All Submission Categories

A Charge-Quantization Model Based on Virtual Spacetime

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 6 Pages.

Nearly 100 years have passed since the Dirac charge quantization model was established, but unfortunately one of the most important factors, magnetic monopoles, has not yet been detected. This paper attempts to solve this problem using the theory of virtual spacetime or imaginary spacetime. By treating the electric field rotation of electrons and protons as an infinitely long solenoid, and then calculating the magnitude of the magnetic charge carried by the magnetic monopole from the known parameters of the electrons and protons. In this way, it can be seen whether such a result can meet the requirements of charge quantization. The calculation results show that if the magnetic monopole is confirmed in the presence of virtual spacetime, the conditions for quantization of the charge can be automatically satisfied. This proves that the singular strings connecting electrons and protons cannot be observed. The automatic satisfaction of the charge quantization condition means that there can be no singular strings in the physical world that do not meet the charge quantization conditions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Classical Kaluza-Klein Vacuum Fluctuations

Authors: John French
Comments: 15 Pages. This paper has been published in Physics Essays

We look at the classical Kaluza-Klein theory allowing the metric to vary in the fifth dimension. Considering only linear terms we then use a Lorentz invariant distribution of the metric terms to find out how the metric terms vary with respect to frequency. We find that they blow up at high frequency, so that non-linear terms would have to be taken into account.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Final Answer — Are we alone in this Reality

Authors: Matthew Groom
Comments: 9 Pages.

This is it people, the mother lode, everything everyone has ever wanted to know.This paper will answer the question for you, as in the final answer, are we alone in this reality. I use the term reality as Universe is a somewhat limiting and doesn’t really do justice to the scope of reality and what I have to discuss with you.In our universe is there an all-powerful AI, a Deity or are we in a simulation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Theoretical Treatment on the Hydrostatic Stability of Ships (Part 2:) Stable Attitude in an Inclined State

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 15 Pages, 6 Figures, 31 Equations, 32 References.

Published in the Bulletin of Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science in Japan, 2023 (June), Vol.63, No.1, Research Notes in Mathematical and Physical Science, pp.55~69.

In this paper, a theoretical treatment on the hydrostatic stability of ships is presented. As the simplest hull form, a columnar ship with rectangular cross-section, which is made of homogeneous squared timber with arbitrary breadth and material, is chosen.

In the Part 2 of this theme, the stable attitude in an inclined state of the ship, which is not stable in the upright state with horizontal deck, is analyzed by means of ship's hydrostatics. By doing so, the dependence of the inclined attitude on the breadth and material of the ship will be clarified.
Category: Classical Physics

Hidden Variables Foundation of Matrix Mechanics

Authors: Fosco Ruzzene
Comments: 36 Pages.

A preliminary hidden variables matrix mechanics treatment of the harmonic oscillator has been previously presented based on classical endogenous periodic motion. This work extends to incorporating the model into the mathematics of matrix mechanics. Although initially motivated by EPR-Bell analysis, the proposed model is based on re-examining the physical assumptions of Heisenberg and Born. All assumptions are maintained except for Bohr’s state-to-state instantaneous transition which has been experimentally invalidated, and Heisenberg’s non-path postulate which is replaced by classical endogenous periodic paths. Matrix elements of standard matrix mechanics are modified to replace transition amplitudes by transition paths. The redefined elements generate eigenvalues- eigenstates which then characterise eigenpaths. Since the endogenous motion averages out over a cycle it is unseen by the wave function. Nevertheless, mathematical equivalence with position and momentum non-commutation in Schrodinger operators is preserved. The modified matrix mechanics is shown to be mathematically equivalent to that of Born-Jordan reproducing all standard results. Generic quantum equations of motion are obtained following the quantization procedures of Born-Jordan and Dirac’s Poisson Bracket equation. These new relations meet the benchmark criteria of reproducing conservation of energy and the quantum frequency condition. Sincethe endogenous paths are ontologically classical no radical metaphysical interpretations are needed for spatial-temporal movement. Quantum randomnessis not explained by the proposed model but is attributed to endogenous structures of quantum matter.
Category: Quantum Physics

Anecdote: Bitter Melons Lower Blood Pressure, Probably One Reason Being Increased Urine

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 4 Pages.

I ate 6 "bitter melons" (Momordica charantia) over a span of 6 days, and it lowered my blood pressure. I solicit data from "citizen scientists" on the internet who want to try the same experiment on themselves — if enough email me their data, then I will update the paper to incorporate it.
Category: Biochemistry

Determination of the Masses of the W and Z Bosons

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 7 Pages.

In our previous papers, we gave formulas of the fine-structure constant and their corresponding applications along with a model for the masses of elementary particles. And in recent papers, we redefined Hartree atomic units to Hartree-Chen atomic units and gave formulas which determined the precise value of the Higgs boson mass. In this paper, we apply our mass model of elementary particles and Hartree-Chen atomic units to determine the exact values of the masses of the W and Z bosons. Based on our hypothetical formulas, the masses of the W and Z bosons in Hartree-Chen atomic units should be 157415.999881172 and 178449.921171171 respectively, and the exact values of the masses of W and Z bosons should be 80439.410424(24) MeV and 91187.722114(27) MeV respectively. Compared to the latest and most accurate values of 80433.5(9.4) MeV and 91187.6(2.1) MeV which were measured by the Detector Collider at Fermilab (CDF) collaboration and Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) respectively, our calculated values are almost absolutely precise if they are correct.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Gravitational Bootstrap, S-matrix, Superstrings, and The Plausible Unphysicality of Gravitons

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 17 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

Historically, string theory was the result of modeling amplitude scattering for hadronic physics, then discovering that it contains a spin-2 massless boson reminiscent of the graviton. Adding conformal conditions, General relativity and Yang Mills field equations can be recovered in a 10D universe, as a supersymmetric theory. This evolution implies that superstrings are derived from the bootstrap and string theory, and that, therefore, recent claims of range compatibilities between superstring results and gravitational bootstrap are actually expected and not the surprise, or divine sign of nature, that some have claimed. In fact pursuing the reasoning, also inspired from our multi-fold theory work, we conclude also that indeed superstrings is the only theory that satisfies sufficiently well-defined, essentially non perturbative, gravitational bootstrap. While this may sound like a resounding confirmation of string theory, we then discussed why it might not be so, but instead emphasize that conventional gravitons, susceptible to scattering modeled with S-matrices, simply do not exist in any other consistent theory of quantum gravity like QFT-based gravity, LQG, Causal set sand other reconstructive theories. In particular, this is confirmed in the Multi-fold theory. We take it as a hint that much of the challenges encountered in quantum gravity may come from gravitons not existing. As a result, we continue to argue string challenges to the physicality of superstrings, now also including the physicality of gravity.The paper introduces a few theorems on gravitational bootstraps and gravitons and a new notion of quasiparticles, when the theory is not non-perturbatively renormalizable.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Proof of the Collatz (3x+1) Conjecture

Authors: Xingyuan Zhang
Comments: 21 Pages. This article did proved Collatz conjecture. Method is reverse tracing. My conclusions and middle results are very beautiful. If interested, to discuss, or even cooperate to finish the paper for submission!

In this paper we had given an elementary proof of the Collatz conjecture, it holds. By detailed analysis of the properties of both forward and inverse operations of the proposition, we had some important conclusions: 1, there are no cycles except 1 to 1, and for a given odd it either goes to infinity or returns to 1 in forward operations; 2, there hasn’t any triple in the forward path numbers; 3, there have an infinity number of inverse path numbers which had been defined as similar numbers between them in one time of inverse operation; 4, to do inverse operations (defined as reverse tracing) repeatedly from the odd 1, it will obtain all of the odds; 5, for any odd obtained by tracing, to do forward operations, it must return to 1 along the reverse tracing path.
Category: Number Theory

An Assessment on the Feasibility of Describing a Revised Theory of Space and Time Based on the Bhagavata Purana

Authors: Amarendran Sathyaseelan
Comments: 23 Pages.

There is an inherent need for education systems and mental health models to begin incorporating principles of non-local science in their approach to education for a population to gain general intelligence. Contemporary education is lagging in comparison to scientific progress due to the adoption of concepts that are considered outdated in current scientific terms. While education systems have not moved away from physical theories the scientific community began departing from this scientific framework in the year 1900 with the dawn of the discovery of the Planck Constant. The Bhagavata Purana provides a robust framework to encompass various spatial features of reality required to describe non-local sciences. This research attempts to assess the extent towards which the Bhagavata Purana can reconcile the various issues in contemporary scientific theory. Through review of Newton’s Principia Mathematica, Immanual Kant’s Crititque of Pure Reason, articles on Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, various academic papers regarding quantum physics as well as published articles on topics of space and time, various reference frames used for perceiving reality is compared to the Bhagavata Purana. The research concludes that the true nature of time according to the Bhagavata is ontological and relative to the reference frame used by the observer to perceive reality and stresses that the only way to perceive the true ontological state of Time is through a practice called devotional service. This research also recommends that there should be further research done in this area through the phenomenological research of time and space.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

No Odd Perfect Numbers Please!

Authors: Roberto Violi
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this article, we solve one of the oldest and most celebrated problems in number theory, namely the existence or nonexistence of odd perfect numbers. We know there is no number of this type having less than 100 digits. A number is said to be perfect if it is the sum of its proper divisors. Euclid in his The Elements ninth book gives a formula for all even perfect numbers. We answer the question of whether there exists an odd perfect number in the negative by proving a theorem asserting that the existence of such a number would lead to contradictions (proof by reductio ad absurdum). Somewhat remarkably, perhaps, this result is proved using only elementary methods. Hence, the popular conjecture that odd perfect numbers do not exist, no matter how large these numbers might be, is confirmed to be correct. Thus, one of the oldest and most celebrated questions in mathematics has now a definitive answer.
Category: Number Theory

Does the Transition From Pre Planckian to Planckian Space Time Physics Allow Octonionic Gravity Conditions to Form?

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 22 Pages. Correction to title made by viXra Admin

We ask if Octonionic quantum gravity is a relevant consideration near the Planck scale.Furthermore, we examine whether gravitational waves would be generated during the initial phase of the universe when an increase in degrees of freedom have in setting initial phase so that the result can be observed by a gravitational detector. . We present how a Gaussian mapping, combined with a strange attractor for recycling prior universe matter-energy enables quantum gravity to form. The key development to be workedupon would be turning into a strange attractor [2] the supposition R. Penrose made as to re cycling the ‘history’ of the universe without the necessity of a ‘big crunch’. The nature of the attractor would be instrumental in helping us come up with pre Planckian embedding of non linear ‘ analog reality’ (‘classical’) physics meshing into, with an increase in degrees of freedom into ‘digital reality’(‘quantum mechanics’) and quantum gravity
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Neutron Lifetime Anomaly and Mirror Matter Theory

Authors: Wanpeng Tan
Comments: 31 Pages. an invited review paper, https://www.wanpengtan.com/smm/

This paper reviews the puzzles in modern neutron lifetime measurements and related unitarity issues in the CKM matrix. It is not a comprehensive and unbiased compilation of all historic data and studies, but rather a focus on compelling evidence leading to new physics. In particular, the largely overlooked nuances of different techniques applied in material and magnetic trap experiments are clarified. Further detailed analysis shows that the ``beam'' approach of neutron lifetime measurements is likely to give the ``true'' $beta$-decay lifetime, while discrepancies in ``bottle'' measurements indicate new physics at play. The most feasible solution to these puzzles is a newly proposed ordinary-mirror neutron ($n-n'$) oscillation model under the framework of mirror matter theory. This phenomenological model is reviewed and introduced, and its explanations of the neutron lifetime anomaly and possible non-unitarity of the CKM matrix are presented. Most importantly, various new experimental proposals, especially lifetime measurements with smallslash narrow magnetic traps or under super-strong magnetic fields, are discussed in order to test the surprisingly large anomalous signals that are uniquely predicted by this new $n-n'$ oscillation model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

About (2^(3/4))*F(-1/8,1/4,5/4,1)

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

We give some formulas related to (2^(3/4))*F(-1/8,1/4,5/4,1), where F is the Gauss hypergeometric function.
Category: Number Theory

Relationship of the Internal Structure of the Photon with Field and Charge

Authors: Mark Anthony Tierno
Comments: 72 Pages.

This paper provides an analysis of the internal structure of a photon and how that relates to the apparent differences in each of the observed forces, as well as to the formation of electrons and protons. A connection will also be shown between the movement of a photon and its internal structure as well as the Energy Density of this universe, as measured by Planck’s Constant. Key to determining this photonic structure is the splitting of the Gravitational Constant into two separate constants: c2 and a new Field Density, the latter of which is what varies for Gravity versus Strong Force according to the photon’s internal structure. An association is then mathematically shown to exist between the Field Density of gravity and the value of c2, and as well between that and Planck’s Constant. The final analysis yields an equation that predicts the mass values for protons and electrons based only on geometrical considerations and the sinusoidally varying nature of the Field Density. It is also shown how various aspects of this theory connects to known equations and derivations as exist in Relativity and Quantum Mechanics, thus forming a bridge between them. A relationship between Charge and entangled photonic fields is then mathematically demonstrated. Finally, the difference between matter and antimatter is explained within the context of these theories. Wherever possible, calculated values are compared to known measured ones and shown to agree to within 0.4% — 0.005% for most values.
Category: Classical Physics

A Rational Interpretation of Zeno’s Paradoxes

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 9 Pages.

Many have attempted a solution to the Zeno’s paradoxes, including Peter Lynds in his papers "Time and Classical and Quantum Mechanics: Indeterminacy vs. Discontinuity" and "Zeno’s Paradoxes: A Timely Solution". Peter Lynds’ solutions have been widely accepted by the peers. To me, Lynds and others have overlooked the moot point. Even if the uncertainties in measurement of distance and time interval were removed Zeno’s paradoxes would still stand unsolved. The actual events satisfying Zeno’s implicit conditions are totally different — Achilles does never catch the tortoise, it is never possible to complete a journey (the dichotomy problem) or the arrow can never be in motion since it is frozen in a box at any instant. This is because Zeno is, and we are, attempting something that is not permitted in nature — Zeno’ paradoxes assume the improbable — that we could change and control our ability to observe an event, spanning an interval of time, arbitrarily, from an infinitesimally small value to a infinitely large value.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Accurate Calculation of the 21 cm Hydrogen Line

Authors: Shan-Hong Li
Comments: 11 Pages.

