All Submission Categories

Fine-scored Football

Authors: Kikuchi Morio
Comments: 6 Pages.

We decrease the ratio of draws subdividing score and make a game capable of reversal with a fierce attack however a goal is not got with it. Consequently, the game plan of football in which one point is defended to the end becomes impossible.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Photon-Photon Photoproduction in the Photon Universe Model

Authors: Giuseppe Cimino
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose a theoretical analysis of the fundamental hypothesis of the photon universe model: the photon-photon photoproduction.
Category: Astrophysics

New Research of Electromagnetic Induction

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 10 Pages.

The electromotive force is divided into motional electromotive force and induced electromotive force. Through theoretical analysis and calculation, this paper reveals that the electrostatic field loop theorem can be extended to the general electric field loop theorem: In any electric field, the line integral of the electric field intensity along any closed path is equal to zero. Maxwell's mathematical expression of Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is incorrect. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction should be modified to Faraday's law of open circuit electromagnetic induction. Based on Helmholtz coil, a uniform alternating sinusoidal magnetic field is formed in the central area of the coil. Two different shapes of induction coils, round and square, are used. Their sectional area and the number of coils are equal. The two induction coils with different shapes are respectively placed in the center of Helmholtz coil, and their open circuit induced electromotive force is measured. The experimental results show that the induced electromotive force is not only related to the change rate of magnetic fluxes passing through the loop, but also to the shape of the loop, so Faraday's law of open circuit electromagnetic induction not correct. This paper further reveals the metal wire law of induced electromotive force: The induced electromotive force of any metal wire is proportional to the magnetic induction intensity, angular frequency of the magnetic field wave and the projection length of the wire in the normal direction of the magnetic field.
Category: Classical Physics

Some Features of Physical Systems Without Time and Dynamics

Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: 18 Pages.

Physical systems without time and dynamics have been considered. The principle of how to construct spacetime in a physical system without time and dynamics has been proposed. It has been found what can be objects in such a spacetime, and what can be an interaction between such objects. Within the framework of the considered class of systems, answers to the following problems of philosophy and physics have been found: the nature of consciousness and the connection of body and consciousness (mind-body problem), the nature of time, the anthropic principle and the problem of fine-tuning the universe, the effectiveness of mathematics in describing physical phenomena, the limits of knowledge. There are a number of indications that our Universe is not based on one of the systems of the class considered. The considered class of systems makes it possible to find answers to questions that cannot be answered for our Universe. This shows that it is fundamentally possible to find answers to these questions for our Universe as well.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Fusion Confusion

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 10 Pages.

With the latest hyped "breakthrough" in controllednuclear fusion reaction, it is predicted by those whohave a financial interest in such research that wecould fairly soon enjoy clean, abundant electricityin unlimited quantities. Will this fusion technologyhelp solve our biosphere’s dual "population" and"heat pollution" crises soon enough to make a realdifference? Or will today’s techno-hype yield moreconfusion over humanity’s prospects for survival?
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Talk About the Evolution of the Universe

Разговор об эволюции Вселенной

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 28 Pages. In Russian

This article comments briefly on the author's views on the evolutionary process of the Universe, which are fully presented in his book "Theory of Nature" (TN).The author hypothesizes that the main factor determining the character of the evolution of the entire Universe is the character of the change in the length quantum.

В этой статье комментируются в кратком изложении взгляды автора на эволюционный процесс Вселенной, которые в полном своём объёме изложены в его книге «Теория Природы» (ТП).Автор выдвигает гипотезу, что основным фактором определяющим характер эволюции всей Вселенной является характер изменения кванта длины.
Category: Astrophysics

The Equality P = NP on Programs with Infinite Length as Another Barrier to the Proof of P ≠ NP

Authors: Evgeny Kuznetsov
Comments: 10 Pages. unicode symbol ≠ could be changed to != if needed

Things become different at infinity. A school example - if you count the number of even numbers up to 100, there are half as many of them as all numbers. And at infinity, every natural number corresponds to an even number. And it turns out that there is an equal quantity of each of them. Without limiting the quantity of numbers, it is impossible to mathematically prove that there ar fewer even numbers than all numbers. A similar story is observed in complexity theory. In this paper, using a lazy Turing machine, it is proved that for programs with infinite length, the maximum complexity is O(n). And one of the consequences of this fact is that P = NP at infinity. And because of this, as one of the consequences of the last statement, it is impossible to prove that P ≠ NP without limiting the program’s length. In time hierarchy theorem, diagonalization implicitly limits the program’s length. We need a similar trick to keep progress going.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Light Propagation

Authors: Didier Viel
Comments: 11 Pages. Licence CC BY-NC-ND

Light propagation is a stone in the construction of A. Einstein SR theory and the comment he made in 1921 is still relevant. The existence of or non existence of a medium for the light propagation has not yet been given a clear answer. It is admited nowadays that light propagates in vaccum", without knowing its nature. Even if we call "vaccum" the medium for the propagation of light, to not say "ether", it is still a mystery how this medium behaves inside transparent matter in motion relative to space. The negation of the term "ether" comes from debates about experiments made in 19th century when stellar aberration was discovered and which gave rise to the Augustin Fresnel proposition of the "entrainment of ether by matter". Hyppolite Fizeau validated this concept with an experiment in which light is propagating through moving water and which was confirmed by Michelson, a few years later, in water and air. To have a clearer idea of the cohabitation of the two entities, matter and ether, Michelson initiated the issue of the behaviour of light in moving matter through ether ("ether wind") which was not treated by Fizeau experiment. The Michelson and Morley experiment was devoted to demonstrate the effect of the earth's motion through space on light propagation. The results obtained are still in controversial. In this paper we shows that the results obtained by Michelson, which were not null, can be explained by a new model of light propagation in transparent matter in motion through space.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Quark Field and Nuclear Physics

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 8 Pages.

The quark field unifies the four interactions of the Standard Model.SU(2)-Nuclear Physics as an analog of U(1)-chemistry, is related to discrete symmetry groups, corresponding to quark flavors, and supporting Dr. Moon's Model of the nucleus. Reinterpreting Weak Force as modeling transitions of Klein geometries of baryons via Quark Lines Diagrams, in particle accelerators experiments and Nuclear Physics is attempted.Nuclear Force is a resultant of exchange of mesons as two-ways quark ``bonds'' between nucleons, similar to electronic bonds in chemistry.An effective potential has terms corresponding to Coulomb force, Gravity and Nuclear Force, with applications to Gravity Control and Cold Fusion / Biological Transmutations.Further considerations regarding supersymmetry and the Network Model of Quantum Physics, are included.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Analyzing an Equation Concerning the "Scalar Potential of a Bosonic Lagrangian Obtained from Type I Supergravity"

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 70 Pages.

In this paper, we analyze an equation concerning the "scalar potential of a bosonic Lagrangian obtained from Type I Supergravity". We obtain new possible mathematical connections with MRB Constant, some parameters of Number Theory and Cosmology.
Category: General Mathematics

A Reflection on the Planck Scale with Countable Measure for all Quantities of Length and Time in the Universe

Authors: Richard Kaufman
Comments: 11 Pages.

We argue that the Planck scale for length and time is the only countable scale for measurements of lengths and times in the universe. Accordingly, any measurement of length which seeks a precision below the Planck length is unmeasurable and meaningless; so, every length in the universe has a countable number of Planck lengths. We see that there is a distinction between the physical quantities of length and time in the universe, and number, which is distinct from the physical universe.
Category: General Mathematics

Direction of Time (Направленность времени)

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 7 Pages. In Russian

The problem of the direction of time is that we intuitively feel that there is a direction of the time of nature from the past to the present, and from the present to the future ("past --> present --> future"). And time goes only forward. It cannot be stopped. And it can't be turned back. But physicists say that no physical experiment allows you to unambiguously indicate the direction of time. And if the time of nature, in some miraculous way, changes its direction, then this will not lead to any violation of the laws of physics. Time is symmetrical. And we will not be able to define, notice, catch, feel this in any way.The problem of the direction of time remains unsolvable within the framework of the theory of modern physics.The author offers his own solution to the problem of time direction.+++++++++Проблема направленности времени состоит в том, что мы интуитивно чувствуем, что есть направленность временит природы от прошлого к настоящему, а от настоящего к будущему («прошлое --> настоящее --> будущее»). И время идёт только вперёд. Его нельзя остановить. И его нельзя повернуть назад. Но вот физики утверждают, что никакой физический эксперимент не позволяет однозначно указать направление времени. И если время природы, каким-то чудесным образом изменит свою направленность, то это не приведёт к какому-либо нарушению законов физики. Время симметрично. И мы никаким способом, образом этого не сможем определить, заметить, уловить, почувствовать. Проблема направленности времени остаётся неразрешимой в рамках теории современной физики. Автор предлагает своё решение проблемы направленности времени.
Category: Classical Physics

The Law of Existence of Fundamental Particles

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 11 Pages. In Russian

The author of this article offers his own original approach to the study of fundamental particles. This approach is based on the hypothesis that "the content of fundamental particles is "pure", concrete matter of nature".

Автор настоящей статьи предлагает свой оригинальный подход к исследованию элементарных частиц. В основе такого подхода лежит гипотеза, что «содержимое элементарных частиц есть «чистая», конкретная материя природы»
Category: Classical Physics

Beyond Rewards and Values: a Non-Dualistic Approach to Universal Intelligence

Authors: Akira Pyinya
Comments: 14 Pages.

Building an AI system that aligns with human values is believed to be a two-step process: first design a value function or learn human value using value learning methods, then maximize those values using rational agents such as AIXI agents. In order to integrate this into one step, we analyze the dualistic assumptions of AIXI, and define a new universal intelligence model that can align with human preferences or specific environments, called Algorithmic Common Intelligence (ACI), which can behave the same way as examples. ACI does not have to employ rewards or value functions, but directly learns and updates hypothetical policies from experience using Solomonoff induction, while making actions according to the probability of every hypothesis. We argue that the rational agency model is a subset of ACI, and the coevolution of ACI and humans provides a pathway to AI alignment.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Charging the Reality-Sucks Theory

Authors: Sven Gohlke
Comments: 6 Pages.

I extend the Reality-Sucks theory with gravitation, kinetic energy, electric charge and temperature.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Complete Proof of the Conjecture C Smaller Than R^1.63 (Abc)

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 20 Pages. Comments welcome.

In this paper, we consider the $abc$ conjecture, we will give the proof that the conjecture $c$ smaller than $rad^{1.63}(abc)$ is true. It constitutes the key to resolve the $abc$ conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Design Autoencoder using BSnet (BSautonet)

Authors: Sing Kuang Tan
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper, I am going to propose a design for an Autoencoder using BSnet. To take advantage of the BSnet design, the autoencoder will be easy to train with more convex training optimization function. The idea is to develop a simple and standard unsupervised machine learning model that can easily be used on most of the data without label. In the experiment result, the output is subjectively evaluated by a human and it has shown to achieve human level accuracy on denoising the MNIST human handwriting digits dataset.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Relativistic Thermodynamics Laws According to Inverse Relativity

Authors: Michael Girgis
Comments: 15 Pages.

The three laws of relativistic thermodynamics according to the inverse theory of relativity, the relativistic formula of the first law, we find that time dilation reduces all energy forms of the thermodynamic system from positive space without violating the principle of energy conservation. Where the loss in internal energy besides the work done on the mass of the system appears in the negative space, in the relativistic formula of the second law we get a stability value for the entropy of the system in the positive space and we also get an entropy similar to it in the negative space as a result of a modified copy of the microscopic information of the system, As for the relativistic formula of the third law, the value of entropy in positive space reaches zero when the temperature of the system reaches absolute zero, and in negative space the entropy also reaches zero when the speed of the reference frame theoretically reaches the speed of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Multi-folds, The Fruit From The Loops? Fixing "Oops for The Loops" May Encounter Multi-folds in General Relativity And The E/G Conjecture

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 15 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a recent paper, we discussed the details and consequences of an analysis that argues a technical error in the LQG (Loop Quantum Gravity) quantization scheme that may also explain why, so far, LQG can’t recover GR and a classical smooth spacetime so far. In the present paper, we sketch a possible way forward (E/G-LQG) to address these issues. Doing so introduces new terms in the Quantum Gravity Hamiltonian with constraints that are reminiscent of entanglement, or correlation. It links entanglement and quantum gravity as in the E/G conjecture and provides hints of multi-fold mechanisms. This analysis result from work done on the multi-fold theory which resulted in a proposal from multi-fold mechanisms. In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result in a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant, and where spacetime nodes and particles, can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales, and semi-classical models remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting in what we defined as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without New Physics other than gravity, i.e. no new particles or forces. These considerations hints at an even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model.Hints of the role of entanglement in quantum gravity, derived with the LQG Dirac constrained Hamiltonian program, and its quantization, and also relatable to Lagrangian with LQG spin foams, is a significant result that significant progresses our understanding of the relationship between GR and multi-folds: it could be a way forward to evolve from a qualitative to quantitative multi-fold theory. The multi-folds and the E/G conjecture is actually present in the Hilbert Einstein action. It is just well hidden, and as a quantum effect, it could, understandably, only be discovered when proceeding with the quantization of GR.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Theory on the Limits of Things (Part 4): The Definition of Philosophy

Authors: Ding Jian
Comments: 14 Pages.

Reasoning is a necessary condition of philosophy. And inertia is shown to be characterized by continuity, which is a necessary condition for reasoning in reality. There is continuity between truth and the corresponding objective things, which has always been an absence in philosophy. It is precisely because of this absence that ambiguity occurs when a reasoning process in reality reaches between being and non-being. Thereby leading to the definition for "philosophy" has been in an inconclusive dilemma. Philosophy is the reasons summed up by human beings in the processes of exploring the laws of nature and gradually cognizing truths. These reasons can involve all knowledge, according to whether they exist in reality to distinguish different domains, which can be divided into three parts: science, metaphysics and mathematics. Truth must have absoluteness and immutability, does not exist in reality, and belongs to the category of metaphysics. Therefore, in the category of metaphysics, only those contents that have continuity with the corresponding objective things in reality, have the necessary condition for belonging to philosophy. Once in this way to define what are contained in metaphysics, the definition for "philosophy" will come naturally. In the reality, everything contains two sides that are both opposite and unified. And as "background", metaphysics is also indispensable. Otherwise, it is impossible to clearly distinguish the two opposing sides and reach a consensus, thereby ignoring the continuity that exists between truth and the corresponding objective things. Therefore, the unity of opposites should be a ternary theory. The three are indispensable, cause and effect to each other, co-birth and co-annihilation.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Francois Arago Experiment Done in 1810.

Authors: Jean-Jacques Sainthuille
Comments: 2 Pages. In French

Demonstration of the reality of light speed relativity one hundred year before 1905.
Category: Classical Physics

Determination of the Mass and Half-Life of a Boson Generated from an Energy Level of Zero Value

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper we study the possibility of creating matter by analyzing the solutions of the Klein-Gordon equation for a quantum state of zero energy.
Category: Mathematical Physics

New Law or Boundary Condition of Electromagnetic Wave Theory

Authors: Shuang-Ren Zhao
Comments: Pages.

According to Maxwell's electromagnetic theory or classical electromagnetic theory, if there is a changing current on the antenna, an electromagnetic wave will be induced around the antenna, which can propagate in space. When the electromagnetic wave propagates to the receiving antenna, the electromagnetic wave transfers the electromagnetic energy and momentum to the receiving antenna. The receiving antenna receives the electromagnetic signal. The above discussion is the standard description of electromagnetic wave in almost all electromagnetic field textbooks. The author found this description wrong. According to Wheeler Feynman's absorber theory, the radiation generated by the transmitting antenna is not only determined by the changing current of the transmitting antenna, but also affected by the current changes of the environmental materials. The material absorbing electromagnetic wave affects the transmitting antenna by radiating the advanced wave. The author supports Wheeler Feynman's view. Maxwell's electromagnetic theory needs to satisfy the Sliver-Muller radiation condition. This condition actually describes that a good absorber material has been arranged at the far field of the transmitting antenna, which can absorb all the radiated electromagnetic waves. Considering these, the author establishes a new electromagnetic theory, in which all transmitting antennas, absorber materials are near the origin. It is assumed that no matter on the sphere with infinite radius can absorb electromagnetic waves, so electromagnetic waves cannot transmit electromagnetic energy to infinity. The author adds this idea to Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. That is to add a boundary condition for Maxwell's electromagnetic theory that radiation does not overflow the universe. This boundary condition must be in conflict with Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. Because the far field of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory can only take the Sliver-Muller radiation condition. However, the author finds that we can relax Maxwell's equation appropriately. In fact, the author relaxes the mutual energy principle equivalent to Maxwell's equation. The relaxed mutual energy principle can add new boundary condition that radiation does not overflow the universe. This constitutes a new electromagnetic theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Mechanics of the Cosmos

Authors: S. Opoku-Inkum
Comments: 4 Pages.

With the notion of the cosmos existing as a superposition of manifold levels of varying dimensions, we seek to simplify things by explaining all phenomenon in the cosmos with the same set of laws, and by ensuring the same laws work throughout the cosmos and on all the manifold levels. We therefore apply and adopt the laws of classical mechanics which usually only applies to the physical manifold to the remainder of the manifold levels of the cosmos.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The 3rd Incompleteness Theorem Disproving Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Rayd Majeed Al-Shammari
Comments: 5 Pages.

There is a hidden limits in our mathematics itself that's make us cannot keep counting to infinity not because our human species incompetent but because in reality our numbers by itself are finite, in fact we will never have infinite numbers not just because we are incapable of counting to infinity but because in our mathematics there is no such thing. Numbering is not just counting, numbering is counting that’s holds a definitive value but infinity is undefined so no number could be a represent for infinity. Infinity of numbers cannot exist, because any number you think of no matter how big it’s in the end it will have value then it will be define but infinity is undefined. If we have infinite numbers then there summation will give us a well definitive value and that's would be closer to zero than to infinity and by this infinity just cannot be exist and this what I will prove in this work and to certify this theory I will use it to disprove Riemann hypothesis among other.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

A Note on the Standard Model

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 7 Pages.

The four fundamental interactions of the SM can be unified as a quark field, by using the Hopf fibration to model the basic building block of matter: qubit space (software viewpoint) / quark structure of the neutron (hardware). This approach uses a much richer mathematical structure in lieu of the GUT approach via a larger symmetry group and recycling the gauge theory paradigm, while still missing Gravity.Quarks are not independent particles. The unified field is the quark field, a type $(2,1)$ vector field associated with neutrons, breaking the $SO(3)$-symmetry of classical or quantum pointwise charges.Under interactions with the environment it decays into the constituents of the stable form, the hydrogen atom.Weak interaction is not a force, rather a transition between modes of vibration of baryons. Strong Force needs to be redesigned as a nuclear force, instead of being tailored to confine quarks. Gravity is a correction to EM as the main long range component of the quark field. Motion adds dynamical aspects to Gravity, including induction due to mass currents, which has been experimentally proved.Applications to Gravity Control, experimentally verified, and controlling Cold Fusion / Transmutations, also experimentally observed, are briefly mentioned.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

宇宙的起源和上帝（God and the Origin of the Universe）

Authors: Yiyang Zhang
Comments: 4 Pages. In English and Chinese

本文从形而上学的角度论述了宇宙的起源和上帝的存在形式。

This article discusses the origin of the universe and the existence form of God from the perspective of metaphysics.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Boolean Structured Deep Learning Network (BSnet)

Authors: Sing Kuang Tan
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, I am going to propose a new Boolean Structured Deep Learning Network (BSnet) based on the concept of monotone multi-layer Boolean algebra. I have shown that this network has achieved significant improvement in accuracy over an ordinary Relu Deep Learning Network.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Mysteries and Revelations of the Shroud of Turin

Authors: Lev I. Verkhovsky
Comments: 19 Pages.

