper and the Problem of Demarcation Between Science and Non-Science

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 7 Pages. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27356.85127/1

Karl Popper, ca raționalist critic, a fost un oponent al tuturor formelor de scepticism, convenționalism și relativism în știință. Multe dintre argumentele sale privind problema demarcației sunt îndreptate împotriva membrilor "Cercului Vienez". Popper este de acord cu aceștia cu privire la aspectele generale ale metodologiei științifice și neîncrederea lor în metodologia filosofică tradițională, dar soluțiile sale au fost semnificativ diferite. A contribuit semnificativ la dezbaterile privind metodologia științifică generală, demarcarea științei de pseudoștiință, natura probabilității și metodologia științelor sociale.

Karl Popper, as a critical rationalist, was an opponent of all forms of skepticism, conventionalism and relativism in science. Many of his arguments on the issue of demarcation are directed against members of the "Viennese Circle". Popper agreed with them on general aspects of scientific methodology and their distrust of traditional philosophical methodology, but his solutions were significantly different. He contributed significantly to debates on general scientific methodology, the demarcation of science from pseudoscience, the nature of probability, and social science methodology.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Location and Radius of a Triangle's Incircle Via Geometric Algebra

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 11 Pages.

We show how to use the GA concept of the ``rejection" of vectors, and also the related outer product, to derive equations for the location and radius of a triangle's incircle.
Category: Geometry

Redshift Distances in Curved Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker Spacetime

Authors: Steffen Haase
Comments: 66 Pages.

n the present paper we use the curved Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric describing a spatially homogeneous and isotropic universe to derive the cosmological redshift distance in a way which differs from that which can be found in the general astrophysical literature. Using the curved Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric the radial physical distance is described by R(t) = a(t)χ(r) with χ(r) = arcsin(r) for the curvature parameter ε = (+1) and χ(r) = arsinh(r) for ε = (-1), respectively. In this equation the radial co-moving coordinate is named r and a(t) means the time-depending scale parameter. We use the co-moving coordinate r_e (the subscript e indicates emission) describing the place of a galaxy which is emitting photons and r_a (the subscript a indicates absorption) describing the place of an observer within a different galaxy on which the photons - which were traveling thru the universe - are absorbed. Therefore the physical distance - the real way of light - is calculated by D = a(t_0)χ(r_a) - a(t_e)χ(r_e) ≡ R_0a - R_ee. Here means a(t_0) the today’s (t_0) scale parameter and a(t_e) the scale parameter at the time t_e of emission of the photons. The physical distance D is therefore a difference of two different physical distances from an origin of coordinates being on r = 0. Nobody can doubt this real travel way of light: The photons are emitted on the co-moving coordinate place r_e and are than traveling to the co-moving coordinate place r_a. During this traveling the time is moving from t_e to t_0 (t_e ≤ t_0) and therefore the scale parameter is changing in the meantime from a(t_e) to a(t_0). Using this right physical distance D we calculate the redshift distance and some relevant classical cosmological equations (effects) for both possible values of ε = (±1) and compare these theoretical results with some measurements of astrophysics (quasars, SN Ia and galaxy containing a black hole). We get the today’s Hubble parameter H_0a,ε=(+1) ≈ 65.117 km/(s Mpc) for ε = (+1) and H_0a,ε=(-1) ≈ 65.189 km/(s Mpc) for ε = (-1), respectively, as a main result. This values are a little smaller than the Hubble parameter H_0,Planck ≈ 67.66 km/(s Mpc) resulting from Planck data 2018. (Truncated by viXra Admin)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Information vs. Relativistic Dilatation: A Summary

Authors: Carles Udina i Cobo
Comments: 5 Pages.