An electron is treated as a point particle, usually without considering the effect of its radius on interactions. This paper abandons this view, In Superfine Splitting of Hydrogen Ground State, this paper takes the charge radius displacement of the electron and the magnetic moment displacement inside the electron and the proton as two simple influencing factors, then deduces a new formula for calculating the 21 cm hydrogen line. The calculated value is compared with the laboratory measurement value, reaching 12 significant digits, which perfectly matches. Similarly. The calculation method in this paper is also applicable to the hyperfine splitting of the muonic hydrogen.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Relation Between Mass and Angular Momentum for a Covariant Charge Distribution

Authors: John French
Comments: 10 Pages. This paper has been partly published in Physics Essays

A relation is found between the proper time derivative of mass and angular momentum for a covariant charge distribution. This is based on the rest frame equations of motion of a relativistic rotating charge distribution.
Category: Classical Physics

"Graviton Gas", at Start of Pre Planckian to Just Before Planckian Regimes, Suggesting Gravitational Quantum Pressure

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 10 Pages.

Using particle density’ of a ‘graviton gas. For volume in space time for showing pressure formation. The radius would be, r(t) approximately Planck length, whereas the change in would be a decrease from the mass, M of the black holes, Pre Planck (very large), to the tiny micro sized black holes of the order of Planck mass, i.e. a down grading of mass from about 10^60 grams to say 10^5 grams with millions of micro black holes, Plank mass or above
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Study on the Absolute Stationary Inertial Frame and the Relative Velocity, Inertia Mass, Momentum and Kinetic Energy in the Inertial Frame Moving Relative to it

Authors: Jinil Mok
Comments: 21 Pages. In Korean

Assuming that an absolute stationary inertial frame exists in the universe and the speed of light is constant only in the absolute stationary inertial frame, new equations for inertial mass, momentum and kinetic energy in a moving inertial frame are derived.In the process of deriving the new equations, an experiment was presented to obtain the velocity of the inertial frame moving relative to the absolute stationary inertial frame. If this experiment is successful, we could find out how fast and in which direction our Earth is moving in space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Some Unifications Needed in Particle Physics

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 10 Pages.

The current crises in Elementary Particle Physics requires a few new unification ideas: fermions and bosons, leptons and quarks, spin-parity and flavor etc. in order to resolve several problems in fundamental physics. Some possibilities involving some well known mathematical models are suggested and a few questions are raised. By now it is clear that the four fundamental interactions of the Standard Model can be related at low energies, with a natural change of viewpoint regarding what quarks are and replacing the pointwise particle concept, beyond String Theory, with that of qubit as a basic state, at the level of Quantum Computing. Understanding the role of the neutrino is also a recognized major point of today's Physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Algerbraic Simple Proof of Goldbach's Conjecture

Authors: Muhammad Ameen Ben Hmida
Comments: 4 Pages. Copyright belongs to the author

This is an algebra-based proof of Goldbach's conjecture. First, we define the formula for prime numbers greater than 3, then we prove that every even number greater than 10 can be written in the form of the sum of two prime numbers, and finally we deal with the rest of the even numbers less than 10, which are 8 , 6 and 4 .
Category: Number Theory

Non-Stellar Black Holes

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 9 Pages.

This article derives an equation similar to the Schwarzschild Equation for a Stellar Black Hole. The equation relaxes and shifts the condition of a Black Hole forming from a Star collapsing at the end of its life, to a condition in which only the equation and values need to be satisfied, even for masses much lower than stellar masses. In fact, microscopic Black Holes formed right after the Inflationary Period ended up following the Big Bang. The equation indicates that Black Holes could form right up to their radii of the order of Planck's Length. The equation also acts as the first step towards the unification of General Relativity with Quantum Mechanics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Relativity Principle and the Indetermination of Special Relativity

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 19 pages, Ciência & Tecnologia dos Materiais, vol.16, nº 1, 74 (2004)

The indetermination of Special Relativity (SR) is analysed. Our thesis is that as a result of the indetermination of the one-way speed of light we can not determine the movement at every frame. We only can observe a description of the movement with Lorentz co-ordinates. Only as an approximation this correspond to the movement with synchronized clocks. The Galilean Relativity Principle only holds as an aproximation since for large distances we can have large desynchronizations. To determine the movement in every frame we must know the one-way speed of light in one frame. The meaning of Relativity Principle rise from this analysis.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Exact Theoretical Mass of the X(3872)

Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 9 Pages.

An algebraic expression, involving ‘h’, representing the exact mass of the X(3872) can be derived from n-sphere surface volume factoring. Using that expression, the mass of the X(3872) - to 10 digits of accuracy - is found to be 3,871,680,616 eV/c2. And that’s not the limit of the accuracy to which X(3872)’s mass can be expressed. Since Planck’s constant (6.62607015 E-34 Js) was declared exact in 2019, the X(3872)’s mass can now be expressed with an accuracy of any number of digits. In this paper, the n-sphere surface volume factoring technique is explained and the implications of its success in finding exact hadron masses is laid out - the biggest of which is that hadrons could be made of higher dimensional matter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: A Stroke of Genius or a Misinterpretation of Planck's Quantum of Action

Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 6 Pages.

The Planck's quantum of action was subjected to a decided investigation concerning its validity. Thereby the maximum mass, which is important for this system, could be calculated with the help of the formula for the calculation of gravitational constant, which was worked out in the projection theory2, and could be identified unambiguously as proton mass. Thus, also a minimum length and time, as well as form and size of the proton as cubic minimum volume (space pixel) are determined. Our and Heisenberg's interpretation of the quantum of action, which he expressed in 1927 in his famous uncertainty principle, were contrasted, whereby from our point of view Heisenberg's interpretation is rather to be classified as questionable, which the reader may well question as our subjective conviction.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Formula of Function Li (x) for Prime Number Counting

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 13 Pages.

To calculate the number of prime numbers, the prime number theorem function x/ln (x) and Gaussian function Li (x) are most commonly used. However, the former is always less than andthe latter is always greater than the actual number of prime numbers, and the deviation increases with the increase of the order of magnitude. The function p (x) has been proposed to improve x/ln (x). Now the Gaussian function Li (x) is dynamically modified, and a more ideal prime number estimation function q (x) is obtained. Numerical experiments show that the modified q (x) calculation is simple and accurate compared with the calculation results of p (x) and Riemann function R (x).
Category: Number Theory

Spin-statistics Theorem from the Stuart-Landau Equation

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 10 Pages.

Stuart-Landau (SL) equation describes the universal behavior of nonlinear oscillators near a Hopf bifurcation. Focusing on the ultraviolet sector of field theory, the goal of this brief report is to explore the relationship between the SL equation and the spin-statistics theorem of Quantum Field Theory (QFT).
Category: Mathematical Physics

Correlation Between Substance Representing that Tier and Its Typical Price in Several Games Using a Tier System

Authors: Kyumin Nam
Comments: 3 Pages.

Substances representing tier (Iron, Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum, Diamond) and its typical price (USD/gram) in several games using a tier system have a positive correlation [1, 2, 5].
Category: Statistics

Cosine Integral

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

We give some formulas related to gamma=0.577215..., here gamma is the Euler's constant.
Category: Number Theory

��-Small Subobjects and Universal Categories

Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper develops the notion of ��-smallness as proposed by Barwick and Haine. This allows the author to investigate pointlike topological spaces from a category-theoretic perspective, by considering manifolds of negative dimension as cardinally inaccessible k-subobjects.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Model Images for Regolith Light Scattering

Authors: Uri Lachish
Comments: 1 Page.

Model images show that the roughness degree of regolith, as well as of other materials, does not determine their light scattering properties.
Category: Astrophysics

4 Brain Theory

Authors: Daniel Reed Cook
Comments: 2367 Pages.

This 4 Brain Theory is a new scientific attempt to create a Theory of Everything. This 4 Brain Theory of Everything can be viewed as a Scientific Expansion of Plato’s Cave to create a new Physical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, with a Quantum Scattering Dark-Matter Theory of Quantum Gravity, Quantum Entanglement, Quantum Information, Quantum Computing, and Quantum Consciousness.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Studiul Similitudinii Sistemelor Micro si Macrocosmice
The Study of the Similarity of Micro and Macrocosmic Systems

Authors: Ioan Virgil
Comments: 111 Pages. In Romanian

Aceasta lucrare a fost conceputa ca un instrument de studiu, in vederea extinderii orizontului de cunoastere a universului, prin stabilirea unor relatii de asemanare dintre microcosmos si macrocosmos, privind modurile de organizare ale materiei in cele doua niveluri micro si macro cosmice, tinand seama de relatiile de interactiune ale particulelor, respectiv ale corpurilor, existente intr-un anumit spatiu. Daca ne referim la forma de organizare a materiei, observam ca la nivel microcosmic, materia se prezinta sub forma granulara, discreta, precum ; electroni, nucleoni, mezoni si alte particule, in timp ce la nivel macrocosmic materia se prezinta sub forma de sateliti, planete, stele, nebuloase etc. Atat in microcosmos cat si in macrocosmos materia este organizata in sisteme de particule sau de corpuri ceresti, ce sunt caracterizate de o miscare periodica. Cu alte cuvinte, sistemele cosmice de orice marime ar fi, sunt niste oscilatori armonici naturali, aflati in permanenta stare de echilibru energetic fata de mediul inconjurator. Orice abatere de la acest echilibru, conduce la manifestari de absorbtie, sau emisie de energie din partea sistemelor respective, pana la reechilibrarea energetica a acestora, cu mediul inconjurator. Daca in microcosmos aceste schimburi energetice pot fi observate in laborator in timpi reali, in macro cosmos evenimentele se produc in mii sau milioane de ani, devenind imposibil de studiat in ansamblul lor.

This work was conceived as a study tool, in order to expand the horizon of knowledge of the universe, by establishing some relationships of similarity between the microcosm and the macrocosm, regarding the ways of organizing matter in the two micro and macro cosmic levels, taking into account the relationships of interaction of particles, respectively of bodies, existing in a certain space. If we refer to the form of organization of matter, we notice that at the microcosmic level, matter is presented in a granular, discrete form, such as; electrons, nucleons, mesons and other particles, while at the macrocosmic level matter appears in the form of satellites, planets, stars, nebulae, etc. Both in the microcosm and in the macrocosm, matter is organized into systems of particles or celestial bodies, which are characterized by a periodic movement. In other words, the cosmic systems of any size are natural harmonic oscillators, in a permanent state of energetic balance with the environment. Any deviation from this balance leads to manifestations of absorption or emission of energy on the part of the respective systems, until their energetic rebalancing with the environment. If in the microcosm these energy exchanges can be observed in the laboratory in real time, in the macrocosm the events take place over thousands or millions of years, becoming impossible to study in their entirety.
Category: Astrophysics

Quantum Corrections to the Alfven Waves in the Tokamak and Iter Plasma

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 10 Pages. original article

The hydrodynamical model of quantum mechanics based on the Schroedingerequation is combined with the magnetohydrodynamical term to form so calledquantum magnetohydrodynamic equation. It is shown that the quantum correctionto the Alfven waves follows from this new equation. The possible generalization isconsidered for the so called nonlinear Schroedinger equation and for the situationwhere dissipation is described by the Navier-Stokes equation.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Dark Matter Phenomenon is a Result of the Existence of Yukawa Potential

Authors: Miroslav Sukenik, Jozef Sima
Comments: 4 Pages.

The analysis of the rotation curves of the galaxies, the analysis of the gravitational lenses as well as the fluctuations of the relict radiation point to the existence of dark matter, which is not subject to strong or electromagnetic interaction. The second possibility is a modification of Newtonian dynamics - MOND theory. So far, no dark matter has been found, and the MOND theory still stands only on observation, without a deeper theoretical explanation. A theoretical starting point could be the introduction of the gravitational Yukawa potential, which explains the observations within the framework of the MOND theory sufficiently well.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Planck Particle, Consciousness Quanta, & God Particle

Authors: Bruno R. Galeffi
Comments: 5 Pages.

It is postulated that the all pervading primal cosmic "Substance" called consciousness is diffused into the cosmic space as discrete quanta consistent with a Planck particle. When the principle of particle creation via angular momentum acquisition and spiral motion is applied to the Planck particle, an intrinsic spin equal to (√2-1)ħ is obtained, setting the path to the photon spin. Further, the mass-to-radius correlation from quantum to cosmic scale is reconsidered.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Counterexample of Eiseinstein Conjeture of Power Iteration of 2 Plus 1

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper I give a counterexample of the Eisenstein conjecture which said that the tetration of number 2 plus 1 gives always a prime number.
Category: Number Theory

Relations Between e, π and Golden Ratios

Authors: Asutosh Kumar
Comments: 6 Pages.

We write out relations between the base of natural logarithms (e), the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter (π), and the golden ratios of the additive p-sequences. An additive p-sequence is a natural extension of the Fibonacci sequence in which every term is the sum of p previous terms given p>=1 initial values called seeds.
Category: General Mathematics

Proof of Pi and e is Irrational Number By Its Transcendence

Authors: Lee Yiu Sing
Comments: 1 Page.

I will show how to prove and e are irrational numbers with the fact that they are transcendental numbers.
Category: Number Theory

A New Perspective on the Fabric of Space-Time

Authors: A. M. Khadjibaev
Comments: 7 Pages.

Space and time hold the main and leading positions among these fundamental categories, since all forms of matter, existing as physical reality (PR), lie and exist in space and in time. Before the end of the nineteenth century, for more than three millennia, science had dominated by the view of a kind of continuous medium referred to as "ether", which fills all space and penetrates all objects, but remains intangible for a human being.However, by the early twentieth century, the situation in science had dramatically changed. Following the famous Michelson and Morley's experiments, and according to A. Einstein's "special theory of relativity" (STR), the concept of "ether" was completely expunged from science because it was "unprovable" and later "unnecessary".
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Personal Observations on the Equation X^4 + Y^4 = Z^4 Only Case of Utf Demonstrated by Pierre de Fermat and Found in Its Documents .