The author suggested that the image on the Shroud of Turin is a thermal photo of the hot body of a man crucified, but not dead on the cross. The hypothesis is discussed that a similar story happened to Jesus Christ, and not by chance, but according to a plan developed by him.The article was published in the Soviet popular scientific magazine "Chemistry and Life" («Химия и жизнь», 1991, No. 12, in Russian). This is its translation into English (with minimal changes).
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Fine Structure Constant Model Showing the Electron Charge of Having an Intrinsic Geometry

Authors: Emmanouil Markoulakis, Emmanuel Antonidakis
Comments: 18 Pages.

Using our recently published electron’s charge electromagnetic flux manifold fiber model of the electron, described by analytical method and numerical simulations,we show the physical origin of the fine structure constant dimensionless value and how it is embedded as a geometrical proportionality constant in three dimensional space of the electron charge manifold and how this dictates the first QED term one-loop contribution of its anomalous magnetic moment making for the first time a connection of the electron intrinsic characteristics with physical geometrical dimensions and therefore demonstrating that the physical electron charge cannot be dimensionless but has finite dimensions at rest. We show that the fine structure constant (FSC) α, and anomalous magnetic moment of the electron α(μ) is related to the sphericity of its charge distribution which is not perfectly spherical all around and has a complex shape, thus an electric oblate quadrupole moment and therefore its self-confined charge possesses measurable physical dimensions. We also explain why these are not yet able to be measured by past and current experiments and evaded detection by our instruments and how possiblewe could succeed. Lastly, we show how the electron charge can be translated to a twisted spin Compton wavelength physically relativistically spinning photon.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Lead-Free High-Temperature Dielectrics in the Bi0.5na0.5tio3-Batio3 and Bi0.5na0.5tio3-Batio3-K0.5na0.5nbo3 Systems

Authors: Matias Acosta
Comments: 106 Pages.

The motivation guidelines for the development of new high-temperature wide operational range dielectrics are given. Afterwards, the fundamental physics of dielectricity are described, followed by a brief general description of ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity. Moreover, the material detailed requirements for high-temperature dielectrics are given and a literature review of materials with suitable properties for high-temperature capacitors is presented. Regarding the experimental part, lead-free high-temperature dielectrics in the Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-BaTiO3 and Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-BaTiO3-K0.5Na0.5NbO3 systems doped with different concentrations of CaZrO3 were synthesized. Their structural, microstructural and electrical properties were characterized.
Category: Condensed Matter

Growth in Human Group Size as the Cause of Society’s Challenges from Possible Gene Pool Signaling Impact

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 9 Pages.

A short speculative hypothesis is presented implying that many of the ailments or catastrophes of human society could be due to primordial "gene pool" signaling, or due to gene pool signal degradation, as the growth of human social groups far exceeded the gene pool’s capabilities. Humans are considered as components of gene pools where gene pools have a "distributed intelligence" capable of signaling to all of its individual human components. Gene pools may maintain an ability to influence groups or populations, particularly in times of scarcity or extinction, whereby entire beliefs, cultures, strife, propensity toward violence, and individual and group behaviors are influenced. Beyond a certain "group size," or a rate of component change, this gene pool signaling is degraded or even corrupted perhaps leading to otherwise irrational behaviors like wars, genocide, extreme inequality, or paralysis against long term existential threats like climate change.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A New Formula for Ellipse Perimeter Approximation Yielding Absolute Relative Error Less Than 1.83 Ppm

Authors: K. Idicula Koshy
Comments: 6 Pages. The article is expected to encourage further research on Ellipse Perimeter Approximation.

Abstract In this article, the author presents a new formula for Ellipse Perimeter Approximation. This formula, with two parameters, is unique in form among all published formulae on Ellipse Perimeter Approximation. Of the two parameters, one is a constant and the other is a polynomial of the aspect ratio, which is dependent on the chosen constant. We were able to reduce the Absolute Relative Error to less than 1.83 parts per million (ppm) for any ellipse, by suitable choice of the parameters.
Category: Geometry

Axioms for a Differential Geometric Approach to the Von Neumann’s Theory of Quantum Measurement

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 17 Pages.

This papers introduces axioms for von Neumann’s theory of quantum measurement in a differential geometric framework. Our visual perception places us (observers) at the origin of a 3-dimensional cartesian coordinate system. So the first axiom is that Observers can be regarded as point objects/particles. Our second axiom is that perceptual experiences can be regarded as occurring on a tangent space at the point where the Observer is located. Due to our psychological experience of time asymmetry, we have the third axiom that, the observer is traversing irreversibly along the future time-like direction, on the (3+1) dimensional space-time manifold. Interaction between Observers is discussed at classical and quantum mechanical levels. Quantum mechanical experiments such as those of Schrodinger’s Cat, and the Quantum Zeno Effect, are examined; keeping in view, the information processing and flicker rate, with in the brain. It is anticipated that as the spatial and temporal resolution, of real time brain investigation techniques, such as the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID), Magneto-Encephalo-Gram (MEG), Electro-Encephalo-Gram (EEG), reach a critical level — the Quantum Measurement Processes within the brain, would be open to study experimentally.
Category: Quantum Physics

Effective Field Theory as Asymptotic Regime of Chaotic Dynamics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 20 Pages.

We argue here that the onset of classical chaos above the Fermi scale underlies the construction of Effective Field Theory (EFT). According to this view, particle physics and gravitational dynamics are low-energy manifestations of chaotic behavior and multifractal geometry.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Graphical Law Behind the Head Words of Dictionary Kannada and English Written by W. Reeve, Revised, Corrected and Enlarged by Daniel Sanderson

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 29 Pages. A crucial mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the head words of the Dictionary Kannada and English written by W. Reeve, revised, corrected and enlarged by Daniel Sanderson.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of head words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BW(c=0.01),the magnetisation curve of the Ising Model in the Bragg-Williams approximation in the presence of external magnetic field, H. $c=frac{ H}{gamma epsilon}=0.01$ with $epsilon$ being the strength of coupling between two neighbouring spins in the Ising Model, $gamma$ representing the number of nearest neighbours of a spin which very large.Moreover, we put forth a parallelism with a Bengali dictionary.
Category: Linguistics

Suggestions for an Educational Programming Language PL/2

Authors: Alexey Podorov
Comments: 7 Pages. The structure, grammar and examples of a programming language for teaching are offered

The structure, grammar and examples of a programming language for teaching are offered.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Constructive QFT: A Condensed Math Point of View Part I

Authors: Juno Ryu
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this series, we show a road map to prove the existence of φ^4 quantum field theory over 4-d Euclidean spacetime. We suggest a new axiomatic approach on constructive quantum field theory via condensed mathematics. The goal is to extend this new approach to cover the mathematical viability of field theories of standard model and beyond.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Magic Rabbits in Physics and Unspooky Violation of Bell’s Inequality Using Rabbits and Doors

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit complete paper only)

Extending the thought experiment considered in ‘Explaining why ‘unspooky’ violation of Bell’s inequalities is to be expected’. Looking at how the statistical pattern of matched detection is formed for ‘entangled’ photon pairs encountering polarizers with different angles between their orientations. By using a thought experiment analogy to help with conceptualizing unseen absolute orientations and relations between them. Correcting the description for 45 degree angle of difference between the orientation of the doors, incorrectly described in ‘The trouble with magic rabbits.’ Starting by considering some useful analogy and its shortcoming, and the requirements for a model to agree with experimental findings. The necessary background metaphysical environment in which the physics is happening is given. Schrödinger's cat and Many worlds are mentioned briefly. A possible simplified demonstration is outlined and evaluated. There is additional method added that was absent from ‘The trouble with magic rabbits’.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Physics and Matter

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 28 Pages. In Russian

In this article, an attempt is made to introduce matter into the bosom of physics as the main physical quantity. Whether the author succeeded or not, and how successful (if successful) it is, is for you to judge, dear readers. The author puts the hypothesis that the content of elementary particles is a "pure", concrete matter of nature as the basis of his reasoning and reflections.

В настоящей статье предпринята попытка ввести материю в лоно физики в качестве основной физической величины. Получилось это или нет у автора и насколько это получилось (если получилось), — судить вам, уважаемые читатели. В основу своих рассуждений и размышлений автор ставит гипотезу, что содержимое элементарных частиц есть «чистая», конкретная материя природы.
Category: Classical Physics

A Proof of RH by Strip Mapping Pattern Contradictions

Authors: Tae Beom Lee
Comments: 10 Pages.

The Riemann zeta function(RZF), ζ(s), is a function of a complex variable s = x + iy, which is analytic for x > 1. The Dirichlet Eta Function(DEF), η(s), is also a function of a complex variable s, which is analytic for x > 0. The zeros of RZF and DEF are all same. The Riemann hypothesis(RH) states that the non-trivial zeros of RZF is of the form s = 0.5 + iy. The clue of our proof stems from the symmetry properties of RZF zeros, stating that if there exists a zero whose real part is not 0.5, such as ζ(α+ iβ) = 0,0 <α < 0.5, also ζ(1-α+ iβ)=0, called the critical line symmetry. Then, the two symmetric zeros should be on the two edge lines of a strip α ≤ �� ≤ 1−α. In the strip there are infinitely many lines that are parallel to the edge lines. Our question was, when that strip is mapped by DEF, will these parallel relationships be kept? If the parallel relationships are kept, RH is true, if not, RH may be false. So, we identified four possible graphic patterns that may satisfy the critical line symmetry. We found that DEF can’t satisfy any of the four patterns. So, RH is true.
Category: Number Theory

Relation of Anomalous Magnetic Dipole Moments of Leptons

Authors: Branko Zivlak
Comments: 2 Pages.

The relation of anomalous magnetic dipole moments of three charged leptons is assumed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Efficient Integration of Perceptual VAE into Dynamic Latent Scale GAN

Authors: Jeongik Cho
Comments: 10 Pages.

Dynamic latent scale GAN is a method to train an encoder that inverts the generator of GAN with maximum likelihood estimation. In this paper, we propose a method to improve the performance of dynamic latent scale GAN by integrating perceptual VAE loss into dynamic latent scale GAN efficiently. When training dynamic latent scale GAN with normal i.i.d. latent random variable, and latent encoder is integrated into discriminator, a sum of a predicted latent random variable of real data and a scaled normal noise follows normal i.i.d. random variable. This random variable can be used for both VAE and GAN training. Considering the intermediate layer output of the discriminator as a feature encoder output, the generator can be trained to minimize perceptual VAE loss. Also, inference & backpropagation for perceptual VAE loss can be integrated into those for GAN training. Therefore, perceptual VAE training does not require additional computation. Also, the proposed method does not require prior loss or variance estimation like VAE.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On N-Dimensional Numbers

Authors: Jan Norman Lawrence
Comments: 5 Pages.

A number should have a dimension. We can think of a real number as one dimensional number, we can think of a complex number as a two dimensional number. A dimension of a number should be n, where n is any positive integer of our choice. I will introduce algebra of n dimensional numbers for any n positive integer.
Category: Number Theory

Presentation of "Theory of Nature"

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 30 Pages. In Russian

In this article, the author has made an attempt to present to respected readers his "Theory of Nature", his book with the same title. Theory of Nature is a dialectical-materialistic physics. This is the physics of nature. And since nature is fundamentally material and dialectical, the philosophy of nature is dialectical materialism, and the physics of nature is dialectical-materialistic physics. A specific matter of nature has been found, this is the content of elementary particles. And content is a property. And the property of objects of the material world is reflected in the conceptual apparatus of physics as a physical quantity. This matter is introduced into the bosom of physics as the main physical quantity.

В настоящей статье автор предпринял попытку представить уважаемым читателям свою «Теорию Природы», свою книгу с таким же названием. Теория Природы — это диалектико-материалистическая физика. Это физика природы. И поскольку природа в своей основе материальна и диалектична, то философией природы является диалектический материализм, а физикой природы является диалектико-материалистическая физика. Найдена конкретная материя природы, это содержимое элементарных частиц. А содержимое — это свойство. А свойство предметов материального мира отражается в понятийном аппарате физики в качестве физической величины. Вот эта материя и введена в лоно физики в качестве основной физической величины.
Category: Classical Physics

Schr"odinger-Robertson Uncertainty Relation Which Depends on the Quantum Phase Transition

Authors: Koji Nagata, Do Ngoc Diep, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 7 pages

We derive the Schr"odinger--Robertson uncertainty relation which depends on the quantum phase transition.Our general uncertainty relationasserts, in different times $t$ and $t'$,a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle known as complementary variables, such as its position at time $t$ ($hat{x}(t)$) and momentum at time $t'$ ($hat{p}(t')$), can be known. It turns out that the uncertainty relation is valid for different times $t$ and $t'$.Additionally, it turns out that the formula is natural from the understandable upper limit inthe Bloch sphere, in qubits handling,and the meaningful lower limit (exactly zero).We hope the new formula is useful for analyzing for several systems in condensed matter and certain atomic nuclei in which such phase transitions can be observed.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Problem of the Causality in the Atomic World

Authors: Klaus-Dieter Wantke
Comments: 227 Pages.

Interaction theories are usually based on a elativistically invarieant Lagrange function. This function is generally known and accepted for the electromagnetic interaction. The variation of that Lagrangian leads to the system of the coupled Maxwell-Dirac equations. It contains a non-linear term. If you neglect this term, you obtain the well-known linear Dirac equation and rules for determining the correct values of the spectral lines of atoms. However, one cannot describe the radiation process and has to introduce the quantum hypothesis. But, if the non-linear term is also taken into account, there are solutions of the system what describe the emission of "quantum jumps" in space and time with correct frequencies. This is demonstrated in the presented work for hydrogen and helium atoms. It explains the entangled eigenfunctions in the context of a classical mear-field theory. Further problems like diffraction effects, photo effects and relativistic transformation of the field tensor are discussed. Aim of the work is a proposal of an alternative to the statistical interpretation of the quantum theory in context of a classical near-field theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Perfect Numbers, Even and Odd, Are Infinite

Authors: Giovanni Di Savino
Comments: 4 Pages.

"A perfect number is a natural number which is equal to the sum of its divisors, also including the number one (but excluding the number itself)" and Euclid with an algorithm, (2^n -1)*2^(n-1 ) states that even perfect numbers are the result of the multiplication between two powers that both have the number 2 as a base and the indices of the powers differ by 1, i.e.: a power is 2^n -1 which is a prime number with the other power, 2^(n -1) which is an even number. The algorithm for even perfect numbers can be extended to odd perfect numbers which are the result of the multiplication between two powers that both have the same odd number as a base and the indices of the powers differ by 1, i.e.: a power is an odd number ^n -2 which is a prime number with the other power, odd number^(n -1) which is an odd number. Perfect even or odd numbers are the result of multiplying the result between two powers one of which is a prime number (obtained from a power). The difference between even and dispar perfect numbers is: a) for even perfect numbers the prime number is the result of a power of two minus 1; b) for odd perfect numbers the prime number is the result of a power of one of the infinite odd numbers minus 2.
Category: Number Theory

The Simplest Model of the Physical Structure of the Universe, Which Can be Verified Experimentally

Authors: Vasily Brusko
Comments: In English and Russian, each 8 pages

The article describes a possible model for the formation of elementary particles of matter from energy. A hydrodynamic model featuring the possibility to keep volumetric vortices from disintegration into chaotic (thermal) motion of the fluid particles for unlimited time has been developed. The study has demonstrated that the vortices in the model have all the qualitative properties of elementary particles: they have an analog of spin, rest energy, create analogs of fields and forces, can freely move in the model fluid as in the void, have wave properties, etc. In addition, the model has a speed limit similar to the speed of light and analogs of space and time. The model can be tested experimentally.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Oops For The Loops: Mounting LQG Woes And A Challenge To The LQG Community

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 9 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/

This paper results from work done on the multi-fold theory which resulted in a proposal for quantum gravity. In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result in a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure, and a non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant, and where spacetime nodes, and particles, can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales, and semi-classical models remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity, with non-negligible effects can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting in what we defined as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without New Physics other than gravity, i.e. no new particles or forces. These considerations hint at an even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model.The multi-fold theory obviously overlaps and relates to other TOEs like superstrings and quantum gravity e.g.., Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG). Considerations about some of these other theories have been published, including lessons learned, and recommendations to fill gaps, or address issues. However, our initial analysis of LQG focused more on similarities, and our perceived gap in terms of particles, and entanglement modeling by LQG. We had not yet encountered an analysis, unrelated to the multi-fold theory, which argues that there would be a technical error in LQG quantization scheme that may also explain why LQG can’t recover GR, and a classical smooth spacetime so far. This argument may not have been explicitly published to, or discussed by, the LQG community.This paper points out and amplifies the arguments encountered around this possible error, and it challenges the LQG community to provide an answer, or a mitigating reformulated model.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Note on Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 4 Pages.

The hypothetical dark matter and dark energy play the role of sources of gravity, supplementing what General Relativity predicts based on the observed masses in the Universe.This brief note accounts for this additional G-force / potential based on the Theory of Gravity of quantum origin, emerging from the quark structure of matter.This supplemental gravity is due to the presence of fractional charges of quarks, which yield different interaction strengths depending on the polarization of spin directions of neutrons and protons. In the presence of high intensity magnetic fields of rotating systems (neutron stars, galaxies etc.) the change in polarization of spins affects the intensity of the gravitational field. Note that such a dependence cannot be accounted for my GR via only the metric of space-time.This is consistent with theories of Modified Gravity on fiber bundles, including spin for instance, as effective theories of Gravity without black matter and black energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Architectural Pattern, Characteristics and Binding Energies of Nuclides in Terms of Quarks of Quantum Chromo Dynamics

Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen, Subha Sen
Comments: 30 Pages, 10 Figures 10 Tables

The symmetry based architectural model of the nucleus explains the characteristics of the nuclides such as their nucleosyntheses, the radioactive emission phenomena, fission and fusion reactions without much involvement of intricate mathematics. Invoking the concept of d- quarks from Quantum Chromo Dynamics the structure, properties and binding energy of α-particle and those of low mass number nuclides could easily be derived. This is now being extended to heavy nuclides to reveal some of their characteristic phenomena regarding the dimension of nuclear shells, their non-uniform densities and the absence of mean free path among the nucleons. This model seems to be entirely different from the commonly adopted nuclear models. The description of the nuclear arrangement in architectural polyhedral model for all the elements starting from 4He to 238U shows perfect match between the capacity of the polyhedron and the number of d-quarks available. This concept is further applied to discuss the unique feature of most tightly bound "iron group of elements", comparison of the emission process of the radioactive disintegration products in different radioactive series and the properties of transactinide.On the basis of the number of quarks involved, the binding energies of the possible isotopes of elements up to the transactinide are calculated. A few simple empirical formulae are proposed for the theoretical calculation of binding energies of the nuclides by evading several complex terms used in the classical Weizsäcker "mass formula". The closeness of the results with the experimental mass spectral binding energies has been established by comparison with nuclides taken at random from the entire range of known elements.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Consistent Supergravity Theories in Diverse Dimensions

Authors: Boris Stoyanov
Comments: 49 Pages.

