All Submission Categories

Right-Handed Neutrinos and Traversable Wormholes: the Key to Entanglement, Gravity and Multi-Folds Extensions to Er=epr?

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 17 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. Yet, so far, the multi-fold theory has left unexplained, other than by principles, several key aspects including why and how multi-folds are associated to EPR entanglement as proposed in the multi-fold theory, how multi-folds are activated or deactivated; why no multi-folds between hierarchical entanglements; how the multi-fold mappings works; could GR govern the dynamics and kinematics (in AdS(5)) of the multi-folds. Recent analyses of traversable wormhole in 4D spacetime show that they can exist, without involving exotic theories and matter, if they contain two massive EPR entangled fermions in their throat: something immediately reminiscent of the right-handed neutrino stuck behind the Higgs boson in the multi-folds; if multi-folds were traversable wormholes. We also discuss traversability above the multi-fold gravity electroweak symmetry breaking energy, when all particles are massless and the case where the fermions are neutral, and in the 2D regime. It would make it plausible for GR to govern the dynamics and kinematics of multi-folds (in AdS(5)) and mappings, and provide a microscopic explanation to convergence of the ER-EPR conjecture with the multi-fold theory. Doing so shines a new light on entanglement, as resulting from attaching entangled right-handed neutrinos, and anti-particles, to entangled particles and the multi-folds, now as traversable wormholes, can be understood as gravitons. Also it can justify the dynamics and kinematics of the multi-fold mechanisms.Doing so, we derive microscopic interpretations, and justifications, for several of the multi-fold principles and heuristics mentioned in previous papers. The resulting self-consistency of the theory is compelling. Also it provides a different point of view on how more conventional approaches like ER=EPR should evolve, and could be used to move to a more quantitative formulation of the multi-fold theory. In a discrete 2D spacetime, massive, entangled (charged) fermions are not needed to ensure traversability: the multi-folds are traversable, and could still be considered as wormholes. It is at higher scales that the (continuous) models require it to be consistent with approximations of wormholes.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Why All Perfect Numbers Are Even

Authors: Derek Tucker
Comments: 1 Page.

We prove there are no odd perfect numbers by the properties of the sum of divisors function forcing the existence of a number with its sum of divisors equal to two, which is absurd.
Category: Number Theory

Ai-je Bien Compris la Mécanique Quantique?
Did I Understand Quantum Mechanics Correctly?)

Authors: Berkouk Mohamed
Comments: 12 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

L’avènement de la mécanique quantique a suscité de longs débats dans la première moitié du vingtième siècle notamment entre Albert Einstein et Niels Bohr , ce dernier défendait le bienfondé de la MQ et le caractère déterministe de celle-ci malgré des résultats exprimés en terme de probabilité, justifiés par les expériences et des corrélations parfaites entre différents spins , dans le cas de l’intrication de deux photons polarisés éloignés, dont nous allons nous intéresser dans cet article.

The advent of quantum mechanics has aroused long debates in the first half of the twentieth century, particularly between Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr, the latter defended the merits of the MQ and the deterministic nature of it despite the results expressed in terms of Probability, justified by the perfect experiences and correlations between different spins, in the case of the entanglement of two distant polarized photons, which we will be interested in this article.
Category: Quantum Physics

Discovering and Programming the Cubic Formula

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 12 Pages. Some suggestions were given by a reader and a solution to the puzzle of the earlier version is added.

Solving a cubic polynomial using a formula is possible; a formula exists. In this article we connect various dots from a pre-calculus course and attempt to show how the formula could be discovered. Along the way we make a TI-84 CE menu driven program that allows for experiments, confirmations of speculations, and eventually a working program that solves all cubic polynomials.
Category: Algebra

A Relationship Between Pythagorean Triples and Triangular Numbers

Authors: Julian Beauchamp
Comments: 1 Page.

In this paper, I share a discovery of a subset of Pythagorean Triples (X,Y,Z=Y+1), whose hypotenuses end in the digits 13 and begin in the digits of Triangular Numbers ($T_{n}$). Although this is a slightly curious relationship, it is of little mathematical significance, and I believe it to be previously unknown.
Category: Number Theory

Weyl and Majorana for Neutral Particles

Authors: Valeriy V. Dvoeglazov
Comments: 11 Pages. Talk at the Conference General Relativity, Quantumm Mechanics and Everything %in Between Celebrating 02 Spring of Prof. Horwitz. Tel Aviv, Israel.

We compare various formalisms for neutral particles. It is found that they contain unexplained contradictions.Next, we investigate the spin-1/2 and spin-1 cases in different bases. Next, we look for relations with the Majorana-like field operator. We show explicitly incompatibility of the Majorana anzatzen with the Dirac-like field operators in both the original Majorana theory and its generalizations. Several explicit examples are presented for higher spins too. It seems that the calculations in the helicity basis only give mathematically and physically reasonable results.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Continuidad Limitada en el Cubo (Limited Continuity in the Cube)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 2 Pages. Email: carloschiappini@gmail.com

He intentado construir una antena con forma de cubo. La idea era construirla con un alambre continuo, sin cortes ni interrupciones, que recorriese las aristas una a una. Me sorprendió el hecho siguiente. Sin cortar el alambre y sin pasar más de una vez por alguna arista me resultó imposible formar más de 9 aristas. Muchos intentos me convencieron de la imposibilidad práctica. Eso despertó el interés por averiguar algo respecto a eso en términos teóricos, sea por geométría, por topología o por combinación de ambas.Mis habilidades en geometría son escasas y en topología nulas. Me gustaría recibir la noticia de una demostración teórica del hecho mencionado. Por eso he redactado esta nota y porque puede brindar entretenimiento a personas amantes de la geometría y de la topología.

I have tried to build a cube shaped antenna. The idea was to build it with a continuous wire, without cuts or interruptions, that ran through the edges one by one. I was surprisedthe following fact. Without cutting the wire and without going over any edge more than once, was impossible to form more than 9 edges. Many attempts convinced me of thepractical impossibility. That aroused interest in finding out something about it intheoretical terms, either by geometry, by topology or by a combination of both.My skills in geometry are poor and in topology null. I would like to receive the news of a theoretical proof of the mentioned fact. That is why I have written this note and because it can provide entertainment for people who love geometry and topology.
Category: Geometry

Geometrical Optics as an Abelian U(1) Local Gauge Theory

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: Written in English, 1 page, no figure.

We point out that geometrical optics can be treated as an Abelian $U(1)$ local gauge theory and we observe what it implies.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Movement of the Ellipsograph Ruler with Different Speeds

Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 10 Pages.

On the ruler of the ellipsograph, we set point C. We set the movement of the ruler: uniform, uniformly accelerated, elliptical. We calculate the angle of rotation of point C relative to the center of the ellipse, the sectoral velocity and the velocity and acceleration vectors. We compare the sectoral velocity with Kepler's second law.
Category: General Mathematics

Facts about Bell-test Experiments

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper is about two facts concerning Bell experiments that are generally being overlooked. The first is the meaning of the probabilities that emerge from the results of the experiments. The second is the fact that detectors detect pairs of entangled particles from opposite positions and so in opposite directions. This has extreme implications which has never been taken into account.Understanding and applying these insights makes it rather easy to explain the results of Bell-test experiments in a local-real way. Consequently this means that entanglement considered as interaction at a distance, doesn't exist. Entanglement only means that entangled particles have opposite properties.
Category: Quantum Physics

电子组成和结构新理论的应用研究进展与评述 (Review on the Application & Research of New Theory of Electronic Composition and Structure)

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 20 Pages.

量子场论将粒子都看作是场，无法非常具体地描述电子的组成、结构和内禀运动状态。探索电子的组成、结构和内禀运动状态并不与量子场论冲突。通过一个"电子的组成、结构和内禀运动方式"的假设（光结电子结构模型），而大大美化了量子力学——量子力学的重要方程和和算符（特别是有关电子自旋的算符）都可以根据这个假设推导出来。能为电子自旋、原子结构给出合理而无矛盾的经典转动模型。原子的经典行星模型还可以成功地应用于氢分子、锂分子、钠分子的离解能和键长的计算。对于原子和分子的计算既可以分别使用又可以混合使用波动力学方法和行星模型语境下的经典方法。成功的应用事例多达数百个。电子结构模型的成功的应用和对量子力学的美化作用显然又成了该模型的证据。"玻尔行星模型方法和现代量子力学方法可广泛地混合使用"表明这两种方法是等价的或相互兼容的。可促使人类重新认识微观体系的特点。

Quantum field theory regards all particles as fields, and cannot describe the composition, structure and intrinsic motion state of electrons in a very specific way. Exploring the composition, structure and intrinsic state of motion of electrons does not conflict with quantum field theory. Through a hypothesis of "the composition, structure and intrinsic motion of electrons" (light-junction electronic structure model), quantum mechanics—an important equation and operator of quantum mechanics (especially the calculation of electron spin) is greatly beautified. ) can be deduced from this assumption. A reasonable and non-contradictory classical rotation model can be given for electron spin and atomic structure. The classical planetary model of atoms can also be successfully applied to the calculation of dissociation energies and bond lengths of hydrogen molecules, lithium molecules, and sodium molecules. Calculations for atoms and molecules can be performed separately or in combination with wave mechanics methods and classical methods in the context of planetary models. There are hundreds of successful application cases. The successful application of the electronic structure model and the beautification of quantum mechanics clearly became the evidence of the model. "The method of Bohr's planetary model and the method of modern quantum mechanics can be widely mixed" shows that the two methods are equivalent or compatible with each other. It can prompt humans to re-understand the characteristics of microscopic systems.
Category: Quantum Physics

How the CCP has Determined its Successors: The Third Echelon’s Construction Process and Signification

Authors: Hansol Kim
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article discusses the construction process and results of the Third Echelon of cadres. This was the first generation of the cadre reserve system, which has served as the CCP's cadre recruitment mechanism. It also examines how the CCP resolved various cadre management challenges after the Cultural Revolution, and a generational shift from old and less-educated revolutionaries to young and better-educated professionals who could implement the Reform and Opening Up policies. Through a three-year nationwide cadre selection project, also known as the Third Echelon Construction, the CCP fostered more than 110,000 cadres, from the county level to the provincial level, and these cadres played a crucial role in both economic growth and regime maintenance between 1989 and 1991, when the socialist bloc around it crumbled.
Category: Social Science

On Distribution of Some Prime Numbers

Authors: Alazar I. Ali
Comments: 9 Pages.

Abstract. This paper focuses on one of the most studied areas of number theory — the distribution of prime numbers. Particularly, the last section of this paper comes up with a conjecture that could lead to a new way to look the distribution of prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Erratum of "Further Geometric and Lyapunov Characterizations of Incrementally Stable Systems on Finsler Manifolds"

Authors: Dongjun Wu
Comments: 1 Page.

A technical mistake of the paper [Wu2021] is pointed out and corrected.
Category: General Mathematics

Not-so-Alternative Cosmology: Hints on CMB Temperature Anisotropies in 4-Sphere

Authors: Claudio Marchesan
Comments: 11 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License

This paper speaks of the measurement of the CMB from the point of view of a non-standard model named 4-Sphere.The CMB is the result of the expansion of the Radiation Era relic. The consequence of this is in its homogeneity and isotropy even among distant points of the Universe. We can find small difference of its property, say CMB anisotropies [1], for various reasons. The most important concerns the discontinuities in the primordial plasma concentration, with production of gravity and pressure gradients of local character coming from the Inflationary Era. Physicists think these are the origin of galaxies and galaxy clusters.Given the extreme complexity of the matter we will not adapt the Cosmological Perturbation of ΛCDM to 4-Sphere, but we will limit ourselves to a qualitative description of radiation interacting with the plasma, with pressure gradients proceeding in one isochoric scenario. We will show that all this is compatible with the "bottom-up" growth of the galactic structures we observe now. A snapshot at Last Scattering of this situation is transmitted to us through the anisotropy of the CMB. We will see how the CMB dipole, measured by an observer in peculiar motion, is coherent with the 4-Sphere geometry. But the discussion is mainly about the temperature anisotropy due to cosmological perturbations. It follows that, with a directional antenna, what we measure is the interference of the overlapping radiation from two opposite directions: Maybe it could arise from the same cosmological perturbation. From that, a way to recognize the existence of the fourth dimension of space is proposed, as a verification of the 4-Sphere model.Somewhere in the discussion there are questions and answers to ChatGPT, our Artificial Intelligence (see https://openai.com/), to know his thought and fill the gap in knowledge.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Law of Quality Exchange and Ethics of Fulfillment of One’s Wishes With Quality

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 22 Pages.

Coarse jingles such as "good is rewarded, evil is rewarded", "price is determined by quality" and "Reputation determines sales" cannot accurately and comprehensively reflect the social laws determined by the resonance of the best in human nature — The higher the level of behavior quality, the more returns you will get. This is a quantitative law of exchange in which behavior quality participates. It can be called the law of mass exchange, or simply the law of mass. The positive case of the law of quality exchange is that "one can realize one's good wishes by improving the quality of behavior" (its negative case means that it is difficult to achieve good wishes by reducing the quality of behavior). It can be seen that fulfilling one's wishes with quality is both an objective law and a code of conduct (or ethics). "Fulfillment of one's wishes with quality"is the basic principle of ethics, which can also become a high-level world view.
Category: Social Science

Definition of Objective Quality with Positive Connotation

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 15 Pages.

The current definition of quality is "the degree to which a group of intrinsic attributes fulfills the requirements". The definition has two major drawbacks: it is subjective quality and no positiveness restrictions on the "requirements" that are met. The current definition of quality can be transformed into "quality is positive degree" by simply replacing the requirements met by intrinsic characteristics with positive, objective and abstract "general social requirements". This new definition of quality can overcome the shortcomings of the original definition of quality. It has positiveness, objectiveness and abstract, and it is very symmetrical and coordinated with the value definition of positive effect.
Category: Social Science

Fermat's Last Theorem: the Numbers a, B, C Are Infinite, or What P. Fermat Did not Write in the Margins

Authors: Victor Sorokine
Comments: 6 Pages.

For the values of the numbers A, B, C (with the last digits a, b, c) equal to a^(n^k), b^(n^k), c^(n^k), equality (1*) is satisfied by (k+1)-digit endings and is not performed by (k+2)-th digits (which follows from the sum of n-1 equalities)..To turn this inequality into equality, it is necessary to increase the value of the exponent k by 1, but after that, the equality is not satisfied for the (k+3)-digits. And so endlessly.
Category: Number Theory

Co2 and CH4 Absorption Powered by Nuclear Fusion, Via Fission, is the Only Way to Manage Climate Change and the Planet’s Trigger Points

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 5 Pages.

We propose the only viable way to still save the planet for humanity. Indeed we argue that the planet climate and ecosystems has already triggered several trigger points. In such systems, change will change exponentially with time, even without any source of excitation anymore. As a result, all our prediction of climate change impacts are already underestimating the effects, as we observe daily, and feel-good measures like grass root ecology or emission reductions are just too late and risk distracting from what needs to be done, now, not later. There is no time for later.The proposal is as follows: to starve off the exponentials, we must re-absorb CO2, CH4 and any other relevant pollutant to preindustrial levels without re-emitting other fossil fuel. It is a planet scale endeavor that requires nuclear fusion to power it. While we learn to dominate fusion, we must use nuclear fission to start re-absorption now. We can’t wait. We have to start now.
Category: Climate Research

Chemical Bond, De Broglie Waves and Bond Multiplicity

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 19 Pages.

It is shown that the chemical bond is a purely quantum effect: when bonds are formed, the nuclei of atoms are inside the de Broglie waves of valence electrons. Moreover, the distance between chemically bound nuclei is always and for all types of bonding less than the de Broglie waves of valence electrons. Therefore, a chemical bond is a quantum mechanical effect. The physical substantiation of the multiplicity of the bond, which is the linear energy density of the chemical bond, is also given.
Category: Chemistry

L’aberration Stellaire au XVIIIème Siècle (Stellar Aberration in the 18th Century)

Authors: Jean-jacques Sainthuille
Comments: 5 Pages. In French

L’article remet en question le raisonnement de James Bradley justifiant l’inclinaison d’un télescope pendant l’observation d’une étoile fixe à une époque où le temps et l’espace étaient absolus. Nous plaçant dans le contexte révolu, la courte démonstration repose essentiellement sur quelques dessins explicites.

The article challenges James Bradley's reasoning for tilting a telescope while observing a fixed star at a time when time and space were absolute. Placing us in the bygone context, the short demonstration is essentially based on a few explicit drawings.
Category: Classical Physics

Relativistic Thermodynamics Transformations According to Inverse Relativity

Authors: Michael Girgis
Comments: 11 Pages.

inverse relativity as a new physical model is combined with thermodynamics to obtain relativistic transformations of thermodynamic variables such as volume, pressure and temperature, from the modified Lorentz transformations of space coordinates in inverse relativity, we get one transformation of volume, and from the energy transformations in inverse relativity, we get only one temperature transformation, and through transformations of the volume and temperature of the gas, we also get only one transformation of the pressure of the gas, and thus we have one model for relativistic thermodynamics, which is what special relativity failed in, the single model also includes how to solve relativistic thermodynamics problems resulting from special relativity, this shows us the superiority of inverse relativity over special relativity in application.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Super Cloud or Meta Cloud: A Problematic Approach

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 8 Pages.

Over the last year, several vendors and evangelist have taken on to promote, and push, super clouds, also known as meta clouds, as the future of cloud computing, or at least a latest trends.It is not clear that it is an actual trend yet, or just the pe project of a few. Part of the problems that we see with super clouds may come from shifting all-encompassing definitions, which can mean whatever you want them to mean.In any case we argue that such a super cloud, as an abstract layer across clouds, may be a problematic approach, from a business viability, architecture and efficiency point of view. Using management tools and practices for multi cloud, hybrid cloud and developing cloud native applications is a better approach, with more manageable challenges.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

What is the Factorization of (X^n + Y^n) When N is an Even Positive Integer?

Authors: Mohamed E. Hassani
Comments: 18 Pages.

The main motivation behind this paper is the question ‘What is the factorization of(��^�� + ��^��) when n is an even positive integer?’ which was and is frequently asked on theInternet by many high school and university students and, to our knowledge, even thespecialized textbooks and research articles have not yet answered it, and over time the questionitself is not only transformed into a problem that needs to be solved but also became aninteresting subject of investigation. In the present paper, the question is positively answered and the problem is solved through the detailed study of the factorizations that leads directly to the concept of algebraic factorization with fractional degree and positive integral order, and an apparently new type of indefinite irrational and rational integrals.
Category: General Mathematics

Puzzling, Very Slow Oscillations of the Air Pressure in Europe

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 3 Pages.

If one compares long-term recordings of the air pressure measured by neighboring barometers, one observes synchronous oscillations at certain frequencies for which there is no known cause. Are they excited by gravitational waves?
Category: Geophysics

Nikola Tesla on the Average Duration of Earth Wars

Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 1 Page.

According to Nikola Tesla, the average duration of earthly wars is 5-6 years. His assessment is confirmed by the history of Russia's participation in military events in the interval of 1787-2014.
Category: Social Science

Complex Space-Time Quantum Gravity Hypothesis

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 16 Pages.

Classical field is defined by Einstein field equations, here I present derivation of field equations that take into account quantum effects. I do so by turning complex space-time into real space-time and making field independent of chose of coordinate system. To make so I expand Einstein equations and then by their contraction I will arrive at field equations for real space-time that is generated from complex space-time. Those equations are just Einstein field equations but derived from complex space-time.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Photon, Mass and Gravity-Chapter About the Gravitational Force

Authors: Oliver R Jovanovic
Comments: 2 Pages.

One of the major consequences of the rest mass reduction in the gravitational field are new equations for the gravitational force and acceleration.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Nature of Gravitation

Authors: Yuan Pan, Yong Wen Pan
Comments: Pages.

Based on Einstein's equivalence principle (EEP), a method of describing the gravitational field by the special relativity formula is proposed. The equation for the transformation of the coordinates between the spacetime point of the gravitational field and the inertial reference system is derived. The conclusion that the mass of an object in a gravitational field follows the strength of the gravitational force is obtained. The gravitational drive (curvature drive) effect is briefly described, and it is pointed out that the gravitational drive effect is the source of the dark energy of the Universe. The gravitational drive effect is calculated to produce a negative pressure of matter on the cosmic scale, with a ratio of pressure to energy density of -2/3. It is also calculated that the rotation of the Earth is faster at aphelion than at perihelion under the gravitational drive effect, and that the length-of-the-day (LOD) is reduced by 0.02851 milliseconds. It is analysed that as the solar system orbits the Milky Way, the Galactic plane, the Galactic centre and the Great Attractor all have an effect on the Earth's mass variation, causing a periodic change in the Earth's mass, which we call a tidal wave of mass. Thus, a galactic year can be divided into four seasons, spring, summer, autumn and winter, according to the influence of the galactic gravitational field environment on the Earth. The Earth is currently in the autumn of the galactic year and is losing mass under the influence of tidal waves of mass caused by gravitational changes in the galactic plane and the galactic centre, which is making the Earth's climate hot and arid. In the future, when the Earth's mass stops decreasing, it will rapidly increase under the influence of tidal waves of mass caused by Great Attractor, and the survival of humanity will be severely tested. We therefore need to establish a broad international cooperation to unite humanity to face the challenges posed by the coming universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

List of Documents Donated By Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 58 Pages. In Arabic, French and English. The documents can be consulted at the OTC library.

It is a list of documents donated by Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem, General Geographer Engineer retired from the textit{Office de la Topographie et du Cadastre de la Tunisie} (OTC) to the OTC library, August 2019. It is about 900 items. The fields of the documents are Mathematics, Physics, Geodesy, Cartography, Photogrammetry, Astronomy, Geophysics, Theory of the errors, Theory of the Least squares, Celestial Mechanics, Real Estate, Land Management, Languages, Divers,...
Category: Geophysics

Antena Esférica Con Bobina Espiral (Spherical Antenna with Spiral Coil)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 8 Pages. Contacto: carloschiappini@gmail.com

Esta antena tiene irradiante de 613 mm y geometría esférica. El diseño ha evolucionado desde la primera versión, que solamente tenía 4 meridianos, hasta la versión de este documento, con 4 meridianos, ecuador y bobina espiral. Aunque es parte de un experimento, realmente sirve para operar en VHF. El diámetro de la esfera es 52 mm.

This antenna has a 613 mm radiant and spherical geometry. The design has evolved from the first version, which only had 4 meridians, to the version in this document, with 4 meridians, equator and spiral coil. Although it is part of an experiment, it really serves to operate on VHF. The diameter of the sphere is 52 mm. Whoever wishes to achieve SWR=1 on the entire band can add a 104 mm diameter sheet metal circle, which advantageously replaces the radfials. In my case, the circle has a 15 mm hole in the center, to be able to clamp it between the male PL259 connector and the female PL259 of the downstream coaxial, when I use the fixed antenna at home. The circle is well trapped between both connectors and well connected to ground.
Category: Classical Physics

A Refined Pothole Method and the Scholz Conjecture on Addition Chains

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages.

Applying the pothole method on the factors of numbers of the form $2^n-1$, we prove the inequality $$iota(2^n-1)leq frac{3}{2}n-left lfloor frac{n-2}{2^{lfloor frac{log n}{log 2}-1floor+1}}ight floor-lfloor frac{log n}{log 2}-1floor +frac{1}{4}(1-(-1)^n)+iota(n)$$ where $lfloor cdot floor$ denotes the floor function and $iota(n)$ the shortest addition chain producing $n$.
Category: Number Theory

Bell’s Inequalities: Walking Through Doorways and Don’t Count Your Chickens...

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 5 Pages.

Examination of the violation of Bell’s inequalities. The how, why and what Bell’s inequalities require and therefore must sometimes be violated in a universe where things happen rather than just exist. Identifying that what happens via a process is not the same as what is predicted just using prior existent traits. What are the implications for locality, realism and spacetime.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Another Conjecture for the Sum of Divisors

Authors: Julian Beauchamp
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper, we conjecture that no sum of divisors exists of the form x^2+1. We offer a proof only for prime numbers, showing that prime numbers cannot have a sum of divisors that is of the form x^2+1.
Category: Number Theory

Disjointed Equivalence of Gravitational and Inertial Mass

Authors: D. J. Pons
Comments: 41 Pages. Preprint of peer reviewed and published version at https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2023.143017

Problem- Contemporary physics offers no underlying reason for the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass. Approach- The equivalence is examined from the new physics provided by the cordus theory, being a non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) theory. Mathematical formalisms are derived for masses and observers in different fabric densities. Findings- A disjointed equivalence is predicted, whereby inertial and gravitational mass are equivalent in any one situation, but a different equivalence holds when the fabric densities change. Consequently this theory predicts that the gravitational constant G varies with fabric density, and hence would be different across the universe and across time. Not only is the gravitational constant non-constant, but the formulation of gravitation changes with fabric density. Specifically, the theory predicts gravity is stronger at genesis (and the end of the universe) such that orbit velocity v_B∝√(r_B ) (where r_Bis orbit radius), compared to weaker gravitation at middle life epochs with v_B∝1/√(r_B ). The current Earth location and epoch corresponds to the latter case, i.e. Newtonian gravitation is recovered. The findings disfavour the existence of both dark energy and dark matter, and instead attribute these effects to differences in the fabric density. Originality — The work makes the contribution of deriving a mass equivalence relationship that includes fabric density, identifying a disjointed mass equivalence, and showing that the gravitation formulation itself changes with relative fabric densities.
Category: Number Theory

Shakespeare's Sonnet 20: a New Interpretation

Authors: Lev I.Verkhovsky
Comments: 3 Pages.

The erroneousness of the widespread conclusion that the sonnet testifies to the homoeroticism of the author is shown.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

New Problems of the Standard Model of the Universe

Authors: Yi-Liu Fan
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper we will make further theoretical analysis for the validity of the accelerating universe based on General Relativity and three new problems of the standard model of the universe are presented from different perspectives. The first part, analyzed the explosion mechanism of the cosmic initial singularity and put forward a different view from the rest. It’s virtually impossible to start with a giant explosion, the big bang by now cosmologists had refined the idea. The second part devised a new model of the twin paradox. It’s one in which people have been consider to include both special and general relativity in the calculations to expose the counterintuitive weirdness of relativity theory. It seems to has a curious coincidence with the cat-a feline in a locked box that is both dead and alive until the box is opened-was a thought experiment devised by physicist Schr ödinger. In part three the author makes determination on the cosmological deceleration parameter q0 by using mathematical derivation, and based on which to construct a thought experiment on cosmological redshift. It is needed to make a static model of the universe that both conforms to the Copernican principle and satisfies Hubble’s law and it’s possible to make us a fresh perspective and thought process.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Zero-Dimensional Physical Theory (Vi): Charting the Clay Mathematics Institute Millennium Prize Problems and Beal Conjecture

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 32 Pages.

Explored here are the Clay Mathematics Institute Millennium Prize problems, namely the Poincaré conjecture, the Hodge conjecture, the Riemann hypothesis, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, the Yang-Mills existence and mass gap problem, the Navier-Stokes existence and smoothness problem, and the P versus NP problem. Here is identified how the possible solutions to each of these problems can be of use to physical theories. To be charted here therefore for each of these problems is their relevance to dimensional number theory in their application to physical theories, and if indeed a common dimensional number theory basis can solve these problems, and if so how, and if not why. In this charting process, it is found that curved 4d spacetime is an unlikely solution basis given the failure of the currently accepted solution to the Poincaré conjecture to solving the remaining problems. A new dimensional number theory basis is therefore proposed as a solution for the problems, and their solutions identified. By such, new solutions are also formed for Fermat’s conjecture, Goldbach’s conjecture, the twin prime problem, and the Beal conjecture.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The New Tunisian Triangulation -NTT- : The Decree of 10 February 2009

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem, Kamel Naouali
Comments: 8 Pages. In French. The paper was presented at the Scientific Symposium on " Buildings in Co-ownership’’ Tunis, 28-29 April 2009.

In this article, we detail the decree of February 10, 2009, which defines the New Tunisian Triangulation -NTT- consisting of the three basic foundations of topographic, cartographic, and geodetic work, namely:- The official terrestrial geodetic system of Tunisia.- The new cartographic mapping representation.- The general precision leveling network.Some historical elements are given to explain the necessity and the interest of this order.
Category: Geophysics

The Mass Structure of Electron

Authors: Shan-Hong Li
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, the formula of electron mass is deduced theoretically. According to it, we know the internal structure of electron. We find that there is a capacitance in the charge center of the electron, which is composed of two circular currents, and there is a large amount of magnetic field passing through between the two circular currents. The mass of electron is created by this structure. We also made a simple diagram of the internal structure of the electron based on it.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Incompleteness of the Schroedinger Equation

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages. original article

The Schroedinger equation with the nonlinear term is derived in the frameworkof the Dirac heuristics. The particle behaves classically in case the mass of it is infinite.The nonlinear term involves new physical constant b. The constant b can bemeasured by the same methods that were used in the case of the Casimir effect. Of course, the experimental procedure is based on well educatedexperimenters. The new experiments, different from the Zeilinger ones, are proposed, with theFaraday simplicity. The article isthe extended and perfectionized version of the articles by author (Pardy, 1993; 1994; 2001).
Category: Quantum Physics

And Yet They Turn

Authors: Melissa Blau
Comments: 12 Pages.

Although established, the fact that particles do not rotate is neither experimentally shown nor proven. In measurements and in the case of energetic relevance or exchange, the angular momentum is always quantized to a multiple of h/4π or h/2π, while the real unquantized angular momentum might be much lower. Using data that originates from the hadron accelerator CERN in Switzerland, the frequency of the hypothesized self-rotation of protons could be calculated. It is 2072.180437 Hz and hence, unexpectedly low. The spike in the polarizability curve of protons at Q^2 = 0.33 GeV^2, published currently in the journal Nature, together with the rotation frequency calculated using data from CERN, provides reliable evidence that this might be an interference in terms of superposition of the particle wave of the scattered electrons with the rotation wave of the protons at the same energy level, doubling the expected curve value, which, since there are no other possible explanations, proves the existence of a real proton or particle rotation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Self-Preservation Instinct and Reason as the Basis of Justice

Authors: Aleksander Maltsev
Comments: 15 Pages.

The duality of the concept of justice is considered. There are two kinds of justice: Hierarchical justice and Equal justice. The processes, emergence and boundaries of justice are defined. It is shown that the instinct of self-preservation created conditions for the emergence of Hierarchical Justice. Reason is necessary for the emergence of Justice of Equality. Conclusion: Just relations are a compensation for obedience to the strong or to the rules of society. Power is a product of the development of Hierarchical Justice. Democracy is a compensation for the loss of rights by the possibility to choose the rulers. The product of the development of Justice of Equality is specialization and functionality in society, dissemination of knowledge and experience. The framework of behavior set by the requirement of Equality Justice created the transformation of competition from opposition to the desire to act more effectively. The positive and negative manifestations of Equity are examined. The emergence of harmony in society, based on the harmony of the interaction of fairnesses, is described. The emergence of contradictions between morality and law is explained. It is shown that Equality Justice evolutionarily displaces Hierarchy Justice, but will not achieve complete superiority.Key words: justice, hierarchy, equality, self-preservation instinct, reason, efficiency, compensation
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Euler's Constant

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 5 Pages.

The constant gamma=0.5772157...is the limit as n tends to infinity of the difference between the sum of n terms of the harmonic series and the natural logarithm of n. It is not know whether this number is algebraic or transcendental, nor even whether it is rational or irrational.
Category: Number Theory

An Empirical Convergence Phenomenon Related to Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 4 Pages.

We stumble upon an empirical convergence phenomenon that is maybe related to Berry-Keating conjecture and the proof of Riemann hypothesis.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Radio Holographic Method for UAV Detection and Recognition

Authors: Valeriy Kizka
Comments: 6 Pages. 1 Figure.

The article proposes to use a radio holography for the detection and identification of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Representing a Neural Network as a Ggraphed Set

Authors: Ho Yeol Choi
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please avoid hand-drawing and write compete article with scientific references!)

I studied how to implement general neural network weights. The overlapping intersection between sets has a high signal ratio. What I'm trying to say is that weight gain in conventional neural networks is what happens in the part of the intersection between sets.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Preventing Advanced Eugenics and Generational Testosterone Decline

Authors: Gabriel-Claudiu Grama
Comments: 1 Page. CC BY-SA

The goal of the paper is to prevent eugenics against testosterone, by disclosing it’s possible shapes, because the first step of preventing it, is to know that the idea/weakness exists. We cannot protect our selves from something that we don’t know exists. We should not neglect the fact that testosterone levels have been dropping a lot in the last decades [1] [2] [3] [4], across generations, and independently of age.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Proof of the Existence of Dark Numbers

Authors: Wolfgang Mückenheim
Comments: 8 Pages. In English and German

We will prove by means of Cantor's mapping between natural numbers and positive fractions that his approach to actual infinity implies the existence of numbers which cannot be applied as defined individuals. We will call them dark numbers.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Electron Muon Mass Ratio Determines Neutrino Mass

Authors: Cvavb Chandra Raju
Comments: 7 Pages.

The neutrino mass eigen-state is assumed to be a superposition of the left- and right-handed components of the corresponding charged lepton with appropriate quantum numbers. This expansion enables the neutrino to have only the left-handed chiral component and also enables it to interact with the Higgs field to obtain mass. The exact computation of the neutrino masses is enabled through the electron-muon mass ratio .The tau-neutrino mass is also obtained through the same logic. The neutrino oscillations are analyzed theoretically.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Irrationality of Riemann Zeta Functional Value at Odd Integers

Authors: Shubhayan Ghosal
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this article we provide a proof of the irrationality of ζ(2n+1) ∀n ∈ N.Also,in our attempt, we construct an upper bound to the Zeta values at odd integers.It is interesting to see how the irrationality of Zeta values at even positive integers mixed up with Dirichletsirrationality criterion and this bound accelerates our proof further,case by case.
Category: Number Theory

Intrinsic Angular Momentum of Classical Electromagnetic Field

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 12 Pages.

We study the question that does classical electromagnetic field have intrinsic angular momentum, and we find a surprising result that it is not possible to answer this question. We also go through how the quantity "epsilon0 E cross product A" can be used as the intrinsic angular momentum density of classical electromagnetic field.
Category: Classical Physics

Kolmogorov Entropy and Physics Beyond the Standard Model

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 11 Pages. Part 1

We argue here that the high-energy behavior of fundamental interactions can be interpreted as manifestation of Kolmogorov (-K) entropy. The conventional classification of fields based on Poincaré symmetry appears to be rooted in the chaotic regime of nonlinear dynamics far above the Standard Model scale
Category: Mathematical Physics

Gravitational Frequency Shift of Photons in Special Relativity of Fields

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 8 Pages. In Spanish

New calculation method about frequency shift in gravitational field on the frame of special relativity of fields. Connections with others fields of study.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

‘Picture’ of Electromagnetic Radiation Carriers as Photon Bits and Bobs

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 5 Pages.

Quantum physics gives us the idea that quantum particles’ behaviour , such as that of photons require giving up locality or realism. That is relinquishing; That causes are local or locally mediated and that things are real before measurement. Maybe the fundamental concept is wrong, giving wrong conclusions. Reconsidering photons: What other ‘picture’ fits the facts we know? How are they formed? What’s missing? Does it have explanatory advantages?
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Proof of the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Kwangsun Song
Comments: 3 Pages.

Prove the Collatz conjecture and summarize it as an formula.
Category: Number Theory

Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Hyunho Song
Comments: 6 Pages.

I decided to use the Fourier series to solve the Riemann Hypothesis. This article approached the Riemann Hypothesis as a periodic function with a Fourier series.To solve the Riemann Hypothesis, I approached the main content of the Riemann Hypothesis, the function of the Riemann Hypothesis. Here, I did not write the calculation process in this article, so if you want to check the authenticity, do the calculation yourself.To understand this article, you must be familiar with the Fourier series. Because the important point in this proof is that the Fourier series is important. Here, the Fourier series is a Fourier series, a Fourier transform, and an inverse Fourier transform.In this proof I converted the Riemann zeta function into a periodic function and then approached the solution of the Riemann zeta function as a Fourier series. The way I approached it is simple. After converting the solution into a periodic function, the Fourier series was used to confirm its authenticity. Here, the proof was attempted with the real part of the solution period function of the Riemann zeta function fixed as a critical line. And in the main body of this article, we will show the detailed proof process.
Category: Number Theory

The Universe Exists on Quantum Space Inside 4D Black Hole

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 2 Pages.

Cosmological constant Λ 1.1056E-52 m2 is the universe quantization unit, and the quantized time unit of universe is calculated as 10.053 BY from 1/c√Λ. From this and Planck unit system, the current dark matter in the universe is calculated as 11.035E53 kg. From Schwarzschild formula, the mass of universe black hole is also calculated as 11.036E53 kg. Therefore, it is proven that the universe exists on quantum space inside a 4D black hole.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Big Bang was an Ordinary Explosion

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 2 Pages.

We conclude that the simplest explanation for Hubble's law and the cosmic microwave background radiation is that our Milky Way is at some arbitrary location in some ordinary explosion that has a center somewhere, and that has occurred in flat spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Visual Proof E^s Larger Than S^e for Certain Conditions

Authors: Sourav Mandal, Amit Basak, Sagar Mandal
Comments: 2 Pages.

The beauty of mathematics fascinates humans and when we are dealing with some special constants that surely encourage us to understand some classy relations through numerous visual proofs of inequalities and when the constants are �� and �� then nothing more to say.There are visual proofs of the beautiful inequality ��^��<��^��. We have provided an alternative visual proof for this inequality using an area argument with the help of the theorem, for all real numbers ��≥0 ������ ��≠��,��^��>��^��.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Origin of the Generalized EMC Effect

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 18 Pages.

Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST), we show that the size of the EMC effect per nucleon in different nuclei depends on a mean of local inertias for the nuclei and that the generalized EMC effect concerns the virtual nuclear field in nucleons. We described also the shadowing region, the dip, and the two plateaux. We predict that for nuclei at least such heavy as iron, there should be a point/strong-signal for the Bjorken x = 3.2 and the EMC ratio 4.8. We show that the dependence of nuclear binding energy on mass-number is a result of modification of the virtual nuclear weak field and that the proton magnetic and electric polarizability radii play the key role.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

La Función Zeta Como un Caso Particular de la Fórmula de Euler-Maclaurin
The Zeta Function as a Particular Case of the Euler-Maclaurin Formula

Authors: Marco Burgos
Comments: 14 Pages.

Una de las funciones más famosas y llenas de enigmas es la función zeta de Riemann, ya que es la base de una de las hipótesis más sorprendentes por su relación con la función contadora de primos. Pero en este trabajo, revelaremos algunos de esos enigmas, utilizando la fórmula de Euler-Maclaurin.

One of the most famous and enigmatic functions is the Riemann zeta function, since it is the basis of one of the most surprising hypotheses due to its relationship with the prime counting function. But in this paper, we will reveal some of those enigmas, using the Euler-Maclaurin formula.
Category: Number Theory

Generic Natural Language Distance Via Online Semantic Volumetric Inference

Authors: Alex-Pauline Poudade, Pascal Rabier, Neau-Monier Sarah, Olivier Poudade, Grimault Valérie, Emmanuel Martins, Ludwig De Sousa
Comments: 9 Pages. Data at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/WKLWF8

This paper discusses the approach of creating semantic meaning ad hoc through direct explicit volumetric adherence or relative intersection, from online databases, such as Wikipedia or Google. We demonstrate this approach through use of correlation, between a dictionary index — a lexicon - and an import/export industry ISO A129 standard used by the Ministry of Finances, in the French language. We conclude, this approach by giving the most and least meaningful industrial results, for the French language. This questions whereas online apparent generic Natural language processing (NLP) pivot Chomsky Universal grammar (UG) representation, could inherit implicit initial national culture. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/WKLWF8 (2022-11-18)
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Series Representations for Pi^3 Involving the Golden Ratio

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this note we give some representations of pi^3 involving infinite sums and the golden ratio.
Category: General Mathematics

Property on Levitation for Ehd and Electrostatic Propulsion Device Using Multi-Layered Electrode

Authors: Taku Saiki
Comments: 8 Pages.

Electro hydro dynamic (EHD) and electrostatic propulsion devices has no moving parts and, in the air, operates on electrical energy. It is expected to develop electric propulsion systems without future moving parts of airplanes and helicopters propellers in the future. In this time, we developed an EHD propulsion device with multiple layers of electrodes, and confirmed the effectiveness of the multiple layers. Usually, the metal weight increases and the input voltage threshold for levitation should increase as the number of layers increases. In the experiment, it was confirmed that the threshold voltage for levitation is kept constant even if the weight is increased by multilayering the electrodes. This means that the power efficiency of the device per unit weight is also improved at the same time. However, it was also found that this threshold increases if the size of the apparatus is increased.
Category: Mathematical Physics

One Second Crucial Theorem for the Refoundation of Elementary Set Theory and the Teaching of that Discipline to Future Generations

Authors: Nhat-Anh Phan
Comments: 15 Pages. Copyright. All rights reserved.

For a given infinite countable set constituted by the union of infinitely many non-empty, finite or infinite countable, disjoint sub-sets A = {i∈N*}[A_i]_P(A) , ∀i ∈ N* , A_i ≠ ∅, ∀i, j ∈ N* , i ≠ j, A_i ∩ A_j = ∅, we demonstrate that it is legitimate to partition A in a finite or infinite number of sub-sets that are themselves constituted by a finite or infinite number of sub-sets of A when the initial order of indexation of the sub-sets of A maintains a strictly increasing order in each sub-set.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Learner's Mongol-English Dictionary and the Graphical law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 20 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified; for mongolian alphabet pl. look into v1

We study the Learner's Mongol-English Dictionary. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4, βH = 0), i.e.the Bethe-Peierls curve in the presence of four nearest neighbours and no external magnetic field, H, with βH = 0. β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics

Multi-fold Gravity-Electroweak Theory and Symmetry Breaking

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 20 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. Among all the candidates for GUTs, modeling of GR and quantum gravity or understanding LQG, the use of the left-handed spin connection as variable for canonical gravity, and gravity electroweak have proposed variations on how gravity can be described with a chiral left-handed representation, leaving room for a chiral weak theory. We used this result to justify the viability of the 7D space time natter induction and scattering of chiral fermions in a 4D multi-fold spacetime, despite the absence of chiral fermions in 7D Physics. Interestingly a model of gravity electroweak symmetry breaking, to produce such chiral gravity, i.e. spacetime and weak interactions, obtains solutions as GR at large scales, and a Higgs mechanisms with a Higgs boson coupled to right-handed neutrino, and a massless and massive bi-gravity. It is converging with the multi-fold theories. We endorse a gravity electroweak unification, and symmetry breaking as an approximation of the multi-fold Physics over a 4D multi-fold discrete spacetime generated by random walk, and study how the multi-fold theory, especially its microscopic blackholes as particles and concretized spacetime locations, provides a microscopic interpretation to predict, this gravity electroweak symmetry breaking QFT approximation. This convergence of different approaches (QFT, non-perturbative quantum geometry / self-dual, and multi-fold) along with a microscopic explanation for the physics behind symmetry breaking, mass generation, chiral fermions and chiral spacetime, speaks loudly to the consistency of multi-fold models, and their relevance to the SM. In our view, this approach is now a candidate to a new type of unification of quantum gravity and SM.The model also account for the special relations between the Higgs (massless) and spacetime, something we predicted, but not conventional, the microscopic explanation of mass generation related to particles as Higgs condensation into microscopic black holes that are regularized solitons, and the relationship between the Higgs boson and the right-handed neutrino.This new theory, the multi-fold gravity electroweak unification and symmetry breaking, also handles the strong interaction without an additional unification mechanism. Instead of an interim unification and symmetry breaking separating electroweak and strong interactions, the strong interaction with its field and massive particles is handled by the same unification and symmetry breaking mechanisms. It could explains why there are simply no (Grand Unifications Theories) GUTs out there.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Sequence:{0 Larger Than xn Smaller Than 1 and 3*(xn^n)+3*xn=1, N=1,2,3,...}

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: Pages.

We study the sequence: {0<xn<1 and 3*(xn^n)+3*xn=1, n=1,2,3,...}.
Category: Number Theory

Theory of Gravitulence

Authors: Florian Michael Schmitt
Comments: 19 Pages.

Special and general relativity have proven to be powerful tools to explain and predict many, if not all applicable experiments and effects related to the speed and propagation of electromagnetic waves. Yet, for more than a hundred years, mankind has failed to find a connection between relativity and quantum physics, and one has to wonder which of the theories might be flawed. For nearly twenty years, I have put many of the consequences of relativity to the test and have concluded that something new must be introduced. I propose a Theory of Gravitulence that clears up relativity, the ether and Lorentz contraction, but explains all of the prominent phenomena. In the process it reveals some fatal misunderstandings about light propagation and gravity, most importantly that gravity would corotate with its inducing matter and that aberration, considering light coming as a beam, would only happen in the short vicinity of the observer.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Algebraic Programming Language

Authors: Sing Kuang Tan
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, I am going to propose a new programming language in mathematical algebraic form. Represent all algorithms in canonical form, that is easy to read, analyze and communicate with other people. Loop invariant, preconditions, post conditions are difficult to use. It can use to derive all properties of algorithms. It can be fed into computer to analyze and manipulate symbolically. Analyze an algorithm sequentially cannot see global pattern in the algorithms, and this is not a long term solution.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Arbitrarily Accurate Classification Applied to Specific Emitter Identification

Authors: Michael C. Kleder
Comments: 7 Pages. Minor update

This article introduces a method of evaluating subsamples until any prescribed level of classification accuracy is attained, thus obtaining arbitrary accuracy. A logarithmic reduction in error rate is obtained with a linear increase in sample count. The technique is applied to specific emitter identification on a published dataset of physically recorded over-the-air signals from 16 ostensibly identical high-performance radios. The technique uses a multi-channel deep learning convolutional neural network acting on the bispectra of I/Q signal subsamples each consisting of 56 parts per million (ppm) of the original signal duration. High levels of accuracy are obtained with minimal computation time: in this application, each addition of eight samples decreases error by one order of magnitude.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

A Formula of the Dirichlet Character Sum

Authors: JinHua Fei
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, We use the Fourier series expansion of realvariables function, We give a formula to calculate the Dirichlet charactersum, and four special examples are given
Category: Number Theory

Beyond the Light Barrier Faster-Than-Light Space Travel with Controlled Line-Elements of Coupled Space-Times in Fourth Order

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 5 Pages.

It is possible to use ftl-travel with two spacetime-line-elements of second order in flat Minkowski-spacetime. These line-elements are coupled via a third, variable factor, whose controlling allows to regulate the resulting line-element of fourth order. Setting the coupling-factor to zero, there remains classical SRT line-element and both line-elements depart from each-other.The case of ftl can be done by real restmass, so no classical tachyons are described but the case included possible negative restenergy and negative kinetic-energy under special circumstances.For the case of appearing negativism, this is a function of the strength of the coupling-factor , this negativism can be avoided by chosing a certain weak coupling-strength.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Empirical Equations that Relate the Minimum Degree of a Faithful Complex Representation of the Monster Group Whose Dimension is 47 X 59 X 71 = 196,883, with Parameters of the Standard Model

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this work, the deep relationship between the monster group and the standard model is once again manifested. This was already manifested in the calculation of the entropy of black holes by proving the E. Witten's conjecture. Some parameters obtained are the mass of the Higgs boson, the value of the Higgs vacuum, the Fine-structure constant for zero momentum, and the entropy between the Planck mass and the mass of the electron. Despite being purely empirical equations, their logical consistency is based on the exclusive use of dimensionless parameters of the standard model. This makes us think about its relevance and not coincidence. The dimension of the monster group, 196883 and its prime divisors,47,59 and 71; are the basis of these equationsWe also think that the monster group plays an essential role in a theory of quantum gravity and even a theory of everything. It is even possiblethat the 26 exceptional groups are also involved.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Need for Restrictions, with Mathematical Description Physical Processes

Authors: Aleksander Maltsev
Comments: 8 Pages. In Russian

The subject of the study was the validity of claims of excessive mathematicalization of physics. To solve the problem, the individuality and interrelation of constituent components of Nature is accepted as an axiom. The description of individuality and interrelation, on the basis of positive and negative feedback is offered. Positive feedback describes the polar interaction. Negative feedback describes the mutual dependence of the components. The appearance of symbiosis is shown, as well as the evolution of the dual connection. Restrictions of the system's physical minimum and preservation of its functionality are considered. The practical impossibility of creating stable particles from unstable ones is postulated. An explanation of constants and existence of mathematical limitations in describing the reality is obtained. Necessity of restrictions of mathematics application is shown, at the description of physical processes. The results of restrictions on the application of mathematics in physics are considered.Key words: physical sense, image, form, abstraction, efficiency, duality, mutual dependence, functionality, uroboros, emptiness.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On Problems and Their Solution Spaces

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages. An important correction has been made in the definition of problem space.

We introduce and develop the logic of existence of solution to problems. We use this theory to answer the question of Florentin Smarandache in logic. We answer this question in the negative.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Actuality of Acousto-Mechanical Resonances for Noise Control

Authors: Roman Vinokur
Comments: 7 Pages.

A clarifying analytical study was done for the 2-DOF acousto-mechanical system modeled as the Helmholtz resonator with elastic vibrating bottom. Generally, such a system has two resonances that can generate and radiate an annoying tonal noise. As shown, the two resonance frequencies may get very close with mutual amplification and even merge together into one powerful resonance (a close-form equation describing this transition was derived). Such an effect can happen because the mass of air in the neck and the rigid mass may differ in several orders of magnitude. This is less possible in 2-DOF mechanical systems where the masses of both vibrating rigid bodies are commonly within one order of magnitude. The results may be helpful in particular for noise identification and reduction in blowers and other air moving devices. Here, the role of a vibrating bottom is played by the impeller in combination with the rotor and suspension system, and the air inlet (or outlet) serves as the Helmholtz resonator neck. Low-frequency acousto-mechanical resonances can also occur in rooms with open windows or doors.
Category: Classical Physics

A Case of Remission of Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder by Paroxetine

Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 7 Pages.

We report a case of mild remission of childhood-onset fluency disorder with paroxetine. The patient is a 28-year-old male. His parents had been aware of his childhood-onset fluency disorder since he could remember. He came to our clinic. Medication was started. He started with paroxetine, which was effective. The patient's long-standing childhood-onset fluency disorder became milder and went into remission. After 3 years of continued medication, he stopped taking the drug. More than five years have passed since then, and the patient continues to be in remission. Numerous publications in the U.S. and Europe suggest that paroxetine is a drug that is effective in the treatment of childhood-onset fluency disorder.
Category: Mind Science

A Greek and English Lexicon by H.g.liddell et al Simplified by Didier Fontaine and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 21 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study a Greek dictionary, A Greek and English Lexicon by H.G.Liddell et al simplified by Didier Fontaine. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4, βH = 0.02), i.e.the Bethe-Peierls curve in the presence of four nearest neighbours and little external magnetic field, H, with βH = 0.02. β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics

Molecule Aging

Authors: Ping Song, Weilin Xu
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose a new concept of "molecule aging", in which the molecules are treated by some special methods to produce some different properties but with no apparent structural changes of molecules. Such "aging" is different from the traditional concept of "aging" in which the breaking of chemical bond is involved. We hope the construction of new instrument platform with ultrahigh sensitivity and resolution and new theoretical model describing new aging molecules can induce positive effect in all kinds of fields, such as energy and life process.
Category: Chemistry

Novel Transcendental Encryption Algorithm Using BBP Formula

Authors: Alex-Pauline Poudade
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper discusses a new way to encrypt data using transcendental properties discovered through mathematical Bailey—Borwein—Plouffe formula (BBP). In regard to pseudo-stochastic computer methods, it enables a stronger non-linear model close to True number generators (TRNG) resistance without need for physical prior transmissions of initial stochastic patterns. Soleau envelope European deposit number: DSO2017001085 - deposit reference 260819711812005332017 National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) February 2, 2017 Supplemental Code/Data: doi.org/10.7910/DVN/CCJMAP
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

About the Description of Nature

Authors: Sven Gohlke
Comments: 14 Pages.

I develop a variable-speed-of-light model as an alternative to the astronomical standard model. It combines quantum and relativistic physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

How Quantum Mechanics Might be When Measuring Commuting Observables

Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 3 pages

We consider how quantum mechanics might bewhen measuring commuting observables if we acceptthe Kronecker delta. Quantum mechanics is reduced to classical theorywhen we consider only commuting observables.Using this fact, we discuss an inconsistency within quantum mechanics when accepting the Kronecker delta without extra assumptionsabout the reality of observables.One of the objectives of this paper is for us to remain wondering the extension of quantum mechanical axiom to concrete commuting observables themselves.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Mechanism of Gravity

Authors: Fuad Shalabi
Comments: 8 Pages. Understandig Gravity, Quantumgravity

Gravitation is still not a fully deciphered phenomenon. Neither Newton nor Einstein couldname the real reason for gravity. Our current theory of gravity is difficult to representvisually and therefore difficult for non hysicists like me to grasp. And the mathematical description by General Relativity (GR) is highly complicated. With this paper I would like to bring you closer to my concept of gravitation. In this concept, I am going to give you a reason for gravity. I will bring GR and Special Relativity (SR) closer together. I will describe known phenomena like the light deflection at the sun, the Shapiro Delay,gravitational lensing and the perihelion rotation of Mercury with the inner logic of my model. All in a simple and clear way. I will introduce a new term for matter — Spacematter. After reading this paper, I hope you will get an idea of my insight and will find it as helpful in understanding gravity as I do.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Neutrinos and the Speed of Light

Authors: Jean Bruder, Martin Bruder
Comments: 4 Pages.

While neutrino particles are being extensively studied in modern physics, researchers are still debating whether these particles travel at the speed of light. While theoretical methods suggest that this cannot be the case, experimentations have failed to show any significant difference between neutrino speed and c. In this paper, we suggest that neutrinos actually travel at the speed of light, and propose a simple theoretical approach to compute neutrino quantum states corresponding masses, using observed flavour distribution. We also introduce the idea that using imaginary masses for some of these quantum states would solve the current dead-end researchers are facing when studying the speed of neutrinos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Recurrence Formula for the Sum of Divisors

Authors: Julian Beauchamp
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper, we describe a simple recurrence formula for the sum of divisors.
Category: Number Theory

(Anti) de Sitter Geometry, Complex Conformal Gravity-Maxwell Theory from a $Cl (4, C)$ Gauge Theory of Gravity and Grand Unification

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 16 Pages. Submitted to Physics Letters B

We present the deep connections among (Anti) de Sitter geometry, complex conformal gravity-Maxwell theory, and grand unification, from a gauge theory of gravity based on the complex Clifford algebra Cl(4,C). Some desirable results are found, like a plausible cancellation mechanism of the cosmological constant involving an algebraic constraint between e^a_mu, b^a_mu (the real and imaginary parts of the complex vierbein).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Informational Model — Gravity and Electric Forces

Authors: Sergey V. Shevchenko, Vladimir V. Tokarevsky
Comments: English: pages 1-25, Russian 26-53

In the 2007 "The Information as Absolute" concept it was rigorously proven that Matter in our Universe — and Universe as a whole - are some informational systems (structures), which exist as uninterruptedly transforming [practically] infinitesimal sub-sets of the absolutely infinite and fundamental "Information" Set. The conception has enabled to suggest a reasonable physical ("informational") model that is based also on outstanding von Weizsäcker’s 1953-54 year "Ur-hypothesis" and Fredkin-Toffoli 1960-th year finding, where so the ultimately basic binary reversible fundamental logical elements (FLE) that constitute the ultimate base of Matter — the [5]4D dense FLE-lattice, where material structures (e.g., particles) and fundamental forces’ mediators exist and act, are postulated. The model yet now solves and makes clearer more 30 fundamental problems in physics; including, enabled to put forward rather reasonable 2007 initial models of the Gravity and Electric Forces in statics, where the Forces’ mediators are real — i.e. by no means virtual - disturbances in the Matter’s ether, as that particles also are. In this paper the recent versions of the models, including description of free fall motion of gravitational test mass in Gravity field and of motion of electric charges, is presented, where it is shown that in any field no singularities are created, and so rather probably it is possible to obtain at least zero approximation description of motion of masses in extreme gravity fields, including below event horizon in SMBH, etc. As well as it is rigorously shown that both — Gravity and Electric Forces fields have no energy and energy density, don’t interact specifically independently on charges with anything in Matter, so there is no "electromagnetic" masses, etc.; besides the models explain why the inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent, the fundamental puzzle why αћc~e2/4π, why magnetic monopole doesn’t exist, etc.
Category: Classical Physics

Alternative Interpretaion for Light Experiments

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 6 Pages.

The results of scientific experiments are usually evaluated according to their initial intention. Which other hypotheses the experiments support is not included in methodology protocols. Due to the natural specialties of light, which are different from masses/bodies; the results of some light-specific experiments have been reinterpreted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Deflection of Photons in Gravitational Field

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 9 Pages. In Spanish

Calculation of deflection of photons during its sun transit by several ways. Calculation will be performed as Soldner done.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Subset Construction is P-complete

Authors: Mirzakhmet Syzdykov
Comments: 1 Page.

In this work the experimental results along with proof are presented: the state explosion doesn’t occur in specific cases after decomposition of regular expression into non-deterministic finite automata (NFA), thus, the P-complete procedure to take turn for converting NFA into deterministic finite automaton (DFA) with respect to the De Morgan Law
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

A Tentative Modification to Newton’s Second Law of Motion

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 8 Pages.

Einstein’s General Relativity Theory provided an explanation for the source of the attraction between Massive Bodies, which was unexplained, even though Newton’s Universal Gravitational Law provided the magnitude of the attraction force and the direction of this force between two Massive Bodies. Einstein’s General Relativity Theory used the observation that Newton’s Gravitational Field is also a form of acceleration, and it used this observation to introduce Einstein’s Interwoven Space/Time notion, which explained the source of the attraction between Massive Bodies.However, the source of the attraction or the repulsion between Electrically Charged bodies is still a mystery today, even though the structures of Newton’s Universal Gravitational Law, and Coulomb’s Law, are identical.This paper provides the prediction that Electric (or Magnetic) Fields are also forms of acceleration.Based on this prediction, a paper published by the author of this paper, expands Einstein’s General Relativity Theory to include Electrically Charged Bodies in addition to Massive Bodies, which also provides an explanation to the source of the attraction or the repulsion between Electrically Charged bodies.However, the prediction that Electric (or Magnetic) Fields are also forms of acceleration also implies that the acceleration between two Electrically Charged bodies, attracted to, or repelled from each other, according to Coulomb’s Law, is mainly dependent on the magnitudes of the Electric Charges that these bodies carry and not on the magnitudes of the Mass that these bodies embed, as Newton’s Second Law of Motion predicts.Thus, if the prediction, that Electric (or Magnetic) Fields are also forms of acceleration will be found correct, Newton’s Second Law of Motion would require a suitable modification.This paper also proposes a physical experiment which might prove (or disprove) the prediction provided by this paper, that Electric (or Magnetic) Fields are also forms of acceleration, which might prove (or disprove) what is presented in this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Digital Level

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 8 Pages. In French

In this communication, we present the digital level. The principle of operation and measurements as well as the advantages of the digital level are detailed.
Category: Geophysics

Land Registration: Achievements and Future Prospects

Authors: Magtouf Rezgui, Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 39 Pages. In Arabic

We present the achievements and future prospects in terms of geodetic works and land registration (compulsory and optional) at the Office of Topography and Cartography of Tunisia (OTC)(October 2006).
Category: Geophysics

The Determination of Integer Coordinates of Elliptic Curves

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 14 Pages. Submitted to Ramanujan Journal. Comments welcome.

In this paper, we give an elliptic curve $(E)$ given by the equation: $$y^2=varphi(x)=x^3+px+q $$ with $p,qin Z$ not null simultaneous. We study the conditions verified by $(p,q)$ so that $exists ,(x,y) in Z^2$ the coordinates of a point of the elliptic curve $(E)$ given by the equation above.
Category: Number Theory

Are Pyramids of Giza a 5-Dimensional Clock for Observations in Quantized 5D (L3T2) Spacetime ?

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 3 Pages.

Question: Following up on the ideas presented in "Search for the World Formula" and "Unified Principles of Nature" as well as in tentative "General Quantum Relativity" we presented a novel combination of mathematics and physics for quantization of the 3 Dimensions of space (L3) to 5 Dimensions space-time (L3T2) over 12 Dimensions of relative quantized finite spacetime (L/T) using only physical Dimensions of space and time itself. Based on the findings and the possibility to derive the speed of light from the Diameter of the earth it is raised the question, if Pyramids were used as "5D-clocks" in ancient Egypt
Category: Astrophysics

The Physics of the Origin of Life

Authors: Aleksander Maltsev
Comments: 9 Pages. In Russian

The essay examines the physical basis of the origin of life. It is shown that physical factors are as important as chemical ones. The conclusion about the regularity of the origin of life and the emergence of the mind is made. The basis on the physical phenomena, creates analogy and uniformity, in the variants of life existence. The beginning of evolution, in terms of physics, is shown.Key words: сycles, circulation, counteraction, energy, resource consumer, equilibrium, evolution.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Classical Theory of Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Authors: Yuri Mahotin
Comments: 4 Pages.

Using the principle of least action, we have obtained the four dimensional tensor of mass. Diagonal elements of mass tensor represent the usual mass, time components of that tensor represent components of dark matter, and space components are components of dark energy. According to the new theory, photons make a contribution to dark matterand dark energy.
Category: Classical Physics

Carcinogenesis and Angiogenesis Study Induced by Anthrachinone Plants and Hydroxyanthracen Derivatives in Chicken Eggs

Authors: Paolo Pelini
Comments: 6 Pages.

The importance of identifying new techniques and biological models for the evolutionary understanding of the different forms of cancer and of the carcinogens attributed to their formation also in the natural environment is fundamental.The study that has been carried out aims precisely at the development of these new models and at the identification of potentially carcinogenic molecules or natural compounds.
Category: Biochemistry

General and Consistent Explanation of Tunnel Effect Based on Quantum-Statistical Interpretation

Authors: Chol Jong, Son-Il Jo, Shin-Hyok Jon
Comments: 14 Pages.

We present an new explanation of the mechanism of tunneling from the quantum-statistical perspective. The purpose of our work is to elucidate the true mechanism of tunneling consistent with quantum theory and energy conservation. We explain tunneling on the basis of the thermionic current due to the ensemble of electron, and the current resonance due to the quantum constraint in the barrier and the exchange-correlation interaction of electrons around the barrier. The statistical aspect of tunneling is interpreted as being due to the existence of electrons able to surmount the barrier thanks to the ensemble of electrons or microscopic states of electron. Considering the current resonance of quantum essence in the barrier and the exchange-correlation interaction around the barrier enables a satisfactory explanation of the quantum aspect of tunneling relative to the width of barrier. Eventually, we arrive at a consistent and general explanation of the mechanism and characteristics of tunneling that is essentially a phenomenon of quantum plus statistical causes.
Category: Quantum Physics

Constructions of Binary Linear Block Codes with Largest Minimum Distance and Smallest Error Coefficient

Authors: Murad Abdullah, Wai Ho Mow
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, we present some new constructions of the binary linear block codes (BLBCs) that achieve the largest possible minimum Hamming distance and the lowest possible number of codewords of this Hamming weight (also known as error coefficient), and they are said to be [d, A d ]-optimal (n, k) linear codes. These (n, k) BLBCs give the best possible frame error rate (FER) in the asymptotic regime under maximum-likelihood decoding over the additive white Gaussian noise channel. Specifically, for all positive integers k and m, and 0 ≤ l ≤ k − 1, we give the constructions of ((2 k − 1)m + l, k), ((2 k − 1) + k, k + 1), (15m + 4, 4), (15m + 6, 4), (12, 5), and (33, 5) BLBCs. Many of these BLBCs have A d = 1, and some achieve the lower bound on A d, which asserts their optimality. Our constructions show the asymptotic E b /N o gain of up to 1.24 dB over their d-optimal counterpart at a FER of 10 −7 .
Category: General Mathematics

Dictionary of Culinary Terms by Philippe Pilibossian and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 18 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Dictionary of Culinary Terms by Philippe Pilibossian.We draw the natural logarithm of thenumber of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of therank of the letter, normalised.We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4, βH = 0), i.e.the Bethe-Peierls curve in the presence of four nearest neighbours and no externalmagnetic field, H, with βH = 0. β is1/(k_B T), where, T is temperature andk_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Social Science

Proof of the Lemma About the Absence of Nontrivial Cycles Collatz Sequences

Authors: Savinov Sergey
Comments: 2 Pages.

The article provibes an outline of the proof of the absence of nontrivial cycles in the Collatz sequence.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Absolute Rotation of the Foucault Pendulum

Authors: Russell p. Patera
Comments: 14 Pages.

The absolute rotations of the Foucault Pendulum and its mounting fixture were derived for any latitude and Earth rotation angle. A theorem in attitude kinematics was used to obtain analytical solutions for both rotation angles and rotation angle rates. Both pendulum and mounting fixture were found to have absolute rotation rates in the counterclockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere. The difference in rotation rates is in agreement with the observed relative clockwise precession rate of the pendulum with respect to its mounting fixture in the local Earth reference frame. The results were validated with an alternative kinematic method.
Category: Classical Physics

P Versus NP for Algorithm Design and Evaluation

Authors: Mirzakhmet Syzdykov
Comments: 4 Pages.

We present the difference of the "P versus NP" problem for polynomial and non-polynomial classes on the example of two contest problems held by ACM ICPC NEERC in 2004 and 2005.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Gas-Cold-Dark-Matter (GCDM) Model of Universal Density Reduction

Authors: Martin R. Johnson
Comments: 26 Pages. this revision gives a corrected entropic partition and includes photon entropy in the discussion..

Most of the Universe’s baryon mass lies in the intergalactic medium, is unaccreted, and can be treated as an ideal monatomic gas with a uniform comoving density. The thermal loss of such a gas is herein shown to partition into one-third gravity gain and two-thirds entropic gain. The entropic gain of an unbound gas with uniform comoving density is differentially expressed as instant pressure. This instant pressure is proposed as the principal cause of the Hubble parameter. Using gas laws, a three-term expression of the gas’s Hubble parameter can be derived from estimated present-day energy density values, which are extrapolated to the time of last scattering, when baryon content was all unaccreted atoms having a uniform comoving density. This "GCDM thermal model" gives an exclusive dependence of the Hubble parameter on baryon mass density. The ΛCDM model is similarly covariant but uses total energy as the central variable instead of baryon mass. Instant pressure at last scatter gives a Hubble parameter that is 25% larger than the value found from baryon acoustic oscillation calculations, which rely on ΛCDM’s Friedmann and fluid equations as accurate. These two equations appear to be inaccurate for that time period. Relativistic energy at last scatter gave increased instant pressure, as it made the baryons more dense. These two models’ opposing predictions of the effect of relativistic energy density on the Hubble parameter is proposed as the cause of the Hubble tension. Today, the intergalactic medium consists of a plasma. The plasma’s instant pressure is fed by Compton scattering and covariant with photon flux. Much of this pressure doesn’t obey the gas laws, as it arises from high-energy suprathermal electrons. This suprathermal pressure in the late Universe is expressed within the ΛCDM model by giving Einstein’s time-invariant Λ a nonzero value. The effects attributed to Λ are proposed to instead arise from the ratio of suprathermal to thermal energies in the intergalactic medium. Both the presently held time-invariance of Λ, and the Hubble tension, are proposed to arise from neglect of entropic gain. Entropic gain is not found within the ΛCDM model because the Friedmann and fluid equations which comprise the model are developed isoentropically.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Origin and Nature of Speed of Light

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 5 Pages. included detailed description of dimensional analysis and derivation of the experiment

Following the ideas presented in "Search for the World Formula" and "Unified Principles of Nature" as well as in tentative "General Quantum Relativity" it was presented a novel combination of mathematics and physics for quantization of the 3 Dimensions of space (L3) to 5 Dimensions space-time (L3T2). Here is a brief excerpt at a glance on one single page to show the true nature of the "constant" "speed of light in vacuum" and to what extent the existence of this constant c proves that spacetime in reality is 5-dimensional.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Anomalous Payload Detection System Using MUXConv Neural Network with Parameter Optimization

Authors: CholRyong Pak, HakMyong O, HyokChol U, Hun Nam
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper proposes how to detect malicious network data in effective and accurate way using MUXConv neural network(MUXCNN) with parameter optimization. First of all, in order to increase detection speed, packets are directly entered into the input of MUXCNN without decoding. Next of all, after training MUXCNN with learning data, we judge that its traffic is normal or abnormal. Simulations and experiments show that the proposed abnormal network-detecting system is more efficient in detection and higher in accuracy than the other multi-layer neural networks.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Role of Time in the Origin of the Universe

Authors: Aleksander Maltsev
Comments: 7 Pages. In Russian

Considered the emergence of the universe, from a philosophical point of view. Two basic views are obtained, on the process of the origin of the Universe. An internal observer receives information about the Big Power process from a point. An external observer receives information about the continuous process of the origin of matter and space. Conclusions drawn: Matter and space are unable to arise, without the existence of time. Movement of time, is carried out by transformation of the future into the past. The "arrow" of time, is set by the direction of transformation, not by displacement in time. Absence of movement in time, removes the possibility of time travel. The universe is expanding, at the invariance of averaged density.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Bell’s Theorem, EPR and Locality

Authors: Gordon Stewart Watson
Comments: Pages.

In a technical report under the auspices of The Nobel Committee for Physics, dated 4 October 2022, we find these claims: (i) Bell’s first inequality was a spectacular theoretical discovery; (ii) Bell showed mathematically that no hidden variable theory would be able to reproduce all the results of quantum mechanics; (iii) Bell provided a proof ... that all attempts to construct a local realist model of quantum phenomena are doomed to fail. Against such claims, and with a special focus on EPR’s criteria, this personal note shows: (i) that all such claims are flawed; (ii) that Bell’s theorem and Bell’s inequality fall to straightforward considerations; (iii) that, consequently, for their part in proving that EPR were right: we are indebted to those who develop the sources; hopefully en route to wholistic mechanics -- a commonsense quantum mechanics -- as we celebrate the birth of Olivier Costa de Beauregard, 111 years ago.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Study of European Cold Streams Per 2.24 Years Based on Quantum Gravity Theory with Ultimate Acceleration

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 21 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit β, in the solar system, β=2.961520e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is large, any effect related to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, therefore the ultimate acceleration has quantum effects. At the first, this approach is applied to sunspot problems, the sunspot cycle is calculated to be 10.93 years. Next, this approach is applied to the atmospheric circulations and European climate pattern. Constructive interference condition takes place at three latitudes on the northern hemisphere, that control overall wind fields around the earth. This quantum effect indicates that Europe suffers to a gust of cold streams from arctic regions per 2.24 years, this prediction agrees well with the observed cycles of the quasi-biennial oscillation in the equatorial lower stratosphere. The European climate pattern is under control of the four seasons and the cold streams per 2.24 years.
Category: Quantum Physics

Tornadoes Analysis Concordia, Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil, 2022 Season

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijit Mitra, Lauro Figueroa Valverde
Comments: 8 Pages.

Large storms such as tornadoes and extratropicalcyclones have become increasingly common in southern Brazil. The season of strong storms has been increasingly evident between autumn and winter in southern Brazil, such as hurricane Catarina. Several tornadoes were evidenced in2022 in this region, and the ones discussed here are from It’s and Concodia, which crossed the rural areas of Santa Catarina, causing great damage to their avian production. As the main focus, the one of Concordia was analyzed, classified as category F1, and approximate dimensions of 100m in diameter.
Category: Climate Research

Vacío Y Energía (Vacuum and Energy)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 5 Pages. carloschiappini@gmail.com

La propuesta de este documento es mostrar que la energía del vacío y la tarea de producir vacío y están ligadas en forma directa e inmediata. Ni en las aulas ni en la bibliografía estudiantil es mencionado ese detalle. El objetivo es remediar la carencia.

The proposal of this document is to show that the energy of the vacuum and the task of producing the vacuum are directly and immediately linked. Neither in the classrooms nor in the student bibliography is this detail mentioned. The objective is to remedy the deficiency.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

UFO and Ball Lightning Research in the Scientific Literature

Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 5 Pages.

UFO and ball lightning research are often regarded as fringe science or pseudoscience. Here I discuss the essential scientific literature on these two subjects. I argue that ball lightning could be either plasma fireballs or oxidizing nanoparticle networks. Also UFOs deserve scientific investigation, although most of the reported cases have found conventional explanations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Transforming the Future Into the Past

Authors: Aleksander Maltsev
Comments: 3 Pages. In Russian

The nature of the phenomenon of time, the reality and objectivity of the existence of time are considered. The idea of the movement of time, the transformation of the future into the past, is proposed. The future and the past are considered as a kind of energy. The present, in which we exist, is a period of transformation of one kind of energy into another. The first kind of energy (the future) is suggested by the energy of the physical vacuum. The second kind of energy (the past), is matter energy E=MC2. The future and the past are fixed time, continuously changing, by the size of the tempo of time.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On a Conjecture of Erdos on Additive Basis of Large Orders

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages.

Using the methods of multivariate circles of partition, we prove that for any additive base A [...] holds for sufficiently large values of k provided the counting function [...] is an increasing function for all k sufficiently large.
Category: Number Theory

Perspectiva de la Formación Estelar: Gravitones Como Materia Oscura
Perspective of Star Formation: Gravitons as Dark Matter

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 6 Pages. In Spanish

Se presenta la posibilidad de que los gravitones asuman el papel de los halos de materia oscura queinundan las galaxias. Y una visión acorde a esto de la formación y evolución estelar.

The possibility arises that gravitons take over the role of dark matter halos that galaxies flood; and a vision according to this of the stellar formation and evolution.
Category: Astrophysics

The β Decay and the QCD Gas Atmospheric Density

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 14 Pages.

β decay is one of the most fundamental and thoroughly studied nuclear decay. Surprisingly, the β decay rate constants were found to have periodic time variability. However, others argued that there is no evidence for such cyclic deviation from the exponential first order kinetics decay law. Here we first propose that the β decay is a pseudo first order exchange reaction triggered by a tetraquark boson, and second develop a QCD gas theory assuming that the proposed tetraquark bosons fill space and form a reactive, polarizable, and compressible gas. In analogy to the atmospheric gas density, the proposed QCD gas density drops with elevation from the sun surface. Accordingly, we propose that the β decay rate variability is due to the pseudo first order exchange reaction kinetics and the QCD gas atmospheric density drop. Our main result is a formula for calculating the mass of the QCD gas based on the observed β decay rate variability.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

High Energy Radiation Mechanism of a Pulsar Accretion Disk and Black Hole Essence

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 8 Pages. version2.0

The fundamental substances of a neutron star black hole are neutrons, and there are no charges in a neutron star black hole. The supermassive black hole of a quasar has much greater universal gravitation, and electrons and protons must not exist. Because there are no charges in the black hole, the black hole has only a gravitational field, and it cannot generate electric and magnetic fields, and it cannot emit photons. Hence, a black hole is essentially a dark star. This paper reveals that a pulsar black hole has an accretion disk that rotates at a super-high speed. The positive ions in the high-speed rotating accretion disk, generate a super strong pulsed magnetic field at the two poles of the pulsar black hole. The high-speed positive ions and free electrons in the accretion disk decelerate violently in the process of random collisions and generate high-energy photons of X-rays and γ-rays. Therefore, the super magnetic field and high-energy X-ray and γ-ray of a pulsar are generated not by the neutron star black hole itself, but rather by the high-speed positive ions and free electrons in its accretion disk. When the high-speed rotating pulsar absorbs the adjacent matter to form an accretion disk, its rotation speed slowly decreases. When the rotation speed of the pulsar decreases to a certain speed, even if the pulsar absorbs the matter nearby, it cannot form an accretion disk. Finally, the pulsar evolves into a silent neutron star black hole with only a gravitational field. As dark stars, black holes do not have the so-called determined event horizon, but the supergravity of black holes causes the gravitational redshifts of the magnetic fields and photons that are generated by the high-speed moving charges in the accretion disk. The magnetic field radiation mechanism of the accretion disk also provides a new theory for the study of the origin of the earth's magnetic field.
Category: Astrophysics

Fermat's Last Theorem as a Consequence of the Theorem on Second Digits of Degree N

Authors: Victor Sorokine
Comments: 2 Pages.

In a base number system with prime base n>2 and natural numbers A, B, C [with last digits a, b, c, where a>0 and b>0] the equality A^n+B^n-C^n=0 is impossible.In each of the sets V and W, respectively, of the numbers d^n (d=1, u2026, n-1) and (ad)^n+(bd)^n-(cd)^n [where a, b, c are single-valued, a+b-c=0 (mod n), a>0 and b>0] with equal sums S of all n-1 two-digit endings of numbers in V and W [with the ending of S equal to 00] are numbers with the second (from the end) digits not equal to zero.Otherwise, the second digit in the number S is not 0 (see the arithmetic progression formula).
Category: Number Theory

Nikola Tesla and the World Olympic Wars

Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 1 Page.

Nikola Tesla at the beginning of the last century proposed replacing military bloodshed with deserted World Olympic Wars.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

On the Gravitational Energy of Planet Mercury

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 6 Pages.

The Sun is travelling around the Solar System barycentre so that on average, orbiting Mercury is attracted to a position between the Sun's centre and the barycentre. This toroidal-Sun-effect generates a small quadrupole moment in the gravitational energy of Mercury, which cannot be reduced to zero by using heliocentric coordinates.
Category: Astrophysics

The Maxwell’s Equations in Geometric Algebra Cl (3,0)

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 17 Pages.

In this paper, we will obtain the Maxwell’s equations using Geometric Algebra Cl3,0 (three space dimensions and the time as the trivector of the Algebra). We will obtain the equations with all the possible elements that exist in this Algebra. We will get as new elements the Electromagnetic Bivector Bxyz and the ones related to the angular momentum of the charge (in relation to its rotation or helicoidal trajectory).Considering these new elements zero or oscillatory with a zero average, we get the standard Maxwell’s Equations (both in its covariant formulism and in standard vector algebra.)
Category: Classical Physics

Generalization of the Dirac Equation using Geometric Algebra

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper, we will calculate a generalization of the Dirac Equation using Geometric Algebra Cl3,0. Apart from the partial derivatives with respect to position and time, also partial derivatives regarding orientation (or angular momentum) will appear.The reason that these new partial derivatives have not been considered before is probably because their value is very small or directly zero or because they represent an oscillatory movement or value which mean value is zero. Meaning they can influence in local effects (helicoidal movement, rotations etc.) but not in the mean trajectory of the particles.
Category: Quantum Physics

Incompatible Solar Altitude Angle During the Apollo 11 Eva from Elementary Ecliptic Calculations.

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 10 Pages.

From elementary ecliptic calculations, we found a solar altitude angle of $07.87°$ (not more than $09.87°$ with respect to the ground of the Tranquility base) instead of a minimal solar altitude angle of $16.2°$ at the official lunar landing site (Tranquility base) during the Apollo 11 EVA (extravehicular activity). Since the sidereal rotation period of the moon is particularly large, during the period were both astronauts were outside the Lunar Module of the Apollo 11 mission, the solar angle variation in the lunar sky was only $0.888°$. Moreover, the smaller solar altitude angle, the larger absolute precision of the solar altitude angle is reached by the shadow measurements on a horizontal surface.
Category: Astrophysics

The Model of Four Color Theorem

Authors: Hui Liu
Comments: 2 Pages.

There is no perfect solution to the four-color theorem, although mathematicians have demonstrated it with computers. People have been asking: What is the essence of the four-color theorem? We think that the four color theorem is a space partition problem. We started from one-dimensional space, then expanded from one-dimensional space to two-dimensional space, and the problem was solved perfectly.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

The Origin of the Measured Proton-Electromagnetic-Structure Anomaly

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 5 Pages.

Theoretical results obtained in this paper are perfectly consistent with the Jefferson Lab data presented by R. Li, et al. (2022). Here we have linked the definitions of electric and magnetic polarizabilities to the internal structure of the proton described in the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST). We then show that we should observe a local enhancement of the polarizabilities (an anomaly) for the squared four-momentum transfer from 0.31 up to 0.42 squared giga-electron volts - it follows from the internal dynamics of the proton. We calculated also the proton polarizability radii and the maximum polarizability for the anomalous region.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Lorentz Volumes Paradox: Limits of Special Relativity in Application

Authors: Michael Girgis
Comments: 11 Pages.

When applying the Lorentz transformations of the coordinates of space to different types of volumes such as the volume of a gas and the rational volume between the gas and its molecules in a thermodynamic system, the observer gets contradictory results in the same frame of reference, Although the contradictory results are for different types of volumes, but both types are thermodynamic variables, or in other words, both types have an effect on gas pressure, Thus, the observer gets contradictory results also in the same frame of reference for relativistic pressure, as a result, the Lorentz transformations for different volumes represent a new paradox in special relativity, this paradox is not a mistake in special relativity, but it reveals to us the limits of the special theory of relativity in application, and the reasons for the failure to combine special relativity with thermodynamics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Prime Numbers Estimation in A Special Palindromic Number

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 3 Pages.

The repunit number refers to the natural number composed of all the numbers 1, which is a special palindromic number. Whether the number of prime numbers in the repunit number is infinite, and how to calculate the number of prime numbers less than a certain integer have not been determined. This paper proves that the number of prime numbers of this kind is infinite by using the method of probability and statistics, and derives the calculation formula of it. On this basis, two conjectures are further proposed, that is, the ratio of the number of prime numbers in this palindromic number to the number of prime numbers in Mersenne number is 16ln (2)/(15ln (10)), and the number of prime numbers less than 24862048 digits is close to 15.
Category: Number Theory

Possible Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis Resulting From Prediction of Exact Values of the Landau Constants

Authors: Miroslav Sukenik
Comments: 5 Pages.

Based on the predicted value of the Landau constants L = 0.5331588u2026.and A = 0.7301772..., it is possible to identify the critical line x=0.5 with the horizon line. It is known that the size of entropy is proportional to the size of the surface of the horizon, and according to the holographic principle, all information must lie on this surface. So also the zero points of the Riemann Zeta function, which carry information about the distribution of primenumbers.
Category: Number Theory

Transformation of Altitudes From One Geodetic System to Another

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 11 Pages. In French

With the introduction of GPS (Global Positioning System) technology, which provides the user with his three-dimensional (X,Y,Z) position in the global geocentric system called WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984), it is necessary to know the transformation of altitudes from the world geodetic system to the national or local geodetic system. We present below some models of transformations of passage of altitudes between geodetic systems.
Category: Geophysics

Convergent Fundamental Constants of the Universe

Authors: Ankur S. Bhatt, F. M. Becker
Comments: 9 Pages.

Several theoretical equations are derived which determine the vacuum permittivity, vacuum permeability, free impedance and speed of light to a highly convergent value on the order of $10^{-8}$ to $10^{-9}$. Their dependence is related to the particle horizon, Hubble horizon, Planck length, proton wavelength and the fine structure constant. Due to these highly convergent equations, an image of both the photon and the vacuum may start to emerge.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Shock Initiation of Explosives Through Shock Wave-Induced Electrical Breakdown

Authors: Yuanjie Huang, Zhiqiang Chen
Comments: 34 Pages.

Shock initiation of high explosive (HE) is very important for both the civilian and defense communities, and the hotspot mechanism has been widely recognized as the dominant regime. However, how the hotspots can generate conspicuous reaction of the surrounding bulk HE has still been a challenging topic in recent decades. In this work, using the physics of shock polarization and Yuheng Zhang equation, the shock wave-induced electrical breakdown (SWIEB) mechanism and the related chemical reaction rate equation was proposed for shock initiation of HE. It was found that the SWIEB mechanism agreed with most experimental observations on the shock initiation phenomena. As indicated by the performed experiments on the electrical breakdown of ammonia borne (NH3BH3) in this work, the electrical breakdown cannot only remarkably accelerate the reaction rate even at room temperature but also result in a reaction route different from the thermal reaction route, thereby yielding distinct reaction products. The experimental results suggested that the SWIEB may be an important and rational mechanism for the reaction of bulk HE around the hotspots. Overall, the proposed SWIEB may pave a new and reasonable way of understanding the physics of shock initiation and may help people design much safer HE in both the civilian and defense fields.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Comprehensive Identification of Coexisting Cellular Automata Replicators Varying by State-Set Permutations.

Authors: Perry W. Swanborough
Comments: 7 Pages.

A study to determine state-set permutated replicators of opposite handedness coexisting with John Byl’s 1989 replicator subsequently suggested the task of identifying the comprehensive set of all left- and right-handed state-set permutated replicators coexisting with the Byl replicator. This work reports the lists of both left- and right-handed state-set permutated replicators coexisting with replication of the original Byl structure replicating under Moore state-transition rules, and as such supplements previous work described in viXra:2101.0075 and viXra:2107.0172.
Category: Physics of Biology

A Real TI-83 Craps Simulation Teaches Beginning Probability

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 8 Pages.

Simple craps, a Vegas casino game, is easily modeled using a TI-83's programming, list, and statistics features. Roll two dice. If the coming out roll, as it is called is 2, 3, or 12, the player immediately loses. If a 7 or 11 is rolled, they immediately win. If any of the remaining totals are rolled, if the player rolls that number before rolling a 7, they win, not they lose. A program can be initialized with a bank roll and a standard, non-changing bet. Using the list feature 999 rolls, the maximum size of a list, can be stored in a built-in list. A bar chart for the distribution of numbers is easily generated and confirms the calculated probabilities. The code to mimic the game is straight-forward. The user repeatedly plays the game until the stake is 0, an inevitability given say a stake of $100 and a bet of $5. This certainty instills the truth: it's a loser's game.
Category: General Mathematics

Critical Behavior in Continuous Dimensions and Early-Universe Cosmology

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 9 Pages.

It is known that large-scale dynamical systems can sustain a rich variety of collective phenomena. This brief note argues that the cosmology of the early Universe can be viewed as critical behavior in continuous dimensions. We find that the self-similar properties of the metric near the Big Bang singularity are comparable to the effects produced by minimal fractality of spacetime far above the electroweak scale.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

De Tegenslagen van de Theoretische Natuurkunde (The Misadventures of Theoretical Physics)

Authors: Hans van Leunen
Comments: 122 Pages. (English Translation added by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

De zoektocht naar een betrouwbare basis van de fysieke werkelijkheid heeft veel tegenslagen gekend en verloopt traag. Er werden zijwegen genomen die niet tot het gewenste doel leidden. Dit document laat zien dat er een alternatief pad is dat leidt tot een beter resultaat. Dit resultaat kan in één zin worden weergegeven. Deze zeer korte samenvatting behoeft wel de nodige uitleg. Het documnt geeft deze uitleg. Het document toont ook de relatie tussen de basis en verschillende aspecten van de natuurkunde, zoals kwantumfysica, klassieke fysica, optica en kosmologie.

The search for a reliable basis of physical reality has seen many setbacks and progresses slowly. Side roads were taken that did not lead to the desired goal. This document shows that there is an alternative path that leads to a better result. This result can be displayed in one sentence. This very short summary does require some explanation. The document provides this explanation. The paper also shows the relationship between the basics and various aspects of physics, such as quantum physics, classical physics, optics and cosmology.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Assumption of a Continuous Lorentzian Spacetime Manifold in Quantum Gravity

Authors: René Friedrich
Comments: 6 Pages.

Spacetime is more and more often suspected of being at the origin of the problem of quantum gravity, and it is said that the concept of spacetime needs to be revised.In this paper, we want to provide the concrete reason why the Lorentzian spacetime manifold is not compatible with quantum gravity, by showing that it is a man-made artefact: unlike the Euclidean metric, no Lorentzian pseudometric is able to span up a real-valued manifold. This is why - since its introduction with Minkowski's famous lecture "Space and time" and until today - Lorentzian manifolds require always the addition of a second metric in order to override the appearance of negative squares and of imaginary values.This artificial "patchwork" of two opposite metrics is not only incompatible with quantum mechanics, it is even contradicting the very principles of general relativity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Mass Wave Model and Speed Propagation Estimation

Authors: Enrique Dominguez Pinos
Comments: 24 Pages.

Full analogy between electromagnetism and gravity, with mass wave calculation through solar system simulation sourced with ephemeris data fromhorizons. Argument of mercury perihelion precession against general relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How is Russia Disrupting the NATO Alliance and Challenging the United States of America’s Hegemony Through the Ukrainian Invasion?

Authors: Love Trivedi, Akshan Toshniwal
Comments: Pages.

The Russia-Ukraine war has sparked a series of controversies and debates as to what VladimirPutin's goals are. This paper aims to outline Putin's short-term goal: to disrupt the NATO alliance by weaponizing inflation. Putin is choking the European fuel supply as a response to various economic sanctions; however, the European Union is working towards finding alternatives. The commission is establishing a network of scientists working to find energy alternatives and increase the efficiency of their nuclear reactors. Putin is also working toward his long-term goal of disrupting US hegemony by skirting the SWIFT system. The US government has abolished the Russian financial institutions from its enhancedfinancial messaging system, with companies like Google Pay, PayPal, etc., exiting the Russian market. Russia is developing alternate methods by employing a vast network of programmers to develop an alternative to the SWIFT System and various currency swap agreements. Putin is employing a short-term and long-term strategy to establish a multipolar order and reinvigorate Russia's global standing.
Category: Economics and Finance

Time and Tts Properties

Authors: Aleksander Maltsev
Comments: 7 Pages. In Russian

An analysis of the causes, the application of the concept of time, an abstract essence. The reasons for the complexity of determining the movement of time are considered. To determine the essence of time, the process of time movement is considered from the point of view of the internal and external observer. The conclusion is drawn about the movement of time, the transformation of the future into the past. The period of transformation is recorded as the existence of the present. The sum of the transformation periods is recorded as the duration of the event. The property of time periodicity allows measuring its duration using various periodic phenomena and their sums. Continuity of transformation creates the continuity of the movement of time. The conditions of the transformation are considered, one of which is the existence of 3-dimensional space. An analysis is made of the causes, the probabilistic nature of events, in quantum mechanics.Keywords: time, space, matter, transformation, dimensionality of space, quantum uncertainty, cosmology.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Equivalence of Information Flow and Time

Authors: Friedhelm M. Jöge
Comments: 2 Pages.

A formula is developed that describes a quadratic relationship between Information and time and at the same time the equivalence of Information flow and Time.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Acceleration of Multi-Factor Merton Model on FPGA

Authors: Pengyu Guo
Comments: 66 Pages.

Credit risk stands for the risk of losses caused by unwanted events, such as the default of an obligor. The managing of portfolio credit risks is crucial for financial institutions. The multi-factor Merton model is one of the most widely used tools that modelling the credit risks for financial institutions. Typically, the implementation of the multi-factor Merton model involves Monte Carlo simulations which are time-consuming. This would significantly restrict its usability in daily credit risk measurement. In this report, we propose an FPGA architecture for credit-risk measurements in the multi-factor Merton models. The presented architecture uses a variety of optimization techniques such as kernel vectorization and loop unrolling, to optimize the performance of the FPGA implementation. The evaluation results show that compare to a basic C++ implementation running on a single-core Intel i5-4210 CPU, our proposed FPGA implementation can achieve an acceleration of up to 22 times, with a precision loss of less than 10−8.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Parallel Parameter Estimation for Gilli-Winker Model Using Multi-Core CPUs

Authors: Pengyu Guo
Comments: 36 Pages.

Agent-based modeling is a powerful tool that is widely used to model global financial systems. When the parameters of the model are appropriate, the price time series generated by the model exhibit marked similarities with actual financial time series and even reproduces some of their statistical characteristics.By using Kirman’s Ant model as a prototype, this report systematically explored Gilli and Winker’s parameter optimization method. In view of some limitations of this method, this report promoted some improvements, including a local-restart strategy to enhance the convergence ability of the original optimization method, as well as incorporate Simulated Annealing into the original method to help the algorithm escape from local optimums. Furthermore, since the parameter optimization of agent-based modeling tends to be very time-consuming, an acceleration method was also proposed to speed up this procedure. In the end, the presented methods have been validated with the EUR/USD exchange rate.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Model for Combining Classical and Quantum Physics Based on Lorentz Invariants (Part 2)

Authors: Aleksander Maltsev
Comments: 15 Pages. In Russian

A mathematical description of the phase transition of matter from the solid state to the liquid state, gas, and the difference of matter's energy, in a rectilinear motion and in the gaseous state, has been obtained. The transition of linear motion into rotational motion is explained. The transformation, presented, is analogous to the motion that creates a new degree of dimensionality. Transformation of physical vacuum into matter is represented by the analog of gas condensation into a solid state. The cause of neutron instability in the free state is considered. A variant of the origin of matter and physical vacuum from the previous state is proposed. The existence of the present as a mediator between the past and the future is analyzed. Evolution of the Universe in Space and Time is described. Astonishment is expressed by the coincidence of the description of the Universe evolution with the ancient Greek description of the Ouroboros.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Simple Method to Compute Sums of Powers and Polynomials

Authors: Kai Cheung
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper introduces a simpler method to compute sums of powers and polynomials, which can be done by hand, and efficiently implemented in software.
Category: General Mathematics

Explanation of Bird Migration Using Ultimate Acceleration

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 19 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit β, in the solar system, β=2.961520e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is large, any effect related to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, and is applied to sunspot problems. The sunspot cycle is calculated to be 10.93 years due to the ultimate acceleration. Due to quantum effect of the ultimate acceleration, the atmospheric constructive interference condition takes place at certain latitudes where are traditional habitats of migratory birds, so this relativistic approach provides a direction guidance for bird migration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Equipossibility, Over-Inflated Basket Balls, Photons and Polarizers

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 2 Pages.

An explanation for the statistical results for photon and polarizer experiments, that differ from classical expectation and linear output variation with changing angle. Brief discussion of what is equipossibility. Basket ball inflation analogy used to help visualize the issue. Positing polarizers produce a population of photons with different wave component orientations with different ease of passing different orientations of polarizer, rather than a uniform population. In this way talk of the necessity for faster than light communication or need to abandon local realism becomes superfluous. Relevant to Bell's inequalities.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Neutron Lifetime Constrains the Gravitational Constant

Authors: Shan-Hong Li
Comments: 3 Pages.

We improved the neutron lifetime formula and the gravitational constant formula to generate stronger constraints between them. And improved their calculation accuracy, so that they are in better agreement with the experimental data. By calculating the improved formulas, the neutron lifetime is 877.7495 ��, and the gravitational constant is 6.6742986×10−11 ��3/(����·��2).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Black Hole Fallacy

Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 9 Pages.

It is shown here that the currently accepted solution in general relativity predicting black holes and an event horizon is unphysical. The spacetime outside a point mass is entirely regular, the effective gravitational mass decreases to zero as a test object comes into close proximity with it, and free-fall velocities do not exceed the speed of light. The ring-like radio images of galactic centres can be attributed to gravitational lensing of regular point sources.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Finite Dimensional Series and Its Applications in Number Theory and Mathematical Analysis

Authors: Shazly Abdullah
Comments: 23 Pages.

In this study we used an algebraic method that uses elementary algebra and binomial theorem to create finite binomial series. This is a type of series that has several properties in variables. We used these series to prove results in congruences and primitive roots, Diophantine equation. We also obtained several results in finite series.
Category: Number Theory

What Experiments Can Confirm the Chronofield Hypothesis

Authors: V. E. Yumashev
Comments: 3 Pages.

Any hypothesis, in order to become a theory, must be confirmed by experiment. Recently, devices have appeared that can be used to try to confirm the existence of a chronofield in our universe. Two possible experiments are considered that can confirm this.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Abdelkrim ben Mohamed
Comments: 09 Pages.

In this working paper I try to prove the Riemann hypothesis
Category: General Mathematics

Using Finite Binomial Series to Prove Results in Prime Numbers and Congruences

Authors: Shazly Abdullah
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this work used an algebraic method that uses elementary algebra and binomial theorem to create finite binomial series.This is a type of series that has several properties in variables. We used these series to prove results in congruences and prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

The Overlook Effect

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages.

Humans typically envision things parallel to wherethey are standing on the Earth. The overlook effect(OE) seems to be something out of the emergingspace age. However, it has been around as long asproto-humans first lived in trees. The OE is a keyaspect of general relativity, not related to speciousGeneral Relativity. Our survival depends partly onunderstanding the real OE in our modern world.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Spacetime and Gravity Are 2D Around Planck Scales: a Universal Property of Consistent Quantum Gravity

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 6 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

This short paper shows that General Relativity (GR) combined with Quantum Physics implies spacetime and quantum gravity with 2D degrees of freedom at very small scales.The result is obtained independently of any other assumption on the underlying theory of quantum gravity other than the existence of quantum fluctuations, the formation of black holes if masses or energy sources are very high, and the properties of interactions with and among Black holes.Implications include universality of particles as microscopic black holes, asymptotic safety of quantum gravity for consistent theories and physical justifications, and hints of a physical justification for chirality of spacetime, and massive fermions/particles; something that will be exploited to explain the early universe, and the absence of GUTs in upcoming publications.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory