All Submission Categories

A Primer of Important Natural Numbers and Revisited Fundamental Physical Constants

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 4 Pages.

Some fundamental physical constants such as the gyromagnetic factor of the electron or its charge need to be marginally revisited considering the altered relativistic correction determined by the Information Relativity theory (IRT) of Suleiman. As a new important natural number the fifth power of the golden mean is introduced. Also a conjecture is given connecting Sommerfeld’s structure constant α with the galactic velocity ßg. This primer will be constantly renewed and extended as the acceptance by the physical community progresses
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A Reexamination of the Velocity of Light, Dark Mass, and the Accelerated Expansion and Age of the Universe

Authors: Morton Spears
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper establishes the amazing ability of space permittivity and permeability to determine the velocity of light, the extent of Dark Mass, and theaccelerated expansion of the universe. In addition, taking into account the dependence of the velocity of light on permittivity and permeability, it is shown that the universe is significantly older than is generally accepted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Permittivity Creates Dark Matter and an Older Universe with Accelerating Expansion

Authors: Morton Spears
Comments: Pages.

The purpose of this report is to provide simple answers to the following three questions by considering the effects of what has been happening over time to one single property of open space; namely, the permittivity of that space. What is dark matter and why does it exist? Why do so many distant stars appear to be older than the expanding "Big Bang" Universe of which those same stars are a part? Why is our Universe expanding at a greater velocity now than it did many millions of years ago?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Problem on Sums of Powers

Authors: Suaib Lateef
Comments: 4 Pages.

We pose a problem which is motivated by Newton's identity on sums of powers. We prove two special cases using algebraic manipulations. The method used is inefficient to prove all cases.
Category: Number Theory

Why Does the Limit of the Maximum Force in the Universe Exist

Authors: V. E. Yumashev
Comments: 3 Pages.

It is established that there is a limit of maximum force at the point c^4/4G and a limit of maximum power c^5/4G [1, 2] in the Universe. But there is no explanation why do these values exist and why do they have such signification. These limits can be explained from the point of view of the hypothesis of the existence of a chronofield in the universe. Such hypothesis is presented in [3, 4, 5]. These works were written in the early 2000s and it is not easy to find them on the Web. The text below summarizes the main provisions of the chronofield hypothesis and gives an explanation of the reason of existence of the maximum force limit.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How 5 Dimensions May Fix a Deterministic Background Spatially as to Be Inserted for HUP in 3+1 Dimensions , and Its Relevance to the Early Universe

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 7 Pages. submitted to JHEPGC for evaluation

We will first of all reference a value of momentum, in the early universe. This is for 3+1 dimensions and is important since Wesson has an integration of this momentum with regards to a 5 dimensional parameter included in an integration of momentum over space which equals a ration of L divided by small l (length) and all this times a constant. The ratio of L over small l is a way of making deterministic inputs from 5 dimensions into the 3+1 dimensional HUP. In doing so, we come up with a very small radial component for reasons which due to an argument from Wesson is a way to deterministically fix one of the variables placed into the 3+1 HUP. This is a deterministic input into a derivation which is then First of all, we restate a proof of a highly localized special case of a metric tensor uncertainty principle first written up by Unruh. Unruh did not use the Roberson-Walker geometry which we do, and it so happens that the dominant metric tensor we will be examining, is variation in g(tt) with the other metric tensors vanishing
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Making Progress Work: A New Life for the Old Idea

Authors: Gennady Shkliarevsky
Comments: 33 Pages.

The pursuit of progress has been a distinct feature of civilization at least over the last three hundred years. Yet the appeal of progress is now in decline. Many attribute several major problems we face today to our relentless pursuit of progress, including the degradation of the environment and climate change, the growing gap between the rich and the poor, the increasing control of governments over the life of their citizens, social instability, economic decline, and much else. Widespread criticism has raised fundamental questions about progress that even relatively recently we would not dare to raise without risking our intellectual credibility. The intense questioning encourages, indeed necessitates, a revisiting of the theory and practice of our pursuit of progress.This article represents an attempt at re-examining some critical issues that are related to progress. There are several questions to be addressed in the following pages: Is progress really necessary? What fundamental purpose does it serve? Can our civilization survive without progressing? Does progress have roots in nature or is it merely a human fancy? In answering these questions, this article will explain the important relationship between our idea and practice of progress, on one hand, and nature, on the other. It will show that progress is not a human fancy; it has deep roots in the evolution of nature and the universe. Substantive criticisms should not only point to mistakes and flaws. They should also lead to alternatives. This article will conclude by outlining some fundamental principles to be used in reshaping our progressive practice. The main feature of this reformed practice, as argued in the pages that follow, should be the process of creation that plays a vital role in the survival and evolution of our universe. The failure to embrace and understand this process has generated major flaws that that continue to plague our pursuit of progress. The article will explain that the reason for this failure is not an accident but a necessary result of anthropocentrism that has dominated and continues to dominate our civilization.By using the process of creation as the main organizing principle of our theory and practice of progress will make possible to eliminate the main cause of our numerous problems with progress.
Category: Social Science

States of the Factor, Beam, and Grating

Authors: Paul Mirsky
Comments: 28 Pages.

Notes to accompany Lecture 9 of Lectures on Symmetry Optics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Information and Uncertainty

Authors: Paul Mirsky
Comments: 37 Pages.

Notes to accompany Lecture 10 of Lectures on Symmetry Optics
Category: Quantum Physics

A Note on Neutrino Oscillations, or Why Miniboone and Microboone Data Are Compatible

Authors: Andrea Gregori
Comments: 18 Pages.

The theoretical scenario introduced in Ref [1] implies a new approach to flavour mixing, and neutrino oscillations.It not only predicts non-vanishing neutrino masses, but also uniquely determines their values as functions of the age of the universe. We compare here the predicted neutrino mixing with the experimental data from atmospheric (Super-Kamiokande) and accelerator neutrinos (MiniBooNE, MicroBooNE), finding a substantial agreement with the experiments. In particular, a mismatch between MiniBooNE and MicroBooNE data is predicted that fits the measured data. Within this scenario, we can also make a predictionfor the forthcoming SBDN and ICARUS neutrino experiments.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Space, Time, Matter and Kinematics of a Point
Часть 2. Пространство, время, материя и кинематика точки

Authors: Valery Timin
Comments: 112 Pages. In Russian

Physics plays a huge role in modern natural science. In this paper, the section "Kinematics" is considered. The model and purpose of studying kinematics in this paper will be the description of the mechanical motion of a material point in space in time with a geometric bias. At the same time, as a rule, its mass and other material properties, as well as the reasons for this particular movement, will not be taken into account. All that matters are the concepts of coordinates, trajectories and the geometry connecting them. Everything else is derived from them.Part 1 is mainly devoted to Euclidean space, its transformations and the movement of a point in it. Part 2 is mainly devoted to the description of transformations of absolute types of spaces (APV) and, in particular, Galilean spaces. Part 3 will be devoted to the laws of motion of MT by geodesics in locally Galilean spaces.Kinematics is the most abstract branch of physics (and mechanics), very close to abstract mathematics, whose task is to describe the possible movements of abstract physical objects in space and time without taking into account the real laws of physics. Kinematics is more geometry than physics and mechanics. Its objects are models of real physical objects and a description of their motion in abstract space-time (PV)1.The tools of physics are mathematics and experiments. With the help of experiments, actual data is collected on the relationships in physical reality, then abstract mathematical theories of physical reality are formulated that correspond to the experiments conducted, then again, these theories are tested for compliance with the current level of physical knowledge and predictions are made beyond the current knowledge. And all in a circle.I would like to define the laws of kinematics. But there are none. Kinematics is a matter with a material, physical connotation with a set of words from physics and mechanics. One can only say that these laws could follow from the three basic laws of dynamics of classical Galileo—Newton mechanics (CFMN) and Einstein's special and general theory of relativity (SRT and GRT) - but this cannot be said either. There is no concept of force and, therefore, causality in it.

Физика в современном естествознании играет огромную роль.В данной работе рассматривается раздел «Кинематика». Моделью и целью изучения кинематики в данной работе будет описание механического движения материальной точ-ки в пространстве во времени с геометрическим уклоном. При этом, как правило, не будут учитываться ее масса и другие материальные свойства, а также причины именно этого движения. Все, что имеет значение — это понятия координаты, траектории и связывающая их геометрия. Все остальное — производные от них.Часть 1 в основном посвящена евклидову пространству, его преобразованиям и дви-жению точки в ней. Часть 2 в основном посвящена описанию преобразованиям абсолют-ных типов пространств (АПВ) и в частности — галилеевым пространствам. Часть 3 будет посвящена законам движения м.т. по геодезическим в локально галилеевых простран-ствах.Кинематика — это наиболее абстрактный раздел физики (и механики), очень близкий к абстрактной математике, задачей которой является описание возможных движений аб-страктных физических объектов в пространстве и времени без учета реальных законов физики. Кинематика — более геометрия, чем физика и механика. Его объектами являются модели реальных физических объектов и описание их движения в абстрактном простран-стве—времени (ПВ)1.Инструментами физика являются математика и эксперименты. С помощью экспери-ментов производится сбор фактических данных о взаимосвязях в физической реальности, затем формулируются абстрактные математические теории физической реальности, соот-ветствующие проведенным экспериментам, далее опять же с помощью экспериментов проверяются эти теории на соответствие текущему уровню физических знаний и делаются предсказания за пределами текущих знаний. И все по кругу.Хотелось бы определить законы кинематики. Но их нет. Кинематика — это математи-ка с материальным, физическим оттенком с набором слов из физики и механики. Можно сказать только то, что эти законы могли бы следовать из трех основных законов динамики классической механики Галилея—Ньютона (КФМН) и специальной и общей теории отно-сительности Эйнштейна (СТО и ОТО) — но и этого нельзя сказать. В ней нет понятия силы и, следовательно, причинности.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Multiple Reflection Interference Experiments Violating the Conservation of Energy Law

Authors: Kazufumi Sakai
Comments: 4 Pages.

The conservation law of energy asserts that the total energy must always remain constant, even when its form changes. This conservation law also holds in electromagnetism (optics), where the total energy of light incident on and output from a system must be equal. However, we have found a phenomenon in which the total energy of the interference light emitted from a multiple-reflection interferometer is greater than the energy of the incident light. This increase is stable in time and can be explained by wave optics. The energy conservation law is valid when averaged over a region sufficiently wider than the interference fringe period, but when the beam width is narrower than the fringe period, the total light intensity increases or decreases and the conservation law does not hold.
Category: Classical Physics

Light Beam Traveling with Varying Energy

Authors: Kazufumi Sakai
Comments: 3 Pages.

Light emitted from a multiple reflection device using a mirror and a half-mirror does not show interference fringes when the relative angle between the mirrors is zero, and the energy of the incident light and the outgoing light coincide at each point. On the other hand, when the relative angle is non-zero, interference fringes are observed depending on the angle. We have reported that the total energy of the incident and outgoing beams do not match (that is, the law of conservation of energy does not hold) when the relative angle is small (the fringe spacing is wide) and the incident beam width is narrow. Furthermore, the light beam emitted from this multiple reflector has the interesting property of changing in intensity as it propagates. We have experimentally confirmed this change.
Category: Classical Physics

Examination of a Simpler Version of a Fifth Force Using Variant of Dilaton Model and Padmanabhan Inflaton Scalar Field in Early Universe Conditions

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 8 Pages. submitted to JHEPGC for evaluation

On page 17 of a book on Modified Gravity by Baojiu Li and Kazuya Koyama there is a discussion of how to obtain a Fifth force by an allegedly non relativistic approximation with a force proportional to minus the spatial derivative of a scalar field. If the scalar field say for an inflaton , as presented by Padmanabhan only depends upon time, of course this means no scalar field contributing to a fifth force Our modest proposal in the neighborhood of Planck time is to turn the time into being equal to r/[ constant times c]. This in the neighborhood of Planck time so as to have in this small time interval, a symmetry breaking regime where we could perhaps specify a fifth force as to breaking down a causal barrier as to initiating a start to inflationary expansion. For the scalar field itself, we initially have this r dependence in place of time, whereas our scalar field, and resultant treatment of an effective potential may allow for a transition from a presumed stationary state to inflation This of course is presuming that there is, in all of our work a huge initial degree of freedom which would break down.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Neurons and Electromagnetic Waves

Authors: Zuodong Sun
Comments: 13 Pages.

Based on the potassium channel "origami windmill" model, and the conservation law of cell membrane area and ion inequality equation of based on the potassium channel "origami windmill" model, and Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, it is theoretically proved that neurons can generate electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic wave is an energy wave, never disappear. The neurons are equivalent to the built-in antennas of the brain, and information transmission between neurons is conducted wirelessly. The material basis for neurons to generate electromagnetic waves is the result of the exchange of cations on the inner surface of the cell membrane, especially Na+ and K+； The essence of consciousness should be electromagnetic wave. The conclusion that "neurons can produce electromagnetic waves" overturns the view that "electricity→chemistry→electricity" conducts information between neurons, and provides theoretical support for humans to finally solve the mysteries of the brain. At the same time, seven falsificationist methods are given. The brain is a huge gold mine, and it is too important to crack the mystery of the brain. It should be a joint operation of "multiple arms". It should not only be the work of brain scientists, but also the participation of physicists, chemists and mathematicians.
Category: Physics of Biology

Technical Report for WAIC Challenge of Financial QA under Market Volatility

Authors: Meng Cao, Ji Jiang, Qichen Ye, Yuexian Zou
Comments: 4 Pages. Technical Report for WAIC Challenge of Financial QA under Market Volatility

This technical report presents the 1st winning model for Financial Community Question-and-Answering (FCQA), which is a task newly introduced in the Challenge of Financial QA under Marker Volatility in WAIC 2022. FCQA aims to respond to the user’s queries in the financial forums with the assistance of heterogeneous knowledge sources. We address this problem by proposing a graph transformer based model for the efficient multi-source information fusion. As a result, we won the first place out of 4278 participating teams and outperformed the second place by 5.07 times on BLUE.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On a Proof π ≠ 3.14159...

Authors: J. F. Meyer
Comments: 1 Page.

By comparing the square of the approximated pi's quarter to the actual geometric width of a plotted pi annulus, this paper resolutely proves π ≠ 3.14159... while/as discovering the presence of a (reciprocal of the) so-called ' golden ratio ' contained in/as the pi annulus' uniform width.
Category: Geometry

The Beginning of a New General Theory of Relativity (Part 4)

Authors: Valentín Ibáñez Fernández
Comments: 94 Pages. In Russian

Scientific research in this paper showed that the modern fundamental classical kinematics of body or point motion contain an incorrect understanding of the physical process of movement of matter. In a consequence, analytical mechanics, theoretical mechanics, continuum theory and etc., contain an incorrect understanding of the physical process of the movement of matter and its characteristics, such as energy, its change, work, kinetic energy, and so on.In addition, this led to a misinterpretation of Newton's theory of gravity, the theory of free fall of a body and the universal law of change and conservation of energy to describe the motion of matter in a gravitational field. The theories that are not consistent with each other describing the same natural phenomenon. And these errors have penetrated deeply into the ranks of equivalent methods of formal mathematical description of classical mechanics:u2022 * Newton's laws ;u2022 Lagrange formalism;u2022 Hamiltonian formalism;u2022 Hamilton—Jacobi formalism.But, with a view to create a new general theory of relativity, it is necessary to investigate and eliminate these causes in these theories which describing the same natural phenomenon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Zero-dimensional Physical Theory (II): Causality, Locality, and Indeterminacy

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 22 Pages.

Here the zero-dimensional physical theory addresses the ideas of causality, locality, and indeterminacy. Although such are terms synonymous with current problems and paradoxes in physics theory, especially regarding the known discrepancies between Einstein’s physical theories and the known features of the same quantum mechanically described phenomena, here it will be demonstrated how those terms and associated ideas are precise zero-dimensional physical theory-based derivations for the attributes of physical phenomena. By such, the key flaw in both Einstein’s physical theory formulation and that of quantum mechanics becomes apparent, namely the priority of mass and momentum as the axiom of choice. Here, the axiom of choice is once again presented as the zero-dimensional basis for time and space, resolving the current ideas of causality, locality, and indeterminacy.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Study of Earthquakes in Japanese Islands Using Quantum Gravity Theory with Ultimate Acceleration

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 28 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit β, in the solar system, β=2.961520e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is large, any effect related to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, as an application, this relativistic model gives out the sunspot cycle to be 10.38 years due to the ultimate acceleration. The same approach is applied to earthquake problems in Japanese islands. About 10% of the world's active volcanoes are found in Japan, which lies in a zone of extreme crustal instability. As many as 1500 earthquakes are recorded yearly, major earthquakes occur infrequently. The calculation indicates that the beat period of the earth's shell corresponding to the wind 50m/s over Japanese islands to be 1 year. Coupling with the strongest mean wind of 50m/s at the altitude of 10km (200hPa) over Japan islands, the local Earth shell sensitive to the wind is at the depth about 10km. The height of Mount Fuji of 3776(m) make an increase in the local coupling constant C as viewing the Japanese islands as a wall on the sea to resist the winds.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Elementary proof of Fermat-Wiles’ Theorem

Authors: Ahmed Idrissi Bouyahyaoui
Comments: 3 Pages. correction and improvement

Let x^n = z^n - y^n and x^(n-1) = az^(n-1) - by^(n-1), (a, b) Є Z^2.In the division with zero remainder of ab(z^n - y^n) by az^(n-1) - by^(n-1), it exists one and only one remainder equal to zero and valid, and then implies the equality b^2y^(n-2) = a^2z^(n-2) which is impossible for n > 2 since x^(n-1) = az^(n-1) - by^(n-1) and x, y, z are coprim integers.
Category: Number Theory

Preuve élémentaire de TFW

Authors: Ahmed Idrissi Bouyahyaoui
Comments: 3 Pages. correction and improvement / correction et amélioration

Let x^n = z^n - y^n and x^(n-1) = az^(n-1) - by^(n-1), (a, b) Є Z^2.In the division with zero remainder of ab(z^n - y^n) by az^(n-1) - by^(n-1), it exists one and only one remainder equal to zero and valid, and then implies the equality b^2y^(n-2) = a^2z^(n-2) which is impossible for n > 2 since x^(n-1) = az^(n-1) - by^(n-1) and x, y, z are coprim integers.
Category: Number Theory

Sentience and AI Robotics

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 6 Pages.

Sentience once mostly referenced human feelings.Now it also points to any "intelligent feelings," with no clear definition emerging. Species inside Earth’s biosphere manifest advanced sentience far beyond everyday awareness. Complex sentience has been critical for complex evolution. Will android robots develop advanced consciousness? Could advanced AI transcend human social sentience, in addition to being super-smart computers? How might UFOs interface with our emerging matrix of advancing technology and imminent ecological disaster?
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Quantum Time-Space with Energy

Authors: Liu Yajun
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, We constructed a Time-Space with energy model just considering the velocity of the light C and the Plank constant h . It is interesting in this system, Gravition and electromagnetic force can be combined together only if we consider that the "1/" a_g (a_g is the strength of gravition (m/s2)) considered as the curvature of the Space-Time with Energy! This model has a geometry space (complex) and just provide a probability to combine the Gravitation and Electric-Magnetics field under a basic structure of quantum Time-Space with energy. We hope to throw a little bit light on the big picture of uniting the quantum mechanics and General relative theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

How Initial Degrees of Freedom May Contribute to Initial Effective Mass

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 6 Pages. submitted to JHEPGC for evaluation

Using a relationship between Hubbles ‘parameter’, Temperature, Energy and effective mass , in one iteration of an initial application of the Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. From there obtain in 3+1 dimensions a relationship between effective mass, and the initial degrees of freedom, to the 1/4th power. We will discuss candidates for entry into this , assuming for a start that initial universe conditions are similar to a black hole, i.e. a nearly singular start to inflationary expansion
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Photonic Crystals for Hyper-Raman Technique to Fast Diagnose of COVID-19 Even in Traces and to Break Down Coronavirus Activity Through a Destroying Natural Oscillations of SARS-CoV-2 Ribonucleic Acid

Authors: Dongxue Bi, Vladimir Filatov, Anna Karadzic, Mengyuan Wu
Comments: 7 Pages. The material was reported at AMSE/ICKEM-2022 (2022 March 18-20, Udine, Italy).

The dynamics of COVID-19 cases in Europe shows a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is able to photoactivate by a natural solar radiation. This means, there are optical-sensitive modes in a spectrum of natural oscillations of the RNA. This paper analyses the dynamics of RNA optical electrons to determine spectral location of the optical-active modes. To do it, we perform the model-independent estimation (what is correct for all varieties of SARS-CoV-2, both known and new ones) as well as model-dependent simulation reveal the location of RNA optical-active modes at several GHz. This allows to use Raman scattering to detect the presence of COVID particles in the ambient air or in a patient saliva sample for fast diagnosis the infection. To enhance Raman signal, we propose to use the photonic crystal as an active Raman substrate. This way, the giant density of optical Tamm states at photonic crystal bandgap edges can be used to resonantly amplify the local (near surface) electromagnetic field to detect a presence of SARS-CoV-2 virions even in traces. This photonic crystal scheme allows to make a portable test device to not only express-diagnose COVID-19 with an ultimate precision, but also to destroy natural oscillations of coronavirus RNA and break down virus activity. This makes possible to kill the virus inside a human body by an optical way.
Category: Condensed Matter

Navier-Stokes Equation: Existence and Smoothness

Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 9 Pages.

Navier-Stokes equation existence and smoothness are important unsolved problems in mathematic physics. Here, I use vector calculus and gravity-spinity related Maxwell-like equations (gravitoelectromagnetism) to reduce Navier-Stokes into Laplace equations including conditions such as rotational, irrotational, compressible, or incompressible. Because the solutions of Laplace equations are harmonic functions, the solutions of Navierr-Stoke equations are smooth. In addition, I did curl differentiate the Navier-Stokes-Euler equation to get vortex functions. This can help to explain the mechanism of induction of turbulence.
Category: Mathematical Physics

La Ruta Del Tercer Viaje de Don Quijote
the Route of the Third Voyage of Don Quixote

Authors: Daniel Consalles
Comments: 13 Pages.

La ruta del tercer viaje de Don Quijote desde el Toboso a Zaragoza generalmente aceptada presenta unas inconsistencias evidentes, especialmente al incorporar la visita a la Cueva de Montesinos como parte deltrayecto. Las hipótesis planteadas hasta el momento implican varios cambios de dirección incoherentes con el propio relato. En este trabajo planteamos una hipótesis distinta, la "Ruta Sur", donde todo el relato cobra coherencia, incluida la visita a la Cueva de Montesinos. Asumir esta nueva ruta nos permite localizar otros puntos del relato con relativa facilidad.

The route of Don Quixote's third voyage from El Toboso to Zaragoza generally accepted presents some evident inconsistencies, especially when incorporating the visit to the Cueva de Montesinos as part of the journey. The hypotheses put forward so far imply several changes of direction that are inconsistent with the own story. In this work we propose a different hypothesis, the "South Route", where the entire story takes coherence, including the visit to the Cueva de Montesinos. Assuming this new route allows us to locate other points of the story with relative ease.
Category: Social Science

The Setbacks of Theoretical Physics

Authors: Hans van Leunen
Comments: 114 Pages.

The search for a reliable foundation of physical reality has had many setbacks and is slow. Side roads were taken that did not lead to the desired goal. This document shows that there is an alternative path that leads to a better result. This result can be reproduced in a single sentence. This very short summary does need the necessary explanation. The paper provides this explanation. The paper also shows the relation between the foundation and several aspects of physics, such as quantum physics, classical physics, optics, and cosmology.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Calculation of Tropic Cyclone Inner Structure Using Quantum Theory with Ultimate Acceleration

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 21 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration B, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit B, in the solar system, B=2.956391e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect related to B will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, as an application, this approach is applied to tropic cyclone problems, the simulation is carried out, clearly showing the inner structure of a cyclone, which is very consistent with the famous DIANA cyclone on 12 September 1984 in situ observation measured by an aircraft.
Category: Quantum Physics

Derivation of Hubble's Law and the End of the Darks Elements

Authors: Joao Carlos Holland Barcellos
Comments: 13 Pages. Solution for Dark Energy and Dark Matter

From the "Decreasing Universe" model, establishing the contraction of space tissue when exposed to a gravitational field, we derive the Hubble Law and, from there, we will explain the effects "Dark Energy" and "Dark Matter".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How to Use Starobinsky Inflationary Potential Plus Argument From Alder, Bazin, and Schiffer as Radial Acceleration to Obtain First Order Approximation as to Where/when Cosmological Constant May Form

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 7 Pages. submitted to JHEPGC for evaluation

Using the Klauder enhanced quantization as a way to specify the cosmological constant as a baseline for the mass of a graviton, we eventually come up and then we will go to the . Starobinsky potential as a replacement for the term N used in Eq. (3) and Eq,. (4). From there we will read in a way to describe conditions allowing for where the cosmological constant may be set. The ideaalso is to describe a regime of space-time where the initial perturbation/ start to inflation actually occurred, as is alluded to in thefinal part of the document.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Transcending Human Sociality: Eco-Cosmological Relationships Between Entities in the Ecosphere

Authors: Luis Gregorio Abad Espinoza
Comments: 17 Pages.

Based on a discussion of the theoretical contributions of Claude Lévi-Strauss and Pierre Clastres, this article explores social relationships as more than a human dimension. Though strongly analysed by both anthropologists, these relationships appear to involve indigenous societies’ whole ecological and cosmological system. In this sense, reciprocity, social cohesion, and exchange can be understood as material and immaterial interrelationships between entities of a more than a corporeal world. I argue, then, that to go beyond the mere anthropocentric conceptualisation of sociality in a nature good to think, we need to holistically conceive the interconnected levels of trophic, socio-structural and socio-cosmic relationships and exchanges between human and non-human beings in the ecosystem.
Category: Social Science

Growing Amount of Information Inside a Space-Region May Cause to Expand the Region and to Change Its Surface-Curvature.

Authors: Udo E. Steinemann
Comments: 16 Pages.

According to G. t’ HOOFT’s holographic principle the combination of quantum mechanics and gravity requires that a 3-dimensional space-region to be projected on the 2-dimensional bounding surface of the region. In the limit of very large regions the bounding surfaces can be taken as flat planes at infinity, thus phenomena taking place in 3-dimensional space can be projected onto distant "viewing screens" with no loss of information. The discrete lattice-sites of a screen are "pixels", each one can only store ⟨1⟩ bit of information. An analogy with a hologram can be made which stores a 3-dimensional image on a 2-dimensional film. As in the case of the hologram the flat 2-diemsional image must be rich enough to code full rotationally invariant description of a 3-dimensional object. All matter is composed of elementary structure-less constituents called partons. The presence of a parton isrepresented by projecting its location by a light-ray on screen. A space-time-event which combines all partons at a specific instant of time forms a 3-dimensional light-front. Light-front-quantization of quantum-gravitycan be formulated by taking the transverse space as a discrete lattice where the lattice is composed of binary pixels of a spacing in the order of PLANCK-length. No distribution of matter will ever require more than ⟨1⟩ bit of information per PLANCK-area on a screen. The quantization in longitudinal direction considered under the parton-concept is familiar from Quantum-Chromo-Dynamics ⟨QCD⟩ originated in works on deep inelastic scattering. The Hamiltonians are the classical ones and the eigenvectors are well-defined super-positions ofFOCK-space-states. Each parton-momentum simply acts as scale-transformations in longitudinal direction, but classical scale-invariance will usually be destroyed by divergent high frequency effects. Cutoffs in frequency-spectra, models in connection with so-called Fixed-Point-Hamiltonians and derived from string-theory will finally help to find-out that a growing amount-of-information inside a space-region may cause its extension.Given that the maximal allowable information for each part of space is finite, then it is impossible to localize a particle with infinite precision at a point of the continuum. Therefore one could assume that information is stored in points of a discretized space. In order to get information described holographically, it must exist in some duplicated form, thus it is assumed to be stored on surfaces, or screens. Screens separate points and in this way they are natural places for information about particles that move from one side to the other. Within in this environment gravity will take the form of an entropic-force. An entropic force is an effective macroscopic-force that originates in a system with many degrees-of-freedom by the statistical tendency to increase its entropy. The force-equation is expressed in terms of entropy-differences. A small piece of a holographic-screen is considered and a particle of a certain mass approaching it from the side at which space-time has already emerged. When the particle merges with the microscopic degrees- of-freedom on screen, it influences the amount of information that is already stored there. Assuming that the change-in-entropy near the screen is linear to displacement-from-screen then it is proportional to particle-mass. Force comes into play from an analogy with osmosis across a semi-permeable membrane and the membrane carries a temperature, the particle will experience an entropic-force. Based on relations from W. G. UNRUH and J. D. BEKENSTEIN temperature and acceleration can finally be brought into close connection which will let the just mentioned force to appear in the form of NEWTON’s second law.Thinking about a piece of a holographic-screen as a storage-device for information, the maximal storage-space or the total number of bits is proportional to this screen-area. Because each fundamental-bit occupies ⟨1⟩ unit-cell, the number of used bits can easily be calculated. Additionally the total energy is considered which had already been contained on screen-side when the particle was approaching (evenly distributed over the occupied bits) together with its mass-equivalence due A. EINSTEIN and temperature determined as average-energy per bit. All this combined together will let the above entropic force become NEWTON’s gravity —force. The real consequence of this finally is: A growing amount on surface of a space.region may change the surface-curvature.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

New Principles of Dierential Equations VI

Authors: Hong Lai Zhu
Comments: 59 Pages.

This paper uses Z transformations to get the general solutions of many second-order, third-order and fourth-order linear PDEs for the first time, and uses the general solutions to obtain the exact solutions of many typical definite solution problems. We present the Z4 transformation for the first time and use it to solve a specific case. We successfully get the Fourier series solution by the series general solution of the one-dimensional homogeneous wave equation, which successfully solves a famed unresolved debate in the history of mathematics.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Zeta Function as a Particular Case of Euler-Maclaurin Formula

Authors: Marco Burgos
Comments: 16 Pages.

One of the most famous functions, full of enigmas, is the Riemann zeta function, since it is the basis for one of the most amazing hypotheses because of its relation with the prime counting function. But in the present paper, we will discover some of those enigmas, using the Euler-Maclaurin formula.
Category: Number Theory

Universal and Automatic Elbow Detection for Learning the Effective Number of Components in Model Selection Problems

Authors: E. Morgado, L. Martino, R. San Millán-Castillo
Comments: 25 Pages. (to appear) Digital Signal Processing, 2023

We design a Universal Automatic Elbow Detector (UAED) for deciding the effective number of components in model selection problems. The relationship with the information criteria widely employed in the literature is also discussed. The proposed UAED does not require the knowledge of a likelihood function and can be easily applied in diverse applications, such as regression and classification, feature and/or order selection, clustering, and dimension reduction. Several experiments involving synthetic and real data show the advantages of the proposed scheme with benchmark techniques in the literature.
Category: Statistics

E-Book on Global Digital Marketing (Chinese)

Authors: Vasily Kashkin
Comments: 71 Pages.

Digital marketing provides a great opportunity to find customers on a global scale without having to conduct physical marketing in another country.This book may help companies discover export opportunities and benefit from globalization.On the basis of marketing, global sales are not only suitable for large enterprises, but also for small start-ups and medium-sized enterprises.Digital marketing is suitable for both the global promotion of services and the global promotion of goods.Both types of business were discussed.The rapid development of the global business field was also discussed in particular: information technology, educational technology、online media, professional business services.Another new issue is the increasing role of social media in all parts of the world, which has a significant impact on global business.This book provides you with practical tools that will help you：Choose the most suitable foreign target market;Develop a global sales and marketing strategy;Calculate the break-even point and return on investment of new international projects;Choose from many digital marketing tools and develop your own digital marketing strategy;Conduct export marketing research;Develop your international website.
Category: Economics and Finance

Dimensional Photon Accelerator and Inverse Relativity Test

Authors: Michael Girgis
Comments: 10 Pages.

We can design a photon accelerator that accelerates the photons even though the photons have no rest mass in order to do mechanical work on them, they have no electric charge to interact with the electric or magnetic field, they move at the maximum speed in a vacuum, which is the speed of light, i.e. No more speed, but through a new hypothesis called the dimensional rest mass hypothesis, we can find solutions to the three reasons that prevent us from accelerating photons and design an accelerator of photons called the dimensional photon accelerator works with a new principle that is not used in particle physics, which is the acceleration between the dimensions of spatial space, The work of the accelerator is a test of the dimensional rest mass hypothesis, Therefore, it is also a test of the inverse relativity theory, which relied mainly on that hypothesis, This is the main purpose of designing this accelerator.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity: Effective Mass Theory of Gravity

Authors: Lee McLoughlin
Comments: 11 Pages.

This is just the introduction to my paper but I bring you the conclusion now and then explain after. I have produced a new theory of gravity a theory based on effective mass. It dispenses with Newton’s theory, Einstein’s theory and with dark matter and introduces new formulas for making accurate calculations of gravitational force and mass.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Optimal Capacitor Allocation Using Metaheuristic Algorithms in Radial Distribution Networks

Authors: Kola Sampangi Sambaiah
Comments: 38 Pages. I declare the research article nowhere submitted or published completely or partially.

Capacitor allocation plays a vital role in the planning and operation of distribution networks. Optimal allocation of capacitor provides reactive power compensation, relieves feeder capacity, improves voltage profile, minimizes power losses, annual cost, and maximizes net savings. However, optimal capacitor allocation is a complex combinatorial optimization problem which consists of finding the bus location, number of capacitors to be installed and their respective sizes by satisfying all the distribution network constraints. The present article investigates the effective implementation of two novel metaheuristic algorithms for solving capacitor allocation optimization problems in the radial distribution network (RDN). The first algorithm is inspired by the water cycle process of nature in the real world where streams and rivers flow to the sea known as the water cycle algorithm (WCA). The second algorithm is inspired by salp swarming behavior in oceans for navigating and foraging is known as the salp swarm algorithm (SSA). To crisscross the feasibility, WCA and SSA are tested on standard 9, 33, 34, 69, and 85 — bus RDNs. Both the algorithms require less computational time for evaluating the objective function and only a few parameters need to be tuned. In addition, to show the superiority of the results obtained by WCA and SSA comparison has been made with various existing optimization techniques. The comparison confirms that both algorithms are more effective in minimizing power losses and operating costs and well suitable for solving capacitor allocation problems in RDNs.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Experimental Verification of the BCS Theory of Superconductivity by Using Persistent Supercurrents

Authors: Stanislav Dolgopolov
Comments: 1 Page. Some clarifications added

According to the BCS theory of superconductivity, the superfluid density must smoothly decrease with increasing temperature; hence a persistent supercurrent in a superconducting ring must decrease at warming and dissipate in temperature cycles below Tc. Here we propose a direct experiment of temperature dependence of persistent supercurrents to examine this BCS prediction.
Category: Condensed Matter

Tiling the Plane with K-Gons

Authors: Volker W. Thürey
Comments: 3 Pages.

We present a way to tile the plane by k-gons for a fixed k. We use usual regular 6-gons by putting some in a row and fill them with k-gons. We use only one or two or four different k-gons.
Category: Geometry

The Zero-Dimensional Physical Theory (I): Solving Reality’s Puzzle

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 24 Pages.

In advancing upon the Temporal Mechanics zero-dimensional number theory, here is presented the description of the zero-dimensional number theory as scaled with the charge of the electron and the speed of light. The two key equations for timespace as the Fibonacci equation for time and Euler’s equation for space are then given physical relevance by this scaling process. In bringing these equations together for 1d, 2d, and 3d timespace, scaled equations for timespace become apparent for physical phenomena, notably the equations for EM, mass, and gravity. The entire process here is one of adjoining the Fibonacci equation with Euler’s equation for time and space respectively and saturating that number relationship from a scale of 0 to infinity, giving rise to the equations of physical phenomena. By this process, the zero-dimensional number theory is relatable as a zero-dimensional physical theory as a model of physical events, making number-theory based predictions that agree with empirical observations.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Hypergeometric Relations, Catalan Constant

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this note we give some formulas related to Catalan constant.
Category: Number Theory

Spectral Information Criterion for Automatic Elbow Detection

Authors: L. Martino, R. San Millán-Castillo, E. Morgado
Comments: 22 Pages. (to appear) Expert Systems With Applications, 2023.

We introduce a generalized information criterion that contains other well-known information criteria, such as Bayesian information Criterion (BIC) and Akaike information criterion (AIC), as special cases. Furthermore, the proposed spectral information criterion(SIC) is also more general than the other information criteria, e.g., since the knowledge of a likelihood function is not strictly required. SIC extracts geometric features of the error curve and, as a consequence, it can be considered an automatic elbow detector. SIC provides a subset of all possible models, with a cardinality that often is much smaller than the total number of possible models. The elements of this subset are elbows" of the error curve. A practical rule for selecting a unique model within the sets of elbows is suggested as well. Theoretical invariance properties of SIC are analyzed. Moreover, we test SIC in ideal scenarios where provides always the optimal expected results. We also test SIC inseveral numerical experiments: some involving synthetic data, and two experiments involving real datasets. They are all real-world applications such as clustering, variable selection, or polynomial order selection, to name a few. The results show the benefits of the proposed scheme. Matlab code related to the experiments is also provided. Possible future research lines are finally discussed.
Category: Statistics

A New Home for Bivectors in Three Dimensions

Authors: Norm Cimon
Comments: 9 Pages. A proposal for a poster about this research has been submitted to the International Conference of Advanced Computational Applications of Geometric Algebra.

The impetus for the work is this quote:"...as shown by Gel’fand’s approach, we can only abstract a unique manifold if our algebra is commutative." (Hiley and Callaghan, 2010)Geometric algebra is non-commutative. Components of different grades can be staged on different manifolds. As operations on those elements proceed, they will effect the promotion and/or demotion of components to higher and/or lower grades, and thus to different manifolds. This paper includes imagery that visually displays bivector addition and rotation on a sphere.David Hestenes interpreted the vector product or rotor in two-dimensions:"as a directed arc of fixed length that can be rotated at will on the unit circle, just as we interpret a vectoras a directed line segment that can be translated at will without changing its length or directionu2026" (Hestenes, 2003)Rotors can be used to develop addition and multiplication of bivectors on a sphere. For those rotational dynamics, rotors of length pi/2 are the basis elements. The geometric algebra of bivectors — Hamilton’s "pure quaternions" — is thus shown to transparently reside on a spherical manifold.
Category: Geometry

Synopsis of Main Theories of Gravity

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 5 Pages.

There are many theories of gravity.We summaries a few points regarding the Theories of Gravity by Newton, Einstein, Alzofon and Ionescu.The first two are ``static'', implying that Gravity is a fundamental interaction, while the later two are ``dynamic'', deriving Gravity from the elementary particles structure and predicting Gravity Control.Further explanations are provided in other dedicated articles.That Gravity is a quantum effect is also advocated by other researchers on the SM with discrete symmetry groups cite{Potter}, p.3.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Presentation of the Unlimited Transference of Pairs Method: an Alternative to Bijections

Authors: Juan Carlos Caso Alonso, Francisco Mario Cruz Almeida
Comments: 61 Pages. In Spanish - I can be contacted at recursos.clja@gmail.com

First of all, each point of this project, has been checked as OK, unofficially, for at least, two different persons that said they were mathematicians. The problem is that they are not the same group of persons, and each one believes the mistake is in a different point, while others consider that concrete point, as totally correct. Each comment, each guessing you can made, probably have been taken into account. The unique problem of this project is its crazy goal and the incapacity to put in the same room all the people I have talked sometime.We are going to present an alternative technic to compare infinite cardinalities. Different from bijections or injections, and not totally equivalent in potential, able to work when the previous ones can't. Applied to an obvious case we are going to create. After that, show the equivalents points between the obvious example and the real example we really want to study: P(N) vs N. To show how P(N) has not a cardinality bigger than N.I would like to remember now the first paragraph.We can apply the technic to different sets, with different natures and transfinite cardinalities. Always compared with N.The injectivity concept says to us that is impossible to create a relation r: A -> B, where |B| < |A|, and r being injective. In every possible relation, we must have a minimum quantity of pairs of elements from AXA, with the same image. At least one pair. The core of the idea of the TPI technic (Unlimited Transference of Pairs) is to create a mathematically correct process that shows that minimum is not bigger than 0. Considering the case of 0 pairs with same image, the case of a perfect injection. Remember: It will not be the same as an injective relation.The technic must be considered as valid. And after that, other documents will be recovered, each one per each equivalence, between the technic I will show in this document, and the real case we want to study really. Each equivalence must be considered as valid too. Finally, we will apply the same conclussion we obtained in the obvious example, to the real case.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Paradox in General Relativity for a Charged Sphere

Authors: Karl De Paepe
Comments: 2 Pages.

For a static charged sphere with small mass and charge we make gauge and coordinate transformations so that the electromagnetic vector potential has a time component of one and zero space components at all points. We consider Einstein field equations with this potential. There is a solution that has no electromagnetic field. This is a contradiction since we began, before the transformations, with a nonzero electromagnetic field.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Metasystem-Synergetic Approach to the Architectural and "Platform" Organization of the Brain's Neural Network

Authors: Grigory L. Lupu
Comments: 17 Pages. In Russian

The brain is considered as having several homologous meta-levels of organization (neuron substructures, neurons, microcolons, cortical macromodules, "classical" nerve centers, analyzers, the central nervous system of individuals ...), each of which, in its characteristic time range, is arranged and operates as a learning neural network (from the "details" of the previous level of organization) - hierarchical synergetic crystal; on the basis of which various levels are classified: neurostructures, "stages of memory" and their duration, types of higher nervous activity, levels of the psyche and self, and levels of organization of various aspects and manifestations of functioning of neurostructures — an analogue of the "periodic table" for neuroscience. The specificity of the intelligent brain is that it is a system controlled by an auto-interacting process of internal self-observation as such. The architectural-systemic aspect of the brain and psyche, as well as the physical-cybernetic nature of the subjective-psychic are considered.

Мозг рассматривается как имеющий несколько гомологичных метауровней организации (субструктуры нейрона, нейроны, микроколонки, кортикальные макромодули, "классические" нервные центры, анализаторы, ЦНС индивидов...), каждый из которых в своём диапазоне характеристического времени устроена и работает как обучающаяся нейронная сеть (из "деталей" предыдущего уровня организации) - иерархический синергокристалл; на основании чего классифицированы различные уровни: нейроструктур, "этапов памяти" и их длительности, видов ВНД, уровней психики и "я", и уровней организации различных аспектов и проявлений функционирования нейроструктур — аналог "таблицы Менделеева" для нейронаук. Рассмотрены архитектурно-системный аспект мозга и психики, а также физико-кибернетическая природа субъективно-психического.
Category: Mind Science

Unification of Atomic Physics and Cosmology

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 38 Pages.

In this paper in an elegant way will be present that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Model of Drop Experiment

Authors: Hui Liu
Comments: 3 Pages.

The equivalence principle has been verified by multiple experiments. Many of these experiments are drop experiments: Balls of different masses fall to the ground. Each experiment yielded the same result: Both objects fall to the ground at the same time. However, we have doubts about this result. Fortunately general relativity provides a tool, It can be used to verify our ideas. It tells us: Mass bends spacetime, and the curvature of spacetime reflects the magnitude of gravity. So, we conducted a thought experiment with this tool, The conclusion is: The experimental results contain a scale problem, Under the existing experimental precision, on a certain scale, We can only get the same result. When this scale is exceeded, the results will be different.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmology Calculator WELTTABELLEN - Worldlines of the Standard Model of Cosmology (Lambda-CDM Model) in Tabular Form

Authors: Werner Lange
Comments: 131 pages. In German. The new version 3.21 is a complete revision of the previous paper.

The cosmology calculator WELTTABELLEN (literally: WORLDTABLES) provides worldlines of galaxies and photons in tabular form for the spatially flat standard model of cosmology (Lambda-CDM model). In addition, Hubble radius, light cones for arbitrary apexes, event horizon and particle horizon are calculated as a function of user-defined coordinate ranges. Furthermore, various cosmological parameters, intersections between light cones, Hubble sphere, horizons and worldlines of galaxies as well as the recession velocities of galaxies, Hubble sphere, light cones and horizons can be determined. Light emitted from galaxies at a specific point in time can be assigned to those light cone apexes at which the emitted light is visible. All result values can be provided depending on scale factor, redshift, and time after the Big Bang, and can be displayed in comoving and physical coordinates. WELTTABELLEN traces the essential characteristics of the Lambda-CDM model. The program may be used by professionals (e.g. lecturers and students at the university) and lay people interested in cosmology. To the author's knowledge, no free comparable software is available on the market. The performance range of the program exceeds by far the capabilities of the online cosmology calculators that can be found on the internet. In addition to outputting standard tables, the program is capable of writing a large number of variables to a so-called plotter data file. The term plotter data file is based on the initial intended use, namely the preparation of drawings. In principle, however, this file type can be used for all applications for processing cosmological data. The current WELTTABELLEN file system, consisting of several folders and centered around the executable WELTTABELLEN program, can be downloaded for free from the website https://www.welttabellen.com/ as a ZIP file, along with the current program description and installation instructions. The website also contains definitions of terms, various useful supplementary documents, application tips, and numerous examples of control files and corresponding result printouts. The offline program does not provide a graphical user interface. There are no English versions of program printouts and program description. However, the website contains some basic information in English and Spanish.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Falsification of the Atomic Model

Authors: Johannes Maria Frank
Comments: 8 Pages.

A mathematical proof is presented showing that the contemporary, widely accepted model of theatom must be false. In particular, the charge distribution of separated charges violates Gauss’slaw. It is further shown, that quantum mechanics cannot be used as an excuse for this impossibleobject to exist. Then a major flaw in the Rutherford gold foil experiment is discussed. Finally, theconclusion is drawn, that there cannot be an atomic nucleus and that the charges and thus the massmust be somehow more equally distributed across the volume of the atom.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A Proof that ∞ = 3

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

This time, I aimed to prove the concept of ∞ = 3 based on my past paper No. 1.
Category: General Mathematics

Theory of Heat

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper a theory of heat has been presented.
Category: Classical Physics

Some Problems of Geodesy for the Preparation for the Professional Competition for the Promotion to the Grade of Engineer Surveyor

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 9 Pages. In French

In this paper, we give some problems of geodesy for the preparation for the professional competition for the promotion to the grade of engineer surveyor (geodesy option).
Category: Geophysics

Space, Time, Matter and Kinematics of a Point
Пространство, время, материя и кинематика точки Часть 1

Authors: Valery Timin
Comments: 113 Pages. In Russian

Physics plays a huge role in modern natural science. In this paper, the section "Kinematics" is considered. The model and purpose of studyingkinematics in this work will be the description of the mechanical motion of a material point in space in time with a geometric bias. At the same time, as a rule, its mass and other material properties, as well as the reasons for this particular movement, will not be taken into account. All that matters are the concepts of coordinates and trajectories. Everything else is derived from them. The tools of physics are mathematics and experiments. With the help actual data on the relationships in physical reality is collected, then abstract mathematical theories of physicalreality corresponding to the conducted experiments are formulated, then again, with the helpof experiments, these theories are tested for compliance with the current state of physicalknowledge and predictions are made beyond current knowledge. And all in a circle. Kinematics is the most abstract branch of physics (and mechanics), very close to abstract mathematics, whose task is to describe possible movements abstract physical objects in space and time without taking into account the real laws of physics. Kinematics is more geometry than physics and mechanics. Its objects are models of real physical objects and a description of their motion in abstractspace—time. I would like to define the laws of kinematics. But there are none. Kinematics ismathematics with a material, physical connotation with a set of words from physics and mechanics.We can only say that these laws could follow from the three basic laws of dynamics of classical Galileo—Newton mechanics (CMN) and special and general Einstein's theory of relativity (SRT and GRT) — but even this cannot be said. There is noconcept of force and, therefore, causality in it.

В данной работе рассматривается раздел «Кинематика». Моделью и целью изучениякинематики в данной работе будет описание механического движения материальнойточки в пространстве во времени с геометрическим уклоном. При этом, как правило, небудут учитываться ее масса и другие материальные свойства, а также причины именноэтого движения. Все, что имеет значение — это понятия координаты и траектории. Всеостальное — производные от них.Инструментами физика являются математика и эксперименты. С помощьюэкспериментов производится сбор фактических данных о взаимосвязях в физическойреальности, затем формулируются абстрактные математические теории физическойреальности, соответствующие проведенным эксперимента, далее опять же с помощьюэкспериментов проверяются эти теории на соответствие текущему состоянию физическихзнаний и делаются предсказания за пределами текущих знаний. И все по кругу.Кинематика — это наиболее абстрактный раздел физики (и механики), очень близкийк абстрактной математике, задачей которой является описание возможных движенийабстрактных физических объектов в пространстве и времени без учета реальных законовфизики. Кинематика — более геометрия, чем физика и механика. Его объектами являютсямодели реальных физических объектов и описание их движения в абстрактномпространстве—времени.Хотелось бы определить законы кинематики. Но их нет. Кинематика — этоматематика с материальным, физическим оттенком с набором слов из физики и механики.Можно сказать только то, что эти законы могли бы следовать из трех основных законовдинамики классической механики Галилея—Ньютона (КМН) и специальной и общейтеории относительности Эйнштейна (СТО и ОТО) — но и этого нельзя сказать. В ней нетпонятия силы и, следовательно, причинности.
Category: Classical Physics

Locally Uniform Approximations and Riemann Hypotheses (Fourth Revised)

Authors: Chen-Li Pan
Comments: We add Lemma 2.5 at page 12 to explain the formulation of (2.22) in Section 2, rewrite the 2nd paragraph of page 41 and refer it to the convention with the number l=1 for which it is built up at 3rd and 4th paragraphs of page 38.

This paper offers a breakthrough in proving the veracity of original Riemann hypothesis, and extends the validity of its method to include the cases of the Dedekind zeta functions, the Hecke L-functions hence the Artin L-functions, and the Selberg class.First we parametrize the Riemann surface $mathbf{S}$ of $log$-function, with which we first shrink the scale of each chosen parameter for which it depends on the chosen natural number $Q_{N_{0}}$ which is a chosen common multiple of all the denominators which are derived from a pre-set choice of rational numbers which approximate the values $log(k+1)$ with the integers $k$ in $0leq kleq N$.Then in (1.7) we define the mapping $-Q_{N_{0}}log(.)$ to pull the truncated Dirichlet $eta$-function $f_{N}(s)$ back to be re-defined on $mathbf{S}$, after that we shrink all the points to have their absolute values are all less than $1$ and closer to $1$. We apply the Euler transformation to the alternative series of Dirichlet $eta$-functions $f(s)$ which are defined in (1.4), then we build up the locally uniform approximation of Theorem 4.7 for $f(s)$ which are established on any given compact subset contained in the right half complex plane.In the second part we define the functions $phi(s)$ which are formulated in (6.1) then by specific property of the functions $phi(s)$, we have the similar asymptotics Theorem 6.5 as those of Theorem 4.7 to obtain the result of Theorem 6.8.And with the locally uniform estimation Lemma 5.10, finally in Theorem 5.9 and Theorem 6.9 we employ Theorem 5.8 and Theorem 6.8 to solve problems of Riemann hypothesis for the Dedekind zeta functions, the Hecke L-functions, the Artin L-functions, and the Selberg class for which all of their nontrivial zeros are contained in the vertical line $Re(s)=1/2$.Finally for the $gamma(s)$-factor of each Dirichlet series $D(s)$ which is formulated in (1.4), then by Theorem 6.9 it has neither zeros nor poles contained in the critical strip $0<Re(s)<1$ and the non-existence of Siegel's zeros for such Dirichlet series $D(s)$ is confirmed.
Category: Number Theory

Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF-1); A Focus on Peripheral Neurofibromas

Authors: Brandon Truong
Comments: 2 Pages.

The aim of this poster is to develop of deeper understanding of the mechanisms which cause neurofibromatosis type-1 on a cellular level but also explore the clinical manifestations which may arise from this disorder. Specifically, a focuswill be placed behind the biology of peripheral neurofibromas.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Masses of Virtual Quarks

Authors: Branko Zivlak
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author name is required on the Article - Please conform!)

The values of quark masses have been determined.
Category: Quantum Physics

Validity of the Riemann Series Theorem

Authors: Fabien Sabinet
Comments: 2 Pages.

A classic example of the Riemann series theorem use the alternating harmonic series that converges to lnu2061(2) when k → ∞ and when rearranged converges now to a different value 1/2 lnu2061(2) when k → ∞. But here I demonstrate that the rearranged series always exclude terms that constitute a third series which itself converges to exactly the difference between the original series and the rearranged one and thus explains why the rearranged series do not converge toward the original value. Eventually, it demonstrates also that the theorem is certainly false.
Category: Number Theory

A Case of Remission of Childhood-onset Fluency Disorder Induced by Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Following Successful Treatment with Benzodiazepines

Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 15 Pages.

We experienced a case in which a benzodiazepine drug was effective for the onset of childhood fluency disorder. Though the case was mild from the infant stage, there was anarthria. The patient developed interpersonal tension just before high school. The patient had been suffering from interpersonal tension, and since coming to our hospital, prescribed a relatively large amount of a benzodiazepine. Then, the benzodiazepine antianxiety agent was accidentally effective for the childhood onset fluent disorder. The possibility in which the case which shows the effect in which the benzodiazepine drug is strong for the childhood onset fluent disorder like this case latently exists is considered. In conclusion, SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) have been shown to reduce the severity of STSS.
Category: Mind Science

Non-Linear Phenomena of the Torsion Field Communication Sessions

Authors: Mark Krinker, Peng Gao
Comments: 12 Pages.

Torsion field can be used for communicationpurposes because of the Non-Local phenomenarelated to the objects which generate this field. Torsion Field Communication, which is Non-Electromagnetic one, is a very different when compared to normal Electromagnetic communication approach. These new properties bring some advantages. This work introduces a series of TFC experiments between Beijing and New York, accomplished by the authors. SEVA instrument was employed as the receiver in New York, and the scalar wave generator, which is based on tworesonant Tesla coils, was used as the TF transmitter. As the authors believe, such the conceptions like the non-locality, nonlinearity, quantum entanglement, Field Gyroscope and related to them Synchronicity, all having the common root, are the carriers of this NonElectromagneticphenomenon. During these sessions, some accompanying, interesting non-linear phenomenaoccurred.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Distribution Of Prime Numbers And The Continued Fractions

Authors: Mohammed Bouras
Comments: 7 Pages. The sequence contain only ones and the primes in order (conjecture 3.1 and 3.2).

In this paper, we present a new sequence containing only ones and the prime numbers, which can be calculated in two different ways, the first way using the greatest common divisor (gcd) and Kurepa left factorial function, the second way consisting of using the denominator of the continued fraction
Category: Number Theory

On the Characteristics of Weak Interactions

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 13 Pages.

Weak interactions are described in terms of repelling contact between resilient particle bodies or quanta. Then classical conservation laws can be upheld throughout a collision or decay by creating mediator transition-particles of muonic or pionic mass to transfer energy, momentum and charge. Mediator vector bosons W±, Z0, created by manoeuvring known conservation laws, can be superseded.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

An Approximation for √2/ 2 Using Triangular Numbers

Authors: Julian Beauchamp
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author name is required on the Article - Please conform!)

In this short paper, I prove that the difference between the square roots of two consecutive triangular numbers tends to √2/2, the reciprocal of √2, as the triangular numbers tend to infinity. I believe this relationship between √2 and triangular numbers is previously unknown.
Category: Number Theory

Using the Doppler Type Redshift in Galactic Recession

Authors: Claudio Marchesan
Comments: 50 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License

This paper intends to present an alternative Cosmological model to the standard one, proposing a different calculation for the Galactic Recession. By predicting measurements for Stellar distances and Time dilations, it therefore can be falsified through observations. About this, starting from the data of the Supernova SN 1995K and after the recalculation of the Distance Modulus μ without using the K Correction of FLRW (in my opinion wrong: it should not increase μ), we successfully carried out a test on the Time Dilation and one on the Luminosity distance. The results obtained from those verification of this Stellar distance (d = 1,300 Mpc) and this Time dilation (Lorentz factor γ = 0.86 which makes SN 1995K to SN 1990N similar) are reported in viXra: [2207.0051], [2208.0040] and [2208.0152]. I think these are good results even if limited in number and not definitive. Seen also the today’s debate among ΛCDM with FLRW and alternative models, this model should not be discarded.Here, the Universe lies on the surface of a hypersphere which expands at a constant rate with its radius stretching as r=ct. Given the constant expansion speed, it is not necessary to define a new specific type of redshift (Cosmological) to be associated with the Galactic Recession. Here the redshift is Gravitational or Doppler.Even if the validity our model stops (and, with it, the scientific speculation too) at the last 10 billion years, we anyhow need for an explanation as to how this shape of the Universe developed. As we shall see, our idea starts from what in the theory of Bing Bang is referred to as "Last scattering" (we date its Timeline to 720,000 years with a very high temperature). We do not have to change the ΛCDM sequence of events up to the Nucleosynthesis, the Thompson Scattering and the Recombination; so as not to miss many important successful predictions and scientific results of the standard model. It is still early to say but, if most of ΛCDM were safeguarded, then this model with its different metric could solve many, if not all, the problems deriving from the latest observations of the James Webb telescope.(Limited to the recession calculus, you can find the key points in pages 7-9 and 19-26)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cauchy Functions Compared to the Gaussian for X-Ray Powder Diffraction Line Profile Fitting: An Exercise

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 9 Pages.

The best-known profile function is the Gaussian function, which can be used, for instance, to fit successfully optical absorption bands or neutron scattering patterns. However, peaks of X-ray powder pattern can hardly be fitted well with such a simple function. Whereas combined functions are widely in use for such purpose, we applied Cauchy functions to fit our well resolved Guinier powder diffraction data. The Cauchy function of second order is well suited and will be described in more detail as a didactic exercise in crystallography as well as mathematics. In addition, a profile function with an exotic non-integer exponent based on the golden mean is supplemented. This contribution will be continuously revised before its final publication to react of Fewster’s new diffraction theory that will change the matter in future. As an example beyond crystallography the author fitted German Covid-19 data to correlate virus infection peak maxima with causal events.
Category: Algebra

Spin G-Factor of Nucleon and Lepton Can Express Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron

Authors: Shan-Hong Li
Comments: 2 Pages.

Electron, muon, tauon, proton and neutron seem to be five independent particles, but this paper found that there is a relationship between their spin g-factors. In this paper, we find a formula for calculating the anomalous magnetic moment of electron, which links five particles together. The calculation result of the formula is 0.0011596521807414. It is in good agreement with the experimental measurement.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Kinetic Theory of Fluids

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper a kinetic theory of fluids has been presented.
Category: Classical Physics

Measurement of the Frequency Drift of the Binary Star System HM Cancri (2)

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The binary star system HMC (J0806.3+1527) emits gravitational waves near 6220.5 $mu$Hz, which can be detected with superconducting gravimeters. The signal amplitude can be raised by in-phase addition of many data sets to the point where the second derivative of the orbital frequency can also be measured precisely. Knowledge of the frequency evolution is necessary to understand the transport of matter in this mysterious stellar system.
Category: Astrophysics

An Elementary Proof of Franel Number Recurrence Relation

Authors: Suaib Lateef
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, we provide an elementary proof of Franel number recurrence relation. Consequently, we derive a recurrence relation involving the sum of third powers of binomial coefficients.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

The Tetrahedron Conjecture: Constant Creation, Closed Universes, Cosmic Evolution, and Determinism

Authors: David Wigley
Comments: 66 Pages.

Constant Creation has numerous advantages over the Big Bang Theory. It explains:u2022 The evolution of the cosmosu2022 Dark energy and cosmic inflationu2022 Why the night sky is dark [Olbers’ paradox] and stellar voidsu2022 Uniformity of mass and charge for each type of subatomic particle u2022 The existence of positive and negative electrostatic and magnetic forcesu2022 The structure of nuclei and atomsu2022 Wave-particle dualism and light polarizationu2022 Mass, gravitation, and dark matteru2022 Time dilation and length contraction.
Category: Quantum Physics

Attention Weighted Fully Convolutional Neural Networks for Dermatoscopic Image Segmentation

Authors: Michael Blackwell, Qing Tian
Comments: 5 Pages.

The goal of this project was to develop a fully convolutional neural network (FCNN) capable of identifying the region of interest (ROI) in dermatoscopic images. To achieve this goal, a U-Net style model was developed for this task and enhanced with an attention module which operated on the extracted features. The addition of this attention module improved our model's semantic segmentation performance and increased pixel-level precision and recall by 4.0% and 4.6%respectively. The code used in thie paper can be found on the project github page: https://github.com/Michael-Blackwell/CapstoneProject
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Unified Field Theory Derived from a Magnetic Confinement Method that Stimulates Curvature Upon Charged Particles Relative to a Solitary Location that Produces Energy from Particle Deviation

Authors: Samuel Pierre Moss II
Comments: 25 Pages.

This work presents a novel patent pending method of inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) fusion called the Nuclear Electromagnetic Shaping Accelerator Reactor (NESAR) that addresses all of the major failure problems with currently known methods of IEC fusion. A brief background of previous IEC methods that generate a negative potential well to accelerate ions for fusion will be reviewed and compared to the NESAR method of magnetic confinement. In addition, a direct comparison will be presented between the NESAR and the tokamak method of fusion. The NESAR method of fusion obtains the plasma oscillation and compression capabilities of a tokamak without producing the catastrophic magnetic reconnection disruptions that currently plague tokamaks. Since the NESAR can oscillate charged particles comparable to the tokamak, this work will briefly review the history of the tokamak, how sawtooth magnetic reconnection occurs, and how the NESAR precludes the occurrence of magnetic reconnection.This work will also review the beginnings of a novel theory that has obtained interest from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) which is currently interested in possibly supporting further research into the NESAR to explore this new theoretical concept. This novel theory is a unified field theory based upon the trajectory of charged particle movements within the NESAR. The NESAR is the only concept of magnetic confinement in the world that may have the capability to allow charge particles to collectively interact relatively to a solitary location. Due to this possible capability, there is a probability that the confined particles may experience curved trajectories that could allow them to experience the effects of curvature deviation. If curvature deviation occurs with these magnetically confined charged particles; then the deviated acceleration would allow for the electromagnet field to be propelled to a higher dimension that could influence spacetime.Finally, this work will review another theory that explains how pole reversals are observed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) coiled magnetic field detectors. This theory requires little to no postulations to be framed and it is purely based upon the trajectory of charged particles within the NESAR, Michael Faraday’s law of induction, and experimental observations of rotating plasmas.
Category: Quantum Physics

On a 16-year Long Persistent Depressive Disorder That Went Into Remission After Fishing

Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 9 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form)

We experienced a 16-year-standing depressive disorder that dramatically went into remission by engaging in fishing. For 16 years, the patient had undergone various treatments, including medication and electroshock therapy, none of which were effective. It was thought that becoming at one with nature, with no mind, led to remission of his persistent depressive disorder. When one is absorbed in fishing, the cares of social life tend to become trivial and no longer bother him orher. This was also thought to have greatly reduced the stress of the patients. It is thought that the modern lifestyle, which is so far removed from the great outdoors, has led to a high incidence of depressive disorders and other mental disorders. The "chi" of the sea was thought to have caused remission of prolonged depressive disorder.
Category: Mind Science

佛经宇宙观的现代解读 (前三部分节选)
The Modern Interpretation of Buddhist Cosmology (Excerpts from Part 1, 2 and 3)

Authors: Yuwen Zhuang
Comments: 316 Pages. Only contains Chinese version. （只有中文版本）

"佛经宇宙观的现代解读" 的前三部分节选，共18章内容，约占全体内容的80%。现免费供研究人员和有兴趣的读者阅读。本节选分三大部分，共一十八章，围绕众多尚未很好解决的佛学问题，提供了系统的符合逻辑一致性的可验证式解答:

第一部分为《基础概述》共 10 章。我们根据佛经描述中部分对象的空间规模，从小到大依次论证了它们与我们所观测世界中众多事物之间的 "对应非等价" (或 "对应非等同") 关系。对数千年来佛经神话传说中若干个悬而未决的问题，给出了符合经文描述内在逻辑一致性 (经文间可互相印证) 且符合现代科学观测的可验证式解答，其中包括 "须弥山"、"四大部洲"、"诸天宫殿"、"十八地狱"、"三千大千世界"等著名佛学术语所涉及的对象。我们的研究表明，这些对象绝非虚无缥缈，亦非纯粹的神话臆想。

第二部分为《拓展分析》共 5 章。首先，我们详细论证了佛经关于"阎浮提洲"、"郁多啰究留洲" 的描述中，有很多事物与我们所熟知的历史 (譬如古埃及)、人文 (譬如法老) 及自然景观等有着密切的关系。其次，我们论证了佛经关于世界 "成住坏空" 的描述中蕴含着一个关于太阳系形成的 "三阶段星云学说"。再次，我们根据经文的描述对佛经神话事物进行必要的基于神话故事内在逻辑的推导，还原出它们包含地理位置、大小、时间等必要的属性，表明了神话故事内在逻辑的自洽性。我们的研究还表明，东西方宗教文化所阐述的神话形象存在部分相似性和一致性。从次，我们以大量的科学观测案例论证了佛经描述的神话事 件与现实世界自然现象之间存在某种 "对应非等价" 关系。最后，我们关于佛经对人类和文明起源的分析表明，佛经的相关描述存在逻辑自洽性，并且与其它宗教经典 (《圣经·旧约·创世纪》) 的相关描述存在一定程度上的相似性，即相关术语和时间逻辑上的近似。

第三部分为《其它问题和争议》共 3 章。首先，我们对经文不同译本的部分矛盾问题做了分析，研究表明大藏经存在某种特殊的高智商破坏和干扰经文现象。其次，我们发现佛经的部分描述存在混淆失真的现象，并对部分数值进行勘误。最后，我们对各种包括经文来源权威性、经文伪造、牵强附会的解读等众多极具争议的话题做出正面回应，并对我们的相关解读进行辩护。

This article contains excerpts (part 1, 2 and 3) from the author's book "The Modern Interpretation of Buddhist Cosmology" in Simplified Chinese.

The Modern Interpretation of Buddhist Cosmology (Part 1, 2 and 3 Excerpts)

Simplified Chinese version only.

Ultimate Acceleration to Calculate Space Debris Oscillation and Global Climate Change

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 27 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit β, in the solar system, β=2.961520e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect related to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, as an application, this relativistic model gives out the sunspot cycle to be 10.38 years due to the ultimate acceleration. The calculation results show that the period of space debris density oscillation is 0.51 days; in the space debris orbit at the altitude of 800 km, the density oscillation has 3.9 wavelengths. The same approach is applied to the Earth El Niño oscillation and global climate change cycle, calculating out the El Niño irregular period to be 8.5 years; calculating out the global climate change cycle to be 100.6 kiloyears which coincides with the Milankovitch cycle; the global temperature has increased about 0.8°C for the past century. In the atmosphere, the more serious the air pollution, the stronger the wind.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Alternative Reflections on "Titius-Bode Law"

Authors: Johann Albers
Comments: 5 Pages.

For more than 300 years there has been evidence for relationships between the radii of planetary orbits in the solar system, known since about 1766 as the Titius-Bode Law, (TBL). According to this law, the radii increase exponentially in equidistant steps. Due to recent findings, substantial modifications of this law seem to be appropriate: 1). Not the radii, but the period lengths are correlated.2). Resonant ratios of the period durations determine the behavior.3). In more and more exosolar planetary systems and planet-moon systems this behavior is registered. 4). Which unknown coupling mechanism causes this resonance?Neither in its original form, nor in its "generalized" form, TBL can be explained on the basis of classical gravitational theories. On the basis of ARG, TBL may very well be expected, with all the details given above. Thus TBL, older than "Mach's Priciple" and "Foucault Pendulum", may well be counted among the effects which are particularly well suited as a litmus test for all theories of gravitation.
Category: Astrophysics

Formulae Yielding pi

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

We give some integrals for Pi.
Category: General Mathematics

Why Consciousness is Non-algorithmic, and Strong AI Cannot Come True

Authors: G. Torimaru
Comments: 2 Pages.

I explain why consciousness is non-algorithmic, and strong AI cannot come true, and reinforce Penrose's argument.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Setting Right LGBTQ Rights

Authors: Gennady Shkliarevsky
Comments: 40 Pages.

In the current social and political turmoil, few issues are more divisive and cause more controversy than issues related to the rights of sexual minorities and gender dissidents. The polarizing impact of these issues is really astounding given the size of these two groups. Obviously, controversies over gender and sexuality have touched the nerve in wide segments of the population. Explanations for this divisiveness generally focus on either the recalcitrance of conservatives or on the recklessness of progressive advocates of change. This article questions these explanations. It sees the main problem in the very approach used by groups on both sides of the divide. The LGBTQ community uses the human rights approach. In this approach, the rights of sexual minorities and gender non-conformists emerge as absolute, universal, and thus non-negotiable. The opponents of the LGBTQ agenda use universalistic claims of their own, usually centered on religion. These opposing claims make the controversy irresolvable.The dominant view of human rights is that they are absolute, universal, and non-negotiable. They have roots in human nature that is also regarded as absolute and universal. The article offers an analysis of human nature and defines its fundamental properties. The conclusion that follows from this analysis is that only rights that protect these fundamental properties can properly be defined as human rights. These properties make human rights absolute, universal, and non-negotiable. Other types of rights (for example, civil rights or the rights related to self-expression) are important but they are not absolute and universal; consequently, they are negotiable. The tendency to assign the status of absolute and universal to rights that are not related to fundamental properties of human nature is what makes conflicts over LGBTQ rights irresolvable.The article outlines a new approach to the rights of sexual minorities and gender non-conformists that would avoid the trap of absolutism and universalism. Through understanding of the process of creation that is central to human relationship with reality and, consequently, to human nature will make possible a realistic approach toward LGBTQ rights and will help create a more effective strategy for protecting these rights. The article also looks at sexuality education as an important contributor to the controversies related to gender and sexuality.Key words: LGBTQ, human rights, gender differentiation, sexual orientation, transgender, sexuality education
Category: Social Science

The Second Order Shannon Total Generalized Variation for Image Restoration

Authors: Alireza Hosseini, Sohrab Bazm
Comments: 26 Pages.

The Second Order Shannon Total Generalized Variation for Image Restoration.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Physical Foundation of Pauli Exclusion Principle and Nuclear Force

Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 22 Pages. minor fixes in Ref.

Laws and principles in physics, each of them should have a fundamental reason why and how it works. Through reviewing the reason in ontological point of view, we can find that the singularity of black hole doesn’t exist and the black hole itself is not the end of a star’s life because it will be blown up eventually. Also, it is interpreted that the Pauli exclusion principle is originated in the spin-spin magnetic interaction of elementary particles such as proton, neutron, electron, etc., those of which are known as fermions. With the interpretation for the exclusion principle and a classical model of proton and neutron, we can explain how the nuclear force arises inside the nucleus, why it is in such short range and attractive, and some properties of nuclear force, which is nothing but a special case of electromagnetic interaction. In the same line of thought, new nuclear model is suggested, which is compatible to both liquid drop model and shell model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Fundamental Principles of Physics

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 21 Pages.

This paper inherits and develops Newton's dialectical space-time concept. Physical matter is an objective existence with energy. Moreover, physical matter can be divided into solid matter and field matter. Vacuum space is the absolute space, and the speed of field matter in vacuum is a constant C. In this paper, general mass is introduced and defined based on energy. For any physical matter with energy E, its general mass is defined as mE = E/C2. The introduction of general mass extends Newton's classical dynamics from solid matter to field matter and Newton’s classical law of gravitation to the law of general gravitation, which replaces Einstein's special and general relativity. Furthermore, a verification experiment of the law of general gravitation is presented in this paper. When the light is far from the sun’s atmosphere and R = 200R0, the light deflection angle Δθ is 0.004367u2033. Regarding standard cosmology problems, the general mass of field matter is the so-called dark matter, and the energy of field matter is the so-called dark energy. The universe expands uniformly around the void space at the field speed C, with the expansion of galaxies accelerating. The estimated values of the general mass and energy of the field matter are approximately consistent with the modern cosmic observation data. Energy is the essence of physical matter, and inertia, gravitation, space and motion characteristics are the universal fundamental properties of energy, and Inertial mass, gravitational mass, time and temperature are the measurements of the properties of energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Norm Inequalities for One Dimensional Sobolev Hilbert Spaces (An Extension)

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, we shall consider norm inequalities for one dimensional Sobolev Hilbert spaces by using the theory of reproducing kernels as fundamental inequalities.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Nova Quantum Gravity

Authors: Melissa Blau
Comments: 6 Pages.

The Big Bang radiation, like the cosmic radiation, is a high-energy particle radiation and presumably the result of thermal radiation at extremely high temperatures in the Big Bang and therefore electromagnetic radiation. This is shown by new calculations of the down quark mass, which can be derived exactly from the radiation formulas (m=h/cλ). Possibilities of generating quarks up to protons or heavier elements can be derived from this knowledge, which are presented below.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Prime Number — Prime Factorization in Different Ways

Authors: Seung-pyo Hong
Comments: 4 Pages.

In order to judge the prime number, many division operation is done. Those who read this document will be able to subtract by addition and subtraction without multiplication and division operations. A prime number is one with no proper factors. It would take a few hundred digits to determine which number is a prime number, and it would take a while to divide it into computer operations. It is almost impossible to determine whether tens of millions of digits are a minority. If the number of judgments is increased by dividing the decimal judgments, the processing time is increased sharply and the time can not be processed. However, the time of judgment is reduced by treating the small factor decomposition in another way.
Category: Number Theory

A Unified Formula for the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron, Muon, and Tauon

Authors: Shan-Hong Li
Comments: 5 Pages.

We put forward a new viewpoint that there are two magnetic moments inside the charged leptons, namely dominant magnetic moment and recessive magnetic moment. The recessive magnetic moment produces the anomalous magnetic moment of the charged lepton, and we believe that the recessive magnetic moment is related to the mass of muon, tauon, proton, and neutron. Based on this viewpoint, we created a unified formula that describes the anomalous magnetic moments of three charged leptons. Their calculations matched well with the recommended value of 2018 CODATA. Especially for the difference in the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, the formula in this article gives a very simple explanation. At the same time, it also tells us that there are more complex structures inside the charged lepton.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Consciousness-Relational Quantum Mechanics

Authors: G. Torimaru
Comments: 2 Pages.

I advocate the new interpretation of quantum mechanics: Consciousness-Relational quantummechanics(C-RQM).
Category: Quantum Physics

Proof of Legendre Conjecture

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Legendre conjecture was proposed by the French mathematician Legendre (1752-1833) andhas not been proved for nearly 200 years. The conjecture is that between any two adjacent perfect square numbers, there is at least one prime number. That is, for any positive integer n, there is a prime number p such that n^2 < p < (n+1)^2.For the distribution of prime number is a distribution of deterministic random, problems related to prime numbers can be studied, analyzed and proved by probability statistics.This paper proves the conjecture by the method of probability and statistics, and proves that the number of prime numbers in the interval from n^2 to (n+1)^2 is similar to the number of prime numbers smaller than the integer n.
Category: Number Theory

Predictive Signals Obtained from Bayesian Network and the Prediction Quality

Authors: Ait-Taleb Nabil
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper, we will propose a method for learning signals related to a data frame $D_{1}$. The learning algorithm will be based on the biggest entropy variations of a Bayesian network. The method will make it possible to obtain an optimal Bayesian network having a high likelihood with respect to signals $D_{1}$. From the learned optimal Bayesian network, we will show what to do to infer new signals $D_{2}$ and we will also introduce the prediction quality $Delta_{CR}$ allowing to evaluate the predictive quality of inferred signals $D_{2}$. We will then infer a large number (10000) of candidate signals $D_{2}$ and we will select the predictive signals $D_{2}^{*}$ having the best prediction quality. Once the optimal signals $D_{2}^{*}$ obtained, we will impose the same order of scatter (computed from the Mahalanobis) to the points of signals $D_{2}^{*}$ as of signals $D_{1}$.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Introduction to Phenomenology About the Nature of the Photon

Authors: A. I. Andreus
Comments: 4 Pages. In Russian

Introduction to phenomenology about the nature of the photon. Phenomenology opens the prospects of formalisms and practices, as one the whole is in development, - thoughts about the nature of the photon confirm this statement, form a worldview. Five electrinos, five positrinos are glued together by twenty-five neophotinos into a photon, thus the nature of a photon is represented from an electron and a positron. Neofotino - a cube built from tetrahedra neoelectrino and neopositrino - the vertices of regular tetrahedra are the vertices of the cube.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Physical Nature of Superfluidity and Superconductivity

Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 2 Pages.

The possible connection of superfluidity and superconductivity with the nonequivalence of forward and reversed processes in quantum physics is discussed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Synchronised Lightning

Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Only complete/fully written article should be submitted)

This little study talks about good science methodology, rationality, plausibility and Okham’s Razor. Something more than a conjecture or even an hypothesis is developed to offer an explanation to the phenomenon of lightning strike synchronisation. An experiment is suggested to go a long way to proving the hypothesis, to the point of offering no other reasonable explanation.
Category: Geophysics

The Case for Score Voting

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 9 Pages. New version after slight changes mainly suggested by referees & readers.

Score voting (also called range voting) uses a ratings ballot. Each voter assigns (to as many candidates as she wishes) a number in a specified range. Greatest average score wins. Two main lines of evidence show score voting is a good decision-making method: biology and computer simulation. Honeybees achieved evolutionary success by annually deciding their new hive location via score voting. Some ants also use score voting. Computer simulations have been used to compare score versus other election methods by the criterion of Bayesian regret (BR), i.e. the expected value of the avoidable human unhappiness caused by an action—in this case the use of an election method. Score voting consistently outperforms other election methods measured by BR. Score voting also is among the simplest voting methods.
Category: Social Science

A Formal Grammar of Propositional Calculus

Authors: Elmar Guseinov
Comments: 7 Pages.

Практическое значение синтаксического определения теоремы как элемента множества, порождаемого дедуктивной системой, заключается в возможности доказательства любой теоремы компьютером с неограниченным временем работы. Одним из способов непосредственной реализации данной идеи является построение формальной грамматики дедуктивной системы. Так, при автоматическом доказательстве теорем методами машинного обучения в качестве обучающей выборки мы могли бы указать множество пар вида (X,Y), где X — теорема, а Y — порождающая X последовательность правил вывода формальной грамматики. В данной статье мы ограничимся построением грамматики исчисления высказываний. Полученная грамматика типа 0 иерархии Хомского порождает язык, словами которого являются все тавтологии.

Defined syntactically, a theorem is a word generated by a deductive system. In practice, this means that each theorem can be proven by a sufficiently long working computer. A possible implementation of this idea is based on the construction of a formal grammar of the deductive system. In automated theorem proving based on the machine learning, we then can use pairs (X,Y) as the training data, where X stands for a theorem and Y is a sequence of inference rules of the formal grammar corresponding to X. This article provides the formal grammar of propositional calculus, namely, type 0 grammar producing all tautologies.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

JWST Discoveries — Confirmation of World-Universe Model Predictions

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 15 Pages.

In 1937, P. Dirac proposed Large Number Hypothesis and Hypothesis of Variable Gravitational Constant, and later added notion of Continuous Creation of Matter in World. Developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing different mechanism of Matter creation. Most direct observational evidences of validity of WUM are: 1) Microwave Background Radiation and Intergalactic Plasma speak in favor of existence of Medium; 2) Laniakea Supercluster with binding mass ~10^17 Mʘ is home to Milky Way (MW) galaxy and ~10^5 other nearby galaxies, which did not start their movement from Initial Singularity (see Figure 1); 3) MW is gravitationally bounded with Virgo Supercluster (VSC) and has Orbital Angular Momentum calculated based on distance of 65 Mly from VSC and orbital speed of ~ 400 km s^(-1), which far exceeds rotational angular momentum of MW; 4) Mass-to-light ratio of VSC is ~ 300 times larger than that of Solar ratio. Similar ratios are obtained for other superclusters (see Figure 2). These ratios are main arguments in favor of presence of tremendous amounts of Dark Matter (DM) in World. JWST discoveries confirm the most important predictions of WUM in 2018: 1) Absolute Age of World is 14.22 Gyr; 2) Dark Epoch (spanning for Laniakea Supercluster (LSC) from the Beginning of World for 0.45 Gyr) when only DM Macroobjects (MOs) form and evolve; 3) Luminous Epoch (ever since, 13.77 Gyr for LSC) when Luminous MOs (superclusters, galaxies, extrasolar systems, etc.) emerge; 4) Transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch is due to Explosive Rotational Fission of Overspinning (surface speed at equator exceeding escape velocity) DM Supercluster’s Cores and self-annihilation of DM Particles (DMPs); 5) MOs of World form from top (Superclusters) down to Galaxies and Extrasolar systems in parallel around different Cores made up of different DMPs; 6) 3D Finite Boundless World presents a Patchwork Quilt of different Luminous Superclusters, which emerged in different places of World at different Cosmological times.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Measurement of the Frequency Drift of the Binary Star System HM Cancri

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The binary star system HMC (J0806.3+1527) emits gravitational waves near 6220.5 $mu$Hz, which can be detected with superconducting gravimeters. A newly developed method improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal so much that the second derivative of the orbital frequency can now also be precisely measured. This frequency evolution is needed to understand the transport of matter in this mysterious star system.
Category: Astrophysics

Sieve of Eratosthenes and Wheel Factorization

Authors: V. Barbera
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper presents a refinement of the Sieve method of Eratosthenes in conjunction with wheel factorization. The result is to use less memory.
Category: Number Theory

Generalized (σ,τ)-Derivations on Associative Rings Satisfying Certain Identities

Authors: Mehsin Jabel Atteya
Comments: 24 Pages.

The main purpose of this paper is to study a number of results concerning the generalized (σ, τ )-derivation D associated with the derivation d of semiprime ring and prime ring R such that D and d are zero power valued on R, where the mappings σ and τ act as automorphism mappings.Precisely, this article divided into two sections, in the first section, we emphasize on generalized (σ, τ )-derivation D associated with the derivation d of the semiprime ring and prime ring R while in the second section, we study the effect of the compositions of generalized (σ, τ )-derivations of semiprime ring and prime ring R such that D is period (n − 1) on R, for some positive integer n.
Category: Algebra

Proof of N^2+1 Conjecture

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 4 Pages.

The n^2+1 conjecture states that there are infinitely many natural numbers n such thatn^2+1 is a prime number.This paper defines the distribution type of prime numbers as deterministic randomdistribution. The distribution is characterized by limited degrees of freedom and a certain degree of predictability. This paper proves that the number of prime numbersin an interval is equivalent to the cumulative probability value. According to this, thenumber of prime numbers in a certain region can be determined by calculating thecumulative probability value. Therefore, the problems related to prime numbers can be studied, analyzed and proved by using probability and statistics methods.The conjecture is proved by judging the convergence of the series using probabilitystatistics method.
Category: Number Theory

Proof of Fermat's Number Conjecture

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 2 Pages.

The natural numbers defined by the sequence F(n) =2^(2^n) + 1, n = 0,1,2,..., are calledFermat numbers. Fermat's conjecture states that there are only finitely many primenumbers in Fermat numbers. It was proposed in 1640 and has not been proved for more than 380 years.The prime number distribution is a deterministic random distribution, so problemsrelated to prime numbers can be studied, analyzed and proved by probability statistics.In this paper, the probability and statistics method is used to prove the conjecture byjudging whether the series converges. Our new conjecture is that there are only five known Fermat primes, namely 3, 5, 17, 257, and 65537.
Category: Number Theory

Sub-quarks, Anti-matter and Red Shift

Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 203 Pages. 186 diagrams

Four sub-quarks make matter and anti-matter. Quarks are tetrahedrons with four sub-quarks. Besides two-quark mesons, three quark particles form baryons and leptons. Two new quarks and their anti-quarks are components of leptons. Beta decay is a misinterpretation of beta reaction because anti-matter velocity is opposite from the cause-effect direction. A model of the helium-4 nucleus is shown with the six attachment points for extra neutrons and four attachment points for extra protons. Electrons and positrons exit from the bottom spherical shell of the nucleus. Electron plus and minus spins are the two polarities of light. Lorentz formulas are modified to become Lorentz-Pythagorean circles with half for matter and half for anti-matter. All matter has parity, charge and time reversed anti-matter existing congruently with it. Two nested half sphere universes exist. One is dominated by matter and the other is dominated by anti-matter. The strong force present in the gluon is the cancellation of iso spin in the four sub-quarks. Energy removed from iso spin cancellation is stored as curvature of space. Time history is different from rate of time passage. Varying rates of time passage accumulate as local time history. Redshift of distant objects is an artifact of observation. The uncertainty of one photon going thru two slits is explained by adding the anti-photon going backwards in its time.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Generalized Hooke’s Law

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper the generalized Hooke’s law has been presented.
Category: Classical Physics

New Quantum Spin Perspective and Space-Time of Mind-Stuff

Authors: Rakshit P. Vyas, Mihir J. Joshi
Comments: 11 pages, 5 figures, 1 table

The fundamental building block of the loop quantum gravity (LQG) is the spin network which is used to quantize the physical space-time in the LQG. Recently, the novel quantum spin is proposed using the basic concepts of the spin network. This perspective redefines the notion of the quantum spin and also introduces the novel definition of the reduced Planck constant. The implication of this perspective is not only limited to the quantum gravity; but also found in the quantum mechanics. Using this perspective, we also propose the quantization of the mind-stuff. Similarity between the physical space-time and the space-time of the mind-stuff provides novel notions to study the space-time scientifically as well philosophically. The comparison between the physical- space-time and the space-time of the mind-stuff is also studied.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Formal Proof of De Morgan's Laws for Boolean Algebras

Authors: Elmar Guseinov
Comments: 5 Pages.

В статье приведено формальное доказательство законов де Моргана для булевых алгебр.

The article provides a formal proof of de Morgan’s laws for Boolean algebras.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Series of Odd Squares = Progression of Multiples of 8

Authors: Stefano Barretta
Comments: 2 Pages.

