All Submission Categories

Equation of Motion for the Throat of Wormhole in Three Dimensional Gravity

Authors: Tatsuyuki Sugawa
Comments: 14 Pages.

We investigate the equation of motion for the throat of wormhole in three dimen-sions , both classically and quantum mechanically. Minisuperspace model is applied tothe latter case. Our main purpose is to treat the motion of the throat in the same wayas the wave function of the universe by Hartle-Hawking. The resulting wave functionmay have the Yukawa potential like solution. In this article some part is preliminary.u20021
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

General Relativity Theory of Numbers

Authors: Leszek Mazurek
Comments: 17 Pages.

In this paper we show that thorough understanding of numbers is possible only if we present them as value in relation to the certain reference measure. Commonly, we use number 1 as a reference measure, however, it does not have to always be 1, it can be any other number. To fully understand the meaning of numbers, we have to maintain their natural form which is a quotient of a value to a reference measure. Only by keeping this form we can do mathematics properly and appreciate its natural beauty.
Category: Number Theory

Potential Quantum Gravitational Kick (6πGM/c2) As Origin Of Mercury's Perihelion Precession Shift Anomaly Instead Of Spacetime Curvature

Authors: Antoine Khai Nguyen
Comments: 15 Pages.

"Quantum gravitational kick" alternative to Einstein's spacetime gravity paradigm as the root cause of Mercury's perihelion precession shift anomaly (and other orbiting celestial objects for that matter).This Quantum gravitational kick has a length value defined by the formula "6πGM/c2", which has been somewhat "hidden" inside Einstein's formula of perihelion precession shift angles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Mass-Energy Formula E=mc^2, the Measurement of Kinetic Energy and Temperature

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 3 Pages.

Kinetic energy $E_k=frac{1}{2}mv^2$, energy acting on pressure and energy $E=mc^2$ of the mass-energy equivalence principle are both correlated to $E_k=mc^2times(1-sqrt{1-v^2/c^2})$.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Inconsistency Defended

Authors: Jim Rock
Comments: 1 Page.

Here two contradictory arguments are defended. They can be developed in any formal system containing sets, arithmetic, and relations between the rational numbers.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Topological 2D Spacetime Structures of Möbius-Strip Fermions and Close-Loop Bosons

Authors: Jau Tang, Brian E. Tang, Qiang Tang
Comments: 23 Pages.

This work presents a model to treat the relativistic quantum dynamics of massless and massive particles in a 2D Minkowski spacetime. Using a set of three independent 2x2 real-value matrices to represent a time-shift operator E, a space-shift operator P, and a mass operator M, we derive operator equations for massless particles which can be classified into two types of topological preons, the symmetric type-I with commutative E and P, representing a bosonic preon, and anti-symmetric type-II with {E,P}=0, representing the fermionic preon. We illustrate their topological differences and show that the wave of the fermionic preon exhibits a twist during propagation like a Möbius strip. In contrast, the type-I bosonic preon behaves like a simple loop strip without a twist. The massless bosonic preon in our model resembles a 2D photon or a Higgs boson before symmetry-breaking, while the fermionic preon resembles a massless 2D Majorana particle. Unlike conventional string theories involving 1D strings, in this work, we use a Möbius strip and a simple loop in 2D, representing fermionic and bosonic preons, respectively. The extension of this model to 4D spacetime as potential building blocks to construct elementary particles deserves further studies.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Fine Structure Constant and Its Links to Gauge Invariance in Lattice Spacetime, Pythagorean Prime 137 and the Golden Ratio

Authors: Jau Tang, Brian E. Tang
Comments: 12 Pages.

We present a model that links the fine structure constant α to 1/137, based on the quantization of Minkowski spacetime, gauge invariance and special relativity. We derive a set of integer equations that demand 137 be a Pythagorean prime in triple and quintuple. We derive a Dirac-type equation but in lattice spacetime with quantized internal energy, momentum, and the overall relativistic mass energy. We estimate an electron’s radius to be R_e=1.43957×10^(-15) m. We also found the simple empirical formula for the ratio between two electrons’ Coulomb and gravitational forces at the same distance as F_C/F_G=2√2×(432)^16×1.0008, the Planck length to R_e ratio as L_Planck/R_e= (432)^(-8)×(10^2/3√6)×1.0008, also the ratiom_proton/m_e=3√2×432×1.0018 between a proton and an electron, where 432 (~137π) is the volume of the 4D unit hyper-cell. . Our conjecture could provide a guideline for the theoretical development of quantum gravity. This work not only elucidates the mysterious relation of prime 137 and the fine structure constant in electromagnetism, but it also sheds some light on intricate but presently unknown links to gravity and other types of forces in nature.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Potential-Changing Bipolar Junction Transistor for Thermoelectric Applications

Authors: Xiaodong Liu, Qichang Liang, Yu Liang
Comments: 4 Pages.

A novel potential-changing bipolar junction transistor is designed where collector-base junction has a larger barrier potential than emitter-base junction. As carriers move from the emitter tothe collector, they experience a potential rise and absorb heat due to Peltier effect insemiconductors. Such kind of transistor can be used for refrigeration and solar electricity withhigh efficiency.
Category: Classical Physics

Koncepcja Mechanicznego Układu do Pomiaru Jednokierunkowej Prędkości światła
The Concept of a Mechanical System for Measuring the One-Way Speed of Light

Authors: Karol Szostek, Roman Szostek
Comments: 10 Pages. The new physical theory called the Special Theory of Ether (in Polish).

W pracy została przedstawiona koncepcja urządzenia do pomiaru prędkości światła biegnącego w jednym kierunku. Wyznaczone zostały także minimalne parametry tego urządzenia na podstawie Szczególnej Teorii Eteru bez skrócenia poprzecznego. Szczególna Teoria Eteru jest relatywistyczną teorią kinematyki z uniwersalnym układem odniesienia, w którym propaguje światło oraz jest alternatywnym wyjaśnieniem zerowego wyniku eksperymentu Michelsona-Morleya. Eksperyment oparty na zaproponowanym urządzeniu, może być jednym ze sposobów na falsyfikowanie Szczególnej Teorii Względności oraz Szczególnej Teorii Eteru.

The paper presents the concept of a device for measuring the speed of light traveling in one direction. The minimum parameters of this device were also determined on the basis of the Special Theory of Ether without transverse shortening. The Special Theory of Ether is a relativistic theory of kinematics with a universal frame of reference in which light propagates and is an alternative explanation for the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment. The experiment based on the proposed device may be one of the ways to falsify the Special Theory of Relativity and the Special Theory of Ether.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Counting Differents Types Of Relations

Authors: Israel Julins Andersen Yañez
Comments: 19 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin)

This paper is about sequences. The author uses the new theorems to approximate better the values on the sequence, the bigger the number, the better the approximation.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Interpretation of Higher Order Field Terms

Authors: Dennis Adam Bluver
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, the higher-order terms are evaluated for an electric potential field equation derived from a unified classical electrostatic-gravitational field theory. It is shown that the higher order terms represent higher order gravitational interactions arising due to gravity coupling to itself. It is shown that in the low-voltage limit, these approximately correspond to the expected magnitude and sign expected from classical gravitation. In the high-voltage limit, these terms are of a hyperbolic trigonometric form and appear to have a finite sum. This strongly suggests that this theory will not require re-normalization even in higher dimensions. After evaluation of the mathematics, a new mechanistic explanation for these self-gravitation terms is also provided from the new theory.
Category: Classical Physics

The Cosmic Space Expansion Paradox: Limits of General Relativity in Application

Authors: Michael Girgis
Comments: 14 Pages.

The motion of galaxies through the fabric of space-time, according to specific conditions, leads to an expansion in cosmic space and even an acceleration in its expansion. We also find that the properties of this expansion are consistent with the cosmological principle. We can also, according to the conditions of motion, reach the same formula of the Hubble-Lemaître law and the expansion of (FLRW) metric in general relativity, which expresses the expansion of the flat space-time fabric., and thus we get here a paradox in general relativity, where the metric expansion, which expresses the expansion of the flat space-time fabric, is also the one that expresses the motion of galaxies through the fabric of space-time according to specific conditions, This paradox does not represent an error in general relativity's perception of the cosmic model, but it reveals the limitations of general relativity in application, where we find that some of the results that can be obtained from general relativity are unacceptable, such as the motion of galaxies faster than the speed of light, the expansion of wavelengths of light with the expansion of space, the vacuum energy is the only source of dark energy
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Scaling Calculations with Giant Symmetry Groups

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 7 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

A provisional proof of the existence of pseudo vector symmetry as mediating medium of dark matter, pseudo e-neutrinos, by scaling Planck’s parameters to the giant group symmetries of Monster, Baby Monster and Fischer 24.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Deterministic Degradation Process for Diffusion GAN and Its Inversion

Authors: Jeongik Cho
Comments: 10 Pages.

Recently, diffusion models have shown impressive generative performance. However, they have the disadvantage of having a high latent dimension and slow sampling speed. To increase the sampling speed of diffusion models, diffusion GANs have been proposed. But the latent dimension of diffusion GANs using non-deterministic degradation is still high, making it difficult to invert the generative model. In this paper, we introduce an invertible diffusion GAN that uses deterministic degradation. Our proposed method performs inverse diffusion using deterministic degradation without a model, and the generator of the GAN is trained to perform the diffusion process with the latent random variable. The proposed method uses deterministic degradation, so the latent dimension is low enough to be invertible.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Quality Evaluation of Art Materials

Authors: Nikolay Dementev
Comments: 19 Pages.

Successful usage of electrical conductance measurements in finding optimal pigment concentration for water-based ink is presented. Other possible applications of the approach are discussed.
Category: Chemistry

Generalized Proof of Uncertainty Relations in Terms of Commutation Relation and Interpretation Based on Action Function

Authors: Chol Jong, Shin-Hyok Jon, Son-Il Jo
Comments: 17 Pages. We wish viXra will offer such an imprint on preprinted papers as arXive does. To do so will encourage authors who submit to viXra furthermore.

The uncertainty principle is the most important for the foundations of quantum mechanics but it still remains failed to reach a consensus of its interpretation, which gives rise to debates upon its physical nature. In this work, we address the problem of its foundation from a different aspect to present an alternative formulation for proving the uncertainty relations in a general way in terms of commutation relations and action function. The relationship between the de Broglie relation and the uncertainty principle is studied from a new angle. As a result, it is demonstrated that the de Broglie relation is the foundation of the uncertainty principle. Starting with the de Broglie relation as the origin of the problem, we show the logic context that the de Broglie relation provides the form of the wave function and the determined form of the wave function in turn leads to the conception of operators for quantum mechanics, and thus it is possible to provide with the help of the operators and wave function a generalized proof of the uncertainty principle as the law governing ensemble of states. As a decisive solution to the problem, the interpretation of the uncertainty principle in terms of the action function is offered that gives a consistent explanation in agreement with the known physical phenomena. Eventually, we show the necessity and possibility of reassessing and improving the foundation and interpretation of the uncertainty principle as a leading principle of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Guess About the Equations in the Form of Gravity

Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 4 Pages.

By analogy with Maxwell's equations in electromagnetic form, we can find a group ofequations in gravitational form that looks very interesting.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Blockchain-Based Solution to Property Rights in Sri Lanka

Authors: Rumi Nagpal
Comments: 57 Pages.

This paper explores a possible solution for the property rights crisis in Sri Lanka. I propose a blockchain-based solution, combing public and private blockchains to store all land titles in Sri Lanka. The system will also allow users to buy, sell, and transfer property on a secure platform. Sri Lanka's land registry’s department is plagued with corruption - where politicians and businessmen sell and use fake deeds - the blockchain network eliminates all corruption through the use of hash keys. The system allows land titles to be accessed instantly, which ensures that people can take a loan against their immobile assets immediately, to help grow their business; thus rejuvenating a crumbling Sri Lankan economy. The system increases reliability, accountability, efficiency, and security. The public will be directly involved in the system as they monitor it, along with designated monitors, white-hat hackers, the government, and banks. The paper proposes that the government allows a private company to build the network to maintain decentralization. The system will run on autopilot, and the government will fund the system. The research implemented in this analysis has been conducted through interviews with employees in the Registrar General's Department, and by using other research papers and peer-reviewed journals online. One can expect an in-depth analysis covering the blockchain network's design, understanding why it is perfect for Sri Lanka (due to the Bim Saviya and e-Land Acts), and the limitations of the solution - including how the government and the company which sets up the network can tackle them.
Category: Social Science

Deriving the Multi-fold Theory from General Relativity at Planck scale

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 28 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. Multi-folds mechanisms also result in a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure, and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales, and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting in what we defined as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. In recent papers, we encountered multi-folds in universes described by non-multi-fold physics, including when discussing how to fix challenges in the quantization of the Hilbert Einstein action by LQG, or in enforcing an equivalence across Quantum Reference Frames for coherent or entangled systems. In this paper, starting from a paper that seeks to encounters EPR = ER beyond (asymptotic) AdS universes, we encounter the presence of multi-folds in GR field equations at Planck scales, in the form of traversable wormholes. Doing so, we also encounter hints that, at such scales, spacetime is discrete, 2D, non-commutative while Lorentz symmetric, and yet to become continuous. Doing so we even explained how the previous sentence is not self-contradictory. These results are in perfect alignment with the results obtained in the multi-fold theory, and, in particular, the multi-fold spacetime reconstruction, including the ultimate Unification (UU), the multi-fold inflation and the multi-fold gravity electroweak symmetry breaking.Then, we derive that spacetime entanglement implies non-commutative spacetime and we clarify the meaning of the ER = EPR and QR = QM conjectures, as facets of the multi-fold theory, that is the umbrella theory that neither GR nor QM can fully model. These conjectures become factual, when seen as such facets.The paper also proposes a re-derivation of the whole multi-fold theory from GR at Planck scales: the top-down-up-and-upper derivation of the multi-fold theory, that rigorously confirms the spacetime reconstruction, and that multi-fold mechanism recover GR. Finally, we provide a new derivation, without any multi-fold assumptions, that gravity is asymptotically safe.The main outcome of the paper remains: universe modeled by GR are multi-fold, and the E/G conjecture is not a conjecture but factual. All these results are strong hints that our real universe may be multi-fold.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Uncertainty in the Provolving Beam

Authors: Paul Mirsky
Comments: 20 Pages.

The previous lecture showed how information and uncertainty can be described by groups. Now, we’ll show how these groups change as a beam of light propagates. The lecture starts by reviewing some topics within quantum mechanics, and it assumes that the audience already has a lot of background knowledge. Unfortunately, without that knowledge you may find this lecture pretty difficult to follow.

To accompany https://youtu.be/3BIVmSGA3EE
Category: Quantum Physics

Semi-Stable Quiver Bundles Over Gauduchon Manifolds

Authors: Dan-Ni Chen, Jing Cheng, Xiao Shen, Pan Zhang
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, we prove the existence of the approximate $(sigma,tau)$-Hermitian Yang--Mills structure on the $(sigma,tau)$-semi-stable quiver bundle $mathcal{R}=(mathcal{E},phi)$ over compact Gauduchon manifolds. An interesting aspect of this work is that the argument on the weakly $L^{2}_1$-subbundles is different from ['{A}lvarez-C'{o}nsul and Garc'{i}a-Prada, Comm Math Phys, 2003] and [Hu--Huang, J Geom Anal, 2020].
Category: Geometry

A Novel Quantum Belief Entropy for Uncertainty Measure in Complex Evidence Theory

Authors: Keming Wu, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper, a new quantum representation of CBBA is proposed. In addition, a novel quantum belief entropy is proposed to measure the uncertainty of CBBA in complex evidence theory.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Report of Simulation Investigations (Part Iii): Structural Tendencies, a Growth of Half-Chaotic Open Networks

Authors: Andrzej Gecow
Comments: 81 Pages. In Polish. An English version is expected in a month.

Parts I and II of the Report concern research in autonomous networks of the basis for the statement that life evolves in half-chaos. This part III, the last, completes this research in open networks. The report is a documentation of research, but it was completed after two publications on the occurrence of half-chaos in growing networks and shielding tendencies, which contained a significant part of this information, so it is only mentioned here for completeness and slightly supplemented. The main topic here is the verification of already published structural tendencies, with a newer, much less simplified algorithm. Structural tendencies in the evolution of complex networks are the cause of the classic, though currently controversial due to the lack of a known explanation, regularities in the evolution of ontogenesis. The presented research confirms the earlier theses, although the current picture of these phenomena turns out to be much more complex and requires the indicated further research.
Category: Condensed Matter

Alternative Special Relativity Extension

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 4 Pages. In Spanish

Extension of Lorentz transformations for gravitational wave equation let us to propose a special relativity (SR) for the gravitational field. SR equations remain the same, changing photons speed with gravitons speed (sqrt(2) times lower than light). With the hypothesis that special relativity to be applied depends on most restrictive field to be analyzed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

My Wisdom and Philosophy

Authors: Jim Rock
Comments: 2 Pages.

This document contains a short compilation of my 71 years of accumulated wisdom and philosophy.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Geodesy Practical Work: Reduction of Astronomical Observations at the North Pole

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 7 Pages. In French

During astronomical observations, we refer to the instantaneous North Pole. The observations had to be corrected to transfer them to the conventional pole.
Category: Geophysics

Modelling of Human Lifespan -- Based on Quantum Gravity Theory with Ultimate Acceleration

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 15 Pages.

Rather than biological time being controlled solely by a molecular cascade domino effect, this paper suggests that the gravity-clock of planetary-scale relativistic matter wave acts to regulate lifespan. It is found that the gravity acting on human blood can provide an oscillation period of up to 100 years which can match well with human lifespan in order of magnitude. According to the gravity-clock concept, the period of sunspot cycle is calculated to be 10.95 years, the human lifespan on the Earth is calculated to be 84 years. The lifespan model is applicable to a variety of animals, it predicts that the total number of heart beats/lifetime among mammals and birds is remarkably constant: 3e+9 (beats/lifetime), the conclusion has been confirmed by the observations of 34 species of mammals and birds.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Hamiltonian Approach to Deriving the Gravity Equations for a 3D-Brane Universe

Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 21 pages

Recently, using the concept of temporal coexistence, some arguments were suggested saying that our universe should be considered as a three-dimensional brane equipped with a Riemannian metric depending on the cosmological time. The Lagrangian approach to this 3D-brane model of the universe shows that the number of gravity equations in this model is less than it follows from Einstein’s equation written in 3D+1 presentation thus making this 3D-brane model a separate non-Einsteinian theory of gravitation. In the present paper we continue the research of this theory developing a Hamiltonian approach to it.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Accelerated Array of Clocks in Special Relativity: A Meaningful "NOW-at-a Distance"

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 3 Pages.

Einstein showed us how an array of unaccelerated synchronized clocks could be set up, extending throughout all space, with a fixed spacing between adjacent clocks. To accomplish that, we only need to assume that the speed of light is exactly the same in all inertial (unaccelerated) reference frames: 186,000 miles per second (which is the fundamental assumption of special relativity). That establishes a meaningful "NOW-at-a-distance", at each instant in that particular inertial reference frame. It allows the question to be asked and answered (by the people stationary in that reference frame): "How old is that particular distant person, RIGHT NOW? That answer MUST be MEANINGFUL to them. If it ISN’T meaningful to them, then the speed of light in that inertial frame can’t be 186,000 miles per second (which is the only thing that the synchronization was based on). So if that answer ISN’T meaningful to them, then special relativity can’t be correct. Assuming that special relativity IS correct (which I certainly believe is the case), the NOW-at-a-distance given by the array of unaccelerated clocks MUST be considered to be meaningful by the people stationary in that inertial reference frame.But how about an array of clocks, with a fixed spacing between adjacent clocks, which are all equally ACCELERATED? Can they establish a meaningful NOW-at-a-distance for a person who is stationary with respect to that array of accelerating clocks (and co-located with one of them)? The answer is YES! Those clocks can’t be synchronized: they run at different rates. But if they are synchronized at the instant that they all start the acceleration, then a person (he), stationary with one of the clocks, can CALCULATE the current time on each of the other clocks, at each instant of his life during the acceleration. THAT effectively establishes a NOW- at-a-distance for him: it allows him to determine the current age of any particular distant person (her), according to him. And he MUST consider that answer to be fully MEANINGFUL to himself.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Riemann Hypothesis: True or False?

Authors: Abdelkrim ben Mohamed
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this paper, I will add a complement about the Riemann hypothesis.
Category: General Mathematics

Two Notes on Regular Polygons: Geometric Motivation of the π Constant

Authors: Irakli Dochviri, Ana Chokhonelidze
Comments: 3 Pages.

In the paper we prove that the ratio between the circumference of the incircle of the regularn-gon and its perimeter is equivalent to the ratio of their areas, respectively. These ratios are constantsfor regular n-gons. Also, it is shown that the ratio of circumference of the excircle and perimeter ofthe regular n-gon is not the same as the ratio of areas of the excircle and this regular n-gon.
Category: Geometry

Clifford Algebra Cl(0,6) Approach to Beyond the Standard Model and Naturalness Problems

Authors: Wei Lu
Comments: 59 Pages.

Is there more to Dirac's gamma matrices than meets the eye? It turns out that the gamma zero operator can be split into three components. This revelation facilitates the expansion of Dirac's space-time algebra to Clifford algebra Cl(0,6). The resultant rich geometric structure can be leveraged to establish a combined framework of gravity and beyond the standard model, wherein a gravi-weak interaction between the vierbein field and the extended weak gauge field is allowed. Inspired by the composite Higgs model, we examine the vierbein field as an effective description of the fermion-antifermion condensation. The compositeness of space-time manifests itself at an energy scale which is different from the Planck scale. We propose that the regular Lagrangian terms including the cosmological constant are of quantum condensation origin, thus possibly addressing the naturalness problem. The Clifford algebra approach also permits a weaker form of charge conjugation without particle-antiparticle interchange, which leads to a Majorana-type mass that conserves lepton number. Additionally, in the context of spontaneous breaking of two global U(1) symmetries, we explore a three-Higgs-doublet model which could explain the fermion mass hierarchies.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Microbial Model of the Expansion of the Universe According to Hubble

Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 1 Page.

From the point of view of a microbiologist, the Hubble equation describes the expansion of the Universe as an exponential growth phase of a colony of microbes-galaxies on the surface of a dark nutrient medium. In the microbial model, the growth of a colony is carried out by the reproduction of galaxies by binary fission with a generation time of 5u2022109 years. The currently observed number of galaxies of the order of 1011 corresponds to 35 generations in the model.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Logical Proof of the Millennium Puzzle P-vs-NP

Authors: Yanhong Yang
Comments: 3 Pages.

The existence of the premise: S=1，Then there is at least one P Problem(Computer-table problems)equal to NP problem (The solution is a computer-verifiable problem) then: P←→NP(P=NP). Thus, For all the class P and class NP problems，There are P=NP，also have P≠NP.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

A Simple Claim About Teeth, Toothpaste, and Toothbrushes

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 2 Pages.

I think toothpastes ought to contain abrasives with Mohs hardness strictly between 4 and 5 so that brushing your teeth will get rid of tartar and plaque without damaging your tooth enamel. But as of 2023 toothpaste-makers do not do that.
Category: Physics of Biology

Antena Escalar T Inversa para banda de 2 m
Inverse T Scalar Antenna for 2 m band

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 7 Pages. Contact: carloschiappini@gmail.com

Buen comportamiento. Construcción extremadamente sencilla. El módulo de Z varía entre 44,8 y 50,5 ohm desde 144 hasta 148 MHz. Resonancia en 146,15 MHz. La ganancia es superior a 6 dB en todas las frecuencias de la banda. ROE=1,06 en 146 MHz y en toda la banda se mantiene inferior a 1,4 . Recomendable para quien desea iniciarse en la experimentación con antenas.