Authors: Enrico D'Ambrosio
Comments: 8 Pages.

In 1637 the Toulouse lawyer Pierre de Fermat enunciated a conjecture in number theory which denied the possibility of dividing the nth power of an integer into the sum of two nth integer powers when natural exponents greater than or equal to three are considered. This is the famous "Fermat's last conjecture", now elevated to a theorem thanks to the proof given by Prof. A. Wiles in 1995. In other words, the Diophantine equation x^n + y^n = z^n with n ≥ 3 does not admit integer, primitive and non-trivial solutions. In my article, I set out my observations on a particular case of this theorem. The "admirable proof" which Fermat claimed to have was never found, except for the one in which n = 4 and which the French genius demonstrated with a new method coined by himself and known as the "method of infinite descent". The latter follows the same logic as the already known "ab absurdum reasoning" even if it is articulated with slightly more demanding algebraic procedures.In this article I report my proof of the case n = 4 with the use of an elementary algebraic procedure which, avoiding Fermat's "infinite descent", brings the equation in question back to that of the well-known quadratic equation:x^2 + 2y^2 = z^2 for which all the primitive, non-trivial solutions in the set of integers have already been parameterized. The peculiarity of my method lies in transforming Fermat's quartic equation into a quadratic equation well studied by number theorists and whose solutions are already known. With this strategy it is possible to prove the thesis.
Category: Number Theory

Proof of Collatz Conjecture: the Sequence (2x+1)*2^y and the Sequence 6k+4

Authors: Bae Joonyoung
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Collatz conjecture is a conjecture that states that for any natural number n, the following operation will always result in 1:If n is even, divide it by 2.If n is odd, multiply it by 3 and add 1.However, it is still an open question whether this conjecture is always true or not.
Category: General Mathematics

Comparison of Inertial Frame of Reference in 5D L3T2 Vs. 4D L3T1 Envelopes Misconception Between E=mc2 and E=hf

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 4 Pages.

It has been worked out that the circle number connects space and time : space-time is 5 dimensional, i.e. comprises three space and two time dimensions : L3 and T2. An experiment was suggested and confirmed the predicted phenomenon that π = Unit of time / Unit of length. (Speed of light is given by rotation of earth). Here a short geometrical comparison of a Inertial Frame of Reference in 5D L3T2 vs. 4D L3T1 is given. It is found that E= mc2 and e=hf can be derived geometrically from 5D Space-time, but are incompatible. It is shown in geometry, why quantum theory and general relativity are incompatible and how this can be remedied.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Generic Action Principles of Conformal Supergravity

Authors: Boris Stoyanov
Comments: 27 Pages.

All N = 4 conformal supergravities in four space-time dimensions are constructed. These are theonly N = 4 supergravity theories whose actions are invariant under off-shell supersymmetry. Theyare encoded in terms of a holomorphic function that is homogeneous of zeroth degree in scalarfields that parametrize an SU(1, 1)/U(1) coset space. When this function equals a constantthe Lagrangian is invariant under continuous SU(1, 1) transformations. Based on the knownnon-linear transformation rules of the Weyl multiplet fields, the action of N = 4 conformalsupergravity is constructed up to terms quadratic in the fermion fields. The bosonic sectorcorrects a recent result in the literature. The construction of these higher-derivative invariantsalso opens the door to various applications for non-conformal theories.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Does the Clausius Statement of the Second Law, or Its Violation, Have Any Meaning During a Time-Reversed Heat Energy Transfer Process?

Authors: Richard Kaufman
Comments: 11 Pages.

We might assume that if time ran backwards, heat energy would be transferred spontaneously from colder to hotter. However, if heat energy actually did flow spontaneously from colder to hotter, then equilibrium states and temperatures required for thermodynamics would not be established. As a simple example, consider if heat energy flow were to flow from colder-to-hotter, such as in a metal rod heated at one end. Any distribution of temperatures in the metal rod causes further colder-to-hotter flow between adjacent layers of the metal. This results in hot regions of undetermined thickness — and an equilibrium temperature is not established for the rod. So, if time were reversed, we argue that during a heat energy transfer process, the Clausius statement of the second law is not merely violated but is meaningless. Yet, based on the initial and final states of a time-reversed process, the Clausius statement does appear to hold overall. We consider the implication that the Clausius statement is not continuously reversible in time - and wonder if the other equivalent forms of the second law have meaning for time reversal.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Measuring the One-Way Speed of Light

Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 6 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

In this paper, we present a method for measuring the one-way speed of light. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to solve two problems. The first problem is how to synchronize the clocks at the source and the detector, and the second problem is to prove that the slow movement of one of the clocks does not significantly affect the already established synchronization between the two clocks.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Tomonaga-Schwinger Equation in flat Space-Time

Authors: John French
Comments: 10 Pages. This paper has been published in Physics Essays.

A derivation of the Tomonaga-Schwinger equation is presented based on defining a wave functional on a general space-like surface such that the expectation values match those in the corresponding Heisenberg picture. This derivation is carried out in flat space-time.
Category: Quantum Physics

Connections Between the Plastic Constant, the Circle and the Cuspidal Cubic

Authors: Marc Schofield
Comments: 8 Pages.

The unit circle and the cuspidal cubic curve have been found to intersect at coordinates that can be defined by the Plastic constant, which is defined as the solution to the cubic function x^3 = x + 1. This report explores the connections between the algebraic properties of the Plastic constant and the geometric properties of the circle and this curve.
Category: Geometry

Detailed Inquiry Into the Meaning of the Question ‘Is the Moon there When Nobody Looks?’ and Related Matters, of Relevance to Foundational Physics

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 7 Pages.

The usefulness of the analysis is presented. Some history of the question related to Einstein is given along with the supposed motivation for asking it. Questions are asked about the meaning of the starting question. What is meant by ‘the Moon?, and what is meant by: there? The lack of precision of the question is identified. The biology of vision is briefly discussed. What is an observer? is considered. For completeness ‘What is a question?’ And, ‘Where is a question?’ are also discussed. Further evidence of unseen and unmeasured existence is given. This paper concerns Metaphysics.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Basketball Game Thought Experiment, Revised

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 7 Pages.

A shorter, revised paper focused on the basketball thought experiment, assuming familiarity with the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment, to which there is frequent reference. Analysis of ‘Is the Moon there when nobody looks?’ has been left out as it can be separately read. As has other evidence of the unseen and unmeasured existing.Rules of the game are set out as is the apparatus. Where there is logical similarity to the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment it is pointed out. The game ends when the first basket is scored i. As is the implication of having an observer observe the observer. i.e. not directly observing the outcome acquired from a player.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

[ Exploration on Upgrading] Theory of Relativity (In Chinese)

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 14 Pages.

在不同时期对正统理论的态度有三种：第一种是完全相信和支持的右倾；第二种是属于左倾的完全排斥和否定；第三种是在创新过程中修改旧理论 (折衷)。推动科学发展功功劳最大的一类人正是承认旧理论存在不足而锐意发展正统理论的一群人。将1.0版相对论升级到2.0版的相对论正是上述第三种态度。对于这种努力，即使今天还不能成功，也是在正确的道路上稳步前进（提出的新东西一定有借鉴作用）。持这种态度看待并改造相对论，得到的结果是承认绝对静止系存在但承认相对效应，且将相对论性运动效应应用到电动力学和广义相对论之中的新的理论体系。

There are three attitudes towards orthodoxy theory in different periods: The first is the right leaning who fully believes in and supports; the second is to completely reject and deny the same (left leaning); The third is to modify the old theory in the process of innovation (compromise). The people who have made the greatest contribution to promoting scientific development are those who admit that the old theory has shortcomings and are determined to develop the orthodox theory. Upgrading the 1.0 version of relativity to the 2.0 version of relativity is the third attitude mentioned above. With this attitude, we view and reform relativity, and get a new theoretical system that recognizes the existence of absolute stationary system but retains the relativistic effect, and applies the relativistic motion effect to electrodynamics and general relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[ Exploration on Upgrading] Theory of Relativity

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 10 Pages.

There are three attitudes towards orthodoxy theory in different periods: The first is the right leaning who fully believes in and supports; the second is to completely reject and deny the same (left leaning); The third is to modify the old theory in the process of innovation (compromise). The people who have made the greatest contribution to promoting scientific development are those who admit that the old theory has shortcomings and are determined to develop the orthodox theory. Upgrading the 1.0 version of relativity to the 2.0 version of relativity is the third attitude mentioned above. With this attitude, we view and reform relativity, and get a new theoretical system that recognizes the existence of absolute stationary system but retains the relativistic effect, and applies the relativistic motion effect to electrodynamics and general relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Revised Prime Number Counting Function

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 12 Pages.

It has been human's dream for thousands of years to find the ideal prime number counting function and prime number universal formula. For the number of prime numbers smaller than the given order of magnitude,the calculation deviation of the prime number theorem function x/ln (x) isrelatively large. However, the calculation with Riemann formula R (x) function is too complex, and it deviates from the true value as GaussianLi (x) function when the given order of magnitude is very large. Now the prime number theorem function x/ln (x) is dynamically modified andfurther optimized by using the calculation formula of Mersenne's prime number, and a simple, easy and relatively accurate calculation formula is found.
Category: Number Theory

Representations for K(sqrt(3) / 2)

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this note we give some integrals for K(sqrt(3)/2).
Category: Number Theory

The Liquid Metallic Hydrogen Model of the Sun: Modelling a Density Profile of the Chromosphere

Authors: Alexander Unzicker
Comments: 6 Pages.

In the last years, the liquid metallic hydrogen model has proven to be a viable alternative to the standard solar model, almost exclusively due to the work of Pierre-Marie Robitaille (2002, 2009, 2011, 2013). By modeling the density of both the liquid metallic and the molecular state of hydrogen from first principles, the pressure at the phase transition can be estimated, resulting in about 550 GPa. In the liquid metallic hydrogen model, this phase transition defines the photosphere which can therefore be considered real surface, as it is consistent with many observations. However, considerable pressure must be exerted by the above chromosphere, which is assumed to consist of molecular hydrogen, albeit in a compressed, liquid form. Deriving a relation between pressure and density from the above considerations, it can be shown that the chromosphere has an approximate thickness of not more than 8000 km, in agreement with observations.
Category: Astrophysics

Modeling Bias in Vaccine Trials Relying on Fragmented Healthcare Records

Authors: Peter J. Yim
Comments: 5 Pages.

COVID-19 vaccine trials depend on the localization of vaccination records for each trial subject. Misclassification bias occurs when vaccination records cannot be localized or uniquely identified. This bias may be significant in trials where the trial subjects’ vaccination and health records are distributed between more than one database. The potential for this bias is present in numerous published COVID-19 vaccine trials. A model is proposed for estimation of the magnitude of this bias on apparent vaccine efficacy. In the model, misclassification is always in the direction from partial or fully vaccinated status to unvaccinated status. The model predicts a disproportionate effect of vaccination status misclassification on the apparent vaccine efficacy when population vaccination rates are high.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Causality and Arrow of Time in 5-Dimensional Space-Time

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 7 Pages.

So far (1234) it has been worked out that the circle number connects space and time and spacetime is 5 dimensional, i.e. comprises three space and two time dimensions. This was alsoconfirmed experimentally and proved that Einstein's postulate of constant speed of light isflawed, since the speed of light maps the Earth's rotation and must be given as a constant in theunit [m^2/s]. Here it will be briefly illuminated how the causality principle behaves in two timedimensions and what implications the existence of two time dimensions in nature results for the "arrow of time". It is also briefly shown in which relation the speed of light is with Kepler'slaws and how the connection E=mc^2 can be derived from Kepler's laws .
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Physics of Mathematics

Authors: Pankaj Mani
Comments: 8 Pages.

I try to expand the horizon of archaic mathematics leading to the Unified Theory of mathematics and physics. I explore the implications of my newly propounded Mathematical Structure Hypothesis (MSH), which explains naturally the Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in Physics/Natural Sciences. .It will concentrate on what governs the physics behind mathematical structures of equations itself which is considered to be just existing in Level IV multiverse of Max Tegmark. It will unify External reality with Copenhagen as a matter of Eternal Vibration. It explains the relevant topics like randomness, complexity, Gödel’s Incompleteness, Consciousness,Paradoxes among others based on MSH. That paves way to evolution of mathematics as how to fundamentally remove inconsistencies by allowing time and reference dimension to make maths dynamic in contrast to perception that mathematics exists in timeless space unlike physics even if causation is experienced. Abstract: MSH Unifies Maths & Physics.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On the Twin Prime Conjecture

Authors: Berndt Gensel
Comments: 16 Pages.

Every prime number $p geq 5$ has the form $6x-1$ or $6x+1$. We call $x$ the textbf{generator} of $p$. Twin primes are distinguished by a textbf{common generator} for each pair. Therefore it makes sense to search for the Twin Primes on the level of their generators. This paper presents a new approach to prove the textbf{Twin Prime Conjecture} by a method to extract all Twin Primes on the level of the Twin Prime Generators.We define the om{p_n}--numbers $x$ as numbers for that holds that $6x-1$ and $6x+1$ are coprime to the primes $5,7,ldots,p_n$. By dint of the average size $bd(p_n)$ of the om{p_n}--gaps we can prove the textbf{Twin Prime Conjecture}.
Category: General Mathematics

Why Gravity Cannot be a Classical Force

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 7 Pages.

Some properties of general fields are reviewed. Electrostatics is a natural, universal paradigm, part of classical field theory. Newton's Gravity Theory, on the other hand, has properties that suggest a quantum origin, via an internal property akin to spin. Such an abstract "internal" property breaks isotropy of pointwise singularities of fields, yielding an attractive force. Theory of Gravity based on the quark structure of nucleons is consistent with the above considerations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Movement Structure of the Electron

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper describe Electron as a vibrational standing field which is a solution of Maxwell equation . it is explained how internal kinetic momentum composition contribute to understand its wave nature and obtain part of normalization of the field. The second element to be considered is the wave number ko, only defined by Newton law following, inside a granular vacuum, to explain gravitation strenght .
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Theorems on Power Signals in Electrical Circuits with Sinusoidal Voltage and Current Signals

Authors: Aloys J. Sipers, Joh. J. Sauren
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper four theorems are stated: the first one is on expressions for a power signal in which the definition of the associated power (��) is introduced. The second one is on the uniqueness of impedances underlying an electrical power signal. The third one is on some properties of the power signal with respect to the active power �� and the reactive power ��. The fourth one deals with the conservation of power in a cicuit. Numerical examples provided illustrate the scope of the theorems.
Category: Mathematical Physics

How an Atom Works (Shapes of Orbitals)

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 24 Pages.