This article shows that the series of odd square numbers is equal to the progression of the numbers of 8.
Category: Number Theory

The Definition of Star

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 2 Pages. 5 references

A definition of star is given so that astrophysics, geophysics and biology can be updated to account for new theory and observations.
Category: Astrophysics

On Legendre's Conjecture

Authors: Kouider Mohammed Ridha
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper, we interesting in most conjecture problem relies with the prime number which is Legendre's conjecture. We also introduced polynomials that check this conjecture with algebraic proof. Also, we reinforced the conjecture with some rules.
Category: Number Theory

Dimensionless Solution for the Cosmological Constant

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 38 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4219292

In this paper in an elegant way will be present that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Electron as a Slowed Down Wave

Authors: Yaseen Ali Mohammed Al Azzam
Comments: 46 Pages.

This paper is to show that Compton wave can generate electrons because both are quantized into the same elementary particles and how the electron is a slowed down Compton wave. The electron’s structure behind its helical shape is explained. The forces involved in forming the electron and the relation between its induced and static parameters are discussed and the electron’s inductance, magnetic field and flux, electric field, voltage, current etc. are derived.A model for an equivalent circuit of the electron with the free space impedance as a circuit component is detailed The electron’s wave behavior is discussed with measuring its energy density, wave pressure and pointing vector with showing how De Broglie’s wave particle duality hypothesis describes its rotational motion rather than its wave behavior.
Category: Classical Physics

Unified Physics and Cosmology: The Theory of Everything

Authors: Subhajit Waugh
Comments: 109 Pages.

Copernicus broke with 1300 years of tradition, and revolutionized science by moving from earth-centric to sun-centric view. But, moving the viewpoint to the true center of our expanding universe explains the origin and true nature of time itself. From this God’s view, Relativity and Quantum Mechanics are two sides of the same coin. Relativity is inside the light cone phenomena (since nothing can travel faster than light), while Quantum Mechanics is outside the light cone phenomena (allowing instant communications in quantum entanglement experiments). This recent paper [Quantum principle of relativity; Andrzej Dragan, Artur Ekert, New. J. Phys. 22 (2020) 033098] has shown that every exotic Quantum effect like superposition, entanglement, probabilistic behavior, multiple paths etc. can be explained just by allowing superluminal possibility. The inside the light cone phenomena and the outside the light cone phenomena together span the entire region within the space and time axes. Only in unison they complete the entire picture.Both are dictated just by the scale (i.e. whether we use classical/human scale or sub-atomic scale). We failed to realize that the same spacetime is getting split into space like and time like regions based on size scale. And the reason behind this is not the magical (?) speed of light. That would have turned both relativity and quantum mechanics into mere branches of electromagnetism. The true reason is much deeper and at a very fundamental level of our universe. It turns out that the c is the radial expansion velocity of our universe. But why does the transition from Relativity to Quantum Mechanics happens with decreasing size scale? That’s because, this is what is happens to spatial and temporal dimensions at different scales: 3+1 (Classical regime) <=> 2+2 (Compton regime) <=> 1+3 (Planck regime). From the center of universe viewpoint, simultaneity is absolute (as demanded by Sagnac effect), and there is indeed absolute universal time (as demanded by quantum mechanics). From our viewpoint (located at an awkward position in the universe), locality is absolute, and velocity c is the upper limit, and remains constant for every observer. This turns (our) space and time into inseparable twins, and makes (our) time a relative concept. This solves the time problem which had so stubbornly resisted the reconciliation of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity (Truncated by viXra Admin.)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Demystifying the Mystery of Quantum Superposition

Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 12 pages, 3 figures

A magician, seems to be analogous to quantum mechanics, throws the spectators into a bewildering surprise by exhibiting a magic trick similar to the quantum superposition. The trick appears to be strange, weird and counter-intuitive like the quantum superposition, as long as the underlying secret behind its working is unknown. In the present article, the mystery of quantum superposition is demystified at a single-quantum level. Also, the counterfactual reality and the causality in Young's double-slit and Wheeler's delayed-choice experiments are pointed out, respectively.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Simple Construction of Abelian Graphs

Authors: Elmar Guseinov
Comments: Pages.

Замечательной иллюстрацией связи симметрии и теории групп служит доказанная в 1939 г. Робертом Фрухтом теорема о том, что каждая конечная группа G изоморфна группе автоморфизмов некоторого графа. В конструкции Фрухта естественным образом используется граф Кэли G. Однако ещё более простого построения удаётся добиться, если ограничиться абелевыми группами и фундаментальной теоремой конечных абелевых групп (FTFAG), из которой следует возможность представления любой коммутативной группы в виде прямого произведения циклических групп.

A nice example of how group theory deals with symmetry is Frucht's theorem that says that each finite group G is isomorphic to the automorphism group of some graph. In a natural way, the proof here is based on the Cayley graph of G. But we could give even more straightforward proof being restricted to abelian groups, since in this case we may apply the fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups. The article provides one of such constructions.
Category: Condensed Matter

Comment on "Has the Twin Paradox Really Been Resolved?"

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 3 Pages.

In a recent paper [1] about the Twin Paradox conundrum the authors state that "perhaps the most perplexing and controversial thought experiment in physics, and particularly in the theory of special relativity, is the twin paradox, which was realized by Einstein himself in 1905. The description of this paradox can be found in many places in the literature [1] - [8]. The paradox is based on the concept of time dilation in the theory of special relativity. If observer O' moves with velocity v relative to observer O, then the time interval between two events taking place at the same point in the frame of reference of the moving observer Δtu2032 (known as the proper time) is related to the same time Δt measured by observer O according to [1] [2] [3] [9]". Within the present formulation of special relativity, a "non-paradoxical" interpretation of the asymmetric ageing of the twins emerges. It is based exclusively on the rhythms of the clocks, which are not related by the standard textbook expressions ("time dilation") and shall not be confused with clock time readings.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

High School Set Theory Using Technology

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 12 Pages. I added figures giving the complete code for the program. Thanks for any patience.

Simple set theory problems of finding unions, intersections, and complements of simple sets consisting of integers and single letters is not a trivial exercise to automate with technology. It can be done using TI-Basic programming in the case of sets consisting of positive integers. As a TI-84 doesn't have associative arrays or just arrays for that matter doing the same for single letters of the alphabet is just about impossible. But the task can be done in Python pretty elegantly. Why bother? Well the next evolution is to see the need and power of a database and its structured query language (SQL). This tie-in of basic set theory and databases seems to never be made. It is an important connection.
Category: General Mathematics

Relationship Between the Spin G-Factor of the Electron and the Proton Mass

Authors: Shan-Hong Li
Comments: 2 Pages.

A simple formula is found in this paper, which shows that the magnetic moment of the electron is related to the mass of the proton and also to the mass of the tauon.
Category: Quantum Physics

Individual, Time and Space

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 5 Pages.

The present paper aims to be an ontological clarification, from the existential point of view, of the self and therefore of space and time.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Ultimate Acceleration to Calculate Atomic Spin

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 18 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit β, for electrons and quarks, β=2.327421e+29(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect connecting to β will become easy to test. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, consequently, the matter wave can bear the spin concept. This paper also carefully explains how the matter wave to display its spin effect in Stern-Gerlach experiments. It is completely a new aspect to quantum mechanics for the relativistic matter wave to contain spin.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Yang Algebra, Born Reciprocal Relativity Theory and Curved Phase Spaces

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 23 Pages.

We begin with a review of the basics of the Yang algebra of noncommutative phase spaces and Born Reciprocal Relativity. A solution is provided for the exact analytical mapping of the non-commuting $ x^mu, p^mu$ operator variables (associated to an $8D$ curved phase space) to the canonical $ Y^A, Pi^A$ operator variables of a flat $12D$ phase space. We explore the geometrical implications of this mapping which provides, in the $classical$ limit, with the embedding functions $ Y^A (x,p), Pi^A (x,p) $ of an $8D$ curved phase space into a flat $12D$ phase space background. The latter embedding functions determine the functional forms of the base spacetime metric $ g_{mu u} (x,p) $, the fiber metric of the vertical space $h^{ab}(x,p)$, and the nonlinear connection $N_{a mu} (x,p) $ associated with the $8D$ cotangent space of the $4D$ spacetime. A review of the mathematical tools behind curved phase spaces, Lagrange-Finsler, and Hamilton-Cartan geometries follows. This is necessary in order to answer the key question of whether or not the solutions found for $ g_{mu u} , h^{ab}, N_{a mu}$ as a result of the embedding, also solve the generalized gravitational vacuum field equations in the $8D$ cotangent space. We finalize with an Appendix with the key calculations involved in solving the exact analytical mapping of the $ x^mu, p^mu$ operator variables to the canonical $ Y^A, Pi^A$ operator ones.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Universe of Photons and MOND

Authors: Giuseppe Cimino
Comments: 4 Pages.

Using the photon universe model, as an alternative to models for the explanation of some rotation curves (dark matter, MOND), we propose a comparative analysis of the "photon universe" model with the MOND model.
Category: Astrophysics

Zeta-Pad'e SRWS Theory with Lowest Order Approximation

Authors: Yoshiki Ueoka
Comments: 8 Pages. Correction of formulas and introduction of more reasonable calculation methods

In my previous preprint about SRWS-zeta theory[Y.Ueoka,viXra:2205.014,2022],I proposed an approximation of rough averaged summation of typical critical Greenfunction for the Anderson transition in the Orthogonal class. In this paper, I removea rough approximate summation for the series of the typical critical Greenfunction by replacing summation with integral. Pade approximant is used to takea summation. The perturbation series of the critical exponent nu of localizationlength from upper critical dimension is obtained. The dimensional dependence ofthe critical exponent is again directly related with Riemann zeta function. Degree offreedom about lower critical exponent improve estimate compared with previousstudies. When I fix lower critical dimension equal to two, I obtained similar estimateof the critical exponent compared with fitting curve estimate of the criticalexponent[E.Tarquini et al.,PhysRevB.95(2017)094204].
Category: Condensed Matter

The Basics of Physics: Why the Standard Model Fails

Authors: Jürg A. Wyttenbach
Comments: 21 Pages.

We here will discuss basic physics = "physics of particles that form the universe". Particles are the source of fields and carry some invariant, constant properties (like charge, mass) that are used to define physics. Unluckily the current so called "standard model" (SM) left the path of classical modeling and did introduce fields that have no real = physical counterparts. E.g. the so called 4-potential has no real source among particles as the two (E/B)field generators have no common point in space and e.g. the E-field of the proton is not linear in the near field. An other problem is the term mass, that shows a totally different behavior in macroscopic use compared to particle level use. We will explain why E=mc2 breaks down when e.g. the relativistic Dirac equation is used for describing proton proton interactions. There also exist quite a large number of experiments that debunk central "claims" made by SM. So does in general e+/e- annihilation not lead to two 511keV photons. The normal case are 3 photons, what fundamentally contradicts the symmetric wave modeling. Also nobody so far could measure a so called strong force that is different from the magnetic force...At the end of the paper you should understand why SM is not a basic physics model and cannot be used to model particle internals.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Nash Equilibria in Co-operative Games

Authors: Mirzakhmet Syzdykov
Comments: 1 Page.

For the past time the Nash equilibria and economically drastical results for co-operative games werewell studied and, even, honored as a Nobel Prize; in this article we present the final equation of the pastwork.
Category: General Mathematics

Application of the Oscillation Symmetry to Various Theoretical Hadronic Masses

Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 16 Pages.

Several theoretical results of meson and baryon masses are compared to experimen-tal data using the Oscillation Symmetry method. This method allows to comparethe calculated masses to the experimantal ones, whereas these last are clearly less
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Correct Setting of Mapping Function in One-to-One Correspondence

Authors: Hongyi Li
Comments: 3 Pages.

In order to strictly discuss the one-to-one correspondence between the elements of sets, the number of elements that can participate in the correspondence was first discussed, and then the necessary conditions for the formation of injection and bijection were discussed. According to these conditions, it wss found that some mapping functions do not satisfy these conditions. For example, it is impossible to obtain a mapping function satisfying these conditions between any infinite set and its any proper subset.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Making Sense of Measurement

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 5 pages

An account is provided of how the observer is given the values of measurements in intuition, by means of sensibility in unity with understanding. Chains of discovery show that the conceptual preferences of the observer are imprinted on the phenomenal world of the observer.
Category: Quantum Physics

Entropy of Cantor Dust and Fuzzy Dark Matter

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 9 Pages.

Fuzzy Dark Matter (FDM) models are of class of theories where Dark Matter (DM) is interpreted as condensate of ultralight scalar or pseudoscalar particles. Few years back we conjectured that a spacetime endowed with minimal fractality enables a natural association of FDM to Cantor Dust, an early Universe phase induced by topological condensation of continuous dimensions. Appealing to the maximal entropy of Cantor Dust, this brief note recovers the mass of FDM particles in reasonable agreement with simulations and cosmological data. An intriguing finding is that, at least in principle, the entropy of Cantor Dust can also account for the non-vanishing photon mass in Proca-Stueckelberg models.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On a Set Avoiding Solutions of the Erdh{o}s-Straus Equation

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

We apply the notion of the textbf{olloid} to show that a certain set contains no solution of the ErdH{o}s-Straus equation.
Category: Number Theory

Unification of the Fundamental Interactions

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 49 Pages.

In this paper in an elegant way will be present the simple unification of the fundamental interactions. We will calculate the unity formulas that connect the coupling constants of the fundamental forces. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. Finally will be presented the law of the gravitational fine-structure constant followed by ratios of maximum and minimum theoretical values for natural quantities. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Proof of the Correctness of the Introduction of a Cosmological Term in the General Theory of Emergent Properties

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

The introduction of the cosmological term, which Einstein is said to have regretted, is now considered by the majority of opinions to have been correct, and its correctness in this study is further solidified by proving it by my definition series.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Correct Definition of the Set of Natural Numbers

Authors: Hongyi Li
Comments: 2 Pages.

It was proved that a set that already contains all natural numbers does not exist in real mathematical world because the concept of all natural numbers does not exist in the world. The correct definition of the set of natural numbers is a set that contains infinite natural numbers 1,2,3.... but can never contain all natural numbers. There are many sets of infinite natural numbers with different sizes. Thus, it is true that the subsets of N cannot correspond one-to-one with N, but it is false that the subsets cannot correspond one-to-one with any set of natural numbers.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Metric Universe

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 294 Pages.

Why is there a contradiction between SRT and GRT in strong gravitational fields? What is the cause of the relativistic effects? Worin besteht der Widerspruch im What is the contradiction in the expression ћω = mc² when considering the cosmological redshift? What is the cause of Planck's uncertainty principle? Can you really simulate the Big Bang with a particle accelerator? Are the universal natural constants really constant? What is the meaning of the so-called Planck units? Are there references to the universal natural constants? Can the unexpected result of the Supernova Ia cosmology experiment also be explained without dark matter and increasing expansion? Why does the radiation curve of a black body have exactly this shape and no other? Is it possible to calculate the Hubble parameter and the CMBR temperature?All these questions and more are answered by the present model without dark matter, without inflation, with variable natural constants and expansion. Since some of the variable natural constants also affect the observer, i.e. he is affected by them himself, some of the changes cancel out. A virtual relativity principle applies. The laws of nature just seem to be the same in all frames of reference. Changes in v3: A lot of graphics redrawn with higher resolution, re-layout, editorial revisions, added new section, expanded contents.German version available. Title of the German version: "Das metrische Universum".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Das Metrische Universum

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 293 Pages. German version

Warum gibt es einen Widerspruch zwischen der SRT und der ART bei starken Gravitations-feldern? Was ist die Ursache der relativistischen Effekte? Worin besteht der Widerspruch im Ausdruck hω = mc², wenn man die kosmologische Rotverschiebung betrachtet? Was ist die Ursache der Planckschen Unschärferelation? Kann man mit einem Teilchenbeschleuniger wirklich den BigBang simulieren? Sind die Universellen Naturkonstanten wirklich konstant? Welche Bedeutung haben die sogenannten Planckeinheiten? Gibt es Bezüge zu den Universellen Naturkonstanten? Läßt sich das unerwartete Ergebnis des Supernova-Ia-Kosmologie-Experiments auch ohne Dunkle Materie und zunehmende Expansion erklären? Warum hat die Strahlung eines Schwarzen Körpers genau diesen Verlauf und keinen anderen? Läßt sich der Hubble-Parameter und die CMBR-Temperatur berechnen? Gilt das Machsche Prinzip wirklich?Alle diese Fragen und mehr werden durch das vorliegende Modell ohne Dunkle Materie, ohne Inflation, mit veränderlichen Naturkonstanten und Expansion beantwortet. Da sich ein Teil der veränderlichen Naturkonstanten auch auf den Beobachter auswirken, d.h. er ist davon selbst betroffen, kürzt sich ein Teil der Änderungen heraus. Es gilt ein virtuelles Relativitätsprinzip. Die Naturgesetze scheinen nur in allen Bezugssystemen gleich zu sein.English version available. Title of the English version: "The Metric Universe".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How Consciousness Creates Reality (The Full Version)

Authors: Claus Janew
Comments: 307 Pages. CC-BY 4.0

The main argument in this book is the undeniable openness of every system to the unknown. And the fundamental question goes: What does this openness produce?We are a part of the infinite universe and an incorporation of its wholeness. Both for us means an individualized reality, through which the universe expresses itself and on the other hand through which it is built up with. It also means our necessity, importance and indestructibility for the sum of its incorporations. Most connections among ourselves are hardly conscious for us. Meanwhile the infinitesimality structure of all consciousness guarantees not only the logical lack of inconsistency of these connections but also the freedom of choice of every individual.Our goal by no means can be to decide completely consciously. Responsibility contains spontaneity or rather trust in a meaningful working together of the forces. We increasingly become aware of our role in the entire relationship and we learn to contribute optimally to the value fulfillment of all individuals, ourselves included. Beyond the supposed differences between objective and subjective reality, we at some point of awareness comprehend that we create our reality out of our innermost depths.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Fine-Structure Constant from the Golden Angle,the Relativity Factor and the Fifth Power of the Golden Mean

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 7 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4247343

New interpretation and a very accurate value of the fine-structure constant has been discovered in terms of the golden radio. In this paper we will present the exact expression for the fine-structure constant in terms of the golden angle,the relativity factor and the fifth power of the golden mean. Finally we will present the continued fractions for the fine-structure constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Vacuum Topology of Geometrical Optics

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: Written in English, 1 page, no figure.

We propose there exists a topological structure (a knot) of geometrical optics in the most general vacuum space-time, $R_{muuhosigma} = 0$.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On the Mathematical-Physical Meaning of ∞

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

In conventional space research, the established theory is that the rate of expansion of outer space increases with distance. In addition, there is a history of debate among many researchers on the question of how many dimensions this universe has. The purpose of this study is to briefly explain the above two points using my definition series. In this study, I will apply Einstein's light speed invariance principle to the "∞ invariance principle" that I have been pointing out for a long time.
Category: General Mathematics

A Proof of Mersenne Prime Conjecture

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Mersenne Prime Conjecture was proposed in 1644, which refers to whether there areinfinitely many Mersenne primes in a positive integer of the form 2^n- 1. The distribution of prime numbers is a deterministic random distribution, so problems related to prime numbers can be studied, analyzed and proved by probability statistics. This paper proves the conjecture by judging the convergence of the series. At the same time, after the 51st Mersenne prime was proved in 2018, a conservative prediction is made, that is, there are at least 52 Mersenne primes in the Mersenne numbers less than 10^215000000; a more accurate prediction is that there are at least 52 Mersenne numbers in the Mersenne numbers less than10^103000000 prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Does the JWST Disprove the Big Bang?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 5 Pages.

I claim that the JWST findings disprove part of the Big Bang theory (BB). It is to be noted, that this disagreement follows additional measurements that contradict the BB. For example, the measurements of Hubble’s constant result in two separate constants. Therefore, the BB must be modified. I agree with BB that there was an explosion that created our universe. But it was not an explosion of a singularity point, but rather of a primeval neutron star. After the explosion, the major part of the neutron star remained at its position (I designate this part: the Pivot). The other part created our matter universe. This matter universe has not flown radially in all directions, as claimed by the BB, but rather started to orbit the Pivot.It will be shown how the Pivot structure can explain JWST discoveries as well as Hubble’s constant crisis.
Category: Astrophysics

A Method to Check the Reliability of One-to-One Correspondence

Authors: Hongyi Li
Comments: 2 Pages.

The method of checking whether the established one-to-one correspondence is correct was given. It is proved by the verification that any infinite set cannot be in one-to-one correspondence with any of its proper subsets.Key words: mathematic fundation; infinite set; proper subset; one-to-one correspondence; check method
Category: Set Theory and Logic

A Note on the Distortion in Length of the Tunisian Lambert Map Projection

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 6 Pages. In French

In this note, we study the variation of m the distortion in length in the function of the geodetic latitude phi of the Tunisian Lambert map projection.
Category: Geophysics

Polarization of Photonic Light

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 2 Pages.

Polarization of light is the process of converting a non-polarized light into a polarized light. In this paper a model of polarization of photonic light has been presented.
Category: Classical Physics

The Symmetry of N-domain, Prime Conjectures and Unified Theory

Authors: Yajun Liu, Yurui Liu
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, we discuss the symmetry of N-domain and we find that using the symmetry characters of Natural Numbers we can give proofs of the Prime Conjectures: Twins Prime Conjecture、Goldbach Conjecture and Reimann Hypothesis. and only give this domain the unit h (Plank constant), C (the velocity of light ) and t (time) , when considering the intensity of field 1/aF as the curvature of the Quantum Time-Space with energy, then we get a Unified theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Proof of Riemann Hypothesis by the Angle Preserving Property of An Analytic Complex Function

Authors: Tae Beom Lee
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Riemann zeta function(RZF) is a function of a complex variable s=x+iy, which is analytic for x>1. The Dirichlet Eta Function(DEF) is also a function of a complex variable s, which is analytic for x>0. The zeros of RZF and DEF are all same. The Riemann hypothesis(RH) states that the non-trivial zeros of RZF is of the form s=0.5+iy. The clue of our proof stems from the symmetry properties of RZF zeros. The two zeros should be on the two edge lines of a strip. But, the parallel two edge lines can’t intersect at the origin, when mapped by DEF. So, RH is true.
Category: Number Theory

Ultimate Acceleration to Calculate the Global Climate Change: Atmosphere Issue

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 29 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit β, in the solar system, β=2.961520e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect connecting to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, as an application, this relativistic model gives out the sunspot cycle to be 10.38 years due to the ultimate acceleration. The same approach is applied to the Earth El Nino oscillation and global climate change cycle, calculating out the El Nino irregular period to be 8.5 years; calculating out the global climate change cycle to be 100.6 kiloyears which coincides with the Milankovitch cycle; the global temperature has increased about 0.8°C for the past century. In the atmosphere, the more serious the air pollution, the stronger the wind.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Number of Twin Primes less than a Given Quantity: Legendre's Conjecture for Twin Primes

Authors: Junho Choi
Comments: 5 Pages.

An equation regarding the density of twin primes had been presented in a preceding research. In this paper, we develop the density equation to explicitly estimate the number of twin primes and propose a conjecture related to the Twin Prime Conjecture based on the method.
Category: Number Theory

A Chern-Simons Model for Baryon Asymmetry

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 14 Pages. Version published in NPB (2023)

In search of a phenomenological model that would describe physics from Big Bang to the Standard Model (SM), we propose a model with the following properties (i) above an energy about Lambda_{cr} > 10^{16} GeV there are Wess-Zumino supersymmetric preons and Chern-Simons (CS) fields, (ii) at Lambda_{cr} ~ 10^{16} GeV spontaneous gauge symmetry breaking takes place in the CS sector and the generated topological mass provides an attractive interaction to equal charge preons, (iii) well below 10^{16} GeV the model reduces to the standard model with essentially pointlike quarks and leptons, having a radius ~ 1/Lambda_{cr} ~ 10^{-31} m. The baryon asymmetry turns out to have a fortuitous ratio n_B/n_{gamma} << 1.}
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Definitive Graphic Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Dante Servi
Comments: 2 Pages.

This article is the presentation of three of my articles with which I have provided graphical proof that the Riemann hypothesis is true. I admit that the previous statement was a forcing, but read the third article to the end.
Category: Number Theory

FaithNet: A Generative Framework in Human Mentalizing

Authors: Chengkai Guo
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we first review some of the innovations in modeling mentalizing.Broadly, this involves building models of computing World Model and Theory of Mind(ToM). A simple framework, FaithNet, is then presented with concepts like persistence, continuity, cooperation and preference represented as faith rules.FaithNet defines a generative model that can sample faith rules. Our FaithNet utilize a general-purpose conditioning mechanism based on cross-attention, offering computations that best explain observed real-world events under a Bayesian criterion.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Compression as Beauty and How the Success of the Dark Side of the Moon Hints at a Computational Brain

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 10 Pages.

A speculative theory is proposed in this informal essay on how Pink Floyd’s songs Brain Damage and Eclipse, from their seminal album The Dark Side of the Moon, are masterpieces of not only melody but data compression and how this becomes synonymous with beauty. A causal chain of high histamine, low serotonin, low brain working memory, OCD, and even marijuana use, is all shown to support the argument for the continued success of the album.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Beatnet: CRNN and Particle Filtering for Online Joint Beat Downbeat and Meter Tracking

Authors: Mojtaba Heydari, Frank Cwitkowitz, Zhiyao Duan
Comments: 8 Pages. The 22rd International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR 2021)

The online estimation of rhythmic information, such as beat positions, downbeat positions, and meter, is critical for many real-time music applications. Musical rhythm comprises complex hierarchical relationships across time, rendering its analysis intrinsically challenging and at times subjective. Furthermore, systems which attempt to estimate rhythmic information in real-time must be causal and must produce estimates quickly and efficiently. In this work, we introduce an online system for joint beat, downbeat, and meter tracking, which utilizes causal convolutional and recurrent layers, followed by a pair of sequential Monte Carlo particle filters applied during inference. The proposed system does not need to be primed with a time signature in order to perform downbeat tracking, and is instead able to estimate meter and adjust the predictions over time. Additionally, we propose an information gate strategy to significantly decrease the computational cost of particle filtering during the inference step, making the system much faster than previous sampling-based methods. Experiments on the GTZAN dataset, which is unseen during training, show that the system outperforms various online beat and downbeat tracking systems and achieves comparable performance to a baseline offline joint method.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Direct Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem

Authors: Roberto Iannone
Comments: 5 Pages.

In 1994 the mathematician Andrews Wiles proved, using concepts of modern mathematics, namelythe Modular Elliptic Curves, the Fermat's Last Theorem. That demonstration is long and it isunderstandable to mathematic specialists, moreover, these mathematical concepts were not knownat the time when Fermat lived, so he could not prove it throug this road. I thought that there mightbe another simpler proof which would use the properties of algebraic equations and inequalities.These mathematical concepts were known at the time in which Fermat lived and which, therefore,could apply for the proof of the theorem of which he wrote, in the margin of a page of the book ofArithmetica of Diophantus he was reading, to have found a demonstration "wonderful," but that hehad not could to write to the narrowness of the margin itself. I propose, therefore, the followingdemonstration that directly uses the mathematical properties of algebraic equations and inequalitiesthat are understood by all those who study algebra.
Category: Number Theory

Direct Proof of Beal's Conjecture

Authors: Roberto Iannone
Comments: 5 Pages.

In 1993, the banker Andrew Beal, fond of number theory, analyzing the Fermat's Last Theorem and generalizing it, formulated the conjecture that the exponents of the powers of the equation, the bases of which are coprime, can be of different degree, provided that the degree of one of the powers is equal to 2. The proof of Beal's conjecture which I propose descends consequently by direct demonstration of the Fermat's Last theorem formulated by me, with the use of the mathematical properties of algebraic equations and inequalities.
Category: Number Theory

Doppler Effect and One-Way Speed of Light

Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 8 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

The Doppler effect is one of the most important and most elementary phenomenon in nature. If we accept that fact, then there is no need to use any other theories to understand its essence. There is only one Doppler effect, regardless of whether the signal between the sender and the receiver travels directly or through a medium. Therefore, there is only one formula that is valid in all cases. The goal of this paper is to determine that formula. Using the obtained results, we will show that the one-way speed of light can be measured by physical experiment.
Category: Astrophysics

Blue Straggler Stars

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 12 Pages.

Blue straggler stars within globular clusters are anapparent anomaly. Spherical clusters are typicallyamong the oldest visible objects in our Milky Way,often in the 12-billion-years age range. The birthand aging of individual stars generally follows aformula beginning with clouds of galactic dustcollapsing within regions where local gravityprogressively supersedes random motion of dustparticles. New blue straggler stars form inside a"gravity sphere" where there is very little dust.This essay will explore which type of gravity bestexplains the presence of these blue anomalies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology