All Submission Categories

Model λ(φ^2n )_4,n≥2 Quantum Field Theory: A Nonstandard Approach Based on Nonstandard Pointwise-Defined Quantum Fields

Authors: Jaykov Foukzon
Comments: 48 Pages. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2701/1/012113

A new non-Archimedean approach to interacted quantum fields is presented. In proposed approach, a field operator φ(x,t) no longer a standard tempered operator-valued distribution, but a non-classical operator-valued function. We prove using this novel approach that the quantum field theory with Hamiltonian P(φ)_4 exists and that the corresponding C^*­ algebra of bounded observables satisfies all the Haag-Kastler axioms except Lorentz covariance. We prove that the λ(φ^2n )_4,n≥2 quantum field theory models are Lorentz covariantJaykov Foukzon 2024J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2701 012113doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2701/1/012113
Category: Mathematical Physics

Universal Science: Information Transfers Processes

Authors: Carles Udina i Cobo
Comments: 6 Pages.

Physics makes three errors about Time, which prevent seeing the underlying-quantum Information as the causal basis of physics. All dynamic, whether material or virtual, that is, all phenomena, are governed by information, be it explicit or underlying. Based on said Information, not only is a unifying theory for physics possible (today misnamed of the "all"), but it can also be extended to all phenomena, those of life and those of the psyche, also controlled by their respective underlying information (genetic and psychic) and its progressive Information transfers. This is the proposal of the "Mathesis universalis" or "Universal Science" intuited and searched by LEIBNIZ, already at the end of the 17th century.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Comprehensive Theoretical Framework of Illusory Shared Honor Effect

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 51 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin; please also note that future repetition will not be accepted)

Existing psychological theories like Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRGing), social identity, and self-perception primarily explain how individuals derive self-worth from affiliations. This paper presents a comprehensive theoretical framework called the Illusory Shared Honor Effect (ISHE) - the illusory sense of shared honor resulting from perceived affiliation with a successful entity. ISHE functions as a psychological mechanism prompting individuals to perceive shared illusory honor despite its potential irrationality. Drawing from a wide range of social, cognitive, and motivational theories, this paper explores the antecedents, manifestation, and implications of ISHE across multiple contexts. This paper also illustrate how ISHE operates in real-life scenarios such as political affiliations, organizational success, and sports fandom. Moreover, this paper discusses both the positive and negative implications of ISHE, fostering a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. This paper concludes with potential directions for future research, highlighting the importance of empirical studies to further validate this theoretical framework.
Category: Social Science

The Proof [of] Goldbach’s Conjecture

Authors: Aniket Bhattacharjee
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper, I want to present the proof to one of the most famous conjecture - The Goldbach’s Conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Relative Universe, a Special Theory of Gravitation

Authors: Teguh Waluyo
Comments: 21 Pages.

Gravitation is the relative density of space-time caused by the mass of an object. There are three aspects of gravitation. First, it is related to an object. Gravitation can cause changes in the velocity of an object. Second, it is related to a photon, gravitation can change the frequency of a photon. Third, it is related to differences in the result of observation. Different observers of the same object can yield different results. Gravitation causes differences in the period of an event, differences in the length of an object, and differences in the mass or energy of an object.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Could a 40-day-long Secondary Brain Dopamine Cycle Lead to a Map of Human Temperament and a Wave Function of Consciousness?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 35 Pages.

A speculative essay, in the scientific tradition of ever more granular human behaviors falling into a reductionist paradigm, where, in addition to the previously established human behavioral patterns tracked to the annual sunlight-driven dopamine cycle, a second dopamine "clock" is proposed in the human brain. This measured cycle starts with a 10-day-long "low dopamine" phase (with various stages of impulsivity, anxiety, and depression and then the reverse as it quickly climbs back up), then a 10-day-long "high dopamine" phase (with hyperactive and manic behaviors), before diminishing to a 20-day-long "normal dopamine" phase (with calm and focus), before the cycle starts again with the "low dopamine" phase. The levels of the primary sunlight-driven cycle and the proposed secondary dopamine cycle aggregated together are considered as the only factors needed to create an annual behavioral calendar or "human temperament map." Daylight Savings Time and evolutionary fitness benefits are discussed as possible causes of the secondary dopamine cycle and its amplitude is considered as driving behaviors due to changes to (or limits to) working memory. The aggregate graph of both dopamine cycles has a striking resemblance to the quantum mechanical Schrodinger wave function leading to a speculative yet possible "wave function of consciousness."
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Introduction To Positionning And Cartography

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 20 Pages. In French

In this lecture, we present the basic elements necessary for reading topography maps and terrestrial positioning.
Category: Geophysics

Public Perceptions of Fukushima Food Products in South Korea and Its Dispute Resolution :A Comparative Study on East Asia

Authors: Young Chan Seo
Comments: 4 Pages.

<hen using technology such as nuclear power, it is important to understand the level of public awareness. It can be speculated that the difference in risk perception of Fukushima food between Korea and Japan is one of the causes of international disputes between Korea and Japan. (Sample size is small, n =176) According to a survey conducted in 2020, Koreans have a higher risk perception of Fukushima food compared to other countries. These differences can be caused by a number of factors, including politic, demographic, and level of education. Public campaigns and education on the effects of radiation may be needed to lower Koreans' awareness of the risks to Fukushima food. It is also necessary to understand the level of risk awareness in other countries to consider new policies.
Category: Social Science

Dark Energy and Dark Matter from Rute as Different Manifestations of Vacuum Energy

Authors: Kabir A. Umar
Comments: 18 Pages.

Dark energy and dark matter are described as different manifestations of vacuum energy within Rute’s framework of dimensional symmetry and gravity. In this framework, the bare vacuum energy component exists in a gravitationally inert state where actual gravitational constant Go= 0G, while real particles oscillates between this inert state and the active state where Go = 2G. The background effect of neutrino substrates in the inert state makes Go > 0G in such state, causing the gravitation of virtual particles with positive pressure appearing as hot and cold dark matter. A non zero component of vacuum energy from the inert state also spills into the gravitationally active state as a cosmological constant form of dark energy. This is due to an energy density constraint and speed limit asymmetry between the two gravitational states that limits the capacity of the inert state to contain all the vacuum energy component. This form of dark energy and dark matter, are parameterized by a common asymmetry parameter Γ which is suppressed in deep gravitational potential wells. The dynamics of this form of dark matter however, is complicated by the flavour and energy dependent parameters of its neutrino substrate resulting in the existence of heavy and light dark matter categories. Rute predicts a curvature supressed Gravitational Wave Reheating (GWR) mechanism in which gravitational waves produce electromagnetic secondaries in the presence of negative pressure such as that from strong magnetic fields and even dark energy. This mechanism may explain Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) and some other mystery radio signals. Two space based experiments to test GWR and to detect heavy dark matter are briefly discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Eugenics

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 6 Pages.

The main concern of the first eugenists, such as Karl Pearson and Walter Weldon of University College London , were the perceived intelligence factors considered to be correlated with the social class. In his speech "Darwinism, Medical Progress and Eugenics", Karl Pearson equates eugenics with a field of medicine. Some areas of medicine that are not commonly recognized as eugenic affect the human genes background. These include sterilization and surgical techniques that allow the functioning of reproductive organs. Even medicines that do not directly involve reproductive organs can alter the gene pool. Genetic abnormalities in such individuals are thus duplicated, modifying the genetic background. On this basis, such practices are widely accepted as more radical eugenic processes.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Dark Matter Theory by Gravitation Able to Calculate the Mass of Local Group of Galaxies-V2

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 34 Pages. In V2 the Milky Way direct mass is compared successfully with results got from GAIA DR2 published in JCAP

This paper develops carefully an original theory of dark matter, whose main hypothesis is that DM is generated by the own gravitational field. This work introduces the best version of the theory physical and mathematically, which has been developed and published since 2013.The hypothesis of DM by gravitation has two main consequences: the first one is that the law of DM generation has to be the same, in the halo region, for all the galaxies and the second one is that the haloes are unlimited so the total DM goes up without limit. Both properties are crucial for the success of this theory. This work has two newness: it is demonstrate that Direct mass comes from Bernoulli mass formula when it is considered an initial point belonging to the Buckingham halo curve, (ideal curve related to dynamical equilibrium), to calculate the parameter C. The second one is two astonishing calculus of masses in LG. This work begins studying the Rotation curves, from M31 and MW, published by Sofue,Y.2015 and 2020 . The regression curves at halo region are fitted with power regression functions whose exponents are the same for both galaxies.By the fitted function is possible to calculate a dark matter density function depending on radius which is transformed into a DM density depending on gravitational field. This change is the core of the theory because at such moment it is possible to study the formula of dark matter density by the Buckingham theorem in order to change the statistical calculus by physical formulas which depend on the Universal constants G, h and c. From now on the statistical theory becomes a perfect physical theory that despite it is based on the Newtonian framework allows to get new formulas for DM density and for total mass, including DM.In chapters 11, 12 and 13 are calculated the parameters a for MW, M33 and LCM galaxies. In chapter 14 is calculated the mass of MW and M31 at 770 kpc (4,97E+12 Msun) that match with current value 5E+12 Msun and the total mass of L.G. at 3 Mpc ( 9,8E+12 Msun), which match with results got by the well known researchers, [17] Fattahi, Navarro.2020. In chapter 15, is shown a method to extend the theory to cluster of galaxies and chapter 16 is dedicated to show how DM is counter balanced by dark energy with negative mass.
Category: Astrophysics

The Great Melt Instead of the Big Bang

Authors: V. E. Yumashev
Comments: 4 Pages.

There are many hypotheses explaining the origin of our universe [1]. Such big number of hypotheses suggests that no one of them is reliable. The Big Bang hypothesis is generally accepted. But there are many ambiguities in this hypothesis. Recent observational data cast doubt on some of its provisions. The article considers another hypothesis of the origin of our universe under the influence of the chronofield.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Impedance Networks and the Fermilab Accelerator Complex Evolution

Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: Pages.

Physics topics to be covered in the upcoming Fermilab ACE Science Workshop include neutrino science, dark matter experiments, muons and the muon collider, and new physics ideas [1]. Quantum Impedance Networks (QINs) sit in the latter, in new physics ideas. They encompass the neutrino, dark matter, muon, and muon collider programs. This note outlines how the new physics synthesis of Geometric Algebra (Clifford algebra in the geometric representation) and quantum impedance networks of wavefunction interactions is potentially helpful to those programs. https://indico.fnal.gov/event/59663/
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

What is Charge? — The Redefinition of Atom - Energy to Matter Conversion

Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 10 Pages.

The need for some physics thoughts on the concept and definition of charge, particle, and atom is becoming important in modern physics. In textbooks as well as in many scientific publications, authors, deliberately or not, violate those basic concepts and their profound physical meaning, whose ignorance yields erroneous results.The intention of this paper is to update some basic concepts of physics and redefine others, considering the New Atomic Model and the Classical Electromagnetic Theory of Elementary Particles. What is an electric charge? What is a particle? Is charge a particle? What is the real atom? What is matter? How is energy converted into matter? The answers to the above questions are understandably given in the development of this work.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Boolean Structured Convolutional Deep Learning Network (BSconvnet)

Authors: Sing Kuang Tan
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper, I am going to propose a new Boolean Structured Convolutional Deep Learning Network (BSconvnet) built on top of BSnet, based on the concept of monotone multi-layer Boolean algebra. I have shown that this network has achieved significant improvement in accuracy over an ordinary Relu Convolutional Deep Learning Network with much lesser number of parameters on the CIFAR10 dataset.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Sequences of Prime Numbers

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 6 Pages.

The categorization of odd numbers by "The octets of the odd numbers" theory gives an algorithm for finding prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Magnetism: Mass as Resistance

Authors: Sophie Smith
Comments: 4 Pages. (Name added to article by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

My hypothesis on magnetism and its relationship to resistance.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Consideration of Electromagnetic Induction - Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction vs. Lorentz’s Magnetic Field Force Theorem

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 12 Pages.

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction reveals that the induction electromotive force generated in a metal coil is proportional to the change rate of the magnetic flux passing through the coil. Lorentz's magnetic field force theorem reveals that an electric charge moving in a magnetic field is affected by the Lorentz magnetic field force. Lorentz's magnetic field force theorem is the microscopic physical essence of the induction electromotive force. An induction electromotive force will be generated between the two ends of a metal wire moving in a magnetic field. In this study, calculation formulas of the electromotive force of metal wires were separately derived based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and Lorentz's magnetic field force theorem. When a metal wire moves at a uniform speed in a magnetic field, the calculation formulas derived from both of them are the same. When a metal wire moves back and forth sinusoidally in a magnetic field, the electromotive forces of the wire derived from Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and Lorentz's magnetic field force theorem are different. Lorentz's magnetic force theorem is a universal fundamental electromagnetic theorem. Therefore, Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is an engineering approximation formula. This study proposes the electron motion resistance force theorem: When an electron moves in the metal wire, it will be affected by the motion resistance force, and the electron motion resistance force is proportional to the speed of the electron. An electric charge moving in a uniform magnetic field is affected by the Lorentz magnetic field force, which is the microscopic physical essence of the motional electromotive force. An electric charge at rest in a changing magnetic field wave is also affected by the Lorentz magnetic field force, which is the microscopic physical essence of the induced electromotive force. The electromotive force in metal wires and coils is essentially the result of the counter-potential movement of electric charges under the action of the Lorentz magnetic field force. This study reveals that Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is an engineering approximation formula, which is a great challenge for Maxwell's equations and the fundamental electromagnetic theorems.
Category: Classical Physics

Our Universe: To Model and To Simulate

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 13 Pages.