In Summary, the relativistic measurements of Time at different speeds, are therefore empirical and unquestionable, but as it was incorrectly postulated over 100 years ago, they are not due to supposed dilations of the Time Unit, but rather due to the superposition/ irruption of another "Time (of quantum or pre-material origin)" which is the variable and dilating component of the externally measured/observed total Time. Its variability, depending on the speed of the system, is what explains the LORENTZ Transformation. With this, results a real and hemi-symmetric Time, which to begin with already resolves the basic contradictions of Relativity. With a LORENTZ Factor not scalar, but a function of the interacting masses, the two Relativities, special (SR) and general (RG), are harmonized. Five dimensions, three of the Space, but two of the Time, make it possible to resolve the current inconsistencies in Physics. The reasons for this century-old error are explained.
Category: Quantum Physics

Holographic Duality

Authors: Matthew James Stephenson
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: This is a stub presentation without an abstract - It will not be accepted in the future))

Presentation on Holographic Duality at the electron star and quantum liquids with Lifshitz scaling / Quark-gluon plasma.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

We Live in Eight Dimensions and They Are not Hidden

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 31 Pages.

In this paper, we will show how Geometric Algebra expand the three spatial dimensions into entities of 8 degrees of freedom. It is also explained that one of these degrees of freedom (the trivector) can be considered to be the time (so no ad-hoc extra dimension is necessary). The square of the trivector is negative, solving this way the issue of the negative signature of the time (not necessary any ad-hoc metric indicating this, it is a property of time that appear naturally).Also, we will show that we can try to prove this experimentally looking for the electromagnetic trivector, an entity that should exist according to GA. Also, some comments regarding the similarities with E8 theory are given. Mainly that E8 theory considers 8 dimensions, exactly the same, emerging naturally in this paper. But not only that, also some similarities regarding how gravity can be understood and others are presented.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

How to Relate to Reality, Including the Absolute Nature of Existence Compared to the Relative Nature of Measurement and Observation

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future submission which is not scholarly written, e.g., being grammatically incorrect, not citing scientific references etc will not be accepted)

This short paper provides an overview of the metaphysical background, that resolves a number of issues within physics. In particular, it puts forth the idea of a, here-in called, absolute, external, ‘Object reality’ from which relative ‘Image reality’ component,‘observation products’ (semblances of objects or materials are generated, appearing to be in a space that is not Object reality.) Supporting objective proof is given. The proposed metaphysical background also allows results as found, in quantum particle experiments, without the need to accept faster than ‘light communication, non locality or retro-causality for explanation. This proposal is also relevant to the measurement problem. The paper starts by describing what is Object reality and explaining how the term observer is used in this paper. It is followed by the description of an ‘Image reality’ component, observation products and factors effecting the appearance of such. A blind man and elephant analogy is given likening the scenario to particle testing. Device generated and phenomenal (experienced) reality are considered, touching on issues pertinent to consciousness.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Lineal Systems Identification

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 6 Pages. In Spanish

Review of current methods and new method proposal.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Cartesian Cube Category with Involution

Authors: Tesla Zhang
Comments: 10 Pages.

This note records what I learned in the recent week regarding cubical type theory, from multiple sources. In the end I included some guesses.
Category: General Mathematics

Dark Stars, Supermassive and Ultramassive Dark Macroobjects: Review Article

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 21 Pages.

R. Genzel and A. Ghez were awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery that Sgr A* is a supermassive compact object, for which Supermassive Black Hole (SBH) was the only accepted explanation. In 2013, we proposed a principally different explanation of supermassive compact objects: "Macroobjects of the World have cores made up of the discussed DM particles. Other particles, including DM and baryonic matter, form shells surrounding the cores " [1]. According to the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM), the World consists of Dark Matter (about 92.8% of the total Matter) and Ordinary matter (about 7.2%). It means that Dark Matter (DM) should play the main role in any Cosmological model. It is the case in WUM, and Ordinary matter is a byproduct of Dark Matter Particles self-annihilation. In present paper, we discuss Dark Stars, Supermassive and Ultramassive Dark Macroobjects in frames of WUM.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Organic Semiconductors and Transistors: State-of-the Art Review

Authors: Essam El-Tobgi, Khaled Gehad, Armia Khairy, Mohamed Ezzat, Nada Hanafy, Alaa Abu-Bakr
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper reviews the Organic Semiconductorsand theory behind its development and a brief of the history around developing this technology. A lot of it will discuss the distribution of energy bands in organic semiconductors and the optical properties and luminescence effect when some organic materials such as Phthalocyanine and Polymers such as polypara-phenylene-vinylene. and will discuss OFET and applications of Optical Amplifiers.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Detectability Principle for Event Detection in EPR Experiment Simulations

Authors: Pierre Leroy
Comments: 14 Pages.