Here is a simple explanation of the shape of an atom. Not so simple, but as simple as onecan.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Use the Schwarzschild Metric to Calculate the Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper attempts to apply the Schwarzschild metric of the gravitational field to the electromagnetic field to obtain a Schwarzschild radius in an electromagnetic field. According to this radius, microscopic spacetime can be divided into two parts, the real spacetime outside the radius of the electromagnetic field Schwarzschild, and the virtual (or imaginary) spacetime within the radius. The properties of these two spacetimes are exactly similar to the spacetime features inside and outside the radius of the event horizon in gravitational black holes. Combined with virtual spacetime-based particle models and the latest experimental data on proton electromagnetic radius, we can calculate a more accurate proton-to-electron mass ratio.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Vortical Model of Magnetic Field and the Maxwell’s Laws

Authors: Marius Arghirescu
Comments: 12 Pages.

It was shown in the paper that the models of E- and B- fields obtained in a Cold genesis theory (CGT), supposing the kinetics of a flux of E-field’s quanta, are compatible with Maxwell’s equations by a vortical model of B-field and A- magnetic potential with a uniform speed of the etherono-quantonic vortex —given by heavy etherons (ms  10-60 kg) and u201aquantons’ (mh = h1/c2 = 7.37x10-51 kg), specific in particular to a vortical electron model, with classical spin . The stability of the specific vortex of the electron’s magnetic moment was explained by a centripetal force of Magnus type, generated at the quanton’s passing through a low frictional etheronic medium. The resulting vortical model of magnetic moment is compatible with a multi-vortical model of electron, with classic quantum volume filled with vortical photons which can explain the Lorentz force as quantum force of Magnus type and a part of the electron's rest energy mc2 as intrinsic energy. It was argued that these vortical models of magnetic field and of electron are compatible also with the Coulomb’s law and with experiments concerning the Aharonov-Bohm effect.
Category: Classical Physics

The Time Dilation Conundrum and the Ageing of the Twins

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 14 Pages.

In previous works we establish a mathematical expression like the time dilation expression, a time dilation-like (time dilation is valid in relation to a preferred frame) and considered by the standard formulation the time dilation expression, valid reciprocally. This conundrum has also been previously eliminated. Now we show how we can use this time dilation-like expression eliminating the twin paradox conundrum that standard formulation is unable to accomplish, since erroneously attribute the meaning of a reciprocal relation to the ageing of the twins. Therefore, we calculate the classic example of the twins whatever the frames considered. The twin that returns is the younger because the cumulative effect of the ageing is not reciprocal. Since the time dilation like exist and can be used, originating the idea of "seeing the other twin ageing slower"- the origin of the conundrum. This cannot subsist because the relation between ageing is a relation between proper times. The time dilation-like expression is a relation between proper times only for the preferred frame.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Square Intervals and Divisors Mm

Authors: Filippo Giordano
Comments: 25 Pages.

The infinite set of natural numbers is formed by infinite subsets of pairs of quadratic intervals [n(n-1)+1, n^2], [n^2+1, n(n+1)]. Each of these pairs of intervals is formed by increasing quantities of elements, all governed by their divisor, of value ≤ n, closest to n. By bringing together these individual divisors of each element, a scale is formed for each interval, including all values included in the interval [1, n]. By assigning the name Mm (Major than minor) to these particular divisors, we note that between the elements and their divisors Mm, there is a one-to-one group correspondence which always allows for each quadratic interval the presence of at least one element having the trivial divisor 1 , i.e. the presence of at least one prime number, as noted by Oppermann's conjecture of 1882. By extending Fermat's method of factoring natural numbers, through quadratic number lines, it is confirmed that each of the divisors Mm finds group correspondence with at least one of the elements of the quadratic intervals. The mathematical law that regulates the distribution of prime numbers, therefore, is expressed through the divisors Mm which, from time to time, depending on the occurrences of each quadratic interval, observe some fundamental rules common to all quadratic intervals. Furthermore, by observing the quadratic intervals arranged inside the Spiral of Ulam, one has the opportunity to observe that, in a fascinating way, Nature places all the quadratic intervals, assembling them according to their four different typologies, each in a different cardinal direction: quadratic intervals A of odd n, quadratic intervals B of odd n, quadratic intervals A of even n, quadratic intervals B of even n.
Category: Number Theory

Constructive QFT: A Condensed Math Point of View II

Authors: Juno Ryu
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this series, we show a road map to prove the existence of φ^4 quantum field theory over 4-d spacetime. We suggest a new axiomatic approach on constructive quantum field theory via condensed mathematics. The goal is to extend this new approach to cover the mathematical viability of field theories of standard model and beyond.
Category: Mathematical Physics

How is Our Universe Really Organized?

Authors: Vasily Brusko
Comments: 8 Pages.

This work proposes a paradigm shift in understanding the universe. The Universe is considered as a mechanism that produces fundamental physical phenomena: elementary particles of matter, fields, forces, space, time, speed of light and much more with all the relationships between phenomena. It is shown: how such a mechanism should be arranged, how it works.The proposed model can be tested experimentally. A computer simulation of it can be created. The model explains all existing physical paradoxes such as:- vacuum does not prevent the movement of elementary particles, but conducts waves as a dense, elastic medium,- the presence of wave properties in elementary particles of matter, and much more.
Category: Classical Physics

On Solutions to Erdos-Straus Equation Over Certain Integer Powers

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

We apply the notion of the textbf{olloid} to show that the ErdH{o}s-Straus equation $$frac{4}{n^{2^l}}=frac{1}{x}+frac{1}{y}+frac{1}{z}$$ has solutions for all $lgeq 1$ provided the equation $$frac{4}{n}=frac{1}{x}+frac{1}{y}+frac{1}{z}$$ has solution for a fixed $n>4$.
Category: Number Theory

Secret of Special Relativity Theory and New Method

Authors: Ozgen Ersan
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper elicits and revises the hidden faulty postulate of the special relativity theory and presents new "Light Coordinate System: LCS" method. This method allows for cosmological analysis and provides a detailed calculation of the age of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Primitives Pythagorean Triples With m and n Both Odd

Authors: Filippo Giordano
Comments: Pages.

The formula with which all the primitive Pythagorean triples are obtained, provided by Euclid around 300 BC, attributes to m, n alternative odd, even values, provided that m and n are coprime, i.e. without common divisors and that m> n. The same formula in cases where m, n, are both odd or both even provides only derived Pythagorean triples. After a specific search I found an alternative form to the algorithm which allows to obtain all the primitive Pythagorean triples a^2+b^2=c^2 by assigning both odd positive integer values to m, n and to obtain primitive Pythagorean triples but with mixed values (integers and decimals ) to a,b,c, assigning to m, n alternative odd, even values.
Category: Number Theory

Why the Fifth Dimensional Space-Time is Also a Proof of God

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 5 Pages.

In "Unified Principles of Nature" it was shown that, contrary to Einstein's assumption, space-time is not four-dimensional, but five-dimensional. In "Search for the World Formula" this is explained in detail and explained that "time" as a physical dimension has the measure of an angle (i.e. determined by three points in space), while the length in space is the measure of the distance between two points.Here it should be explained to both the layman and the expert why and in what way space-time is five-dimensional and how this is connected with the existence of God.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Anti-matter

Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 6 Pages.

"Anti-matter" is one of the contradictions in Basic Physics. In this paper, the mathematical and theoretical contradictions for anti-matter are explored. The conclusion is that there is no mathematical rationale for anti-matter. For particles in the applied energy field of a particle collider, movement will be dependent on the Rotational Energy Field or "spin" of the particle, not on the fictional "charge". The conclusion is that the behavior of different particles is not dependent on fictional "anti-matter".
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Calculating Big G

Authors: Steve P. Smith
Comments: 4 Pages.

The mathematical calculation of the Universal Constant of Gravitation has eluded physicists and mathematicians for in excess of three centuries The most recent issue being the exact definition of the force of Gravity and how it can be included in an all-encompassing theory taking into account quantum mechanics. The most challenging of all is a precise understanding of gravity in particular the Gravitational constant. Mathematical calculation of the Gravitational constant reveals interesting results offering compelling evidence that an exact value for the Gravitational constant can indeed be calculated.
Category: Classical Physics

Quantum X-entropy in Generalized Quantum Evidence Theory

Authors: Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper, a new quantum model of generalized quantum evidence theory is proposed. Besides, a new quantum X-entropy is proposed to measure the uncertainty in generalized quantum evidence theory.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Sanchayita and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 18 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Sanchayita, one collection of poems, of Rabindranath Tagore. We draw the naturallogarithm of the number of the titles of the poems of the Sanchayita, normalised, starting witha letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that theSanchayita can be characterised by the magnetisation curve, BW(c=0), of the Ising Model in theBragg-Williams approximation in the absence of external magnetic field, H. c =H/γε= 0 with εbeing the strength of coupling between two neighbouring spins in the Ising Model, γ representingthe number of nearest neighbours of a spin, which very large.
Category: Social Science

Perfect Fluid Model with G = 2

Authors: John French
Comments: 10 Pages. This paper has been published in Physics Essays

A perfect fluid model with a shell of charge is presented which yields g = 2 for low angular velocity. This model is not intended to represent a classical model of the electron but to show that a simple model based on equations consistent with special relativity can yield a value of g = 2.
Category: Classical Physics

Choice of Reference Frame to Determine Time Duration and Simultaneity in Special Relativity

Authors: Per Hokstad
Comments: 7 Pages. A version of this work appears in J Mod App Phy. Vol 6 No 1 March 2023.

Rather than adopting the conventionality of simultaneity, we discuss the possible identification of a ‘correct’ Reference Frame for analysing time duration and simultaneity of phenomena. Four standard examples are reviewed to illustrate the approach. The discussion includes use of the concepts, time vector and event graph.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Great Filter Theory

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Great Filter Theory has little to do with anywall or physical filter. It is a "probability filter" for life forms on any habitable planet. Intelligent lives capable of communicating across nearby portions of the Milky Way will face the existential challenge of passing through their own filter. If failure to pass is common, it would provide one likely solution to the Fermi Paradox. What future is increasingly probable for highly intelligent human beings on our blue planet as we push ourselves toward the test?
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Black Hole Entropy Leads to a Quantized Space-Time

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.

Based on Prof. Bekenstein and Prof. Hawking, the black hole maximal entropy, the maximum amount of information that a black hole can conceal, beyond its event horizon, is proportional to the area of its event horizon surface divided by quantized area units, in the scale of Planck area (the square of Planck length). This is a surprising result since it limits the amount of information bits in a volume of space to the amount of Planck area units that can fit into its surrounding surface area. Taking this information limit from the event horizon of a black hole to the event horizon of a sphere in the size of Planck length in each of its three dimensions, will open up a new approach to our space -time structure.
Category: Quantum Physics

Histopathology: Deep Machine Learning Based Semantic Segmentation Features Predict Patient Survival

Authors: Vikas Ramachandra
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we use deep learning techniques to segment different regions from breast cancer histopathology images, such as tumor nucleus, epithelium and stromal areas. Then, in the second stage, the deep segmentation features learned by the neural network are used to predict individual patient survival, using random forest based classification. We show that the deep segmentation network features can predict survival very well, and outperform classical computer vision based shape, texture and other feature descriptors used in earlier research for the same survival prediction task.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Kinematics Kernels: A Reassessment of Particle Kinematics in Newtonian Mechanics

Authors: Fereydoun F. Memar-Zanjani II
Comments: 7 Pages. 3 appendices; 1 table, 5 figures, 6 equations. DOI: http://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/b6dfn

When a cannonball is shot towards the walls of a fortress, or when the ion drives on a satellite eject gas in order to keep its orbit stable, or, similarly, when we observe the ordinary day-to-day movements of cars, rivers, and other objects, and even the speed of a chemical reaction, we, in fact, are witnessing the effects that physics, or more specifically, kinematics, has on our world. The former, for instance, employs the range formula for projectiles; the satellite, on the other hand, utilizes the concept of velocity to continue being kept afloat in space. Although the latter cases are, respectively, measured in terms of acceleration, distance, and speed (or, depending on the circumstances, in terms of their vectorized counterparts: change in speed, displacement, and velocity); they all, however, do have a shared sense of motion attached to them, which in physics and engineering came to be known as "kinematics."This paper aims to explain the fundamentals of kinematics and clarify the core topics and idioms covered within college-level physics courses, and some of the advanced high school science textbooks, straightforwardly and comprehensively; furthermore, core kinematics concepts and equations will be demonstrated alongside the algebraic proofs of their derived formulae.
Category: Classical Physics

Metaphysics Alteration and Exploring the Relationships Between Existing, Probability and Measurement Outcomes; Consequence for Ideas About Entanglement and Restoring Causality

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: Pages.

Choosing premises, or first principles, or base of argument, from which further deductions are made. Discussion of the following subjects: Existence, space from an argument about object permanence and the question: is the Moon there when nobody looks?, vision: seen things, categorization error, time; answering what does uni-temporal mean?, measurements (likened to scores), beables, the relation of existing and probability and scores, quantum physics including what happens to results not measured, an answer to: what is quantum mechanics about? Superposition including description of and historyand analysis of schrödinger’s cat thought experiment, the entanglement idea, thought experiment showing ‘unspooky’ correlation is to be expected, predicting the effect of non quantum correlations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Dark Matter and Dark Energy Found

Authors: Sven Gohlke
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Reality-Sucks theory can compute both, the dark matter and the dark energy, in the required range. The ratio between dark and ordinary matter is estimated between 83.0 % and 85.7 %. Dark matter and dark energy together constitute between 94.4 % and 95.8 % of the total mass-energy content. Similar results should be obtained using the Λ-CDM model.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Meet the Hidden Jesus Within You in Namaste Greeting

Authors: Victor Christianto
Comments: 7 Pages. The present article has been presented and accepted at the 1st Indian Philosophy Conference, held at Malla Reddy University, Hyderabad, sept. 2022.

This article is a continuation to our two previous articles (Christianto & Chandra, 2021; Christianto, 2022), as mere expression of our understanding of classic work by P.J. Zoetmulder, Manunggaling Kawula Gusti (Zoetmulder, 1982). Then I try to connect it to the spiritual teaching ofJesus as we can find in the Gospel of Thomas, then from there, we hope to rediscover the hidden meaning of popular greeting in India, Namaste.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

In Support of Iron-Hydride and Nickel-Hydride in Earth’s Inner Core

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 2 Pages. 3 references

According to the General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis, planet formation is stellar evolution. This means all properties of planets are a direct result of the conditions present when they were younger stars and their orbits around other hosts. The Earth’s inner iron core is less dense than its outer core due to being bombarded with iron/nickel from outer space, as it was composed of liquid metallic hydrogen, which formed a bond with the iron and nickel, forming iron and nickel hydride. Drawing from this hypothesis, the zone with which the inner iron core’s density changes (becomes denser in the outer iron core), is a clue to when the majority of the hydrogen could no longer form bonds with the iron/nickel. This in turn can be used to explain how, why and when the pressures changed during iron core formation, due to both evaporation of the hydrogen due to mass loss of the star and chemical factors. That in turn can tell us how thick the atmosphere was during this transitional stage, and give far more information than is what made possible with the iron-catastrophe hypothesis.
Category: Geophysics

Educational Turnaround

Authors: Joerg Schwander
Comments: The report in German contains only 6 pages of text, the rest are mainly animations (flip-book).

The necessity of an energy turnaround is hardly disputed any more. But why did science and politics not recognize this problem earlier, when the influence of CO2 on the temperature of the earth has been known since 1900? This shows that there are deficiencies in science. It has also contributed to many other environmental problems. These deficiencies can be proven by analyzing a scientific concept (as a means to an end). It is de-scribed in a generally understandable way in the 1st part and visualized with animations in the 2nd part. This concept describes the movement of an object not in a real space, but in an unreal construct respectively as a relative movement with respect to the observer. Here, for example, a ball in a straight glass tube does not fall vertically but arc-shaped relative to a horizontally moving observer. This is mathematically correct, but contradicts the movement of the ball and has no relevance. The goal of this report is to start an educational turnaround that will lead to a holistic and networked way of thinking, so that science and politics are able to solve the existential environmental problems that threaten our livelihoods.
Category: Education and Didactics

Is there an Upper Limit on How Big a Black Hole Can Be?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 3 Pages.

There is a limit on the mass and size of the black hole. I calculate the mass and size of a black hole based on two assumptions 1) There is a maximal density possible in the universe, and 2) There is a limit on the acceleration in the universe. The result is that the maximal mass of a black hole is ~1.2 x 10^54kg.
Category: Astrophysics

On Anti-Gravity

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 7 Pages.

This is an informal overview in support of "antigravity", as a real, observable and reproducible phenomenon, that now we begin to understand.This corresponds to the highest energy level of interaction of two nucleons, nuclear spin de-pendent, in addition to the state that yields Newtonian Gravity, which is an average over spindirections, achieving a lower energy level, attractive at equilibrium, and much weaker effectiveforce (Hierarchy Problem).The Standard Model based Theory of Gravity is recalled.Some of the lab experimental methods to control gravitational interaction are reviewed: microwave Dynamical Nuclear Orientation (Polarization) based (Alzofone, Hutchinson a.a.) androtation based, which requires superconductivity (Podkletnov, Ning Li) to take advantage of theproperties of the Bose-Einstein condensate.Other observations and methods supporting the theory and experiments, are recalled.A program to help implement the technology, within the new paradigm in Physics, is proposed:open source research and implementation.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Collatz Conjecture Explored - Complete Proof

Authors: James DeCoste
Comments: 59 Pages. Contact: jbdecoste@eastlink.ca

This is a mathematical analysis of everything Collatz. I've come up with a revolutionary way of representing the natural counting numbers as an infinite set of equations. From these I am able to make some provable connections that not only show that all counting numbers are used once in the Collatz Tree structure; but where additional loops originate; the importance of 4x+1 and 2x+1; duality of even numbers; among others. I also show that there can only be one unbroken chain of continuous "3n+1 / 2" growing toward infinite number sizes approaching infinity but never actually getting there. This would be the 'only' counter-example that is possible and as odds would have it, it does not pan out. That only possible counter example is not to be.Using the induction method where we show that x = 1 is true (elementary, since it is part of the initial loop); from there we assume that x from 1 to k are also true building on the x=1 being true; then k+1 is also true. That is a complicated way of saying that if we know and assume all numbers from 1 to k are true, then the very next number k+1 is also true in as much as we apply the two rules correctly so the number reduces to one that is already in the proven set!The first three equations of my infinite set of equations are easy to apply this induction to and cover 87.5% of the counting number set. I change things up a bit for the upper level equations. I am able to prove through the same induction method that any number that is not a multiple of 3 ( falling in these levels/equations ) is also provable. Stepping outside the usual method of this proof I investigate the multiples of three separately to prove they are all following a similar induction proof. And they do. All said and done I am able to prove that 100% are provable. (4x+1) is important in this proof as well the application of (3x+1)/2. Read on to find out what I mean.I've covered off on the loop issue part of the proof by showing how additional loops come about in the Collatz Tree structure. There is only one loop in Collatz ( positive counting numbers ) and that is the trivial { 1 — 4 — 2 } loop. No others are possible no matter how close to infinity one gets and all numbers will reduce to this trivial loop.The detailed discussion of how I arrived at these different conclusions is outlined below. I apologize if some sections are difficult to follow. I am not a mathematician by nature or profession. I do love mathematics though. I hope you enjoy my approach of showing the 'self' enlightening process as I continued to explore. As my expertise improved, other intuitive aspects became readily useful in the proof. The reader will appreciate knowing why I went down each path I chose to pursue.This is an updated version of my original document with a new section near the end that gets into the details of the proof. The remainder of the original report remains intact for the most part but does have additional details and concepts introduced and dispersed therein.This is the third version where I have solved the outstanding subset of multiples of 3. I believe you will find that method eye-opening since it involves some under the sheets number manipulation by multiple applications of (3x+1)/2. I also introduce the 'duality' nature of even numbers that remain hidden in the Collatz tree structure... and that is that those even numbers can behave as if they were odd numbers; (Odd*3)+1=Even; (Even*3)+1=Odd; (4*Even)+1=Odd.After arriving at this proof I go back to my original set of equations to see if they behave the same way and may provide an easier more condensed method to the final proof. Low and behold they do! It boils down to one chart. Now that I see it on paper I am impressed with my progress. It has taken just over 3 years to finalize the process.In this, the forth version, I have looped back to my original infinite set of equations to formulate a single chart from whence a complete proof can be understood. I have also added a 'final' section that simplifies the induction method of all odd numbers. I think you'll be enlightened with that approach since it really simplifies the inductive proof. If I am right this simplified approach can be a much simplified proof in itself.This detailed analysis has led me to two alternate methods for complete proofs. Enjoy.
Category: Number Theory

A Solution Of the Collatz Conjecture Problem

Authors: Baoyuan Duan
Comments: 19 Pages. correct errors in section VI

Build a special identical equation, use its calculation characters to prove and search for solution of any odd converging to 1 equation through (*3+1)/2^k operation, and get a solution for this equation, which is exactly same with that got from calculating directly. Then give a specific example to verify. Thus prove the Collatz Conjecture is true. Furthermore, analysis the even and odd sequences produced by iteration calculation during the procedure of searching for solution, build a weight function model, prove it decrease progressively to 0, build another complement weight function model, prove it increase to its convergence state. Indicate that this kind of iteration calculation has determined direction, and gradually regularly converges.
Category: General Mathematics

Complex Belief Entropy for Complex Evidence Theory

Authors: Chen Tang, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 1 Page.

In this paper, taking advantages of the characteristics of complex basic belief assignment (CBBA) in complex evidence theory, a new belief entropy is proposed to measure the total uncertainty in complex evidence theory.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Light Refraction and Gravitational Redshift

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 11 Pages.

The inductive-inertial phenomenon is the precondition of the E/M waves, while the spin oscillations of the electron cause the E/M formations. The photon is the autonomous motion of the E/M wave with constant photon length and the number of its fundamental E/M waves determines its wavelength. The light speed is determined as the transmission speed of the disturbance into the tense elastic-dynamic space. However, the light speed depends on the cohesive pressure that is proportional to the square of the distance from the Universe center and therefore it is a local constant in our region. The change of cohesive pressure in electric fields directly affects the change in the light speed, which can be attributed to photon refraction phenomena. The deviation of E/M waves in the dynamic fields occurs, of course, in the gravitational field as well. It is proved, the light has gravity only in the back half-space with result the gravitational redshift of the stars spectrum, while gravitational blueshift cannot be detected, since there is no gravity in the front half-space of the E/M wave.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

An Additional Note On Least Squares Method

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 14 Pages. In French

In this additional note on least squares, we will come back to a few theorems of the theory of errors and that of least squares which are not well enough known even among geodesists. This is due to the absence of documentation in French on the subject. It is thanks to a work of the Russian school, of the mathematician Yori Vladimirovich LINNIK (1915-1972) on the theory of least squares, published in French in 1963 which I was inspired to write this note.
Category: Geophysics

Casimir Effect and the Stability of the Electrons

Authors: Jozsef Garai
Comments: 10 Pages.

The stability of an electron is affected by electrostatic self-repulsion of the charge, attraction of opposite charge/s, Casimir effect, kinetic, and zero-point energies. Investigating the energy balance of these affects it can be shown that the point charge electron loses its stability at the Bohr`s radius and forms a static surface charge around the proton. First principle calculations also show that for individual atoms the formed surface charge around the nucleus is stable as long as the absorbed destabilizing energies are below the one-dimensional Casimir energy. Thus in neutral atoms the Casimir effect stabilizes the surface charge electron shell. For individual atoms the Casimir effect is active on the entire surface area of the electron shell. In this case the one-dimensional Casimir energy should be equivalent with the ionization energy. If the neighboring atoms shielding the Casimir effect then the energy required removing an electron should be reduced in proportion to the active surface area of the atom. On the surface of a metal about half of the atomic surface is shielded by the neighboring atoms. Thus the energy requiring removing an electron should be half of the ionization energy. In the bulk of the metal, where the Casimir effect is completely shielded by the neighboring atoms, the electron shell should be unstable. These predictions are consistent with experiments, since the ionization energy is the same as the one-dimensional Casimir energy, the measured energies of the work function are about half of the ionization energy, and the band gaps of metals are zero.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Cardinality Between Natural and Real Numbers

Authors: Federico Gabriel
Comments: 1 Page.

Is the set of real numbers not denumerable?
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Kilogram, Inertial Mass, Gravitational Mass and Types of Universal Free Fall

Authors: Abhishek Majhi
Comments: 20 Pages.

When gravitational motion of test objects are studied, two distinct concepts of mass are invoked in principle, namely, inertial mass and (passive) gravitational mass. If inertial mass and gravitational mass are quantities, then according to the definition of ``quantity'' available in the standard literature of metrology, there need to be specific units corresponding to inertial mass and gravitational mass. The possibilities of such definitions and the associated obstacles of reason are discussed. A recent classification of ``kilogram'' as a unit of inertial mass, that depends on the realization of kilogram through atom count method involving the use of matter wave interferometers, is critically analyzed. The process of reasoning that leads to such a classification is misleading because the equivalence between inertial mass and gravitational mass is an implicit assumption, in the process, both at the macroscopic level (mass measurement of silicon sphere) and the microscopic level (mass measurement of silicon atom with atom wave interferometers) resulting in no a priori distinction between inertial mass and gravitational mass in the concerned literature. Further inquiry reveals a crucial, but hitherto unexplained, difference between the working principles of neutron wave interferometers and atom wave interferometers. In neutron wave interferometers, the universal free fall of neutrons is attributed to the equality of inertial mass and gravitational mass, whereas in atom wave interferometers the distinction between inertial mass and gravitational mass is not made in the first place and universal free fall of atoms is attributed to either mass difference of the different species of atoms or different energy states of the same species of atom. Such observations result in the recognition of different {it types} of universal free fall that are studied in the literature which, however, has hitherto not been recognized assertively.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Beginning

Authors: P. I. Ponomarenko
Comments: 5 Pages. In Russian

The stage of the universe preceding the hypothetical "Big Bang" is comprehended: - the first law of the universe is substantiated and formulated; - the characteristics of the First Being (First Basis) are given, its criteria are defined; - the "mechanics" of the binary logic of the first Being is defined; - the essence of the Semantic load of the algorithmic (logical) potential of the primordial, as a logical Template of the universe, is revealed.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Formal Approach to Assessing Relevance of Scientific Publications Building on Citation Count

Authors: Ricardo Alvira
Comments: 21 Pages. License CC BY NC ND

Introduction: The need to evaluate the relevance or value of scientific research for the scientific community and society using objective criteria has led to a generalization of the use of indexes -directly or indirectly- based on accounting for the number of times that published research results are cited by other researchers. However, the consistency of these indexes is challenged by an increasing number of experts. This paper reviews the existing indices, highlighting several contradictions, and explains two alternative indexes which provide a more consistent assessment of relevance based on the received citation.

Method: A formal or axiomatic method is followed, stating a system of axioms based on contri-butions in the framework of economic theory. In addition, an empirical test is carried out by re-viewing two samples of journals and comparing the results of the most commonly used indexes against the proposed indexes.

Analysis & Results: While no currently used index fulfils the proposed axioms, two indexes are explained that satisfy all the axioms. Besides, the empirical review shows that proposed indexes have high correlations with the most relevant variables and most currently used indexes.

Conclusions: The axiomatic approach allows us to highlight some important shortcomings of the indices currently used for citation evaluation, as well as the greater consistency of the two herein proposed indices.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Radius of the Electron and the Mass of Compound Particles Like the Proton and Neutron (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 6 Pages.

Taking into account the point structure of elementary particles as well as corpuscular-wave dualism, it is shown that the radius of an electron, like that of any elementary particle, is strictly equal to zero. Therefore, the experimental fixation of the radius of any particle indicates that the particle is not elementary. The mechanism of creating a mass of compound particles similar to the proton and neutron is also considered due to the relativistic increase in the energy of elementary particles that make up the corresponding system.

Учитывая точечную структуру элементарных частиц а также корпускулярно-волновой дуализм показано, что радиус электрона как и любой элементарной частицы, строго равен нулю. Следовательно, экспериментальная фиксация радиуса любой частицы свидетельствует о неэлементарности частицы. Также рассмотрен механизм создания массы составных частиц подобных протону и нейтрону за счет релятивистского увеличения энергии элементарных частиц составляющих соответствующую систему.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Θ-Brane Theory : A Canvas for the Universe

Authors: Jean-Pierre Laflamme
Comments: 67 Pages.

Among the different models of representation of the universe, the Friedmann positive curvature model often comes up. It is a model using the universal, harmonious and simple shape of the sphere, therefore a closed but unlimited universe, uniform in all its directions. The figure on the right is a simplified representation. However, to properly contain the universe, this shape must have one dimension more than the conventional sphere of our 3D world (called 2-sphere in mathematics). It is therefore a 3-sphere, which takes one dimension more than the 2-sphere: its surface becomes a hyper-surface, therefore a volume and the volume it occupies becomes a space with 4 Euclideandimensions. Thus, in this model, the universe resides in the hypersurface of the 3-sphere and requires 4D space to unfold.We also know that the universe is essentially made up of vacuum at an extremely low average density of around 1 atom/m³. In this context, the legitimate question that can be asked is how the universe, being so empty, can ensure its cohesion in the even emptier 4D space which surrounds it both inside and outside of its hyper-surface. The present article responds to this by hypothesizing a solid and perfectly elastic hyper-membrane which occupies the entire hyper-surface of the 3-sphere and which thus serves as a support structure for the universe. Once well characterized, this hypermembrane, named here Θ-Brane, can then serve as a support for the universe itself but also as a support for the propagation of its waves, for the movement of its matter without drag effect, and finally support its various energy fields and all this, without contradiction with the two postulates of Special Relativity.Furthermore, the presence of this hyper-membrane makes it possible to provide explanations for matter-antimatter asymmetry, the exclusive helicity of neutrinos-antineutrinos, gravitation based on quantum fluctuations of the vacuum and more.
Category: Classical Physics

The Radius of the Electron and the Mass of Compound Particles Like the Proton and Neutron

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 6 Pages.

Taking into account the point structure of elementary particles as well as corpuscular-wave dualism, it is shown that the radius of an electron, like that of any elementary particle, is strictly equal to zero. Therefore, the experimental fixation of the radius of any particle indicates that the particle is not elementary. The mechanism of creating a mass of compound particles similar to the proton and neutron is also considered due to the relativistic increase in the energy of elementary particles that make up the corresponding system.
Category: Quantum Physics

Measuring Wealth and Remuneration Gaps

Authors: Ricardo Alvira
Comments: 24 Pages. License CC-BY-NC-ND

The paradigm that our societies should provide equal access to opportunities and a sufficient level of well-being to citizens regardless of their personal characteristics (gender, race, religion...) is one of the pillars, perhaps an axiom, of our political systems. And the link detected between the possession of income and wealth and access to opportunities means that the measurement of economic inequality (or gap) between different social groups is an indirect indicator to evaluate the degree of compliance with the previous axiom; that is, the degree to which said groups have equal access to opportunities and well-being.The mathematical characterization of the gap between groups is therefore key in this assessment. However, most proposals to assess economic gaps between groups use mathematical characterizations of the income or wealth of each group to be compared, whose inadequacy has already been demonstrated. Thus, to make progress on this issue, this text presents an alternative characterization of the income or wealth of the groups, based on the economic concept of equivalent average income, which states a relationship between average income, economic inequality, and generated welfare. This allows us to contrast the optimality of the different possible characterizations against the current axiomatic for inequality indexes. Likewise, the conceptualization itself implies the formulation of an inequality index which, compared to the most commonly used indexes (Gini, Pietra, Atkinson, Theil), provides the advantage of being able to compute zero or negative income or wealth values.
Category: Economics and Finance

Every Perfect Number, Except 6, Always Has a Digital Root Equal to 1

Authors: Filippo Giordano
Comments: 2 Pages.

Euclid, in 300 BC observed that with n = prime number, whenever 2^n —1 corresponds to a further prime number, then (2^n—1)2^(n—1) is a perfect number.As the research on perfect numbers went on, a curious property of them was noticed: the sum of the single digits of which each perfect number is composed (with the exception of 6), perpetuated until a single digit is reached, always converges to 1. This characteristic leads to the hypothesis that all perfect numbers, including those still unknown, retain this property. But why does the first perfect number not coincide with the root 1? Is it the only exception or will others be discovered later? The glimpse of light that illuminates the conjecture finds an explanation in the cyclical dimensions of numerical systems.
Category: Number Theory

On the Theory of Oligopoly

Authors: Ate Nieuwenhuis
Comments: 44 Pages. 1 black-and-white figure

It is argued, in the context of a heterogeneous oligopoly with perfect information, that rational behaviour should lead to an equilibrium that is invariant to the choice of instrument, price or quantity, by firms. The Cournot oligopoly and the Bertrand oligopoly fail this test; as both solutions are considered an example of a Nash noncooperative equilibrium, this result casts doubt on the appropriateness of the latter concept. The conjectural variations oligopoly passes the test. A natural consistency condition on the conjectural variations implies that the solution is in fact the contract (hyper)surface. The non-uniqueness of the equilibrium can be resolved by introducing a concept of economic force exerted by agents analogous to the force of gravity exerted by massive objects. This leads to the conclusion that the joint profit maximizing point is the equilibrium, where the joint profit includes the profits of the consumers. The equilibrium depends on cardinal properties of the consumers’ utility functions. The emphasis is on the exposition of ideas rather than on technical detail.Keywords: Conjectural variation, Contract curve, Force, Game, Nash noncooperative equilibrium, OligopolyJEL: C70, D21, D43, L13
Category: Economics and Finance

Comparison of Two Electromagnetic Quantization Methods

Authors: John French
Comments: 15 Pages. This paper has been published in Physics Essays.

This paper is a comparison of two different canonical quantization methods of the electromagnetic field, one commonly used, and the other similar to one by Kroll. Both quantization methods will be carried out in the Schrodinger representation.
Category: Quantum Physics

[explorations on the Possible Errors] of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Sheng-bin Wang
Comments: 31 Pages.

At the end of the 19th century, at the celebration of the Royal Society of Great Britain to welcome the coming of the new century, Lord Kelvin proudly declared: "The theoretical building of physics has been built, and future physicists only need to do some patchwork." However, in the atmosphere of joy, there are still "two disturbing dark clouds", one is the zero result of the Michelson Morey experiment on the measurement of the speed of the ether, and the other is the ultraviolet disaster problem related to black body radiation. The first dark cloud gave birth to Relativity, and the second dark cloud gave birth to Quantum mechanics. Relativity and Quantum mechanics are called the two pillars of modern physics. However, more than 100 years later, Relativity and Quantum mechanics have not been integrated. Not only that, there are many irreconcilable contradictions between the two. In the past century, theoretical physics has not made any breakthrough, even at a standstill. We have never heard of a theory that can drive the new physics revolution. There may be three reasons why Relativity and Quantum mechanics cannot be unified: 1. One of the two theories is incorrect, 2. Neither of the two theories is correct, 3. Both of the two theories are correct, but no method has been found to unify them. In this paper, we will carry out mathematical derivation and analysis from the core formula of Relativity and Quantum mechanics, and then give the answer. In the end, we will find that the modern physics theory system has chosen two dark clouds, however, gave up the whole sky.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Relativity, Quantisation, Symmetry and Perspective

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 2 Pages.

A reflection on the difference between translation and rotation shows the symmetry between the Relativity Theory and the Quantum Theory. The reflection is realistic not scientific.
Category: Quantum Physics

The First Nucleic Acids Strands May Have Grown on Peptides via Primeval Reverse Translation

Authors: Arturo Tozzi, Marco Mazzeo
Comments: 12 Pages.

The central dogma of molecular biology dictates that, with only a few exceptions, information proceeds from DNA to protein through an RNA intermediate. Examining the enigmatic steps from prebiotic to biological chemistry, we takeanother road suggesting that primordial peptides acted as template for the self-assembly of the first nucleic acids polymers. Arguing in favour of a sort of archaic "reverse translation" from proteins to RNA, our basic premise is a Hadean Hearth where key biomolecules such as amino acids, polypeptides, purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides and nucleotides were available under different prebiotically plausible conditions, including meteorites delivery, shallow ponds and hydrothermal vents scenarios. Supporting a protein-first scenario alternative to the RNA world hypothesis, we propose the primeval occurrence of short peptides termed "selective amino acid- and nucleotide-matching oligopeptides"(henceforward SANMAOs) that noncovalently bind at the same time the polymerized amino acids and the single nucleotides dispersed in the prebiotic milieu. We describe the chemical features of this hypothetical oligopeptide, its biological plausibility and its virtues from an evolutionary perspective. We provide a theoretical example of SANMAO’s selective pairing between amino acids and nucleosides, simulating a poly-Glycine peptide that acts as a template to builda purinic chain corresponding to the glycine’s extant triplet codon GGG. Further, we discuss how SANMAO might have endorsed the formation of low-fidelity RNA’s polymerized strains, well before the appearance of the accurate genetic material’s transmission ensured by the current translation apparatus.
Category: Biochemistry

On The Current Physics Crises and The Hierarchy Problem

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 9 Pages.

The crises in fundamental physics is by now openly reported and acknowledged. The new paradigm, based on the Network Model, quark field of baryons and mesonic nuclear bonds, proposes a reinterpretation of the Standard Model and fundamental experiments in quantum physics, that claims to resolve major debates, including the Hierarchy Problem. Recall that the Electro-Gravity Magneto-Dynamics is the theory of the long range component of the quark field, which is yet missed by, for instance Yukawa potential, color QCD or chiral Effective Field Theory. The short range component described by the nuclear effective potential of chiral Effective Field Theory is consistent with Yukawa's meson model of nuclear forces, unified by the above approach. The experiments verifying this model of Gravity are recalled: F. Alzofon and D. Sarkadi. Is there a relation between the two? Further confirmations of the new Theory of Gravity come from of Podkletnov and Ning Li's research and experiments. The new paradigm is claimed to be consistent with the already existing Standard Model, with its accurate predictions but containing historical miss-interpretations, proposing a change in our point of view and goals.
Category: Quantum Physics

Improving ML Algorithmic Time Complexity Using Quantum Infrastructure

Authors: Aayush Grover
Comments: 14 pages, 3 figures

With the rising popularity of machine learning in the past decade, a stronger urgency has been placed on drastically improving computational technology. Despite recent advancements in this industry, the speed at which our technologies can complete machine learning tasks continues to be its most significant bottleneck. Modern machine learning algorithms are notorious for requiring a substantial amount of computational power. As the demand for computational power increases, so does the demand for new ways to improve the speed of these algorithms. Machine learning researchers have turned to leverage quantum computation to significantly improve their algorithms' time complexities. This counteracts the physical limitations that come with the chips used in our technology today. This paper questions current classical machine learning practices by comparing them to their quantum alternatives and addressing the applications and limitations of this new approach.
Category: Quantum Physics

Can an Experiment with Delayed-Choice Quantum Erasers and Time Crystals Show Evidence of a Multiverse?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 17 Pages.

A short and informal essay proposing a modification to the delayed-choice quantum eraser experiment by including time crystals as an additional feature. The possible results or outcomes are considered including speculations on possible applications and philosophical interpretations. A proposed experiment using two observers at three points in time and a bank of delayed-choice quantum erasers each linked to a time crystal might either show we live in a multiverse, possibly send messages back in time, or redefine or even refute the current understanding of the nature of time crystals. The hope is that this proposal can help the debate over the nature of the delayed-choice quantum eraser experiment and help further clarify the nature of time crystals and even the role of conscious observers in quantum eraser experiments.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A New Cosmological Model: Origin and Maintenance of the Universe.

Authors: Andreas Mandelis, J. Howard O. Slater
Comments: 12 Pages.

We wish to suggest an alternative physical origin and organisation of the universe contrasting with the Standard Model of Cosmology. The masses of Standard Model (SM) particles are generated by interactions between a quantum field, and thermal and particle diffusion waves - the Thermon-PDW mechanism - a process which is observationally confirmed. An exact "ensemble" of quantum fields responding to harmonic solutions of interacting thermal and particle diffusion waves solves the problem of particle mass. However, this generates its own complication: an obligatory requirement for a thermal source perfusing continuously throughout the universe. This constraint (and others) is accommodated by several properties of the principal hypothesis. Furthermore, if this interpretation is validated, it eliminates many difficulties due to the orthodox cosmological model, such as reverse engineering fundamental laws of physics, the initial singularity, initial high temperatures and densities and inflation; generally SMC as a whole should be discarded together with other model possibilities, including string theory solutions, multiverse, quantum loop theories and physics beyond the Standard Model of Particles. The property of primary importance - overwhelming importance - for the new cosmological model is establishing a universe-wide flow of thermal energy, how this is done and its consequences.
Category: Astrophysics

Thermal and Particle Diffusion Waves Describe the Relative Mass of Free Standard Model Particles

Authors: Andreas Mandelis, J. Howard O. Slater
Comments: 30 Pages.

Thermal Diffusion Wave (Thermon) and Particle Diffusion Wave (PDW) equations, when combined in steady state, non-linear logistic equilibrium, describe a harmonic distribution of the 15 free Standard Model particles (SM) with known masses when interacting as a single ensemble. This gives a new hypothesis enabling the computation of the relative masses of free SM particles. The hypothesis is validated independently by experimentally-determined masses of SM particles and requires a continuous thermal energy supply. Concomitantly with particle mass determination, other aspects of the model describe, for example, the appearance of dynamics resembling gravitational and universe time properties.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Oops For The Loops II: Real Oops; LQG Does Not Optimize the Hilbert Einstein Action

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 16 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

This paper is an evolution of "Oops for the Loops". As such it overlaps and repeats the first few sections of the original paper, and then, adds a new section, demonstrating the issues. This is to ensure that the analysis reaches best the audience of interest, not mixing issues. The analysis also resulted from work done on the multi-fold theory which resulted into a proposal from multi-fold mechanisms.The multi-fold theory obvious overlaps with, and relates to other theories like superstrings, and quantum gravity e.g.., Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG). Considerations about some of these other theories have been published, including lessons learned and recommendations to fill gaps, or address issues in strings, QFT and LQG. Our initial analysis of LQG focused more on similarities and the gap of particles and entanglement modeling. We had not yet encountered an analysis, unrelated to the multi-fold theory, which argues that there would be a technical error in LQG quantization scheme, which may also explain why LQG does not seem to be able to recover GR, and a classical smooth spacetime so far. The paper "Oops for the Loops" pointed out and amplified the arguments against the LQG approach encountered so far. The original new contribution, of this paper, illustrates how the LQG quantization scheme does not extremize the Hilbert Einstein Action, even under the classical expectations of (pseudo)Riemannian geometry. Hence the need for amendments to the approach that the LQG community must be investigated, before LQG can be trusted as a suitable model for many aspects of quantum gravity. A proposal to that effect is sketched in another paper published in parallel, in the same time frame.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Kinematics of Point Motion Along Curves of the Second Order

Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 29 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

The motion of a material point along curves of the second order is represented by a kinematic equation. Formulas for the dependence of acceleration and radius, speed and radius are derived. The direction of the velocity and acceleration vectors is determined. The conditions for the conservation of Kepler's laws when a material point moves along second-order curves are shown.
Category: General Mathematics

On Born Reciprocal Relativity, Algebraic Extensions of the Yang and Quaplectic Algebra, and Noncommutative Curved Phase Spaces

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 24 Pages.

After a brief introduction of Born's reciprocal relativity theory is presented, we review the construction of the deformed Quaplectic group that is given by the semi-direct product of U (1,3) with the deformed (noncommutative) Weyl-Heisenberg group corresponding to noncommutative fiber coordinates and momenta $ [ X_a, X_b ] ot= 0$; $[ P_a, P_b ] ot=0$. This construction leads to more general algebras given by a two-parameter family of deformations of the Quaplectic algebra, and to further algebraicextensions involving antisymmetric tensor coordinates and momenta of higher ranks $ [ X_{a_1 a_2 cdots a_n}, X_{b_1 b_2 cdots b_n} ] ot= 0$; $[ P_{a_1 a_2 cdots a_n}, P_{b_1 b_2 cdots b_n} ] ot=0$. We continue by examining algebraic extensions of the Yang algebra in extended noncommutative phase spaces and compare them with the above extensions of the deformed Quaplectic algebra. A solution is found for the exact analytical mapping of the non-commuting $ x^mu, p^mu$ operator variables (associated to an $8D$ curved phase space) to the canonical $ Y^A, Pi^A$ operator variables of a flat $12D$ phase space. We explore the geometrical implications of this mapping which provides, in the $classical$ limit, with the embedding functions $ Y^A (x,p), Pi^A (x,p) $ of an $8D$ curved phase space into a flat $12D$ phase space background. The latter embedding functions determine the functional forms of the base spacetime metric $ g_{mu u} (x,p) $, the fiber metric of the vertical space $h^{ab}(x,p)$, and the nonlinear connection $N_{a mu} (x,p) $ associated with the $8D$ cotangent space of the $4D$ spacetime. Consequently, one has found a direct link between noncommutative curved phase spaces in lower dimensions to commutative flat phase spaces in higher dimensions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Lagrangian Approach to Deriving the Gravity Equations for a 3D-brane Universe

Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 12 Pages.

Recently some arguments were suggested saying that our universe should be considered as a three-dimensional brane equipped with a Riemannian metric depending on the cosmological time. These arguments are based on the concept of temporal coexistence applied to events in the four-dimensional spacetime. Relying on the three-dimensional brane presentation of our universe, the four-dimensional Einstein’s gravity equations were rewritten as three-dimensional time-evolution equations for the three-dimensional metric presenting the gravitational field in the framework of this three-dimensional brane model. In the present paper some of these time-evolution equations for the three-dimensional metric are rederived using the Lagrangian approach.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: Leonardo De Lima, Vitor Ermani
Comments: 9 Pages.

This article will prove, by reduction to absurdity, that the zeta function has at least one non-trivial zero outside the critical line.
Category: Number Theory

Tomography Geometric Algorithm to Reconstruct Image

Authors: Guillermo Ayala-Martinez
Comments: 5 Pages. In Spanish

Computed tomography CT is an im portant diagnostic imaging methodo used in medicine, consists of appliyng an X-ray scan to a flat section to obtain its imagen, it is a non-invasive and non-destructive procedure. The imagin CT is obtained whit multiple projections, for this reason it is necessary to use a computer. A simple geometric algorithm is proposed to program the computer, it is no necessary to use successive approximations or discretize the image, as in other procedures, in this case the image is a point map.
Category: Geometry

Proper Times, Time Dilation, Lorentz-FitzGerald Contraction and Distance, Time Ageing, Time Dilation-like and the Twin Paradox Conundrum

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper it is considered the physical meaning of proper times, time dilation, Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction and distance, time ageing, time dilation-like and the twin paradox conundrum. Connected to the concepts of simultaneity and synchronization, that has also been addressed in other previous papers based on the existence of a Preferred Frame (designated by Einstein Frame, EF) - where the one-way speed of light is isotropic with the two-way value c. Usually in the standard Special Relativity what is considered is Einstein simultaneity and Einstein synchronization that has been introduced by Einstein in the 1905 article "by definition". In the standard interpretation simultaneity and synchronization are not considered since the Einstein speed of light is considered the speed of light. However, in our previous work we have shown that this is a terminological confusion, a paralogism. Now, we show, through a designated time ageing mathematical expression, that the time dilation expression only is the relation of the ageing of the twins when one of the frames is the preferred frame. Time can be dilated or contracted, and naturally the ageing is the same when the velocities of the twins are symmetrical in relation to the preferred frame. A similar relation is established for the distance mathematical expression that is only the Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction expression when one of the frames is the preferred frame. This analysis is related to the problem of the formulation of distance in the context of acceleration in the twin paradox conundrum. Therefore, it is explained why this is so with a very simple concise formalism using two clocks in every point of a frame, frame that is moving in relation to the Preferred Frame, a synchronized clock, and a Lorentzian clock. The non-equivalence of the frames emergewith physical meaning through the analysis of the Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction and Larmor time dilation mathematical expressions. Therefore, the twin paradox conundrum can be resolved in the context of the formulation of Special Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How the Na[zis] Split the Foundations of 20th Century Physics

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 21 Pages. Poster Submitted to APS April 2023 Meeting

A fundamental split in the foundations of physics developed in the 1930s, between relativity and quantum mechanics, which has remained unresolved. De Broglie first derived quantum waves in 1924, directly from special relativity, and Einstein approved. But in Germany in 1930s, the Na[zis] viewed relativity or anything related to Einstein as subversive "Je[wish] Physics". I argue that German physicists obscured the relativistic basis for quantum mechanics, in order to avoid dismissal or worse. Early German QM textbooks led to a split in the foundations of physics that has continued to the present. An alternative "quantum relativity" picture could reunify physics, but has never been considered. Such a unified picture may be important both for education and for the future evolution of physics.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Photophosphorylation Generates Evolutionarily Compromised Adenosine Triphosphate With a Central Role in Energy Transduction to Operate Open Systems (In Spanish)

Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 21 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

La investigación pionera en la estructura y función de los sistemas de membranas enzimáticas, que están acopladas a fuentes de energía, podría eludir el principio de reversibilidad microscópica y permitir la emergencia-desarrollo de un mecanismo de cinética vectorial. La investigación sobre el mecanismo de los sistemas acoplados implicó el aislamiento de CF1-ATPasa purificada y la reconstitución de fotofosforilación por adición a la membrana residual, conteniendo los fotosistemas I y II. Adicionalmente, se obtuvo el desacoplamiento y reconstitución de las ATPasas dependientes de la luz (light-dependent) y activadas por la luz (light-triggered) en un porcentaje similar a la reconstitución de la fotofosforilación con la membrana residual. La enzima aislada y luego purificada también se investigó como una enzima funcional oscura mediante activación hasta tripsina o tratamiento térmico. Además, se investigaron los requisitos del mecanismo del modelo, que requiere un nivel de física microscópica y/o mecánica cuántica para demostrar una participación en la transducción de energía. Este enfoque involucró los vínculos con los estados de excitación y los mecanismos de los fotosistemas I y II descriptos por muchos otros investigadores. La interpretación de modelos utilizando el mecanismo de ruptura de puentes de H en la configuración del potencial de acción de masas por la alta molaridad del cúmulo de agua permitió un desplazamiento lejano del equilibrio, funcional al sistema abierto, asegurando la irreversibilidad del sistema completo. Se propusieron moléculas de agua que carecen de puentes de H para actuar como portadores disipadores de entropía. Los mecanismos homeostáticos de temperatura se aplicaron para el cerebro humano. Independientemente de las diferentes propuestas, se enfatiza que se ajustan los requisitos para operar la vida como un sistema abierto. La propuesta de implicar en un rol general de la transición de estado del agua en lugar de describir específicamente cada reacción conduce a evaluar el potencial disipativo del clúster de agua (H2O)n para interactuar con las asimetrías hidrofílicas (para entalpía) vs hidrofóbicas (para entropía), y restringir la aleatoriedad (caos) al dar unicidad al sentido cinético. Así, interpretar su acción como si constituyera un solo pico, consolidando su rol operativo como energía de activación (Ea). Las capas de hidratación podrían actuar en secuencia como un potenciador difuso de contribución específica para obtener Ea de la totalidad del sistema, incluso como entrada en varios picos que activan secuencialmente estados de transición. (Truncated to < 400 words by viXra Admin)
Category: Physics of Biology

The 1270x950 km Permian-Triassic Impact-Crater_supplement 1 to the Geophysical Evidence (Part 6b)

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 15 pages, 40 images, 10 diagrams

This is a supplement document to my Summary of geophysical evidence for the Ø1270x950km Permian-Triassic (PT)-Impact-Crater (see Part 6 of my hypothesis).The purpose of this document is to point-out the main geo-physical features visible on our planet Earth, that were directly caused by the Permian-Triassic Impact-Event.A comparison of the real PT-Crater-topography with a computer-simulated-topography indicates a Probability >99,99997% for the real existence of the PT-Crater ! Further I want to inform about two other possible impact-structures on Earth, which I believe are a result of the global PT-Impact Event too. The first structure seems to be a "smaller-twin" of the PT-Impact Crater. It is the Tarim Basin in NW-China. The Kunlun Mountains around it indicate an age of 250 Ma !The Tarim-Basin has an approximate elliptical shape with the dimensions of ≈900x400km (see page 7-8). This basin probably was formed by a second impactor that impacted in-line with the main-impactor which has caused the PT-Impact-Crater. The 900x400km elliptical Tarim-Basin probably had a shorter elliptical outline of around 750x500km shortly after the PT-Impact, but was then deformed later.If we use a double-oblique elliptical impact-crater-twin on Mars as a reference, then the Tarim-Basin-Impact was caused by a similar effect as the smaller oblique impact crater of the Mars-Impact, which is located in-line with the bigger oblique-impact-crater but a bit uprange (ahead) of the main-impact-crater.In the NASA-study about this double-oblique impact on Mars, as reason for this double-impact, the probable collapse (break-up into pieces) of the impactor shortly before the impact was mentioned. This collapse of the impactor just before the impact in all probability was caused by atmospheric effects (e.g. by the atmospheric impact-shock-wave which hit the impactor, and atmospheric-drag etc.). Initial cracks inside the impactor probably already occurred when the impactor reached the "Roche-limit" of Mars (the point where gravitational forces start to rip the impactor apart). The other possible impact-structure which I want to describe is the 41x32km elliptical shaped F’derik Zouerate district Iron-ore-mine in Mauretania (NW-Africa). see page 9. It is located in a dark-colored-area which contains Fe-rich minerals. This iron-rich area has an outline which can be fit precisely into an ellipse ! That‘s why I believe that this iron-rich-area is the result of a secondary- or tertiary-impact in the PT-Ejecta Ray R1, which was caused by the PT-Impact Event and which runs along the NW-coast of Africa.
Category: Geophysics

Natural System of Units (Натуральная система единиц)

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 46 Pages. In Russian

In this article, the author presents his system of natural units (YRA-system). This system of units is based on a dialectical-materialistic view of nature. The statement is accepted as a hypothesis that "the content of fundamental particles is a "pure", concrete matter of nature". A comparison is made with the systems of natural units of J. Stoney and M. Planck. The last two systems are static systems of units. The author also first proposes a static system of units. But the author does not stop there. Introducing an element of dialectics, dynamics inherent in nature, into his reasoning, the author moves from a static system of units to a dynamic (dialectical) system of units. It is this dialectical, dynamic system of units (YRA-system) that, according to the author, is the real system of units of NATURE.

В настоящей статье автор представляет свою систему натуральных единиц (YRA-систему). В основе этой системы единиц лежит диалектико-материалистический взгляд на природу. Принято в качестве гипотезы утверждение, что «содержимое элементарных частиц является «чистой», конкретной материей природы». Проводится сопоставление с системами натуральных единиц Дж. Стони и М. Планка. Последние две системы являются статичными системами единиц. Автор также вначале предлагает статичную систему единиц. Но автор на этом не останавливается. Привнося элемент диалектики, динамики присущий природе, в свои рассуждения, автор от статичной системы единиц переходит к динамичной (диалектичной) системе единиц. Именно эта диалектическая, динамическая система единиц (YRA-система) и является, по мнению автора, реальной естественной системой единиц ПРИРОДЫ.
Category: Classical Physics

Exploration of a Theory of Everything

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 21 Pages.

This paper reveals a hint to the deepest mystery of the universe. Why are the laws of the universe the way they are ? For example, why are the mass and charge of the electron what they are? The laws and phenomena of the universe were predetermined by the initial fine-tuning of the internal dynamics of every elementary particle in the universe, at the beginning of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Properties of Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy

Authors: Thomas Joel Buckholtz
Comments: 66 pages

This paper suggests new elementary particles, a specification for dark matter, and modeling regarding dark-energy phenomena. Thereby, this paper explains data that other modeling seems not to explain. Suggestions include some methods for interrelating properties of objects, some catalogs of properties, a method for cataloging elementary particles, a catalog of all known and some method-predicted elementary particles, neutrino masses, quantitative explanations for observed ratios of non-ordinary-matter effects to ordinary-matter effects, qualitative explanations for gaps between data and popular modeling regarding the rate of expansion of the universe, and insight regarding galaxy formation and evolution. Key assumptions include that nature includes six isomers of most elementary particles and that stuff that has bases in five isomers underlies dark-matter effects. Key new modeling uses integer-arithmetic equations; stems from, augments, and does not disturb successful popular modeling; and helps explain aspects and data regarding general physics, elementary-particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

STOE "hod" Is the Quantum "Graviton"

Authors: John Hodge
Comments: 3 Pages.

The graviton in quantum models is a particle or force carrier that accounts for the gravitational force. The ``hod'' in the Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) is the component of the universe that is the most fundamental particle. The structure of hods emerge to form photons and other particles. This provides the unification of the big and the small. Many observations are explained such as interference of particles and galaxy's asymmetric rotation curves.
Category: Classical Physics

Maybe Richard Feynman Was Right?

Authors: V. E. Yumashev
Comments: 2 Pages.

According to generally accepted theories, gravity, when deepening into the Earth, first increases and then decreases to zero at its center [1]. At the same time, there is the effect of gravitational time dilation [2]. The less gravity, the faster time flows. Therefore, in the center of the Earth, the speed of the passage of time must be greater than on the surface. However, current theories argue that this is not the case. Time in the center of the Earth slows down under the "accumulated action of gravity", as written in the article [3]. Richard Feynman, in his lectures, said that "one should be much more careful in the future when talking about the age of objects such as the Earth, since the center of the Earth should be a day or two youngers than its surface" [4]. In article [3], based on PREM, they calculated that the center of the Earth is 2.49 years younger than its surface, assuming that Richard Feynman misspoke. Let us consider this question from the point of view of the existence of a chronofield in our universe [5].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Logical Problem

Authors: Elmar Guseinov
Comments: 1 Page. In Russian

Alpaca (A), Bull (B), Cat (C), Dog (D), Elephant (E) and Fox (F) inhabit each of three planets. Each of sixty people visited each of the planets and made friends there with exactly two inhabitants. It's known that the new friends of a person formed the whole set {A,B,C,D,E,F}. Also, any two inhabitants of different species living on different planets have exactly eight mutual human friends. For each person, determine with which inhabitants of each of the planets he is friends.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Almost QR

Authors: Elmar Guseinov
Comments: 2 Pages. In Russian

Consider the following five matrices corresponding to black and white square patterns: ((0,0,0),(0,0,0),(0,0,0)), ((0,0,0),(1,1,0),(0,1,0)), ((0,1,0),(0,1,0),(0,1,0)), ((0,1,0),(1,1,0),(0,1,0)), ((0,1,0),(1,1,1),(0,1,0)). You can rotate these matrices clockwise and after that choose four of them (possibly repeated) to build up a big 6x6 pattern. How many big patterns can be obtained if the clockwise rotation gives the same big pattern?
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

The Zero-Dimensional Physical Theory (Vii): Charting Infinity Using the Riemann Zeta Function and Ramanujan Summation in Deriving Dimensional Number Paradigms

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 36 Pages.

Proposed here is a zero-dimensional number theory for physical phenomena charting the concept of infinity in using the Riemann zeta function and Ramanujan summation. The key common dimensional basis here is zero-dimensional time as a moment, and zero-dimensional space as an infinitesimal point. Key to the number theory are derived dimensional number paradigms and associated equations from the proposed intertwining of zero-dimensional time and zero-dimensional space together underwriting known physical phenomenal equations. Examples of these numbers are the values for the golden ratio, Euler’s identity, π, and the numbers 10, 12, and -1/12. These derived number paradigms and equation relationships are thence demonstrated to derive known physical phenomena constants such as the fine structure constant, Planck’s constant, and gravitational constant, together with their associated known equations. By such, it is shown that the proposed zero-dimensional time and zero-dimensional space axioms and their derived dimensional number paradigms likely represent the core underlying code of physical reality.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Where Are the "Hidden Variables" Hidden?

Authors: Andrzej Okniński
Comments: 2 Pages.

We aim to find a place where hypothetical hidden variables of quantum mechanics might be accommodated. We consider the possibility that hidden variables belong to the Calabi-Yau manifold, the space of six extra dimensions, appearing in the superstring theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Double Split Experiment

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 7 Pages.

The 2-slit experiment is explained by using the Network Model, which then transfers to other experiments: entanglement, delayed choice and quantum erasure etc.In essence, De Broglie pilot wave, on a Feynman path are aspects of a fermionic quantum channel transmitting bosonic excitations between tho nodes of the quantum network formed as part of the experiment. This model is called the Network Model.An essential feature of the Network Model is that it evolves in transient-steady state cycles, akin to machine learning: The Living Universe.Other considerations involving Space-Time, antimatter, Heisenberg uncertainty relations, fermion-boson unification etc., are included.
Category: Quantum Physics

Abridged Riemann's Last Theorem

Authors: Aric B. Canaanie
Comments: 6 Pages. www.0bq.com

The central idea of this article is to introduce and prove a special form of the zeta function as proof of Riemann’s last theorem. The newly proposed zeta function contains two sub-functions, namely f1(b,s) and f2(b,s) . The unique property of zeta(s)=f1(b,s)-f2(b,s) is that as tends toward infinity, the equality zeta(s)=zeta(1-s) is transformed into an exponential expression for the zeros of the zeta function. At the limiting point, we simply deduce that the exponential equality is satisfied if and only if real(s)=1/2. Consequently, we conclude that the zeta function cannot be zero if real(s)=1/2, hence proving Riemann’s last theorem.
Category: Number Theory

Influence of Family Factors on Juvenile Delinquency and Delinquency

Authors: Wen-Qi Chen
Comments: 7 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

This article analyzes the definition of juvenile delinquency, changes in modern family structure, and the impact of family environment on juvenile delinquency and healthy families. Juvenile delinquency is defined as criminal acts committed by juveniles who have reached the age of 14 and under 25, including children and young adults. It is proposed that the changes in the modern family structure include: family size miniaturization, family structure nuclearization, family algebra reduction, family structure diversification, and so on. On this basis, the author analyzes explicitly how family factors such as family breakdown, socialization, parenting style, and the father's role affect the development of adolescents, that is, illegal and criminal activities. Finally, it expounds on how to create a healthy and healthy family.
Category: Social Science

Preface of the Book "Diversity, Inclusion, Equity and the Threat to Academic Freedom"

Authors: M. López-Corredoira, T. Todd, E. J. Olsson
Comments: 7 Pages.

There can be no doubt that discrimination based on sex, race, ethnicity, religion or beliefs should not be tolerated in academia. Surprisingly, however, in recent years, policies of Diversity, Inclusion and Equity(DIE), officially introduced to counteract discrimination, have increasingly led to quite the opposite result: the exclusion of individuals who do not share a radical 'woke' ideology on identity politics (feminism, other gender activisms, critical race theory, etc.), and to the suppression of the academic freedom to discuss such dogmas. This subversion of academia---disguised Trojan-horse style as universal human rights advocacy---is unacceptable because academia must be politically neutral and protect freedom of speech, a cornerstone of professional scholarly activity without which universities as we know them will slowly but surely suffocate. Our purpose here is to put together some particularly illustrative cases of such repression in a single book, testifying to a ubiquitous trend within western culture, irreducible to a few isolated complaints. The essays contained here illustrate the abuse of power, censorship and witch-hunts at many universities and research centres in the name of DIE. List of coauthors in alphabetical order: Dorian Abbot, Tomonori Agoh, Gerhard Amendt, Ivar Arpi, David Benatar, Peter Boghossian, Civitas Research Team, David Díaz Pardo de Vera, Pedro Domingos, Janice Fiamengo, Étienne Forest, Jorge Gibert Galassi, Norman Goldstuck, José L. González Quirós, Lawrence M. Krauss, Patrick LaBelle, Martín López Corredoira, Heather Mac Donald, Martin Malmgren, Erik. J. Olsson, Jordan Peterson, Constantin Polychronakos, Philip C. Salzman, Alessandro Strumia, Tom Todd, Andrei Yafaev.
Category: Social Science

Electrons Have Potential Energy not Charge

Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 10 Pages.

In earlier papers, the fundamental principles of Physics have been reviewed in the analysis of the results of basic experiments on Atomic Spectra and Potential Energy Fields (presently called magnetic and electro-magnetic fields). In all analyses, there has been no need for the concept of "charge". The movement and behavior of electrons can be explained totally in terms of Potential Energy, Potential Gradient and Potential Energy Fields. The conclusion is that "charge" is a fictitious creation.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Poincaré Dodecahedral Space Solution of the Shape of the Universe

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 17 Pages.

According to a recent theory the Universe could be a dodecahedron. It is surprising that Plato used a dodecahedron as the quintessence to describe the cosmos. In this paper we will prove the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. From the dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions will propose a possible solution for the density parameter of baryonic matter,dark matter and dark energy. The sum of the contributions to the total density parameter at the current time is Ω0=1,0139. This result answers the ancient question of whether space is finite or infinite,while retaining the standard Friedmann—Lemaître foundation for local physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Octonion Dynamics

Authors: Richard D. Lockyer
Comments: 36 Pages.

The relativistic 4D space-time cover of Electrodynamics gives a roadmap for the creation of a potential function-based field theory within the algebraic structure of Octonion Algebra. Understanding the true algebraic nature of axial and polar vector types tells us which six Octonion basis components cover the electric and magnetic field types. Increasing the total dimension count from space-time 4 to Octonion 8 provides additional degrees of freedom required to accommodate Gravitation within the same structure. The Octonion framework for mathematical physics is presented in an algebraic covariant fashion. The Octonion Algebra forms for the analogous Maxwell’s Equations, physical fields, forces, work, energy and momentum conservation are presented. The importance of structuring the Octonion forms in an algebraic orientation covariant fashion is abundantly clear in this presentation.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Theory on the Limits of Things Part 4: The Definition of Philosophy (In Chinese)

Authors: Ding Jian
Comments: 9 Pages.

Reasoning is a necessary condition of philosophy. And inertia is shown to be characterized by continuity, which is a necessary condition for reasoning in reality. There is continuity between truth and the corresponding objective things, which has always been an absence in philosophy. It is precisely because of this absence that ambiguity occurs when a reasoning process in reality reaches between being and non-being. Thereby leading to the definition for "philosophy" has been in an inconclusive dilemma. Philosophy is the reasons summed up by human beings in the processes of exploring the laws of nature and gradually cognizing truths. These reasons can involve all knowledge, according to whether they exist in reality to distinguish different domains, which can be divided into three parts: science, metaphysics and mathematics. Truth must have absoluteness and immutability, does not exist in reality, and belongs to the category of metaphysics. Therefore, in the category of metaphysics, only those contents that have continuity with the corresponding objective things in reality, have the necessary condition for belonging to philosophy. Once in this way to define what are contained in metaphysics, the definition for "philosophy" will come naturally. In the reality, everything contains two sides that are both opposite and unified. And as "background", metaphysics is also indispensable. Otherwise, it is impossible to clearly distinguish the two opposing sides and reach a consensus, thereby ignoring the continuity that exists between truth and the corresponding objective things. Therefore, the unity of opposites should be a ternary theory. The three are indispensable, cause and effect to each other, co-birth and co-annihilation.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

On Extension of Einstein Field Equations

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper I will explore how extension of Einsteinfield equation can lead to new equation that can be important wayof looking at gravity. I do not present solutions to field equationsonly framework and reasoning behind it. Equation states thatmatter and gravity field are same thing seen from two point of view.Matter just like gravity field is extended in space-time.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Healthplus - An All in One Medical Companion

Authors: Nafih Najeeb, Anjali Jayadevan, K. R. Aswin, P. Anjitha, Dini Davis
Comments: 4 Pages.

The field of healthcare has really witnessed many transnational health issues for the past four years. The medical industry faced so many problems, and also the invention of technology really made significant advancements in delivering services to the customers. As a result of searching for the best, we will be witnessing so many fraudulent ways also. So it is important to select the best treatment from the verified profiles. On account of this concept, we have launched a website named Health plus for selecting the best treatment. The website is actually a fully equipped medical companion. Nowadays almost every hospital has their own applications or website for their services. But we can’t ensure the authenticity because there are chances for over glorification. So, what we are introducing here is an integrated platform for the patients. We provide verified profiles of many hospitals, clinics and doctors. The patients can choose the best doctor and best hospital/clinics based on the reviews from the previous patients. On the other hand, we are also providing fixing of appointments. Live token system is introduced here and patients can understand whether tokens are available in the hospital or not. By integrating the information of medical shops to the HEALTH+ we can purchase medicines and check the availability of medicines. In total we can implement a simple and integrated medical website and the medical world can use the advancements in technology. Health care sector is considering the invention of applications and websites related to the medical area as a boon, which redefines society. A good and effective rapport between the doctor and the patient is developed.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Nonrelativistic Quantum Electrodynamics of Extended Spinning Charges

Authors: John French
Comments: 23 Pages. This paper has been published in Physics Essays.

A non-relativistic QED equation is developed for extended spinning charges in the Schrodinger picture. It is based on the corresponding classical electromagnetic - particle system, and the Hamiltonian associated with it.
Category: Quantum Physics