Due to advancements in Quantum Computing, now we can simulate ``Our Universe'', based on observations, experiments and models we already have. A comparison between Low Energy Physics and HEP benefits us understanding the foundations, including the role of vector potential, quantum phase and how Space, Time and classical concepts emerge from the quantum formalism, e.g. The Standard Model.We will focus on the U(1)-gauge theory, as a paradigm not only of Electromagnetism, but also for the quark fields of QCD. The ultimate test: understanding the fine structure constant!
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Voyage on Two Syracuse

Authors: Berkouk Mohamed
Comments: 27 Pages. In French (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

Dans une matrice carrée, vu qu’il y a deux suites, une horizontale de Syracuse (S0 ,S1,u2026Sm)Constituant les lignes de la matrice, puis des suites des valeurs prises de 0 à n pour un S0 donné, ces valeurs s’organisant à leurs tours verticalement dans les colonnes.le fait qu’elles soit déterminées respectivement par deux formules récurrentes issues des mêmes instructions de Collatz , méritent le nom de « deux Syracuse »

In a square matrix, since there are two sequences, a Syracuse horizontal (S0 ,S1,u2026Sm)Constituting the rows of the matrix, then the series of values u200bu200btaken from 0 to n for a given S0, these values u200bu200bbeing organized in turn vertically in the columns. the fact that they are respectively determined by two recurring formulas from the same instructions of Collatz, deserve the name of "two Syracuse"
Category: Number Theory

A New Method of Solving Chess Problems Based on a Purely Mathematical Solution

Authors: Mustapha Bakani
Comments: 19 Pages. Chess problem solution Mathematics

The practice of the game of chess leads to the development of skills related to memory, logic, concentration, rigor, strategy and the capacity for abstraction. In addition to the benefits observed on learning citizenship, by respecting the rules and others. Solving chess problems is an interesting variation for realizing intellectual development. The common way is to present problems on the chessboard or through diagrams. Here, we present a new method of solving chess problems based on a purely mathematical solution. Concretely, it is a question of solving a chess problem thanks to the solution of equations and the mathematical analysis. Thus with a basic knowledge of mathematics, generally of the secondary level, we can proceed to the resolution with a minimum of knowledge of chess, given that the resolution is done from the algebraic notation of the said problem. Here we advance definitions, properties and theorems. Also we present here an example of a chess problem solved by the method.
Category: General Mathematics

The Poems of Tennyson and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 19 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study The Poems of Tennyson, edited by Christopher Ricks. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of the titles of the poems, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the The Poems of Tennyson, edited by Christopher Ricks, can be characterised by BP(4, βH = 0), i.e. the magnetisation curve in the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising Model, in the presence of four nearest neighbours and in the absence of external magnetic field, H, with βH = 0. β is 1/(k_B T), where, T is temperature and k_Bis the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Social Science

How Can the Sagnac Effect be Explained by Both Special Relativity and Classical Physics?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 6 Pages.

I claim that the Sagnac effect cannot be explained either by special relativity or by classical theory. But, I claim that this effect can be explained by general relativity.
Category: Astrophysics

Exploring the Potential Connection Between Fermat's Last Theorem and Quantum Gravity

Authors: Wen-Xiang Chen
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper investigates the potential connection between Fermat's Last Theorem and quantum gravity, aiming to bridge the gap between seemingly unrelated fields of mathematics and physics. Fermat's Last Theorem, formulated by Pierre de Fermat in the 17th century, states that no non-trivial solutions exist for the equation $x^n + y^n = z^n$, where n > 2 and x, y, z are integers. Its proof was established by Andrew Wiles in 1995. On the other hand, quantum gravity seeks to unify general relativity and quantum mechanics, describing gravity as a curvature of spacetime and the fundamental particles and forces that constitute the universe, respectively.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Proof of the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 29 Pages.

Take any positive integer N. If it is odd, multiply it by three and add one. If it is even, divide it by two. Repeatedly do the same operations to the results, forming a sequence. It is found that, whatever the initial number we choose, the sequence will eventually descend and reach number 1, where it enters an eternal closed loop of 1- 4 - 2 - 1. This has been numerically confirmed for initial numbers up to 260. This is known as the Collatz conjecture which states that the sequence always converges to 1. So far no proof has ever been found that this holds for every positive integer. This problem has been stated by some as perhaps the simplest math problem to state, yet perhaps the most difficult to solve. In this paper, we present a proof that the sequence always converges to 1.
Category: Number Theory

On Prime Number Generating Formula

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

Although there have been many attempts to obtain prime number generating formulas, the purpose of this study was to deepen our basic knowledge of prime numbers in order to create this prime number generating formula. I hope that this research will help to deepen our understanding of prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Regular N-gonal Right Antiprism: Application of HCR’s Theory of Polygon

Authors: Harish Chandra Rajpoot
Comments: 34 Pages. Original Research Work

A regular n-gonal right antiprism is a semiregular convex polyhedron that has 2n identical vertices all lying on a sphere, 4n edges, and (2n+2) faces out of which 2 are congruent regular n-sided polygons, and 2n are congruent equilateral triangles such that all the faces have equal side. The equilateral triangular faces meet the regular polygonal faces at the common edges and vertices alternatively such that three equilateral triangular faces meet at each of 2n vertices. This paper presents, in details, the mathematical derivations of the generalized and analytic formula which are used to determine the different important parameters in terms of edge length, such as normal distances of faces, normal height, the radius of the circumscribed sphere, surface area, volume, dihedral angles between adjacent faces, solid angle subtended by each face at the center, and solid angle subtended by polygonal antiprism at each of its 2n vertices using HCR’s Theory of Polygon. All the generalized formulae have been derived using simple trigonometry, and 2D geometry which are difficult to derive using any other methods.
Category: Geometry

Solution to the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Samuel Ferrer Colas
Comments: 5 Pages. The chart is only a hints. Do not consider it as part of the core proof

The Collatz or 3x + 1 conjecture is perhaps the simplest stated yet unsolved problem in mathematics in the last 70 years. It was circulated orally by Lothar Collatz at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Cambridge, Mass, in 1950 (Lagarias, 2010).The problem is known as the Thwaites conjecture (after Sir Bryan Thwaites), Hasse's algorithm (after Helmut Hasse), or the Syracuse problem.In this concise paper I provide a proof of this conjecture, by finding an upper bound to the Collatz sequence and, as a consequence, a contradiction.
Category: Number Theory

Poverty-Reducing Economy via Bitcoin and One-Dollar-Store Model

Authors: Aleksey Vaneev
Comments: 2 Pages.

This proposal presents a transactional system, based on existing blockchain technology, that permits usage of digital currency ecosystem for reduction of general poverty.
Category: Economics and Finance

The Penguin Encyclopedia of Places by W. G. Moore and the Graphical law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 22 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the The Penguin Encyclopedia of Places by W. G. Moore. We draw the natural logarithmof the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4, βH = 0.04), i.e. the Bethe-Peierls curve in the presence of four nearest neighbours and little external magneticfield, H, with βH = 0.04. β is1/(k_B T)where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Archaeology

The Particle Horizon as a Light Cone in the Standard Model of Cosmology (Lambda-CDM Model)

Authors: Werner Lange
Comments: 10 pages. In German.

It is shown that a particle horizon, related to a reference time tmin (e.g. the time of emission of the cosmic microwave background CMB radiation) can be understood as a future partial light cone of a light cone whose past partial light cone has an apex tmin. The statement is supported by drawings for different light cone apexes and different particle horizon reference times.Compared to the version of 22 May 2023, the version presented here contains some clarifications for forward light cones generated at time tmin that do not have a cosmological-historical backward light cone.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Geometry of a Planck-Scale Black Hole

Authors: Christian Lembke
Comments: 7 Pages.

The size of the Planck area can be determined indirectly via the measured value of the gravitational constant. Its size is thus subject to the measurement accuracy of the gravitational constant. In this work, the Planck area is derived from the quantum geometry of theoretical black holes in the Planck scale range and will be calculated exactly as a physical constant.The exact value of the Planck area makes it possible to calculate the gravitational constant with the two known natural constants, reduced Planck constant and the speed of light.From the quantum geometric description of black holes, the radius to the surface of a black hole can be calculated.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Comprehensive Theoretical Framework of Attention Hijacking Effect Theory

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 31 Pages.

This paper analyzes the Attention Hijacking Effect (AHE) Theory, a novel psychological construct that elucidates the allocation of limited attentional resources in an information saturated society. The AHE posits that individuals primarily concentrate on subjects pertinent to their work, life, and interests, maintaining sustained attention over time. However, transient attention is often allocated to news and trending social events due to their minimal relevance to daily life. The theory underscores the significance of relevance in attention allocation, aligning with the concept of selective attention. The paper further identifies gaps in the current understanding of AHE, proposing future research directions, including the investigation of AHE dynamics and the development of attention allocation measurement tools. The practical implications of AHE, such as informing the design of information delivery systems and educational materials, are also discussed. This comprehensive theoretical framework provides a foundation for understanding attention allocation amidst information overload.
Category: Social Science

Observational Evidence of the Axis of Evil Having Electron Orbital Shapes and Its Possible Link with Quantum Gravity

Authors: Harsimran Singh Dhaliwal
Comments: 21 Pages.

The anomalous ecliptic aligned Quadrupole and Octopole in the Cosmic Microwave Background has symmetries with electron orbitals. Since electron orbitals are a quantum phenomena, the Axis of Evil may be revealing a relation with Quantum Gravity. The Axis of Evil may be local to the Solar System which would explain its alignment and may have a purpose rather than seeming Evil. The Quadrupole includes a doughnut shape with two lobes just like the 3dz2 electron orbital and may be revealing one of the gravity causing particle clouds of either the Sun or the Earth. The gravity causing particle clouds seen via the Axis of Evil may be negatively charged. Positively charged gravity causing particle clouds may exist within the Sun or the Earth that are the nucleus of the Axis of Evil. Gravity is excluded from the Weak Force, Strong Force and Electromagnetic Force currently. Quantum Gravity may operate using these forces resulting in a full unification where ordinary matter accelerates from higher potentials to lower potentials within the gravity causing particle cloud system via Electrostatic forces. The gravity causing particle clouds of a star, galaxy, or galaxy cluster may also accelerate towards lower potentials of its host’s even larger gravity causing particle cloud system. We may have been asking the wrong questions. Perhaps General Relativity was a correct approximation analogously via curvature and indirectly describes the other three forces on larger scales yet curvature is not be the real cause of Gravity. Instead we should have asked how can gravity work via the three forces. By using known science at smaller scales and applying it to larger scales especially where we have observational evidence of its manifestation such as the Axis of Evil, we can unify Gravity with the Weak force, Strong force and Electromagnetic force.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Inertial Mass and the Inertial Reaction Force Revisited

Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 22 Pages.

The inertial mass of an object is a property of the object linking the acceleration of the object relative to a field in space that I will term the temporal inertial (TI) field. This linkage resists the acceleration of the object relative to the TI field. While inertial mass is a property of the object, it is the TI field, not the object, that asserts the force that resists the acceleration of the object relative to the TI field. This force is termed the inertial reaction force and it is a real, not a fictitious force. The inertial reaction force is a physical force between an object and the TI field. It is not a force derived from a change in a frame of reference. In one instance, the inertial reaction force manifests as the weight of an object at rest on the surface of a gravitational body, such as Earth. It derives from the acceleration of the TI field at the object and toward the center of mass of Earth. This interaction occurs because the TI field is directly subject to gravity and matter objects are not. Accordingly, the TI field is accelerated toward the center of mass of Earth. Absent air resistance, a free falling object is accelerated at the same rate as the TI field toward the center of mass of Earth. It is the acceleration of the TI field toward Earth that determines that all objects, regardless of mass, accelerate toward Earth at the same rate, at the same rate as the TI field! Ever wonder what the acceleration of gravity means? It is the acceleration of the TI field in response to gravity. The roles of inertial mass and the inertial reaction force are examined in five different scenarios to illustrate their interaction.
Category: Classical Physics

The Virtual Mass of a Type 1a Supernova

Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 31 Pages.

Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are crucial cosmic events used for cosmology and understanding the universe's expansion. However, the precise progenitor systems and explosion mechanisms behind SNe Ia remain elusive and subject to ongoing research. This abstract critically assesses the limitations of current progenitor models employed to explain these intriguing stellar explosions. The Single Degenerate Model, involving the accretion of matter onto a white dwarf from a non-degenerate companion star, faces challenges in explaining the observed lack of post-explosion companion stars, known as the "Missing Companion Problem." The Double Degenerate Model, based on the merger of two white dwarfs, lacks a definitive understanding of the exact merger mechanisms and the parameter space for successful explosions. These limitations highlight the need for further theoretical advancements, observational constraints, and computational modeling to refine and expand our understanding of the progenitor systems of Type Ia supernovae. Future investigations will aim to identify the dominant pathways leading to Type Ia explosions, reconcile the inconsistencies among different models, and enhance the accuracy of SNe Ia as cosmological distance indicators.The whole idea of this paper is to show that the white dwarf progenitor of a Type Ia supernova contains a significant portion of dark matter that is attracted to the dwarf until the Chandrasekhar limit of the star is reached. In this model there is no need for a companion star to provide the extra mass needed to exceed the Chandrasekhar limit of the white dwarf.
Category: Astrophysics

The Fundamental Choice in Physics Between a Non-Linear and Non-Divergence Free "Stress-Energy Tensor" and the Linear Divergence-Free "Stress-Energy Tensor" in the 4-Dimensional Minkowski Space

Authors: Wim Vegt
Comments: 61 Pages.

When Isaac Newton published his 3 famous equations which became the foundation of Classical Dynamics, he was not aware that he was building the first elemental blocks for the Stress-Energy Tensor in the 4-dimensional Minkowski Space.When James Clerk Maxwell published his 4 famous equations which became the foundation for Classical Electrodynamics, he was not aware that he was building new blocks for the Stress-Energy Tensor in the 4-dimensional Minkowski Space.When Paul Dirac published his famous equation which became the foundation of Relativistic Quantum Physics, he was not aware that he was building further on blocks for the Stress-Energy Tensor in the 4-dimensional Minkowski Space.It was Albert Einstein who was one of the first physicists who discovered the importance of the Stress-Energy Tensor to describe in a mathematical way the interaction between Electromagnetic Radiation and a Gravitational Field.But because there was no match, Einstein deformed the Divergence-Free Linear "Stress-Energy Tensor" by deforming Space and Time. He deformed this Tensor in such a way that he found a very special Mathematics to describe the interaction between Electromagnetic Radiation (Light) and a Gravitational Field. The Theory of General Relativity. And that became a problem. Because Einstein deformed the fundamental building block in physics, the Divergence-Free Linear "Stress-Energy Tensor", nothing fits anymore. Classical Mechanics has no match with Classical Electrodynamics. Classical Electrodynamics has no match with Relativistic Quantum Physics. Relativistic Quantum Physics has no match with General Relativity.This new theory starts with the Divergence-Free Linear "Stress-Energy Tensor" in the 4-dimensional Minkowski Space. And from this unique Divergence-Free "Stress-Energy Tensor" follows Classical Mechanics, Classical Electrodynamics, Relativistic Quantum Physics and General Relativity. Bringing back the necessary unity in physics.Theories which unify Quantum Physics and General Relativity, like "String Theory", predict the non-constancy of natural constants. Accurate observations of the NASA Messenger [11] observe in time a value for the gravitational constant "G" which constrains until ( /G to be < 4u2009×u200910-14 per year) . One of the characteristics of the New Theory is the "Constant Value" in time for the Gravitational Constant "G". A second experiment to test the New Theory is the effect of "Gravitational RedShift" [2].The "Gravitational RedShift" between an observatory on Earth (Radius = 6 106 [m]) and a Satellite in a Galileo Orbit (Radius = 23222 103 [m]) according "General Relativity": The "Gravitational RedShift" between an observatory on Earth (Radius = 6 106 [m]) and a Satellite in a Galileo Orbit (Radius = 23222 103 [m]) according "The Proposed Theory":
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is it Possible to Arbitrarily Slow Down Time in a Limited Volume With an Energy-Impulse Tensor Whose Components Can be Reduced Arbitrarily? Part I:Introduction

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 8 Pages.