This document describes a non-local method to produce detection events during an EPR experiment simulation using photons.It is based on a local realistic model using a principle of detectability, on which acts a non-local influence.A computer simulation completes the description.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Way to Write The Newtonian Gravitational Equation Resolves What The Cosmological Constant Truly Is

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 26 Pages.

We demonstrate that there is a way to represent Newtonian gravity in a form that strongly resembles Einstein’s field equation, but it is still a fundamentally different type of equation. In the non-relativistic regime, it becomes necessary to ad hoc introduce a cosmological constant in order to align it with observations, similar to Einstein’s field equation. Interestingly, in 1917, Einstein also ad hoc inserted a cosmological constant in the Newtonian equation during his discussion on incorporating it into his own field equation. At that time, the cosmological constant was added to maintain consensus, which favored a steady-state universe.However, with the discovery of cosmological redshift and the shift in consensus towards an expanding universe, Einstein abandoned the cosmological constant. Then, around 1999, the cosmological constant was reintroduced to explain recent observations of distant supernovae. Currently, the cosmological constant is once again a topic of great interest and significance.Nevertheless, we will demonstrate that the cosmological constant is likely an ad hoc adjustment resulting from a failure to properly account for relativistic effects in strong gravitational fields. We are able to derive the cosmological constant and show that it is linked to corrections for relativistic effects in strong gravitational fields. In our model, this constant holds true for any strong field but naturally assumes different values, indicating that it is not truly a constant. Its value is constant only for the mass under consideration; for example, for the Hubble sphere, it always has the same value.Additionally, we will demonstrate how relativistic modified Newtonian theory also seems to resolves the black hole information paradox by simply removing it. This theory also leads to the conservation of spacetime. In general relativity theory, there are several significant challenges. One of them is how spacetime can change over time, transitioning from infinite curvature just at the beginning of the assumed Big Bang to essentially flat spacetime when the universe end up in cold death, while still maintaining conservation of energy all the way from the Big Bang to the assumed cold death of the universe. Can one really get something from nothing?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Wave Parapsychology

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 7 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

After analyzing the assumptions about the propagation of strong non-linear gravitational waves (GWs),...it is concluded beyond any doubt that the alleged "first direct detection of gravitational waves and the first observation of a binary black hole merger" are absurd....
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Scientific Analysis of the Christian Faith: My Biblical Commentary

Authors: Rommel Nana Dutchou
Comments: 71 Pages.

Precise definition of the notion of eternal life, and also of the Father of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Algorithmic Computation of Multivector Inverses and Characteristic Polynomials in Non-Degenerate Clifford Algebras

Authors: Dimiter Prodanov
Comments: 9 Pages.

Clifford algebras provide the natural generalizations of complex, dual numbers and quaternions into the concept of non-commutative Clifford numbers.The paper demonstrates an algorithm for the computation of inverses of such numbers in a non-degenerate Clifford algebra of an arbitrary dimension.The algorithm is a variation of the Faddeev--LeVerrier--Souriau algorithm and is implemented in the open-source Computer Algebra System Maxima.Symbolic and numerical examples in different Clifford algebras are presented.
Category: Geometry

Experimental Tuning of Lifetime of Cooper pairs in Aluminum

Authors: Stanislav Dolgopolov
Comments: 1 Page.

Here we propose an experiment, which shows that the lifetime of Cooper pairs and associated supercurrents in a conventional superconductor (aluminum) is tunable in a range from picoseconds up to some seconds. The long-lived Cooper pairs indicate that in aluminum can flow a persistent supercurrent. The short-lived pairs cause a dissipative (non-superconducting) state.
Category: Condensed Matter

Invisible Chains: Unveiling the Universal and Unconscious Negative Attitude Towards Sex and Its Societal Implications

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 57 Pages.

The prevailing theory of an unconscious, universal negative attitude towards sex is deeply entrenched in societal norms and behaviors, transcending cultural and religious boundaries. This paper titled "Invisible Chains: Unveiling the Universal and Unconscious Negative Attitude Towards Sex and Its Societal Implications" examines this omnipresent phenomenon, dissecting its origins, manifestations, and societal repercussions. Using an interdisciplinary approach that combines a thorough literature review, a detailed language analysis, and a close examination of societal norms and popular culture, this study uncovers the subtle ways this negativity towards sex permeates our language, behavior, and institutional responses. This research offers significant insights into the experiences of sexual assault survivors, the effectiveness of children's sex education, persistent gender inequalities, and our collective understanding of human sexuality. Our investigation calls for a radical shift in societal attitudes towards sex, thereby fostering an environment conducive to open discussions about sex, promoting sex positivity, and prompting societal transformation.
Category: Social Science

On the Physical Nature of the so-Called Vibropolaritonic Chemistry

Authors: V. A. Kuz`menko
Comments: 4 Pages.

The phenomenon of vibropolaritonic chemistry is that a chemical reaction inside a Fabry-Perot cavity can speed up, slow down, or change direction. Despite intensive theoretical and experimental study of this phenomenon, its physical nature remains unclear. We offer a physical explanation of the nature of the phenomenon, taking into account the fundamental property of quantum physics - its time reversal noninvariance.
Category: Quantum Physics

The OTC Proposal for The Implementation of a Gravimetric Network In Tunisia And The Determination of a Geoid of Accuracy

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 5 Pages. In French

In this note, we present a proposal from the Office of Topography and Cartography (OTC) for the establishment of a gravity network as well as the determination of a high-precision national geoid. This proposal will involve partners working in this area.
Category: Geophysics

On Charge

Authors: Stefan Israelsson Tampe
Comments: 13 Pages.

We will in this document assume that a charged particle (electron) is built up by (similar to super string theory in a sense) of constellation of loops that has a very peculiar form of interaction that is as simple as one can possible think of. That this model has a chance of explaining the normal analytical treatment of charges in our macroscopic world is a bit if a challenge to explain. We will assume that there is a limit for how much energy density we can have and they will differ slightly between positive and negative charge meaning in the end an estimated 0.2% difference between particle mass and anti particle mass. We will also show that a stable system consists of two almost similar loops or helical paths that have opposite sign. We will show that the positive and negative charge is constant and the same. We will show how how mass can be calculated and how we can calculate angular momentum which makes it possible to deduce information on this model. We will also be able to conclude why $alpha approx 1/137$ and why this is so and why not exactly $1/137$ and why the specific value is 137. We will show why $hbar$ is a fundamental constant.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Deep Learning for Physics Problems: A Case Study in Continuous Gravitational Waves Detection

Authors: Essam El-Tobgi
Comments: 10 Pages.

Deep learning has become a powerful tool for solving a wide variety of problems, including those in physics. In this paper, we explore the use of deep learning for the detection of continuous gravitational waves. We propose two different approaches: one based on time-domain analysis and the other based on frequency-domain analysis. Both approaches achieve nearly the same performance, suggesting that deep learning is a promising technique for this task. The main purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the potential of deep learning for physics problems. We do not provide a performance-measured solution, as this is beyond the scope of this paper. However, we believe that the results presented here are encouraging and suggest that deep learning is a valuable tool for physicists.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Time Travel

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 7 Pages. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.29776.76804/1

Time travel is a recognized concept in philosophy and science, but whose scope is highly disputed, giving rise to numerous paradoxes in both philosophy and science. Time travel is considered by some accepted both in general relativity and quantum mechanics, but there is a unanimous consensus that it is not feasible with current technology. (Hawkins 2010) The raised issues are different for the time travel in the past compared to the time travel in the future.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Solution to the Measurement Problem

Authors: Denis Mijatovic
Comments: 6 Pages.

There has been a lot of talk about the measurement problem. While the physics of it has been (at least mostly) rigorous, the underlying philosophy has been nothing short of a complete catastrophe. This paper will establish the true philosophical context and integrate the appropriate science into it, as it should have happened from the beginning. Bad philosophy didn’t allow it. I also highlight the false dichotomy underlying the measurement problem so that it can be detected more easily for those who do not engage with philosophy in an extensive manner.
Category: Quantum Physics