The scientific article reviews some properties of the low-energy effective actions for consistentsupergravity models. We summarize the current state of knowledge regarding quantum gravitytheories with minimal supersymmetry. We provide an elegant extension of the theory and give adeffinitions of the anomaly-free models in advanced supergravity constructions. The deep relationbetween anomalies and inconsistency is emphasized in this research. The conditions for anomalycancellation in these supergravity theories typically constitute determined types of equations.For completeness of theoretical framework, we are including anomaly-free models, which areconsistent supergravity theories.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The SP-multiple-alignment Concept as a Generalisation of Six Other Variants of "Information Compression via the Matching and Unification of Patterns"

Authors: J. G. Wolff
Comments: 23 Pages.

This paper focusses on the powerful concept of SP-multiple-alignment, a key part of the SP System (SPS), meaning the SP Theory of Intelligenceand its realisation in the SP Computer Model. The SPS is outlined in an appendix. More specifically, the paper shows with examples how the SP-multiplealignment construct may function as a generalisation of six other variants of ‘Information Compression via the Matching and Unification of Patterns’ (ICMUP). Each of those six variants is described in a separate section, and in each case there is a demonstration of how that variant may be modeled via the SP-multiple-alignment construct.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On the Gauss Circle Problem

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 13 Pages. A few corrections have been implemented

Using the compression method, we prove an inequality related to the Gauss circle problem. Let $mathcal{N}_r$ denotes the number of integral points in a circle of radius $r>0$, then we have $$2r^2bigg(1+frac{1}{4}sum limits_{1leq kleq lfloor frac{log r}{log 2}floor}frac{1}{2^{2k-2}}bigg)+O(frac{r}{log r}) leq mathcal{N}_r leq 8r^{2}bigg(1+sum limits_{1leq kleq lfloor frac{log r}{log 2}floor}frac{1}{2^{2k-2}}bigg)+O(frac{r}{log r})$$ for all $r>1$. This implies that the error function $E(r)$ of the counting function $mathcal{N}_rll r^{1-epsilon}$ for any $epsilon>0.$
Category: Number Theory

The Physical Nature of the Basic Concepts of Physics: Part 11. Mass

Authors: Guido F. Nelissen
Comments: 17 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

In his paper Part 8 on the physical nature of velocity, the author has demonstrated that the fact that the size of a particle system is the area that is repetitively covered by the motions of its basic components, leads in a natural way to the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction of a moving particle system, which means that the so-called length ‘contraction’ is a real, physical compression in its direction of motion.This allows the author to demonstrate in this paper that the force that we have to exert on a mass particle system to increase its velocity, is in fact the force that we must exert on it to compress it in its direction of motion.It follows from this that, when a 3-dimensional mass particle system reaches the speed of light, it will have been compressed into a 2-dimensional particle system that moves with an invariable speed and that has variable motion and mass behaviour (such as linear momentum and gravitational interaction) in a plane perpendicular to its invariable speed.This means that the inertial ‘mass’ of a particle system is an emergent property that finds its origin in the 3-dimensional cyclic motion of its massless components, which leads in a self-evident way to Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence, and allows the author to give the physical meaning of the Compton and the de Broglie wavelengths and of Planck’s constant, and will in his next paper lead to a quantum theory on gravitation.
Category: Classical Physics

The Physical Nature of the Basic Concepts of Physics: Part 12. Gravitation

Authors: Guido F. Nelissen
Comments: 12 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

In this paper it is demonstrated that falling objects are not attracted to each other by "pulling forces", but that instead proceed naturally to each other under their own power, by a gradual rectification of the internal, rotational-vibrational motion of their basic components into translational bulk motion.This mechanism, which has the form of a self-exited resonance that is caused by a positive feedback coupling between the involved masses, replaces the present concept of translational force "fields" in gravitational, electro-magnetic, and weak and strong interactions.
Category: Classical Physics

Artificial Intelligence, Physical Substantiation of the Chemical Bond and Synthesis of New Substances (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 6 Pages.

Given the physical justification of the chemical bond as a standing de Broglie wave of valence electrons, it is quite possible to have an accurate theoretical description of the chemical bond (molecules), which will lead to the rejection of the real synthesis of substances. The synthesis of all theoretically possible new substances is practically impossible due to the insufficiency of matter. Therefore, in the future, synthesis will inevitably move to virtual reality, where it will be produced by AI. But, this requires a strict description of the chemical bond.Учитывая физическое обоснование химической связи как стоячей волны де Бройля валентных электронов, вполне возможно точное теоретическое описание химической связи (молекул), которое приведет к отказу от реального синтеза веществ. Синтез всех теоретически возможных новых веществ, практически невозможен ввиду недостаточности материи. Поэтому, в будущем, синтез неизбежно переместится в виртуальную реальность, где его будет производить ИИ. Но, для этого нужно строгое описание химической связи.
Category: Chemistry

Mirror Symmetry for New Physics Beyond the Standard Model in 4D Spacetime

Authors: Wanpeng Tan
Comments: 25 Pages. More related papers at https://www.wanpengtan.com/smm/

The two discrete generators of the full Lorentz group $O(1,3)$ in $4D$ spacetime are typically chosen to be parity inversion symmetry $P$ and time reversal symmetry $T$, which are responsible for the four topologically separate components of $O(1,3)$. Under general considerations of quantum field theory (QFT) with internal degrees of freedom, mirror symmetry is a natural extension of $P$, while $CP$ symmetry resembles $T$ in spacetime. In particular, mirror symmetry is critical as it doubles the full Dirac fermion representation in QFT and essentially introduces a new sector of mirror particles. Its close connection to T-duality and Calabi-Yau mirror symmetry in string theory is clarified. Extension beyond the Standard model can then be constructed using both left- and right-handed heterotic strings guided by mirror symmetry. Many important implications such as supersymmetry, chiral anomalies, topological transitions, Higgs, neutrinos, and dark energy, are discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Experimental Versus Theoretical Mass of U and D-Quarks

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 3 Pages.

A theoretical study on the subject led to the discovery of even more discrepancies and strange results in modern physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

On light cones in the Standard Model of Cosmology (Lambda-CDM Model)

Authors: Werner Lange
Comments: 44 pages. In German. Figure 6.2 replaced

This paper strives for a complete analysis of all relevant aspects of light cones in the spatially flat standard model of cosmology (Lambda-CDM model). The apex of the past light cone may be located at any cosmological time since the Big Bang. The presentation expounds the interaction of these light cones (past and future light cones) with the Hubblesphere, cosmological event horizon, particle horizon and observable universe as well as with the world lines of galaxies. Alongside this, the study also answers the question at which light cone apex a galaxy visible today can be perceived after a given cosmological time has elapsed and at which emission time the then visible light was emitted. In addition, some drawings elucidate in detail from which resting objects and moving particles the observable universe is built up at a certain time after the Big Bang and how objects and particles get to their respective locations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mathematical Digital Quantum Computation by Means of Much More Logical Skills

Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 14 Pages. Quantum Studies: Mathematics and Foundations, (Accepted 2024.02.09).

We expand Deutsch's algorithm for determining the mappings of a logical function by using four orthogonal states. Using this, we propose a parallel computation for all of the combinations of values in variables of a logical function by using sixteen orthogonal states.As an application of our algorithm, we demonstrate two typical arithmetic calculations in the binary system. We study an efficiency for operating a full adder/half adder by quantum-gated computing. The two typical arithmetic calculations are $(1+1)$ and $(2+3)$.The typical arithmetic calculation $(2+3)$is faster than that of its classical apparatus which would require $4^3=64$ steps when we introduce the full adder operation. Another typical arithmetic calculation $(1+1)$is faster than that of its classical apparatus which would require $4^2=16$ steps when we introduce only the half adder operation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Unification of Classical and Quantum Theory Based on a Combination of Special Relativity and Sampling Theory

Authors: Norman Graves
Comments: 62 Pages.

The assumption that angular momentum is quantized underpins all of quantum theory. Theassumption is at best, questionable and most likely false because it violates the tenets of the scientific method. A new model is proposed for the hydrogen atom which does not rely on this assumption and is instead based on a combination of a sampling process and special relativity. It is postulated that certain orbital velocity terms are themselves affected by relativity. This leads to a planetary model for the atom in which the electron orbits at near light speed and at a constant radius independent of the energy level, thus obviating the need for changes in radius with energy level and the attendant changes in potential energy. The atom is no longer seen as a nebulous cloud, but as a particle in the conventional sense.The model provides explanations for many incomprehensible phenomena associated with current theories. The dynamics involved are recognizably those of Newton and Einstein. It provides a simple mechanical explanation for the discrete energy levels of the atom, why synchrotron radiation does not occur, the nature of the fine structure constant and zero-point energy and the reason why Planck’s constant is a constant. It does so under a single set of physical laws and so it effectively unites classical and quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Standard Model Theory [May Be] a Wrong Theory

Authors: Vaggelis Talios
Comments: 9 Pages.

The Standard Model is the theory of Physics that describes the elementary particles of matter and the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions, between them. The theory of the Standard Model does not include the description of the gravitational interactions. It is a very well founded theory that has predicted many experimental results, such as the existence of many particles, and has withstood many experimental tests. The key missing piece of the theory to fill in was the Higgs boson, whose existence was reasonably suspected and confirmed by CERN’s ATLAS and CMS experiments in 2012. The current synthesis of the theory was completed in the mid-1970s, after the experimental confirmation of the existence of the quarks, and then confirmed, with the discovery of the Higgs boson, in 2012. All these, are according to the established views of science. But according to the opinions of many scientists, opinions with which I as the author of this paper agree, the theory of the Standard Model is a wrong theory because, while it makes some successful predictions, it does not answer to a number of many other questions that it should answer for its final establishment. Specifically and according to established views, the theory cannot explain the existence of dark matter and dark energy, the behavior of neutrinos and the existence of particles with very different masses. It is also questionable whether the Higgs boson, discovered in the ATLAS experiment is actually the particle that contributes to the creation of the mass of the elementary particles of matter, and whether the Higgs mechanism is theoretically a correct mechanism. There is doubt if the interactions, actually be created by the exchange of bosons? If bosons are really exist? And not any convincing explanation is given by the theory, for the case that, the bosons exist as particles, where were they found? And how do they work? For replace, or fill the void will be left by the theory of the Standard Model, which I believe sooner or later will be renewed or retired, I propose a New Model that more convincingly describes the elementary components of matter and the interactions between them. The New Model also addresses all the weak points of the theory of the Standard Model, including the interaction of gravity. But the main feature of the New Model, which will surprise you! is its reliability, correctness, logic and simplicity. But this is something you will judge after studying the New Model.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Physical Meaning of the Definition of Distant Simultaneity

Authors: Luk Rossey
Comments: 11 Pages.

It is a remarkable thing that distant simultaneity has proved over the years to be one of the most contentious and apparently confusion issues in Special Relativity Theory . Einstein defined simultaneity for two reasons . Firstly, to equate the one-way with the two-way speed of light and secondly to explain a natural phenomenon described in his famous train-embankment thought experiment . In the former , distant clocks are synchronized assuming light speed invariance, while in the latter, no assumptions are made regarding the physical nature of light. It turns out that distant events can be defined both simultaneous and separated in time in the same reference frame, leading to the conclusion that light may not behave as we think it does.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Formula That Allows Calculating the Scalar Curvature of the Trajectory to a Point in Space-time Located at a Fixed Distance From a Point Mass

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 2 Pages.

A formula that allows calculating the scalar curvature of the trajectory of a point in space-time, in the case of a gravitational field caused by a point mass, through the values of mass and spatial distance.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Model of Space-Time Structure

Authors: V. G. Bondarev, L. V. Migal
Comments: 9 Pages.

Present paper considers a structure model of discrete space-time, the properties of which are determined by the substrate. As a substrate a 2-dimensional plane under no matter is chosen, the surfaces of which are space and anti-space.A new concept called spacetron, considered as a spatial element of the substrate, which is the basis for the subsequent formation of 4-dimensional space-time, is proposed. Upper-level spacetrons are a hexagonal 2-dimensional packing, with spacetrons of other levels (first, second, etc.) placed between them, followed by their identification with electron-positron pairs, neutrinos and electromagnetic field quanta. It is shown how the connectivity of space-time is determined by completely filling the substrate space with spacestrons of different sizes, which allows us to consider the resulting 4-dimensional space-time as a quasi-continuous medium. It is shown that in the case of contact interaction of space-time substrate spacestrons, all of them can be given a spherical shape by partitioning the upper level spacestrons into linked objects, called a loveton, which is a three-dimensional object, and an anti-loveton, which is an anti-space object.Within the framework of the computer model the mechanism of the appearance of matter in space-time is considered. The appearance of matter takes place under the influence of energy perturbations of space-time structural elements, causing the appearance of both free lovetons (anti-lovetons) and other material objects. Based on the analysis of the geometric position and dimensions of the substrate features responsible for the formation of elementary particles and the electromagnetic field quantum spectrum, the estimated masses of a number of elementary particles are determined and the known particle masses are assigned to them. The masses of free lovetons and neutrinos are evaluated on the basis of geometric relations between the sizes of particles on the basis of electron masses. At least three varieties of neutrinos, which can be regarded as types of high-energy γ-quanta, are identified.The results of the work are valid and reliable because they are based on known approaches of relativity theory and quantum physics, as well as on the application of approximations adequate to the phenomena under study.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Extended Experiment on Potable Water Irradiated With Low-intensity Laser Pen and Solfeggio Scale Frequencies

Authors: Victor Christianto
Comments: 7 Pages. This article has not been submitted to any journal. Comments and suggestions are welcome

In previous article, we reported initial findings based on small experiment on potential use of salt-water as cheap source of renewable battery with various kind of metals as anode and cathode. The purpose of those experiments is to find out which combination of anode and cathode is capable to generate the best performance in terms of electric voltage. Following those previous reports, this writer also conducted several tests to see effect of low-intensity laser irradiation on potable water. While the first series of our experiment clearly indicated possible laser cooling effect of low intensity laser irradiation of potable water and salt water, the following extended experiment on low intensity laser irradiation shows a rather mixed result. In a series of initial experiment, laser irradiation with laser pen gave lower electric potential (down to several minus milli Volt to the Voltmeter reading), but later on after more than 180 sec of irradiation, it shows increased positive milli Volt of electric potential of the system. In this experiment, we found that combination of low-intensity laser irradiation and Solfeggio scale frequencies applied to potable water shows dim result.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Redefining of Atomic Units (Au), the Exact Value of Planck’s Constant in au and Creation/composition of the Universe

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 7 Pages. 1 figure.

Hartree atomic units or atomic units (au) are defined to be ћ=e=a0=me=1, and is supposed to be the scientific or natural units. In this paper, we redefine the atomic units to be ћau=eau=a0/au=1, me/au=1+1/cau4, me+/au=1-1/cau4, ћau=hau/(2π)au=1 and hau=(2π)au=6.28, in which cau is the speed of light in vacuum in atomic units and cau=137.035999074626. The new redefined atomic units could be called Hartree-Chen atomic unites and would be the real scientific or natural units especially in the sub-atomic world. In this new atomic units, the value of the Planck constant is demonstrated to be exactly 6.28. With the new atomic units, the frequencies of the original light and the subsequent light of the universe are calculated and hence a picture of creation and composition of the universe is depicted.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Parameters of the Universe

Authors: Branko Zivlak
Comments: 4 Pages. 1 Table with 16 formulas

The limits of mass and distance in the universe are determined by formulas that have mathematical constants and known physical values as input data, the Planck mass, the mass of proton and the Compton wavelength of proton.
Category: Classical Physics

Параметри Универзума (Parameters of the Universe)

Authors: Branko Zivlak
Comments: 4 Pages. In Serbian, 1 Table, 16 formulas

Одређени су лимити масе и размака у универзуму формулама које за улазне податке имају математичке константе и познате физичке вредности: Планкoве масе, масе протона и Комптонове таласне дужине протона.

The limits of mass and distance in the universe are determined by formulas that have mathematical constants and known physical values as input data, the Planck mass, the mass of proton and the Compton wavelength of proton.
Category: Classical Physics

Models of Pen-PL Gaussian Games in Non-cooperative Communication

Authors: Gilbert Krougman, Pasoul Rozhier, Kawabata Yakurami
Comments: 6 Pages.

Consider non-cooperative pen games where both players act strategically and heavily influence each other. In spam and malware detection, players exploit randomization to obfuscate malicious data and increase their chances of evading detection at test time. The result shows Pen-PL Games have a probability distribution that approximates a Gaussian distribution according to some probability distribution defined over the respective strategy set. With quadratic cost functions and multivariate Gaussian processes, evolving according to first order auto-regressive models, we show that Pen-PL "smooth" curve signaling rules are optimal. Finally, we show that computing a socially optimal Pen-PL network placement is NP-hard and that this result holds for all P-PL-G distributions.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Fifa World Cup 2022 and Gini Coefficient up to the Final

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper we study the Fifa World Cup 2022 matches up to the Final. In the Group Stage, for the decided matches, the probability for a team with lower relative Gini coefficient to win was 22/38( (22-3)/(38-4) i.e. 19/34 in the most conservative estimate). The probability to win with lower HDI was 18/38 or, 1/2.11 i.e. less than half. The probability to win with lower Gini coefficients in the next three stages was 1/2.In the Round of Sixteen stage, the probability to win with lower HDI has swung to the opposite direction to 5/8 i.e. more than half, as in the previous World Cup. In the Quarter Final stage, the probability for a team with lower relative HDI to win was 3/4 i.e swung more to the right.In the Semi Final stage, the probability for a team with lower relative HDI to win was1/2 i.e. swung back to the center. In the Third Place Play-off, the team with lower relative Gini coefficient, higher HDI won. In the Final, the team with higher relative Gini coefficient, lower HDI won. The overall probability to win with lower relative Gini coefficient was 30/54(27/50).
Category: Economics and Finance

Nguyên Lý Tương đối (Galileo's Principle of Relativity)

Authors: Vu Tuan Hiep
Comments: 12 Pages. In Vietnamese (Corrections made by viXra Admin.)

Chúng ta sử dụng những định luật Newton như là những định luật phổ quát cho mọi hiện tượng cơ học, nhưng lại khẳng định trong nguyên lý tương đối rằng những định luật chuyển động là không bất biến qua phép biến đổi Galileo, nghĩa là chúng không mang tính phổ quát trong mọi hệ quy chiếu. Điều này là dễ dàng nhìn ra từ thực nghiệm, nhưng có lẽ đây là một ví dụ về sự hạn chế của phương pháp xây dựng một khẳng định trong vật lý từ cơ sở là thực nghiệm.

We use Newton's laws as universal laws for all mechanical phenomena, but assert in the principle of relativity that the laws of motion are invariant through the Galileo transformation, that is, they not universal in all frames of reference. This is easy to see from experiment, but perhaps this is an example of the limitation of the method of building an assertion in physics from the ground up.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On the Finiteness of Sequences of Even Squarefree Fibonacci Numbers

Authors: Waldemar Puszkarz
Comments: 4 Pages. Originally posted on ResearchGate in December 2021.

Let 2p1p2 . . . pk−1 be an even squarefree Fibonacci number with k distinct prime factors. For each positive k, such numbers form an integersequence. We conjecture that each such sequence has only a finite number of terms. In particular, the factorization data for the first 1000 Fibonacci numbers suggests that there is only one such term for k = 2, 5 for k = 3, and 8 for k = 4. We also renew attention to the fact that a proof that there are infinitely many squarefree Fibonacci numbers remains lacking. Some approachto proving this, emerging from our study, is suggested.
Category: Number Theory

Maximum and Minimum Values for Natural Quantities

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 13 Pages.

In this paper will be presented the law of the gravitational fine-structure constant followed by ratios of maximum and minimum theoretical values for natural quantities. Also that the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Bipolar Fuzzy Extension of the MULTIMOORA Method

Authors: Dragisa Stanujkic, Assia Bakali, Darjan Karabasevic, Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas, Florentin Smarandache, Willem K.m. Brauers
Comments: 18 Pages.

The aim of this paper is to make a proposal for a new extension of the MULTIMOORA method extended to deal with bipolar fuzzy sets. Bipolar fuzzy sets are proposed as an extension of classical fuzzy sets in order to enable solving a particular class of decision-making problems. Unlike other extensions of the fuzzy set of theory, bipolar fuzzy sets introduce a positive membership function, which denotes the satisfaction degree of the element x to the property corresponding to the bipolar-valued fuzzy set, and the negative membership function, which denotes the degree of the satisfaction of the element x to some implicit counter-property corresponding to the bipolar-valued fuzzy set. By using single-valued bipolar fuzzy numbers, the MULTIMOORA method can be more efficient for solving some specific problems whose solving requires assessment and prediction. The suitability of the proposed approach is presented through an example.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

A Bipolar Single Valued Neutrosophic Isolated Graphs: Revisited

Authors: Said Broumi, Assia Bakali, Mohamed Talea, Florentin Smarandache, Mohsin Khan
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this research paper, the graph of the bipolar single-valued neutrosophic set model (BSVNS) is proposed. The graphs of single valued neutrosophic set models is generalized by this graph. For the BSVNS model, several results have been proved on complete and isolated graphs. Adding, an important and suitable condition for the graphs of the BSVNS model to become an isolated graph of the BSVNS model has been demonstrated.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

About Nonstandard Neutrosophic Logic (Answers to Imamura’s "Note on the Definition of Neutrosophic Logic")

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 16 Pages.

In order to more accurately situate and fit the neutrosophic logic into the framework of nonstandard analysis, we present the neutrosophic inequalities, neutrosophic equality, neutrosophic infimum and supremum, neutrosophic standard intervals, including the cases when the neutrosophic logic standard and nonstandard components T, I, F get values outside of the classical unit interval [0, 1], and a brief evolution of neutrosophic operators. The paper intends to answer Imamura’s criticism that we found benefic in better understanding the nonstandard neutrosophic logic — although the nonstandard neutrosophic logic was never used in practical applications.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Weak Charges and Weak-Mixing Angles

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 6 Pages.

Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST), we calculated the weak charges of the proton, neutron, electron, neutrinos, and of a few atomic nuclei and we compared them with experimental data. The known carriers of the weak interactions contain lighter components with fixed masses (two invariants). The sine squared of the weak-mixing angle for the parity violating lepton-proton scattering is 0.24005, for the atomic parity violation the mean is 0.23508, and for the momentum scales equal to W and higher the mean is 0.23106 = constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Possible Existence of a Gravito-Electric Current

Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 6 Pages. Creative Commons License, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

The unification of gravitation and electromagnetism requires the existence of a gravito-electric current, however small, and an equation for the velocity of gravitation taking the existence of such a current into account enables us to quantify this current in ampères, and to relate the value of the Newtonian gravitational constant to the values of the magnetic and electric constants.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Artificial Intelligence, Physical Substantiation of the Chemical Bond and Synthesis of New Substances

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 6 Pages.

Given the physical justification of the chemical bond as a standing de Broglie wave of valence electrons, it is quite possible to have an accurate theoretical description of the chemical bond (molecules), which will lead to the rejection of the real synthesis of substances. The synthesis of all theoretically possible new substances is practically impossible due to the insufficiency of matter. Therefore, in the future, synthesis will inevitably move to virtual reality, where it will be produced by AI. But, this requires a strict description of the chemical bond.
Category: Chemistry

Spectroscopic Bond Lengths in Gaseous Alkali Halides as Sums of Bohr Radius of Alkali Metal Atoms and Covalent Radius of Halogen Atom

Authors: Raji Heyrovska
Comments: 3 Pages. One Table

This is a short report in support of the additivity of radii of adjacent atoms or ions in bond lengths. Here the spectroscopic bond lengths of gaseous alkali halides (MX), where M stands for alkali metals Na, K, Rb and Cs and X stands for halogens Cl, Br and I, are shown to be sums of the Bohr radii of M and covalent radii of X.
Category: Classical Physics

Einsteinian Science: a Success Analysis of Two New Scientific Discoveries

Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 11 Pages.

A new science with new discoveries has the potential to change the outlook of many fields. Otherwise, scientists are at risk of lingering on past discoveries and approaches. Recently, we discovered two new laws of nature in Einsteinian science: the success/failure system and cosmic inertia. We had hoped for them to be disseminated by an editor of a respectable Science Citation Indexed journal and we are still waiting. Our motivation is that only Einsteinian science with the success/failure system and cosmic inertia will provide a true picture of the universe. Before finalising the relevant fourteen papers for dissemination, we aim to perform a success analysis of the two scientific discoveries. We encourage the scientific community to embrace Einsteinian science immediately. The contrast between Newtonian science and Einsteinian science does not lie in merely the distinction between the two theories of the macrocosmos, Newton’s theory of gravitation and Einstein’s general relativity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

光结电子结构模型简介
Brief Introduction of Electronic Structure Model of Light-Knot

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 4 Pages. In Chinese

高能光子衰变成电子-反电子偶过程的量子场论解释并不是很具体。假设最简圆偏振光子存在，且左旋和右旋最简圆偏振光子可以合成一个平面偏振光子。左旋（或右旋）最简圆偏振光子的能量达到一定程度且变直线传播为沿一个小圆周传播，形成具有稳恒场和定域特征的电子或正电子。这样的电子结构模型就是光结电子结构模型。这样，高能光子衰变成电子-反电子偶的过程就是,平面偏振光子分解为左旋和右旋最简圆偏振光子，接着沿闭合路径传播而构成电子和反电子。

The explanation of quantum field theory for the decay of high-energy photons into electron antielectron pairs is not very specific. It is assumed that the simplest circularly polarized photon exists, and the sinistral and dextral simplest circularly polarized photons can be combined into a plane polarized photon. The energy of the sinistral (or dextral) simplest circularly polarized photon reaches a certain degree and propagates in a straight line along a small circle, forming an electron or positron with stable field and local characteristics. Such an electronic structure model is the light-knot electronic structure model. In this way, the decay process of high-energy photons into electron antielectron pairs is that plane polarized photons are decomposed into sinistral and dextral simplest circular polarized photons, and then propagate along a closed path to form electrons and antielectrons.
Category: Quantum Physics

Covariant and Consistent Anomalies in Supergravity

Authors: Boris Stoyanov
Comments: 56 Pages.

The scientific article reviews some properties of the low-energy effective actions for gauged supergravity models. We summarize the current state of knowledge regarding gravity theories withminimal supersymmetry. We provide an elegant extension of the theory and give a deffinitionsof the anomalies in gauged supergravity. The difference between the covariant and consistentanomalies is carefully explained in terms of their different origins. The gauge structure of anomalies and the related supersymmetry currents is analyzed in detail. The results are extended todetermine the structure of gravitational and mixed anomalies in supergravity. The deep relationbetween anomalies and inconsistency is emphasized in this research. The conditions for anomalycancellation in these supergravity theories typically constitute determined types of equations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Knot, Refractive Index, and Scalar Field

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 3 Pages.

We construct the geometric optical knot in 3-dimensional Euclidean (flat) space of the Abelian Chern-Simons integral using the variables (the Clebsch variables) of the complex scalar field, i.e. the function of amplitude and the phase, where the phase is related to the refractive index.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Reinterpretation of the Electromagnetic Wave Equation

Authors: Andreas Martin
Comments: 32 Pages.

This publication contains a mathematical approach for a reinterpretation of the electromagnetic wave equation given a magnetic and electric field density. The basis for this is the essay"The Reinterpretation of the 'Maxwell Equations'" (Martin, 2021). In this paper it is shownthat there is a magnetic field density due to the fact that div u20d7B is equal to (Sp)grad Bu20d7 .The same approach applies to the electric field density. The consequence of this is that boththe magnetic field density and the electric field density not only play an important role in the"Maxwell equations", but also in the calculation of the electromagnetic wave equation.In this publication, the electromagnetic wave equation is calculated with the help of vectorcalculus. First, the individual components of the magnetic wave and the individual components of the electric wave are derived.Furthermore, it is shown that the individual components of the two types of waves result inthree different directions of movement, which the respective field can theoretically achieve inthe direction of propagation. In addition, the Poynting vector shows a longitudinal energywave in the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave, which is suitable for energy transport.As already mentioned, the calculations made in this elaboration are based on the principles ofvector calculation and show a transverse wave component, a longitudinal and a combinedwave component of the electromagnetic wave.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Burmese-English Dictionary, Part I-Part V, by J. A. Stewart and C. W. Dunn et al, Head Entries and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 18 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the head entries of A Burmese-English Dictionary, Part I-Part V, by J. A. Stewart and C. W. Dunn et al. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of head entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by the magnetisation curve of the Ising Model in the Bragg-Williams approximation in the absence of external magnetic field.
Category: Linguistics

g = 2 Based on the Center of Mass Coinciding with the Center of Rotation

Authors: John French
Comments: 21 Pages. This paper has been published in Physics Essays.

This paper is based on a relativistic classical spinning particle described by an internal stress-energy tensor. It is found that if the mechanical momentum is set to zero in the rest frame, then as the size of the particle is reduced and as the center of mass is set to the center of rotation, g = 2 is required. In this derivation some of the electromagnetic self-field terms are neglected.
Category: Classical Physics

Primorials in Pi

Authors: Jabari Zakiya
Comments: 12 Pages.

Since at least 1734 (when Euler solved the Basel problem), it’s been known for the positive even integers s, the Euler Zeta Function (EZF) can bewritten in terms of the even powers of Pi. I manipulate its form and find lurking (hidden) in it an exquisite and elegant formula for Pi . Thus, not only does the EZF have Pi embedded in it, Pi has embedded in its construction primorials of primes.
Category: Number Theory

Residency Match Outcomes of DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine's DO/MBA Dual-Degree Students Relative to DO-Only Students

Authors: David Horvath, Alex Sher
Comments: 7 Pages.

Introduction: Osteopathic students question whether a dual degree will help them distinguish themselves among their peers in the National Residency Match. This paper analyzes the impact that a DO/MBA dual degree has on matching into a competitive residency.

Methods: In a cross-sectional study design via email, fourth year osteopathic students and alumni of Lincoln Memorial University were queried on dual degree obtainment, elements of their residency application, residency match outcome, and opinion on why an osteopathic student would pursue an MBA degree.

Results: DO/MBA applicants did not differ from DO-only applicants. DO/MBA and DO-only students had similar board exam scores, leadership experiences, volunteer hours, memberships in honor societies, and research opportunities. A Fisher exact test showed that neither degree track was statistically associated with placement into a more competitive residency (p= 0.7301).

Conclusion: Despite the increase in dual-degree osteopathic programs, such programs alone do not afford a match into a more competitive residency.
Category: Education and Didactics

Explanatory Principle no 1 in Quantum Physics: the Entropy-Lessness of Physical Subsystems with Apparent Retrocausality

Authors: Pavel Voráček
Comments: 2 Pages.

The EPR-phenomenon, usually described with the use of the rather mystical process of quantum entanglement, is consistenly explained here as a consequence of the ambivalence of the time direction in entropy-less physical subsystems of our world.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dark Energy Generated by the Evolution Potential

Authors: Kronberger Reinhard
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper i will give an explanation for the source of dark energy by a potentialwhich is responsible for the expansion of the universe.I show that the gowth processis very easy to understand like the rabbit population growth described by Fibonacci.At the end of the paper i will give some hints why i have choosen this form of the potential.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Photoeffect

Authors: Lubomir Vlcek
Comments: 22 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin)

In this article, calculations consistent with experiment are made.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Multi-Fold Embeddings, Spacetime Matter Induction or Gravity Asymptotically Safe and the Ads/cft Correspondence Conjecture, They All Can Recover the Standard Model

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 19 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. Space time matter induction in 7D (dominated as a 5D effect) can recover the Standard Model (with gravity: SMG). It is an embedding space that illustrates what any particle "feels" due to the multi-fold mechanisms where paths enter such an extra 3D space, with a dominant 1D effect. The 7D (/5D) flatness and embedding allows to recover the SMG particles as effects of geometric objects in 7D (/5D) on 4D spacetime, and scattering effects at the boundary. Some clarifications of the different dimensions, that should be considered, are discussed in the paper. One also identified an AdS(5) space dual tangent to every point of the multi-fold spacetime, and where multi-folds can live (characterizing also that 1D dominant effect as a scale). It gives the multi-fold version of the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture. We relate AdS(5) as an outside-in view versus the inside out view of the 7D embedding space.The different dimensions, that are considered for space time matter induction, are consistent with Kaluza Klein theories (constrained and unconstrained, i.e. without imposed compact dimensions), and superstrings or M-theory dimensions. The paper offers a unique clarification of the differences in the required dimensions for KK theories versus unconstrained KK theories used for space time matter induction, and the different embedding theorems behind these approaches. It also hints on why gravity renormalization differs from Yang Mills.A recently published result showed, that renormalizing gravity on the 4D boundary of a AdS(5) spacetime amounts to imposing "flatness" of the corresponding Einsteinian space with negative cosmological constant. The boundary is then characterized by a positive, small cosmological constant, and the model can match the ΛCDM cosmology model. We take this as a demonstration that asymptotic safety of gravity in a dS universe support the Standard Model, and conversely explains why supersymmetry or superstrings are not compatible with SM along with asymptotically safe gravity. Then, the possibility to derive, by induction, the SM particles and fields from the new dS(4) Boundary of AdS(5), stands on its own, especially, as it does not require multi-fold mechanisms. With this, the paper provides a way to add gravity to the CFT side of the AdS/CFT correspondence (conjecture or factual), as we had all along for a multi-fold universe: it is a new AdS(5)/dS(4)[CFT+Asymp. Safe Gravity] correspondence duality, where dS(4) contains CFTs and asymptotically safe gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Relativistic Newton's Law Of Universal Gravitation And The Value Of The Modified Universal Gravitational Constant

Authors: Bhasanpal Thiru
Comments: 4 Pages.

This article is about the equation, that is resulted in my search for understanding the Gravity fundamentally & the equation can be well understood with few basic Sir Newton's & Laureate Einstein's equations, along with basic mathematics. The concept of the equation is primarily based on the paradoxical view of our current understanding of relativistic mass equation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Tetration Theory

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 24 Pages.

In this paper I am going to explain and compare some of the different tetration notations and properties for the tetration concept. Then I am going to incorporate some tables of reference for numerical tetration.
Category: Algebra

The Problem of Modern Mathematics

Authors: Kwangsun Song
Comments: Pages.

Through solving the Collatz conjecture problem,I think about the problem of the modern mathematics. Without the modern mathematics,Through Pythagorean triangle How to find a large Pythagorean triangle, and Primitive Pythagorean triangle. Through Primitive Pythagorean triangle,How to find a large Pythagorean triangle, and Prime number. Through the interpretation of Fermat's Last Theorem, About what 'his surprising method of proof' is.
Category: Number Theory

Oxford Dictionary Of Chemistry, the Seventh Edition and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 21 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Oxford Dictionary Of Chemistry, the seventh edition. We draw the natural logarithmof the number of head entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearestneighbours with βH = 0, in the absence of external magnetic field, H. β is1/(k_B T), where, T istemperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Chemistry

Analyzing Various Equations Concerning the Possible Applications of the Fluid Mechanics and Hydrodynamic Interactions (Magma Dynamics). Mathematical Connections with MRB Constant and Some Parameters of Number Theory and String Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 52 Pages.

In this paper, we analyze various equations concerning the possible applications and connections of the Fluid Mechanics and Hydrodynamic interactions (magma dynamics). We obtain mathematical connections with the MRB constant and some other parameters of Number Theory and String Theory
Category: General Mathematics

A Frugal Experiment on Potential Cooling Effect of Potable Water Irradiated with Laser Pen

Authors: Victor Christianto
Comments: 8 Pages. This article has not been submitted to a journal. Comments and suggestions by readers as welcome.

In previous article, we reported initial findings based on small experiment on potential use of salt-water as cheap source of renewable battery with various kind of metals as anode and cathode. The purpose of these experiments is to find out which combination of anode and cathode is capable to generate the best performance in terms of electric voltage. Following that previous reports, we tried to conduct further simple experiments on possible effect of low intensity laser irradiation on potable water’s electrical features. Nonetheless, an initial version of this report is slightly disappointing, because as an effect, there the system tends to go lower in electrical potential feature. Instead it may support initial reports by others such as Cohen Tannoudji, Alain Aspect et al, on laser cooling effect to molecules [3][4]. Nonetheless, a subsequent experiment shows an improved result.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Introduction to the Complex Refined Neutrosophic Set

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, one extends the single-valued complex neutrosophic set to the subsetvalued complex neutrosophic set, and afterwards to the subset-valued complex refined neutrosophic set
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Conjunto Plitogénico, Una Extensión de Los Conjuntos Crisp, Difusos, Conjuntos Difusos Intuicionistas Y Neutrosóficos Revisitado

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 19 Pages. Spanish

En el presente artículo, introducimos el conjunto plitogénico (como generalización de conjuntos nítidos, borrosos, intuicionistas, borrosos y neutrosóficos), que es un conjunto cuyos elementos se caracterizan por los valores de muchos atributos. Un valor de atributo v tiene un grado correspondiente (difuso, intuicionista difuso o neutrosófico) de pertenencia d (x, v) del elemento x, al conjunto P, con respecto a algunos criterios dados.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Extension of Soft Set to Hypersoft Set, and then to Plithogenic Hypersoft Set

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper, we generalize the soft set to the hypersoft set by transforming the function F into a multi-attribute function. Then we introduce the hybrids of Crisp, Fuzzy, Intuitionistic Fuzzy, Neutrosophic, and Plithogenic Hypersoft Set.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Grado de Dependencia e Independencia de Los (Sub) Componentes de Conjuntos Borrosos Y Neutrosóficos

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 6 Pages. Spanish

La introducción del grado de dependencia (y en consecuencia el grado de independencia) entre los componentes del conjunto difuso, y también entre los componentes del conjunto neutrosófico, se introduce por primera vez en la quinta edición del libro de Neutrosofía en el año 2006, basado en los elementos descritos en dicha edición del libro, se comienza a conocer conceptos de conjuntos neutrosóficos de los componentes borrosos así como los grados de dependencia e independencia.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Improved, Extended, and Total Impact Factor of a Journal

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this short paper we recall the (Garfield) Impact Factor of a journal, we improve and extend it, and eventually present the Total Impact Factor that reflects the most accurate impact factor.
Category: Education and Didactics

Lógica Neutrosófica Refinada N-Valuada Y Sus Aplicaciones a la Física

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper we present a short history of logics: from particular cases of 2-symbol or numerical valued logic to the general case of n-symbol or numerical valued logic. We show generalizations of 2-valued Boolean logic to fuzzy logic, also from the Kleene’s and Lukasiewicz’ 3-symbol valued logics or Belnap’s 4-symbol valued logic to the most general nsymbol or numerical valued refined neutrosophic logic. Examples of applications of neutrosophic logic to physics are listed in the last section. Similar generalizations can be done for n-Valued Refined Neutrosophic Set, and respectively.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Blueprint for the Atom

Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 13 Pages.