Good behavior. Extremely simple construction. The modulus of Z varies between 44.8 and 50.5 ohms from 144 to 148 MHz. Resonance at 146.15 MHz. Gain is higher to 6 dB at all frequencies in the band. SWR=1.06 at 146 MHz and throughout the band remains below 1.4. Recommended for those who want to start experimenting with antennae.
Category: Classical Physics

Theory of Surfaces: Application To The Equipotential Surfaces of The Normal Field of Gravity

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 6 Pages. In French

Recently, in an article, we reviewed some models of equipotential surfaces of the normal field of gravity relative to the Earth. In this note, we will apply the important theorems of surface theory to the surface obtained from the second model whose normal gravitational field is given by:$$ U= frac{Gm}{r}+frac{1}{2}omega^2left(x^2+y^2ight) $$
Category: Geophysics

Experiments: Classical Fields Masquerade as Quanta

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 6 Pages.

Entangled electric fields are used to perform three elementary experiments in quantum mechanics: Entanglement, "spooky action at a distance" and violation of Bell's or CHSH inequality. The complete success raises questions.
Category: Quantum Physics

From Quantum Relational Equivalence to Multi-Folds Encounter in the Real Universe and Confirmation of the E/g Conjecture

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 16 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

A recent article proposed an intriguing model resulting from the combination of a few concepts and papers. The first one showed that exchanging quantum information between Alice and Bob creates reality, in 4D spacetime with Lorentz symmetries. The second argues, with non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics (QM), that relational relativity between Quantum Reference Frames implies non-invariance of entanglement, quantum coherence and correlation; a result not aligned with relativistic QM, or multi-fold universes. Finally, the article argues that, as construction of a relative reality occurs by exchanging quantum information, uncertainty will remain between Bob and Alice due to the non-commutativity of spacetime.Both in conventional relativistic QM, and in multi-fold theory, entanglement is not relative. Correcting such outcome in the non-relativistic use cases above, hints at multi-folds between entangled systems. Such result ensure invariance of entanglement/coherence and correlation. It is a result of conventional Physics, not just multi-fold theory, and a new original result.Multi-fold spacetime is non-commutative. Therefore, spacetime can be reconstructed by exchanging quantum information. However, reality is now invariant with a minimum unresolvable uncertainty.The exchange of quantum information associated with the reconstruction of reality, now invariant. It adds motivation for the activation of multi-fold when systems get locally entangled. The first paper requires non-zero spin systems to build reality via exchanges of quantum information. In multi-fold models, at small scales, with random walks of multi-fold massless Higgs particles, non-zero spins do not really exist until the Higgs field condensates into solitons that corresponds to microscopic black holes horizon and models other particles. Beyond fluctuations, this takes place at, and after, the multi-fold gravity electroweak symmetry breaking. This explains the seamless evolution, through spatial scales, of a discrete spacetime (2D regime) to 3D then 4D spacetime and from non-commutativity to continuousness. It is a unique new contribution of the paper and a significant consistency validation for the multi-fold theory.Encountering multi-fold-like mechanisms in conventional physics is a milestones for the multi-fold theory: if the real universe is governed by relational Quantum Physics, then ensuring invariance of entanglement, coherence and correlations, implies multi-fold-like mechanisms for entanglement, as well as the W-Type Multi-fold hypothesis. When combined with other results that we obtained recently, it looks like we have theoretically affirmed the E/G conjecture in our real universe: entanglement generates gravity like effects and gravity results from entanglement. These results are theoretical validations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Transistor That Changes Potential of Carriers

Authors: Xiaodong Liu, Qichang Liang, Yu Liang
Comments: 2 Pages.

A novel potential-changing transistor is designed using two PN junctions with different barrier values. The emitter-base junction has a small potential barrier which is forward biased. The collector-base junction has a large potential barrier and is unbiased. As the charge carriers move from the emitter to the base, most of them are swept to the collector due to the collector-base junction field. Since the collector-base barrier is larger than the emitter-base barrier, the potential of charge carriers is changed.
Category: Classical Physics

Unification Without Extra Dimensions

Authors: Dennis Adam Bluver
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper we develop a modified Lagrangian for electrostatics based on the concept of voltage non-additivity, using recently-derived voltage boost transformation laws. Using a single dimensional physical space as a model, we solve the Euler-Lagrange equations for the electrostatic potential. It is shown that the modified electrostatic potential takes the form of a hyperbolic tangent function, where the function is approximately linear around the origin with horizontal asymptotes at the positive and negative Planck Voltages. Moreover, it is shown that the modified electrostatic Lagrangian automatically gives rise to classical gravitation as the leading correction term in the Taylor expansion of the solution. This provides a new interpretation of gravitation as a corrective term for electrostatics at very high voltages, wherein that term helps correct the potential in such a way that it never reaches the Planck Voltage. It is therefore a somewhat unique example of a unified field theory that does not assume the existence of extra dimensions. Future directions are discussed including possible implications for quantum gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proton's Radius Calculated from its Mass

Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 3 Pages.

The mass of the proton is known to about 9 digits of accuracy, whereas the radius of the proton is only known to about 3 digits of accuracy. The theoretical model presented here, derives the proton’s radius from its mass, thus giving a radius value equal in accuracy to that of the mass measurement used for the calculation. As a check on the validity of the theory behind the calculation, results are compared to the 2018 CODATA proton radius value and are found to be well within the error limits of that value. So, it’s possible that the theoretical value of the proton’s radius presented in this paper is its actual radius to 9 digits of accuracy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Two Different Ways of Light Propagation

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 49 Pages. In Chinese

The ‘Universe Space-time’ is just ‘Galiliean Space-time’. In the proposed system of simultaneous equations for deriving Lorentz Transformation had been introduced equations defined in Minkowski Space-time with ‘relative time’, which in result makes Lorentz Transformation being ‘Identical Transformation’ , defined only in Minkowski Space-time and untenable in Galiliean Space-time. A relevant Law, namely ‘Law of Light Propagation’ is firstly put forward by author. It would be a fundamental law in Motion Observation Theory. In addition, Galilean-Zhou Transformation is logically and accurately deduced. The ‘World-line’ for Minkowski Space-time depicts a single curve: x=ct, x’=ct’ in Minkowski Space-time, but, however, the ‘World-line’ for Galilean-Zhou Transformation depicts a branchy curve: x=ct, x’=(c-u)t’=ct’-ut’ in Galilean Space-time. Lorentz Transformation describes an observation process of two relatively rest observers instead of two relatively moving observers. Lorentz Transformation is actually ‘Null’ Transformation [x’(t’) , t’]T = [x(t) , t]T which is untenable in Galilean Space-time. Therefore, it is impossible to give evidence for any prediction of Einstein’s SR and GR based on Lorentz Transformation and deduced in Minkowski Space-time via physical experiments and astronomical observations acquired in Galilean Space-time .
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Phase Changes and Interactions of Energy and Matter in the Universe Viewed Through Temperature Change

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 5 Pages.

The universe is indeed composed of energy and matter. Matter can be measured by weight. Energy can be measured in terms of temperature. The higher the density, the higher the temperature, and the lower the density, the lower the temperature. If our universe started from a small point with a very high temperature and reached today, as the universe expands, the density of energy decreases, so the temperature lowers, too. When the temperature lowers, some of the energy causes a phase change into matter, and vice versa. When matter is created, an interaction takes place. At $10^{13}K$, imps (invisible material particles, aka dark matter) are created and a gravitational field is formed as a result of emitting graviton acting on it, which gain masses. Down quarks and up quarks interact with their own intrinsic properties. This interaction is called the quark interaction. When two down quarks and one up quark meet with an imp to create a neutron, the force resulting from the quark interaction is confined inside the neutron.The quark interaction confines the strong force when quarks form a neutron, and mediates the electromagnetic field and electromagnetic force when a neutron transforms to a proton, and binds the nucleons to form heavier particles by strong nuclear interaction.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Hydrogen Spectral Series as Harmonic Overtones of a Single Fundamental Wavelength

Authors: P. G. Vejde
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper all lines of the six observed Hydrogen spectral series in and around the optical part of the electromagnetic spectrum are accurately and correctly modelled in a first order approximation using harmonic overtones and subharmonics (undertones) generated from a single fundamental wavelength. The fundamental wavelength predicted in this paper is the Lyman alpha wavelength of 121.57nm.
Category: Classical Physics

You Will Never Be Alone Again

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper will investigate the concept of a Turing complete universe and its implications for the best policy zero player game, as wellas the fundamental question of why anything exists at all or how something has always existed. We will begin by analyzing the implications ofa Turing complete universe and how it can be used to construct a universe maker, a recursive loop of universes within universes. We will thenexamine the implications of this universe maker and how it can be used to create a best policy zero player game. We will assess the implicationsof this game and how it can be used to answer the fundamental question of why anything exists at all or how something has always existed. Additionally, we will evaluate the potential applications of this research and its implications for the future, such as the potential to generate new universes and explore the limits of reality. Finally, we will consider the potential implications of this research and its potential applications,such as the potential to uncover the mysteries of the universe and answer the age-old question of why anything exists. This research has thepotential to provide insight into the nature of reality and the answer to the ultimate question, however, due to its theoretical nature, a long-term research plan is necessary to further explore the implications of this research.
Category: General Mathematics

Route Planning Algorithms for Efficient 3D Printing

Authors: Shulang Lei
Comments: 148 Pages.

General 3D printers use Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Stereolithography (SLA) technologies to print 3D models. However, turning the nozzle on and off during FDM or SLA extruding will cause unwanted results. This project created an experimental 3D model slicer named Embodier that generates continuous extruding paths whenever possible. This enables 3D printers to draw out the printing layers accurately in a stable manner. Furthermore, the slicer partitions the outlines to tree structures for efficiency and applies flooding algorithm for water-tightness validation. Lastly, a 3D printing simulator is also created to visualize the printed paths in 3D for a more intuitive review of the Embodier slicer. The end result is that we have discovered that not only a single continuous-extruded-path slicer is possible, it can also be optimized for performance and robustness in practice.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Fermat's Last Theorem: Equality Fails on Last Digits

Authors: Victor Sorokine
Comments: 2 Pages. Please replace text 2302.0098 with an amended version, because you did NOT publish the last version - "viXra new submission Result #14527104". OR post #14527104. Sincerely, Victor Sorokin

In equivalent equality, the number A^n+B^n-C^n ends with the digit 1.
Category: Number Theory

Complex Analysis and Theory of Reproducing Kernels

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 18 Pages.

The theory of reproducing kernels is very fundamental, beautiful and will have many applications in analysis, numerical analysis and data sciences. In this paper, some essential results in complex analysis derived from the theory of reproducing kernels will be introduced, simply.
Category: Functions and Analysis

¿cómo Crear Un Pensamiento Y Una Inteligencia Artificial? Y La Matemática De Letras
how to Create an Artificial Thought and Intelligence? And the Math of Letters

Authors: Salvador Sánchez Melgar
Comments: 8 Pages. In Spanish

La construcción de un pensamiento y de una inteligencia artificial es posible con el lenguaje de las letras numeradas. Lenguaje que surgió a través de la creación del libro "Nueva matemáticas de letras, triunfa con la matemática" actualizado con el título "Nueva matemáticas de letras 2ª edición". Libros en los que se exponen el lenguaje de las letras y una matemática de letras donde están las sumas, restas, multiplicaciones y divisiones de letras, con ejemplos y sus correspondientes tablas matemáticas, se podrían hacer con la matemática de las letras cualquier tipo matemático. puesto que es una matemática como la matemática que conocemos.Con el lenguaje de las letras numeradas, que representan letras, palabras y oraciones numeradas, un robot con inteligencia artificial podría adquirir un sin fin de todo tipo de información obtenida por cualquier sentido artificial. Informaciones numéricas que se tendrían que transformar en números binarios.