A solution is presented that describes a region of space, box or warp bubble, where time gets slowed down by an arbitrary factor, while reducing the components of the energy-impulse tensor by any chosen amount
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Non-perturbative Proof of the Asymptotic Safety of 4D Einstein Gravity, With or Without Matter

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 33 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

Today, two distinct camps exist in the Physics community: those who believe in the asymptotic safe gravity program for gravity, and those who don’t. Not many physicists are undecided, even if those who claim not to care. It is a polarizing topic, and nobody seems to ever be really convinced by the arguments of the others. Add to this, the existential threat potentially posed by asymptotic safety to the physicality of supersymmetry, supergravity, superstrings, M-Theory, and many of the popular GUTs and TOEs out there, and one can understand why the question of asymptotic safety of gravity is often either viewed as critical, or dismissed as irrelevant. Yet, the asymptotic safety program has claimed indications that gravity may be asymptotically safe. So far, none are definitive, and most are derided by the other camp.In the context of the multi-fold theory, we have shown that multi-fold gravity is asymptotically safe. Using arguments, that gravity is 2D at small scales, something agreed upon by most consistent theories of quantum gravity, we inferred that gravity is most probably asymptotically safe, even in non-muti-fold universes, and yet, we could manage to save superstrings as relevant around that 2D regime, while (mathematically) living in a tangent dual space.More recent results reinterpret the double copy duality and behavior of Yang Mills scattering to i) defined new AdS/CFT dualities, ii) encounter gravity as part of Yang Mills theory, iii) and encounter the multi-fold theory in both Yang Mills Actions, and in M-theory, through the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture. Part of these previous works led us to announce that the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture implies that General Relativity (GR) — based gravity is indeed asymptotically safe in a 4D spacetime. In the present paper, we detail such a non-perturbative derivation for GR-based gravity, and for GR-based gravity with. It does not require faith into evolution of time series, 2D processes, nor a priori multi-fold assumptions. In other words, the proof applies to Einstein gravity, in general, for conventional Physics, as well as for multi-fold universes.The paper also discusses considerations on why arguments, presented so far, against the asymptotic safety of gravity program would have been flawed, and, in particular, it shows how our proof is not affected by the Gribov ambiguity concerns, which does not apply to gravity + SM or SMG matter. Also supersymmetric matter are not asymptotically safe in 4D. Higher dimensions are also confirmed incompatible.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Frames of Reference

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 7 Pages.

A frame of reference can be defined as a system ofgeometric axes in relation to which measurementsof size, position, or motion can be made. It is alsodefined as a set of criteria or stated values inrelation to which measurements or judgments canbe made, typically a cultural or religious referenceframe. Common usage can blend and confuse bothtypes of reference frames when cultural definitionsinfluence how the first definition is perceived.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proofs of ABC Conjecture

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 4 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

Several crucial properties of ABC conjecture are presented and proven. Therefore, the ABC conjecture is proven.
Category: Number Theory

The Twins Paradox and Quantized Space-Time

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 4 Pages.

Albert Einstein’s twin paradox cannot be visualized through our standard four-dimensional (4D) space time structure and there is a need for a fundamental change in our space-time structure in order to truly overcome the paradox. This change will be an important step towards a unification theory, between general relativity and quantum mechanics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Theory of Illusory Shared Dishonor Effect

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 1 Page.

Illusory Shared Dishonor Effect (ISDE) is a novel theory first proposed by Bryce Petofi Towne. This article introduces the concept of formation of ISDE. The author hopes that this paper serves as a theoretical framework to investigate how sense of shame is shared and how it may shape the society as whole.
Category: Social Science

The Graphical Method of the Kakutani’s Problem

Authors: Xingyuan Zhang
Comments: 10 pages. This is my second proof of the Collatz conjecture called graphical method. It can be only 6 pages. It has also other solutions or ideas, such as only using a table and in binary. My first proof is at viXra: 2301.0154.

In this paper we had given another elementary proof of the Kakutani’s problem by using the Kakutani’s Angle, it holds. By detailed analysis of the properties of both forward and inverse operations of the proposition, we had some important conclusions: 1, there hasn’t any triple in the forward path numbers; 2, there have an infinity number of inverse path numbers which had been defined as similar numbers in one time of inverse operation; 3, on the figure of Kakutani’s Angle, the operation path of any odd is unique; 4, the inverse operations can start with any odd, and all of the path numbers on the countless paths is getting larger and larger, on the contrary, to do forward operations for any inverse path number, it must go back to the starting point or to 1. It’s not difficult to prove if understanding its operational mechanism and grasping the methods.
Category: Number Theory

The Theories of Illusory Shared Honor and Dishonor Effect for Objects

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 2 Pages.

This article introduces the theories of Illusory Shared Honor Effect for Objects (ISHE for Objects) and Illusory Shared Dishonor Effect for Objects (ISDE for Objects) proposed by Bryce Petofi Towne. These two theories are derived from Illusory Shared Honor Effect and Illusory Shared Dishonor Effect proposed by the same author.
Category: Social Science

Energy and Probability Density Computation for Muonic Hydrogen

Authors: Ajay S., Suvrata P. Hegde
Comments: 24 Pages.

This paper discusses about the quantum energy levels of muonic hydrogen considering onlyCoulomb interaction. The computational analysis in this paper will help the reader get a goodunderstanding of how different a muonic hydrogen is from its electronic counterparts. Energyeigenvalues are calculated by numerical method and the probability density distribution ofmuon around the nucleus is plotted for different quantum states using special functions. Thecode is written in python. A comparative study of emission spectra between the muonichydrogen and hydrogen has also been discussed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Momentum and Negative Energy of Radiation as an Explanation for Dark Energy According to Inverse Relativity

Authors: Michael Girgis
Comments: 19 Pages.

When taking into consideration the particle nature of the light emitted from the surfaces of stars instead of the wave nature in the relativistic Doppler effect, we find that the distribution of the momentum of the photons on the surface of the star in the direction of motion is not symmetrical with the opposite direction, but decreases by the amount of negative space momentum according to the inverse relativity model, Which makes us have a difference in the radiation impulse forces (action forces) and radiation pressure (reaction forces) on the surfaces of stars, this difference or the resultant force leads to pushing the star or galaxy with increasing acceleration, The characteristics of the negative radiation of stars and galaxies are consistent with the properties of dark energy, as it has momentum and produces impulse forces and radiation pressure on the surfaces of stars or galaxies, It works on the motion of galaxies according to the Hubble-Lematter law, It represents a source of energy lost in the redshift
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

MultiSet-Venn Analysis

Authors: Robert Lloyd Jackson
Comments: 1 Page.

This paper defines the union and intersection of multiple sets.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

On the Convergence of Polynomial Interpolation

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 6 Pages. In French

In this note, we present Runge's phenomenon concerning the approximation of a function by polynomials.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Novel Proof of the Four-Colour Theorem

Authors: Henri Caillaud
Comments: 23 Pages.

HAKEN and APPEL showed in their famous demonstration that the configuration consisting of two neighboring countries each having five neighbors was inevitable and irreducible. The present demonstration proposes a reduction of this configuration.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Zero Quantum Gravity

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 40 Pages.

Proposed here is a new approach to the known disparity between the 4d spacetime designs of quantum field theory (QFT) and general relativity (GR). The reason for calculus in physics, and how and why QFT developed as flat 4d spacetime and GR as curved 4d spacetime shall be outlined. The key difference between QFT and GR in the context of the GR based ΛCDM model shall be confirmed as the condition of QFT requiring independent inertial frames of reference and GR requiring dependent inertial frames of reference. Following such, a brief account of current attempts uniting QFT and GR as the search for quantum gravity shall be outlined. In making use of the known QFT and GR data, their flat/curved 4d spacetime disparity, and the difficulty in proving quantum gravity, a new approach forward is proposed via a zero-dimensional number theory application to physical data. By this zero-dimensional number theory, the QFT and GR data and associated flat/curved spacetime disparity are confirmed, together with presenting a zero-dimensional quantum gravity paradigm termed as "zero quantum gravity" outlining QFT processes that prescribe a proposed zero-point gravitational field effect that can be tested experimentally. Here, the intention is not to disrupt or dispel the current quests for quantum gravity, yet to offer a current theoretic and experimental utility to the known mismatch between QFT and GR on that path to quantum gravity.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Einsteinian Science: Reconciling Religion and Science with Two New Scientific Discoveries

Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 11 Pages.

Einstein elevated objective science that strived for the highest good of humanity. He initiated an inter-realm reconciliation of religion and science. Following his work, we have defined two new scientific discoveries: cosmic inertia and the success/failure system. In this paper, we attempt to establish two reconciliations between religion and science: the coexistence of gods and cosmic inertia, and the agreement of the Bible with the success/failure system. The results of these reconciliations are that (1) gods of all religious traditions are without conflict and have the same empirical reference, that is, cosmic inertia, and (2) the Bible aligns with the goal created by the success/failure system. Einsteinian science supremely regards the true picture of the universe, which approaches the highest good of humanity. The ultimate absurdity of science is that the scientific community, including Nobel prize winners, can never fathom Einsteinian science nor reconcile religion and science; thus, science is stagnating! Notes on disseminating Einsteinian science with our work are provided.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Pythagorean Triples and the Binomial Formula

Authors: Kurmet Sultan
Comments: 3 Pages.

The article shows the possibility of compiling Pythagorean triples using the binomial formula and provides a Theorem that is an alternative proof of the infinity of Pythagorean triples and confirmation of the close connection of the Pythagorean Theorem with the binomial formula.
Category: Number Theory

Cross-cultural Analysis of the Attention Hijacking Effect: Empirical Evidence from Google Search Data

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne, Haoxi Zhang
Comments: 14 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin)

In this empirical investigation, we delve into the phenomenon known as the "Attention Hijacking Effect" (AHE). Utilizing Google's annual search index data spanning from 2006 to 2022, we have amassed a comprehensive dataset from four countries: the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, and France. This dataset, comprising 1089 entries, each correlating with annual news events as listed on Wikipedia, provides an expansive perspective on the shifting attention towards specific news terminologies over time.We employed linear regression analysis to explore the relationship between the familiarity with news-related terms and the duration of attention these terms command. Our findings indicate a significant positive correlation across all four countries, statistically significant at the 0.01 level. However, the variance explained (R-squared values) is relatively low, suggesting the potential existence of other influential factors not considered in this study that significantly impact the duration of attention.These findings underscore the complexity of attention dynamics and the necessity for continued scholarly exploration in this field. We anticipate that these insights will render our readers more informed and enhance their understanding of the AHE theory.
Category: Social Science

The Twin Fallacy

Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper it is proposed that the clock or age difference predicted in the well known twin paradox thought experiment of special relativity is not a real effect, but only arises because proper clock rate changes when a real clock is transported to a state of higher kinetic energy have not been considered. The kinematic time dilation of SR is cancelled exactly by an increase in proper clock rate that arises due to an increase in optical electron transition frequency when taking into account the relativistic mass increase of a moving atomic clock.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Reality

Authors: Zhengchen Liang
Comments: 10 Pages.

This document introduces the genesis and cardinal structure of existences, philosophically derived by the two concepts of certainty and diversity. All existences constructed by the $x$ diversity maps is the base structure of The Reality, on which sequential excitations of $z$ diversity maps found realities. Natural and other classes of existences in The Reality are partially characterized.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Direct Product of Sporadic Groups as a Symmetry Group of the Observable Universe at Maximum Expansion

Authors: Tomáš Ajdari
Comments: 6 Pages.

The direct product of sporadic simple groups is a rather large group of the approximate order of2.32×10^365, describing an object of d = 93.75 billion ly and mass of 9.63 × 10^53 kg, composedout of 6.15 × 10^121 3D knots - particles. This is the same mass as two classical electrons atPlanck density minus the mass of all baryonic matter inside a local (late time) Hubble volume. TheCompton wavelength of all baryonic matter inside the observable universe at maximum expansionis directly related to the order of this group. Two values of the Hubble constant - 73 and 65.5 km/sper megaparsec (Hubble tension) are recovered. Proton/electron mass ratio is recovered assumingprecise baryonic matter/total matter ratio of 1/2π, which is inside contemporary estimates. Thisgroup is implicated as a source of Weyl/Dirac's/Funkhouser's large numbers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Illusory Shared Honor Effect

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 2 Pages. (Converted by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

The Illusory Shared Honor Effect (ISHE) is a phenomenon that has created a link between individual and collective psychology. According to the survey in the article, 70% - 80% of the surveyed researchers report experiencing the ISHE effect, which also increases recognition of organizations such as their alma mater. Simply put, the ISHE effect highlights a connection between individual and collective psychology, which can strengthen a sense of collective identity. The ISHE effect is a common phenomenon that manifests in a variety of contexts, such as business, politics, and other fields. The ISHE effect provides new theoretical support for these domains, elucidating how individuals may perceive a sense of shared honor with other members of their group despite variations in their actual contributions to the group's success.The ISHE effect is distinguished by its novelty, as no previous research had identified this phenomenon. As a result, the author's discovery of the ISHE effect has the potential to significantly advance not only psychology but also other related fields.
Category: Social Science

The Attention Hijacking Effect: A Theoretical Examination of Attention Allocation in an Information-Overloaded Society

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 2 Pages.

The Attention Hijacking Effect (AHE) theory, recently posited in empirical studies, offers a fresh perspective on attention allocation, specifically in the context of news consumption. This paper undertakes a comprehensive examination of the AHE theory, positing that attention devoted to personal matters tends to be sustained over extended periods, while attention towards societal issues and news is often fleeting. The paper explores the roots of the AHE theory in existing models of attention, its theoretical underpinnings, potential implications, and potential avenues for future research. This theoretical exploration contributes to the scholarly dialogue on attention allocation in information-saturated societies.
Category: Social Science

Comparative Longitudinal Analysis on Global Inflation with a Special Emphasis on Indian Economy

Authors: Ram Sharma
Comments: 23 Pages. (Converted by viXra Admin)

The economic fluctuations in Indian housing markets have been time and again proved to be led by inflation (Granger Cause) (Richa Pandey & V. Mary Jessica, 2020). The purpose of this study is to perform a comparative longitudinal analysis on Global Inflation with a special emphasis on Indian Economy. The study aims to observe the positive cause-effect relationship between the rise of money supply and circulation in the economy and the succeeding rise in housing prices. A comparative longitudinal analysis on inflation can provide significant insights into the evolution of prices over time. By comparing inflation rates across different countries, researchers can identify patterns and commonalities that can help explain the underlying causes of inflation.
Category: Economics and Finance

On Superluminal Non-Baryonic Matter in a 3D-Brane Universe

Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 7 Pages.