Just as DNA is the blueprint for the living world, so the Atomic Emission Spectra may be the blueprint for the atom, and the physical universe. In this paper, the published data on Atomic Emission Spectra is analyzed, from first principles. The pattern of spectral energy levels - when electrons fall into the atom - resembles that for a "multi-layered cluster" of electrons in a Potential Energy Well. It contradicts Bohr’s atomic model of positive & negative "charges" and fixed electron orbits. This alternative conjecture is that electrons have no charge and simply fill the three-dimensional atomic Potential Energy Well around the protons in the nucleus. The analysis suggests that electrons are much larger than predicted by other present-day conjectures.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

NeutroAlgebra is a Generalization of Partial Algebra

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper we recall, improve, and extend several definitions, properties and applications of our previous 2019 research referred to NeutroAlgebras and AntiAlgebras (also called NeutroAlgebraic Structures and respectively AntiAlgebraic Structures). Let be an item (concept, attribute, idea, proposition, theory, etc.). Through the process of neutrosophication, we split the nonempty space we work on into three regions.
Category: Algebra

Generalizations and Alternatives of Classical Algebraic Structures to NeutroAlgebraic Structures and AntiAlgebraic Structures

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper we present the development from paradoxism to neutrosophy, which gave birth to neutrosophic set and logic and especially to NeutroAlgebraic Structures (or NeutroAlgebras) and AntiAlgebraic Structures (or AntiAlgebras) that are generalizations and alternatives of the classical algebraic structures.
Category: Algebra

Introduction to NeutroAlgebraic Structures and AntiAlgebraic Structures (revisited)

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 25 Pages.

In all classical algebraic structures, the Laws of Compositions on a given set are well-defined. But this is a restrictive case, because there are many more situations in science and in any domain of knowledge when a law of composition defined on a set may be only partially-defined (or partially true) and partially-undefined (or partially false), that we call NeutroDefined, or totally undefined (totally false) that we call AntiDefined.
Category: Algebra

Neutro-BCK-Algebra

Authors: Mohammad Hamidi, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper introduces the novel concept of Neutro-BCK-algebra. In Neutro-BCK-algebra, the outcome of any given two elements under an underlying operation (neutro-sophication procedure) has three cases, such as: appurtenance, non-appurtenance, or indeterminate. While for an axiom: equal, non-equal, or indeterminate. This study investigates the Neutro-BCK-algebra and shows that Neutro-BCK-algebra are different from BCKalgebra. The notation of Neutro-BCK-algebra generates a new concept of NeutroPoset and Neutro-Hassdiagram for NeutroPosets. Finally, we consider an instance of applications of the Neutro-BCK-algebra.
Category: Algebra

A New Trend to Extensions of CI-algebras

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, Akbar Rezaei, Hee Sik Kim
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, as an extension of CI-algebras, we discuss the new notions of Neutro-CI-algebras and Anti-CI-algebras. First, some examples are given to show that these definitions are different. We prove that any proper CI-algebra is a Neutro-BE-algebra or Anti-BE-algebra. Also, we show that any NeutroSelf-distributive and AntiCommutative CIalgebras are not BE-algebras.
Category: Algebra

Neutrosophic Actions, Prevalence Order, Refinement of Neutrosophic Entities, and Neutrosophic Literal Logical Operators

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, we define for the first time three neutrosophic actions and their properties. We then introduce the prevalence order on {T, I, F} with respect to a given neutrosophic operator "o", which may be subjective - as defined by the neutrosophic experts; and the refinement of neutrosophic entities. Then we extend the classical logical operators to neutrosophic literal logical operators and to refined literal logical operators, and we define the refinement neutrosophic literal space.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Neutrosophic Lattices

Authors: Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper authors for the first time define a new notion called neutrosophic lattices. We define few properties related with them. Three types of neutrosophic lattices are defined and the special properties about these new class of lattices are discussed and developed. This paper is organised into three sections. First section introduces the concept of partially ordered neutrosophic set and neutrosophic lattices. Section two introduces different types of neutrosophic lattices and the final section studies neutrosophic Boolean algebras. Conclusions and results are provided in section three.
Category: Algebra

Neutrosophic Measure and Neutrosophic Integral

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 Pages.

Since the world is full of indeterminacy, the neutrosophics found their place into contemporary research. We now introduce for the first time the notions of neutrosophic measure and neutrosophic integral. Neutrosophic Science means development and applications of neutrosophic logic/set/measure/integral/ probability etc. and their applications in any field. It is possible to define the neutrosophic measure and consequently the neutrosophic integral and neutrosophic probability in many ways, because there are various types of indeterminacies, depending on the problem we need to solve.
Category: Algebra

Neutrosophic Systems and Neutrosophic Dynamic Systems

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this paper, we introduce for the first time the neutrosophic system and neutrosophic dynamic system that represent new per-spectives in science. A neutrosophic system is a quasi- or (��, ��, ��)—classical system, in the sense that the neutrosophic system deals with quasi-terms/concepts/attributes, etc. [or (��, ��, ��) − terms/ concepts/attributes], which are approximations of the classical terms/concepts/attributes, i.e. they are partially true/membership/probable (t%), partially indeterminate (i%), and partially false/nonmember-ship/improbable (f%), where ��, ��, �� are subsets of the unitary interval [0,1]. {We recall that ‘quasi’ means relative(ly), approximate(ly), almost, near, partial(ly), etc. or mathematically ‘quasi’ means (��, ��, ��) in a neutrophic way.}
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Extension of Hypergraph to N-Superhypergraph and to Plithogenic N-Superhypergraph, and Extension of Hyperalgebra to N-Ary (Classical-/neutro-/anti-)hyperalgebra

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 7 Pages.

We recall and improve our 2019 concepts of n-Power Set of a Set, n-SuperHyperGraph, Plithogenic n-SuperHyperGraph, and n-ary HyperAlgebra, n-ary NeutroHyperAlgebra, n-ary AntiHyperAlgebra respectively, and we present several properties and examples connected with the real world.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Operadores Con Conjunto Neutrosóficos de Valor único Oversets, Undersets Y Offset

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 4 Pages. Spanish

Neutrosophic Over-/Under-/Off-Set and Logic were defined for the first time in 1995 and published in 2007. During 1995-2016 was presented them to various national and international conferences and seminars. These new notions are totally different from other sets/logics/probabilities. We extended the neutrosophic set respectively to Neutrosophic Overset {when some neutrosophic component is > 1}, to Neutrosophic Underset {when some neutrosophic component is < 0}, and to Neutrosophic Offset {when some neutrosophic components are off the interval [0, 1], i.e. some neutrosophic component > 1 and other neutrosophic component < 0}.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Plithogenic Probability & Statistics Are Generalizations of Multivariate Probability & Statistics

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper we exemplify the types of Plithogenic Probability and respectively Plithogenic Statistics. Several applications are given. The Plithogenic Probability of an event to occur is composed from the chances that the event occurs with respect to all random variables (parameters) that determine it. Each such a variable is described by a Probability Distribution (Density) Function, which may be a classical, (T,I,F)-neutrosophic, I-neutrosophic, (T,F)-intuitionistic fuzzy, (T,N,F)-picture fuzzy, (T,N,F)-spherical fuzzy, or (other fuzzy extension) distribution function. The Plithogenic Probability is a generalization of the classical MultiVariate Probability. The analysis of the events described by the plithogenic probability is the Plithogenic Statistics.
Category: Statistics

Plithogenic Set, an Extension of Crisp, Fuzzy, Intuitionistic Fuzzy, and Neutrosophic Sets — Revisited

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper, we introduce the plithogenic set (as generalization of crisp, fuzzy, intuitionistic fuzzy, and neutrosophic sets), which is a set whose elements are characterized by many attributes (parameters)’ values. An attribute value v has a corresponding (fuzzy, intuitionistic fuzzy, or neutrosophic) degree of appurtenance d(x,v) of the element x, to the set P, with respect to some given criteria. In order to obtain a better accuracy for the plithogenic aggregation operators in the plithogenic set, and for a more exact inclusion (partial order), a (fuzzy, intuitionistic fuzzy, or neutrosophic) contradiction (dissimilarity) degree is defined be-tween each attribute value and the dominant (most important) attribute value. The plithogenic intersection and union are linear combinations of the fuzzy operators tnorm and tconorm, while the plithogenic complement, inclusion (inequality), equality are influenced by the attribute values contradiction (dissimilarity) degrees.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Practical Applications of the Independent Neutrosophic Components and of the Neutrosophic Offset Components

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 15 Pages.

The newly introduced theories, proposed as extensions of the fuzzy theory, such as the Neutrosophic, Pythagorean, Spherical, Picture, Cubic theories, and their numerous hybrid forms, are criticized by the authors of [1]. In this paper we respond to their critics with respect to the neutrosophic theories and show that the DST, that they want to replace the A-IFS with, has many flaws.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Soft Set Product Extended to HyperSoft Set and IndetermSoft Set Product Extended to IndetermHyperSoft Set (updated)

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper we define the Soft Set Product as a product of many soft sets and afterwards we extend it to the HyperSoft Set. Similarly, the IndetermSoft Product is extended to the IndetermHyperSoft Set. We also present several applications of the Soft Set Product to Fuzzy (and fuzzy-extensions) Soft Set Product and to IndetermSoft Set and IndetermHyperSoft Set.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Score, Accuracy, and Certainty Functions Determine a Total Order on the Set of Neutrosophic Triplets (T, I, F)

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper we prove that the Single-Valued (and respectively Interval-Valued, as well as Subset-Valued) Score, Accuracy, and Certainty Functions determine a total order on the set of neutrosophic triplets (T, I, F). This total order is needed in the neutrosophic decision-making applications.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Tripleta de Estructura Neutrosófica Y Tripleta de Estructura Neutrosófica Extendida

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 7 Pages.

En el presente estudio se realiza una revisión de las tripletas de estructura neutrosófica y tripleta de estructura neutrosófica extendida, con el fin de introducir nuevos conceptos a emplear en trabajos futuros.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Universal NeutroAlgebra and Universal AntiAlgebra

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper introduces the Universal NeutroAlgebra that studies the common properties of the NeutroAlgebra structures, and the Universal AntiAlgebra that studies the common properties of the AntiAlgebraic structures.
Category: Algebra

Tensor Gauge Boson Dark Matter Extension of the Electroweak Sector

Authors: E. Koorambas
Comments: 11 Pages. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives 4.0 International License

The existence of dark matter is explained by a new neutral tensor gauge boson, Zμν-boson, of mass of 2.3 TeV. The Zμν-boson can be predicted by the tensor gauge boson extension of the Electro Weak (EW) theory proposed by G. Savvidy (2005). We compute the self-annihilation cross-section of the Zμν dark matter and calculate its relic abundance. We also study the proton-proton scattering by the exchange of massive-Ⱬμν dark matter at high energy scale is study. The existence of the proposed Ⱬμν tensors can be tested by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). This proposition may have far reaching applications in astrophysics and cosmology.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Review of the Evidences Showing that Certain Plant Medicines can be Useful for Novel Corona Virus Treatment

Authors: Victor Christianto; Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 6 Pages.

Considering growing concerns of the world’s authorities on the spreading of novel corona virus (Covid-19), in this paper we review the evidences showing that certain plant medicines can be useful for novel corona virus treatment. Our argument is based on research finding that corona virus has viral envelope glycoproteins. In this regard, Mannose-binding lectins have been shown to be able to break down the shells that surround this class of viruses - which includes COVID-19 virus. Therefore, it seems useful to consider medicinal plants which have Mannose-binding lectins in order to break the glycoproteins envelope of the virus. This is an initial review on this subject, further research in direction as outlined here is recommended.
Category: Education and Didactics

A Study of the Neutrosophic Set Significance on Deep Transfer Learning Models: An Experimental Case on a Limited COVID-19 Chest X-Ray Dataset

Authors: Nour Eldeen M. Khalifa, Florentin Smarandache, Mohamed Loey
Comments: 17 Pages.

To test the performance of the conversion to the neutrosophic domain, 36 experimental trails have been conducted and presented. A combination of training and testing strategies have been applied into dataset by splitting it to (90%-10%, 80%-20%, and 70%-30%) accordingly. According to the experimental results, the Indeterminacy (I) neutrosophic domain achieves the highest accuracy possible in the testing accuracy and performance metrics such as Precision, Recall, and F1 Score. The study concludes that using the neutrosophic set with deep learning models may be an encouraging transition to achieve higher testing accuracy, especially with limited datasets such as COVID-19 chest x-ray dataset which is investigated throughout this study.
Category: Mind Science

A Survey on Deep Transfer Learning and Edge Computing for Mitigating the COVID-19 Pandemic

Authors: Abu Sufian, Anirudha Ghosh, Ali Safaa Sadiq, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 30 Pages.

Global Health sometimes faces pandemics as are currently facing COVID-19 disease. The spreading and infection factors of this disease are very high. A huge number of people from most of the countries are infected within six months from its first report of appearance and it keeps spreading. The required systems are not ready up to some stages for any pandemic; therefore, mitigation with existing capacity becomes necessary. On the other hand, modern-era largely depends on Artificial Intelligence(AI) including Data Science; Deep Learning(DL) is one of the current flag-bearer of these techniques. It could use to mitigate COVID-19 like pandemics in terms of stop spread, diagnosis of the disease, drug & vaccine discovery, treatment, and many more. But this DL requires large datasets as well as powerful computing resources. A shortage of reliable datasets of a running pandemic is a common phenomenon. So, Deep Transfer Learning(DTL) would be effective as it learns from one task and could work on another task. In addition, Edge Devices(ED) such as IoT, Webcam, Drone, Intelligent Medical Equipment, Robot, etc. are very useful in a pandemic situation. These types of equipment make the infrastructures sophisticated and automated which helps to cope with an outbreak. But these are equipped with low computing resources, so, applying DL is also a bit challenging; therefore, DTL also would be effective there. This article scholarly studies the potentiality and challenges of these issues. It has described relevant technical backgrounds and reviews of the related recent state-of-the-art. This article also draws a pipeline of DTL over Edge Computing as a future scope to assist the mitigation of any pandemic.
Category: Mind Science

Exploration of the Factors Causing Autoimmune Diseases using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps with Concentric Neutrosophic Hypergraphic Approach

Authors: Nivetha Martin; Florentin Smarandache; I.Pradeepa; N.Ramila Gandhi; P.Pandiamma
Comments: 7 Pages.

Neutrosophic sets are comprehensively used in decision making environment. The manifestation of neutrosophic sets in concentric hypergraphs is proposed in this research work. The intention of developing a decision making model using the combination of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps and concentric neutrosophic hypergraph is to rank the core factors of decision making problem and find the inter relational impacts. This proposed model is validated with the exploration of the causative factors of autoimmune diseases. The proposed model is highly compatible as it assists in determining the core factors and their inter association. This model will certainly benefit the decision maker at all managerial levels to design optimal decisions.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Roles of Cymatics & Sound Therapy in Spirituality & Consciousness

Authors: Victor Christianto, Kasan Susilo, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 14 Pages.

Sound is one of the types of waves that can be felt by the sense of hearing. In physics, the definition of sound is something that is produced from objects that vibrate. Objects that produce sound are called sound sources. The sound source will vibrate the molecules into the air around it. Sound is mechanical compression or longitudinal waves that propagate through the medium. This medium or intermediate agent can be liquid, solid, gas. So, sound waves can propagate for example in water, coal, or air. Most sounds are a combination of various vibratory signals composed of harmonic waves, but pure sound can theoretically be explained by oscillating vibrational speed or frequency measured in Hertz (Hz) vibration units and amplitude or loudness of sound with measurements in decibels (dB). The effect sounds can have on us humans is simply astounding. While everyday life becomes stressful, overcrowded and increasingly hectic, we seek ways for inner peace and balance. The power of music, felt through overtone-rich sound therapy and sound massage, can be a solution. No matter how much scientific explanation is behind it, healing through music remains fascinating, even magical. This paper introduces a new field called cymatics and sound healing with their plausible impact to spirituality and consciousness research.
Category: Mind Science

A Study on the Absolute Stationary Inertial Frame and the Relative Velocity, Inertia Mass, Momentum and Kinetic Energy in the Inertial Frame Moving Relative to it

Authors: Jinil Mok
Comments: 22 Pages. Updated with the 3D Equation and Hafele-Keating Analysis

Assuming that an absolute stationary inertial frame exists in the universe and the speed of light is constant only in the absolute stationary inertial frame, new equations for inertial mass, momentum and kinetic energy in a moving inertial frame are derived.In the process of deriving the new equations, an experiment was presented to obtain the velocity of the inertial frame moving relative to the absolute stationary inertial frame. If this experiment is successful, we could find out how fast and in which direction our Earth is moving in space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fabrics of the Cosmos

Authors: S. Opoku-Inkum
Comments: 4 Pages.

We explore how the properties of the fabrics at the different manifold levels of the cosmos affect the cosmic gravitational force in those respective manifolds, how the different intensities of the force and the difference in the elasticity of the fabrics at the various manifold levels give the manifolds their properties, and subsequently, how these properties and their interactions give rise to other phenomenon in physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Unification of Gravitation and Electricity

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 15 Pages.

Einstein devoted many years for finding a Classical Unification of Gravity and Electricity. These attempts did not result in conclusive successful results.This study proposes a lead for a simple unification of Gravity and Electricity by predicting that Electric Fields are also forms of Accelerations, as Gravity is already recognized as a form of Acceleration.There are other proposals for unifications of Gravity and Electricity, but neither also propose a simple test how to validate the proposed unification.This study, on the other hand, does also propose a relatively simple physical experiment, which if implemented might prove, or disprove, the prediction that Electric Fields are also forms of Acceleration, which will also provide validity to the proposed lead for a unification of Gravity and Electricity, or disprove it.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Law of Stability

Authors: Junichi Hashimoto
Comments: 5 Pages.

In the history of physics, various phenomena and experimental facts brought about by objects have been summarized and described by great scientists in the form of several important laws. I have focused on the question of why these laws can be universal rules, and have found that they have their roots in the constant part of the mathematical formulas. It is an element that should be called the"law of stability", and it was found that it has a structure in which the number of parties is always"1". This means that both the solar system model and the atomic model are subject to the same law of stability.
Category: Classical Physics

Uncovering the Link Between the Proton-electron Mass Ratio and the Fine Structure Constant Through Reflections on the Proton Radius

Authors: George Bailey
Comments: 15 Pages.

In the previous work, we established a connection between the age of the universe, or the resulting Hubble radius, and the proton radius. Thereby we already noticed that the dimensionless fine structure constant α (1/137.036) is a link of several numerical correlations of the atomic world and the universe. And we also noticed that the delta value 1.00602 (we will call it δ_H hereafter) not only arises, if one considers the ratio from the mass square of the hydrogen atom by the product of electron mass and proton mass ( m_H²/(m_p*m_e) and divides this value by 10/3 * 4/α, but also arises in other contexts, if one assumes that the ratio between electromagnetic force and gravitational force between proton and electron exactly corresponds to the value 20/3 * 2^128 and makes for this a minimal adjustment of the currently accepted value of the gravitational constant. Based on the consideration that 3/10 of the classical electron radius r_e would be the physically more sensible electron radius and that this radius is only a touch away from the proton radius r_p - and that this small difference between 3/10*r_e and r_p can be described by δ_H, we will derive two very similar equations for determining m_p/m_e, both only dependent on alpha and of the form: m_p/m_e = 10/3 * 4/α + 9 + x(α) - where x(α) in both cases is a value of the order of δ_H-1 = 0.00602 With 1836.15267446 and 1836.15267148 they deliver values that correspond to 9 digits with the current CODATA value for the ratio m_p/m_e and, with this accuracy, are even within the range of the current precision measurements for the fine structure constant α.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Penguin Dictionary of Physics, the Fourth Edition, by John Cullerne, and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 24 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Penguin Dictionary of Physics, the fourth edition, by John Cullerne. We draw thenatural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterisedby BP(4, βH = 0.01), i.e. the Bethe-Peierls curve in the presence of four nearest neighbours andlittle external magnetic field, H, with βH = 0.01. β is1/(k_B T), where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

WAMS - Winternitz Abstract Merkle Signature Scheme

Authors: Herman Schoeneld
Comments: 18 Pages.

A quantum-resistant, many-time signature scheme combining Winternitz and Merkle-Signature schemes is proposed. This construction is compatible with the Abstract Merkle Signature (AMS) Scheme and thus is an AMS-algorithm called "WAMS"
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

A Particle Model Based on Virtual Spacetime

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article explores the mathematical and physical foundations of the existence of virtual spacetime. It is pointed out that there are three forms of virtual spacetime. The first is faster-than-light virtual spacetime; The second is black hole virtual spacetime; The third is microscopic virtual spacetime. According to the characteristics of microscopic virtual spacetime, when the spacetime scale is less than a certain radius, an unobservable spacetime region will appear. This unobservable area is virtual spacetime. If the size of a particle falls within the microscopic virtual space, it means that the radius of the particle is not measurable. Naturally, there is no structure inside, just like an electron. But if the radius of the particle exceeds the boundary of spacetime, the electromagnetic radius of the particle can be observed in the real spacetime. Considering that a particle usually has many other parameters, including charge, spin, isospin, etc., this means that some more detailed structural models of the particle can be constructed according to some mathematical methods of symmetry. On this basis, this paper constructs a new model of elementary particles, which can better explain the difference between the radius and mass of electrons and protons, and can explain the properties of neutrons, bosons, neutrinos, etc.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Introduction to the IndetermSoft Set and IndetermHyperSoft Set

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 22 Pages.

In this paper one introduces for the first time the IndetermSoft Set, as extension of the classical (determinate) Soft Set, that deals with indeterminate data, and similarly the HyperSoft Set extended to IndetermHyperSoft Set, where ‘Indeterm’ stands for ‘Indeterminate’ (uncertain, conflicting, not unique outcome). They are built on an IndetermSoft Algebra that is an algebra dealing with IndetermSoft Operators resulted from our real world. Afterwards, the corresponding Fuzzy / Intuitionistic Fuzzy / Neutrosophic / and other fuzzy-extension IndetermSoft Set & IndetermHyperSoft Set are presented together with their applications.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Introducción a Los Conjuntos Indetermsoft e Indetermhypersoft
Introduction to the Indetermsoft and Indetermhypersoft Sets

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 22 Pages. In Spanish

This paper presents for the first time the IndetermSoft Set, as an extension of the classical (determinate) Soft Set, which operates on indeterminate data, and similarly the HyperSoft Set extended to the IndetermHyperSoft Set, where 'Indeterm' means 'Indeterminate' (uncertain, conflicting, non-unique result). They are built on an IndetermSoft Algebra which is an algebra dealing with IndetermSoft Operators resulting from our real world. Subsequently, the IndetermSoft and IndetermHyperSoft Sets and their Fuzzy/Fuzzy Intuitionistic/Neutrosophic and other fuzzy extensions and their applications are presented.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Introducción a la Super-Hiper-Álgebra Y la Super-HiperÁlgebra Neutrosófica
Introduction to Super-Hyper-Algebra and Neutrosophic Superhyper-Algebra

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 6 Pages. In Spanish

In this article, the concepts of Nth Power Set of a Set, Super-Hyper-Oper-Operation, Super-Hyper-Axiom, SuperHyper-Algebra, and their corresponding Neutrosophic Super-Hyper-Oper-Operation, Neutrosophic Super-Hyper-Axiom and Neutrosophic Super-Hyper-Algebra are reviewed. In general, in any field of knowledge, really what are found are Super-HyperStructures (or more specifically Super-Hyper-Structures (m, n)).
Category: Algebra

Introduction to Plithogenic Logic as Generalization of Multivariate Logic

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 7 Pages.

A Plithogenic Logical proposition P is a proposition that is characterized by many degrees of truth-values with respect to many corresponding attribute-values (or random variables) that characterize P. Each degree of truth-value may be classical, fuzzy, intuitionistic fuzzy, neutrosophic, or other fuzzy extension type logic. At the end, a cumulative truth of P is computed.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

La Neutro-Geometría Y la Anti-Geometría Como Alternativas Y Generalizaciones de Las Geometrías no Euclidianas
Neurometrics and Anti-Geometry as Alternatives and Generalizations of Non-Euclidean Geometries

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 14 Pages. In Spanish

In this paper we extend Neutro-Algebra and Anti-Algebra to geometric spaces, founding Neutro/Geometry and AntiGeometry. While Non-Euclidean Geometries resulted from the total negation of a specific axiom (Euclid's Fifth Postulate), AntiGeometry results from the total negation of any axiom or even more axioms of any geometric axiomatic system (Euclidean, Hilbert, etc. ) and of any type of geometry such as Geometry (Euclidean, Projective, Finite, Differential, Algebraic, Complex, Discrete, Computational, Molecular, Convex, etc.), and Neutro-Geometry results from the partial negation of one or more axioms [and without total negation of any axiom] of any geometric axiomatic system and of any type of geometry. Generally, instead of a classical geometric Axiom, one can take any classical geometric Theorem of any axiomatic system and of any type of geometry, and transform it by Neutrosophication or Antisofication into a Neutro-Theorem or Anti-Theorem respectively to construct a Neutro-Geometry or Anti-Geometry. Therefore, Neutro-Geometry and Anti-Geometry are respectively alternatives and generalizations of Non-Euclidean Geometries. In the second part, the evolution from Paradoxism to Neutrosophy, then to NeutroAlgebra and Anti-Algebra, then to Neutro-Geometry and Anti-Geometry, and in general to Neutro-Structure and Anti-Structure that arise naturally in any field of knowledge is recalled. At the end, applications of many Neutro-Structures in our real world are presented.
Category: Geometry

Neutrogeometry & Antigeometry Are Alternatives and Generalizations of the Non-Euclidean Geometries (Revisited)

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 22 Pages.

In this paper we extend the NeutroAlgebra & AntiAlgebra to the geometric spaces, by founding the NeutroGeometry & AntiGeometry. While the Non-Euclidean Geometries resulted from the total negation of one specific axiom (Euclid’s Fifth Postulate), the AntiGeometry results from the total negation of any axiom or even of more axioms from any geometric axiomatic system (Euclid’s, Hilbert’s, etc.) and from any type of geometry such as (Euclidean, Projective, Finite, Affine, Differential, Algebraic, Complex, Discrete, Computational, Molecular, Convex, etc.) Geometry, and the NeutroGeometry results from the partial negation of one or more axioms [and no total negation of no axiom] from any geometric axiomatic system and from any type of geometry. Generally, instead of a classical geometric Axiom, one may take any classical geometric Theorem from any axiomatic system and from any type of geometry, and transform it by NeutroSophication or AntiSophication into a NeutroTheorem or AntiTheorem respectively in order to construct a NeutroGeometry or AntiGeometry. Therefore, the NeutroGeometry and AntiGeometry are respectively alternatives and generalizations of the Non-Euclidean Geometries. In the second part, we recall the evolution from Paradoxism to Neutrosophy, then to NeutroAlgebra & AntiAlgebra, afterwards to NeutroGeometry & AntiGeometry, and in general to NeutroStructure & AntiStructure that naturally arise in any field of knowledge. At the end, we present applications of many NeutroStructures in our real world.
Category: Geometry

Application of Oscillation Symmetry to Decay Mode Fractions of Several Mesons and Baryons

Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 12 Pages.

The oscillation symmetry is applied with success to the decay mode fractions of several meson and baryons. The found periods display a "like quantification" behaviour.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Kinematics of Moving a Point Along an Ellipse

Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 13 Pages.

The vectors of velocity and acceleration of various ways of moving a point along an ellipse are investigated.
Category: General Mathematics

Supervisory Control of Discrete Event Systems with State-dependent Observability

Authors: Peng Wang, Xiang-Yun Wang, Kai-Yuan Cai
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper considers a new class of discrete event systems under partial observations. The problem is presented within the background of a manufacturing process where workpieces are loaded and transported, and this process is controlled with the partial information collected by sensors. The model extracted is novel because the observation of an event does not only depend on an event itself, but also the state where the system stays. Two standard problems are discussed in this paper: supervisor existence problem and supervisor synthesis problem. With a natural revision of observable languages, a necessary and sufficient condition is given for the existence of a supervisor. For supervisor synthesis problem, two algorithms are developed: one algorithm is to check the properties of a control specification given by a regular language,and the other one is to synthesize a supervisor if the properties hold. Within the background of manufacturing systems, an example is illustrated to show how the algorithms are applied to practical computing.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Chemical Bond, De Broglie Waves and Bond Multiplicity (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 20 Pages.

It is shown that the chemical bond is a purely quantum effect: when bonds are formed, the nuclei of atoms are inside the de Broglie waves of valence electrons. Moreover, the distance between chemically bound nuclei is always and for all types of bonding less than the de Broglie waves of valence electrons. Therefore, a chemical bond is a quantum mechanical effect. The physical substantiation of the multiplicity of the bond, which is the linear energy density of the chemical bond, is also given.
Показано, что химическая связь это чисто квантовый эффект: при образовании связи ядра атомов находятся внутри волн де Бройля валентных электронов. Более того, расстояние между химически связанными ядрами всегда и при всех типах связи меньше, чем волны де Бройля валентных электронов. Следовательно, химическая связь представляет собой квантово-механический эффект. Приведено также физическое обоснование кратности связи, которая представляет собой линейную плотность энергии химической связи.
Category: Chemistry

El Cerebro Estructura Los Niveles de Micro a Nano Del Espacio-Tiempo en su Funcionamiento Como un Sistema Termodinámico Abierto
the Brain Structures the Micro to Nano Levels of Space-Time as it Functions as an Open Thermodynamic System

Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 161 Pages. In Spanish, 18 figures, 1 table

El efecto Doppler podría aplicarse a la conectividad neuronal direccional que implica un cambio en la frecuencia ν±Δν de la onda que se mueve en relación con la fuente de la onda, actuando sobre el distanciamiento del circuito neuronal. El orbital 1s del átomo de hidrógeno permite que el espín del electrón suba y baje para emitir a 18 cm del radical hidroxilo y 21 cm de hidrógeno atómico, que combinados forman agua.Esta línea espectral más fuerte del hidrógeno, presente en la Edad Oscura y detectada por radioastronomía desde las galaxias primordiales. Es también emitida por el agua de todos los tejidos, médicamente aplicada para estudios cerebrales, por resonancia magnética (MRI). Por lo tanto, una imagen oscilante del efecto Doppler de la dinámica de distanciamiento-acortamiento permite la conectividad neuronal por sus frecuencias de espectro de emisión.Por lo tanto, el ensayo de coherencia a escalas nanométricas o termodinámica de distanciamiento, equivalente a la fuerza de plasticidad del movimiento neuronal para la conectividad eléctrica. Por lo tanto, su medida de interpretación era equivalente al diálogo (crosstalk) entre neuronas y su elucidación se convirtió en un análogo a una sincronización a un nivel quántico (Truncated by viXra Admin)

The Doppler effect could be applied to directional neural connectivity that implies a change in the frequency ν±Δν of the moving wave relative to the source of the wave, acting on the distancing of the neural circuit. The 1s orbital of the hydrogen atom allows the electron spin to bob up and down to emit 18 cm of the hydroxyl radical and 21 cm of atomic hydrogen, which combined form water.This stronger spectral line of hydrogen, present in the Dark Ages and detected by radio astronomy from primordial galaxies. It is also emitted by the water of all tissues, medically applied for brain studies, by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thus, an oscillating Doppler shift image of the distancing-shortening dynamics enables neural connectivity by their emission spectrum frequencies.Therefore, the assay of coherence at nanometer scales or distancing thermodynamics, equivalent to the force of plasticity of neuronal movement for electrical connectivity. Therefore, its interpretation measure was equivalent to the dialogue (crosstalk) between neurons and its elucidation became an analogue to a synchronization at a quantum level.
Category: Physics of Biology

The Quest for New Physics: An Experimentalist Approach II

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 26 Pages.

In the first book (https://vixra.org/pdf/2011.0172v1.pdf ) the present situation in the fundamental physics was characterized as a condition of the deep crisis and some new ideas were proposed. In this book more philosophy will be added with some rational reasoning why the picture of the Universe is different compare to the modern vision. While in the first book the ideas were expressed mainly as mathematical formulas, here some key ideas will be explained in more details.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Superhyperfunction and the Neutrosophic Superhyperfunction (Revisited Again)

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, one recalls the general definition of the SuperHyperAlgebra with its SuperHyperOperations and SuperHyperAxioms. Then one introduces for the first time the SuperHyperTopology and especially the SuperHyperFunction and Neutrosophic SuperHyperFunction. One gives a numerical example of a Neutro-SuperHyperGroup.
Category: Algebra

Introduction to SuperHyperAlgebra and Neutrosophic SuperHyperAlgebra

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper we recall our concepts of n th-Power Set of a Set, SuperHyperOperation, SuperHyperAxiom, SuperHyperAlgebra, and their corresponding Neutrosophic SuperHyperOperation, Neutrosophic SuperHyperAxiom and Neutrosophic SuperHyperAlgebra. In general, in any field of knowledge, one actually encounters SuperHyperStructures (or more accurately (m, n)- SuperHyperStructures).
Category: Algebra

Introduction to the N-Superhypergraph the Most General Form of Graph Today

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 3 Pages.

We recall and improve our 2019 and 2020 concepts of n-SuperHyperGraph, Plithogenic nSuperHyperGraph, n-Power Set of a Set, and we present some application from the real world. The nSuperHyperGraph is the most general form of graph today and it is able to describe the complex reality we live in, by using n-SuperVertices (groups of groups of groups etc.) and nSuperHyperEdges (edges connecting groups of groups of groups etc.).
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Improved Definition of Non-Standard Neutrosophic Logic and Introduction to Neutrosophic Hyperreals

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 20 Pages. In Spanish

In the fifth version of our reply article [26] to Imamura's critique, we recall that Neutrosophic Non-Standard Logic was never used by the neutrosophic community in any application, that the quarter-century old (1995-1998) neutrosophic operators criticized by Imamura were never used as they were improved soon after, but omits to talk about their development, and that in real-world applications we need to convert/approximate the hyperreals, monads and bi-nads of Non-Standard Analysis to tiny intervals with the desired precision; otherwise they would be inapplicable. We pointed out several errors and false statements by Imamura [21] regarding the inf/sup of nonstandard subsets, also Imamura's "rigorous definition of neutrosophic logic" is incorrect, as is his definition of nonstandard unit interval, and we showed that there is no total order in Neutrosophic Computing and Machine Learning , Vol. 23, 2022 Florentin Smarandache, Definición mejorada de la lógica neutrosófica no estándar e introducción a los hiperreales neutrosóficos (Quinta versión) 2 the set of hyperreals (due to the recently introduced Neutrosophic Hyperreals which are indeterminate), so the Transfer Principle from R to R* is questionable. After his critique, several reply posts on non-standard theoretical neutrosophy followed in 2018-2022. As such, I extended the Nonstandard Analysis by adding the right-closed left monad, the left-closed right monad, the punctured binad (which we introduced in 1998), and the nonpunctured binad - all in order to close the newly extended nonstandard space (R*) under nonstandard addition, nonstandard subtraction, nonstandard multiplication, nonstandard division, and nonstandard power operations [23, 24]. Improved definitions of the Nonstandard Unitary Interval and Nonstandard Neutrosophic Logic are presented, along with Nonstandard Neutrosophic Operators.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Practical Applications of Indetermsoft Set and Indetermhypersoft Set and Introduction to Treesoft Set as an Extension of the Multisoft Set

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 9 Pages.

The IndetermSoft Set is as an extension of the Soft Set, because the data, or the function, or the sets involved in the definition of the soft set have indeterminacy - as in our everyday life, and we still need to deal with such situations. And similarly, IndetermHyperSoft Set as extension of the HyperSoft Set, when there is indeterminate data, or indeterminate functions, or indeterminate sets. Herein, ‘Indeterm’ stands for ‘Indeterminate’ (uncertain, conflicting, incomplete, not unique outcome). We now introduce for the first time the TreeSoft Set as extension of the MultiSoft Set. Several applications are presented for each type of soft set.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Fifa World Cup 2022 and Gini Coefficient up to the Round of Sixteen

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper we study the Fifa World Cup 2022 matches up to the Round of Sixteen. We find that the empirical evidence of lower Gini coefficient is continuing to decide the higher probability of winning of a country in a match in the FIFA World Cup 2022up to the Round of Sixteen. Moreover, in the Group Stage, probability to win with lower HDI was 18/37 or, 1/2.06 i.e. less than half. In the Round of Sixteen stage probability to win with lower HDI has swung to the opposite direction to 5/8 i.e. more than half, as in the previous World Cup.
Category: Economics and Finance

Fine Structure Constant: Its Mathematical Basis

Authors: Miguel Aparicio
Comments: 22 Pages. In French

Our study shows how integer numbers physically function in a geometric space with the same properties assumed in the Universe, and therefore, consequently, in our opinion, why the Universe functions as such.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Query Relating to Irreversible Thermodynamics

Authors: Jeremy Dunning-Davies
Comments: 2 Pages.

Relatively recent work highlighting the quaternion formulation of Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations has provoked a re-emergence of the work of Bridgman dating back to the 1920’s and this, in turn, raises interesting thoughts concerning the basis of present-day irreversible thermodynamics. Here several questions are considered briefly to, hopefully, provoke further thought and discussion.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Jocaxian's Time Definition

Authors: Joao Carlos Holland De Barcellos
Comments: 13 Pages.

Time has always been a mystery of philosophy and physics since its beginnings. We propose a new definition of time that, in addition to being objective, promotes a better understanding of this very important concept.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Idea of Geometry Described by Set Theory

Authors: Antoine Warnery
Comments: 23 Pages. In French

The purpose of this paper is to present an idea of geometry described by set theory. This method can describe the axioms of the different geometric representations of space. The axioms of Euclid will be described through straight, segment or sphere subsets, for example the axiom of parallels will be described through a straight set and the definition of the acute angle. The axioms of algebra will be described in the same way using subsets of space with original properties. This description by set theory makes it possible to make a theoretical link between geometry and algebra, and to make a practical link between formulas from different mathematical universes such as trigonometry, algebra and geometry. Apart from the description of axioms, this paper makes it possible to reformulate and explain the meaning of theorems (trigonometric formula, Euler formula, etc.) in an original way, in order to find coherent and efficient methods of describing space.
Category: Geometry

Movement Principles of Uaps

Authors: Lubomir Vlcek
Comments: 43 Pages. UFO or UAPs: Unexplained Aerial Phenomena.

In this article are the 5 tables for calculating the average translational velocities of all milisecond pulsars and others fast spinning bodies and shift the center of gravity due to the rotation. Corrections theory ideal spining circle for real bodies. Extreme values for neutron stars. Summary values for neutron stars. A new perspective on neutronization and nuclear fusion. Consent theory with the real Universe. From well-functioning theory for milisecond pulsars are derived estimates for raelisation new mode of transport on the principle rotation. Keywords: stars: kinematics, pulsars: general, stellar dynamics, , stars: neutron, PACS number: 97.60.Gb, 97.60.Jd,
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Bell’s Theorem and Einstein’s Worry About Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 7 Pages. Only mathematical / physics discussion will be considered serious.

With the use of local dependency of probability density of local hidden variables on the instrument settings, it is demonstrated that Bell’s correlation formulation is incomplete. This result concurs with a previous computational violation close to quantum correlation with a computer model based on Einstein locality principles.
Category: Quantum Physics

[Plausible (or Implausible?)] Mineral Nuclear Disasters

Authors: Midorisuke Saemonsaburo
Comments: 1 Page.

A hypothesis about mineral traveling wave reactors and a hypothesis about mineral fusion bombs.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Negoziare Con L'algebra: Complessità Dei Conflitti e Dell'inconscio
Negotiating with Algebra: Complexity of Conflicts and the Unconscious

Authors: Osvaldo Duilio Rossi
Comments: 61 Pages.

Una rassegna della lettura matematica del conflitto che implica anche la relazione interpersonale, cosicché il mediatore possa riconoscere la struttura matematica del conflitto nella relazione interpersonale tra le parti e, viceversa, possa riconoscere i significati sistemici e relazionali nelle espressioni algebriche. Inoltre, propongo tre modelli originali per la soluzione matematica delproblema distributivo, tanto sul piano economico (cap. 1.5 e cap. 1.6) quanto sul piano relazionale (cap. 2.2), formalizzando in algebra le funzioni esplorative e relazionali del colloquio psicologico.

A review of the mathematical reading of the conflict which also implies the interpersonal relationship, so that the mediator can recognize the mathematical structure of the conflict in the interpersonal relationship between the parties and, conversely, can recognize the systemic and relational meanings in the algebraic expressions. Furthermore, I propose three original models for the mathematical solution ofdistributional problem, both on an economic level (chap. 1.5 and chap. 1.6) and on a relational level (chap. 2.2), formalizing in algebra the exploratory and relational functions of the psychological interview.
Category: Social Science

Some Features of Structures Without Time and Dynamics (In Russian)

Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: 14 Pages.

Structures without time and dynamics are considered. The principle is proposed how to build space-time in a structure without time and dynamics. It is found what can be objects in such a space-time, and what can be an interaction between such objects.Within the framework of the considered class of structures, answers were found to the following problems of philosophy and physics: the nature of consciousness and the connection between the body and consciousness (mind-body problem), nature of time, anthropic principle and the problem of fine-tuning the universe, the effectiveness of mathematics in describing physical phenomena, limits of knowledge.The considered class of structures makes it possible to find answers to questions that cannot be answered for our Universe. This shows the fundamental possibility of finding answers to these questions for our Universe as well.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Comparison of the 3-Fluid Dynamic Model with Experimental Data

Authors: V. A. Kizka
Comments: 8 Pages. Improved arXiv:1508.03196 [nucl-th]

The article considers a way to compare large bulks of experimental data with theoretical calculations, in which the quality of theoretical models is clearly demonstrated graphically. Published theoretical data of the three-fluid dynamic model (3FD) applied to the experimental data from heavy-ion collisions at the energy range sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.7 - 63 GeV are used as example of application of the developed methodology. When analyzing the results, the quantum nature of the fireball, created at heavy ion collisions, was taken into account.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Wormholes and the Grid Dimensions

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.

There are two non-local phenomena that cannot be visualized by our standard local three-dimensional concept of space. These phenomena are quantum entanglement (EPR) and the unique results of general relativity in the form of wormholes (ER). Lately it has been suggested that these two are the same phenomena (ER=EPR). In order to visualize them, one dimension was reduced suggesting that our space is a two-dimensional hologram. This paper suggests a new way to visualize these non-local phenomena by quantizing the standard three-dimensional local space and adding an extra non-local grid dimension between the quantized space units.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Mercury in a Quantum-Gravitational Field

Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 5 Pages. conclusions sharpened

A scalar field theory of gravitation yields the correct perihelion precession of Mercury’s orbit around the sun. We present the corresponding theory and numerical calculations for the relativistic Kepler problem. Furthermore, it turns out that the concept of gravitational potential cannot be maintained in the relativistic case because acceleration becomes velocity-dependent. In addition, in extreme cases, like large distances from a gravitational center or for high velocities of a body, the gravitational forces become also dependent on the direction of the body’s velocity.
Category: Astrophysics

Multi-fold Non-Commutative Spacetime, Higgs and The Standard Model with Gravity

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 19 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. Among the multi-fold SMG (the standard model with gravity effects non negligible at its scales) discoveries, the apparition of an-always in-flight, and hence non-interacting, right-handed neutrinos, coupled to the Higgs boson is quite notable. It is supposedly always around right-handed neutrinos, due to spacetime orientation or chirality flips by gravity of the massless Weyl fermions, induced by 7D space time matter and scattering models, and hidden behind the Higgs boson, or field at the entry points, and exit points of the multi-folds. Massless Higgs bosons modeled as minimal microscopic black holes mark concretized spacetime locations. They can condensate into Dirac Kerr-Newman soliton Qballs to produce massive and charged particles, thereby providing a microscopic explanation for a Higgs driven inflation, the gravity electroweak symmetry breaking, the Higgs mechanism, the mass acquisition and the chirality of fermions and orientation of spacetime; all resulting from the multi-fold gravity electroweak symmetry breaking. At small scale and during the spacetime reconstruction phase, spacetime is discrete and anticommutative; something motivated by the multi-fold mechanisms, and by spacetime reconstruction using random walks of massless Higgs bosons; something corroborated with Group Field Theory (GFT). Non-commutativity ensures preservation of Lorentz invariance, and absence of supra luminosity (in vacuum) over the discrete spacetime. Even more interesting, we see that matter dynamics appear from the geometry of such a non-commutative spacetime, defined by the Higgs field, and that the number of SM particles and interactions, as well as behaviors like neutrino mixing, directly result from the non-commutativity. A consistent picture gets reinforced: in multi-fold universes, spacetime is implemented by the Higgs field, and the SM results from its geometrical properties, and Higgs dynamics. (Effective) QFTs and GR are models, at larger scale and statistical models, which approximate the microscopic behavior, that we encounter in multi-fold universes. Spacetime evolves from 2D massless regime, nonlocal thanks to the multi-fold effects, to massive 3D then 4D random walk the continuous spacetime, local except for entanglement, or implications of the W-type multi-fold hypothesis, and emerges suitable for quantum, semi-classical and classical physics.We also conjecture a relationship between non-commutativity and 7D space time matter induction and scattering.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Proposal for a Computation Procedure Based on Continuous-Variable Post-Selected Teleportation.

Authors: Roberto Bovolenta
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, we analyze a potential procedure based on the combination of an alternativeinformation encoding system inside the state of an electromagnetic mode and on continuous-variable postselected teleportation, for speed up computational power of a classic architecture up to resolution ofproblems in PSPACE.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Discrepancy Between the Implicit Assumptions in the Field Definition and the Objective Reality is the Main Cause of Many Theoretical Errors in Modern Physics

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 5 Pages. In Chinese

There is an implicit assumption in the definition of field (gravitational field, electric field and magnetic field): assuming that there is a unit point field source (unit point mass or unit positive point charge) on the observation point P, the force it receives (gravity, The size and direction of the Coulomb force and magnetic force) are the size and direction of the strength of the field at this point. When the field is further extended to be a continuous and differentiable function in space-time, the above implicit assumption is further expanded to: there is a point field source of one unit at all spatial positions in space-time. The objective reality is that the distribution of field sources in space-time is neither continuous nor stable. As a result, many physical theories, theorems and laws based on fields and field theories cannot be consistent with objective facts. Such as: the law of electromagnetic induction, Gauss's law, Hubble's law, Maxwell's equations, the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics and the Big Bang theory, etc. This article conducts some discussion and certification on this point, and I hope that interested friends will provide more valuable opinions and suggestions.

场（万有引力场、电场和磁场）的定义中隐含了一个假设：假设观测点P点上存在一个一个单位的点场源（单位点质量或单位正点电荷），它所受到的力（万有引力、库仑力和磁力）的大小与方向即为该点上的场的强度的大小与方向。当将场进一步拓展为在时空中为连续可导的函数时，则上述隐含的假设被进一步扩充为：时空中所有的空间位置上均存在一个一个单位的点场源。而客观实际情况是：场源在时空中的分布并非连续，也非稳定不变的。由此导致了诸多以场和场论为基础的物理学理论、定理和定律就不可能与客观事实相符了。如：电磁感应定律、高斯定律、哈勃定律、麦克斯韦方程组、相对论、量子力学和宇宙大爆炸论等。本文就此进行一些探讨与认证，希望有兴趣的朋友们多提宝贵意见与建议。
Category: Mathematical Physics

Diagram of the Relationship Between Field and Force and the Cause Analysis of the Misunderstanding of the Nature of the Field

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 4 Pages.

There is an implicit assumption in the definition of field (gravitational field, electric field and magnetic field): assuming that there is a unit point field source (unit point mass or unit positive point charge) on the observation point P, the force it receives (gravity, The size and direction of the Coulomb force and magnetic force) are the size and direction of the strength of the field at this point. When the field is further extended to be a continuous and differentiable function in space-time, the above implicit assumption is further expanded to: there is a point field source of one unit at all spatial positions in space-time. The objective reality is that the distribution of field sources in space-time is neither continuous nor stable. As a result, many physical theories, theorems and laws based on fields and field theories cannot be consistent with objective facts. Such as: the law of electromagnetic induction, Gauss's law, Hubble's law, Maxwell's equations, the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics and the Big Bang theory, etc. This article discusses the relationship between field and force in a graphical way, and on this basis points out the reasons why most people misunderstand the nature of field at present. Valuable comments and suggestions.

场（万有引力场、电场和磁场）的定义中隐含了一个假设：假设观测点P点上存在一个一个单位的点场源（单位点质量或单位正点电荷），它所受到的力（万有引力、库仑力和磁力）的大小与方向即为该点上的场的强度的大小与方向。当将场进一步拓展为在时空中为连续可导的函数时，则上述隐含的假设被进一步扩充为：时空中所有的空间位置上均存在一个一个单位的点场源。而客观实际情况是：场源在时空中的分布并非连续，也非稳定不变的。由此导致了诸多以场和场论为基础的物理学理论、定理和定律就不可能与客观事实相符了。如：电磁感应定律、高斯定律、哈勃定律、麦克斯韦方程组、相对论、量子力学和宇宙大爆炸论等。本文以图解的方式对场与力的关系进行一些探讨，并在此基础上指出目前大多数人对场的本质存在误读的原因进行一些分析、探讨与认证，希望有兴趣的朋友们多提宝贵意见与建议。
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Complete Evidence Chain Fully Proves That the Law of Interaction Between Light and Medium is That the Incident Light Makes the Medium a Secondary Light Source

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 4 Pages.

After the light interacts with the medium, all the characteristics of the light will be changed, including but not limited to the transmission direction of the light, the phase of the light, the amplitude of the light, the frequency of the light, the wavelength of the light, the speed of the light, etc. However, people's understanding of what light is is still not completely unified. Some people think that light is an electromagnetic wave, some think that light is a photon, and some even think that light has a wave-particle duality. Through my long-term research, I found that light is neither an electromagnetic wave nor a photon, nor does it have wave-particle duality. Light is only one of the manifestations of Coulomb force and magnetic force that exists between charges, and cannot exist independently of charges/light sources. This is a conclusion drawn from a comprehensive study of all physical phenomena and experimental results related to light. This article focuses on the evidence chain formed by many evidences of the law of interaction between light and media to discuss related issues, in order to correct the current misunderstanding of the nature of light.

光与介质作用后会改变光的所有特征，包括但不限于光的传递方向、光的相位、光的振幅、光的频率、光的波长、光的速度等。但人们对光到底是什么的认识至今仍未能完全统一，有认为光是电磁波的，也有认为光是光子的，更有认为光具有波粒二相性。通过本人长时间的研究发现：光既不是电磁波，也不是光子，更没有波粒二相性。光只是电荷之间才存在的库仑力和磁力的表现形式之一，并不能脱离电荷/光源而独立存在。这是通过对所有与光有关的物理现象与实验结果的全面研究所得出的结论。本文重点以光与介质相互作用规律的诸多证据所形成的证据链来探讨相关问题，以期纠正目前人们对光的本质的错误认识。
Category: Mathematical Physics

Evidence Analysis of Several Experimental Results Relating to the Speed U200bu200bof Light and Discussion on the Correct Method of Measuring the Speed U200bu200bof Light

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 6 Pages.

The speed of light is one of the most basic issues in many physical researches at present, but there is no conclusive, reliable, systematic and systematic evidence to prove who determines the speed of light or what are the main factors. This paper intends to analyze in detail the physical significance and evidence effectiveness of several existing experimental observations related to the speed of light, and proposes a correct method for measuring the speed of light. In order to completely unravel the mystery of the speed of light.

光速是目前诸多物理研究中最基本的问题之一，但并没有确凿的、证据效力充分可靠系的、统性的证据证明光速到底由谁决定或由哪些主要因素决定。本文拟以目前已有的几个与光速有关的实验观测结果的物理意义、证据效力进行详细的分析，并据此提出正确测量光速的方法。以期彻底解开光速之迷。
Category: Mathematical Physics

Analysis of the Essential Factors of Momentum and Kinetic Energy Conservation in Completely Elastic Collision Conditions

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 4 Pages.

The conservation of momentum and kinetic energy under the condition of a perfectly elastic collision is a well-known common sense, but the analysis and research data on its internal factors are not common, so this paper will explore and discuss it. I hope that interested friends will give more comments and suggestions.According to the general law that the change of the state of motion of matter with mass must be the result of the action of force, we can naturally think that the law of conservation of momentum and kinetic energy under the condition of a completely elastic collision should be the interaction between two colliding objects. Determined by the action force: when two objects collide with each other, the contact surface is simultaneously subjected to an action force and a reaction force of equal magnitude but opposite directions, so that each other quickly reduces the speed of motion and changes the speed and direction of motion. We assume that the interaction force during the collision does not change with time, then the force of the collision has exactly the same start and end time of the variable speed motion imposed by the collision, and the collision will first decelerate and then accelerate. Of course, there is no transfer of so-called momentum or energy in this process.

完全弹性碰撞条件下的动量和动能守恒是广为共知的常识，但就其内在因素的分析与研究资料并不常见，本文就此进行一些探索与讨论。希望有兴趣的朋友们多提意见与建议。按照有质量物质运动状态的改变必定是力的作用之结果的普遍规律，我们可以很自然地想到：完全弹性碰撞条件下的动量和动能守恒定律应该是两个碰撞物体间相互碰撞时产生的相互作用力决定的：当两个物体相互碰撞时，接触面同时受到大小相等但方向相反的作用力与反作用力使彼此快速降低运动速度并改变运动速度与方向。我们假设碰撞过程中的相互作用力不随时间变化，则碰撞的作用力对碰撞双方所施加的变速运动的开始与结束时间完全一致，碰撞会使双方先减速后加速。此过程当然不存在所谓的动量或能量的传递。
Category: Mathematical Physics

Humans Have Never Seen Light Itself, Only the Luminous Body That is Shining

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 4 Pages.

If it is said that humans have never seen light itself, no one may believe it, but it should be an indisputable fact. Because there is no light that can exist independently without the light source/charge, light is only one of the manifestations of the Coulomb force and magnetic force interaction between charges, and of course it cannot be seen. What people see in daily life is the luminous body → the charged particle group vibrating at the frequency of visible light, and they interact with the charged particles on the retina in the human eye by Coulomb force and magnetic force, thus producing a corresponding electrochemical reaction After the corresponding information is generated and transmitted to the visual system of the brain, the talent has the vision of seeing the luminous body. This article starts some discussions on this, hoping to get corrections from interested friends.

如果说人类从未看到过光本身，可能不会有任何人相信，但这应该是不争的事实。因为根本不存在能脱离光源/电荷而独立存在的光，光只是电荷之间才存在的库仑力和磁力相互作用的表现形式之一，当然不可能被看到。人们日常所看到的是发光体→正在以可见光频率段的频率振动的带电粒子群体，它们与人眼中的视网膜上的带电粒子间进行着库仑力和磁力相互作用，从而产生了相应的电化反应并产生相应的信息传递到大脑视觉系统后，人才产生了看到了发光体的视觉。本文就此展开一些讨论，希望得到有兴趣的朋友们的斧正。
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Basis and Verification Method of the Single Slit Diffracted Light as the Secondary Light Generated by the Edge of the Slit

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 5 Pages.

Many people have carried out single-slit diffraction experiments and obtained a series of experimental research results, but these results cannot be explained by electromagnetic waves or photons at the same time. After a long period of research, I found that these research results can be perfectly explained by using the secondary light generated by the edge of the slit with diffracted light. This article discusses this and proposes further inspection and verification methods. I hope that interested and qualified friends will participate in the next step of inspection and verification.

有不少人进行过单缝衍射实验并取得了一系列的实验研究成果，但这些成果均无法用光是电磁波或光子来同时解释。经本人长时间研究发现：用衍射光是由缝隙边缘产生的次生光则可以完美地解释这些研究成果。本文就此进行一些讨论并提出进一步检验验证方法，希望有兴趣和有条件的朋友们参与下一步的检验与验证工作。
Category: Mathematical Physics

Use Four Principles to Simultaneously Explain 70 Physical Phenomena and Experimental Results Related to the Nature of Light

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 17 Pages.

After my long-term research, I can explain many physical problems and experimental results related to light only from the most basic Coulomb's law of electromagnetism and Biot-Savart's law. The relevant four basic principles (tentative name) or they are called rules, and use these four principles to explain 70 common physical phenomena and experimental results related to light at the same time, and all of them are effective. It is hoped that more questions related to light will be collected through this article to further test the applicability and reliability of these four criteria. If these four criteria can explain more and more common physical phenomena and experimental results related to light, and none of them can be explained, it will prove that the closer these four criteria are to the objective reality, the closer to the truth. The understanding and summary of the nature of light and the law of interaction between light and medium will be more accurate and objective by these four principles.

经过本人长期的研究，仅从电磁学的最基本的库仑定律和毕奥——沙伐尔定律出发，即可解释诸多与光有关的物理问题与实验结果，在此基础上总结出了与光有关的四条基本准则（暂定名）或称其为规则，并利用此四条准则同时解释了70个与光有关的常见物理现象与实验结果而无一不灵。希望通过本文征集到更多与光有关的问题来进一步检验这四条准则的适用性、可靠性。如果这四条准则能对越多的、与光有关的常见物理现象与实验结果进行解释而无一不能解释时，就会证明这四条准则越接近客观实际，越接近真理。这四条准则对光的本质及光与介质相互作用规律的认识和总结也就越准确、越客观。
Category: Mathematical Physics

Deriving the Calculation Formulas of Diffraction and Interference Light Intensity Using Slit Edge as Single-slit Diffraction and Double-slit Interference Light Sources

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: Pages.

From the current results of many single-slit diffraction and double-slit interference experiments, it can be deduced that the diffraction and interference light should be generated by the edge of the slit. Vector overlay result of raw light. This paper intends to use this idea to derive the theoretical formula for calculating the intensity of diffraction and interference light, and based on the results and experimentsThe existing formulas derived from the results are compared to achieve the purpose of inspection and verification.

从目前诸多单缝衍射和双缝干涉实验结果推断，衍射和干涉光应该都是由缝边缘产生的次生光的矢量叠加结果。本文拟以此思路来推导出计算衍射和干涉光强度的理论公式，并据此结果与依据实验结果推导出的现有公式进行比较，以达到检验与验证的目的。
Category: Classical Physics

Analysis and Research on the Nature of Light, the Law of Interaction Between Light and Medium, and the Main Factors Determining the Speed of Light

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 7 Pages.

The nature of light is the most controversial in modern physics, and it is also the root cause of many strange theories in physics research. Therefore, it is very necessary to find out the nature of light, the law of interaction between light and medium, and the main reasons that determine the speed of light. It will change the way and method of human beings to understand the laws of nature, and will also rewrite the development direction of physics, which is of great significance.

近代物理对光的本质争议最大，也是导致物理研究出现诸多奇谈怪论的根源所在。因此，搞清楚光的本质、光与介质相互作用规律及决定光速的主要原因十分必要，将改变人类对自然规律的认识途径与方法，也必将改写物理学的发展方向，其意义十分巨大。
Category: Classical Physics

Introduction to New Electrokinetics

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 4 Pages.

At present, there are four kinds of natural forces discovered by human beings: gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong interaction and weak interaction. Gravity is the master of the motion and change of matter in the macroscopic world, electromagnetic force is the master of the motion and change of matter in the micro world except inside the elementary particles and nuclei, and the strong-weak interaction is the master of the motion and change of matter inside the elementary particles and nuclei By. Electrodynamics mainly studies the law of the electromagnetic force in the motion and change of matter.

目前人类发现的自然力共有四种：万有引力、电磁力、强相互作用、弱相互作用。万有引力是宏观世界物质运动与变化的主宰者、电磁力是除基本粒子内部和原子核内部以外的微观世界物质运动与变化的主宰者、强弱相互作用是基本粒子和原子核内部物质运动与变化的的主宰者。电动力学主要研究的是电磁力在物质运动与变化中的作用规律 Category: Classical Physics

Holographic Physics

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: Pages.

At present, there are many sub-categories in physics, and the fragmentation is particularly serious. The objectively inseparable physical laws and phenomena are divided into too many fragments. This paper intends to examine the existence, movement, change and development of objective things from the macroscopic scope of the external space of electrons and protons: objective entities are composed of electrons and protons with mass and charge. The laws they follow mainly include Newton's law of universal gravitation, Newton's first and second laws, Coulomb's law and Biot-Savart's law (this article does not consider strong and weak interactions for the time being). Considering that these laws are all established under the condition of a stable field, and the universal gravitation and electromagnetic force have a certain transmission speed. Therefore, when the motion speed of the research object is high, these laws should be properly corrected in order to conform to the objective reality. Since mass and charge are the same body, these laws will act on the research object at the same time. This point is the material basis of this theory——holographic physics. Only by taking into account all the forces on matter at the same time, can we truly find the law that conforms to the objective motion of matter.

目前物理学中的子门类繁多，碎片化特别严重，把本来客观上密不可分的物理规律和现象分割成过多的碎片。本文拟从电子和质子外部空间之宏观范围来审视客观事物的存在方式、运动形式、变化与发展规律：客观实体均由带质量与电荷的电子和质子构成。它们遵循的规律主要有牛顿万有引力定律及牛顿第一和第二定律、库仑定律和毕奥-萨伐尔定律（本文暂不考虑强、弱相互作用）。考虑到这些定律均是在稳定场条件下建立起来的，而万有引力、电磁力均有一定的传递速度。因此，在研究对象的运动速度较高时，应对这些定律进行适当的修正才能符合客观实际。由于质量与电荷同体，因此，这些定律将同时对研究对象产生作用。这一点也就是本理论——全息物理学的物质基础所在。只有把物质受到的所有作用力同时考虑进来，才能真正找到符合物质客观运动的规律。
Category: Classical Physics

Le Défaut Naturel Des Télescopes (The Natural Flaw of Telescopes)

Authors: Jean-Jacques Sainthuille
Comments: 2 Pages. In French

Remontant dans le passé cet article invite à s’interroger sur le risque possible encouru par les télescopes spatiaux.

Going back to the past, this article invites us to question the possible risk incurred by space telescopes.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

About the Strong Euler-Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Philippe Sainty
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this article, we define a " recursive local" algorithm in order to construct two reccurent numerical sequences of positive prime numbers (u2n) and (v2n), ((u2n) function of (v2n)), such that for any integer n≥ 2, their sum is 2n. To build these , we use a third sequence of prime numbers (w2n) defined for any integer n≥ 3 by : w2n = Sup(p∈IP : p ≤ 2n-3), where IP is the infinite set of positive prime numbers. The Goldbach conjecture has been verified for all even integers 2n between 4 and 4.1018. In the Table of Goldbach sequence terms given in paragraph § 10, we reach values of the order of 2n= 101000 Thus, thanks to this algorithm of "ascent and descent", we can validate the strong Euler-Goldbach conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Measuring One-Way Speed of Light — Experiment and Calculation

Authors: Krishan Vats
Comments: 2 Pages.

One-way speed of light is thought to be unknown (or impossible to measure) at this time. The reason sighted for that is problem with establishing simultaneity of the clocks at the two ends used to measure round trip speed of light. This article describes an experiment, mathematical equation and method to measure/calculate one-way speed of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

AMS - Abstract Merkle Signature Scheme

Authors: Herman Schoenfeld
Comments: 17 Pages.

An abstract post-quantum digital signature scheme is presented that parameterizes a one-time signature scheme (OTS) for "many-time" use. This scheme permits a single key-pair to efficiently sign and verify a (great) many messages without security degradation. It achieves this by following the original Merkle-Signature Scheme but without a coupling to a specific OTS. Various improvements include a reduction in signature size, resistance to denial-of-service attacks and smaller keys. This construction comprises a bit-level specification for the Abstract Merkle Signature Scheme (AMS).
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Basic Theory of Color Index

Authors: Daehyeon Kang
Comments: 4 Pages.

The theory that supports the color index is that the Planck radiation distribution formula is widely used, but this method is inappropriate for the brightness of stars, such as photographic or ophthalmic grades, and introduces other formulas.
Category: Astrophysics

A Somewhat Intuitive Visual Representation of the Formulae for Pi^3 and Ramanujan’s Pi^4

Authors: Janko Kokosar
Comments: 9 Pages.

In the article, I show a visual representation of the formula $pi^3=31.00627..$, respectively, visualization how $pi^3$ is close to 31. I show this using the area of a circle with radius $pi$ that is compared with the area that is quite simply composed of squares and triangles. In the same way, the Ramanujan formula $pi^4=97.5-1/11+1.2491..x10^{-7}$ is visualized. At the end, I mention once again the challenge to explain the Ramanujan formula for $pi^4$.
Category: Geometry

The Illusory Total Width of the Off-Shell Higgs Boson

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 10 Pages. Published in peer reviewed journal DOI: 10.4236/jhepgc.2024.101028

Within the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) we show that the transition from the nuclear strong interactions in the off-shell Higgs boson production to the nuclear weak interactions causes that the real total width of the Higgs boson from the Higgs line shape (i.e. 3.3 GeV) decreases to 4.3 MeV that is the illusory total width. Moreover, there appear some glueballs/condensates with the energy 3.3 GeV that accompany the production of the off-shell Higgs bosons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Dictionary of Sindhi Literature by Dr. Motilal Jotwani and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 18 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study A Dictionary of Sindhi Literature by Dr. Motilal Jotwani. We draw the natural logarithmof the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0) i.e. a magnetisation curve in the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearestneighbours in the absence of external magnetic field, H, with βH = 0. β is 1/(k_B T), where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Social Science

The Second Postulate of Special Relativity is Incompatible with the Observations

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: The file contains two versions of the paper: English, pages 1-5 and Italian, pages 6-9

In 1887 the famous Michelson-Morley experiment was carry out, which should have revealed that the speed of light is not isotropic and, therefore, the so-called ether wind. But the experiment revealed that the speed of light result isotropic and subsequently no aether, either.In order to justify this negative result, Lorentz hypothesized that all objects that move in the aether, undergo a contraction in the direction of motion, for which the arm of the Michelson-Morley interferometer would have contracted, thus making the speed of light result isotropic, while in reality it was not.However, in 1905 Einstein intervened, that did not accept Lorentz's justification, eliminated the need for the aether and formulated the theory of Special Relativity, whose second postulate states that "The velocity of light in empty space always has its standard value, independent of the motion of the source or receiver of light" and, consequently, that it would be isotropic in all inertial frames of reference.But Lorentz, despite Einstein's constant attempts to convince him, continued to support his thesis until his death.In fact, through a wise use of the transformations that bear his name, he managed to frame in his theory of the immobile ether those phenomena that seemed to imply an apparent partial or total dragging of the ether. While admitting the greater simplicity of Einstein's theory, Lorentz do not accepted it, not intending to give up some fundamental principles on which two centuries of classical physics were based.Because it had been demonstrated that light is a wave phenomenon which, therefore, needs a medium to manifest itself, so that its speed can be isotropic only with respect to said medium and therefore not also with respect to a moving inertial frames of reference compared to the medium.Shouldn't this reasoning have been enough to agree with Lorentz?Instead, it was Einstein's theory that prevailed over Lorentz's!But if the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation and its dipole anisotropy had already been observed then, who would have won?Lorentz would have won, because he could have demonstrated not only that the speed of light cannot be isotropic on the Earth, but also the speed of the Earth with respect to the ether, thus invalidating the second postulate of the theory of Special Relativity and, consequently, even the theory itself.Which I propose to do through two demonstrations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Illustration of the Neofotino Spin Concept, in Terms of Electrino and Positrino, in Terms of Electrino and Positrino Bond Mass.

Authors: A. I. Andreus
Comments: 6 Pages. In Russian

An illustration of the neofotino spin concept, in terms of electrino and positrino, in terms of electrino and positrino bond mass. This defines the relay in terms of the atom, the nucleus of the atom, neutrons, protons, electrons, positrons, photons. Phenomenology lays the cornerstone of truth in the worldview through the necessary practices.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Equivalence Principle and Lorentz Covariant Gravitation Contradiction

Authors: Karl De Paepe
Comments: 3 Pages.

We show a Lorentz covariant gravitation does not satisfy the equivalence principle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Proof of the Scholz Conjecture on Addition Chains

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages. An updated version with more detailed explanation and proof.

Applying the pothole method on the factors of numbers of the form $2^n-1$, we prove the inequality $$iota(2^n-1)leq n-1+iota(n)$$ where $iota(n)$ denotes the length of the shortest addition chain producing $n$.
Category: Number Theory

Thoughts on the Existence of an Aether

Authors: Jeremy Dunning-Davies, Rich Norman
Comments: 11 Pages.

Several neglected papers from the last century are resurrected and their contents analysed in order to revisit the question of whether or not there is an aether. The results of that query lead to suggesting possible new approaches to many fundamental ideas in physics. Negative energy and the primacy of thermodynamics in universal processes are discussed.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Complete Bulgarian-English Dictionary and the Graphical law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 24 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Complete Bulgarian-English Dictionary by Constantine Stephanove. We draw thenatural logarithm of the number of head words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the naturallogarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH=0.02) i.e. a magnetisation curve in the Bethe-Peierls approximation of theIsing model with four nearest neighbours with βH=0.02. H is external magnetic field, β is1/(k_B T), where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant. Moreover, the Bulgarian languageappears to be dual to the Greek language to large extent.
Category: Linguistics

The Unspooky Violation of Bell’s Inequalities:

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 5 Pages.

Examination of the violation of Bell’s inequalities by analogy (improved). The how, why and what Bell’s inequalities require and therefore must sometimes be violated in a universe where things happen rather than just exist. Identifying that what happens via a process is not the same as what is predicted just using prior existent traits. Conclusion and recommendations given for locality, realism and spacetime.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Ideal Recipe vs. Baking Existential cake

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 3 Pages.

AbstractThis is about creation of an objective model of reality. The ‘missing’ ingredients are identified.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Comment on Lev I. Verkhovsky's 'Memoir on the Theory of Relativity and Unified Field Theory'

Authors: Peter Enders, Rupp Romano
Comments: 6 Pages.

In his remarkable 'Memoir on the Theory of Relativity and Unified Field Theory', Lev I. Verkhovsky has reanimated the scaling factor which occurs in pioneering articles on the Lorentz transformation by Lorentz 1904, Einstein 1905, and Poincaré 1906. In this comment, we shortly look at their determination of the scaling factor and then show that his reanimation is not successful.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Analysis for Levitation of EHD and Electrostatic Propulsion Device in Direction of Gravity using Optical Flow Method

Authors: Taku Saiki
Comments: 10 Pages.

Electro hydro dynamic (EHD) and electrostatic propulsion devices has no moving parts and, in the air, operates on electrical energy. It is expected to develop electric propulsion systems without future moving parts of airplanes and helicopters propellers in the future. EHD devices levitating in the direction opposite to the direction of gravity when a high voltage is applied. Detail property of the accurate propulsion direction, speed, and acceleration were clarified by imaging analysis in this time. It has been cleared from the analysis that even if the orientation of the device is initially tilted from a horizontal line, it was enforced to levitate vertically upward in the same direction as the direction of gravity, and a restoring force acts to return the orientation to a horizontal line during the levitation. These phenomena are very strange and different from drones with propellers. When the device levitates, the acceleration does not become constant immediately after the voltage is applied, but after passing through 0, it increases linearly in temporal duration of sub 0.1 s and saturates. The saturation of the acceleration changed with the input voltage.
Category: Classical Physics

The Relativity of Simultaneity Is a False Proposition：Excerpts from the Third Chapter of Theory of Relative-Absoluteness

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 11 Pages. In Chinese

It is introduced that that the ideological experiments of the double helix clock proofreading method, the optical pressure seesaw, and the cross department detonating clock proofreading method, etc. Using these thought experiments and logical analysis, it is proved that the relativity of simultaneity and "when observing each other, the clock of the observed side slows down" are false propositions. The relativity of simultaneity originates from the simultaneity factor in Lorentz transformation or Einstein clock method. Like other contradictions of special relativity, even if it is proved that the inference of special relativity about time is not tenable, we cannot deny Lorentz transformation, let alone deny special relativity in its entirety, and we can only deny that special relativity is partially based on Lorentz transformation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Raising a Question Regarding an Alternative Explanation for the Dark Matter Effect After Developing an Intuitive Model for General Relativity

Authors: Barbara Spangenberg
Comments: 7 Pages.

To explain general relativity to the public, often the rubber blanket model is used. However, it can be criticized for again needing gravity and using an additional dimension. Here, employing a mesh grid of triangles, we develop a model that explains gravity only with the curvature of space inside the twodimensional plane and works without the need for an additional dimension. Based on this model, we review the derivation of Newton’s law at the different magnitude scales within our universe while emphasizing the assumption of a flat background space. Finally, we raise the question of whether a completely different gravitational law than Newton’s could hold for galaxies, which could be derived from Einstein’s field equations while abandoning the assumption of flat background space at this magnitude scale. Consequences would be to explain the dark matter effect by operating gravity, to explain the dark energy effect by a net gravitational blueshift of light in the expanding universe and a slightly changed perceiving of the starry sky.
Category: Astrophysics

Just Two Primary Sets of Whole Numbers: Ultimates and Non-Ultimates

Authors: Jean-Yves Boulay
Comments: 3 Pages.

A mathematical definition integrating, for any number, the notion of inferiority of divisor makes it possible to classify the number zero, the number one and all the primes in a unique set. Also, a complementary definition makes it possible to classify all the other whole numbers into a second unique set. Thus the set ℕ is considered to consist of two sets of whole numbers at absolute properties.
Category: Number Theory

Bond Lengths in Gaseous Alkali Metal Chlorides as Sums of the Golden Ratio Based Cationic Radii and Covalent Radius of Chlorine

Authors: Raji Heyrovska
Comments: 4 Pages. 1 Table, 10 references

Alkali metal halides are known to have shorter bond lengths in the gaseous state than in their crystalline state. It is also known that the bonds are polar covalent. However, an exact interpretation of these bond lengths has remained an open question for the last 85 years. The present author has shown for the first time in 2004 that the crystal ionic distances in alkali halides are exact sums of the Golden ratio based radii of the alkali metal cations and halide anions. In this short report, it is shown that in gaseous alkali metal chlorides, alkali metal cations are bound to covalent chlorine as in the partially ionic bond in HCl.
Category: Classical Physics