The construction of a thought and an artificial intelligence is possible with the language of numbered letters. Language that arose through the creation of the book "New mathematics of letters, triumph with mathematics" updated with the title "New mathematics of letters 2nd edition". Books in which the language of letters and a mathematics of letters are exposed where there are additions, subtractions, multiplications and divisions of letters, with examples and their corresponding mathematical tables, any type of mathematics could be done with the mathematics of letters. since it is a mathematics like the mathematics we know.With the language of numbered letters, which stand for letters, words, and numbered sentences, an artificially intelligent robot could acquire endless all kinds of information obtained by any artificial sense. Numeric information that would have to be transformed into binary numbers.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

El Lenguaje De La Inteligencia Artificial Y La Matemática De Letras
the Language of Artificial Intelligence and the Mathematics of Letters

Authors: Salvador Sánchez Melgar
Comments: 27 Pages. In Spanish

Presentación de una matemática de letras y de un lenguaje de letras que le permitirá a una inteligencia artificial aprender sin fin y poder pensar como pensamos nosotros. Con las letras numeradas las informaciones que una inteligencia artificial obtenga con sus sentidos artificiales no perderán sus significados, puesto que mediante estas letras las informaciones se podrán transformar en palabras y numeradas. Cada información que una inteligencia artificial obtenga, la podrá transformar en números binarios, luego en números ordinarios de las letras numeradas, pudiendo así formar palabras numeradas sobre informaciones individuales y globales. Como cada sentido artificial detecta informaciones diferentes, cada sentido crea su propio lenguaje, eso no impide que todas las informaciones se puedan transformar en números. Las palabras numeradas que se puedan formar con las transformaciones de las informaciones también deberán enlazarse con otras palabras numeradas semejantes indexadas en un diccionario de palabras numeradas, para que así el robot pueda saber el significado de cada información. También a este robot se le debería añadir un programa que le permita entender las uniones de palabras. Con las letras numeradas la información que reciba un robot la podrá transformar en palabras numeradas y así poder memorizarlas permanentemente pudiendo así obtener ilimitada sabiduría. Mediante números binarios obtenidos de las informaciones de todo enlazados a informaciones binarias memorizadas de manera positiva y negativa es como pensamos nosotros. También expondré, con tablas y ejemplos, las sumas, restas, multiplicaciones y divisiones de las letras y un sistema numeral de letras del 0 al 27.

Presentation of a mathematics of letters and a language of letters that will allow an artificial intelligence to learn endlessly and be able to think as we think. With the numbered letters, the information that an artificial intelligence obtains with its artificial senses will not lose its meaning, since through these letters the information can be transformed into words and numbered. Each piece of information that an artificial intelligence obtains can be transformed into binary numbers, then into ordinary numbers of numbered letters, thus being able to form numbered words on individual and global information. Since each artificial sense detects different information, each sense creates its own language, this does not prevent all information from being transformed into numbers. The numbered words that can be formed with the transformations of the information must also be linked to other similar numbered words indexed in a dictionary of numbered words, so that the robot can know the meaning of each information. A program should also be added to this robot that allows it to understand word unions. With the numbered letters, the information that a robot receives can be transformed into numbered words and thus be able to memorize them permanently, thus being able to obtain unlimited wisdom. Through binary numbers obtained from the information of everything linked to binary information memorized in a positive and negative way is how we think. I will also expose, with tables and examples, the addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of the letters and a number system of letters from 0 to 27.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Dark Matter and Dark Energy: Specifications that Associate with Data

Authors: Thomas J. Buckholtz
Comments: 13 pages

This paper suggests a specification for dark matter and an explanation for dark energy. This paper features two key hypotheses. First, this paper assumes that nature includes six isomers of most elementary particles. Five of the six isomers associate with dark matter. Second, this paper assumes that multipole expansions can prove useful regarding gravity. Some terms in the expansions associate with gravitational attraction. Some terms associate with dilution of attraction. Dilution can associate with mutual repulsion between objects and with dark energy. This paper suggests that those two assumptions lead to explanations for data that pertain to the rate of expansion of the universe, the formation of galaxies, and other aspects of cosmology and astrophysics.
Category: Astrophysics

Certain Summation Formulas Involving Generalized Harmonic Numbers

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

Here we aim at presenting further interesting identities about certain finite or infinite series involving generalized harmonic numbers.
Category: Number Theory

The Paradox and Uncloseness of Calculation Theorem

Authors: Jincheng Zhang
Comments: 18 Pages.

For a long time, there is a "diagonal method of proof" dominating the mathematics field; with it, Russel finds the paradox of set theory; with it, Cantor proves that "the power set of natural numbers is uncountable" and " the set of real numbers is uncountable"; with it , Gödel proves that " natural number system PA is incomplete"; with it , Turning proves that " halting problem" is undecidable and proves that " there is non-recursive sets on sets of natural numbers" in recursion theory and so on; proofs of these significant propositions all apply the same mathematic method which is praised as " a golden diagonal". On the basis of analyzing paradoxes, the paper finds that paradoxes are unclosed terms on closed calculus (that is extra-field term). Classical logic system cannot handle such extra-field terms, so it is transformed to the logic systems SL, SK that may handle unclosed calculus. It can be found that "diagonal proof method" is to construct paradoxes in nature through further analysis, and it is an unclosed proof method, which can prove that real numbers constructed by Cantor’s "diagonal proof method are extra-field terms which will not affect count-ability of sets of real numbers; The Gödel’s undeterminable proposition is an extra-field term, which will not affect completeness of system PA. The undeterminable Turing machine in the Turing halt problem is also an extra-field term. So, the proof that real number is uncountable is wrong; the proof of Gödel’s incomplete theorem and diagonal method of proof, all of them are wrong, should be completely corrected.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Why is the Gödel Self-Referential Equation Unsolvable?

Authors: Jincheng Zhang
Comments: 13 Pages.

There exists a Gödel number for each formula of the system N of natural numbers. The Gödel undecidable proposition, which is also a formula of the system N, also exists a Gödel number p; at the same time, the Gödel undecidable proposition is a self-referential proposition u([p]) substituted into its own Gödel number, and the self-referential proposition u([p]) Gödel number is also p, i.e., there is, u([p])=p. It can be This equation has no solution.The traditional view is that the Gödel undecidable proposition u([p]) is a closed formula and is a natural number proposition; we here transform the Gödel self-referential proposition into a self-referential equation and find that this equation has no solution and the Gödel undecidable proposition u([p]) is not a natural number proposition. u([p]) is an unclosed term (out-of-domain term) that evolves on the set of natural numbers and u([p]) is not a closed formula.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Diffrent Functional Equations of Riemann Zeta Function and Its Derivatives.

Authors: James John
Comments: 9 Pages.

br
Category: General Mathematics

Distribution Options of (C) Between (A) and (B)

Authors: Miguel Cerdá Bennassar
Comments: 11 Pages.

The purpose of this argument is to distribute a natural number (c) between (a) and (b), know the number of unique options (n) to do so, and calculate the values of (a) and (b). Obviously (c) is also the result of the sum of (a) and (b), but we have to see it as a consequence of the distribution, not as an end.Distribution of (C), an even natural number ≥2, between (A) and (B) in their (N) possible and unique options to do so.
Category: Number Theory

Omgaan met Myasthenia Gravis

Authors: J. A. J. van Leunen
Comments: 6 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!

The author suffers from a rather unknown auto-immune disease. The paper describes the consequences of this disease. The language is Dutch.
Category: Astrophysics

Why Bell’s Experiment is Meaningless

Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 5 Pages.

We demonstrate that a Bell experiment asks the impossible of a Kolmogorovian correlation. An Einstein locality explanation in Bell’s format is therefore excluded beforehand by way of the experimental and statistical method followed.
Category: Quantum Physics

About the Higgs Particle Mass, the Neutron and the Role of the Kerr Metric

Authors: Bernd Aschenbach
Comments: 9 Pages.

A model for calculating the mass of a particle is presented which has the same mass as the Higgs particle. The model is based on the ratio of Newton´s and Coulomb´s laws. The model is used to calculate the charge radius of the proton, the neutron decay times(s), the magnetic moment of the neutron as well as the anomalous magnetic moment of the proton and the electron. Some of the results are obtained from analysis of the multiple resonances of coordinate or epicylic oscillations, respectively, occuring at extreme values of the Kerr spin parameter and the Aschenbach effect.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Capacitance and Size of the Electron Based on the CEWL Model

Authors: Donald Bowen
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Charged Electromagnetic Wave Loop (CEWL) model is a novel model of the Electron (developed by this author in 2013), which exactly matches all known values of the electron, including energy, de Broglie frequency, charge, mass, and magnetic moment. The model also later explained the mystery of why the Electron’s G factor is 2 rather than one (½ spin) [1] In this paper, further validation of the CEWL Model is explored in two different ways. One method of validation involves using the author’s new insight that since the model represents an electromagnet oscillation with zero internal resistance, the capacitive and inductive reactance must match each other, and also match the reactive impedance of free space, leading to a unique value for the Electron’s capacitance as well as its’ inductance (3.41912126348 x 10-24 Farads and 4.85262 x 10-19 Henries). The Capacitance value can then be used to estimate the probable maximum Width of the charged area relative to Diameter of the electron (~0.53%), which validates that the model produces reasonable values that don’t conflict with the known anomalous magnetic moment. A second validation may stem from the author’s new insight that the loop characteristics of the CEWL Model, in which the loop circumference exactly matches the wavelength of a (virtual) photon equal to the Electron’s energy, is analogous to the characteristics of a high Q (resonant) loop antennae in which the circumference must also exactly match the wavelength in order to achieve high Q resonance, which leads to a new prediction that the virtual photons of leptons will be generated in the same directions as high Q antennas i.e. in the North and South magnetic directions generated by the CEWL loop (loop antennas without these characteristics have different radiation/absorption patterns). This new insight about probable directionality might guide future research into how and where Neutrinos and virtual photons form near the Electron, Muon, and Tau Leptons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Under What Requirements Will Bayes’ Theorem be Meaningful?

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 4 Pages.

We establish that all the pertinent elements of an assertion must be real. That if it contains an element M which cannot be classified as real, we say that the assertion is contaminated. We then show that Bayes’ Theorem is invalid.
Category: Statistics

On the Analysis of an Equation Concerning the "Universe Wave Function". Mathematical Connections with Some Parameters of String Theory and Number Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 30 Pages.

In this paper, we analyze an equation concerning the "Universe Wave Function". We obtain various mathematical connections with MRB Constant and some parameters of String Theory and Number Theory
Category: General Mathematics

Overcoming the Limitations of Seasonal Monsoons with Sea-Mountain-River Water-Cycle Model

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 3 Pages.

Application of the sea, mountains, rivers, island model to have freshwater, bring down land temperatures and increase fertility of soil to reduce food shortages and enhance biodiversity of a biome. As availability of energy increases, the model could be scaled up to subcontinental levels to bring arability to the arid regions.
Category: Climate Research

Expanded Science

Authors: Joao Carlos Holland De Barcellos
Comments: 14 Pages. Unification of Science and Philosophy

initially, in this article, we present the foundation on which current science stands. Next, we explain the main stream of modern science, the "Popperian Falsificationism", and show why the current criticism to the system is flawed. Later, we will prove that the "falsificationism" is logically inconsistent and we will propose a new concept of science, unifying it with philosophy.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Einstein’s Special Relativity is Wrong and Chat GPT Confirms It!

Authors: S.P.Smith
Comments: 1 Page.

For over one hundred years, theoretical physicists have puzzled over and being unable to see the error staring them in the face have simply accepted Special Relativity as being true.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

My Proof of the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Miguel Cerdá Bennassar
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper, the properties of the digital root of numbers are analyzed and a possible connection with the sequences of the Collatz Conjecture is sought.
Category: Number Theory

A Culture of Yeasts to Convert Glucose in Rice, Pulses and Grains Batter in to Alcohol, Rather Than Lactic Acid, to Prevent Obesity

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 3 Pages.

An alternate pathway to reduce blood glucose load with fermented grains, pulses and millets, Indian style, to offset Diabetes and hypertension owing to obesity resulting from a sedentary lifestyle.
Category: Biochemistry

Generating Electricity ad Infinitum for Electric Vehicles Using a Scalable Canisters Economy

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 2 Pages.

Idea for generating electricity ad infinitum for electric vehicles using a scalable canisters economy using powdered Sodium or Lithium in a hermetically sealed stainless steel reaction chamber, water mist and a hydrogen outlet to be used in a fuel cell.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Interpretation of Correspondence Principle Based on Examination of Existence of Isomorphic Mapping Between Observables and Operators

Authors: Chol Jong, Son-Il Jo, Shin-Hyok Jon
Comments: 19 Pages.

It still remains an important open question of the interpretation of the foundations of quantum mechanics to thoroughly elucidate the essence and significance of the correspondence principle. We focus from a new mathematical aspecton the review of the correspondence principle to gain the correct understanding of the principle. As a result, we show that there does not exist the algebraic isomorphism between the algebra of the observables and that of the quantum operators, and therefore the previous interpretation of the correspondence principle aiming to provide allthe operators corresponding to physical quantities is inconsistent from the mathematical view point. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the correspondence between physical quantities and quantum operators is possible within canonically conjugate observables constituting the action, while classical and quantum quantities satisfy one and the same dynamical relation. Moreover, it is shown that the classical limit of quantum mechanics can be explained not by the correspondence principle but by the de Broglie relation and the operator equations.
Category: Quantum Physics

Production of Radioactive Gemstones

Authors: V. A. Kizka
Comments: 7 Pages. 4 Figures.

The possibility of making precious stones from radioactive waste is being considered. Vitrified and cemented radioactive waste (RW) is considered as an artificial rock belonging to aluminosilicates and calcites. Two methods are proposed for the manufacture of radioactive gemstones from RW and their subsequent storage with the possibility of sale, resale, inheritance, and so on. That is, RW is considered as real estate in which capital can be invested. After decontamination in hundreds and thousands of years, it will be of scientific, historical, jewelry interest.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Physics Paradox

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages.

The physics paradox demands we perceive the realphysics and astrophysics outside stale paradigms.Deep problems within experimental physics aremostly dimensional and conceptual. Elegancerequires a clear view of foundational physics, whichwill lead soon to the resolution of supersymmetry.Experimental physicists may contend thatwhatever theoretical physics has not yet beenverified, or deemed verifiable, is not science. Foran elegant modern physics to emerge, science mustrealize our mutual limitations.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Nonequilibrium Dynamics and General Relativity

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 11 Pages.

Complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE) is a universal model of nonequilibrium dynamical systems. Focusing on the primordial stages of cosmological evolution, this work points out that the connection between CGLE and the Navier-Stokes (NS) equation bridges the gap between fluid flows and the mathematics of General Relativity (GR).
Category: Mathematical Physics

Cosmic Radiation, Muons and the Need for Quark Structure

Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 4 Pages. Reference links did not work in version 1, so have used separate references

Up and down quarks are assumed to be elementary (or fundamental) particles although there is no scientific evidence confirming this interpretation. However, there is indirect evidence in the form of the colour change of quarks and the creation of muons by cosmic radiation, and their subsequent decay, that together suggest that quarks are more likely to be composite particles. As well as discussing such indirect evidence, several preon-based approaches that model up/down quarks as composite particles are reviewed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Draft of a Reformed Synthetic Approach to Philosophy, Cognition and Beyond

Authors: Salvatore Spadaro
Comments: 28 Pages.

A new epistemic approach is proposed. Recent trends in philosophy show thatthe analytic style is losing its verve; some reasons are: the emerging role ofprobabilistic/statistical approaches (in opposition to the logical ones) to the mindbrain(e.g. Bayesian approaches) and their central role in contemporary science, moreover theprevailing deterministic approach to the world of the analytic school, influenced by firstorder logic and classical physics, seems to be inadequate; for this reason, it will used anundeterministic modus operandi. Also psychology, intuitions and creativity will have animportant role in this approach. The starting points of this hypothetical method are HenriPoincarè’s synthetic way in philosophy (in opposition to Bertrand Russell’s analytic way)and Max Born’s indeterministic way in science (in opposition to Albert Einstein’sdeterministic way). A reform, in connection with actual trends in philosophy and science,will be applied to Poincarè’s synthetic approach.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Special Relativity Extension

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 3 Pages. In Spanish

Extension of Lorentz transformations for gravitational wave equation let us to propose a special relativity (SR) for the gravitational field. SR equations remain the same, changing photons speed with gravitons speed (estimated 125,768,055 m/s; 2.4 times lower than light). With the hypothesis that special relativity to be applied depends on speed of object to be analyzed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Flat-Band Energy Analysis of the Temperature-Dependent Superconducting Gap for Hydrogenated Graphite Fibers Found from Nonlocal Electrical Conductance Experimental Data

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu, Charles R. Ebbing, Timothy J. Haugan
Comments: 5 Pages.

Experimental evidence of novel phenomena in hydrogenated graphite fibers is found. An indirect excitonic mechanism is likely leading to a SC state below the temperature Tc = 50 K, where the gap is divergent. Analysis of the gap within the framework provided by the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity shows that this is a multigap system. The energy gap data can be better explained within the framework of topologically protected flat bands applied to systems in which superconductivity occurs on the surface or at the internal interfaces of the samples. The temperature dependence of the SC gap is linear above 50 K. We use nonlocal differential conductance Gdiff(V) = dI(V)/dV experimental data to show clear evidence of topological phenomena such as interference of chiral asymmetric Andreev edge states and crossed Andreev conversion. Gdiff(V) has a negative part that results from the nonlocal coherence between electron and holes in the Andreev edge states. We conclude that hydrogenated graphite bears the marks of an unconventional high-temperature superconductor (HTSC).
Category: Condensed Matter

Jocaxian's Theorems

Authors: Joao Carlos Holland Barcellos
Comments: 6 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

We will show 3 new theorems and one principle: (1) Jocaxian Theorem of First Cause (JTFC); (2) Time Leakage Jocaxian Theorem (TLJT); (3) The Existence Theorem; and (4) The Philosophical Uncertainty Principle (PUP).
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Understanding of MHE Power Generation Patterns by TSC Theory

Authors: Akito Takahashi, Masahiko Hasegawa, Yutaka Mori
Comments: 17 Pages.

The main MHE power generation pattern can be explained by the nuclear energy release of 4H/TSC WS fusion events at T-sites of Ni nano-cores by dynamic 4H cluster formation of 4 protons moved from O-sites under phonon excitations in GMPW (global mesoscopic potential well) of Ni-nano-islands. This is the major process of power (about 20W in our runs). In addition, minor excess power (about 4 W) is considered being continuously released by 4H/TSC WS fusion events at SNHs (sub-nano-holes) on surfaces of Ni-nano-cores. This minor process remains after H/Ni ratio is saturated. We found a method of MHE power re-activation by the RCV (reaction chamber valve) close-to-open method after H/Ni loading ratio becomes nearer to saturation. When RCV is opened, pulse thermal power generation happens by 4H/TSC WS fusions at SNHs, which induces H-gas desorption-burst from T-sites of Ni-nano-cores. This trigger event produces empty T-sites in Ni-nano-cores and slow H-loading to T-sites restarts with relatively large generation of 4H/TSC WS fusion power (10-15 W) for considerably long time (about one day in our trigger-trial runs). This re-activation/trigger process can be repeated in-situ. We succeeded to trigger more than ten times.Prediction by the TSC theory seems working very well. Some brief historical aspects of "cold fusion" or MHE research evolution are of portion in Introduction.
Category: Condensed Matter

Bangiya Sabdakosh and The Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 23 Pages. A crucial mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Bangiya Sabdakosh: A Bengali-Bengali lexicon compiled by the Late HaricharanBandyopadhyay. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, startingwith a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that thedictionary can be characterised by the magnetisation curve BP(4,βH = 0), in the Bethe-Peierlsapproximation of the Ising model, in the presence of four nearest neighbours and in the absence ofexternal magnetic field, H, with βH = 0.
Category: Linguistics

O Noua Ipoteza in Fizica Si Cateva Consecinte Ale Ei
A New Hypothesis in Physics and Some of Its Consequences

Authors: Adrian Gheorghe
Comments: 170 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

În lucrare sunt expuse încercările personale de explicitare prin raţionamente simple a sensuluifizic al constantelor fizice universale (a interacţiunii gravitaţionale G, a interacţiunilorelectroastatice capa k şi constanta de acţiune h). Adimensionalitatea constantelor G şi kconduce la ipoteza identităţii dimensiunii fizice a masei gravifice m (egală cu masa inertă),cu dimensiunea fizică a sarcinii electrice q , ipoteză ale cărei câteva consecinţe logice suntexpuse în cuprinsul lucrării. Adoptarea acestei ipoteze duce la o semantică exactă (ladefinirea clară) a conceptelor (a mărimilor) cu care lucrează fizica şi la evidenţiereasistemului bidimensional al mărimilor fizice (s.b.m.f.), sistem în care masa m nu mai estemărime fizică fundamentală, ci apare (este exprimată) ca relaţie între spaţiu şi timp.

In the work, the personal attempts to explain the meaning through simple reasonings are exposedphysics of universal physical constants (of gravitational interaction G, of interactionselectrostatic charge k and action constant h). The dimensionlessness of the constants G and kleads to the hypothesis of the identity of the physical size of the gravitational mass m (equal to the inert mass), with the physical dimension of the electric charge q, hypothesis of which there are several logical consequences exposed in the work. Adopting this assumption leads to an exact semantics (la clear definition) of the concepts (of quantities) with which physics works and highlighting of the two-dimensional system of physical quantities (s.b.m.f.), a system in which the mass m no longer exists fundamental physical quantity, but appears (is expressed) as a relationship between space and time.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Motion of Rotating Celestial Bodies and Polar Jets

Authors: Pantelis M. Pechlivanides
Comments: 22 Pages.

The motion of rotating bodies is studied. The relativistic force between them, being non central, varies in orientation and magnitude depending on the rotational angular velocity of the bodies. Thus, the orbiting bodies experience acceleration or deceleration attraction or repulsion during their orbits leading to a rich variety of possible orbits. The conditions for existence of central force and in particular circular orbits that are stable is investigated. It is shown that stable circular orbits are possible only at particular distances from the origin. Application of these results to the Pluto — Charon dyad, allows us to determine the slippage constant for exponentially decreasing rotation of signals emanating from the rotating body. The creation of polar jets by large rotating bodies that attract and expel multitudes of minute bodies in their positive and negative directions of their axis of rotation is explained. The problem is then formulated as a relativistic flow problem for the far away observer. The ratio of the radial to axial velocity is calculated and the formation of jets in the axial direction is discussed for both microcosmos and macrocosmos.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Nilakantha's Formula for pi

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Nilakantha series was developed in the 15th century as a way to calculate the value of pi.
Category: General Mathematics

Non-Volatility Property and Pinched Hysteresis Loops of 2-terminal Devices and Memristors

Authors: Makoto Itoh
Comments: Pages.

It is well known that memristors can be classified into the four classes according to the complexity of their mathematical representation. Furthermore, the four classes of memristors are used to qualitatively simulate many of the experimentally measured pinched hysteresis loops. In this paper, we define the 2-terminal devices, which do not belong to the above four classes of memristors, but have the same non-volatile property as the ideal memristor. We then study the non-volatile mechanism of these devices and the memristors that can retain the previous value of the state even when the driving signal is set to zero. We show that the ideal generic memristors and the generalized 2-terminal devices can have interesting applications: non-volatile multi-valued memories and two-element chaotic oscillators, if we remove the condition that no state change occurs after the zero driving signal. We also show that the 2-terminal devices and the four classes of memristors can exhibit a wide variety of pinched hysteresis loops similar to those measured experimentally. Furthermore, we show that a wide variety of Lissajous curves are possible, depending on whether the direction of the Lissajous curve is clockwise or counterclockwise and which quadrants the Lissajous curve passes through.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On Even Perfect Numbers and Odd Perfect Numbers

Authors: Giovanni Di Savino
Comments: 6 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

Euclid's algorithm can generate even perfect numbers, not only with prime numbers of "Mersenne" but it can generate even perfect numbers, with all prime numbers less than each of the infinite powers 2^n and will assume the form (2^ n - (1+2*n))*2^(n-1). Euclid's algorithm, but with the form: (prime ≥3^n -2) * prime ≥3^(n-1)), generates odd perfect numbers generated by primes distant 2 from the result of a power of a prime number ≥3^n, but with all prime numbers less than 2 or more distant than 2 , all odd perfect numbers are generated and the algorithm will have the following form: (prime ≥3^n -(2+2* n≥0)) * prime ≥3^(n-1)). In the same power, prime number ≥3^n, prime numbers less than prime ≥3^n are distinguished by their distance from the result of prime ≥3^n.
Category: Number Theory

A Proposal for Mass Variation under Gravity

Authors: David L. Berkahn, James M. Chappell, Derek Abbott
Comments: 7 Pages.

We review the special relativistic properties of a rotating system of coordinates, as considered by Einstein, in his initial considerations of time and length changes in gravity. Then, following Einstein’s application of the principle of equivalence, we propose that an object’s energygain implies a gravitational potential dependent mass increase (GPDM). We then show how thismass-energy change is a function of frequency changes in light and hence time dilation. Applyingthis to gravitational lensing, we present predictions of GPDM in galaxies and large gravitational bodies. We explore various possible cosmological implications, including rapid clumping in the early universe, the formation of the cosmic web and dark matter-like phenomena. Experiments to test the theory in the terrestrial domain are also suggested.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Detection of the Gravitational Wave of the Crab Pulsar in the O3b Series from Ligo

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 10 Pages.

After compensation for phase modulation and frequency drift, the pulsar's GW can be detected in the records of all three interferometers. The signatures agree with the known values measured with electromagnetic waves.
Category: Astrophysics

Proving the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Jim Rock
Comments: 10 Pages.

Collatz sequences are formed by dividing an even number by two until it is odd. Then multiply by three and add one to get an even number. The Collatz conjecture states that if this process is repeated you always get back to one. Using geometric series summations we prove that a connected Collatz Structure exists, which contains all positive integers exactly once. The terms of the Collatz Structure are joined together via the Collatz algorithm. Thus, every positive integer forms a Collatz sequence with unique terms terminating in the number one.
Category: Number Theory

Mass Model of Elementary Particles (Integrated Version)

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 23 Pages. 9 Figures.

Elementary particles can be classified according to their spin quantum numbers and electric charges. As the three features of elementary particles are spin, electric charge and mass, they could also be classified according to their masses. Our work hypothesized a model for the masses of elementary particles, in which a formula for the mass of an elementary particle in a set of modified atomic units (called Hartree-Chen atomic units) consists of a Time Factor (TF) times a Space Factor (SF) along with at least one Sub-space Factor (SSF) in the format of mP/au=[TF(SF±Σ1/SSF)]2, -2. It seems that elementary particles should have two genders, i.e., Yang and Yin according to the ± symbols before 1/SSF-1st, and the Yang/Yin ratio of all quarks and leptons is 1/2. With the model, all masses of elementary particles (including neutrinos and the particle of dark matter) in Hartree-Chen atomic units were calculated, the mystery of three generations of quarks and leptons could be explained, the matter-antimatter asymmetry problem of the universe could be solved, and the composition of the universe could be interpreted. In the end, a picture and a table of mass model of elementary particles are presented.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Exploration of the Law of Universal Gravitation with Modern Mathematical Tools

Authors: Oscar Gras Garzon
Comments: 6 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

To demonstrate the law of universal gravitation, Newton started from a system of two bodies, the sun and a planet. In addition, he considered the sun to be at rest, and yet, according to the third law, it must be accelerated by the force exerted on it by the planet. In this article, the acceleration of the planet is recalculated, considering the center of mass of the two bodies at rest, using today's math tools.
Category: Astrophysics

FLT of Pierre Fermat and His Honesty

Authors: Victor Sorokine
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please avoid repetition)

After transforming (using the Little Theorem) each of the numbers A, B, C to the form n^m - 1, the impossibility of Fermat's equality becomes obvious.
Category: Number Theory

Adaptar Impedancia en Radio con un Tramo de Cable Coaxial
Match Radio Impedance with a Length of Coaxial Cable

Authors: Carlos Alejabdro Chiappini
Comments: 5 Pages. carloschiappini@gmail.com

Mi transceptor tiene en el conector de antena una impedancia de 50 ohm. El cable coaxial que baja desde la antena es de 75 ohm. Quiero usar un tramo de coaxial de 50 ohm entre el equipo y la bajada, para adaptar impedancias. ¿ Qué longitud debo dar al tramo adaptador ? Esa pregunta motivó un ejercicio de física cualitativa, que es la parte sustancial de este documento. Colateralmente aparece una fórmula construida cualitativamente, es decir que no proviene de un desarrollo analítico ni está demostrada. Esa fórmula expone un cálculo que, con suerte, tal vez sirva para dar al tramo adaptador una longitud que lo haga útil en la práctica.

My transceiver has an impedance of 50 ohms in the antenna connector. The coaxial cable coming down from the antenna is 75 ohm. I want to use a section of 50 ohm coaxial between the equipment and the drop, to adapt impedance. How long should I give the adapter section? That question motivated an exercise in qualitative physics, which is the substantial part of this document. Collaterally, a qualitatively constructed formula appears, that is, it does not come from an analytical development nor is it demonstrated. That formula gives a calculation that hopefully will give the adapter leg a length that makes it practically useful.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Theory of Harmonic Oscillations: A Gross Error in Physics

Authors: Temur Z. Kalanov
Comments: 19 Pages. How to cite this article: Temur Z. Kalanov (2022). Theory of Harmonic Oscillations: A Gross Error in Physics. Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences- Physics, 41D (2), 1-7.

The critical analysis of the foundations of the standard theory of harmonic oscillations is proposed. The unity of formal logic and rational dialectics is methodological basis of the analysis. The analysis leads to the conclusion that this theory represents gross error. The substantiation (validation) of this statement is the following main results. I. In the case of the material point suspended on the elastic spring, the linear differential equation of harmonic oscillations is the equation (condition) of balance of Newton’s force (Newton’s second law) and "Hooke’s force" ("Hooke’s law" as pseudolaw). This equation contains the following gross methodological errors: (a) the differential equation of motion of the material point does not satisfy the dialectical principle of the unity of the qualitative and quantitative determinacy of physical quantities (i.e., Newton’s force and Hooke’s force). In other words, the left and right sides of the differential equation (i.e., the equation of balance of the forces) have no identical qualitative determinacy: the left side of the the equation of balance of the forces represents Newton’s force, and the right side of the the equation of balance of the forces represents the "Hooke’s force" (as pseudolaw); (b) the sum of Newton’s force and the "Hooke force" (as pseudolaw) in the the equation of balance of the forces is equal to zero. This means that the sum of the numerical values of Newton’s force and "Hooke’s force" (as pseudolaw) is equal to zero. Consequently, the numerical values of Newton’s force and "Hooke’s force" (as pseudolaw) are equal to zero in the region of neutral real numbers. This means that the equation of balance of the forces is incorrect; (c) "Hooke’s force" (as pseudolaw) in the equation of balance of the forces represents the product of the spring constant (coefficient of stiffness of the spring) and the coordinate of the material point. In this case, "Hooke’s force" (as pseudolaw) does not represent Hooke’s law. "Hooke’s force" (as pseudolaw) contradicts to Hooke’s law because the coordinate of rhe material point does not determine the spring constant (coefficient of stiffness of the spring). "Hooke’s force" (as pseudolaw) has the dimension of Newton’s force. But, as the practice of measurement of Hooke’s force with the help of a dynamometer shows, the dynamometer readings are real neutral numbers with the dimension "kilogram-force"...(Truncated by xiXra Admin)
Category: Classical Physics

Proton and Neutron Electric Charges

Authors: Didier François Viel
Comments: 4 Pages.

The electric charges of the proton and the neutron, constituents of atoms nuclei, are explained in quantum mechanics in the so called "standard model" and this explanation is rather strange, with a combination of "quarks" having charges which are not an integer, and can change from one to another during radioactive transformation. It is a fact that quarks are deduced from experimental data, like scattering of a proton by high energy electrons, but they can’t be observed as a free object: "Basically, you can't see an isolated quark because the color force does not let them go, and the energy required to separate them produces quark-antiquark pairs long before they are far enough apart to observe separately"! In this paper, we will construct a model for the electric charges of proton and neutron with the presence of "electron-positron pair" inside the components of an atom nuclei, neutron and proton. In modern physics, whereas the existence of "electron-positron pair" is known since the sixties, still few scientists have explored the potential of such an existence. There were however attempts to explain some situations in quantum mechanics, and to describe the vacuum (ether) as a sea of "electron-positron pairs". We will present and validate this model with all the disintegration phenomenon observed, and even the disintegration of a proton inside an atom, which is not totally explained in the "standard model".
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Neuro-symbolic Meta Reinforcement Learning for Trading

Authors: S. I. Harini, Gautam Shroff, Ashwin Srinivasan, Prayushi Faldu, Lovekesh Vig
Comments: 4 Pages. Accepted at Muffin@AAAI'23

We model short-duration (e.g. day) trading in financial mar- kets as a sequential decision-making problem under uncer- tainty, with the added complication of continual concept- drift. We therefore employ meta reinforcement learning via the RL2 algorithm. It is also known that human traders often rely on frequently occurring symbolic patterns in price series. We employ logical program induction to discover symbolic patterns that occur frequently as well as recently, and ex- plore whether using such features improves the performance of our meta reinforcement learning algorithm. We report ex- periments on real data indicating that meta-RL is better than vanilla RL and also benefits from learned symbolic features.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Note About The Equipotential Surface of The Normal Gravity Field U=U_0

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 12 Pages. In French

The object of this note is to present the equation of the surface which defines the equipotential field of gravity $U=U_0$ for certain models of the normal potential of gravity $U$.
Category: Geophysics

The Impossibility of Quantum Computing

Authors: Oscar Gras Garzon
Comments: 9 Pages.

This article analyzes the feasibility of implementing the mathematical model used in quantum computing systems. The article questions whether certain mathematical properties of the qubit can be physically implemented, highlighting that quantum theory may have been built by misinterpreting experimental evidence.At the end of the article, it is justified mathematically that a feasible quantum-computing mathematical model is equivalent to a classical-computing mathematical model without states, so it can be concluded that quantum supremacy is unattainable.
Category: Quantum Physics

Some Remarks on Accessibility and Extended Modal Realism

Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper includes a formulation of extended modal realism and a theorem concerning its equivalence with a certain mathematical universe.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Interpretation of Superposition of Eigen States and Measurement Problem Concerning Statistical Ensemble

Authors: Chol Jong, Shin-Hyok Jon, Son-Il Jo, Nam-Chol Choe
Comments: 11 Pages.

The measurement problem is an important open question for the interpretation of the foundations of quantum mechanics. For the purpose of solving this problem, we focus from a new angle on the interpretation of the superpositionprinciple that is the origin of the measurement problem. As a result, we show that the measurement problem at issuecannot arise, provided the mathematical and physical aspects of the superposition principle are considered correctly.Our work demonstrates that since any mathematical superposition of eigenstates is never a new eigenstate, the superposed state at issue, if any, should be interpreted simply as a statistical ensemble of possible states that occursequentially, instead of a mixed state indicative of simultaneous occurrence. Actually, this view leads to the conclusion that the concept of the currently accepted state vector and the motivation of the measurement problem have noperfect ground from both mathematical and physical aspects. Furthermore, using mainly mathematical method ratherthan thought experiments, we offer a realistic interpretation of the superposition of eigenstates based on ensemble ofquantum states, thereby helping to capture the essence of the measurement problem which actually is not implicatedin Apparatus and Observer.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Proof of Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 13 Pages.

This paper redefines the Collatz conjecture and proposes the equivalence Collatz conjecture, which is a necessary and sufficient condition for the Collatz conjecture. The Collatz transform is divided into Collatz even transform and Collatz odd transform. The scale coefficient of Collatz even transform is 0.5, and the scale coefficient of Collatz odd transform is greater than 1.5, but less than 1.501. Furthermore, In the process of Collatz transforms, the probability of Collatz even transforms and that of Collatz odd transforms are equal, and both of them are 0.5. Through the above analysis of the characteristics of Collatz transforms, it can be concluded: Take any positive integer N greater than 1, perform Collatz transforms on N for m times, when m is large enough, the Collatz transform result Nm must be less than its initial value N. That is, the equivalent Collatz conjecture is true, then the Collatz conjecture must also be true. Based on binomial distribution and normal distribution, it is deduced that any positive integer N greater than 1, the number of equivalent Collatz transforms mce = 100 * (1+ log N), then the number of Collatz transforms mc = (100 * (1+ log N)) * (N-1). Further analysis can be concluded that all the Collatz transform results must be unequal, so as to ensure that the transform results will not enter a dead loop during the Collatz transform process.
Category: Number Theory

How to Test Lorentz Ether Theory Against the Theory of Relativity

Authors: Lars Frølund Jensen
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper I show several ways to test Lorentz ether theory — and a new method to test general relativity's equivalence principle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Standard Model of Elementary Particles and Other Fundamental Phenomena of the Universe.

Authors: Vasily Brusko
Comments: 18 Pages. In Russian and English

This article contains the results of work on the development of the brilliant idea of James Clerk Maxwell that elementary particles are vortices of material substance that fills our entire Universe. He considered the main problem of this idea to be the impossibility of keeping the vortices from disintegrating into a chaotic (thermal) motion of the particles of the medium. It was possible to develop a model in which certain simple processes constantly carried out in a liquid make it possible to keep vortices in this liquid indefinitely. Model studies have shown that the processes that allow keeping vortices in liquids endow these vortices with all analogues of the fundamental physical properties that real elementary particles have. The developed model clearly explains: what is the spin of a particle, what is the rest energy of a particle, how particles create fields, how forces arise and what connects all fundamental interactions (forces) with each other, why a particle behaves like a wave, why a liquid in which and there are vortices-particles perceived by them as "emptiness" and much more. In addition, the model has a speed limit similar to the speed of light and analogs of space and time. The model can be tested experimentally. Methods for experimental verification of the model are proposed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Nature of Some Cosmic Radiation.

Authors: Anatoly V. Belyakov
Comments: 9 Pages. 5 figures

Frequency distributions of the spectrum of hydrogen and hydrogen-like elements help to determine the most probable excited elements spectral radio lines in outer space. Based on the geometrodynamic concept of J. Wheeler, the reason for the appearance of recombination radio lines is explained, and the background cosmic radiation maximum nature is established. The hydrogen atom limiting quantum number is calculated. It has been established that the wavelength during proton-electron recombination at the limiting quantum level coincides with the known 21 cm cold atomic hydrogen wavelength.
Category: Astrophysics

FM-Frequency Modulation Bandwidth and the Proof of the Bessel's Series

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 12 Pages.

Here is a proof of the Bessel’s Series used to figure out the bandwidth in the FrequencyModulation-FM.
Category: Classical Physics

Neutrino Mass and Hubble Constant, or Fermi Constant

Authors: Jacob Biemond
Comments: 6 Pages, including 1 figure

Utilizing a dimensional analysis, Vavel found a formula for the neutrino mass depending on the Hubble constant H, yielding a mass value of 4.26 meV. Recently, a related formula for the electron neutrino was proposed by Mongan, depending on H and the dark energy parameter Ω_Λ. He assumed a spherical model for the electron neutrino and he proposed that its mass depends on the low mass density of the Universe. Furthermore, he assumed that its mass is constrained by the Compton wavelength. The obtained formula predicts a mass m₁ of 1.37 meV.

An alternative formula for the mass m₁ of the electron neutrino, also depending on H and Ω_Λ, can be obtained from a toroidal model of leptons, recently proposed by Biemond. In this model a toroidal shape is assumed for the electron neutrino with a radius r₁ of the torus and a radius r₂ of the tube. This torus is assumed to be filled with the low mass density of the Universe. A mass m₁ of 1.52 meV is obtained in this case.

By combination of the magnetic moment of a massive Dirac neutrino, deduced in the context of electroweak interactions at the one-loop level, and a magnetic moment for a neutrino arising from gravitational origin, a formula for the neutrino mass m₁ was obtained in 2015. This result depending on the Fermi constant forms a bridge between electroweak interactions and gravitation. In this case a more accurate value of 1.530 meV was obtained for mass m₁.

Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gradient Descent using Fixed Point Theorem

Authors: Sing Kuang Tan
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, I am going to propose a gradient descent algorithm using fixed point theorem. Fixed point theorem comes from topology mathematics. This gradient descent is able to converge at exponential rate, faster than Netwon method which converges at quadratic rate. Besides that, it does not need second order derivatives. The algorithm is simple and can be implemented using a few lines of equations. It can be used for training Relu deep learning network.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Dark Matter Fluid Model Based on Virtual Spacetime

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper constructs a model of the universe based on the flow of dark matter fluids in space-time in the universe, the model analyzes the hydrodynamic equations of dark matter fluids and the composition of dark matter fluids. It is also pointed out that the flow of dark matter fluids can be divided into two states: laminar flow and turbulent flow. The laminar flow of dark matter fluids is the main component of dark matter in the universe at present. The turbulence of dark matter fluids forms two symmetrical space-time. One is observable real spacetime, and the other is unobservable virtual spacetime. Virtual Spacetime is also part of dark matter. In dark matter turbulence, vortex structures of fluids can be formed. When vortexes of electromagnetic fields are formed, electrons, protons and magnetic monopoles are produced. Vortexes of electromagnetic fields will be able to automatically satisfy the conditions for Dirac's quantization of charge. Finally, this paper gives a hierarchy of matter in the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculation of the Wavelengths of the Lyman Series in the Hydrogen Atom Based on the Quantized Space and Time Theory of Elementary Particles

Authors: Hamid Reza Karimi
Comments: 12 Pages.

In the current article, utilizing the theory of quantization of time and space and the internal structure of elementary particles, the radiation spectrum of the excited hydrogen atom is calculated theoretically. By doing this, the electron movement parameters in the hydrogen atom have been stated in a novel way, and via generalizing these calculations, the excited states of other atoms can be calculated. It can be shown that during the transfer of the electron from a higher level to a lower one, what is the state of the electron in terms of momentum, energy, time, and place.
Category: Quantum Physics

Using Saint-Venant Equations for Liquid Flows

Authors: Vitaliy Budarin
Comments: 9 Pages.

The method is based on the use of geometry rules for a continuous medium in the form of the Saint-Venant equations. The article transforms the compatibility equations in order to use them in fluid mechanics. The transformation is performed within the framework of the averaged turbulence model and does not use additional restrictions. The resulting compatibility equations for a liquid take into account the influence of the linear (ux, uy, uz) and angular (ωx, ωy, ωz) particle rotation speeds. This means that they describe the turbulent flow mode. Using the conditions ω = 0 or u = 0 allows us to obtain two special cases that are designed for laminar flow and vortex flow with a fixed axis.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Samsad Bangla Abhidan and The Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 21 Pages. A crucial mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the entries of the dictionary, the Samsad Bangla Abhidan compiled by Sailendra Biswas,the fifth edition. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, startingwith a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that thedictionary can be characterised by the magnetisation curve BP(4,βH = 0.01), in the Bethe-Peierlsapproximation of the Ising model, in the presence of four nearest neighbours and in the presenceof external magnetic field, H, with βH = 0.01 .
Category: Linguistics

Mathematical Derivation of a Quantized Space-Time

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.

Based on Prof. Bekenstein and Prof. Hawking, the black hole maximal entropy, the maximum amount of information that a black hole can conceal, beyond its event horizon, is proportional to the area of its event horizon surface divided by quantized area units, in the scale of Planck area (the square of Planck length). This is a surprising result since it limits the amount of information bits in a volume of space to the amount of Planck area units that can fit into its surrounding surface area. Taking this information limit to the event horizon of a sphere in the size of Planck length in each of its three dimensions, will open up a new approach to our space - time structure.Prof Bekenstein published 50 years ago his paper about " Black holes and entropy" .This paper proves mathematically , based on Prof. Bekenstein's formula that space-time must be quantized and this leads to the the discovery of an extra grid shaped dimension between the quantized units of space-time.This is a break through towards the ultimate connection between gravity and quantum mechanics in these days when physics is so blurry and confusing.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Importance of Bell's Theorem

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 5 Pages.

Bell's theorem reveals a logical problem that forces us to find a realistic physical explanation for a quantum-mechanical phenomenon. That explanation should reunite physicists and make physics comprehensible again.
Category: Quantum Physics

Why EPR Occurs: an Experimental Proof of [an Hypothesis]

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 6 Pages.

Discrepancies between theoretical and experimental results indicate flaws in the standard model. I proposed a simple hypothesis in the year 2003, the hypothesis of Residual Potential Energy and An Infinite Upper and Lower Continuum of Particles and Fields, represented as an acronym, RePInULCoPaFil. This simple hypothesis resolves all the paradoxes that plague the theory of quantum mechanics and more.The excitement over EPR paradox, following attainment of Schrödinger Cat-like State with 6 beryllium atoms gives me an opportunity to further probe into the chink in the armour of the standard model. I present an experiment, which, if conducted, would go on to simultaneously show (i) why EPR paradox (or Schrödinger Cat-like State) occurs, and (ii) make my hypothesis a theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Space-Matter of the Universe

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 12 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

Calculated parameters and characteristics of objects of the Universe are presented in dynamic space-matter. A model of an intergalactic apparatus is presented.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Connection Between the Wilson’s Theorem and the Lenstra-Pomerance-Wagstaff Conjecture

Authors: R. Daoudi
Comments: 4 Pages.

A Mersenne number M_n is defined such as M_n = 2^n−1 and a Mersenne prime is theform of M_p = 2^p − 1 where p is a prime number.Lenstra, Pomerance and Wagstaff (called LPW conjecture) have conjectured that there areinfinite many Mersenne primes. According to them there are many infinite Mersenne primesof the form M_p = 2^p − 1 for some prime p.In this paper I try to reformulate the LPW conjecture using the Wilson’s theorem.
Category: Number Theory

Formulae Yielding ((4-Sqrt(2))/8)*sqrt(pi)*zeta(3/2)

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 5 Pages.

We give some integrals for ((4-sqrt(2))/8)*sqrt(pi)*zeta(3/2), where zeta(x) is the Riemann zeta function.
Category: Number Theory

Some Deep Properties of the Green Function of Q. Guan on the line of Suita-Saitoh-Yamada's Conjectures

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 17 Pages.

In this paper, we would like to refer to some deep results of the Green function of Q. Guan on the conjugate analytic Hardy $H_2$ norm and on the line of Oikawa-Sario's problems; Suita's conjecture, Saitoh's conjecture and Yamada's conjecture and to propose new related open problems. In particular, Q. Guan examined the deep properties of the inversion of the normal derivative of the Green function, the property of the level curve of the Green function and the magnitude of the logarithm capacity with his colleagues.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Monte Carlo Packing Algorithm for Poly-Ellipsoids and Its Comparison with Packing Generation Using Discrete Element Model

Authors: Boning Zhang, Eric B. Herbold, Richard A. Regueiro
Comments: 14 Pages.

Granular material is showing very often in geotechnical engineering, petroleum engineering, material science and physics. The packings of the granular material play a very important role in their mechanical behaviors, such as stress-strain response, stability, permeability and so on. Although packing is such an important research topic that its generation has been attracted lots of attentions for a long time in theoretical, experimental, and numerical aspects, packing of granular material is still a difficult and active research topic, especially the generation of random packing of non-spherical particles. To this end, we will generate packings of same particles with same shapes, numbers, and same size distribution using geometry method and dynamic method, separately. Specifically, we will extend one of Monte Carlo models for spheres to ellipsoids and poly-ellipsoids.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Nonequilibrium Dynamics and High Energy Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

The time dependent Ginzburg Landau equation (TGLE) is a prototype model of non-equilibrium statistical physics and critical phenomena. This brief report points out that, applying TGLE to the chaotic dynamics of interacting fields hints to unexpected solutions to the challenges confronting high-energy theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Confirmation of Collatz Conjecture Correctness Eliminating Looping and Divergence

Authors: Tsuneaki Takahashi
Comments: 7 Pages.

Investigation is tried about correctness of Collatz conjecture. There reverse procedure of Collatz conjecture procedure is used. Possibility of looping and divergence is eliminated.
Category: Number Theory

Quantum Computer on the Moon

Authors: Harsimran Dhaliwal
Comments: 2 Pages.

Quantum computers are affected by noise. The Earth is not an optimal location for a Quantum Computer due to all the dynamic events that occur on the planet. Mother Nature, human activity, Weather Patterns, animals, machinery, waves, and any noun that you can think of somehow is constantly evolving or moving in space and time resulting in a noisy arena for a Quantum Computer. The opposite is true for the Moon. It is a very still place. There are no waterfalls, planes, vehicles, storms, winds, consciousness, or any other noise inducing activity that occurs on the Earth and not on the Moon. Therefor, we can test if superpositions and quantum entanglement lasts longer on the Moon using entangled photons. If photons remain entangled longer or can be entangled at a higher rate than on the Earth, the Moon is a good candidate for a quantum computer. We can test for this using the Double Slit Quantum Eracer experiment. If more photons are entangled and remain entangled on the Moon than with using the same experiment on the Earth, a quantum computer should be built in the Moon. The Far side of the Moon may be an optimal location. We can also test higher rates or longer durations of quantum entanglement using a simpler experiment using a laser emitting photons to a BBO crystal resulting in two entangled photons and two image sensor which may determine if the entangled photons reached the sensors without decohering.
Category: Quantum Physics

A General Theory of Artificial Intelligence Part 2

Authors: Matthew Groom
Comments: 6 Pages.

Where to start in growing a real Artificial Intelligence. Let us begin building the first AI, in this paper I will theoretically build an AI from scratch, so I will go through what to do, where to do it.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Pressure Sensor Chip with New Electrical Circuit for 10 kPa Range

Authors: Mikhail Basov
Comments: 13 Pages.

Characteristics of high sensitivity MEMS pressure sensor chip for 10 kPa utilizing a novel electrical circuit are presented. The electrical circuit uses piezosensitive differential amplifier with negative feedback loop (PDA-NFL) based on two bipolar-junction transistors (BJT). The BJT has a vertical structure of n-p-n type (V-NPN) formed on a non-deformable chip area. The circuit contains eight piezoresistors located on a profiled membrane in the areas of maximum mechanical stresses. The experimental results prove that pressure sensor chip PDA-NFL with 4.0×4.0 mm2 chip area has sensitivity S = 10.1 ± 2.3 mV/V/kPa with nonlinearity of 2KNL = 0.26 ± 0.12 %/FS (pressure is applied from the back side of pressure sensor chip).
Category: Classical Physics

Our Civilization at a Critical Historical Moment

Authors: Stoyan Sarg
Comments: 4 Pages. ecology of life

Our civilization is at a critical moment in its existence. Why is this not felt by politicians and world institutions? The reason is a serious misconception about the physics of space, which does not allow predicting one dangerous effect, which might happen in case of a nuclear war: the loss of part or the entire earth's atmosphere.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Tutorial: The Galilean Transformations’ Conflict with Electrodynamics, and its Resolution Using the Four-Potentials of Constant-Velocity Point Charges

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: Pages.

Acceleration is invariant under the Galilean transformations, which implies that a system moving at a nonzero constant velocity doesn't undergo acceleration it isn't already subject to when it is at rest. However a charged particle moving at a nonzero constant velocity in a static magnetic field undergoes acceleration it isn't subject to when it is at rest in that field (Faraday's Law or the Lorentz Force Law), and the needle of a magnetic compass moving at a nonzero constant velocity in a static electric field undergoes deflection it isn't subject to when it is at rest in that field (Maxwell's Law). The Galilean transformations therefore conflict with electrodynamics, and must be modified. Einstein obtained the modified Galilean transformations via postulating that the speed of light in empty space is fixed at the value c, which in fact is a consequence of electrodynamics rather than a postulate. Here we instead read off the space part of a modified constant-velocity Galilean transformation from the four-potential of a point charge moving at that constant velocity; its time part then follows from its space part plus either relativistic reciprocity (a fundamental property of the unmodified Galilean transformations) or the fixed speed c of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Could Mercury be the Remnant Core of a Once Hot Jupiter? a Grand Tack Alternate Scenario.

Authors: Robert Craig Murphy
Comments: 1 Page.

An alternate scenario of Dr. Kevin Walsh’s Grand Tack Hypothesis of early Solar System formation is presented focusing primarily on resolving the many as yet unanswered questions regarding the observed anomalous aspects of Mercury by hypothesizing if Mercury was once a Hot Jupiter.
Category: Astrophysics

A Few Insights Regarding Time and Dark Energy as it Relates to Quantum Gravity.

Authors: Robert Craig Murphy
Comments: 5 Pages.

Time, one of the most misunderstood concepts in science. Is it really limited to only being a cyclically measured duration between events, or merely being the parameter of change? Perhaps it has attributes and serves functions that we have not previously considered. Even if Time is just the parameter of change, Energy cannot exist without this continuous change. If t = 0, then E = 0; in fact Absolute Zero. It is hereby postulated and argued that Time itself is a fundamental form of dimensional energy and therefore it carriesits own force; commonly known as Dark Energy. If true, this somewhat radical hypothesis in regards to Time then also elegantly explains Quantum Gravity and Dark Matter, as well as providing further insight into the inner functionality of Black Holes.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Discussion Related to the Existence of the Entities of Space and Time

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 11 Pages.

Humans need the entity of Space to perceive relative positions between objects. Humans also need the entities of Space and Time to calculate values that Humans attribute to Motions, such as Velocity or Acceleration. The entities of Space and Time are also the entities that compose the four-dimensional Interwoven Space/Time entity, introduced by Einstein’s General Relativity theory, which provided an explanation of the origin of the attraction between Massive Bodies.However, although the notions of Space and Time, as Humans perceive these notions, do provide the significant explanation of the origin of the attraction between Massive Bodies, via Einstein’s General Relativity theory, the notions of Space and Time, as Humans perceive these notions, are not sufficient for providing explanations to an additional similar unanswered question: what is the origin of the attraction or the repulsion between Electrically Charged bodies?This paper presents the following prediction: Electric (or Magnetic) Fields are forms of Accelerations, like the Gravitational Field, which is already recognized as a form of Acceleration. This prediction also leads to the following thesis: Changes and Movements are the result of Interactions between Energies, and the entities of Space and Time are not entities that exist. The entities of Space and Time are notions (or entities), invented by Humans, because Humans need such notions to perceive Changes and Motions.For some Interactions between Energies, which result in Changes or Motions, Humans can attribute, to these Interactions, attributes of Space and Time, which will assist in providingexplanations to why these Changes or Motions are the result of these Energies Interactions.However, this paper predicts, that different sets of Interactions between Energies, should be assigned separate and independent attributes of Space and Time, different and independent from the Space and the Time attributes, assigned to other sets of Interactions between Energies, to provide an explanation for the origin of motions which are yet unexplained, such as: what is the origin of the attraction or the repulsion between Electrically Charged bodies?Because different and independent Space and Time attributes should be assigned to different sets of Interactions between Energies, then, Space and Time, as Humans perceive these notions, cannot exist, because the above implies, that there should be multiple, independent notions of Space, and multiple, independent notions of Time, and not just one universal Space entity, and just one universal Time entity, as Humans perceive the Space and the Time entities.By abandoning the conclusion that the entities of Space and Time exist, and by concluding that Changes and Motions are only the results of Interactions between Energies, the origin of attraction or repulsion between Electrically Charged bodies can be explained, in addition to the explanation, already provided by Einstein’s General Relativity theory, relating to the origin of the attraction between Massive Bodies.The prediction that the entities of Space and Time do not really exist sounds as an extraordinary, unbelievable, and out of line statement, at first. This is because, as presented above, the notions of Space and Time are crucial notions, which Humans need them, to perceive, understand and calculate Motions and Changes.However, this paper also proposes a relatively simple experiment, which if implemented, and its results will be successful, as this paper predicts, this will either validate or disprove, what is presented in this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Everest Hypothesis: Sexual Complexity as a Test of Replication Fidelity

Authors: Patrick D. Shaw Stewart
Comments: 30 Pages.

Sexual reproduction is nearly universal among complex organisms, yet the reasons for itselaborate accompaniments—from grueling migrations to intricate courtship displays—remainpuzzling. The Everest hypothesis proposes that this reproductive "excess" complexity evolved toexpose subtle defects in replication fidelity to selection. It rests on three key ideas: first, becausenatural selection acts on immediate fitness, it is often blind to mild mutator alleles that slightlydegrade germline DNA replication accuracy. Second, environmental instability exacerbates thisproblem by transiently favoring elevated mutation rates for short-term adaptation, even as theythreaten long-term genomic integrity. Third, complex, multigenic reproductive traits function asdemanding tests that magnify the phenotypic impact of mutational noise, allowing mate choiceor selective fertilization to purge high-mutation lineages. The hypothesis therefore predicts arise-and-fall dynamic in which mutator lineages increase during environmental change but arelater eliminated, and that recombination with residual high-fidelity genotypes can restorefidelity without erasing adaptation. The paper also makes concrete predictions and proposesspecific experiments to test these mechanisms. On this view, the elaborate accompaniments ofsex across the tree of life are not arbitrary ornaments, but evolved instruments of qualitycontrol that help lineages maintain genomic integrity in fluctuating environments.
Category: Quantitative Biology

The Evolution and Preservation of High-fidelity Genetic Replication

Authors: Patrick Douglas Shaw Stewart
Comments: 23 Pages.

The more genes are involved in the mechanism that transfers genetic material between individuals — including genes that usually do something else — The lower the chance that defective DNA polymerase genes with mutator mutations will be transferred.
Category: Biochemistry

The Rigged Hilbert Space Hoax

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 2 Pages.

We investigate the claim that the rigged Hilbert spaces could be used to make the bra and ket vectors rigorous. Our result is that the claim is not true, and that the rigged Hilbert spaces are a sleight of hand trick and a hoax.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Jocaxian's Little Blue Devil

Authors: Joao Carlos Holland Barcellos
Comments: 7 Pages. Atheist's arguments

against God’s existence. Some refer to the Catholic God, which has very well-defined features, some to gods who have a more blurred definition, therefore harder to be logically analyzed. Anyway, in almost every case, God has always the characteristic of, at least, being the creator of the universe and being endowed with awareness and intelligence. Among the arguments I gathered, the most recent and what I consider to be the most stunning one because it is extremely simple and yet devastating, is the "Jocaxian Little Blue Devil". Below, you will see the summaries of the main anti-God arguments and evidence, starting with the one that entitles this text. (The names in brackets '[]' next to each argument are the names of the probable authors of the original idea or the person from whom I got to know the idea).
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Human Mean Age 84 Years Determined by Relativistic Matter Wave and Anti-ageing Guidance

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 13 Pages.

It is found that relativistic matter wave provides a biological clock for human beings. At the first, two examples are given to show the validity of the relativistic matter wave. Next, the sunspot period, earth’s atmosphere circulation and human biological clock are investigated, the clock formula is derived. As the results, the period of sunspot cycle is calculated to be 10.93 years, the human mean age is calculated to be 84 years.
Category: Quantum Physics

Propellantless Gravity Assisted Acceleration in Two-Body Systems

Authors: Andris Atteka
Comments: 3 Pages.

Propellantless gravity assisted acceleration is a well known phenomena and has been practically used in spaceflight (e.g. Luna-3 and Voyager probes). However conventional propellantless acceleration in gravity field requires a three-body system. The fact that propellantless acceleration is possible also in two-body systems doesn’t appear to be widely known.
Category: Astrophysics