In Einstein’s relativity the speed of light is the topmost speed of matter. It can be reached by massless particles like photons and gravitons. The 3D-brane universe model is an alternative theory of gravity. Unlike Einstein’s relativity, it is not so restrictive. In the present paper we build the theory of massive matter particles that can be superluminal in a curved 3D-brane universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Disproof of the Riemann Hypothesis and the Non-Trivial Zeros of the Zeta Function

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper disproves the Riemann hypothesis by disproving the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function.
Category: Number Theory

An Alternative Cosmological Model with Predictions Similar to Today’s ΛCDM Model

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 14 Pages. 1 figure

The theory of quantum mechanics and the theory of general relativity are both important with respect to the initial conditions of the universe and its evolution. In this paper we consider the question of how these theories might interrelate through a simple and didactic cosmological alternative model based on the Hubble time, Planck mass flow rate, and a variable coefficient . In doing so, we derive the parameters obtained by the Planck 2018 results using the Planck mass flow rate and Hubble time. By introducing a double universe theory (matter and antimatter universes arising from an initial instanton (i.e., half Planck mass) state, we sketch out a general framework for unifying, in the cosmology, general relativity with quantum field theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dynamic Cross-Sectional Factor Identification and Analysis of Consumer Perception Towards Insurance Schemes in India

Authors: Ram Sharma
Comments: 19 Pages.

The insurance industry is an integral part of any modern economy, providing individuals and businesses with protection against a wide range of risks. However, the success of the industry depends largely on consumer perception towards insurance schemes. Consumer perception towards insurance schemes can have a significant impact on the demand for insurance products, the competitiveness of the insurance market, and the overall profitability of insurance companies.
Category: Economics and Finance

Harnessing AI in Quantitative Finance: Predicting GDP using Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, and Linear Regression Models

Authors: Farid Soroush
Comments: 7 Pages.

Predicting key macroeconomic indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a critical task in quantitative finance and economics. Precise forecasts of GDP can help in policy-making, investment decisions, and understanding the overall economic health of a country. Machine learning has emerged as a powerful tool in this domain, offering sophisticated techniques for modeling complex systems and making predictions. This project presents a comparative analysis of three machine learning models — Gradient Boosting Regressor, Random Forest Regressor, and Linear Regression — for predicting GDP. Our aim is to assess their performance and identify the model that provides the most accurate forecasts.
Category: General Mathematics

Is the Timing of Human Warfare Correlated with Cyclical Dopamine and Serotonin Levels?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 16 Pages. FInal version with updated diagrams

A short and informal essay speculating on the impact of pollen and, thus, histamine on human serotonin levels, especially violence and warfare. The peak pollen months in spring of February, March, April, and May and the fall months of August and September are proposed as having higher levels of "impulsive anger" from the histamine-driven lowered serotonin in humans especially human males. The start dates of all war battles from 2001 to 2023 and from 1900 to 2023 as listed in Wikipedia are examined by month where the ranking, as well as medical research results, support the hypothesis.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A proof of Riemann Hypothesis.

Authors: Liu Yajun
Comments: 2 Pages.

we give a proof of Riemann Hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

The GW of the Vela Pulsar and the Receiving Pattern of the Livingston Interferometer

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 5 Pages.

After compensation for phase modulation and frequency drift, the pulsar's GW can be detected in the records of the interferometer Livingston. The signatures agree with the known values measured with electromagnetic waves. The measured amplitude modulation of the GW in the daily rhythm shows the directivity of the antenna.
Category: Astrophysics

Detection of Abnormalities in Blood Cells Using a Region-based Segmentation Approach and Supervised Machine Learning Algorithm

Authors: Nagueu Djambong Lionel Perin, Waku Kouomou Jules, Hippolyte Kenfack Tapamo, Jimbo H. Claver
Comments: 11 Pages.

Screening (slide reading stage) is a manual human activity in cytology which consists of theinspection or analysis by the cytotechnician of all the cells present on a slide. Segmentation of bloodcells is an important research question in hematology and other related elds. Since this activity is human-based, detection of abnormal cells becomes dicult. Nowadays, medical image processing has recently become a very important discipline for computer-aided diagnosis, in which many methods are applied to solve real problems. Our research work is in the eld of computer-assisted diagnosis on blood images for the detection of abnormal cells. To this end, we propose a hybrid segmentation method to extract the correct shape from the nuclei to extract features and classify them usingSVM and KNN binary classifiers. In order to evaluate the performance of hybrid segmentation and the choice of the classication model, we carried out a comparative study between our hybrid segmentation method followed by our SVM classication model and a segmentation method based on global thresholding followed by a KNN classication model. After this study, it appears from the experiments carried out on the 62 images of blood smears, that the SVM binary classication model gives us an accuracy of 97% for the hybrid segmentation and 57% in the global thresholding and 95% for the KNN Classi cation Model. As our dataset was not balanced, we evaluated precision, recall,F1 score and cross validation with the Strated K-Fold cross validation algorithm of each of these segmentation methods and classication models. We obtain respectively: 93.75%; 98.712% and 99% for hybrid segmentation reecting its effectiveness compared to global fixed threshold segmentation and KNN classication model. To evaluate the performance of these models we obtained the following results: 77% of mean accuracy in the SVM and 61% of mean accuracy in the KNN, 84% of mean testaccuracy in the SVM and 74% mean test accuracy in the KNN making the best performing SVMmodel
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Greatest Optical Telescopes on Earth and Beyond

Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 53 Pages.

"The Greatest Optical Telescopes on Earth and Beyond" is a brief overview of the most impressive optical telescopes in existence, both on Earth and beyond. This abstract provides a glimpse into the contents of the article. The article explores the most advanced optical telescopes currently in use on Earth, including the Keck Observatory in Hawaii, the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile, and the Hubble Space Telescope in orbit around Earth. The technical capabilities of each elescope are discussed, highlighting their unique strengths and contributions to the field of astronomy. In addition to Earth-based telescopes, the article also delves into the realm of space-based telescopes, including the aforementioned Hubble, as well as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The article explores the innovative technology used in the design and construction of these telescopes and their expected impact on the field of astronomy. Overall, "The Greatest Optical Telescopes on Earth and Beyond" offers a glimpse into the incredible technology and engineering feats behind the world's most powerful telescopes, and the exciting discoveries they enable in the field of astronomy.
Category: Astrophysics

Equivalency's Fallacy

Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 46 Pages. 8 Diagrams

Einstein asserts a "principle of equivalence" from his inference that inertial mass is no different from gravitational mass. This has him concluding that acceleration/braking and rotation actually create gravity that's the same as natural, mass-created gravity. But just a cursory comparison quickly reveals they're not even close to being similar, let alone equivalent. Equivalency's explicit fallacy is not insignificant. It poses a serious challenge to relativity and the big bang, threatening to invalidate both in their entirety.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cunoașterea (Knowledge)

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 23 Pages. In Romanian

Greu de spus ce este cunoașterea. Cu cât se discută mai mult asupra acestui concept, cu atât mai multe sunt opiniile divergente. Epistemologia este teoria cunoașterii, iar una dintre întrebările caracteristice epistemologiei se referă la ce au în comun toate nenumăratele tipuri de cunoștințe pe care ni le atribuim. O distincție majoră între diferitele tipuri de cunoaștere este cunoașterea descriptivă, declarativă sau propozițională (care necesită un grad mai mare de sofisticare intelectuală din partea celui care caută cunoașterea) și cunoașterea cunoștințelor sau a abilităților.Pentru ca o descriere, declarație sau afirmație să fie cunoaștere, trebuie ca aceasta să fie o credință, să fie adevărată, și să fie justificată. O declarație de credință este o expresie a credinței în cineva sau ceva. Credința trebuie să fie adevărată pentru a fi cunoaștere. Platon, în Gorgias, susține că credința este cel mai frecvent invocat purtător de adevăr. În multe dintre dialogurile lui Platon, precum Menon și, în special, Theaitetos, Socrate consideră cunoașterea ca fiind credința adevărată explicată sau definită într-un fel. Justificarea credinței implică un motiv bun pentru a face acest lucru. Definiția cunoașterii ca o credință adevărată justificată a fost acceptată pe scară largă până în 1960, când filosoful american Edmund Gettier a provocat discuții majore pe scară largă.

Hard to say what knowledge is. The more this concept is discussed, the more divergent opinions are. Epistemology is the theory of knowledge, and one of the characteristic questions of epistemology concerns what all the myriad kinds of knowledge we ascribe to ourselves have in common. A major distinction between different types of knowledge is descriptive, declarative, or propositional knowledge (which requires a greater degree of intellectual sophistication on the part of the knowledge seeker) and knowledge or skill knowledge.For a description, statement, or assertion to be knowledge, it must be a belief, be true, and be justified. A statement of faith is an expression of belief in someone or something. Belief must be true to be knowledge. Plato, in the Gorgias, argues that faith is the most frequently invoked bearer of truth. In many of Plato's dialogues, such as the Meno and especially the Theaetetus, Socrates regards knowledge as true belief explained or defined in some way. Justification for belief involves a good reason for doing so. The definition of knowledge as justified true belief was widely accepted until 1960, when the American philosopher Edmund Gettier provoked major widespread discussion.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Computational Approach to Interest Rate Swaps Pricing

Authors: Farid Soroush
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we discuss the computational model for pricing interest rate swaps using the QuantLib library in Python. This paper provides the practical implications of financial computational theory in the context of interest rate swaps, with an in-depth analysis of its present value, fair rate, duration, and convexity.
Category: General Mathematics

The East and West Philosophies: A Comparison of Geometric and Algebraic Structures

Authors: Wen-Xiang Chen
Comments: 4 Pages.

The East and West philosophies are often compared based on their cultural differences and historical backgrounds. However, this paper aims to compare these two philosophical traditions using mathematical concepts. The Eastern philosophy can be compared to a geometric structure, where there is a strong sense of determinism and order. On the other hand, the Western philosophy can be compared to an algebraic structure, where there is a high degree of uncertainty and a need for observation and experimentation. This paper argues that these two structures represent different ways of understanding the world, and that both have their strengths and limitations.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Zeros of a Sigma-Additive Set Complex Function. the Case of the Fourier Transform

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 3 Pages.

A non-trivial interpretation of Fourier integral theorem in the framework of measure spaces.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Tribute to the Memory of Prof. Helmut Moritz (1933-2022)

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem, Helmut Moritz
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper is a tribute to the memory of professor and geodesist Helmut Moritz who passed away in December 2022. We present a paper about the theory of geodetic refraction written by him and presented during the International Symposium " Figure of the Earth and Refraction ",Vienna, March 14th-l7th, 1967.
Category: Geophysics

Detection of the GW of the Crab Pulsar in the Ligo and Virgo O3b Series

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 9 Pages.

After compensation for phase modulation and frequency drift, the pulsar's GW can be detected in the records of all three interferometers. The signatures agree with the known values measured with electromagnetic waves.
Category: Astrophysics

The 92

Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 96 Pages.

The periodic table is a tabular representation of the 118 known chemical elements, including 92 naturally occurring elements. These elements are classified based on their atomic structure and properties, and are essential components of all matter in the universe.The elements can be broadly categorized into metals, non-metals and metalloids. Metals, such as iron, copper and gold are good conductors of electricity and have high melting and boiling points. Non-metals, such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, are poor conductors of electricity and have lower melting and boiling points. Metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, have properties that are intermediate between metals and non-metals.The properties of the elements vary widely, from noble gasses that are chemically inert and have low boiling points, to the highly reactive alkali metals that are easily oxidized and have low melting points. Many of the elements are essential for life, such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, while others have important industrial applications, such as iron, aluminum and copper.The study of the elements and their properties is essential to understanding the behavior of matter and the natural world. Advances in science and technology have led to the discovery of new elements and the development of new materials with unique properties and applications.
Category: Geophysics

Gravity's Origin, Impetus & Unification

Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 20 Pages. 12 Diagrams

Gravity and its unification with electromagnetism along with the other two assumed forces of nature, the strong and weak nuclear forces, is easily resolved by simply recognizing the broader implications of already well-established, widely held theory: Subatomic particles spontaneously condense out of the all-pervasive field of radiant electromagnetic energy that comprises the universe. This produces a commensurate decrease in the universal field's density that mostly occurs immediately around emerging particles that innately diffuses inward exponentially because of a field's uninterruptible continuity and a sphere's inherent geometry. This is what constitutes a particle and the bodies' they compose gravity field. Runaway gravitation naturally ensues as they mechanically pursue equilibrium in the ever-decreasing density of their ever-merging (electromagnetic) gravity fields.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Convergent Method for the Numerical Calculation of Roots of Real Polynomial Functions

Authors: Juan Jorge Isaac Lopez
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Newton-Raphson method is the most widely used numerical calculation method to solve Real polynomial functions, but it has the drawback that it does not always converge. The method proposed in this work establishes the convergence condition and therefore will always converge towards the roots ofthe equation.
Category: General Mathematics

The Cherenkov Radiation from Dipole and the Lorentz Contraction

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. original

The power spectral formula of the Cherenkov radiation of dipole is derived in the framework of the source theory. The distance between chargesof dipole is relativity contracted which manifests in the spectral formula. Theknowledge of the spectral formula then can be used to verification of the Lorentz contractionof the relativistic length of dipole. A feasible experiment for the verication of the dipolecontraction is suggested.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Calculation of the Rest Masses of Neutron and Proton by Polynomials with Base π in Relation to the Electron

Authors: Helmut Christian Schmidt
Comments: 16 Pages.

Nature can be understood as a set of rational numbers, Q. This is to be distinguished from how we see the world, a 3-dimensional space with time. Observations and Physics is the subset Q⁺. As described in the general relativity, 10 independent equations are required. The micro world also requires these ten parameters in quanta. This allows the description and simulation of nature as a polynomial of ten parameters P(2) Imagining a space with revolutions of 2π provides the basis for polynomials at P(2π). E.g.m_neutron / m_e=(2π)⁴ +(2π)³+(2π)²-(2π)¹-(2π)⁰-(2π)^-1+2(2π)^-2+2(2π)^-4-2(2π)^-6 +6(2π)^-8 = 1838.6836611 measured: 1838.68366173(89) m_eThe charge operator for all particles is:C = -π+2π^-1- π^-3+2π^-5-π^-7+π^-9- π^-12 Together with the neutron mass, the result for the proton is:m_proton=m_neutron + C m_e= 1836.15267363 m_eFor an observer and two objects, from the torque and angular momentum alone, a common constant of h, G, and c can be derived, giving a ratio of meters and seconds:h G c⁵s⁸ /m¹⁰ √ (π⁴ -π² -1/π-1/π³) = 1.00000 Fine structure constant: 1/α= π ⁴+ π ³+ π ²-1- π^-1 + π^-2-π^-3 + π^-7 - π^-9- 2π^-10-2π^-11-2π^-12 = 137.035999107The ratios of energies are raw natural data. The length and time are derived values. The calculations go beyond quantum theory and general relativity. E.g.2 π c m day = (Earth's diameter) ²Mond/(R_Erde + R_Mond) = 2^3/(2 π) rel. Fehler = 1,0001$Merkur:r_Apoapsis = 696342 km sqrt((2 π)^5 / 2 - (2 π)^4 /2 + (2 π)^3) = 46006512 km rel. Fehler = 1,0001 r_{Periapsis /= 696342 km sqrt(2 π)^5 - 0*(2 π)^4 + (2 π) ^3) = 69775692 km rel. Fehler = 1,0005 rVenus / rMerkur = 6123,80 / 2448,57 = 2,5009
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory}

Dimensional Regularization as Mass Generating Mechanism

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 14 Pages.

Relativistic Quantum Field Theory (QFT) develops divergences caused by perturbative corrections to Feynman diagrams. Dimensional Regularization (DR) is a technique that isolates divergences using analytic continuation to non-integer dimensions. In this introductory tutorial we argue that DR provides an alternative mechanism for mass generation in particle physics. This mechanism reconciles the Higgs model of electroweak symmetry breaking with the minimal fractal topology of spacetime above the Fermi scale. Mass predictions agree reasonably well with experimental data.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Foundations of Mathematical Physics and Its Relationship with Physical Reality

Authors: J. A. J. van Leunen
Comments: 135 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

The Hilbert Book Model project produced this publication. The search for a reliable foundation of physical reality has had many setbacks and is slow. As a result, mainstream physics got at a sidetrack. Quantum Field Theory, Quantum Electro Dynamics, and Quantum Chromodynamics use the minimal action principle as their base. The Hilbert Book Model shows that continuums belong to the third phase of a special set and cannot work as a foundation of mathematical physics. This document shows how the three phases of the special set lead to a vector space and number systems, which apply to a system of Hilbert spaces in which the local universe and a parallel multiverse can pose. Also, the document shows that science must not consider the Higgs particle or the Higgs field as part of the Standard Model. Instead, the Standard Model of experimental particle physicists should restrict to elementary fermions. Most physicists interpret photons as excitations of the electric field. In contrast, the HBM interprets photons as chains of dark energy objects, and the dark energy objects are shock fronts that excite the field, representing the local universe. Hop landings of the state vectors of the fermions produce spherical shock fronts that move with light speed away from the location of this landing. This conflicts with the ideas of conservation laws that play in mainstream physics. According to the HBM, a big bang never occurred. The model considers two episodes, and at the beginning of the second episode, time starts running together with an ongoing creation of fermions.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Design and Implementation of a Real-time Portfolio Risk Management System

Authors: Farid Soroush
Comments: 4 Pages.

The purpose of this report is to describe the design and implementation of a real-time portfolio risk management system. The system is developed in Python and utilizes pandas and numpy libraries for data management and calculations. With the advent of high-frequency trading, risk management has become a crucial aspect of the trading process. Traditional risk management practices are often not suitable due to the high-speed nature of these trades. Therefore, there is a need for a real-time risk management system that can keep pace with high-frequency trades.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Dynamic Merkle-Trees

Authors: Herman Schoenfeld
Comments: 22 Pages.

This paper presents a formal construction of dynamic merkle-trees and a deep-dive into theirmathematical structure. In doing so, new and interesting artefacts are presented as well as novel security proof constructions that enable proofs for a full range of tree transformations including append, update and deletion of leaf nodes (without requiring knowledge of those nodes). Novel concepts are explored including "perfect trees", "sub-trees", "sub-roots" and "flat coordinates" through various lemmas, theorems and algorithms. In particular, a "flat-tree" implementation of merkle-trees is presented suitable for storing trees as a contiguous block of memory that can grow and shrink from the right-side. Of note, a "long-tree" implementation is presented which permits arbitrarily large tree construction in logarithmic space and time complexity using a novel algorithm. Finally, a reference implementation accompanies this paper which contains a fully implemented and thoroughly tested implementation of dynamic merkle-trees.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Undocumented Feature or Potential Vulnerability?

Authors: Evgenii Litvinov
Comments: 7 Pages.

According Wikipedia, an undocumented feature is an unintended or undocumented hardware operation, for example an undocumented instruction, or software feature found in computer hardware and software that is considered beneficial or useful. Sometimes the documentation is omitted through oversight, but undocumented features are sometimes not intended for use by end users, but left available for use by the vendor for software support anddevelopment. Also, some unintended operation of hardware or software that ends up being of utility to users is simply a bug, flaw or quirk [1]. I believe that according to the definition of backdoor [2], and it refers to a special case of undocumented feature, because in both cases this information, which is known and used byvendors for software support and development. Manufacturers of advanced sensors, gate valves, pumps, video cameras and other lowlevel (abbreviated as LL) automation products offer "smart" versions of their products. All ofthese "smart" solutions involve variability, programmability and versatility in terms of productapplication, as well as cost and commissioning time reduction. Given that product variability, programmability and versatility are often achieved through the use of programmable elements, this imposes a great deal of responsibility on product manufacturers and requires vigilance on the part of consumers. This article will not discuss individual household products in the form of smart homes, smart TVs, the Internet of Things, etc., but anyone who reads the material outlined can imagine how unpredictable any item in their home can be if the manufacturer has not shown sufficient responsibility.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

One of the Causes of the Acceleration of the Universe

Authors: Mario Everaldo de Souza
Comments: 2 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

It is shown that a galaxy inside a cosmic void close to a wall between two cosmic voids is attracted towards the wall by a Hooke's law force. It is also shown that the duration of the universal expansion is about 100 billion years.
Category: Astrophysics

Double Spiral Galaxies and the Extratropical Cyclone in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijit Mitra, Poulomi Mullick
Comments: 6 Pages.

The work is focused on the comparative analysisof the shape of spiral galaxies and the ubtropical cyclone that formed north of Georgia Island and passed north of the South Sandwich Islands, in the South Atlantic Ocean. Subtropical cyclones with double spirals appear to be common in theseareas of the South Atlantic. A subtropical cyclone is a weather system that has some characteristics of a tropical cyclone and some characteristics of an extratropical cyclone. They can form between the equator and the 50th parallel. In mathematics, a spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving farther away as it revolves around the point. The characteristic shape of hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons is a spiral. The characteristicequation of which spiral the Extratropical Cyclone (EC) Its double spiral shape, whose mathematical equation has already been defined as Cote’s spiral, Gobato et al. (2022) and similarlyLindblad (1964) show shape of double spiral
Category: Climate Research

The Frame Mechanics: an Euclidean Representation of the Special Relativity

Authors: Arcady Bordione
Comments: 32 pages / French CC-BY-NC

This document proposes another representation of the well-known effects of Einstein's special relativity. This is not a new theory but an alternative to four vectors in Minkowski spacetime, using Euclidean geometry that shows all the effects of special relativity in 2 or 3 dimensional diagrams. The mathematics used will voluntarily remain as simple as possible for the sake of accessibility.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dynamical Geodesy

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 17 Pages. In French

It is a tribute to the memory of my professor of geodesy Jacques Le Menestrel. We give a numerical version of the two first chapters of his booklet "Dynamical Geodesy". It is part of his complete geodesy course, taught in the 70s of the last century, at the Ecole Nationale des Sciences Géographiques (ENSG), France.
Category: Geophysics

Steady State Scaling for Dark Matter Radii of Sun, Planets and Moon

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future regurgitation/repetition will not be accepted)

In ref 1 the ground rules were derived which made it possible to calculate the dark matter radii other gravity exchange situations other than the one of the sun. The exchange balance for momentum between radial exchange due to the gravity at the gravity boundary and angular momentum for a time interval of the square root of the event horizon of a macro mass determines the radius of the dark matter rigid rotor maintained by magnetic flux in coherence. The physics of calculated dark matter radius is in fact a layer of group clusters at the outward boundary making the inner part of dark matter distribution like a hollow sphere without dark matter of which the dimension of the coherent cluster layer is equal to the rigid rotor radius. This radius is related in fact the echo distance as a fixed constant to the mass rotation of the macro body, planet moon or star maintaining the transfer of echo angular momentum to the equilibrium of the mass rotation. These calculations are done for Sun, Earth, Moon, Venus, Mercury and Jupiter giving a different insight than already guessed of how the dark matter medium influenced the formation of our planetary system.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Via Geometric Algebra: A Solution to the Snellius-Pothenot Resection (Surveying) Problem

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 8 Pages.

Using geometric algebra (GA), we derive a solution to the classic Snellius-Pothenot problem. We note two types of cases where that solution does not apply, and present a GA-based solution for one of those cases.
Category: Geometry

[o]n Dark Matter Mediation for the Solar Parameters

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future regurgitation/repetition will not be accepted)

The magnetic flux constant CH based on Hartree potential of the H atom is converted to the mediating mass of dark matter, is used to determine the momentary magnetic energy balance of the sun in which all atoms of the Sun’s macro mass are contributing in to Lamb’s shift parameters of Δλ = 5.1 10-7 m at a quantum step of 5.87 10-7 eV. The result of the balance gives a discrepancy of the summed input energy of all the atoms to the output one magnetic coherent energy of the magnetic strings of 21 cm suggesting the discrepancy to be a ratio of 4/3 = (√4/3)2. In the sense of physics it means that the angular momentum in coherence of the atoms to the dark matter medium complies to ½ c effective due to the pseudo cell maximum acceleration up to ½√2c. The other relativistic part of (m/mo) = √4/3 is apparently needed to maintain the coherent magnetic state.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Transitions in GEONs

Authors: Wim Vegt
Comments: 61 Pages. Gravitational-Electromagnetic Confinement of Light in Quantum Transitions

Albert Einstein has introduced a new understanding of light by introducing the concept of the "photon". This concept originated (1905) in Albert Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect, in which he proposed the existence of discrete energy packets during the transmission of light. Because photons propagate with the speed of light, it is a necessary requirement that the rest-mass of photons equals zero. Recently experiments have resulted in the observation that the rest mass of a photon does not equal zero. [10]. Einstein’s solution to explain the interaction between gravity and light (particles with rest-mass zero, photons) was a curved space-time continuum. A Space-Time continuum curved due to a gravitational field. The assumption of the zero-mass of photons had been based on Maxwell’s assumption that electromagnetic waves do not carry mass and do not generate a gravitational field.This article describes a New Electromagnetic Field Theory. The foundation of this new theory is a 4-dimensional equilibrium in the Minkowski space, expressed by the Stress-Energy Tensor: in which expresses the density of the Electromagnetic Force 4-vector in the Minkowski Space (equation 45) and "a" varies from 1 until 4.Based on the 4-dimensional equilibrium in the Minkowski space (expressed by the Stress-Energy Tensor = ), Newton’s Classical Dynamics will be unified with Maxwell’s Electrodynamics, the 4-Dimensional Relativistic Dirac Equation (which is the foundation of Relativistic Quantum Physics) represents the classical relativistic Dirac Equation (54.1) and equals the 4th component of the density of the Force 4-vector in the Minkowski Space and Einstein’s General Relativity. Extending Newton’s 3-dimensional Equilibrium in Classical Mechanics into a model of confined electromagnetic energy within a 4-dimensional Equilibrium will unify Classical Mechanics with Relativistic Quantum Physics (4-dimensional Dirac Equation) and represents the mathematical solutions (equation 31) for the in 1955 by J. A. Wheeler already announced concept of Gravitational-Electromagnetic Confined GEONs. [1]The research has been focussed to unify the four fundamental theories in physics. Isaac Newton’s Classical Mechanics, James Clerk Maxwell’s Electrodynamics, Quantum Physics (Niels Bohr, Paul Dirac, Werner Heisenberg) and Albert Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity. These four fundamental theories also mark the different periods when they have been created and a fundamentally different way of thinking at those times. To unify these four principles of Physics, it is necessary to link electromagnetism and gravitation. Here it is proposed that the 2-dimensional confinement of electromagnetic radiation (a beam of light) creates its own gravitational field, and that field will interact with other gravitational fields. To illustrate the utility of this theory, an example has been discussed with regard to the measured gravitational redshift associated with Earth’s gravity. This Theory has been called "Quantum Light Theory". Theories which unify Quantum Physics and General Relativity, like "String Theory", predict the non-constancy of natural constants. Accurate observations of the NASA Messenger [11] observe in time a value for the gravitational constant "G" which constrains until ( /G to be < 4u2009×u200910-14 per year) . One of the characteristics of the New Theory is the "Constant Value" in time for the Gravitational Constant "G". A second experiment to test the New Theory is the effect of "Gravitational RedShift" [2].The "Gravitational RedShift" between an observatory on Earth (Radius = 6 106 [m]) and a Satellite in a Galileo Orbit (Radius = 23222 103 [m]) according "General Relativity": The "Gravitational RedShift" between an observatory on Earth (Radius = 6 106 [m]) and a Satellite in a Galileo Orbit (Radius = 23222 103 [m]) according "The Proposed Theory":
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Physical Nature of Entanglement

Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 8 Pages.

The problem of explaining the physical nature of the entanglement concept is only part of the more fundamental problem of symmetry in quantum physics. We have a number of direct and indirect experimental proofs of time asymmetry in quantum physics. This asymmetry requires the existence of a memory of a quantum system about its initial state, which is the physical essence of the concept of entanglement. The possibility of experimental study of nonlocal properties of quantum memory is also discussed.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Mathematical Model of Economic Dynamics

Authors: R. E. Liberzon
Comments: 6 Pages. In Russian

Under the most general assumptions, a resolving system of ordinary differential-differenceequations of arbitrary order is obtained.Its characteristic determinant, assuming equality of coefficients characterizing interaction between different subjects of mathematical model,is reduced to the tridiagonal Jacobi determinant.The latter is equal to the linear homogeneous difference equation, whose solution is obtained by the Daniel Bernoulli (Jacques Binet) approach,and the recurrence relation method. It is shown that for an arbitrary set of non-zerocoefficients of interaction all characteristic numbers are complex numbers with positive real parts, where from it follows that all solutions of the original system of differential equations are a linear combination of diverging harmonic oscillations.
Category: Economics and Finance

Investigating the Efficacy of the Natural Language Processing AI: ChatGPT in Emotion Recognition and Psychological Intervention

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 10 Pages.

This registered report aims to compare the emotion recognition accuracy and effectiveness of psychological interventions provided by ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence (AI) language model, and human mental health professionals. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, incorporating quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Participants will be assessed on emotion recognition tasks, and a randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted to compare the effectiveness of psychological interventions provided by ChatGPT and human professionals. Additionally, semi-structured interviews will be conducted to explore participants' experiences with ChatGPT and human-guided interventions. This comprehensive study design aims to provide valuable insights into the potential of AI in the field of mental health and to identify areas where improvements can be made to optimize AI-guided psychological interventions.Key words: emotion recognition, natural language processing, mental health, psychological interventions, ChatGPT, human mental health professionals.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Equilibrio Electrogravitatorio (Electro-Gravitational Balance)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chippini
Comments: 6 Pages. In Spanish email: carloschiappini@gmail.com

Los casos ideales sirven para analizar abstractamente la estructura teórica de la física.Permiten, por ejemplo, evaluar la coherencia individual y mutua de las leyes. Una ventaja delos casos ideales es poner en evidencia detalles que pueden motivar investigaciones futuras.En el desarrollo de este documento, el objetivo es plantear el equilibrio entre la repulsióneléctrica coulombiana y la atracción gravitatoria newtoniana en condiciones ideales, parasimplificar toto lo posible la tarea matemática. Los objetos ideales que participan son dosnubes de átomos positronios que no son neutras. Cada una tiene un exceso de electrones muypequeño. Entonces se repelen mutuamente equilibrando a la fuerza gravitatoria.Cada nube posee individualmente un equilibrio dinámico que permite soportar el exceso deelectrones sin dispersión de la nube. El análisis termodinámico pone en evidencia la relaciónexplícita entre el número de electrones en exceso y el número total de positroniosconstituyentes de la nube.El número de grados de libertad queda determinado. En consecuencia, queda determinado elnúmero mínimo de electrones en exceso imprescindible para posibilitar el equilibrio. Por larelación mencionada previamente, queda determinado el número total mínimo de partículasintegrantes de la nube.Sucede algo no planeado. El número total mínimo coincide muy bien con el número deAvogadro. Este detalle reclama investigación.Lo mostrado en este documento es simplemente un juego abstracto referido a condicionesideales, que sería útil si pudiese motivar investigaciones futuras.

Ideal cases serve to abstractly analyze the theoretical structure of physics.They allow, forexample, to evaluate the individual and mutual coherence of the laws. An advantage of theideal cases is to reveal details that can motivate future investigations.In the development of this document, the objective is to establish the balance between theCoulomb electrical repulsion and the Newtonian gravitational attraction in ideal conditions,to simplify the mathematical task as much as possible. The ideal objects involved are twoclouds of positronium atoms that are not neutral. Each has a very small excess of electrons.So they repel each other balancing the gravitational force.Each cloud individually has a dynamic equilibrium that allows the excess of electrons to besupported without scattering from the cloud. The thermodynamic analysis reveals theexplicit relationship between the number of excess electrons and the total number ofpositronium constituents of the cloud.The number of degrees of freedom is determined. Consequently, it is determined minimum1number of excess electrons essential to enable equilibrium. Then, by the previously mentionedrelationship, the minimum total number of particles forming the clouds is determined.Something unplanned happens. The minimum total number agrees very well with Avogadro'snumber. Can this be random? A detail to investigate.What is shown in this document is simply an abstract game referring to ideal conditions,which would be useful if it could motivate future research.
Category: Classical Physics

Study of the Acoustic Properties of Liquids at High Pressures

Authors: Umbar Esanov
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper presents the results of experimental work with liquid benzene derivatives using the Mandelstam-Brillouin spectroscopy method. It shows the results of measuring the hypersound velocity and absorption in the pressure range 0.1—100 MPa and temperatures 293K-313K in the investigated liquids. With increasing pressure, an increase in hypersound velocity and a decrease in its absorption are found.
Category: Geophysics

Theoretical Value of the Gravitational Constant

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this paper it will be presented the theoretical value of the Gravitational constant. From the dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions we will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. From these equations it will be calculated the theoretical value of the Gravitational constant. This value is very close to the CODATA recommended value of gravitational constant and two experimental measurements from a research group announced new measurements based on torsion balances.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Category is a Partial Algebra

Authors: Shao-Dan Lee
Comments: 7 Pages.

A category consists of arrows and objects. We may define a language L B {dom, cod, ◦}. Then a category is a partial algebra of the language L. Hence a functor is a homomorphism of partial algebras. And a natural transformation of functors is a natural transformation of homomorphisms. And we may define a limit of a homomorphism like a limit of functor. Then a limit of a homomorphism forms a homomorphism of partial algebras.
Category: Algebra

Coherent Induction of Coulomb Charge for Magnetic Flux Strings by the Ultra Fast and Light Dark Matter Medium

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 5 Pages.

It is assumed that the mediating mass of an atom of charge Z represents the induced generalized proton state for the ultra fast dark matter medium . Consequently Z strings of magnetic flux using the substitution transformations of Sakharov’s law, should explain the improbable physics of Coulomb induction. Used as a model for the electron is the toroidal magnetic geometry as an equivalent for the electrostatic energy as the unit charge which is related to the magnetic quantum flux of ϕ = h/ 2e. Through the doughnut hole of the torus the dark matter of the fast medium passes consisting of accelerated pseudo vector components then breaking open this conserved torus geometry into a magnetic solenoid, magnetic flux string, of Z times the λ-wavelength of Lamb’s shift. Since the quantum wavelength is longer than Bohr’s length, under these conditions any strings of magnetic flux can be extended to maximum 21 cm intrinsic to the internal dimensions of the electron. The Hartree potential of the H atom serves as proof, the supposed substitutions are correct.
Category: Quantum Physics

Majorano Effect and Majorana Particle Self Conjugation of the Electron

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Majorano effect of the electron not as particle but related to the ultra fast and light dark matter medium, discussed made plausible.
Category: Quantum Physics

The "Axis of Evil" Multipoles Have the Same Shape as Electron Cloud Orbitals and Are the Space Time Particle Clouds of the Sun or the Earth. Dark Matter Via Lensing Are the Space Time Particle Clouds of Clusters and Also Have Electron Cloud Shapes.

Authors: Harsimran Singh Dhaliwal
Comments: 69 Pages.

Planets, stars, galaxies and galaxy clusters have their own massive particle clouds which have the same shapes as electron orbital clouds however at cosmic scales and are the cause of gravity. We will refer to these particle clouds as space time particle clouds. Large scale space time particle clouds can be seen indirectly through gravitational lensing. Dark Matter observations through lensing are actually the measurements of these space time particle cloud which have electron orbital cloud shapes. These space time particle clouds can also be seen through CMB maps. The Axis of Evil which is named that because it may invalidate many theories because it is aligned with the ecliptic reveals the space time particle clouds of either the Sun or the Earth. Each multipole belonging to the Axis of Evil such as the quadrupole and the octopole are each either the space time particle cloud of the Sun or the Earth and they have the same three dimensional shape as 3d and 2p electron cloud orbitals however may be related to other electron orbital shapes. Our place in the universe is not special which the Axis of Evil was thought to convey. The CMB Dipole is aligned with the Axis of Evil also and this may be the space time particle cloud of either the Earth or the Sun and has the 2p electron orbital cloud shape or related to that of an electron cloud shape with two large lobes. Since the field of view of the CMB satellite always faces away from the Sun with the Earth in between, the Sun’s space time particle cloud could have seemed like it was centered around the Earth if one or more multipole moments aligned with the ecliptic are the space time particle cloud/s of the Sun. However it is possible one more of these multipole moments are the Earth’s space time particle cloud as well. The Axis of Evil and the Dipole are local phenomena related to the Earth and or the Sun which is why we do not see any gravitational lensing effects upon them from foreground objects. (Truncated by viXra Admin to fewer than 400 words).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Causation and Correlation

Authors: Ait-taleb nabil
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper, I will introduce the causation's magnitude allowing to compute the importance of causes in the cause-and-effect relationship from correlation matrix.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Five Asteroid Impact Events

Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 39 Pages.

Asteroid and comet impacts and airbursts can have significant effects on the Earth's environment and can cause major changes to the planet's ecosystems and climate. The effects of these events can vary widely depending on the size and composition of the asteroid or comet: The Great Flood, the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, AD 536, and the Chicago and Midwester fires of 1871.The Great Flood is one of the most debated events in terms of its cause. While some scholars suggest the the flood was a purely mythological or allegorical story, others suggest that there may have been an historical basis for it. Some scientists have suggested that a major flood could have been caused by the impact of a comet or asteroid, although the evidence for this is largely speculative.The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah is another event that has been linked to the possibility of an asteroid or comet impact. According to some interpretations of the biblical story, the cities were destroyed by 'brimstone and fire' raining down from the sky, which some researchers suggest could be consistent with as asteroid or comet impact. However, there is little physical evidence to support this hypothesis.The year AD 536 was marked by a sudden and prolonged cooling of the Earth's climate, which has been linked to a variety of possible causes, including a volcanic eruption or asteroid impact. Some researchers have suggested that an asteroid or comet impact could have caused a 'nuclear winter' effect, blocking out the sun's light and causing widespread cooling.Finally, the Chicago and Midwester fires of 1871 were caused by a combination of dry weather, strong winds and human activity, rather than as asteroid or comet impact.
Category: Astrophysics

A Simple Market Making Strategy for the S&P 500 Index Using Synthetic Bid-Ask Spread Data

Authors: Farid Soroush
Comments: 5 Pages.

Market making is a crucial component of financial markets, providing liquidity to market participants by quoting both buy (bid) and sell (ask) prices for an asset. The main objective of a market maker is to profit from the bid-ask spread while managing inventory risk. In this paper, we implement a simple market making strategy for the S&P 500 index using synthetic bid-ask spread data.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

The Principle of Induction for the Medium of Dark Matter Based on Sakharov’s Quantum Law

Authors: J. W.A. Zwart
Comments: 5 Pages.

By using Einstein’s presentation of the event horizon for Newton’s law gravity is arranged as the induction law for the medium of ultra fast and light dark matter consisting of pseudo vector cells and based on Sakharov’s law of quantum mechanics. Derived are the substitution transformations of the coherence length of the dark matter cells and applied to the mediating mass between electron and proton. The implications of the dark matter wavelength to the event momentary state of a macro mass as a dynamic parameter for gravity generation is also subjected to a product rule to the inertia of the macro mass.
Category: Quantum Physics

Shortest Proof of Dark Numbers

Authors: W. Mückenheim
Comments: 1 Page.

Shortest Proof of Dark Numbers
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Corrections to Complement my Definition Series 【＋∞,－∞,and±∞】

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

The main purpose of this chapter is to answer some of the questions that have been raised by defining the new +∞ and -∞ precisely, with a slight correction that still ensures the consistency of my definition series.
Category: General Mathematics

Problem with the Derivation of Navier-Stokes Equations

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 2 Pages.

The English idiom "Where there’s a will, there’s a way" means that if someone really wants to do something, she or he will find a way to do it.
Category: Classical Physics

Michelson-Morley Experiment Emission Theory vs Postulate 2 of Special Relativity

Authors: Quang Nguyen Van
Comments: 4 Pages.

Regarding the interference of the two light beams, We usually think of it as interference between two light beams of the same wavelength and frequency. However , if the interferometer of the Michelson-Morley experimental device accurately records the interference of the two beams of the same wavelength, that is negative evidence for the correctness of the postulate 2 of Special relativity.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Force Mechanics

Authors: Lachlan Madden
Comments: 13 Pages.

This paper aims to outline some of the forces and the interactions that make up those forces, and the resulting "hyper-force" of superposition, using a mathematically linguistic equation. It describes, through an interpretation, what the quantum object and what the quantum subject is, playing a central role in superposition.
Category: Quantum Physics

TrueGPT: An AI Model Designed for Empowering Actions

Authors: Dodonov Anton
Comments: 5 Pages.

TrueGPT is a novel artificial intelligence model that emphasizes actionable solutions and user empowerment. It is trained on a curated dataset that eliminates expressions of uncertainty, focusing instead on delivering output that promotes agency and decisiveness. With the ability to produce output in the flexible and interactive RoboScript format, TrueGPT encourages dynamic interactions and a broader range of AI-assisted use cases. The model is designed to seamlessly integrate with various applications and systems, such as RoboGPT, offering enhanced functionality. Its flexible API allows for diverse applications, from daily tasks to specialized use cases. At its core, TrueGPT's mission is to empower users, aiding them in their productivity and assisting them in achieving their goals through actionable guidance. This paper presents the design, functionality, and features of TrueGPT, illustrating its potential as a powerful tool for a new era of AI assistance.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Origin of Quantum Mass and Cause of Koide Formula

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 4 Pages.

The properties of quantum space are similar to thermodynamics. That is, the property of quantum mass m is the same as pressure P. Therefore, the combination of 1 eV and 9 eV in quantum space is not addition 1 + 9 = 10 eV or middle 10/2 eV, but multiplication 1 x 9 = 9 eV or square root √9 eV. The core of Koide formula is to figure out what the root mass means. The key points are as follows. (1) Origin particles are 3 neutrinos and 3 gravitons (graviton, photon, gluon). (2) The 6 origin particles exist all in electron, muon, and tau. (3) The compressed quantum space is reversible and optimized. As the result, the √m is established. (4) The 9 combination mass regions are composed of 3 mass regions of electron, muon, tau and 6 empty regions. (5) Electron, muon, and tau fight each other to occupy the six empty regions. The fighting process is 1/3 < Koide value K < 1. (6) The fairest and most stable result of the fighting is 2/3. From this, it can be understood that quantum space was reversible and optimized before Big Bang. The K is calculated as 0.666 661(7). The anomalous magnetic moments at the g-2 factors of electron, muon, and tau affect Koide formula very finely. Considering this, the value is calculated as 0.6666665. The K is judged to be 2/3 correct, and the mass of tau is predicted to be 1776.8885 MeV.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Rutherford Cross Section in the Laboratory Frame-Part III

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this pedagogical article, we elucidate on the direct derivation of the classical non-relativistic Rutherford scattering cross section, differential, in the laboratory frame, of two electrons, a la relativistic quantum mechanics as presented in the book of Bjorken and Drell.
Category: Classical Physics

Stoe Plenum is Real

Authors: John Hodge
Comments: 6 Pages.

The ``plenum'' in the Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) is the component of the universe that is a continuous medium that interacts with matter particles. Because a medium is not directly detected in instruments, the question of its reality is controversial. This is linked with the question of whether quantum waves are real waves in the plenum or merely probability waves. The experiment to demonstrate the reality of the plenum as a component of the universe has been done. The conclusion is that the plenum is a real component of the universe.
Category: Classical Physics

Finger Temperature Fluctuations of a Covid-19 Patient

Authors: Wei Qiang
Comments: 6 Pages.

In recent years, studies have found that rapid temperature fluctuations can be observed by measuring and recording infrared temperature on different fingers even if the patient does not alternate between feeling hot and cold. After the COVID-19 epidemic spread widely in China, a similar result was also found in a COVID-19 patient: the infrared temperature on the ulnar side of the ring finger and the radial side of the little finger appeared to fluctuate with an amplitude greater than 0.5 degrees every minute. At this time, the temperature of other fingers (including the ulnar side of the little finger) fluctuated only slightly or did not fluctuate at all. In addition, as the condition changed, the aforementioned phenomenon disappeared, and the infrared temperature curve on the radial side of the thumb changed slowly and greatly, but the infrared temperature changes in the other fingers were much smaller. These phenomena are difficult to explain in terms of thrombus or changes in blood temperature/flow velocity. In contrast, it may be more reasonable to assume that the heat generated by Qi changes when the flow of Qi is obstructed.
Category: Physics of Biology

The Emperor with no Clothes: Chomsky Against Chatgpt

Authors: Gennady Shkliarevsky
Comments: 41 Pages.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is all the rage these days. The coming to grips with this new development is now in full swing. The main questions that we seek to answer in relation to AI pivot on one fundamental problem: Can we create AI that will match human intelligence? This contribution addresses this question. It centers on the recent article published by Noam Chomsky and his two co-authors. After a brief overview of the development of AI and its capabilities, the article presents the perspective on AI presented by Chomsky and his colleagues. It also offers a criticism of this perspective. The last sections of the contribution discuss the relationship between humans and machines. They outline the parameters that AI should satisfy to achieve the professed objective of its creators. Most importantly, the article argues, AI should embody the process of creation that can only be possible if we embrace this process and make it the central organizing principle of our theory and practice.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Description of Double-Slit Experiment with Modified Born Probability Interpretation

Authors: YoungDae Seo
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper briefly describes the double-slit experiment through a modified probability analysis. It helps to understand quantum mechanics by making up for the lack of Copenhagen interpretation and makes it easier and more concise to explain. This paper shows that the modified probability interpretation is a sufficiently valid interpretation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Explaining Quantum Entanglement with Modified Born Probability Interpretation

Authors: YoungDae Seo
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper briefly explains quantum entanglement using a modified stochastic analysis. According to the modified probability interpretation, quantum entanglement does not violate locality and reality. Wavefunctions can also create, preserve, or delete information.
Category: Quantum Physics

Two Visualizing Proofs of the Pythagorean Theorem

Authors: Bang Sun
Comments: 15 pages, written in English, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 license

The Pythagorean theorem is one of the most proved theorem of all time, most of the proofs use manipulation of areas to prove that the square of the hypotenuse is indeed the sum of the squares of the two legs. I often felt disconnected with the proofs, it was one of the situations where one could prove something, but could not quite see why. So here I present two dynamical and visualizing methods for proving the Pythagorean theorem.
Category: General Mathematics

Explaining Free Will and Consciousness with a Modified Probability Interpretation

Authors: YoungDae Seo
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper explains consciousness and free will through a modified probability interpretation. According to this, consciousness arises through the collapse of a wave function, and free will arises through quantum mechanical chance. Furthermore, both synapses and microtubules play a crucial role in the formation of free will and consciousness.
Category: Quantum Physics

Alternative Mental Health Therapies in Prolonged Lockdowns: Narratives from Covid-19

Authors: Petar Radanliev, David De Roure
Comments: 11 Pages.

Objective: Identify and review alternative (home-based) therapies for prolonged lockdowns. Method: Interdisciplinary study using multi-method approach — case study, action research, grounded theory. Only secondary data has been used in this study. Results: Epistemological framework based on a set of digital humanities tools. The set of tools are based on publicly available, open access technological solutions, enabling generalisability of the findings. Conclusions: Alternative therapies can be integrated in healthcare systems as home-based solutions operating on low-cost technologies.
Category: Social Science

Advancing the Cybersecurity of the Healthcare System with Self-Optimising and Self-Adaptative Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Petar Radanliev, David De Roure
Comments: 17 Pages.

This article advances the knowledge on teaching and training new artificial intelligence algorithms, for securing, preparing, and adapting the healthcare system to cope with future pandemics. The study develops a concept healthcare system supported by autonomous artificial intelligence that can use edge health devices with real-time data. Two case scenarios are constructed for applying cybersecurity with autonomous artificial intelligence for (1) self-optimising predictive cyber risk analytics of failures in healthcare systems during a Disease X event (i.e., undefined future pandemic), and (2) self-adaptive forecasting of medical production and supply chain bottlenecks during future pandemics. The research study uses the case of Covid-19 to synthesise data for the algorithms — i.e., for optimising and securing digital healthcare systems in anticipation of Disease X. The testing scenarios are built to tackle the logistical challenges and disruption of complex production and supply chains for vaccine distribution with optimisation algorithms.
Category: Social Science

N-Sphere Factoring of the Seven Charmed Lambda Baryons

Authors: D.G. Grossman
Comments: 15 Pages.

Here’s more evidence showing subatomic particles may be made of higher dimensional matter. The mass of the first charmed lambda baryon factors as a multiple of an 8-sphere surface volume that is the sum of three large powers of two: 16384, 8192, and 4096. Just a coincidence? Maybe, but the seventh charmed lambda baryon also factors similarly, as a multiple of an 8-sphere surface volume that is the sum of two large powers of two: 32768, and 4096. The multiplier found in the first factoring can be expressed as 32768-4096 and the second multiplier can be expressed as 32768+4096, which is quite a symmetrical relationship, and quite hard to explain if the factorings are each just random coincidences. Included with the factorings of the seven charmed lambda baryons are an explanation of how to do n-sphere factoring, and a tentative description of the higher dimensional structure of hadrons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Interaction of an Electron and a Positron Before the Appearance of Photons

Authors: A. I. Andreus
Comments: 7 Pages, in Russian, Ukrainian.

Interaction of an electron and a positron before the appearance of photons. The interaction of an electron and a positron before the result of the appearance of photons occupies a special place in excursions into the history of physics from the moment they appeared in the minds of scientists. But the rest energy and rest mass of the electron and positron still remain incomprehensible. Both the physical quantity itself and the very physical meaning of these concepts of electron and positron. So is the phenomenology of physical processes leading formalisms, including mathematical ones, that is, the reliability of descriptions of events in nature.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Cardinal Numbers and Cantor’s Continuum Hypothesis

Authors: Jincheng Zhang
Comments: 10 Pages.

:In this paper, the cardinal number problem is discussed separately in the axiom systems for set theory SZF+ and SZF-. It can be proved that:ordinal numbers and cardinal numbers are unified. There is no uncountable cardinal number; in Cantor’s set theory, definitions, theorems and propositions based on uncountable cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers are all false. In fact, Cantor’s continuum hypothesis is the cardinal number of a set of natural numbers, and whether there are other cardinal numbers between cardinal numbers of set of natural numbers |N| and cardinal numbers of power set |P (N)|, different interpretations are given in different axiom systems.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

An Elementary Solution of the Four-color Conjecture

Authors: Chongxi Yu
Comments: 3 Pages.

The four-color conjecture ( Guthrie's problem after F. Guthrie) is divided into 5 simple groups, every region is shared a common boundary with 1, 2, 3, 4, and unlimited regions sharing a common boundary (other than a single point) do not share the same color to make the problem much simpler and clearer, The four-color theorem is solved perfectly by using these simpler models.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

An Elementary Proof of Collatz's Conjecture

Authors: Chongxi Yu
Comments: 3 Pages.

Any even or odd number can be written as one of 10x + 1, 10x + 3, 10x + 5, 10x + 7, 10x + 9, 10x + 0, 10x + 2, 10x + 4, 10x + 6, or 10x + 8, (x= 1, 2, 3,u2026.n); all 10x + 1, 10x + 3, 10x + 5, 10x + 7, 10x + 9, 10x + 0, 10x + 2, 10x + 4, 10x + 6, or 10x + 8, can be transferred in to 5 x 2y, y = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8,u2026m by repeating two arithmetic operation (3x + 1 and dividing 2). When y is an odd number, 3 times y plus 1 will always yield one even number, if the even number is not one of 2n, then the even number divide 2 once or more, a new odd number y’ will be yielded, but the new odd number must be different from the original y, 3 times y’ + 1 will yield another new even number, if the new even number is not one of 2n, then the new even number divide 2 once or more, a new odd number y’’ will be yielded, so on, every dividing operation will yield one new odd number which is different from previous odd number, every time 3 + 1 will yield a new even number which is different from previous even number, these operations can be going unlimited and infinite different even numbers will be yielded until reach one of 2n which is less than total even number, but is also infinite, that is: by an infinite number of repeating two arithmetic operation (3x + 1 and dividing 2), one of 2n must be reach, then 5 x 1 will be reach, final 1 will be reach, this statement must be true, then the Collatz’s conjecture will be the Collatz’s theorem
Category: Number Theory

认识的原理 (The Principle of Epistem)

Authors: Raining Gong
Comments: 88 Pages. In Chinese

本文讨论了认识的逻辑形成和逻辑结构：纯粹离散（自我）纯粹离散地（认识）认识纯粹离散（世界）如何可能？辨析了三种认识形态：形式认识，体验认识，自由认识。以及四种认识：经验、知识、智慧、自由。本文主要分为两部分：世界：如何从纯粹离散中认识出现有世界；意识：如何对纯粹离散的自我展开认识。并以此为基础给出了观察人和社会的新视角。

This paper discusses the logical formation and logical structure of cognition: How is it possible to know purely discrete (the self) purely discretely (knowledge) purely discretely (the world)? Discriminate and analyze three types of cognition: formal cognition, experience cognition and free cognition. And the four kinds of knowledge: experience, knowledge, wisdom, and freedom. This article is mainly divided into two parts: the world: how to recognize the existing world from pure discreteness; consciousness: how to realize the pure discrete self. And based on this, a new perspective for observing people and society is given.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

RoboGPT: Harnessing the Power of the Internet for Advanced AI-driven Problem Solving, Goal Achievement, and Human Communication

Authors: Dodonov Anton
Comments: 3 Pages.

RoboGPT is a cutting-edge AI model that leverages the power of the internet to enhance interactions, problem-solving, and communication with users. In this paper, we present the unique features of RoboGPT, its underlying cognitive mechanisms, and various applications and use cases. RoboGPT builds upon the foundations of ChatGPT, offering advanced capabilities such as active internet engagement, web-based search, and goal-oriented task execution. We discuss the innovations that RoboGPT brings to the field of artificial intelligence and explore how it can be effectively applied to a wide range of real-world tasks and human communication scenarios.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Linear Dynamical Systems and Transient Terms

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 2 Pages.

Under very general hypotheses, the behavior of dynamical systems described by a linear first order differential equation is independent of the initial condition.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Non-sense and Sense: The Brains Duality

Authors: Lachlan Madden
Comments: 70 Pages. (Author name added to article by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

This paper investigates how the brain is modelled, and a hypothesis on a suggested brain model is introduced. The suggested model looks at the world in a generalised way, and puts forth suggested generalised areas, which considers "intelligent sense" to be at the top of the brains structure, which everything stems, and takes into account the possible existence of an "anti-brain". The focus is on what areas of sense there are, and what brain deficits (disorders) are associated with those areas of sense. This paper also investigates how the brain is possibly quantum in nature, and what the quantum mechanisms are for how we think, act, and speak, and so on. The quantum interpretation puts superposition at the heart of the brain and explains what the result of a non-quantum superposition of states will be. This paper also investigates synaesthesia, and an emphasis is put on said condition, suggesting that synaesthesia is crucial to understanding the brain and it’s "unstructured structure", resulting in variation in sensory experience, sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worse. This paper also puts forth the suggestion that maybe everyone has synaesthesia and explains why that is so.
Category: Mind Science

Globular Clusters

Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 13 Pages.

Globular clusters are ancient, spherical groups of stars that are found in many galaxies throughout the universe, including our own Milky Way. These clusters contain some of the oldest stars in the universe and offer important insights into the processes of star formation and galaxy evolution. Globular clusters typically contain hundreds of thousands of stars, packed tightly together in a relatively small region of space. They are gravitationally bound systems, which means that the stars are held together by their mutual gravitational attraction. The stars in a globular cluster are also very old, with ages of up to 13 billion years or more, and are mostly composed of low-mass, metal-poor stars. Despite their small size and relatively simple structure, globular clusters are complex objects that exhibit a wide range of physical and dynamical phenomena. For example, they often contain multiple populations of stars with different chemical compositions, suggesting that they may have experienced multiple episodes of star formation. They also exhibit a variety of dynamical behaviors, including mass segregation, core collapse, and the formation of binary star systems. Observations and simulations of globular clusters have provided important insights into the formation and evolution of galaxies. By studying the properties and distribution of these clusters, astronomers can learn more about the conditions under which they formed, the role they played in the early universe, and the processes that have shaped the galaxies in which they reside. Overall, globular clusters are fascinating objects that continue to offer important insights into the workings of the universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Review and Comparison of US, EU, and UK Regulations on Cyber Risk/Security of the Current Blockchain Technologies: Viewpoint from 2023

Authors: Petar Radanliev
Comments: 25 Pages.

The first cryptocurrency was invented in 2008/09, but the Blockchain-Web3 concept is still in its infancy, and the cyber risk is constantly changing. Cybersecurity should also be adapting to these changes to ensure security of personal data and continu- ation of operations. This article starts with a comparison of existing cybersecurity standards and regulations from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)—ISO27001, followed by a discussion on more specific and recent standards and regulations, such as the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures and the International Organisation of Securities Commis- sions (CPMI-IOSCO), and more general cryptography (and post-quantum cryptog- raphy), in the context of cybersecurity. These topics are followed up by a review of recent technical reports on cyber risk/security and a discussion on cloud security questions. Comparison of Blockchain cyber risk is also performed on the recent EU standards on cyber security, including European Cybersecurity Certification Scheme (EUCS)—cloud, and US standards—The National Vulnerability Database (NVD) Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS). The study includes a review of Blockchain endpoint security, and new technologies e.g., IoT. The research meth- odology applied is a review and case study analysing secondary data on cyberse- curity. The research significance is the integration of knowledge from the United States (US), the European Union (EU), the United Kingdom (UK), and international standards and frameworks on cybersecurity that can be alighted to new Blockchain projects. The results show that cybersecurity standards are not designed in close cooperation between the two major western blocks: US and EU. In addition, while the US is still leading in this area, the security standards for cryptocurrencies, inter- net-of-things, and blockchain technologies have not evolved as fast as the technolo- gies have. The key finding from this study is that although the crypto-market has grown into a multi-trillion industry, the crypto-market has also lost over 70% since its peak, causing significant financial loss for individuals and cooperation’s. Despite this significant impact to individuals and society, cybersecurity standards and finan- cial governance regulations are still in their infancy, specifically in the UK.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Several Short Proofs of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 6 Pages.

I am showing that zeta(x+iy)=0 for 0<x<1 implies zeta(1/2+iy)=0. Several short proofs of the Riemann Hypothesis.
Category: Quantum Physics

Mercury Perihelion Precession with Special Relativity of Fields

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 32 Pages. In Spanish

A reinterpretation of special relativity is exposed and mercury's perihelion precession is explained with it. This test completed this series of experiments named 'classic tests' of general relativity, now addresed in special relativity of fields.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Syracuse Conjecture Quadrature

Authors: Rolando Zucchini
Comments: 41 Pages.

After circa 2300 years (Circle Quadrature; Archimèdès, Syracuse 287 — 212 BC) the history of mathematics repeats itself in a different problem.The conjecture of Syracuse, or Collatz conjecture, is approached from a completely dissimilar point of view than many previous attempts. One of its features suggests a process that leads to Theorem 2n+1, whose demonstration subdivided the set of odd numbers in seven subsets which have different behaviors applying algorithm of Collatz. It allows us to replace the Collatz cycles with the cycles of links, transforming their oscillating sequences in monotone decreasing sequences. By Theorem of Independence we can manage cycles of links as we like, also to reach very high horizons and when we decide go back to lower horizons. In this article it’s proved that Collatz conjecture is not fully demonstrable. In fact, if we consider the banal link n < 2n, there are eight cycles which connect each other in an endless of possible links. It is a particular type of Circle Quadrature, but its statement is confirmed. In other words: BIG CRUNCH (go back to 1) is always possible, but BIG BANG (to move on) has no End.
Category: Number Theory

The Brain, Gravity, and the Universe

Authors: Lachlan Madden
Comments: 17 Pages.

This paper investigates what "everything" is, or, at the very least, offers on interpretation of "everything". A hypothesis has been formed to explain "everything", based on a paradoxical linguistic and mathematical equation, and under the assumption that everything is a paradox. Given this apparent paradox, this paper suggests that there is a fundamental contradiction that lies at the core of quantum mechanics. This contradiction can then be used to describe the non-quantum yet quantum universe. Therefore, this paper simultaneously will and will not try to explain "everything". An investigation into the dimensions of the universe is conducted, suggesting that no-dimension, is the all-dimension, what the cosmological singularity is, based on the cyclical model of the universe, what causes the cosmological singularity, what determines whether a quantum system is a wave or a particle, or a wave-particle. It describes what the forces are and the qualities and quantity of forces, suggesting everything is a force, and that the force of everything is a permanent "hyper-force" from which all "hyper-forces" stem, and offering a hierarchy of the universal forces based on brain structure and the senses of the brain, suggesting that the model of the brain shares symmetry with the model of the universal forces. The interpretation further suggests that the non-quantum model of the brain is the model of the non-quantum universe, and the quantum model of the brain is the model of the quantum universe (quantum forces). This paper also investigates whether the universe has a parallel universe, based on an understanding of the suggested hypothesis of force hierarchy, and suggests a hypothesis for quantum gravity and what it stems from, based on hypothetical brain structure. This paper also puts forth a hypothesis for evolution, suggesting there may be an "evolutionary singularity", and tries to explain the "code" of evolution.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Qed Analysis of the Two Photons Into a Paraphoton Inelastic Scattering

Authors: V. A. Moiseeva, V. V. Filatov
Comments: 4 Pages. Reported on 11th Russian National Conference on Irreversible Processes in Nature and Technics (Moscow, 2021, Jan. 28).

Paraphoton is the axion-like chameleon (no fixed rest-mass) particle introduced to the quantum chromodynamics to solve the strong CP-problem. Nowadays, it is the best candidate to be the quantum of the dark matter. In the paper, we present the quantum analysis of the two-photons process resulting to the paraphoton formation.
Category: Quantum Physics

De Sitter’s Experiment Scrutinized

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 2 Pages.

De Sitter's theory, on which his experiment is based, has been scrutinized. His paper was aimed to prove the invalidity of Ritz's theory, but he failed due to a wrong interpretation of his crucial parameter α.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Illustrative Proof of Time=2

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

The purpose of this chapter is to prove time by explaining 4-dimensional space-time through Pascal's famous triangle.
Category: Geometry

Ether and Experiment

Authors: Nikitin Alexander Pavlovich
Comments: 7 Pages.

В статьях Никитина А.П. [3-10] в рамках новой научной парадигмы, при постулировании первичности движения материи, высказана гипотеза сферического стока-истока материи-энергии (эфира) мощностью N=4Hc2/G=h/tp [3] к всем материальным телам в процессе материально-энергетической индукции как способа движения и «существования» материи. Для проверки данной гипотезы возможен эксперимент по измерению с помощью вертикально расположенных интерферометров [11-14] влияния Луны и Солнца на разность энергетических потенциалов на Земле, о котором изложено в данной статье.

In the articles of Nikitin A.P. [3-10] in the framework of the new scientific paradigm, while postulating the primacy of the motion of matter, the hypothesis of a spherical drain-source of matter-energy (ether) with a capacity of N=4Hc2/G=h/tp [3] to all material bodies in the process of material energy induction as a way of motion and "existence" of matter.To test this hypothesis, an experiment is possible to measure the influence of the Moon and the Sun on the difference in energy potentials on the Earth using vertically located interferometers [11-14], which is described in this article.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Symmetry of N-domain and Prime Number Conjectures

Authors: Yajun Liu
Comments: 2 Pages. (Author name added to article by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

In this paper, we discuss the symmetry of N-domain and we find that using the symmetry characters of Natural Numbers we can give proofs of the Prime Conjectures: Goldbach Conjecture、Polignac’s conjecture and Twins Prime Conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Linkage of Magnetic Anomalies with Asteroid Impact Structures

Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 22 Pages.

Magnetic anomalies are variations in the Earth's magnetic field that are caused by differences in the magnetic properties of rocks in the Earth's crust. These anomalies can be used to study the geology and structure of the Earth's crust and can provide important information about the location and size of geological features, includingasteroid impact structures. Asteroid impact structures are large depressions in the Earth's crust that are formed by the impact of an asteroid or other celestial body. When an asteroid impacts the Earth's surface, it can cause significant disruption to the local geology, including alterations to the magnetic properties of the rocks. This disruption can result in a measurable magnetic anomaly that is associated with the impact structure. By studying the magnetic anomalies associated with asteroid impact structures, scientists can gain important insights into the size, shape, and structure of the impact structure, as well as the nature of the rocks that were impacted. Magnetic surveys can be used to map the extent and characteristics of the anomaly, providing valuable information for geologists and mineral exploration companies. In addition to providing insights into the geology and structure of asteroid impact structures, the study of magnetic anomalies can also help scientists to better understand the history of the Earth's magnetic field and the processes that have shaped the Earth's crust over geological time.
Category: Geophysics

L1/2(0 1/2 1) Space and Quantum Time-Space with Energy

Authors: Yajun Liu
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author's name format should be first name followed by last name)

In this paper, We constructed a Time-Space with energy model just considering the velocity of the light C and the Plank constant h and "1/" a_g (a_g is the strength of gravition (m/s2)) This model has a geometry space (complex) and just provide a probability to combine the Gravitation and Electric-Magnetics field under a basic structure of quantum Time-Space with energy. We hope to throw a little bit light on the big picture of uniting the quantum mechanics and General relative theory.KeywordsQuantum Time-Space with energy Unified Field Theory
Category: Number Theory

Solution Conditions

Authors: Hajime Mashima
Comments: 38 Pages.

For Fermat’s Last Theorem, the condition that holds when there isinverse element.
Category: Number Theory

How to Handle System Failures Inside a Electronic Couponing System

Authors: Ivo Van Der Rijt
Comments: 1 Page. (Note by viXra Admin: This is a stub - Future stubs instead of fully written scholarly articles with scholarly refrences will not be accepted)

This paper describes various failures that can take place in a economic sytem that is not derived on debt and provide some quidance on how to tackle these issues.
Category: Economics and Finance

Starting a Business Inside a Electronic Couponing System

Authors: Ivo Van Der Rijt
Comments: 1 Page. (Note by viXra Admin: This is a stub - Future stubs instead of fully written scholarly articles with scholarly refrences will not be accepted)

This paper describes how to start a business inside an electronic coupon system.
Category: Economics and Finance

Supervision Inside an Electronic Couponing System

Authors: Ivo Van Der Rijt
Comments: 1 Page.

This paper describes various ways of supervision inside (and of) a economic system that is not derived on a debt based money system.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Advantages and Disadvantages of an Electronic Couponing System: a Chat with Chatgpt

Authors: Ivo Van Der Rijt
Comments: 1 Page. (Note by viXra Admin: This is a stub - Chat with AI will not be accepted in general; further, future stubs instead of fully written scholarly articles with scholarly refrences will not be accepted)

This paper describes a chat the author had with an A.I. in relation to a non debt based money sytem.
Category: Economics and Finance

Winning at War: Comparing Different Strategies in a Card Game

Authors: Hakon Olav Torvik
Comments: 6 Pages.

The card game "war" is a simple game usually assumed to not include any element of strategy, only luck. I challenge this notion by noticing that the order of placing cards back into the deck can be used as a strategy. I simulate the game with different strategies, and find that the strategies can significantly increase the chances of winning, but usually increase the time it takes to complete the game. This is however dependent on your opponent using specific strategies. The best advice on strategy seems to be tricking your opponent into following an ordered strategy, while you use a random strategy, a strategy some might object to.
Category: Statistics

Euler Equation Compressible and Incompressible Fluids in 3D

Authors: Guillermo Ayala-Martinez
Comments: 2 Pages.

The equations of the compressible fluid are compared with those of the incompressible fluid in 3D, if there is an analytical solution with constant density it is also for variable density, but the continuity equation must include the variation of the density.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Bajo Electrico - Experimento (Electric Bass - Experiment)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 4 Pages. carloschiappini@gmail.com

Solamente por curiosidad, arrollé alambre envainado sobre la carcaza de cada pastilla. Denomino pastilla al dispositivo sensible que capta en forma electromagnética las vibraciones de las cuerdas. El bajo tiene dos pastillas y ambas carcazas están envueltas por el mismo alambre, sin ser cortado. Esto equivale a construir sobre cada carcaza un bobinado individual y después conectarlos en serie. Después de envolver ambas carcazas quedan libres los dos extremos del alambre. Antes de conectar algo entre ellos probé el instrumento y noté un cambio en el sonido. Es decir que sin colocar algo material para cerrar el circuito se verifica una acción efectiva, audible aunque no es intensa. Después construí una bobina y la puse en serie con un capacitor. Conectando esta serie entre ambos extremos libres del alambre que envuelve a las pastillas cerré el circuito. Modificando iterativamente la bobina y probando capacitores de valores distintos llegué a una condición que exhibió una acción muy evidente, que optimizó el comportamiento del bajo. Los detalles están en el desarrollo de este documento.

Just out of curiosity, I wrapped sheathed wire over the housing of each pickup. This is the name given to the sensitive device that electromagnetically captures the vibrations of the strings. The bass has two pickups and both cases are wrapped by the same wire, without being cut. This is equivalent to building an individual winding on each case and then connecting them in series. After wrapping both casings, the two ends of the wire remain free. Before connecting anything between them I tested the instrumentand noticed a change in sound. That is to say that without placing something material to close the circuit, an effective action is verified, audible although it is not intense. Then I built a coil and put it in series with a capacitor. Connecting this series between both free ends of the wire that surrounds the pickups I closed the circuit. Iteratively modifying the coil and trying capacitors of different values, I arrived at a condition that exhibited a very evident action, which optimized the behavior of the bass. The details are in the development of this document.
Category: Classical Physics

W. B. Yeats, The Poems and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 19 Pages. A crucial mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study W. B. Yeats, The Poems, edited by Daniel Albright. We draw the natural logarithm ofthe number of the titles of the poems, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm ofthe rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that W. B. Yeats, The Poems, can be characterisedby the magnetisation curve in the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model, BP(4,βH=0),in the presence of four nearest neighbours and in the absence of external magnetic field or, H beingzero.
Category: Social Science

First Principles of Mathematics

Authors: Forrest C. Taylor
Comments: 100 Pages. CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 international license

A dependent type theory is proposed as the foundation of mathematics. The formalism preserves the structure of mathematical thought, making it natural to use. The logical calculus of the type theory is proved to be syntactically complete. Therefore it does not suffer from the limitations imposed by Gödel’s incompleteness theorems. In particular, the concept of mathematical truth can be defined in terms of provability.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Bio-Inspired Simple Neural Network for Low-Light Image Restoration: A Minimalist Approach

Authors: Junjie Ye, Jilin Zhao
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this study, we explore the potential of using a straightforward neural network inspired by the retina model to efficiently restore low-light images. The retina model imitates the neurophysiological principles and dynamics of various optical neurons. Our proposed neural network model reduces the computational overhead compared to traditional signal-processing models while achieving results similar to complex deep learning models from a subjective perceptual perspective. By directly simulating retinal neuron functionalities with neural networks, we not only avoid manual parameter optimization but also lay the groundwork for constructing artificial versions of specific neurobiological organizations.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Bandlimited Functions and Timelimited Functions on Adeles

Authors: Gorou Kaku
Comments: 17 Pages.

D. Slepian and H.O. Pollak argue "Bandlimited functions" and "Timelimited functions" on the whole real line. In this paper, we will think of them on the ring of adeles
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Probabilistic Proof of the Multinomial Theorem Following the Number $a_n^p$

Authors: Atsu Dekpe
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this note, we give an alternate proof of the multinomial theorem following the number $ A_n^p $ using probabilistic approach. Although the multinomial theorem following the number $ A_n^p$ is basically a combinatorial result, our proof may be simple for a student familiar with only basic probability concepts.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

My Game Session with Russian Chatgpt Clone

Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 2 Pages.

The ChatGPT chatbot, according to some intellectuals, is nothing more than an auxiliary tool that will force society to rethink what is considered creative work and how to stimulate it.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Algebraic-Geometry Tools for Particle Physics

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 22 Pages.

The TOI Platonic groups already improved the SM allowing to explain what fermion generations, quark flavors and the CKM and PMNS mixing matrices are and how to compute them theoretically.After the unification of the fundamental forces, including Gravity,the next step is to remodel Electroweak Theory as a theory of transitions of states. The tools needed to extend the Membrane Theory from Platonic and Archimedian Klein geometries, to account for the nuclear shells, baryon spectrum etc.: modular curves, Belyi pairs, dessin d'enfant and Belyi morphisms.This approach allows to interpret mass as monodromy (curvature of quark fields connection of EM type), introducing many other finite groups: Galois groups and associated tools (Riemann surfaces, divisors, periods, tessentalions, Fuchsian groups etc.).In this way an intrinsic String Theory touches base with the Standard Model.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics