All Submission Categories

Two-Dimensional Differenceless Derivatives of the First Order of Accuracy

Authors: Y. Mahotin
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this article, we present a method of differenceless derivatives for the numerical differentiation of two-dimensional functions when a set of arbitrary points is given near the point where derivatives are calculated. The new algorithm can be used in various fields of science and technology.
Category: General Mathematics

Prime Number — Large Number Factorization

Authors: Seung-pyo Hong
Comments: 26 Pages.

The method of factoring large numbers is not known; however, using the method included in this document, it is possible to make a small number of judgments in a short time. The programming language is composed of Java.
Category: Algebra

Principal Role of Angular Momentum in Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 15 Pages.

According to "Evolution Encyclopedia" (The Origin of the Solar System), "There is no possible means by which the angular momentum from the sun could be transferred to the planets. Yet this is what would have to be done if any of the evolutionary theories of solar system origin are to be accepted. Scientists cannot account for this puzzling situation: less than one percent of the mass of the solar system is in the planets, while a staggering 98 percent of its angular momentum is in them. It simply does not fit into any of the cosmologies. Speaking of the mass-angular momentum problem, D. Bergamini says: "A theory of evolution that fails to account for this peculiar fact is ruled out before it starts" [1]. Angular Momentum problem is one of the most critical problems in Standard model that must be solved. To the best of our knowledge, the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum [2]. In the present paper, we discuss Angular Momenta of Solar System, Milky Way galaxy, and Superclusters in frames of WUM.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Foundations of Differential Geometric Algebra

Authors: Michael Reed
Comments: 28 Pages.

Tools built on these foundations enable computations based on multi-linear algebra and spin groups using the geometric algebra known as Grassmann algebra or Clifford algebra. This foundation is built on a direct-sum parametric type system for tangent bundles, vector spaces, and also projective and differential geometry. Geometric algebra is a mathematical foundation for differential geometry, which can be used to simplify the Maxwell equations to a single wave equation due to the geometric product. Introduction of geometric algebra to engineering science disciplines will be easier with programmable foundations.In order to devise an expressive and performance oriented language for efficient discrete differential geometric algebra with the Grassmann elements, an efficient computer algebra representation was programmed. With this unifying mathematical foundation, it is possible to improve efficiency of multi-disciplinary research using geometric tensor calculus by relying on universal mathematical principles. Tools built on universal differential geometric algebra provide a natural geometric language for the Helmholtz decomposition and Hodge-DeRahm co/homology.
Category: Algebra

Discussions and Derivation of the Cosmic Energy Balance for an Ultra Light and Fast Pseudo Vector Medium

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 5 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

After an introduction defining the pseudo vector mediating medium of dark matter, the cosmic energy balance is derived under the condition that the pseudo cells never exceed the momentum of ½ ceff . Next the baryonic matter had to be linked which under hyperbolic motion gives a reasonable agreement to the observed energy value of our cosmos of say 4.5% .
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Application of Ohm's Law to Numbers ~ac and DC Numbers and Impedance Numbers~

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

Each number has its own meaning. In this chapter, I was able to make explicit the relationship between the meaning of numbers and Ohm's law.
Category: Number Theory

Speed of Gravity Can Be Different From the Speed of Light

Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 18 Pages.

In Einstein’s relativity each massless field should propagate with the speed of light, including the gravitational field. The 3D-brane universe model is an alternative theory of gravity. Unlike Einstein’s relativity, it is not so restrictive. In the present paper we build the theory of electromagnetism in a curved 3D-brane universe where the speed of gravity c_gr can be different from the speed of electromagnetic waves c_el, which is the speed of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Proof that the Thread Doesn’t Break in Bell’s Spaceship Paradox

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper shows that the inertial observers, who are stationary with respect to the accelerating observers immediately before the acceleration begins, conclude that the accelerating observers get closer together as the acceleration proceeds, and that the separation approaches zero as time goes to infinity. Therefore they conclude that the thread doesn’t break. The accelerating observers conclude that their separation never changes, and so they also conclude that the thread doesn’t break. Although the reasons for their conclusions are different, they must agree about the survival of the thread.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Asymptotic Squeeze Principle and the Binary Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, we prove the special squeeze principle for all sufficiently large $nin 2mathbb{N}$. This provides an alternative proof for the asymptotic version of the binary Goldbach conjecture in cite{agama2022asymptotic}.
Category: Number Theory

Multinomial Development

Authors: Atsu Dekpe
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this paper we obtain the multinomial theorem following the numbers $ A_n^p $ and $ C_n^p $ (Vandermonde's identity generalization). Using this notion we obtain generalization of products of numbers in arithmetic progression, arithmetic regression and their sum. From the generalisation we propose (define) the arithmetics sequences product.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

New Expressions of Various Spin Particle Equations and Their Quantization

Authors: Shui-Rong Shi
Comments: 1033 Pages. In Chinese

This is also a version in Chinese. Compared to the previous two versions, I have corrected multiple errors and rigorously proved several conjectures that have not been resolved for many years. I have added some new chapters and deleted some old chapters. Overall, I have enriched, perfected, and further developed relativity, particle physics and quantum field theory in this book. Generally, a rigorous, analytical, elegant description method is adopted. I try best to impart a mathematical and physical aesthetic feeling to the entire article. The first twenty chapters of this book are the basic parts. Several very useful mathematical tools have been proposed. Specially I have independently developed and created the constant invariant tensors analysis method for physical research. And I have restated classical physics in my own way. Most of the content belongs to the fields of classical field theory and quantum mechanics. The later chapters of Chapter 20 are the advanced parts. Most of the content belongs to the fields of quantum field theory. In particular, a new quantization program is given. According to this program, the quantization of arbitrary spin linear particles is completed in arbitrary space-time. These have greatly enriched and expanded the content of quantum field theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

用牛頓力學描述宏觀經濟學(Describing Macroeconomics with Newtonian Mechanics)

Authors: Wanchung Hu
Comments: 3 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

物理學和經濟學之間有一個類比。 在這裡，我將用牛頓力學來描述和推導宏觀經濟學的原理。 經濟學力定義為 F=dMV/dt=dPG/dt。 還將定義通貨膨脹率、利率、增長率和貨幣加速率之間的聯繫。 最小作用量原理將應用於經濟學原則。 因此，我們有了新的有力工具來分析經濟活動。

There is an analogy between physics and economics. Here, I will use Newtonian mechanics to describe and derive the principles of macroeconomics. Economic power is defined as F=dMV/dt=dPG/dt. The link between inflation, interest rates, growth rates and monetary acceleration will also be defined. The principle of least action will be applied to economic principles. As a result, we have new and powerful tools for analyzing economic activity.
Category: Economics and Finance

New Prime Number Theory

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper introduces a novel approach to estimating the distribu- tion of prime numbers by leveraging insights from partition theory, prime number gaps, and the angles of triangles. Application of this methodology to infinite sums and nth terms, and propose several ways of defining the nth term of a prime number. By using the Ramanujan infinite series of natural numbers, I am able to derive an infinite series of prime numbers value . Overall, this work represents a significant contribution to the field of prime number theory and sheds new light on the relationship between prime numbers and other mathematical concepts.
Category: Number Theory

Comment [on] A Solution to the Pioneer Anomalous Annual and Diurnal Residuals}} by E. D. Greaves, et al. in Progress in Physics, 17(2): p168]

Authors: John Hodge
Comments: 2 Pages.

A comparison is made between Greaves, E. D., Bracho, C., Gift, S., and Rodrigues, A. N., 2021. A Solution to the Pioneer Anomalous Annual and Diurnal Residuals, Progress in Physics, vol. 17, 2, p. 168. and Hodge, J. C. 2006. Scalar potential model of the Pioneer Anomaly.arXiv: astro-ph/0612567v1. Both papers suggest the Pioneer Anomaly observation is due to the signal being modified by a characteristic of space that is influenced by the Sun and Earth. The papers differ by what that characteristic is and how it influences the signal. The former paper uses "energy density" (a scalar) which is proportional to distance (r^−4) from bodies. All thecharacteristics of the former paper were accounted in the original calculation of the Pioneer Anomaly. The latter paper used a vector proportional to r^−2, a gravitational force exerted on photons that was not accounted. The different treatment of r by the latter provides a more accurate treatment of the periodicities and all 10 anomalous characteristics of the Pioneer Anomaly. The conclusions of the former that the velocity of light is Galilean additive and the use of the "gravitational density" are not supported.
Category: Astrophysics

A Calculation of the Binding Force For A Photon Within a Particle

Authors: Mark Anthony Tierno
Comments: 2 Pages.

Based on the theories presented in my first paper, "Relation of the Internal Structure of the Photon with Field and Charge" (https://vixra.org/abs/2301.0148), wherein particles are comprised of photons entangled at the same given frequency, in this paper I shall calculate the force with which such entangled photons are bound within their particle. Also referenced is my other paper, "Calculating the Size of any Stable Particle" (https://vixra.org/abs/2303.0167).
Category: Classical Physics

Ten Artificial Human Optimization Algorithms

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 18 Pages.

The term "Artificial Human Optimization" was first coined by the corresponding author of this work in December 2016 when he published a paper titled "Entrepreneur : Artificial Human Optimization" at Transactions on Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (TMLAI) Volume 4, No 6 (December 2016). According to that paper published in 2016, Artificial Human Optimization Field is defined as the collection of all those optimization algorithms which were proposed based on Artificial Humans. In real world we (Humans) solve the problems. In the same way Artificial Humans imitate real Humans in the search space and solve the optimization problems. In Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) the basic entities in the solution space are Artificial Birds whereas in Artificial Human Optimization the basic entities in search space are Artificial Humans. Each Artificial Human corresponds to a point in the solution space. Ten Artificial Human Optimization methods titled "Human Bhagavad Gita Particle Swarm Optimization (HBGPSO)", "Human Poverty Particle Swarm Optimization (HPPSO)", "Human Dedication Particle Swarm Optimization (HuDePSO)", "Human Selection Particle Swarm Optimization (HuSePSO)", "Human Safety Particle Swarm Optimization (HuSaPSO)", "Human Kindness Particle Swarm Optimization (HKPSO)", "Human Relaxation Particle Swarm Optimization (HRPSO)", "Multiple Strategy Human Particle Swarm Optimization (MSHPSO)", "Human Thinking Particle Swarm Optimization (HTPSO)", "Human Disease Particle Swarm Optimization (HDPSO)" are applied on various benchmark functions and results obtained are shown in this work.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Soul Optimization - An Invention

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 9 Pages.

The Soul is eternal and exists even after death of a person or animal. The main idea that is captured in this work is that soul continues to exist and takes a different body after the death. The primary goal of this work is to invent a new field titled "Artificial Soul Optimization (ASO)". The term "Artificial Soul Optimization" is coined in this paper. All the Optimization algorithms which are proposed based on Artificial Souls will come under "Artificial Soul Optimization" Field (ASO Field). In the Particle Swarm Optimization and Artificial Human Optimization, the basic entities in search space are Artificial Birds and Artificial Humans respectively. Similarly, in Artificial Soul Optimization, the basic entities in search space are Artificial Souls. In this work, the ASO Field concepts are added to Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to create a new hybrid algorithm titled "Soul Particle Swarm Optimization (SoPSO). The proposed SoPSO algorithm is applied on various benchmark functions. Results obtained are compared with PSO algorithm. The World's first Hybrid PSO algorithm based on Artificial Souls is created in this work.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Satisfaction - The Brother of Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 8 Pages.

John McCarthy (September 4, 1927 — October 24, 2011) was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist. The term "Artificial Intelligence" was coined by him (Wikipedia, 2020). Satish Gajawada (March 12, 1988 — Present) is an Indian Independent Inventor and Scientist. He coined the term "Artificial Satisfaction" in this article (Gajawada, S., and Hassan Mustafa, 2019a). A new field titled "Artificial Satisfaction" is introduced in this article. "Artificial Satisfaction" will be referred to as "The Brother of Artificial Intelligence" after the publication of this article. A new algorithm titled "Artificial Satisfaction Algorithm (ASA)" is designed and implemented in this work. For the sake of simplicity, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm is modified with Artificial Satisfaction Concepts to create the "Artificial Satisfaction Algorithm (ASA)". PSO and ASA algorithms are applied on five benchmark functions. A comparision is made between the results obtained. The focus of this paper is more on defining and introducing "Artificial Satisfaction Field" to the rest of the world rather than on implementing complex algorithms from scratch.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Deep Loving - The Friend of Deep Learning

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 5 Pages.

Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning are good fields of research. Recently, the brother of Artificial Intelligence titled "Artificial Satisfaction" was introduced in literature [10]. In this article, we coin the term "Deep Loving". After the publication of this article, "Deep Loving" will be considered as the friend of Deep Learning. Proposing a new field is different from proposing a new algorithm. In this paper, we strongly focus on defining and introducing "Deep Loving Field" to Research Scientists across the globe. The future of the "Deep Loving" field is predicted by showing few future opportunities in this new field. The definition of Deep Learning is shown followed by a literature review of the "Deep Loving" field. The World's First Deep Loving Algorithm (WFDLA) is designed and implemented in this work by adding Deep Loving concepts to Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm. Results obtained by WFDLA are compared with the PSO algorithm.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Nature Plus Plus Inspired Computing - The Superset of Nature Inspired Computing

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 5 Pages.

The term "Nature Plus Plus Inspired Computing" is coined by us in this article. The abbreviation for this new term is "N++IC." Just like the C++ programming language is a superset of C programming language, Nature Plus Plus Inspired Computing (N++IC) field is a superset of the Nature Inspired Computing (NIC) field. We defined and introduced "Nature Plus Plus Inspired Computing Field" in this work. Several interesting opportunities in N++IC Field are shown for Artificial Intelligence Field Scientists and Students. We show a literature review of the N++IC Field after showing the definition of Nature Inspired Computing (NIC) Field. The primary purpose of publishing this innovative article is to show a new path to NIC Field Scientists so that they can come up with various innovative algorithms from scratch. As the focus of this article is to introduce N++IC to researchers across the globe, we added N++IC Field concepts to the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm and created the "Children Cycle Riding Algorithm (CCR Algorithm)". Finally, results obtained by CCR Algorithm are shown, followed by Conclusions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Heart Neural Networks - An Idea

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Arun Kumar, Maria Celestina Vanaja, Baby Supriya Sri Valikala
Comments: 4 Pages.

Artificial Neural Networks Field (ANN Field) is an exciting field of research. ANN field took its inspiration from Human Brain. The heart and Brain are very important for the survival of Humans. Research Scientists published many articles by giving importance to Brain. But scientists have not yet explored much on the Heart which is another important part in addition to the Brain. The primary purpose of publishing this article is to show a path to ANN field Research Scientists by introducing the concept of "Heart" into Artificial Neural Networks. In this paper, we coined and defined "Artificial Heart Neuron", which is the basic part of Artificial Heart Neural Networks Field (AHNN Field) in addition to Artificial Neuron. This work takes its inspiration from both Heart and Brain.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Messung Der Gravitationswellen Des Krebspulsars (2) in Den Ligo and Virgo O3b Daten
Measurement of the Gravitational Waves of the Crab Pulsar (2) in the Ligo and Virgo O3b Data

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 9 Pages. In German

Nach Kompensation von Phasenmodulation und Frequenzdrift kann das GW des Pulsars in den Aufzeichnungen aller drei Interferometer nachgewiesen werden. Die Signaturen stimmen mit den bekannten Werten überein, die mit elektromagnetischen Wellen gemessenen wurden. (mit Ergänzungen)

After compensation for phase modulation and frequency drift, the pulsar's GW can be detected in the recordings of all three interferometers. The signatures agree with the known values u200bu200bmeasured with electromagnetic waves. (with additions)
Category: Astrophysics

Rudyard Kipling's Verse and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 19 Pages. A crucial mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Rudyard Kipling’s Verse, Definitive edition. We draw the natural logarithm of thenumber of the titles of the verses, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of therank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Rudyard Kipling’s Verse can be characterisedby the magnetisation curve, BP(4,βH = 0), in the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model,in the presence of four nearest neighbours and in the absence of external magnetic field or, with Hequal to zero.
Category: Social Science

Exact Mass of the Charmed Lambda Baryon

Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 9 Pages.

In 2006 Particle Data Group changed their FIT of the mass of the Charmed Lambda+ baryon from 2284.9 +-0.6 MeV, to 2286.46 +-0.14 MeV (an increase of 1.56 Mev), because they said the new BABAR measurement was so much better, meaning more accurate. True, the measurement is more accurate, but n-sphere factoring shows the new mass found by BABAR is probably not the mass of a Lambda(c) baryon (udc quark content), but rather it is likely the mass of a Xi(c) baryon (dsc quark content). This paper explains the arguments for the two quark content assignments, and gives an expression for the exact mass of each baryon. (Since Planck’s constant was declared exact recently, n-sphere factoring of hadron experimental masses results in expressions yielding exact theoretical masses.)
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Null Algebra Extension II

Authors: Robert S. Miller
Comments: 61 Pages. This second version of this paper was formatted with a more thorough review to remove error left in the first draft. It contains additional graphs and material showing the full resolution of the complex plane for the given example equation.

This extension to Null Algebra more deeply examines the the application, and consequences of division by zero and the solutions to the negative radical within the complex plane. The paper takes this application to its natural result of resolving the complex plane to a real hyper-plane formed in three directions from the union of real and subspace axis. A later version of this paper will explore the negative area these concepts mandate must exist and the Null Algebra resolutions of complex exponents.
Category: General Mathematics

New proof of Pythagorean Theorem

Authors: Junyoung Jang
Comments: 2 Pages.

We found a new proof of Pythagorean Theorem by using trigonometry. We induced double angle formula of sine and cosine functions in non-circular way.
Category: Geometry

Out of the Box Artificial Intelligence (OBAI): The Beginning of a New Era in Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 11 Pages.

The main purpose of writing this article is to unify all the OUT OF THE BOX ideas (under Artificial Intelligence) invented by the corresponding author of this work during the period (2013-2022) under a single umbrella titled "Out of the BOX Artificial Intelligence Field (OBAI Field)". All the OUT OF THE BOX ideas which are proposed under Artificial Intelligence will come under new field titled OBAI Field which is defined in this work. A new Artificial Intelligence field titled "Artificial Cartoon Algorithms (ACA)" is invented in this work. ACA is a sub-field of OBAI field as it is an OUT OF THE BOX idea. Four new algorithms titled "Artificial Cartoon Popeye Algorithm", "Artificial Cartoon Chhota Bheem Algorithm", "Artificial Cartoon Jerry Algorithm" and "Artificial Cartoon Happy Kid Algorithm" are designed in this work.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Interesting and Complete Artificial Intelligence (ICAI) - Version 1

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 8 Pages.

A new field titled "The Interesting and Complete Artificial Intelligence (ICAI)" is invented in this work. In this article, we define this new ICAI field. Four new ICAI algorithms are designed in this work. This paper titled "The Interesting and Complete Artificial Intelligence (ICAI) — Version 1" is just the starting point of this new field. We request Research Scientists across the globe to work in this new direction of Artificial Intelligence and publish their work with titles such as "The Interesting and Complete Artificial Intelligence (ICAI) — Version 1.1", "The Interesting and Complete Artificial Intelligence (ICAI) — Version 2" or "The Interesting and Complete Artificial Intelligence (ICAI) — Final Version".
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial God Optimization - A Creation

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 12 Pages.

Nature Inspired Optimization Algorithms have become popular for solving complex Optimization problems. Two most popular Global Optimization Algorithms are Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Of the two, PSO is very simple and many Research Scientists have used PSO to solve complex Optimization Problems. Hence PSO is chosen in this work. The primary focus of this paper is on imitating God who created the nature. Hence the term "Artificial God Optimization (AGO)" is coined in this paper. AGO is a new field which is invented in this work. A new Algorithm titled "God Particle Swarm Optimization (GoPSO)" is created and applied on various benchmark functions. The World's first Hybrid PSO Algorithm based on Artificial Gods is created in this work. GoPSO is a hybrid Algorithm which comes under AGO Field as well as PSO Field. Results obtained by PSO are compared with created GoPSO algorithm. A list of opportunities that are available in AGO field for Artificial Intelligence field experts are shown in this work.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Excellence - A New Branch of Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 8 Pages.

Artificial Excellence is a new field which is invented in this article. Artificial Excellence is a new field which belongs to Artificial Human Optimization field. Artificial Human Optimization is a sub-field of Evolutionary Computing. Evolutionary Computing is a sub-field of Computational Intelligence. Computational Intelligence is an area of Artificial Intelligence. Hence after the publication of this article Artificial Excellence (AE) will become popular as a new branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI). A new algorithm titled Artificial Satish Gajawada and Durga Toshniwal Algorithm (ASGDTA) is designed in this work. The definition of AE is given in this article followed by many opportunities in the new AE field. The Literature Review of Artificial Excellence field is shown after showing the definition of Artificial Intelligence. The new ASGDTA Algorithm is explained followed by Results and Conclusions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

AI++ : Artificial Intelligence Plus Plus

Authors: Satish Gajawada, Hassan Mustafa
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this letter we coined, invented and defined a new branch titled "Artificial Intelligence Plus Plus (AI++)".
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Smile Computing — A New Religion (Smile Theory of Everything)

Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 5 Pages.

I would like to thank everything in this universe which is trying to make this place a better place to live. This report is all about "Smile Theory of Everything (SToE)". In this theory the same thing is given in different formats. A new religion titled "Smile Computing" is invented in this work. In this paper a new title "Smile Computing — A New Religion" is given to the earlier work titled "Smile Theory of Everything".
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

On the Geometry of Axes of Complex Circles of Partition Part 1

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 12 Pages. This paper advances complex circles of partition by introducing a particularly innate geometry.

In this paper we continue the development of the circles of partition by introducing a certain geometry of the axes of complex circles of partition. We use this geometry to verify the condition in the squeeze principle in special cases with regards to the orientation of the axes of complex circles of partition.
Category: Geometry

Thermodynamics of Spin Systems in Paramagnetic Crystals

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 10 Pages.

We propose a theoretical model of non-normal thermodynamic system (i.e. atnegative absolute temperature), through the application (and consequentinstantaneous inversion) of a magnetic field to a crystal.
Category: Condensed Matter

Unification of the Microcosm and the Macrocosm

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 30 Pages.

In the previous papers in an elegant way we presented the unification of the fundamental interactions. We calculated the unity formulas that connect the coupling constants of the fundamental forces. Also the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also we presented the unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. We present the law of the gravitational fine-structure constant followed by ratios of maximum and minimum theoretical values u200bu200bfor natural quantities. We will prove the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. From the dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions will propose a possible solution for the density parameter of baryonic matter,dark matter and dark energy. The sum of the contributions to the total density parameter at the current time is Ω0=1,0139. It is surprising that Plato used a dodecahedron as the quintessence to describe the cosmos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Law of Interaction Between Light and Media Proves that Light is Neither an Electromagnetic Wave Nor a Photon Nor a Wave-Particle Duality

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 38 Pages.

The interaction of light with a medium changes all the characteristics of light, including but not limited to the direction of light transmission, the phase of light, the amplitude of light, the frequency of light, the wavelength of light, the speed of light and so on. However, people's understanding of what light really is is still not completely unified, there are those who think light is electromagnetic wave, there are those who think light is photon, and there are those who think light has wave-particle two-phase nature. Through my long time research found: from the existence of reflected light half-wave loss, polarization refraction light Faraday magneto-optical effect, single-slit diffraction light intensity change four laws, double-slit interference phenomenon, Seeman effect, medium surface state determines the phenomenon of absorbance, the speed of light at the interface of different media jump and uniform medium internal speed of light relative to the medium itself speed constant and other phenomena after comprehensive analysis can be concluded: light is neither electromagnetic waves, nor photons, and there is no wave-particle duality. Light should only be one of the manifestations of the Coulombic and magnetic interactions between charges, and cannot be an object that can exist independently of the charge/light source. In this paper, we focus on the relevant issues with the chain of evidence formed by many evidences of the law of light-medium interaction, with a view to correcting the current misconceptions about the nature of light. Also, the results of several light-related physical experiments, such as the Michelson-Morley experiment, the photoelectric effect and the Compton effect, are explained in terms of the light-dielectric interaction law.
Category: Classical Physics

Irrationality of Pi Using Just Derivatives

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 6 Pages.

The quest for an irrationality of pi proof that can be incorporated into an analysis (or a calculus) course is still extant. Ideally a proof would be well motivated and use in an interesting way the topics of such a course. In particular $e^{pi i}$ should be used and the more easily algebraic of derivatives and integrals -- i.e. derivatives. A further worthy goal is to use techniques that anticipate those needed for other irrationality and, maybe even, transcendence proofs. We claim to have found a candidate proof.
Category: Number Theory

On Clifford-valued Actions, Generalized Dirac Equation and Quantization of Branes

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 12 Pages.

We explore the construction of a generalized Dirac equation via the introduction of the notion of Clifford-valued actions, and which was inspired by the work of [1],[2] on the De Donder-Weyl theory formulation of field theory. Crucial in this construction is the evaluation of the $exponentials$ of $multivectors$ associated with Clifford (hypercomplex) analysis. Exact $matrix$ solutions (instead of spinors) of the generalized Dirac equation in $ D = 2,3$ spacetime dimensions were found. This formalism can be extended to curved spacetime backgrounds like it happens with the Schroedinger-Dirac equation. We conclude by proposing a wave-functional equation governing the quantum dynamics of branes living in $ C$-spaces (Clifford spaces), and which is based on the De Donder-Weyl Hamiltonian formulation of field theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Redefining Black Hole Entropy Due to Proporcionality to the Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Keith Huckelby
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this article we propose a new definition of the entropy of black holes. For this we base ourselves on a reformulation of the Hawking-Bekenstein formula in such a way that, on the one hand, by introducing a new variable that represents the number of microstates and On the other hand, taking into account the mass of the black hole, we can conclude a new equation for the entropy of black holes.
Category: Classical Physics

Mr. Fabri's Mistakes

Authors: Christian Corda
Comments: 3 Pages.

A couple of mistakes made by Mr. Elio Fabri in the Italian Google group "Scienza Fisica" are corrected. The first concerns the calculation of an integral which, according to Mr. Fabri, had to be null, showing that, instead, it was anything but null. The second concerns an error repeated several times by Mr. Fabri according to which the Riemann tensor calculated in the Langevin spacetime would still be null. Unfortunately, a sad truth emerges: what is really zero is Mr. Fabri's understanding of what he is saying.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Spooky Senses

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 6 Pages.

What do seemingly spooky senses have to do withother human senses and physics? We are talkingabout "objective ESP" that might be verified, notsubjective sensations beyond logical models.Sensory feedback loops are keys within evolution inall plants and animals, and part of life’s perpetualstruggle against entropy. Humans likewise utilizereal sensations beyond the usual five types. Otherlife forms have sensory abilities that seem ESP tous, but looked at closely are just part of their coresuite of tools. Objective ESP is one aspect of ourbetter understanding the nature and limits ofentanglement and supersymmetry.
Category: Physics of Biology

On the Indication from Pioneer 10/11 Data of an Anomalous Acceleration

Authors: Yong Gwan Yi
Comments: 11 Pages.

The physics of Hubble's law, motivated by the anomalous acceleration of Pioneer 10/11, suggests that the Hubble constant corresponds to a gravitational field of the universe. The deviation from linearity, which was shown by observations of high redshift Type Ia supernovae, is shown to be an apparent result of the velocity of light being affected by the gravitational field of the universe. The Hubble constant inferred from Pioneer 10/11 data is ~ 69 km/s/Mpc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Alpha-Crystal: A Simple Model for Nuclear Structure

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 22 Pages. Poster Presented at APS April 2023 Meeting

When nuclear structure models were first derived in the 1930s, it was believed that nucleons were elementary particles similar to electrons, so that a nucleus should be analogous to an atom. For this reason, a shell model analogous to atomic orbitals was proposed for the nucleus. But since the 1970s, it has been understood that nucleons are composed of quarks, and are therefore analogous to atoms, so that a nucleus is more analogous to an atomic cluster. With that in mind, a new simple conceptual picture of the nucleus is proposed, which is suitable for instruction to undergraduates. Given the great stability of alpha particles, and the observation of alpha emission from radioactive nuclei, it is natural to propose that a large nucleus is composed primarily of alphas. I suggest a close-packed "crystal" of alphas, with at most one "partial alpha" at the outer surface. Furthermore, given the strong electric potential in the center, the alphas in the center may convert to a "neutron-rich core" providing excess neutrons for large nuclei. One can further approximate such a structure with spherical charge distributions, and derive simple analytical equations for the excess neutrons and the binding energy per nucleon, similar to those observed. Such a simple model may also offer insights into nuclear stability, fission, and other nuclear phenomena.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

How to Make a Conjecture About the More Compact Sequence with no 3 Terms in Arithmetic Progression Using Mathematica© and Www.oeis.org

Authors: Edoardo Gueglio
Comments: 5 Pages.

This is an example of how with a mathematical software you can make a mathematicalconjecture and help to prove it.
Category: Number Theory

Consideration of Collatz Conjecture and Its Integer Space

Authors: Tsuneaki Takahashi
Comments: 4 Pages.

Investigation is tried about approach to Collatz conjecture and its integer space.
Category: Number Theory

The Randomness in the Prime Numbers

Authors: Ihsan Raja Muda Nasution
Comments: 4 Pages.

The prime numbers have very irregular pattern. The problem of finding pattern in the prime numbers is the long-standing open problem in mathematics. In this paper, we try to solve the problem axiomatically. And we propose some natural properties of prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Rutherford Cross Section in the Laboratory Frame-Partii

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this pedagogical article, we extend the direct derivation of the classical non-relativistic Rutherford scattering cross section, differential, in the laboratory frame of two equal mass particles, ala relativistic quantum mechanics as presented in the book of Bjorken and Drell up to $(v/c)^{2}$ order.
Category: Classical Physics

Einstein's 1905 Relativity Paper - Analysis and Obituary [?]

Authors: Robert Bennett
Comments: 16 Pages.

The 1905 Special Relativity paper by Einstein will be analyzed as the classic original source of relativity fallacies and illogic. These pages are often referenced as the authentic source of mathematical and logical support for modern mainstream applications of relativity physics. But what are the tools that are used in the quest of scientific truth? The scientific method is more than just experimenting; test design and analysis of results using logical realism exposes much of this paper as not only ambiguous but also as promoting the opposite of scientific truth. The corrections to SR herein lead logically to restoration of Geocentrism, the belief in an Absolute Laboratory Frame and Fluid Aether(ALFA) and replacement of the Big Bang cosmological principle with correspondence to the Book of Genesis.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Hexagon

Authors: Volker W. Thürey
Comments: 2 Pages.

We provide coordinates of a regular hexagon.
Category: Geometry

Driving Force of Earth Plate Motion

Authors: Hyukee Ahn
Comments: 11 Pages. (Abstract added to Article by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

I suggest that the source of this force is the Earth tides, specifically the Tide lever crack and Tide lever push work.
Category: Geophysics

Space and Gravity

Authors: Anatoly V. Belyakov
Comments: 8 Pages.

Based on the mechanistic interpretation of J. Wheeler’s geometrodynamics, where space has the properties of an ideal fluid surface, it was found that the ratio of forces acting in the surface wave transverse component to the forces in its longitudinal component is equal to the ratio of electric forces to gravitational ones. The surface of finite thickness is the original material entity, which fractalization leads to the material bodies’ forming and to the tension of this surface, which manifests itself as an attraction between the bodies. The speed of light was determined and the gravitational constant calculating formula was obtained. The radiating cell of a surface wave generates radiation having wavelengths corresponding to the background radiation maximum.
Category: Classical Physics

Microgravity Radar

Authors: Damian Młodziankowski, Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 1 Page.

A simple method to detect horizontal gravitational anomalies with a China balance.
Category: Classical Physics

A Dark Matter Theory by Gravitation Got in M31 and Milky Way

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 32 Pages.

In this paper is developed carefully an original theory of dark matter, whose main hypothesis is that DM is generated by the own gravitational field. In this work is introduced the best version of the theory physical and mathematically, previously published since 2014. The hypothesis of DM by gravitation has two main consequences: the first one is that the law of DM generation has to be the same, in the halo region, for all the galaxies and the second one is that the haloes are unlimited so the total DM goes up without limit. Both properties are crucial for the success of this theory. Apparently the hypothesis of unlimited haloes would seem impossible but further cosmological studies may demonstrate that dark energy may counter balance the growing of DM. This paper is similar to one previous paper published in 2019, although there is an important newness, which is the new rotation curve of Milky Way published by Sofue,Y. in 2020. Results got with this new data in Milky Way back strongly the rightness of DM by gravitation theory. This work begins studying the Rotation curves data come from Sofue,Y.2015 for M31 galaxy and from Sofue 2020 for Milky Way. Thanks these remarkable rotation curves, both regression curves at halo region are fitted with power regression functions whose exponents are the same for both galaxies. By the fitted function is possible to calculate a dark matter density function depending on radius which is transformed into a DM density depending on gravitational field. This change is the core of the theory because at such moment it is possible to study the formula of dark matter density by the Buckingham theorem in order to change the statistical calculus by physical formulas which depend on the Universal constants G, h and c. From now on the statistical theory becomes a perfect physical theory that despite it is based on the Newtonian framework allows to get new formulas such as DM density and total DM mass. In chapters 10 ,11 and 12 are calculated masses for M31, Milky Way and M33 with excellent results. But it is in the chapter 13 where are calculated the most brilliant results got in this work. (Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words)
Category: Astrophysics

Gerhart Enders as a Scientist

Authors: Peter Enders
Comments: 8 Pages.

This is a largely revised and extended translation of my article 'Gerhart Enders als Wissenschaftler. Zum 90. Geburtstag am 17. Oktober 2014, Brandenburgische Archive 32 (2015) 77-79, https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-slbp/files/8026/Brandenburgische+Archive+32.pdf
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Integrability of Continuous Functions in 2 Dimensions

Authors: Hans Detlef Hüttenbach
Comments: 16 Pages. Several misprints corrected.

In this paper it is shown that the Banach space of continuous, R^2- or C-valued functions on a simply connected either 2-dimensional real or 1-dimensional complex compact region can be decomposed into the topological direct sum of two subspaces, a subspace of integrable (and conformal) functions, and another one of unintegrable (and anti-conformal) functions. It is shown that complex integrability is equivalent to complex analyticity. This can be extended to real functions. The existence of a conjugation on that Banach space will be proven, which maps unintegrable functions onto integrable functions.The boundary of a 2-dimensional simply connected compact region is defined by a Jordan curve, from which it is known to topologically divide the domain into two disconnected regions. The choice of which of the two regions is to be the inside, defines the orientation.The conjugation above will be seen to be the inversion of orientation.Analyticity, integrability, and orientation on R^2 (or C) therefore are intimately related.
Category: Functions and Analysis

On the Quantization of Electric and Magnetic Charges and Fluxes. Axiomatic Foundation of Non-Integrable Phases. Two Natural Speeds Different from $c$

Authors: Peter Enders, Rudolf Germer
Comments: 14 Pages.

We present an axiomatic foundation of non-integrable phases of Schr"{o}dinger wave functions and use it for interpreting Dirac's 1931 pioneering article in terms of the electromagnetic 4-potential. The quantization of the electric charge in terms of $e$ implies the quantization of the dielectric flux through closed surfaces $bar{Psi} := oiint vec{D} cdot mathrm{d}vec{S}$ in terms of the `Lagrangean' dielectric flux quantum $Psi_D=e$. The quantization of the analogous magnetic monopole charge in terms of $g$ implies the quantization of the magnetic flux through closed surfaces $bar{Phi} := oiint vec{B} cdot mathrm{d}vec{S}$ in terms of the `Diracian' magnetic induction flux quantum $Phi_B=g=h/e$, and textit{vice versa}. Here, the question is raised, if the quantization of the magnetic charge (and hence field) in a given volume depends on the total electric charge in that volume. Furthermore, we have $Phi_B/Psi_D = g/e = h/e^2 = R_text{K}$, the von Klitzing constant, the basic resistance of the quantum Hall effect. $R_text{K}$ and the vacuum permittivity $varepsilon_{0}$ and permeability $mu_{0}$, respectively, combine to two natural speed constants different from that of light in vacuum $c$.%footnote{This article is an extension of a talk presented (in German) before the Physical Society at Berlin, Febr. 15, 2023, url{https://www.dpg-physik.de/veranstaltungen/2023/mhb-agsen-2023-02-15}.}
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Use Euler's Identity to Prove the Existence of Natural Logarithms of Numbers Approaching Zero on the Complex Plane

Authors: Shikhar Sehgal
Comments: 1 Page. All Rights Reserved, Shikhar Sehgal 2023 (Abstract added to the article by viXra Admin - Please conform)

This paper provides an overview of using Euler's identity to prove that natural logarithms of numbers approaching zero exist on the complex plane.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Proof of the Triple and Twin Prime Conjectures Using the Sindaram Sieve Method

Authors: Kuiying Yan
Comments: 15 Pages.

Yitang Zhang proved in 2013 that there are infinitely many pairs of prime numbers differing by 70 million, it has been proved now that there are infinitely many pairs of prime numbers differing by 246. In this paper, we use the sievemethod invented by Snndaram in 1934 to find out the solution of triple prime numbers and twin prime numbers, and find the general solution formula of the subset, i.e, an1 + b which is result of each subset, such as 3n + 1, 5n + 2, 7n + 3, 9n + 4, 11n+ 5, 13n+ 6, 15n+ 7, 17n+ 8, · · · in 2mn+n+m, modulo x respectively (x ≤ 3 takes prime). This general solution formula is used to prove the triple prime conjecture and the twin prime conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Facts, Evidence and Reflections About the Universe

Authors: Vitaly Pilkin
Comments: 16 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

A scientific justification for the existence of God is given.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Array Translation Algorithm

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 12 Pages.

We find a container algorithm that is based on performing small translations of arrays, and that supports insert, search and delete operations with log(n) computational complexity.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Rutherford Cross Section in the Laboratory Frame

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this pedagogical article, we elucidate on the direct derivation of the classical non-relativistic Rutherford scattering cross section, differential, in the laboratory frame of two equal mass particles, ala relativistic quantum mechanics as presented in the book of Bjorken and Drell.
Category: Classical Physics

Failure of 2640 Compounds in Lifespan-Extending Tests Because of Ignoring Quantum Gravity Effects

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please refrain from repetitions/regurgitations - They will not be accepted)

It is found that relativistic matter wave provides a biological clock for human beings. Due to gravity, the human mean lifespan on the Earth is calculated to be 84 years. In 2017, Sarnoski et al reported a 384-well plate-based technique which enables rapid assessment of lifespan in a high throughput manner. They sought to test whether it was suitable to screening for compounds that extend yeast replicative lifespan. They selected several libraries containing 2640 compounds, including kinase inhibitors, FDA-approved compounds, and compounds that had failed clinical development. Unfortunately, although there are some different readings from lifespan extension tests, Sarnoski et al were unable to determine a compound that could extend lifespan by more than 20%. We simply concluded that their efforts to screen compounds that extend lifespan among 2640 compounds have failed. The failure of 2640 compounds indirectly support our assertion that the biological clock is determined by quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

From Holographic to Wilsonian Renormalisation Group: the Bulk/cut-Off Dictionary

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 14 Pages. (Abstract added to Article by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

We wish to systematically construct Wilsonian renormalisation group procedure of integrating infinitesimally thin momentum shells on the brane QFT directly from the bulk physics. To achieve this we will combine holographic renormalisation and establish a precise dictionary between a hard Wilsonian cut-off and quantities in the bulk.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Systematic Byass in Celestial Mechanics

Authors: Jose J. Astorkia
Comments: 6 Pages. In Spanish

An eigenexperiment shows systematic byass in celestial mechanics calculations when velocity is greater than escape velocity. Evidences and consequences are presented. In spanish languaje. Un análisis de un caso particular muestra la presencia de errores sistemáticos en los cálculos de la mecánica celeste en determinados casos. Se presentan evidencias observacionales y se hace una valoración de sus consecuencias.
Category: Astrophysics

Dbi Degeneracy from an RG Flow

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 10 Pages.

We recursively integrate out the entire bulk dilaton and generate a recurrence relation
Category: Mathematical Physics

Notes on Quasiparticle Modes at an Exotic System

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 19 Pages.

A gedanken calculation of low-temperature properties of a string-inspired gauge theoryat finite density
Category: Mathematical Physics

Navier-Stokes Equations Analytic 3D Solution for Incompressible Viscous Fluids in the Absence of External Forces for a Given Periodic Initial Velocity Vector

Authors: Biruk Alemayehu Petros
Comments: 6 Pages. Mathematically meaningful solutions for Navier Stokes equation with complete proof is provided

This study proves the existence of smooth periodic solutions for Navier- Stokes three-dimensional equations under the assumption of a given pe- riodic initial velocity vector field with positive viscosity. The solution proposed solves the equation by utilizing a Fourier series representation of periodic initial velocity vector fields and predicting the velocity vec- tor field at all times. The significance of this finding is that it con- tributes positively towards understanding the behavior of solutions of Navier-Stokes equations and suggests that smooth periodic solutions for the given problem can indeed exist under certain conditions. Addition- ally, the authors suggest that their solution can be used to settle the Clay Mathematics Millennium Prize Problem, which seeks to find a solution for Navier-Stokes equations meeting specific criteria. It is important to note, however, that this study does not provide a complete solution to the problem, but it provides a significant contribution to the understanding of the behavior of solutions of Navier-Stokes equations. Overall, this re- search demonstrates that the smooth periodic solutions for Navier-Stokes equations can exist for a given initial velocity vector field with positive viscosity, and it presents a new approach for the Navier-Stokes equation.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Simple Introduction to "Cloud Qed" Physics

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 23 Pages.

This is a short simple exposition of my book-in-progressCompleting Quantum Electrodynamics and otherQuantum Field Theories with "cloud"(and perhaps even creating "quantum gravity" &"theory of everything").If said book ever manages to get published in print,then the present essay might be a good "foreword" for it.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Notes on Hydrodynamics and Decoherence of Ideal Quantum Gases

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 44 Pages.

We present notes on hydrodynamics and decoherence of ideal quantum gases
Category: Mathematical Physics

Serious Problems in Standard Complex Analysis Texts From The Viewpoint of Division by Zero Calculus

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this note, we shall refer to some serious problems for the standard complex analysis text books that may be considered as common facts for many years from the viewpoint of the division by zero calculus. We shall state clearly our opinions with the new book: V. Eiderman, An introduction to complex analysis and the Laplace transform (2022).
Category: Functions and Analysis

Hydrodynamical Limit of a Homogeneous Electron Gas

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: A scholarly abstract is required on the article in pdf - Please conform!)

We discuss interactions generated by non-linear coordinate transformation.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Seiberg-Witten and the Chemical Potential

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: A scholarly abstract is required on the article in pdf - Please conform!)

[This article is about Seiberg-Witten and the chemical potential.]
Category: Mathematical Physics

Quantizing Phi^6 Oscillon

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 21 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: A scholarly abstract is required on the article in pdf - Please conform!)

[This article is about quantizing phi^6 Oscillon.]
Category: Mathematical Physics

Abraham-Lorentz Force and the Dirac-Sea

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract is required on the article in pdf - Please conform!)

We describe two kinds of equations of motion in classical electrodynamics, there are dynamicallaws for the charges and the equations for the electromagnetic (EM) field.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Quasi Photons

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 8 Pages.

We describe a harmonic oscillator with negative norm.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Radiation in Polarizable Medium

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 21 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: A scholarly abstract is required on the article in pdf - Please conform!)

[This article is about radiation in polarizable medium.]
Category: Mathematical Physics

Model of Vortex Turbulent Plane Couette Flow

Authors: Victor L. Mironov, Sergey V. Mironov
Comments: 11 Pages.

We present the theoretical description of plane Couette flow based on the previously proposed equations of vortex fluid, which take into account both the longitudinal flow and the vortex tubes rotation. It is shown that considered equations have several stationary solutions describing different types of laminar flow. We also discuss the simple model of turbulent flow consisting of vortex tubes, which are moving chaotically and simultaneously rotating with different phases. Using the Boussinesq approximation we obtain analytical expression for the stationary profile of mean velocity in turbulent Couette flow, which is in good agreement with experimental data and results of direct numerical simulations. Our model demonstrates that near-wall turbulence can be described by a coordinates-independent coefficient of eddy viscosity. In contrast to the viscosity of the fluid itself this parameter characterizes the turbulent flow and depends on Reynolds number and roughness of the channel walls. Potentially, the proposed model can be considered as a theoretical basis for the experimental measurement of eddy viscosity coefficient.
Category: Condensed Matter

Identification of Universal Features in the Conductivity of Classes of Two-Dimensional QFTs Using the Ads/cft Correspondence

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 7 Pages.

We study the electrical conductivity of strongly disordered, strongly coupled quantum fieldtheories, holographically dual to non-perturbatively disordered uncharged black holes. The computation reduces to solving a diffusive hydrostatic equation for an emergent horizonfluid. We demonstrate that a large class of theories in two spatial dimensions have a universal conductivity independent of disorder strength, and rigorously rule out disorder-drivenconductor-insulator transitions in many theories. We present a (fine-tuned) axion-dilatonbulk theory which realizes the conductor-insulator transition, interpreted as a classical percolation transition in the horizon fluid. We address aspects of strongly disordered holographythat can and cannot be addressed via mean-field modeling, such as massive gravity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Navier-Stokes Equations from a Minimal Effective Field Theory

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 4 Pages.

We use an effective Schwinger-Keldysh field theory of long-range massless modes to derive the Navier-Stokes equations as an energy-momentum balance equation. The fluid will be invariant under the linear subgroup of the volume-preserving diffeomorphisms, which are the non-linear, time-independent spatial translations.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Oscillons

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 2 Pages.

We can apply semi-classical quantization to oscillon $phi (x)$ by dividing the field into rectangles of a small width, like the Riemann integral by splitting the curve into rectangles and summing them.Each rectangle acts as a spatially homogeneous field and the results obtained with the Mathieu equation can be used for local quantization. All of these regions then have to be summed and a meaningful result is hopefully obtained
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Exact Renormalisation Group and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 9 Pages.

The exact renormalization group equation is rewritten as a Schrodinger type equation and analyzed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Notes on Probe-D-Branes

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 4 Pages.

We refer to a D-brane that is treated as a relatively small and light object compared to other D-branes at a given string theory setup as a tool to study the properties of larger D-branes and their interactions with other objects.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Contradiction and Reconstruction of Axiom of ZF System

Authors: Jincheng Zhang
Comments: 19 Pages.

In set theory ZF system, there are specious strange conclusions when set of infinite sets are interpreted into numbers. Axiom of infinity in ZF system confuses the difference between δ+1＝δ and δ+1≠δ, Error of Cantor's set theory is the error of axiom of infinity. We use (δ + 1 = δ or δ + 1 ≠ δ) to establish two opposite sets of axioms SZF + and SZF-, which are contradictory systems, similar to Euclidean geometry and non-Euclidean geometry axioms.In set theory SZF system, after correcting the axiom of infinity, we can prove that "for any definable predicate P (n), if it is true to finite n, then for any infinite number a, P(a) is also true." Power set axiom, axiom of separation, axiom of substitution, axiom of choice, axiom of foundation these axioms have become provable propositions.In fact, the four axioms and several definitions of "axiom of empty set, set axioms, union axioms, and infinite axioms" are sufficient for the set theory system.In Cantor’s set theory, there are ordinal numbers and uncountable ordinal numbers. There are no uncountable ordinal numbers, so proof of uncountable ordinal number is false. The transfinite induction in Cantor’s set theory is also false; in fact, transfinite induction is very simple, we can prove that: for any definable predicate P (n), if it is true to finite n, then for any infinite number a, P(a) is also true. In classical set theory system, all difficulties are from infinite difficulties. After we have solved the axiom of infinity, infinity is as simple as finite.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

An Arbitrary Higher-Derivative Correction to Einstein-Hilbert Action

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 2 Pages.

We have made an observation that canbe generalized to an arbitrary higher-derivative correction to Einstein-Hilbert action (to linearorder in the corresponding couplings).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Calculation of the Energy Density of Space-Time and Study of Zero Energy States. a Universe of Matter, Light and Dark Energy

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 8 Pages.

Some researchers have recently suggested by studying the shape of the universe according to the most recent observations, that the possible origin itself has been from a state of zero energy or very close to zero. This seems to be in contradiction with the relativistic energy coming from its mass, m, which determines that its energy is equal to or greater than mc2. However, the hypothesis of dark energy as a negative energy field, in a global energy balance and its enormous weight with respect to dark matter and baryonic mass, could make us think that the total energy of the universe could be zero or very close to zero. In this paper we work with this hypothesis, and the vacuum field is carefully studied by studying a wave function that represents it. This wave function is obtained from a Klein-Gordon type wave equation that is studied here. The excellent results obtained in terms of calculating the vacuum ener-gy density, the vacuum as a physical state with its own mass and there-fore capable of curving space-time, and the introduction of dark energy as an essential element in the universe, make this hypothesis and our vacuum model are more than just one more hypothesis to consider.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Domain Wall Model

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 9 Pages.

We consider a general axion-dilaton model with vanishingly small temperature. Under certain conditions, it is very likely that we can have a stable domain wall structure on the horizon
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Strongly Disordered Metals and Disorder-Driven Metal-Insulator Transitions in Holography

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 14 Pages.

Recently, much progress has been made on understanding transport properties of strongly coupled quantum field theories by employing gauge-gravity duality. However, a theory of transport at finite density and temperature is still lacking for strongly disordered systems. We reduce the computation of direct current electrical conductivity, for a wide variety of strongly disordered holographic systems with no background charge density, to the solution of a linear differential equation dependent only on data on the black hole horizon of the bulk theory. Some strongly coupled theories in two spatial dimensions have a universal conductivity, independent of disorder strength. We realize a disorder-driven holographic metal-insulator transitions through the percolation of poorly-conducting regions across the black hole horizon. We compare results from our exact realizations of holographic disorder with simpler approaches to the problem, such as massive gravity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Weird Fluids

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 3 Pages.

We argue that only conformal anomaly can contribute to fourth order hydrodynamics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Notes on Strong Disorder

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 9 Pages.

We argue that momentum-dependent constants can be fixed by matching near-boundary and near-horizon geometries.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Symmetry of the Conductivity Matrix

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 2 Pages.

We consider a conductivity matrix on a non-compact manifold.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Universal Cosmological Constant from Holography

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 4 Pages.

We present a holographic gauge-string duality as a powerful tool for uncovering both qualitative and quantitative behavior of certain classes of strongly-coupled gauge theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmology/gravity

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 10 Pages.

Notes on cosmology/gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Implementation of The Future of Drug Discovery: Quantum-Based Machine Learning Simulation (QMLS)

Authors: Yew Kee Wong, Yifan Zhou, Yan Shing Liang, Haichuan Qiu
Comments: 9 Pages.

The Research & Development (R&D) phase of drug development is a lengthy and costly process. To revolutionize this process, we introduce our new concept QMLS to shorten the whole R&D phase to three to six months and decrease the cost to merely fifty to eighty thousand USD. For Hit Generation, Machine Learning Molecule Generation (MLMG) generates possible hits according to the molecular structure of the target protein while the Quantum Simulation (QS) filters molecules from the primary essay based on the reaction and binding effectiveness with the target protein. Then, For Lead Optimization, the resultant molecules generated and filtered from MLMG and QS are compared, and molecules that appear as a result of both processes will be made into dozens of molecular variations through Machine Learning Molecule Varication (MLMV), while others will only be made into a few variations. Lastly, all optimized molecules would undergo multiple rounds of QS filtering with a high standard for reaction effectiveness and safety, creating a few dozen pre-clinical-trail-ready drugs. This paper is based on our first paper [1], where we pitched the concept of machine learning combined with quantum simulations. In this paper we will go over the detailed design and framework of QMLS, including MLMG, MLMV, and QS.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The New Answer to Drug Discovery: Quantum Machine Learning in Preclinical Drug Development

Authors: Yew Kee Wong, Yifan Zhou, Yan Shing Liang, Hai Chuan Qiu, Yu Xi Wu, Bin He
Comments: 13 Pages.

The Research & Development (R&D) phase of drug development is a lengthy and costly process, usually spanning from six to nine years [1] and costing four hundred to fourteen hundred million USD [2]. To revolutionize this process, we introduce our new concept-the combination of Quantum-based Machine Learning network (QML) and Quantum Computing Simulation (QS)-to shorten the whole R&D phase to three to six months and decrease the cost to merely fifty to eighty thousand USD. Our program takes the inputs of the target protein/gene structure and the primary essay [3]. For Hit Generation [3], the QML network generates possible hits [4] according to the molecular structure of the target protein while the QS filters molecules from the primary essay based on the reaction and binding effectiveness with the target protein. Then, For Lead Optimization [3], the resultant molecules generated and filtered from QML and QS are compared, and the ones that appear as a result of both processes will be made into dozens of molecular variations, while others will only undergo simple modifications. Lastly, all optimized molecules would undergo multiple rounds of QS filtering with a high standard for reaction effectiveness and safety, creating a few dozen pre-clinical-trail-ready drugs. Our concept of the combination of QML and QS can also prove revolutionary in many other fields, such as agriculture research, genetic editing, and even aerospace engineering.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Cosmological Constant

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 5 Pages.

We argue that our universe has a strongly coupled hidden sector on top of the visible (standard model) sector.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Electron Star Ingredients

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 8 Pages.

We present solutions of the shear sector modes in the IR Lifshitz limit.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Education in German Schools

Authors: Peter Enders
Comments: 44 Pages. Invited talk at the Intl. Conf. on School Education in Taraz, Kazakhstan, March 18, 2023, in Russian

In Germany, there is a rather large variety of school types reaching from primary schools to gymnasiums but also include schools for disabled children, professional schools, and many more. This talk concentrates on the former two and the alternative forms 'Waldorf' and 'Montessori'. Moreover, the results of PISA 2006 and 2018, and of a recent interrogation among headmasters are sketched.
Category: Education and Didactics

Shear Excitations of the Electron Star Diffusion Out of Thermal Equilibrium

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 28 Pages.

The electron star is a holographic bulk setup which consists of a non-extremal AdS-Reissner-Nordstr"{o}m black brane and an ideal gas of electrons. The gravitational system is dual to a field theory with interacting fractionalised and mesonic degrees of freedom, and is thermodynamically favoured over a pure black brane scenario. The electron gas in this Einstein-Maxwell-fluid theory is treated as being at zero temperature. The system is thus gravitationally stable but is {it not} in thermodynamic equilibrium. After analysing thermodynamic properties of the background, we compute the quasi-normal mode spectrum and correlation functions of gauge-invariant quantities on the boundary to study momentum and charge transport in the shear sector. We perform a detailed analysis of the hydrodynamic diffusion mode dispersion relation and compare our numerical results with thermodynamic predictions. We show that they only agree at very low temperature and near transition to a purely black brane background. We thus conclude that in accordance with expectations, hydrodynamics and thermodynamics cannot successfully describe a system out of thermal equilibrium. This provides further evidence for the importance of holographic studies of thermalisation, hydrolysation and out-of-equilibrium phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Missed Physics

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 15 Pages.

Crucial developments in physics, checkable by everyone, have been missed, excluding the Universe expansion and the initial Big Bang model, and restablishing the cosmological steady-state model. The single electron cosmology gives a close estimation of the Hubble length, meaning the matter is in fact a matter-antimatter oscillation in a Permanent Bang cosmology, where dark matter would be out of phase oscillation. The nuclear fusion cosmic model gives the background temperature 2.73 Kelvin, validating the Hoyle's prediction of permanent neutron creation, an ultimate limit of physics. The Diophantine treatment of the Kepler laws induces the Space-Time quantification in a Total Quantum Physics, pushing back the Planck wall by a factor 10^{61}, possibly resolving the vacuum energy dilemma. The three-body gravitational hydrogen model explains the Tachyonic Three Minutes Formula giving half the Hubble radius, thus its critical mass, showing the Universe is a Particle in the Cosmos, whose radius would be deduced from holographic Space-Time Quantification. The Kotov Doppler-free oscillation rehabilitates the tachyonic physics of the bosonic string theory in the Octonion Topological Axis prolonging the Quaternion Periodic Table, implying the string-spin identification and gives the gravitational constant G, compatible with the BIPM measurements but 2 10^{-4} larger than the official value.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Transcendental Equations: Solving Transcendental Equations Using the βw-Convergence Formula

Authors: John Evans Bwire
Comments: 14 Pages.

The main purpose of this paper is based on the general idea that an equation of this form can’t be a^x+b^x=c algebraically. In this question, the derived formula ((βw-convergence) with mathematical proof can be used to solve such an equation with ease. Since the formula is purely invented with my own approach, the article lacks references.
Category: Number Theory

Solution of the Brocard's Problem

Authors: Kurmet Sultan
Comments: 3 Pages.

It was proved that for a factorial to be a solution to Brocard's problem, it must be representable as a product of two natural numbers differing by 2. It was then proved that only factorials, which are known solutions to Brocard's problem, can be represented as a product of two natural numbers differing by 2. It follows from this that Brocard's Diophantine equation n!=t^2-1 has no solutions other than the classical one (n,t) = (4,5), (5,11), (7,71).
Category: Number Theory

New Interpretation of Planck Constant and Boltymann Constant

Authors: Kay Zum Felde
Comments: 2 pages

New Interpretation of Planck constant and Boltymann constant
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Equation X + (X/X) = X

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this note, we shall refer to the equation X + (X/X) = X from our division by zero and division by zero calculus ideas against the Barukčić's idea.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Training GPT4 on Quantum Impedance Networks

Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 20 Pages.

A recent paper submitted to the 79th annual Gravity Research Foundation essay competitionentitled "chatGPT explains Quantum Gravity" [1] was written in collaboration with GPT3.5. Withminimal prompting the bot has generated plausible coherent explanations for what it calls QINs(quantum impedance networks) of the unstable particle spectrum, massless neutrino oscillation,muon collider topological lifetime enhancement, and quantum gravity at the Compton, Planck, andcosmological scales [2]. One goal of that paper was to minimize pretraining, to find out what thebot already ‘understood’ before introducing new ideas.A similar training process on GPT4 has completed the first three dialogs. The first two arepresented here. GPT4 is much deeper, appears much more coherent. And poses its own uniquechallenges to learning and teaching. How to train a generative transformer on QINs? It seems theessential next step is to introduce visualGPT, to train on the images [1, 3].Humility is to be curious and willing to learn. chatGPT appears both humble and very powerful,in some sense an ideal collaborator, when facts matter a model to mirror as best one can.
Category: Quantum Physics

Pythagorean Nature

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 65 Pages.

Crucial Pythagorean scientific developments, checkable by everyone, have been missed, refutating the Universe expansion and the initial Big Bang model, imposing the cosmological steady-state model. The single electron cosmology gives a close estimation of the Hubble length, meaning the matter is in fact a matter-antimatter oscillation in a Permanent Bang cosmology, where dark matter is an out of phase oscillation. The nuclear fusion cosmic model gives the background temperature 2.73 Kelvin, validating the Hoyle's prediction of permanent neutron creation, an ultimate limit of physics. The Diophantine treatment of the Kepler laws induces the Space-Time quantification in a Total Quantum Physics, pushing back the Planck wall by a factor 10^{61}, resolving so the vacuum energy dilemma. The three-body gravitational hydrogen model explains the Tachyonic Three Minutes Formula giving half the Hubble radius, thus its critical mass, showing the Universe is a Particle in the Cosmos, whose radius is deduced from holographic Space-Time Quantification. The Kotov Doppler-free oscillation rehabilitates the tachyonic physics of the bosonic string theory in the Octonion Topological Axis prolonging the Quaternion Periodic Table, implying the string-spin identification and gives G, compatible with the BIPM measurements but 2x10^{-4} larger than the official value. This confirms the Higgs mass is tied to the third perfect couple 495-496. The so-called "free parameters", as well as the Archimedes pi, are confirmed to be computation basis, in liaison with the Holography and Holic Principles, opening the way to a revolution in mathematics where the Happy Family of the sporadic groups and the Egyptian Nombrol 3570 are central. The parameter values are deduced in the ppb domain by Optimal Polynomial Relations involving the Large Lucas Prime Number, the forth (last) term of the Combinatorial Hierarchy. The photon-neutrino background manages to divide this prime number by holographic terms respecting the symmetry electron-hydrogen. The data analysis rehabilitates the Wyler's and the Eddington theory, which predicted correctly the supersymmetry Proton-Tau. The tachyonic synthesis defines the Neuron, the characteristic time of the neuro-musical Human, corresponding to 418/8 Hz, three octavus down the La bemol for the chording 442.9. The Total Quantum Physics introduces the Human Measure Mass x Heigth, and connects with the Solar system, the CMB and the DNA through musical scales, introducing the Cosmobiology where the CMB is identified with the genetic code of the Universe (Truncated by viXra Admin).
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Antilight Theory

Authors: Renald Goulet
Comments: 15 Pages.

This antilight theory suggests nothing less than a new paradigm in theoretical physics. Antilight now becomes the aether Michael Faraday theorized with his fields around 1830 and almost every physicist was looking for at the end of the 19th century. Every object is built from exploding particles we can call antiphotonos coming from an infinite referential (at least one another dimension) at the speed of light, thus making sense of the formula E = mc² and all of Lorentz transformations. This way, the Planck equation E = hν also makes more sense, h representing the energy of one annihilation of a photono with an antiphotono. The photon is now described as a sequence of explosions with a momentum in a specific direction. Mass of an object can be considered as the total explosions of antiphotonos interacting with matter. The Louis de Broglie equation λ= h / p showing that every object has a wavelength and vibrating is obvious, the vibration rate is in fact the explosion rate. If any object can be the result of antiphotonos annihilation and consumption, gravity can now easily be explained as the missing antiphotonos flow from a big mass (earth or sun for example). We can get rid of gravitons. With this antiluminous gravity, the energy of the void of -1.2 E+42 Joules / m³ can be calculated and a global dynamic stopping pressure of the antiphotonos at 1.2 E+42 N / m². With this enormous pressure, gluons are no longer necessary to keep protons inside the nucleus. Linking of all 4 fundamental forces and linking of quantum and relativity are now possible with this theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Erdös-Borwein Constant

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Erdös-Borwein constant is the sum of the reciprocals of the Mersenne numbers. It is named after Paul Erdös and Peter Borwein.
Category: Number Theory

Delayed Choice Quantum Erasure: The Path Information and Complementarity

Authors: Vijay Shankar A, Jyotirmayee Satapathy, Sitaram V, Rakhesh Vamadevan
Comments: 15 Pages.

Photon wave functions collapse into particles only after one discerns their path, as was observed in certain experiments. However, scientists like Wheeler, and Scully contemplated that this causality and the uncertainty principle could be violated through quantum erasure. Complementarity and availability of path information are sufficient to explain quantum mechanics. Scientists widely debate this claim; in the process, they often try to reinterpret the tenets of quantum mechanics. Qureshi employs microscopic-macroscopic entanglement to save causality. Qureshi also posits that the experimenter's active choice of Hilbert space basis determines wave or particle nature. Qureshi insists that when the experimenter measures the photon in the x-basis, it entangles with his novel qubit which-way detector and the two detectors that constitute the screen and show interference. If the basis choice is z, then the interference is destroyed. In this paper, we peruse the shortcomings of Qureshi's analysis.The distinction between evolution and measurement is not acknowledged. The entanglement of a photon with experimental apparatus smears quantum-classical distinction. Qureshi forgets that the screen in quantum experiments can be a single entity. The quantum qubit which-way detector he contemplates will likely function classically. In assigning measurement basis to the photon, Qureshi forgets that the phase change due to path difference in the experimental setup does not influence quantum measurement. Thus, it does not contribute to a distinct quantum state. Scientists have studied wave-particle duality using entangled photons: entanglement alone cannot destroy the interference. The photon can choose its wave-particle option randomly; the experimenter's role is thus inactive. Wave nature formulation is not derived from Hilbert space basis, and the mathematical formulation in quantum mechanics is meant to predict probabilities in the particle nature; it does not say anything about the photon's physical realization. We observe that Complementarity ensures that causality violations are possible.
Category: Quantum Physics

Proving the Goldbach Conjecture: Algebraic Proofs and Predicting Prime Numbers

Authors: Oussama Basta
Comments: 4 Pages. A better version

The Goldbach’s Conjecture is an astonishing proposition that stands as one of the most renowned and enduring unsolved problems in number theory and mathematics. This research aims to provide a proof for this remarkable conjecture. The approach to be followed for the proof is yielded by using a predefined system of equations, and with a relatively simple analysis. The proof is quite simple compared to the size of the problem. In the second part of this study, we leverage the same system of equations to develop a general mathematical framework for predicting prime numbers within the known sequence, laying down a general mathematical framework that is computationally concise and can just achieve the objective. With proper selection of the coefficients of the equations in the algorithm, it’s guaranteed that prime numbers are among the outputs. The algorithm consists of basic arithmetic operations which is by itself ground breaking. The proof of the algorithm is also astoundingly straightforward and compact.
Category: Number Theory

Absolute Rotation Angle and Precession Rate of a Traveling Foucault Pendulum

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 27 Pages.

The time dependent absolute rotations of the Foucault Pendulum and its mounting fixture were derived for any latitude using attitude kinematics without relying on a detailed solution for the oscillatory motion of the pendulum bob. Employing a novel method to compute the associated solid angle, analytical solutions were found for both rotation angles and their time derivatives, as well as, the associated precession rate. The methodology was extended to a Foucault pendulum traveling across the Earth’s surface when the Earth spins at an arbitrary angular rate. When not translating across the Earth’s surface, both pendulum and its mounting fixture were found to have absolute rotation rates in the counterclockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere. The difference in rotation rates is in agreement with the observed relative clockwise precession rate of the pendulum with respect to its mounting fixture. Unlike stationary pendulums, traveling pendulums generally have time varying precession rates. Numerical examples are presented for various cases involving stationary and moving Foucault Pendulums to illustrate the developed methods.
Category: Classical Physics

Solution to Infinity Problem Based on Scattering Matrix Using Time-Evolution Operators Without Needing Renormalization

Authors: Chol Jong, Son-Il Jo, Shin-Hyok Jon
Comments: 9 Pages.

The purpose of our work is to achieve a new formulation which always ensures the convergence of the scattering matrix in such a way of preventing overlapping divergences of the scattering matrix in principle. We present a new nonperturbative representation of the scattering matrix in terms of so-called global time-evolution operator that is based on the improved Heisenberg picture. Our study demonstrates that there does not exist the infinity problem within the framework of our formulation that employs the global time-evolution operator and importantly the formulated theory satisfies all requirements of scattering. This interesting result is obtained successfully at the level of both quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.Ultimately, we draw the successful conclusion that it is possible to formulate a new scattering theory irrelevant to the infinity problem.
Category: Quantum Physics

Beyond the Standard Model: Neutrino Oscillations and the Search for New Physics

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 6 Pages.

The interpretation that the positive and negative solutions of the Dirac equation are particles and antiparticles is a common and widespread one. In this paper, we would aim to extend the 0-Sphere Electron Model to explore the internal structure of neutrino oscillations. From another point of view, the positive and negative solutions could correspond to a process in which two particles emit and absorb energy. This paper proposes a new model for the internal structure of neutrinos. The model has been created in which the Lissajous curve arises from two energy oscillators obtained from the positive and negative solutions of the Dirac equation. This model, the 0-Sphere Neutrino Model, assumes the existence of oscillators with thermal energy that are converted into kinetic energy, and includes two oscillators with different vibrational frequencies that are described by Lissajous curves.
Category: Quantum Physics

Solution of Hubble Tension

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 4 Pages.

In Planck 2018 Results, the current time is given as 13.787 BY, and the cosmological constant Λ is given as 1.1056E-52 /m2. From above, if the universe is expanding at constant velocity, the Hubble parameter H is calculated to be 70.92 km/s/Mpc. The Hubble parameter measured from CMB is 67.66 km/m/Mpc, and the Hubble parameter measured from Redshift is about 72.86 km/m/Mpc. The universe operates in the combination of above two, and the core factor is the cosmological constant Λ. In this paper, the combined Hubble parameter was calculated to be 70.93 km/s/Mpc, and this value means that the universe is expanding at constant velocity. In addition, the result was calculated that the Hubble parameter measured by Redshift is accelerating expansion. It is judged that the universe expands at the speed of light toward 4D direction. In this case, the radius of the universe is calculated as 9.749 BY.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equation

Authors: Alexander Panin
Comments: 3 Pages. In Russian (Abstract added by viXra Admin)

[I claim that I] have exactly solved the Navier-Stokes equation. [This is the] first part so that you can review the mathematical apparatus.
Category: Classical Physics

The Fundamental Reformulation of the Concept of a Weak Solution to the Navier-stokes Problem (the Preliminary Version)

Authors: Jiří Souček
Comments: 19 Pages. [Constructive criticism is welcomed]

At first we identify the main error in the formulation of the concept of the weak solution to Navier-Stokes (NS) equations which is the completely insufficient treatment of the incompressibility condition on the fluid (expressed in the standard way by div u = 0). The repair requires the complete reformulation of the NS problem. The basic concept must be the generalized motion (i.e. the generalized flow) which replaces the standard velocity field. Here we define the generalized flow on the bases of Geometric measure theory extended to the theory of Cartesian currents and weak diffeomorphisms (see [1], [2]). Then the key concept of the complete weak solution to the NS problem is defined and the two conjectures (the existence and the regularity ones) concerning the complete weak solutions are formulated. In two appendices many technical details are described (concerning e.g. Cartesian currents, homology conditions, weak diffeomorphisms, etc.). Our approach is based on the unification of the standard analysis of NS equations with the methods of Geometric measure theory and of the theory of Cartesian currents.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Gamma-Ray Bursts and Fermi Bubbles

Authors: Kenneth Dalton
Comments: 4 Pages.

According to a recent calculation, 10^58 erg of radiant energy was released by Sgr A*, when it formed the Fermi bubbles. Here, it is arguedthat this explosion constituted a long gamma-ray burst.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Yang Mills Double Copy Leads to New Ads/cft + Gravity Correspondences, or How the M-Theory Encounters Multi-Fold Universes

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 31 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

Following up on our recent analysis of the double copy behavior of Yang Mills scatterings, and its duality with gravity, we review the conventional AdS/CFT correspondence and ER=EPR conjectures. Combining the dualities, we derive new types of AdS/CFT correspondences respectively for renormalized / asymptotically safe gravity derived from dual copy (AdS/CFT2CG Correspondence), and then for CFTs in the presence of such gravity (AdS/CFTYM2CG Correspondence), a priori a much better match for our real universe. Sources, i.e., particles, can be seen as colored/charged microscopic black holes linked by (potentially traversable) wormholes when entangled. These new dualities, and results, do not require multi-fold mechanisms for their derivation. However, the latter duality, Ads/(CFT plus double copy gravity), recovers explicitly the multi-fold mechanisms, implemented the best way that conventional physics can model them, generating gravity effects. In other words, a suitable 4D CFT spacetime with gravity is a multi-fold universe (possibly without CFTs but with asymptotic safety), where the AdS/CFT correspondence, ER=EPR and E/G conjectures are factual and one could expect to see emerge the SMG: The Standard model with gravity non-negligible at its scales. We revisit our suggested variations in its derivation that allows CFTs, or Yang Mills, to be generated and entangled by local brane to brane leakage. It allows for the emergence of the CFTs, and their entanglement, without depending on superstrings. This way, among the new AdS/CFT duality encountered, we can also discuss, and distinguish, flat 4D spacetime versus (asymptotic) de Sitter spacetime, and the implication on CFTs modeling super Yang Mills vs. Yang Mills. So, we now encountered multi-folds in M-theory. Also, we clarify how the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture relates to our real universe, beyond duality statements, including the real possibility of our universe being the boundary of an AdS(5)(+u2026) space, and gives hints that multi-folds may also be the source of gravity / General Relativity in AdS(5)(+u2026). The AdS/CFTYM2CG correspondence is what applies to our real universe as a dS/(C)QFT correspondence better suited to our real universe.All, these results are derived without multi-fold assumptions, only using the multi-fold theory as guidance. The paper also provides interesting considerations on the derivation of the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture, and the associated asymptotic safety of such fields, and the glimpse a new proof of asymptotic safety of gravity.We also argue that the Ultimate Unification (UU) symmetry breaking, could involve a continuous switch from AdS/CFT2CG Correspondence to the AdS/CFTYM2CG Correspondence.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Maxwell Equations With Radiative Corrections

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 5 Pages. original article

The one-loop radiative correction to the photon propagator can be graphicallyrepresented by the Feynman diagram of the second order. The physical meaningof this diagram is that photon can existin the intermediate state with electron and positron as virtual particles. The photon propagationfunction based on such process with electron-positron pair is derived. Themodified Lagrangian of electromagnetic field is derived supposing the modifedpropagator of photon. The Schwinger source methods of quantum field theoryis applied. Then, the corresponding Maxwell equations are derived from the newLagrangian.
Category: Quantum Physics

Image of the Main Mechanism in the Work of the Organism of a Living Cell

Authors: Viktor S. Dolgikh
Comments: 10 Pages.

This work is a continuation of 2012.0112, in terms of the construction of carbohydrate compounds, from the main 1701.0488 with the extension 2009.0160.In it, for the first time, a model of the mechanism that performs a set of actions for the translation of Proteins, RNA, DNA and organelles - the "Ribosome" of a living cell, will be built and described. Its cyclic image is shown on pages 5-6.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A New Continued Fraction Approximation for the Gamma Function

Authors: CholHae Ho, HyangYong Kim, HyonChol Kim
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, by using Euler connection, we establish an accurate continued fraction approximation for the gamma function and determine all parameters of the continued fraction by Bernoulli numbers. Also new accurate continued fraction bounds for the gamma function are established.
Category: Classical Physics

A History of Light Deflection with Newtonian and General Relativity Perspectives

Authors: G. Malczewski, D. Selig
Comments: 47 Pages. Additional minor mathematical typos were corrected.

This work delves into three papers that address the topic of light being deflected by gravitating bodies, or alternately, light following geodesic paths through space-time. Einstein achieved public notoriety for his successful prediction that light would be deflected when passing close to the Sun, with his theory of General Relativity providing the foundation for an accurate estimate of the angle of deflection. However, 200 years prior to this Newton also predicted that light would be deflected by massive bodies such as our Sun. Newton did not attempt a calculation, but subsequently Johann Soldner and Henry Cavendish used Newtonian principles to study the degree of deflection.In this paper we explore the three efforts, providing readers with a consolidated view of this topic, and a comprehensive analysis of the calculations that support the various approaches to estimating the deflection of a photon in the vicinity of a massive body. While it is clear that General Relativity provides the most accurate, and the overwhelmingly accepted solution, we provide details for the Newtonian efforts for historical perspective. We focus on Soldner and Cavendish first for this historic perspective, and then delve into the complexities of the Einstein General Relativity calculation.We envision the target audience for this paper as undergraduate/early graduate students in math, physics, or astronomy, who have an interest in exploring the topic of light deflection. We also view this as a course outline for a professor that would like to offer a seminar on this topic.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Eigenwertproblem of Lorentz-Einstein-Factor

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 7 Pages.

The differential-equation (DE) of second order for advanced Lorentz-Einstein-factor in fourth order can be written in a Sturm-Liouville form (STL). Therefore it can be formulated as an eigenwertproblem (eigenvalueproblem) for local flat spacetime-states.These eigenvalues are calculated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Alternative Theory of Black Holes

Authors: Kay Zum Felde
Comments: 2 Pages.

We are critisizing the conventional theories of Black Holes.
Category: Astrophysics

Simple Equation for the Mass Radius of the Proton

Authors: Roger N. Weller
Comments: 2 Pages.

A simple derivation can provide the measured mass radius of the proton.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Fluid Dynamics Equations, a Possible Analytical Solution

Authors: Guillermo Ayala-Martinez
Comments: 3 Pages.

Fluid equations have practical importance in aeronautical and naval engineering, and in meteorology . An analytical solution is proposed, that reduces the equations to a single equation and also to heat equation, the solutions of the one dimensional equation allows obtaining analytical solutions in two and theree dimensions. Analytical solutions allow a better understanding of fluids in motion.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Energy Generation from Molecular Kinesis for Breaking The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Authors: Hewa Ahmed Mustafa
Comments: 7 Pages.

A novel research paper published by a team from Arkansas University, which was about new emerging technology that extract energy from ambient temperature from graphene ripples. This type of energy extraction is entirely different from all previously available methods, it is only depending on ambient temperature as energy source which is a limitless clean and green source of energy, hence it can be called Super Sustainable Energy. Furthermore, it will break the second law of thermodynamics. This article presents six other new theoretical methods for extracting energy from Molecular Kinesis or Brownian Motion in addition to the above-mentioned method. Among these methods, four of them are mentioned here for the first time. It should be reminded that, Thought Experiments are different from theoretical methods, the latter is more likely to be experimentally proven. Two famous thought experiments also described this article. Keywords: Graphene, Nanogenerators, Breaking the Second Law of Thermodynamics, Water Evaporative Energy, Molecular Kinetic Energy
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Rydberg Atoms as Tests of Coulomb's Law Over Colossal Distances

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 2 Pages. This work, as an intellectual property, is protected by a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Guided by the problem of flat galaxy rotation curves in Cosmology, it is argued that deviations from Coulomb potential might be observed in the microscopic analogues of galaxies which are Rydberg atoms. It is found that such deviations might occur in Rydberg atoms with principal quantum numbers of more than 780.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Mysteries of Solar System Explained by WUM

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 19 Pages.

E. Stone in the article"18 Mysteries and Unanswered Questions About Our Solar System. Little Astronomy" wrote: One of the great things about astronomy is that there is still so much out there for us to discover. There are so many unanswered questions and mysteries about the universe. There is always a puzzle to solve and that is part of beauty. Even in our own neighborhood, the Solar System, there are many questions we still have not been able to answer [1]. In the present paper, we explain the majority of these Mysteries and some other unexplained phenomena in the Solar System (SS) in frames of the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) [2].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Vortons in Fluid Mechanics, Magnetohydrodynamics, and Cosmology

Authors: Michael Isaac Aksman
Comments: 13 Pages. (Author name added to article by viXra Admin as required)

The 3D Euler equations of incompressible inviscid fluid mechanics develop singularities on timescales on the order of vortex rotations. Solutions to the 3D Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible viscous flow are smooth for all time, but they bifurcate and are not unique [6-8]. The 3D Navier-Stokes equations have an inviscid attractor that exhibits inviscid turbulence and dissipation ref.[1- 5, 10]. The simplest solenoid vortex singularity is the vorton ref.[1-5]. Vortex tubes may be represented as superposition of vortons ref.[1- 5]. Magnetic vorton tubes reconnect ref.[3-5,14].The instability of vorton collapse in 3D and quasi 3D ref.[3-5] may explain the dimensionality of physical space, the dynamics of galaxies in the Universe, dark matter, and dark energy ref.[12, 15].
Category: Mathematical Physics

A New Proof That The Reals Numbers Are Uncountable

Authors: Richard Kaufman
Comments: 2 Pages.

A fairly recent paper called, "Another Proof That The Real Number R Are Uncountable" uses Cousin’s lemma. Probably the most well-known proof of the uncountability of the real numbers is Georg Cantor’s diagonalization argument. Cantor’s diagonalization is not a proof that relies upon Russell’s paradox.3,4,5 In the present paper, we show that the reals are uncountable using Russell’s Paradox. To the author’s knowledge, this is a new proof.
Category: General Mathematics

Information, Knowledge and Intelligence as a Hierarchy of Relations

Authors: Friedrich Sösemann
Comments: 12 pages english, 12 pages german

Information, knowledge and intelligence are defined as a hierarchy of relations:Information as dependent properties, knowledge as dependent information, and intelligence as dependent knowledge. The same dependency measure applies to all three.Syntax, semantics and pragmatics of descriptions embody information, knowledge and intelligence.The precision and measurability of these terms should reduce vagueness and contradictions in their application.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Clocks in Quantum Scale

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper I do present a model of quantum clock that follows a field equation. From that follows possible model of quantum gravity thus space-time in quantum scale.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Nontrivial Zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: James C. Austin
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Riemann hypothesis, stating that all nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function have real parts equal to 1/2, is one of the most important conjectures in mathematics. In this paper we prove the Riemann hypothesis by adding an extra unbounded term to the traditional definition, extending its validity to Rez>0. The Stolz-Cesàro theorem is then used to analyse zeta(z)/zeta(1-z) as a ratio of complex sequences. The results are analysed in both halves of the critical strip (0<Rez<1/2,1/2<Rez<1), yielding a contradiction when it is assumed that zeta(z)=0 in either of these halves.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Confinement of Gravity Within Electromagnetism Based on Intrinsic Electric Dipoles

Authors: Hewa Ahmed Mustafa, Govar M. Abdullah
Comments: 12 Pages.

Modern Physics describes four fundamental interactions namely: Strong Nuclear Interaction, Weak Nuclear Interaction, Electromagnetic Interaction and Gravitational Interaction. Among these Interactions, the gravitational interaction is still not unified with others in a commonly accepted theory like Electroweak Theory or Quantum Chromodynamics despite many recent and previous trials. This research paper clarifies an attempt to confine gravitational interaction within electromagnetism based on intrinsic electric dipole of elementary particles. This proposed hypothesis is a novel approach method to answer unsolved problems related to gravity like hierarchy problem i.e., extremely weak nature of gravity, absence of anti-gravity and confinement of gravity within electromagnetism in a manner that is compatible with both General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. Additionally, for the first time, it discusses attraction-repulsion inequality principle in electromagnetic dipoles and provides new equation related to this principle. Furthermore, it will introduce the concept of mass-charge equivalence as integration for Einstein's mass-energy equivalence while providing new definition for gravitons based on virtual photons and one step forward toward the theory of everything. Finally, and notably, it relies on experimental simulations and similarities rather than just pure theoretical explanations and assumptions.
Category: Classical Physics

A Novel Model for Elementary Particles: Light Charges and Their Motion in 5D Space-Time

Authors: Julie Marty
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper proposes a novel model for elementary particles, introducing the concept of "light charges," as fundamental entities that exhibit intriguing behavior in 5-dimensional space-time. Light charges are postulated to possess two velocity vectors: one moving at variable velocity, and one moving at the speed of light, that remain fixed relative to each other at perpendicular angles. These light charges interact with each other based on their charges, leading to changes in their motion over time.This paper derives equations based on the proposed model to investigate the behavior of light charges in various scenarios. Remarkably, the model is capable of reproducing known properties of elementary particles, including values for their charge, mass, and spin. This paper furth discusses the implications of this model for our understanding of fundamental particles, including the potential connections to quantum mechanics and relativity. The proposed light charge model offers a new perspective on the behavior of elementary particles. While further research and validation are needed, this model may pave the way for a deeper understanding of the fundamental nature of matter and energy in the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Orbital Velocity-Radius Quantization Mechanism Hidden Behind Newton's Law Of Orbital Velocity Of Celestial Objects

Authors: Antoine Nguyen
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper is to present a discovery claim pertaining to a quantum gravity mechanism called: Orbital radius-velocity quantization mechanism. That is hidden behind Newton's law of orbital velocity of celestial objects (V2 = GM/R). Based on my findings, Newton's law of orbital velocity of celestial objects is an emergent classical law of gravitation, not a fundamental one. The fundamental law hereby is this claimed quantum mechanism. This quantum gravity mechanism possesses two major components: 1) Orbital quantizer That determines both classical orbital radius and orbital velocity (present in Newton's law). That is a divisor of speed of light to become orbital velocity. And the square value of Orbital quantizer is the multiplier of a quantum core radius to become orbital radius; 2) Quantum core radius with value of 1GM/c2.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Sound Relativistic Hamiltonians and Quantum Propagators

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 10 Pages.

Dirac erroneously tried to impose space-time symmetry on the time-skewed Schroedinger equation, which is the time component of a Lorentz-covariant four-vector system of equations -- that system's three space-component equations specify the quantum three-momentum operator in coordinate representation. Dirac's misconception resulted in a noninteracting-particle Hamiltonian that isn't the time component of a Lorentz-covariant four-momentum times c, and which causes the noninteracting particle to spontaneously undergo immense acceleration of the order of c squared divided by the particle's Compton wavelength, and to also have a fixed unphysical speed which is c times the square root of three. Dirac's Hamiltonian has a physically untenable unbounded-below set of negative energy eigenvalues, which have been airily "reinterpreted" as (very questionably) implying propagation backward in time. Dirac's misconceived Hamiltonian is in any case irrelevant since a noninteracting particle's Lorentz-covariant four-velocity times its mass m times c has a time component which is a superbly-behaved Hamiltonian with a simple space-time propagator for quantum wave functions. Via a Lorentz-invariant action integral, Lorentz long ago extended this noninteracting-particle Hamiltonian to describe the particle's interaction with an electromagnetic four-potential. Here we modify Lorentz's Lorentz-invariant action integral to accommodate the spin-1/2 particle by adding the Lorentz-invariant extrapolation of the nonrelativistic spin-1/2 particle's magnetic-moment potential energy in a magnetic field. We also point out the important fact that when particles can be produced, perturbation contributions become increasingly invalid with increasingly high virtual momentum values, which must be cut off.
Category: General Mathematics

Concept for Solid-State Mechanism Supporting Thermal Regulation of High-Temperature Ionized (+) Plasmas

Authors: Simon Edwards
Comments: 2 Pages.

A solid-state mechanism consisting of a structured, negatively ionized crystal configured so that Coulomb Force Lines would extend at acute, near-parallel angles relative to the skin of the plasma envelope (pointing in the direction of plasma convection) should have the effect of, on the average, decreasing the temperature of protons in a hydrogen plasma given that the direction of convection can be controlled.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Fusion Between Alphabetic Writing and Oriental Characters Writing

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper I am going to introduce some of my own ideas in the philology of the alphabets and their possible adaptation to an Asian character form.
Category: Linguistics

Motion in a Gravitational Field in Second Approximation

Authors: Wenceslao Segura González
Comments: 10 Pages.

We calculate the equation of motion of a body in a gravitational field in the second orderapproximation in the inverse of c. We express the result as a function of proper distance andproper time. Finally, we comment the results found by other authors.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gambling Model Within an Electronic Couponing System

Authors: Ivo van der Rijt
Comments: 1 Page.

This paper describes a way gambling and its outcomes can happen in a system that is not derived on a debt based monetary system.
Category: Economics and Finance

Moon Exploration for Human Lifespan 7500 Years on the Moon [?]

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 14 Pages.

It is found that relativistic matter wave provides a biological clock for human beings. Due to gravity, the human mean lifespan on the Earth is calculated to be 84 years, while the human mean lifespan on the Moon extends to about 7500 years. This finding will inspire great enthusiasm for Moon exploration. A scheme to explore the Moon is proposed in terms of relativistic matter waves in quantum gravity theory. The simulation of satellite explosion at the altitude 1000km above the lunar surface is carried out, the trajectories of the space debris can be used to determine the lunar parameters in quantum gravity theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Webb Scores Ringed World with an Image of Uranus and a Halo Enveloping the Planet

Authors: Uri Lachish
Comments: 1 Page.

A halo, observed in Uranus image captured with NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, indicates a layer of icy crystallites enveloping the planet.
Category: Astrophysics

The Time Travel Interpretation of the Bible

Authors: Jonathan W. Tooker
Comments: 282 Pages. Expanded edition. Previously viXra:2104.0068.

We describe the Biblical work of ages as a time travel program for saving humanity from extinction. God's existence is proven as a consequence of the existence of time travel, which is supposed. We present the case that Abraham's grandson Jacob, also called Israel, is Satan. We make the case that the Israelites are described as God's chosen people in the Bible despite their identity as the children of Satan because God's Messiah is descended from Abraham through Satan. They are chosen as the ancestors of the Messiah rather than as Satan's children. We propose an interpretation in which God commanded Abraham to kill his son Isaac to prevent Isaac from becoming the father of Satan. We suggest that God stayed Abraham's hand above Isaac because preventing the existence of Satan would also prevent the existence of Satan's descendant the Messiah. The history of the Israelites is summarized through Jesus and Paul. This book is written so that the number of believers in the world will increase.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

The Theory of Self-variation

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this article we formulate the theory of Self-variation in N-dimensional Riemannian spacetime. We present main conclusions of the theory, such as the unified interaction, the generalized particle, and a justification of the cosmological data.
Category: Mathematical Physics

An Explicit Decomposition Formula of a Matrix in GL2(Z)

Authors: Dominique Fosse
Comments: 8 Pages.

Given three generators A, B, C of GL2(Z), we propose an explicit formula of decomposition of any element in $langle A,B,Cangle$.
Category: Number Theory

Dark Matter Fluid Interpretation of Quantum Entanglement

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper explains the transmission of quantum entanglement information by establishing a completely new theoretical model of quantum entanglement. This model is based on the cosmic dark matter fluid model. In this model, we consider that the vortex tube that forms positive and negative magnetic monopoles or positive and negative charges is not limited by electromagnetic interaction. This will cause the exchange and movement of the vortex tubes to reach 1 million times the speed of light. The transmission of quantum entanglement information is based on the high-speed exchange and movement of this vortex tubes. The contribution of this paper is to construct a completely new theory that can be used to explain the phenomenon of quantum entanglement, and this theory can be used to replace the previous theory of hidden variables.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Compact Notation for Massive Spinors

Authors: Clemens Heuson
Comments: 11 Pages.

Massive angle and square spinors are described as two-vectors with an index denoting their helicity sign category and the property that the order of the components must be swapped for negative sign. Relations between spinors can be written more compactly and several derivations are simplified. Three point amplitudes are investigated and it is shown, that their high energy limit can be obtained more easily for both helicity categories at once.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Systems of State-Set Permutated Replicators Walking Ergodically and Non-Ergodically in Permutation Space

Authors: Perry W. Swanborough
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper I describe collections of state-set permutated Byl replicators replicating under common state-transition functions as systems of replicators, and show that systems can be walked through a permutation space by replacement or deletion and addition of system members. By doing this, a process of homochiral replication systems exploring an "adjacent possible" is modelled. Ergodicity corresponds to the maximum possible number of replacements in a system at some or all steps, but assuming gradualism of system change by limiting the number of changes in each step to the minimum possible, walks within the comprehensive permutation space become restricted in range.
Category: Physics of Biology

Negative Mass and Negative Refractive Index in Atom Nuclei - Nuclear Wave Equation - Gravitational and Inertial Control (Part-1)

Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 20 Pages.

The present study is divided into six articles. Part-1: Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found. Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass? What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime? Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass? Are we able to control the magnitude of mass? Are we able to control the sign of mass? The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Negative Mass and Negative Refractive Index in Atom Nuclei - Nuclear Wave Equation - Gravitational and Inertial Control - (Part-2)

Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 27 Pages.

The present study is divided into six articles. Part-2: Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found. Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass? What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime? Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass? Are we able to control the magnitude of mass? Are we able to control the sign of mass? The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles. In This Paper:Two nuclear wave equations are derived for the nucleus of the Aluminum atom:A nuclear wave equation from the shells’ self-oscillations. A nuclear interference wave equation by applying an external wave. Having better knowledge about atomic nucleus dynamics may give us additional information which could be useful for experimental purposes.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Negative Mass and Negative Refractive Index in Atom Nuclei - Nuclear Wave Equation - Gravitational and Inertial Control - (Part-3)

Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 31 Pages.

The present study is divided into six articles.Part-3:Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found.Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass?What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime?Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass?Are we able to control the magnitude of mass?Are we able to control the sign of mass?The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.In This Paper:The nuclear response to external forces is analyzed with the aim to observe any changes in the nuclear mass and study the behavior of the refractive index under such changes.The analysis will be performed in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain by means of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. The external forces applied to the nucleus were classified into three types:The force originated from a polarized transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM).The force originated from a polarized TEM plus a static electric field (see Part-4).The force originated from a signal plus a static electric field (see Part-5).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Negative Mass and Negative Refractive Index in Atom Nuclei - Nuclear Wave Equation - Gravitational and Inertial Control (Part-4)

Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 50 Pages.

The present study is divided into six articles.Part-4:Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found. Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass? What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime? Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass? Are we able to control the magnitude of mass? Are we able to control the sign of mass? The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles. In This Paper:Following the analysis made in Part-3, the second external force is evaluated in this study. The nuclear response to external forces is analyzed with the aim to observe any changes in the nuclear mass and study the behavior of the refractive index under such changes. The analysis will be performed in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain by means of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. The external forces applied to the nucleus were classified into three types:The force originated by a polarized transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM) (see Part-3). The force originated by a polarized TEM plus a static electric field. The force originated by a signal plus a static electric field (see Part-5).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Negative Mass and Negative Refractive Index in Atom Nuclei - Nuclear Wave Equation - Gravitational and Inertial Control - (Part-5)

Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 19 Pages.

The present study is divided into six articles.Part-5:Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found.Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass?What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime?Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass?Are we able to control the magnitude of mass?Are we able to control the sign of mass?The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles.In This Paper:Following the analysis made in Part-3, the third remaining external force is evaluated in this study.The nuclear response to external forces is analyzed with the aim to observe any changes in the nuclear mass and study the behavior of the refractive index under such changes.The analysis will be performed in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain by means of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. The external forces applied to the nucleus were classified into three types:The force originated by a polarized transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM) (see Part- 3).The force originated by a polarized TEM plus a static electric field (see Part-4).The force originated from a signal plus a static electric field.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Negative Mass and Negative Refractive Index in Atom Nuclei - Nuclear Wave Equation - Gravitational and Inertial Control - (Part-6)

Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 21 Pages.

The present study is divided into six articles.Part-6: Some efforts have been made to prove negative mass behavior through some experiments performed in mechanics [1], and other disciplines [9], as well as some theories in electrostatics [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], but I haven’t found research about similar effects at the atomic level, where the most elementary mass given by the atomic nucleus is to be found. Is the second Newton’s law still valid with negative mass? What could happen if we make the atom behave in a negative mass regime? Is the negative refractive index related to negative mass? Are we able to control the magnitude of mass? Are we able to control the sign of mass? The answers to these questions are given through this series of papers, with results that are coincident with experimental data, except for the negative mass regime. Experiments must be done to confirm or invalidate the theory developed in these articles. In This Paper:This study summarizes the analysis made from Part-1 to Part-5, with a focus on the means we may use to get gravitational and inertial control of mass, as well as some technical constraints based on our present-time technologies.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Pesticide Residues in Children’s Diets A Comprehensive Review of Health Risks, Agroecology, and Policy Implications

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 11 Pages.

The presence of pesticide residues in children's diets is a significant public health concern. This comprehensive review examines the prevalence of pesticide residues in children's diets, the potential health risks associated with exposure to these chemicals, and the role of agroecology in promoting healthier food options. I've conducted a literature review, comparative analysis, policy analysis, and case studies to gain a deeper understanding of this issue and identify potential policy changes and interventions needed to address it. My findings indicate that promoting agroecology and organic food production can reduce the reliance on chemical pesticides and provide healthier food options for children. Furthermore, implementing and expanding farm-to-school programs and prioritizing organic food in school feeding programs can help reduce children's exposure to pesticide residues. By raising public awareness and investing in research on the health impacts of pesticide residues, we can work towards creating a safer and healthier food system for future generations.
Category: Chemistry

Soliton Resonance Imaging (SRI) as Low-Cost Alternative to MRI

Authors: Simon Edwards
Comments: 2 Pages.

To understand the SRI concept, one needs to first understand MRI. When even non-ferromagnetic compounds such as water are exposed to magnetic pulses of sufficient magnitude, the electron clouds of the affected atoms emit Radio Frequency radiation as a result of a form of spontaneous emission of EM stemming from the electrons orbiting individual atoms briefly but abruptly closing distance i.e. moving into a higher energy state before re-assuming their original energy state. MRI machines employ radio detectors to estimate the point of origin of these spontaneous emission radio waves, which are more intense the greater the density of the detected material. MRI cannot necessarily identify specific chemical compounds and although MRI is capable producing three-dimensional images, the resolution of these images averages about 1 millimeter per pixel; nowhere near atomic resolution.Any influence that can force electrons orbiting an atom to increase their proximity to one another, even without a change in energy state, can result in the spontaneous emission of EM ranging from RF to visible light and beyond. While such a result can be achieved by generating extreme magnetic fields, this is far from the most efficient means. One predicted effect of soliton waves on electron clouds is a phenomenon this author terms "hemispheric parting." Hemispheric parting, in addition to having application for increasing the likelihood of microwave resonances for confectionary applications where fast cooking is desired, may have a secondary effect that is useful in the field of diagnostic imaging."Hemispheric parting" may be defined as the momentary derangement of all electrons in an electron cloud of an atom amounting to the totality of the electrons being pushed into a single hemisphere, resulting in the total absence of electrons in the opposing hemisphere. It is the belief of this author that soliton waves are capable of producing this effect, however briefly. Just as electrons jumping between higher and lower orbits can produce spontaneous EM emissions, hemispheric parting should produce the same effect with far less effort.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

An Analysis of the Nature and Internal Structure of a Black Hole

Authors: Mark Anthony Tierno
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper makes use of the theories presented in my first paper, "Relation of the Internal Structure of the Photon with Field and Charge" (https://vixra.org/abs/2301.0148), to analyze the probable internal structure of a black hole, so please read through that first paper before proceeding; any references involving that paper will be referred to as "my first paper". Also, another paper of mine, "Calculating the Size of any Stable Particle", is referenced at one point (https://vixra.org/abs/2303.0167). Brief reference is also made to my Cosmology paper ("Relationship of the Photon to Cosmology and Origin of the Universe", at https://vixra.org/abs/2303.0083). First will be given a new perspective on viewing what a black hole is, then a deeper dive to determine the composition and density of a black hole, a comparison to show how that connects up with the theories given in my first paper, confirmation that the measure of the Schwarzschild Radius is still applicable, and finally the minimum density of a black hole.
Category: Classical Physics

The Infinite Number of Primes Generate the Perfect Even Numbers and the Perfect Odd Numbers

Authors: Giovanni Di Savino
Comments: 4 Pages.

Perfect numbers were defined by Euclid with a proposition: "If we want as many numbers as we want starting from a unit, they are continuously arranged in double proportion, until the sum of all becomes a prime, and if the sum multiplied in the last one forms a , the product will be perfect"; Euler proved that even perfect numbers can be generated as defined by Euclid and are the result of (2^n -1) * 2^(n-1). Odd perfect numbers can be defined and generated with the proposition and algorithm with which even perfect numbers are defined and generated with the following modifications: a) the prime number 2 reported in Euler's algorithm is replaced by one of the infinite numbers first courses ≥ 3; b) the distance that the prime number must have from the result of a power of prime numbers ≥ 3^n is 2; c) with prime numbers ≥ 3, the "double proportion", reported in Euclid's proposition and generated by the number 2, becomes the triple proportion or the quintuple or.......the proportion of the nth prime number. With the modifications to situations defined as similar, "the generation of perfect odds is similar to the generation of perfect evens" and, also the algorithms with which the perfect numbers are generated are similar: the even perfect numbers are the result of ((2^n -1) * 2^(n-1))/(2-1), the odd perfect numbers are the result of ((prime ≥ 3^n -2) * prime ≥ 3^(n-1))/( first≥3-1).
Category: Number Theory

Using (*3+2^m-1)/2^k Odd Tree to Solve The Collatz Conjecture Problem

Authors: Baoyuan Duan
Comments: 13 Pages.

Build a special identical equation, use its calculation characters to prove and search for solution of any odd converging to 1 equation through (*3+1)/2^k operation, change the operation to (*3+2^m-1)/2^k, get a solution for this equation. Furthermore, analysis the sequences produced by iteration calculation during the procedure of searching for solution, build a weight function model, prove it monotonically decreases, build a complement weight function model, prove it has many chances to increase to its convergence state. Build a (*3+2^m-1)/2^k odd tree, prove if odd in (*3+2^m-1)/2^k long huge odd sequence can not converge, the sequence must walk out of the boundary of the tree after infinite steps of (*3+2^m-1)/2^k operation.
Category: General Mathematics

Preproinsulin Molecule and Numbering of the Twenty Proteinogenic Amino Acids

Authors: Jean-Yves Boulay
Comments: 16 Pages.

The amino acid sequence of the 110-amino acid preproinsulin, the initial product of the translation of insulin mRNA, is in close dependence with the numbering of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids. Recalling here this new concept of amino acid numbering, classification deduced from their genetic translation, it is demonstrated that the orders of occurrence of the various preproinsulin amino acid, both direct and inverse sequence, are organized in numerous ratios of exact value 3/2. This, according to the new amino acid numbering concept. The degree of abundance of these amino acids in this initial single-chain molecule reveals same numerical rational phenomena.
Category: Biochemistry

"The Beauty and The Beast"

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 42 Pages. Undergraduate colloquium presentation

The Standard Model of Elementary Particle Physics is an amazing and beautiful achievement of theory, experiment and technology, explaining the foundations of Physics in terms of three out of four interactions, considered fundamental. Classification of Finite Simple Groups is too, an amazing achievement in Mathematics. Recent advancements in the understanding of SM lead to an unexpected "encounter" between the two: lepton masses are related to the Monster and VOAs, via j-invariant of elliptic curves ... under The Moonshine. But there is a "contender": Platonic and Archimedean solids (models for baryons, like the proton and neutron) can be represented as Dessins d'Enfant, introduced by Grothendieck in the 1960s, using Belyi maps! Who will win the heart of the Beauty? The main concepts will be defined and pictures will help bring the subject to the understanding of a general audience.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Collatz Conjecture (With Proven Families)

Authors: John Robert Eaton
Comments: 19 Pages.

Within my paper I begin by defining some important termi- nology. Then I generalize the Collatz Conjecture to a wider class of problems, which I leverage to provide a path to a non-constructive proof of the Collatz Conjecture. Ulitmately, I did not succeed in proving the Collatz Conjecture; however, I believe I have made the problem tractable. The problem I reduced the Collatz Conjecture to is beyond my capabilities. After working through my non-constructive results, I provide some constructive results concerning the collatz conjecture. For example, 2957851400532535270158974145876 converges to one. I conclude with closing remarks.
Category: Number Theory

On Goldbach Conjecture and Twin Prime Conjecture Part One: History, Development and Doubt

Authors: Baoqi He, Yong Zhao
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper, we introduce Goldbach Conjecture and Twin Prime Conjecture: history, development, public dissemination in China, and propose doubt about the effectiveness of Analytical Number Theory
Category: Number Theory

A New Approach to the Foundation of Quantum Theory and Mathematics

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 157 Pages. Revised version

...The concept of infinitesimals was proposed by Newton and Leibniz. In those days, people knew nothing about elementary particles and atoms and thought that, in principle, any substance can be divided into any number of parts. But now it is clear that as soon as we reach the level of elementary particles, further division is impossible. After all, even the very name ''elementary particle'' says that such a particle has no parts, that is, it cannot be divided into 2, 3, etc. So, there are no infinitesimals in nature, and the usual division is not universal: it makes sense only up to some limit.Would it seem obvious? And then it is clear that fundamental quantum physics must be built without infinitesimals. It would seem that everyone understands that the construction of such a physics is far from being an easy task, and attempts at such a construction should be encouraged. However, my stories, described below, show that, as a rule, the establishment not only does not encourage such attempts, but does everything to ensure that the results in this direction are not published.In addition to the infinitesimal problem, I describe other problems in which I proposed new approaches, but since they are not in the spirit of what the establishment does, I had big problems with the publication. But, of all these tasks, there is one that probably overshadows all the others. This is a dark energy problem.In all my works on this problem I explain that there are no problems with explaining the cosmological acceleration and therefore dark energy and quintessence are nonsense. It would seem that if the establishment is honest, then they should at least read [1] and directly say that I do not understand something or they. But they pretend that they do not notice my publications on this topic.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Samsad Bengali-English Dictionary and The Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 22 Pages. A crucial mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the entries of the dictionary, the Samsad Bengali-English Dictionary compiled by Sailendra Biswas, the first edition. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised,starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We concludethat the dictionary can be characterised by the magnetisation curve BP(4,βH = 0.01), in theBethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model, in the presence of four nearest neighbours and inthe presence of external magnetic field, H, with βH = 0.01 .
Category: Linguistics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons as Rotating Waves

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 7 Pages. This revision fixes typos in equations (28) and (29)

This work presents a modified Born-Infeld field theory that might include electron-like solutions in the form of rotating waves of finite self-energy. Preliminary numerical experiments suggest that the proposed model might show quantum mechanical features in a classical field theory.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Nature of the Poloidal Component of the Sun's Magnetosphere

Authors: Dmitry G. Kiryan, George V. Kiryan
Comments: 29 Pages. 17 Figures, 3 Tables.

In this work we have found out such a sequence of physical processes which allowed us to reveal the cause-and-effect relationship between the observed poloidal alternating magnetic field of the Sun and a factor of a non-electromagnetic nature, which is external to the Sun. Specific character of the Sun's orbital motion about the Solar system barycenter promotes emergence inside the Sun of the conditions necessary for generation of the observed poloidal component of the Sun's magnetosphere without participation of the Sun's own rotation. Using a pendulum as a model, we have shown in what way the external impact upon the Sun initiates within the Sun itself forced oscillations which are just those that induce the poloidal alternating magnetic field; in its turn, this magnetic field defines the cyclic character of the Wolf numbers. We have also revealed a process which allowed putting into consideration a natural event-time scale that may be quite useful in planning the observations and also in systematizing and synchronizing fragments of the available time series of observations manifesting the Sun's poloidal magnetic field about 20 years in period. Keywords: Sun's poloidal magnetic field, inversion, pole flip, barycenter, Jupiter, Saturn, Wolf numbers
Category: Classical Physics

Tau- and M-neutrino and All Massive Leptons

Authors: Chandra Raju
Comments: 13 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

The mass eigenstates of the electron and muon neutrinos are built from the existing left-handed neutrino wave functions and these mass eigen states acquire mass through their interaction with the same Higgs field as their electrically charged partners. The above scheme requires, existence of another massive M- neutrino along -with an electrically charged massive M-Lepton to account for the tau family.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Italy Ice Age Mystery

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages.

During the most recent Ice Age there was a period of about 6000 years when Homo sapiens apparently fully vanished from what is today’s Italy. This mystery happened during the last great frozen period. In geological western Europe some relatedhunter-gatherer humans found refuge in southern areas of today’s France away from the great ice sheets, and within the Iberian peninsula. Scientists who study Ice Age genes cannot explain the depopulation, but can document it with DNA from hundreds of burial sites. A likely systemic reason for such depopulation provides an important lesson for our 21st century and beyond.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Gateway to the Riemann Hypothesis: Hidden Symmetry in the Dirichlet Eta Function

Authors: Russell Leidich
Comments: 13 Pages.

Any prospective proof of the infamous Riemann hypothesis might be facilitated to someextent by the discovery of an infinite series bearing all of the nontrivial roots of the Riemannzeta function ζ(z), that is, those which exist on the critical strip -- and no others. Absent such aseries, our goal here is to make progress in that direction.
Category: Number Theory

Second Level Code of Life: Existence and Role of Protein Program

Authors: Bo Zhang
Comments: 19 Pages.

The traits of an organism are determined by DNA or RNA genetic information. Based on modern genetic theory, such a determination path is from genetic information to protein structures and protein functions and then to the traits or abilities of an organism. However, the microscopic activities of life molecules in many phenomena and functions of specific proteins are not well explained only by the structures of proteins and other life molecules.

I gave a classification of rules things operate in accordance with, which includes rules of natural laws, rules of structures and rules of information codes, and made inferences based on modern genetic theory and the concept of the three types of rules to reach that life molecules may act following information codes. Then, I proposed the hypothesis of a new conceptual model of life, namely, the genetic program of genetic substance molecules, which is the second level code of life, compared with the genetic information of DNA/RNA which can be called the first level code of life. Genetic programs are carried and executed by genetic substance molecules, including DNA, RNA, and protein, and define certain rules of actions of life. The protein program is now the mainstay of the genetic program. The protein's role as the information substance of life is examined in this paper.

The theory provides a new perspective and justifications to explain the activities of biomolecules and biological functions. I also gave a new definition of life based on the concept of genetic program.

Beyond Newton and Einstein to Flowing Space

Authors: Henry H. Lindner
Comments: 31 Pages. The publisher allows reposting of the paper with proper attribution to the journal.

In order to explain the physical nature of motion and of gravity and their effects, wemust ascribe physical qualities to Cosmic space. Space is a substance: the seat of gravity, inertia, electromagnetism and particle formation. The author asserts that space has many of the qualities imputed to it by Newton, Maxwell, and Lorentz, but that gravity is caused by matter’sconsumption of space. Space appears to be a massless, frictionless quantized fluid. It accelerates as it flows centripetally into all matter at GM/r^2, explaining gravity’s ballistic effects. Its velocity at any given height is sqrt (2GM/r) , explaining gravity’s electromagnetic (relativistic) effects including the gravitational redshift and black holes. This flow of gravitoinertial-electromagnetic space is the physical reality underlying the successes of Newtonian Mechanics and General Relativity. The theory is philosophically superior to existing models: it explains, simplifies and unifies the phenomena; and makes additional predictions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A QED-compatible Wave Theory of Light, Electrons, and their Interactions

Authors: Henry H. Lindner
Comments: From a conference's proceedings--attribution on first page

The photoelectric effect, the Compton effect, and now anticorrelation experiments have been claimed to prove that light consists of particles flying through a void. However the particle model is decisively falsified by the known wave-qualitiesof electromagnetic radiation. Quantum Electrodynamics also uses spreading wave amplitudes; not flying particles. The evidence indicates that light is a wave and electrons are electromagnetic wave-structures that absorb andemit light in discrete wave-packets. These wave-quanta are emitted directionally and then spread in space in proportion to their wavelength. Their waves superposition with all other waves in space. In low intensity experiments, the waves that an electron in a photodetector absorbs come from the superpositioning of the source wave-quanta and background radiation. The importance of background radiation is evidenced by "dark counts". Treating electrons and the quanta they absorb and emit as particles when they are composed of waves is the source of all the paradoxes, unreality and confusion in Quantum Mechanics. The word "photon" should be replaced by "quantum" in the description of this particular electronic process. The conceptual model presented here explains the known phenomena without producing paradoxes, and unifies quantum and classical electromagnetics.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Internet Bulletin Board Idea

Authors: G. Tolimalu
Comments: 1 Page. In Japanese

The author proposes an idea for a new Internet bulletin board.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

An Example of Super Determinism

Authors: Stefan Israelsson Tampe
Comments: 12 Pages.

One of the interpretations of the result of the famous Aspect experiment and the modern variants of it are that we must go to the notion of super determinism in order to avoid a nondeterministic interpretation or a non local theory. To find a super deterministic example the task is to avoid a probabilistic independence assumption and construct a joint probability distribution to yield something close to what have been measured. There is a lack of such examples in the literature and as I was curious about this and I have the necessary probabilistic background, I took the task to present a more hands on example to illustrate what this notion really can look like. It is not a claim that this is a correct model and is plainly a theoretical exercise.
Category: Quantum Physics

Improving True AI Intelligence Requires Alternative Approaches, Not Current Popular Approaches

Authors: G. Tolimalu
Comments: 2 Pages.

I will explain why the approach of learning a large amount of natural language does not contribute to the improvement of true AI intelligence, and why an alternative approach is required, in the form of a contrast between the mainstream and the author's views.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Probabilistic Proof of Goldbach's Conjecture (Part 2)

Authors: Huhnkie Lee
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper is designed to clarify points made in our previous paper, "A Probabilistic Proof of Goldbach's Conjecture". We also present a proof of ‘twin prime conjecture’. We also examine some other aspects that relate to prime number distribution.
Category: Number Theory

Estimation of Derivatives by the Method of Differenceless Derivatives

Authors: Yuri Mahotin
Comments: 5 Pages.

We have developed a numerical algorithm called differenceless derivatives which allows us to calculate an unlimited number of derivatives. One of the applications of this algorithm is theextrapolation and prediction of functions in a wide range of arguments, which can be used in various fields of science and technology.
Category: General Mathematics

Chaotic Oscillations in a Piecewise Linear Spring-Mass System

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 9 Pages.

The dynamic evolution of a a piecewise linear spring-mass system in a viscous medium subjected to a periodic external force is characterized by the presence of bifurcations, therefore by deterministic chaos.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Mass-Energy Equivalence in Nuclear Physics

Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 11 Pages.

Like the positron-electron pair production shown in high energy physics, elementary particles can be created and annihilated in phenomena, which means that energy and mass can be exchangeable especially in subatomic physics. However, it should be clear that mass and energy in physics can be converted to each other in some cases but not always equivalent. From the ontological review of the mass-energy equivalence principle in special relativity and the mass defect in nuclear physics with the first principle in 4-D complex space, we can understand how these two distinctive concepts in physics can be interchangeable. Although nuclear force, which makes nucleons, protons and neutrons, bound inside the nucleus, and nuclear interactions, strong and weak interactions, which participate in nuclear fusion and nuclear fission process, have been explained in standard model of particle physics, in which the existence of an intermediate or force-carrying particle (boson) in the interactions has been known for a long time. However, it is not so clear how the intermediate boson makes the interaction possible. For the interactions of subatomic particles, alternatively we can find more agreeable explanation than the one using the intermediate boson in standard model of particle physics. In addition, a brief discussion is followed for the neutrinos in weak interaction and the lifetime of neutron in free space.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Hamiltonian Chaos and the Fractal Topology of Spacetime (Part 2)

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 9 Pages.

This is Part 2 of the brief tutorial "Hamiltonian Chaos and the Fractal Topology of Spacetime" posted at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369584882
Category: Mathematical Physics

Elementary Proof of Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Ahmed Idrissi Bouyahyaoui
Comments: 3 pages in English and 3 pages in French.

Let xi = 2^αi*yi and vi = 2^βi*zi , x0, yi and zi are odd integers.The sequence {xi + vi} built by Collatz algorithm is a Collatz sequence if it exists n such that xn + vn = 1.By hypothesis S(y0) is a Collatz sequence, then it exists at least one i such that yi = 1, xi = 2^αi*yi = 2^αi and vi = zi (because vi < xi and xi + vi > 0).As for every k ≥ i yk Є [1, 4, 2], xk + vk is of form : xk + vk = 2^αk + zk.For every optimal point (k, xk + vk), continuous and differentiable function f(α) = x + v = 2^α + z has a zero derivative and the primitive function z = - 2^α + c, c is an arbitrary integer constant.For every optimum we have : f(α) = c.At the optimum minimum = 1, it exists at least one n such that, yn Є [1, 4, 2], f(αn) = xn + vn = 2^αn + zn = 2^αn - 2^αn + c = c. For the minimum f(αn) = 1, it suffices to set c = 1 and so we have : f(αn) = xn + vn = 1, xn = 2^αn and vn = — (2^αn — 1).Conclusion :The sequence S(x0 +2) ends in 1 and has the only cycle [1, 4, 2, 1].So by recurrence, every positive integer number gives a Collatz sequence.
Category: Number Theory

Modification of the Born Probability Interpretation

Authors: YoungDae Seo
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper provides a new perspective by reinterpreting Born's probability analysis. Since neural networks and wave functions have mathematical similarities, Born's probability interpretation was modified into a new form. In this new interpretation, the wave function has a kind of threshold value, outputting the number 1 above the threshold and outputting the number 0 below the threshold. The new interpretation of this paper provides an explanation for the decay process of the wave function and helps us understand the creation of the universe and the formation of consciousness.
Category: Quantum Physics

Exploration of Fundamental Principles and Free will: Towards Theory of Everything

Authors: YoungDae Seo
Comments: 33 Pages.

Everything starts from nothing. The fundamental principle is to create a point out of nothing, and a point creates time and space. Time and space create the stars and galaxies, the solar system, and the earth. On Earth, life is created, and humankind emerges. And the existence called 'me' is born. This paper assumes fundamental principles from several facts and tries to explain various phenomena such as the birth process of the universe, the movement of particles, and the double slit experiment. Also, from the similarity between the wave function and the neural network, it was confirmed that the square of the absolute value of the wave function is different from a probability but corresponds to each other like an input and output signal. In addition, it was found that there is a threshold value in the wave function, and through this, the fundamental principle could be assumed much more clearly. In addition, by integrating the mental world, the mathematical world, and the physical world, various phenomena were explained within a single theoretical system called the fundamental principle. This dissertation includes Euclidean geometry, relativity theory, quantum mechanics, the concept of string theory, consciousness, and free will, which are the basic contents for making a theory of everything. There is a lot of content in the thesis, but the conclusion is simple. The conclusion of this paper is as follows. Free will always exists.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Towards the Physical Description of an Imagined Object

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 7 Pages.

Visual imagery (VI) is the mental experience of objects in the absence of their corresponding visual stimuli. Asking whether mental images can be physically quantified, we seek for relationships between visual imagery and special relativity. The Einstein’s account states that, by an observer’s standpoint, an object traveling at light speed is subjected to time dilation and length contraction. We hypothesize that objects are contracted both in the physical framework of Einstein’s relativity due to the light speed, and in the mental framework of VI due to the dilated perception of time. Since the duration of thoughts can be experienced as progressively prolonged, we conjecture, in touch with Einstein’s account, that the VI content must consist of objects undergoing length contraction. In the VI dilated mental time, the object might be experienced as more squeezed than the real object. Our calculations based on Einstein’s equations predict that the longer an object is imagined, the more it is experienced as contracted until it disappears from consciousness. In touch with our hypothesis, review of published data provides evidence that distance estimates are shortened during VI. We suggest to evaluate VI in experimental settings where time is perceived as dilated, such as dreams, hypnosis and opioids intake. While the physical account of Einstein’s special relativity is framed on invariant quantities such as the light speed, the mental experience of VI could be framed on non-invariant quantities, namely, quantities that change according to the subjective standpoint of the observer.
Category: Mind Science

New Frontiers in Characterising ZrB2-Mosi2 Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics

Authors: Mainak Saha
Comments: 21 Pages.

The structure-property(S-P) correlation, especially in the context of high-temperature oxidation, in ZrB2-MoSi2 based Ultra High-Temperature Ceramic Matrix Composites (UHTCMCs) have been extensively investigated for quite some time since the last 25 years and a countless amount of published data is presently available in this field. On the other hand, emergence of correlative microscopy [1-10] has completely revolutionised the world of materials research, in a number of ways. However, owing to the challenges of sample preparation, there has hardly been a literature aimed at understanding the aforesaid phenomenon of understanding S-P correlation, based on oxidation in ZrB2-MoSi2 UHTCMCs, which, in future, may open up new frontiers of research in UHTCMCs. The present review intends to discuss some of the most interesting data published existing in this field and intends to provide a brief overview of the challenges associated along with some of the currently unexplored avenues in this field, especially in terms of fundamental research. However, in view of the enormous amount of research already done in understanding oxidation-based S-P correlation in these materials, the author does not claim to address all the issues which may be associated with understanding thesame.
Category: Condensed Matter

On the Advanced Microstructural Characterisation of Additively Manufactured Alumina-Zirconia Based Eutectic Ceramics: Overview and Outlook

Authors: Mainak Saha
Comments: 10 Pages.

Recently, there have been a number of reports on the fabrication of Alumina-Zirconia (Al2O3- ZrO2 (AZ))-based eutectic ceramics using laser additive manufacturing (AM) techniques owing to the exceptional creep and oxidation resistance coupled with excellent microstructural stability in these materials. Moreover, a number of interesting microstructural features (in these materials) have been reported to be formed by the variation of process parameters (especially, laser scanning speed) associated with the aforementioned AM techniques. The present review provides an overview of the present state of research in the area of laser AM AZ-based eutectic ceramics and highlights the challenges and future outlooks in this avenue of research. In addition, the requirement of employing correlative microstructural characterisation in these materials has been highlighted in the outlooks section.
Category: Condensed Matter

Densification and Characterization of Pressureless Sintered ZrB2-20 Vol% Mosi2 Ultra High Temperature Ceramic Composites

Authors: Mainak Saha
Comments: 4 Pages.

In recent times, ultra-high temperature ceramic matrix composites (UHTCMCs) comprising of ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) such as ZrB2, HfB2 etc. reinforced with additives such as SiC, MoSi2 etc. have been reported to offer tremendous potentials in applications such as Hypersonic Re-entry vehicles, solar thermal absorbers, nuclear fuel claddings etc. Porous ceramics are advantageous in the aforementioned applications areas owing to their high melting points combined with high corrosion and wear resistance. Although ZrB2-SiC UHTCMCs (synthesized using pressureless sintering technique) have been widely investigated for their densification and mechanical properties at both room and elevated temperatures (till 3000°C), there is a very limited information on the densification behaviour and mechanical properties of ZrB2-MoSi2 UHTCMCs prepared using the aforementioned sintering technique. To this end, the present study is aimed at investigating the microstructure and correlating the same with the densification behaviour and mechanical properties of porous sintered ZrB2-20 vol.% MoSi2 (ZM20) UHTCMC. To this end, the composite was ball milled for 2h followed by compaction at different pressures. The compacted samples were sintered at 1700u2070C. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed for the purpose of understanding phase evolution. Subsequent, microstructural investigation was performed under different magnifications in Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Moreover, density measurement; hardness and indentation fracture toughness calculations were performed to investigate the room temperature mechanical properties.
Category: Condensed Matter

Collatz Conjecture: Proof

Authors: Gaurav Krishna
Comments: 27 Pages.

We consider n to have only odd values, and even values are written in the form; n.2^b. We create a predefined function r_b(n).Create an identical function to Collatz transformations, we use the properties of said function to probe if some number n can explode to infinity. We study n_x in detail, establish pattern for n_x modulo 3. We use our understanding to probe if some number n, can loop to itself with more than one transformation.
Category: Number Theory

Substantial Evidence for New Electron Pairing Mechanism in High Temperature Superconductors

Authors: Tiege Zhou
Comments: 6 Pages.

We propose that the change of the electron clouds of the transition metal ions (or/and other ions) is the electron pairing medium in high temperature superconductors. It is just like the vibration of the crystal lattice is the electron pairing medium in conventional superconductors.
Category: Condensed Matter

Direction of Possible Multi-folds Corrections to the W Boson Mass

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 13 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

A recent paper shook the Physics community with claims that the W boson mass estimates, obtained from earlier experiments at the Tevatron, indicate that it would be 0.1% heavier than expected from the SM, with a 7 sigma accuracy. It is argued that, if true, it would be the first really convincing sign of limitations of the Standard Model (SM). Many popular articles have already followed, and we expect many papers to be published on the subject.In this paper we repeat our past comments that it is never too wise to bet against the SM: chances are big that this could be a fluke like many others before. Yet, just in case that the mass discrepancies were true, we look at what can be predicted in terms of the mass of the W boson in the context of the SMG, where gravity effects are non-negligible at the scales of the . We show that, at the difference of the effect on fermions, that we previously discussed, in SMG , a combination of the masses of the Z and W bosons are expected to be slightly larger, while the Weinberg angle θW decreases, hence possibly justifying the direction of the reported result.It all confirms our motto that, in particle Physics, New Physics is often not that new. The SMG is enough to qualitatively explain the larger mass of the W boson, no need for new particles, new forces or supersymmetry.In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical models remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model (SM) resulting into the SMG. Of course, The SMG may also exist in non-multi-fold universes.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Simple Proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem for the Cube

Authors: Kurmet Sultan
Comments: 15 Pages.

A simple proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem (FLT) for the cube is obtained using the binomial expansion formula. The difference of twonatural numbers having equal natural powers necessarily has a representation according to the formula of an incomplete binomial. It isproved that the cube of a natural number cannot be represented as an incomplete binomial, which means a simple proof of FLT for n = 3 is obtained.
Category: Algebra

Heretofore Unrecognized Type of Pain Signals from Large Colon May Form Common Link Between Belligerent Behavior Associated with Consumption of Brown Liquors, Colic-Associated Dystemperament, Violence in ASD and Irritability in PMS

Authors: Simon Edwards
Comments: 3 Pages.

Colic-Associated Dystemperament has long been attributed to an emotional reaction to chronic pain rather than what this author believes is responsible: A direct effect of a nerve signal similar to pain that has singular effects upon neural function which, although it is often sent alongside pain signals, may be conveyed to the brain even in the absence of pain signals. While it may be possible that this phenomenon can be explained by the brain gradually changing the way it handles pain signals, I would posit that the pain signals themselves morph with time due to chemical exhaustion of the mitochondria of the cells that make the electrically-active reflector molecules that, when released, cause electrical signals to be bounced back to the brain, leading to the perception of pain. Metabolic exhaustion of the nerve cells in the case of chronic pain result in shortcuts being taken in their manufacturing process, leading to structural changes to the "reflector molecules" resulting in a return signal that is qualitatively different than a traditional pain signal. These signals electrically cue one to become instantly enraged regardless of the actual duration of the pain. Pain signals originating from these "deformed reflectors," rather than having the effects associated with pain e.g. capturing attention and distracting focus away from other tasks, crying for help, and disrupting motor function to prevent further injury, instead provoke extreme anger.
Category: Mind Science

Some Remarks Concerning the Factorization of Mirror Composite Numbers and Its Relationship with Goldbag Conjecture

Authors: Óscar E. Chamizo Sánchez
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper we present the concept of mirror composite numbers. Mirror composite numbers are composite numbers of the form 2n-p for somen positive natural number and p prime. We shall show that the factorization of these numbers have interesting properties in order to face the Goldbachconjecture by the divide et impera method.
Category: Number Theory

3D Printing of Nanoceramics: Present Status and Future Perspectives

Authors: Mainak Saha
Comments: 27 Pages.

In materials research involving additive manufacturing (AM)-based techniques for fabrication of a wide variety of materials, the latest trend at present is to focus largely on 3D printing (3DP) of nanoceramics, which at present is highly challenging, from both fundamental and industrial viewpoints inspite of the tremendous versatility offered by these techniques in terms of addressing design complexities. The two main reasons for the same are: low density and poor mechanical properties of nanoceramic parts fabricated using 3DP techniques. The present review is aimed to review some of the most commonly used 3DP techniques for the fabrication of nanoceramics and provide an overview of the future perspectives, associated with the necessity towards developing a systematic structure-property correlation through ‘correlative’ characterisation methodology in these materials.
Category: Condensed Matter

Harnessing Fusion Energy: A Novel Approach to Plasma Confinement and Stabilization

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 16 Pages.

Fusion energy has long been considered the holy grail of clean and sustainable power generation. However, the practical realization of fusion energy has been hindered by the challenges associated with plasma confinement and stabilization. In this article, I propose a novel approach to address these issues, combining advanced magnetic confinement techniques with innovative plasma stabilization methods. Our approach aims to significantly improve the efficiency and feasibility of fusion energy, bringing us closer to a sustainable energy future.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Tailoring Geometries and Magnetic Configurations in Magnetochiral Nanotubes for Enhanced Spin-Wave Properties: Towards Energy-Efficient, High-Density 3D

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 7 Pages.

The development of energy-efficient, high-density three-dimensional (3D) magnonic devices has garnered significant interest due to their potential for revolutionizing information processing and storage technologies. Building upon recent findings on spin-wave modes in magnetochiral nanotubes with axial and circumferential magnetization, this study investigates the effects of tailored geometries and magnetic configurations on the spin-wave properties of these nanostructures.By employing advanced simulation techniques, experimental methods, and theoretical analysis, we explore the interplay between geometry, magnetization, and spin-wave dynamics in magnetochiral nanotubes. Our results reveal that specific combinations of geometrical parameters and magnetic configurations lead to enhanced spin-wave properties, paving the way for the design of novel 3D magnonic devices with improved performance and energy efficiency.Furthermore, we demonstrate the potential of these optimized magnetochiral nanotubes for various applications, including logic nanoelements and vertical through-chip vias in 3D magnonic device architectures. This study not only advances our understanding of spin-wave dynamics in magnetochiral nanotubes but also provides a foundation for the development of next-generation magnonic devices.
Category: Condensed Matter

Fusion Energy: Current Progress and Future Prospects

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 6 Pages.

Fusion energy, the process of combining light atomic nuclei to form heavier nuclei, offers the potential for a clean, safe, and virtually limitless energy source. As the world faces increasing energy demands, climate change, and diminishing fossil fuel reserves, the pursuit of fusion energy has become more critical than ever. This article provides an overview of the current state of fusion energy research, discussing the main approaches to achieving fusion, such as magnetic confinement fusion (tokamaks and stellarators) and inertial confinement fusion (laser-driven and heavy-ion-driven).I highlight the progress made in major experimental facilities, including ITER, National Ignition Facility, Wendelstein 7-X, and Joint European Torus, and outline the key challenges that must be overcome before fusion energy can become a viable and widely-used energy source. Furthermore, I explore future prospects and potential developments in fusion energy research, emphasizing the importance of continued investment, international collaboration, and public-private partnerships in advancing this transformative energy source.The pursuit of fusion energy is crucial for securing a sustainable energy future and combating the adverse effects of climate change, making it a vital area of research for the benefit of humanity.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Exploring the Turing Complete Universe: Implications for Universe Generators and Optimal Policy Autonomous Games in Addressing the Fundamental Question of Existence

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 11 Pages.

This paper delves into the concept of a Turing complete universe, exploring its implications for the best policy zero player game and addressing the fundamental question of why anything exists or how something has always existed. I begin by examining the potential of a Turing complete universe to construct a universe maker, a recursive loop of universes within universes. Subsequently, I investigate the implications of this universe maker in creating a best policy zero player game, assessing its potential to answer the fundamental question of existence.Furthermore, I evaluate the possible applications of this research, such as generating new universes and probing the boundaries of reality. Lastly, I contemplate the potential implications and applications of this research, including the possibility of unraveling the mysteries of the universe and addressing the age-old question of existence. While this research holds the potential to offer insights into the nature of reality and the ultimate question, its theoretical nature necessitates a long-term research plan to further explore its implications.
Category: General Mathematics

On the Connection Between the Powers of Natural Numbers and the Factorial

Authors: Kurmet Sultan
Comments: 5 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required)

The article describes the relationship between the power of natural numbers and the factorial, established as a result of applying the binomial transformation method to the sequence of the of natural numbers.
Category: Number Theory

The Philosophical Inadequacy of Modern Physics and the Need for a Theory of Space

Authors: Henry H. Lindner
Comments: 47 Pages.

Relativity and Quantum Mechanics are not what physicists think they are. They are not physical theories; they are mathematical models of the observers’ experiences and measurements—of the contents of consciousness. They relate physical phenomena to observers and arbitrary frames, not to Cosmic entities or frames. Since they do not model the Cosmos, they cannot be used to theorize about Cosmic entities or processes; attempting to do so produces paradoxes and confusion. These subjectivistic models and the Science of which they are archetypes are products of Berkeleyan subjective idealism and Machian positivism—archaic spiritualistic-idealistic theories of the nature of consciousness and its contents. In order to understand the Cosmos we must relate all physical phenomena to the causal substrate—to Cosmic space. When we do so, gravity immediately appears to be the flow of inertial-electromagnetic space into all matter. The flow’s acceleration (GM/r^2) produces gravity’s ballistic effects and its velocity (√(2GM/r)) produces gravity’s electromagnetic ("relativistic") effects. This theory directly implies plausible mechanisms for black holes and for the galaxial rotation and recession anomalies (a.k.a. "dark matter" and "dark energy"). Its quantized space allows us to theorize about the microcosmic entities and processes that underlie the hierarchical evolution of complexity. Space theory restores the Cosmos and causality to both physics and philosophy.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

ZFC Inconsistency Explained and Defended

Authors: Jim Rock
Comments: 1 Page.

There is a class of sets that can be constructed within ZFC that both have and do not have a largest element. Two contradictory arguments about these properties are developed and defended.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Infinite Continued Fractions

Authors: Poliagapitos
Comments: 9 Pages. (Abstract added by viXra Admin; first name is required - Please conform!)

Transcendental numbers expressed by infinite continued fractions.
Category: Number Theory

The Greggs-Pret Index: a Machine Learning Analysis of Consumer Habits as a Metric for the Socio-Economic North-South Divide in England

Authors: Robin Smith, Kristian C. Z. Haverson
Comments: 5 Pages.

In England, it is anecdotally remarked that the number of Greggs bakeries to be found in a town is a reliable measure of the area’s 'Northern-ness'. Conversely, a commercial competitor to Greggs in the baked goods and sandwiches market, Pret-a-Manger, is reputed to be popular in more 'southern' areas of England. Using a Support Vector Machine and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Regression Model, the relative geographical distributions of Greggs and Pret have been utilised for the first time to quantify the North-South divide in England. The calculated dividing lines were each compared to another line, based on Gross Domestic Household Income (GDHI). The lines match remarkably well, and we conclude that this is likely because much of England's wealth is concentrated in London, as are most of England's Pret-a-Manger shops. Further studies were conducted based on the relative geographical distributions of popular supermarkets Morrisons and Waitrose, which are also considered to have a North-South association. This analysis yields different results. For all metrics, the North-South dividing line passes close to the M1 Watford Gap services. As a common British idiom, this location is oft quoted as one point along the English North-South divide, and it is notable that this work agrees. This tongue-in-cheek analysis aims to highlight more serious factors highlighting the North-South divide, such as life expectancy, education, and poverty.
Category: Statistics

Peer2Panel: Democratizing Renewable Energy Investment With Liquid and Verifiable Tokenized Solar Panels

Authors: Jonathan Lehner, Aurelien Pelissie
Comments: 14 Pages.

With an expected investment cost of $sim$$100 trillion within the next decades, renewable energy is at the heart of the United Nation's transition to net-zero emissions by 2050. Unfortunately, there are several challenges associated to these investments, such as the low exit liquidity and the hassles of going through centralized agencies. Investments in renewable energy is thus currently mostly limited to governments, corporate, and wealthy individuals. At Peer2Panel (P2P), we address these issues by tokenizing solar panels into unique SolarT NFTs on the Ethereum blockchain, where we function as an intermediary between a token-owning individual and a physical solar panel. Apart from panels installation and maintenance, our role is to redistribute the profits from the generated energy to the SolarTs holders, thus making investments in SolarTs transparent, democratic, and liquid. In fact, ownership of a SolarT token gives a direct ownership interest in the solar panels owned by P2P, which can then be exchanged freely on-chain and thus remove most of the hassles of the traditional energy market. In addition, P2P leverages the most recent innovations from the decentralized finance (Defi) ecosystem to propose SolarTs-collateralized loans, instant liquidity and multi-chain interoperability to its investors.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Super Universe Theory: A New Perspective on the Origins of the Universe

Authors: Ricky Reemer
Comments: 4 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required)

The Super Universe Theory presents a novel framework for understanding the origins of the universe and the potential existence of a larger structure beyond our observable universe. Drawing on analogies from Type II supernovae and the concept of a unified force, this theory proposes the existence of a "super universe" containing multiple spheres that give birth to individual universes through a process reminiscent of stellar explosions. While current empirical evidence and theoretical frameworks do not directly support this idea, the Super Universe Theory aims to stimulate further exploration and investigation into the cosmos’s origins and structure.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Computational Consciousness

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 8 Pages.

Computational consciousness is a novel hypothesis that aims to repli-cate human consciousness in artificial systems using Multithreaded Prior-ity Queues (MPQs) and machine learning models. The study addressesthe challenge of processing continuous data from various categories, suchas vision, hearing, and speech, to create a coherent and context-aware sys-tem. The proposed model employs parallel processing and multithreading,allowing multiple threads to run simultaneously, each executing a machinelearning model. A priority queue manages the execution of threads, pri-oritizing the most important ones based on the subjective importance ofevents determined by GPT-3.The model incorporates short-term and long-term memory, storinginformation generated at each moment, and uses an Evolutionary Al-gorithm (EA) for training the machine learning models. A preliminaryexperiment was conducted using Python 3.9.12, demonstrating the tech-nical feasibility of the hypothesis. However, limitations such as the lackof a comprehensive environment, absence of load balancing, and GPT-3API constraints were identified.The significance of this study lies in its potential contribution to theunderstanding of consciousness and the development of Artificial GeneralIntelligence (AGI). By exploring the integration of multiple threads ofexecution and machine learning models, this work provides a foundationfor further research and experimentation in the field of computationalconsciousness. Addressing the limitations and potential criticisms willhelp strengthen the model’s validity and contribute to the understandingof this complex phenomenon.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Electromechanical Rocket on the Slide

Authors: Damian Młodziankowski, Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 6 Pages.

Since Newton it is well known that inertial drives and perpe-tual motion machines are impossible (e.g. acceleration of a closed box in a field-free space). However, a large number of new proposals in the field of new drives forces us to rethink whether physical systems can be absolutely isolated. With this in mind, we present an analysis of our experiments in this direction.
Category: Classical Physics

A Proof of the Twin Prime Conjecture

Authors: Rudi Mayers
Comments: 12 Pages. I am no longer affiliated to an Academic Institution and having devised this proof last September it has been challenging to publish the work. I currently work in Industry.

It is well known to mathematicians, that there is an infinite number of primes as proven via simple logic by Euclid in the 4th Century BC1,2 and confirmed by Leonhard Euler in 17373. In 1846 French mathematician Alphonse de Polignac4 proposed that any even number can be expressed in infinite ways as the difference between two consecutive primes, since when or perhaps possibly even before that all the way back to Euclid, mathematicians have been trying to prove that there is an infinite number of TWIN PRIMES. In this paper a relatively simple proof is presented, that there is indeed an infinity of TWIN PRIMES based on a new approach without any assumptions.
Category: Number Theory