All Submission Categories

Don’t Look Back: an Online Beat Tracking Method Using RNN and Enhanced Particle Filtering

Authors: Mojtaba Heydari, Zhiyao Duan
Comments: 5 Pages.

Online beat tracking (OBT) has always been a challenging task. Dueto the inaccessibility of future data and the need to make inferencein real-time. We propose Don’t Look back! (DLB), a novel approachoptimized for efficiency when performing OBT. DLB feeds theactivations of a unidirectional RNN into an enhanced Monte-Carlolocalization model to infer beat positions. Most preexisting OBTmethods either apply some offline approaches to a moving windowcontaining past data to make predictions about future beat positionsor must be primed with past data at startup to initialize. Meanwhile,our proposed method only uses activation of the current time frameto infer beat positions. As such, without waiting at the beginning toreceive a chunk, it provides an immediate beat tracking response,which is critical for many OBT applications. DLB significantlyimproves beat tracking accuracy over state-of-the-art OBT methods,yielding a similar performance to offline methods.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Novel 1D State Space for Efficient Music Rhythmic Analysis

Authors: Mojtaba Heydari, Matthew McCallum, Andreas Ehmann, Zhiyao Duan
Comments: 5 Pages. 2022 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing

Inferring music time structures has a broad range of applications in music production, processing and analysis. Scholars have proposed various methods toanalyze different aspects of time structures, such as beat, downbeat, tempo and meter.Many state-of-the-art (SOFA) methods, however, are computationally expensive. This makes them inapplicable in real-world industrial settings where the scale of the music collections can be millions. This paper proposes a new state space and a semi-Markov model for music time structure analysis. The proposed approach turns the commonly used 2D state spaces into a 1D model through a jump-back reward strategy. It reduces the state spaces size drastically. We then utilize the proposed method for causal, joint beat, downbeat, tempo, and meter tracking, and compare it against several previous methods. The proposed method delivers similar performance with the SOFA joint causal models with a much smaller state space and a more than 30 times speedup.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Singing Beat Tracking With Self-supervised Front-end and Linear Transformers

Authors: Mojtaba Heydari, Zhiyao Duan
Comments: 8 Pages. 23rd International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR 2022)

Tracking beats of singing voices without the presence of musical accompaniment can find many applications in music production, automatic song arrangement, and social media interaction.Its main challenge is the lack of strong rhythmic and harmonic patterns that are important for music rhythmic analysis in general. Even for human listeners, this can be a challenging task. As a result, existing music beat tracking systems fail to deliver satisfactory performance on singing voices. In this paper, we propose singing beat tracking as a novel task, and propose the first approach to solving this task. Our approach leverages semantic information of singing voices by employing pre-trained self-supervised WavLM and DistilHuBERT speech representations as the front-end and uses a self-attention encoder layer to predict beats. To train and test the system, we obtain separated singing voices and their beat annotations using source separation and beat tracking on complete songs, followed by manual corrections. Experiments on the 741 separated vocal tracks of the GTZAN dataset show that the proposed system outperforms several state-of-the-art music beat tracking methods by a large margin in terms of beat tracking accuracy. Ablation studies also confirm the advantages of pre-trained self-supervised speech representations over generic spectral features.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Remarks on Lucas—Lehmer Test

Authors: V. Barbera
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper presents some remarks on Lucas—Lehmer test for primality test of Mersenne numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Correlation Method for Finding Gravitational Waves in LIGO Data

Authors: Anatolii Skorbun, Maxim Saveliev
Comments: 11 Pages.

The method for finding the signal from the gravitational wave in the interferometrical data of the LIGO observatory is demonstrated on the test example of the gravitational event GW150914. The method is based on the use of correlation analysis, reasoning from the fact that the shape of the signal to be found is known, as well on the use of computational statistics methods. The developed method was applied for the search for signals in the LIGO data for a 32 seconds time-frame inside standard data block of 16 s prior and 16 s after the GW150914 event. The performance of the method and its advantages for the analysis of signals in a noise are shown. The paper includes analysis of possibility of the existence of other useful signals in the noise signal where the chirp of the event GW150914 was detected.
Category: Astrophysics

The Talent Management Process as an Element of the Cultural Aspect of Management

Authors: Sebastian Szaniawski
Comments: 6 Pages. In Polish

The article characterizes talent management as an element of the cultural aspect of management. The importance of cultural aspects in the process of planning and implementing the talent management process for retaining talent in organizations was shown. The end of the article is a summary along with the author's thoughts.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

P Versus NP

Authors: Nikos Dimitris Fakotakis
Comments: 1 Page. P = NP

The generalized Sudoku problem, with S as the setof the symbols, is known to be NP-complete and it is equivalent to any other NP-complete problem. In this paper, we present a method that solves the Sudoku Problem in polynomial time and proves that P = NP.
Category: General Mathematics

Analysis of the 2021 Instant Run-Off Elections in Utah

Authors: Jiri Navratil, Warren D. Smith
Comments: 15 pages main paper + 8 pages appendix

We analyzed the 2021 Ranked Choice Voting elections in Utah County and Moab (the capitol of Grand County), focusing on the Instant Runoff Voting (IRV) algorithm. We found three issues: (1) The fractions of ballots discarded and those that needed rectification exceeded 10% in 7 of the 17 races (across 4 municipalities) indicating a considerable degree of voter confusion .(2) Four different election pathologies were detected in the Council (Seat 1) race in Moab: failure to elect a consensus winner, monotonicity failure and two participation failures. A ``spoiler'' candidate, which IRV proponents have claimed this method prevents, was also detected.(3) Four towns elected two seats by discarding the winner of the first seat, then re-running IRV with the resulting modified ballots to determine the winner of the second seat. This all four times caused the second-place finisher in the first election, not to win the 2nd seat, but rather to finish second again, somewhat frustratingly for them.Overall, IRV elected the same winner as standard plurality in 15 of 16 races with >= 3 candidates, with the single changed outcome in the Vineyard City Council (Seat 2) race.We also analyzed the data from a recount viewpoint -- implementing the Utah Election Code rules for automatic recounts versus Blom et al. ``Exact Margin of Victory (EMOV)'' method. According to the former, a recount was justified in two races, namely the Springville (4yr) and Moab City Councils; butonly Moab was actually recounted. However, EMOV showed recounting Springville almost certainly would have been inconsequential. As far as we know, this is the first-of-kind analysis of IRV elections in the state of Utah and it highlights the paradoxical properties of the IRV algorithm --- often incorrectly dismissed as too rare to worry about --- showing that these unfortunately indeed occur in real-world elections hence really are worrisome. In conjunction with the above-mentioned ballot issues, these problems cast doubt on the wisdom of IRV for Utah. We believe there are better alternatives than IRV, e.g. ``range voting,'' and these should become part of a debate towards fundamentally rethinking the program.
Category: Social Science

18

Authors: Miheev Sergey Vladimirovich
Comments: 18 Pages. in English and In Russian

The Rayleigh-Jeans law determines the spectral density, and is the basis of the theory of radiation. This law is generalized by adding a restriction related to the discreteness of the wavelength. In the generalized Rayleigh-Jeans law, there was a symmetry between low and high frequencies — a negative spectral dimension.Based on the Hawking formula, for the entropy of a black hole, the number of microstates of one zero oscillation is determined. This number is equal to the Gelfond constant: e^π .A model of a cosmological photonic black hole is used to determine the temperature and zero energy of the universe. With the help of numerical integration, up to the third significant digit, the cosmological constant is calculated — 75% of the density of the universe.The generalized Rayleigh-Jeans law is written in quantum form for the hypersphere. The lattice constant of the world crystal is determined: the Planck length multiplied by the number pi divided by the number two and by the root of the sixth power of the number three — r = lpl *π / 2*3^(1/6 ) .Accordingly, the minimum wavelength is twice as long: 2*r = lpl *π / 3^(1/6 ) .
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Simple Formula for Neutrino Masses

Authors: Shan-Hong Li
Comments: 2 Pages.

This is a simple formula related to neutrino masses, according to which we get the absolute masses of three neutrinos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Unusual Boards and Meeples

Authors: Volker W. Thürey
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce boards others than the usual chessboard. Further we define meeples which can move in other ways than the usual chess meeples. We ask whether these meeples can reach every field, like a knight can reach every field on the chessboard.
Category: General Mathematics

Radar Guns and Relativity

Authors: Edward G. Lake
Comments: 18 Pages. Every physics classroom should have a radar gun.

Radar guns provide an excellent means of explaining and demonstrating some of Einstein’s Relativity theories in a fairly simple and undeniable way. Specifically, radar guns demonstrate how the speed of the emitter cannot add to the speed of the light being emitted, but the speed of the receiver/observer affects the energy of the light that is returned to the gun. In practice, this directly conflicts with basic tenets of mathematicians who somehow believe that all motion is relative, and the properties of light will therefore always be the same for the emitter as for the receiver. A step by step analysis of how radar guns work shatters those beliefs.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Norm Inequalities for One Dimensional Sobolev Hilbert Spaces

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 8 Pages. In this paper, we shall consider norm inequalities for one dimensional Sobolev Hilbert spaces by using the theory of reproducing kernels as fundamental inequalities.

In this paper, we shall consider norm inequalities for one dimensional Sobolev Hilbert spaces by using the theory of reproducing kernels as fundamental inequalities.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Light's Presumed Constancy

Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 36 Pages. 16 Diagrams

It's widely held that light's velocity is fixed. It remains the same for everyone regardless of relative motion. Many believe Einstein proved this through special relativity's time dilation and length contraction for moving objects. But its relativistic effects only work one-dimensionally in the forward direction of linear motion. In our real nontheoretical world of three actual dimensions, light's perpendicular velocity diverges from its forward velocity while exceeding 186,000mi/s. This glaring, unresolvable contradiction plainly demonstrates the conceptual impossibility of light's constancy. It simply has to compound with the motion of its source and that of other reference frames. This is easy to demonstrate. It's also clearly indicated by all of the Michelson-Morley type experiments and confirmed conclusively by Sagnac's. Moreover, light's velocity is also variable. Its speed changes as it traverses the varying density of a gravity field. Einstein asserts this as well despite the nullifying conflict. But the problems with light's constancy don't stop here. Both its factual compounding and its variability have devastating consequences for relativity. They completely undermine its founding premise, which in turn invalidates all of it, including its general theory as Einstein himself even concedes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Sheaf on a Lattice

Authors: Shao-Dan Lee
Comments: 14 Pages.

A sheaf is constructed on a topological space. But a topological space is a bounded distributive lattice. Hence we may construct a sheaf of lattices on a bounded dis- tributive lattice. Then we define a stalk of the sheaf at a chain in a bounded distributive lattice. And we define a morphism of the sheaves, that the morphism is induced by a homo- morphism of the bounded distributive lattices. Then the kernel and image of the morphism are the subsheaves. A sheaf is obtained by gluing sheaves together.
Category: Algebra

Bookshelf - A Document Categorization for Library using Text Mining

Authors: Carlo D. Petalver
Comments: 12 Pages.

Categorizing books and other archaic paper sources to a course reference or syllabus is a challenge in library science. The traditional way of categorization is manually done by professionals and the process of seeking and retrieving information can be frustrating. It needs intellectual tasks and conceptual analysis of a human effort to recognize similarities of items in determining the subject to the correct category. Unlike the traditional categorization process, the author implemented the concept of automatic document categorization for libraries using text mining. The project involves the creation of a web app and mobile app. This can be accomplished through the use of a supervised machine learning classification model using the Support Vector Machine algorithm that can predict the given category of data from the book or other archaic paper sources to the course syllabus they belong to.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Will the Standard Model of Cosmology be Confirmed by the JWST? if Not, What Then?

Authors: Michael John Olley
Comments: 9 Pages. Correction to Title

The two space missions, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), and the Euclid Mission launch scheduled in 2023, have been designed to investigate and confirm the Standard Model of Cosmology (SMC). It is hoped these missions will provide answers to the many aspects underpinning the SMC which remain unproven or untested. As the first deep field observations from the JWST are published we begin to find answers to questions which will lead to a deeper understanding of the origin of the Universe. In this paper we discuss the various pillars on which the SMC is built and provide the basis for an alternative class of models for the origin and evolution of the Universe. Most importantly, the space missions will be able to discriminate between the two classes of models when a survey of the most distant galaxies in made, which will lead to confirmation or rejection of the SMC.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Formula for Electron Mass Calculation Depending Only on the Four Fundamental Physical Constants

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 10 Pages.

Here is presented a novel formula for the mass of the electron as a function only of four fundamental constants of electromagnetism and gravitation: the fine structure constant, Planck's constant, speed of light, and gravitational constant. Result is obtained by dérivation in three steps : First, modeling the electron as a decreasing standing wave, solution of the propagation equation coming from Maxwell's relations with a particular wave number k0, so the internal energy is distributed according to the square of the amplitude of the wave. Second, it is made the hypothesis that the field of the wave has lower and upper bounds, assuming quantization of kinetic momentum we find that the logarithm of the quotient of these bounds can be assimilated to the inverse of the fine structure constant. Third, it is proposed that vacuum space is a granular fluid medium, the value k0 is such that it implies opacity of the electron wave to gravitons, which are the elementary dynamic corpuscles of the fluid.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Relativistic Variables: Length, Time, Simultaneity, Mass, Energy and Momentum in Inverse Relativity

Authors: Michael Girgis
Comments: 17 Pages.

When changing the observation conditions used in special relativity, we get a new model called inverse relativity, we mentioned this in the second paper ( Modified Lorentz transformations and Minkowski space Splits in Inverse Relativity ) and third paper ( Positive and Negative Energy in Inverse Relativity ), where we find the relativistic variables in the classic observation conditions or in the special relativity becomes inverse variables in the new observation conditions, such as the length in the direction of motion in the new observation conditions remains constant instead of contraction, this means that the contraction of length expands until it reaches its original value, the time also contracts until it becomes super time instead of dilating with increasing the speed of the reference frame, the simultaneity between two events separated by a distance relative to an observer in the new observation conditions, the two events remain simultaneous relative to the other observer instead of non-simultaneity, the mass and energy in the new observation conditions are decreasing rather than increasing with the speed of the reference frame, the relativistic momentum in the new observation conditions remains constant, this means that the increase in relativistic momentum decreases until it reaches its original value, We conclude from all this that the relativistic variables in special relativity appear inverted in the new model, This is why the model is called the inverse theory of relativity
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Star Distance Validation from Data of a High-Z Supernova ia in the Special Relativity Context

Authors: Claudio Marchesan
Comments: 7 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License

This analysis focuses on the critical point that could refute the fundamental assumptions of this alternative cosmological model to the standard one. The project, named "4-Sphere" and currently under development, operates within the framework of Special Relativity. Following [viXra:2207.0051] and [viXra:2208.0040] this work concerns the validation of a supernova, suggesting that the dismissal of a Doppler-type redshift interpretation for Galactic Recession may warrant further reconsideration. Starting from data of a Supernova Ia (SN) at High-Redshift, the discussion also emphasizes the simplicity of the model in calculating the quantities involved, even if the right tools are lacking.The validation desired is carried out on the Luminosity distance, comparing its value calculated from the Redshift z of a star with that derived by its Distance modulus. Typically, this is achieved by having access to observational data concerning a Supernova Ia explosion.Then, starting from the results achieved in [viXra:2208.0040] the discussion begins with how to get the Absolute magnitude and to use the K-correction. We will also speak of Extinction. All this is mainly done with Photometry. Our first result is good. The SN Luminosity distance of 1,320 Mpc calculated by 4-Sphere has been confirmed with an accuracy of 96.5% (pretty good). FLRW provides approximately double the distance.Checking the correct application of least squares method is detailed in[viXra:2208.0040], here I supply an Excel spreadsheet for independent verification of the calculations. This method allows for direct confirmation (the values are easily identifiable). I have uploaded the Excel file on my OSF project Files tab.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Gravity Asymptotic Safety from 2D Universal Regime and Smooth Transition to Dual Superstrings

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 19 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In the context of our work on multi-fold universes, and the emergence of gravity from entanglement, we argued that quantum gravity is asymptotically safe in multi-fold universe, as well as in the real universe, where the arguments rely either on the belief that multi-fold mechanisms correctly model these aspects, or on arguments captured in the literature by asymptotic safe quantum gravity aficionados. We discussed the consequences of asymptotic safety: the incompatibility of supersymmetry, and superstrings, or M-theory, with the Standard Model (SM) or SMG (The Standard Model with non-negligible gravity effects at the SM scales). On the other hand, string afficionados, and others to be fair, view asymptotic safety claims for gravity with skepticism, to say the least. Arguments that gravity would be asymptotically safe, and incompatible with superstrings, have not reduced their claims of supremacy, or viability of the superstrings theory. Indeed, asymptotic safety is often treated as heretic, derided, or labeled by a few, as non-sensical, or fundamentally mistaken. It is despite several hints that asymptotic safety might indeed apply to General Relativity (GR)-based quantum gravity. Having accumulated more and more arguments that position superstrings with respect to multi-fold universes, and that seem to explain some of their challenges, we wonder if we could settle the asymptotic safety once and for all, using conventional Physis, i.e. not multi-fold, or even better, stringy arguments, just as we recently did, in another paper, for de Sitter vacua, and the string swampland, and of course, taking such latter results into account.In this paper, we present arguments that justify, non-perturbatively, the asymptotic safety of gravity in a conventional universe, and in a multi-fold universe. More surprisingly, we encounter a possible touch point between the resulting UV fixed point, and gravity dimensional reduction to 2D processes, where the cosmological coupling in the presence of matter may first be negative, and the UV fixed point might therefore potentially also be described by, or emerge from, superstrings. There are possible smooth transitions between AdS dual and spacetime in the conventional, superstrings and multi-fold cases. However, we do not know if that can be reconciled with the other incompatibilities between SM and superstrings, resulting from the asymptotic safety, which might still exist when considering, the trajectories of the couplings running away from the UV fixed point. In order to be non-perturbative, our approach provides arguments and microscopic justifications for the effects of running the gravitational couplings.In multi-fold universes, a new phenomena has been identified: short range entanglement between concretized spacetime locations that contribute negatively to the cosmological constant at very small scales (in 2D regimes).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Can the Michelson-Morley Experiment be Reconciled with the Sagnac Effect?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 7 Pages.

Michelson-Morley experiment and Sagnac effect were aimed to solve a long debated and crucial question in physics - does the aether exist? But the experiments resulted in two contradictory results —the Michelson-Morley experiment finding was that there is no aether whereas Sagnac showed that the aether exists. Current Physics has no clear answer to this basic and profound conundrum.
Category: Astrophysics

Octonions with Associative Property Using Geometric Algebra

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper, we will use geometric algebra to derive sets of octonions that have associative property (unlike the original ones that cannot keep it). The price to pay is that is not possible to keep all the elements of the diagonal with -1 but at least one of them has to be +1. Also, the anticommutative property is affected.
Category: Algebra

Sur L'Unification des Réseaux Géodésiques : Cas de la Société Nationale des Industries Minières de Mauritanie (SNIM)

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 17 Pages. In French.

This paper presents some solutions on how to unify the geodetic terrestrial networks established by the geometers of the National Mauritanian Society of the Mining Industries (SNIM).
Category: Geophysics

Democracy = Communism

Authors: Gabriel-Claudiu Grama
Comments: 1 Page. CC BY-SA

We make it clear that as long we have democracy, then we have communism.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Some Philosophical Point of View Around Special and General Theory of Relativity and a Solution on Nature of Gravity and Time

Authors: Hosseinali Shirani
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, I showed how the circular denition in special relativity and unknowable questionin general relativity, become clear with the new denition of time. In the end, I found out thecreation of everything out of space and motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Kouider Number with Base a

Authors: Kouider Mohammed Ridha
Comments: 5 Pages.

Kouider function with basis a is a new numerical function which presented by Kouider (2021,[1]). In this paper we interesting in study this function for all natural number. In order to discover his properties. Therefore we present a new number called kouider number with bases a which we go developed in this study.
Category: Number Theory

Can Nature be Intrinsically Probabilistic at Fundamental Level?

Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 5 Pages. 1 figure

Can Nature be intrinsically probabilistic at fundamental level? - The answer cannot be "yes", but ...
Category: Quantum Physics

Dimensionless Unification of the Fundamental Interactions

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 48 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4201780

In this paper in an elegant way will be present the simple unification of the fundamental interactions. We will calculate the unity formulas that connect the coupling constants of the fundamental forces. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. Finally will be presented the law of the gravitational fine-structure constant followed by ratios of maximum and minimum theoretical values u200bu200bfor natural quantities. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Debugging Relativity: Analyzing Special Relativity Theory's Zero Day Defect

Authors: Steven B. Bryant
Comments: 8 Pages.

Computing researchers perform detailed reviews and conduct independent analyses to identify Zero Day Defects in computing solutions and software products, defects that may exist despite the observation that the system is functioning properly and is otherwise producing correct results. This paper demonstrates that the same review and analytical skills used to identify Zero Day Defects in software reveal a Zero Day Defect in Einstein's Special Relativity Theory. Specifically, it places Einstein's expressions and equations into a visual mathematical context that illuminates their relationships and facilitates the unambiguous identification of the defect and its root cause. Like Zero Day software defects, the Special Relativity Zero Day defect only manifests in certain conditions, but otherwise the theory's equations produce good results. This analysis demonstrates the strength and importance of Zero Day Defect analysis to identify previously undetected problems, while simultaneously extending this important computational analysis technique to other scientific disciplines.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Simplest Approach to Quantum Gravity Hypothesis

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this short paper I will explore idea of quantazing gravity by using complex space-time and operators acting on wave vector field.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Rolling Friction

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 22 Pages.

We theoretically examine energy losses experienced during rolling, then compare versus experiments (which we criticize), and suggest applications such as building better pendulum clocks, and draw conclusions such as offering new better advice about wheel-engineering. As far as I know this is the best treatment available. In particular we resolve the >180-year-old Coulomb- Dupuit controversy. by explaining their disagreement both with each other, and versus (better than their) experiments.
Category: Classical Physics

A Multivariate Analogue of Jensen's Inequality Via the Local Product Space

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages. This paper is a multivariate analogue of Jensen's inequality.

In this note we prove a multivariate analogue of Jensen's inequality via the notion of the local product and associated space.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Higher Order Belief Divergence

Authors: Yingcheng Huang, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 1 Page.

In this paper, a novel belief divergence, higher order belief Jensen-Shannon divergence is proposedto measure the discrepancy between BPAs in Dempster—Shafer evidence theory.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

How to Prove Experimentally that ∞ = 3 in my Definition

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

In this chapter, I describe how to prove my definition, in particular, ∞=3, using random functions in EXCEL.
Category: General Mathematics

A Fractal Belief KL Divergence

Authors: Jie Zenga, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: Pages.

In this paper, a novel symmetric fractal-based belief KL divergence is proposed to more appropriately measure the conflict between BPAs.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Einstein’s Field Equation of a Quantum Particle Using Wave Function

Authors: Aman Yadav
Comments: 4 Pages.

Constructed an equation in context of General Relativity by employing the conjunction of wave function’s derivatives and Schrodinger's Equation, confirming its validity by reducing the parameters to Planck’s scale. The results we get from our fabricated equation is somehow providing a satisfactory solution in terms of its structure and dimension which corresponds to Einstein’s field equation. The equation considers both mass and mass-less particles and determines their wavelengths and potential energy respectively. We have also discussed the behavior of the equation when it is reduced to Planck’s unit which leads to the accumulation of Newtonian values.
Category: Quantum Physics

Law of Electromagnetic Induction

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper the law of electromagnetic induction has been presented.
Category: Classical Physics

On the General Erdh{o}s-Moser Equation Via the Notion of Olloids

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages.

We introduce and develop the notion of the textbf{olloid}. We apply this notion to study a variant and a generalized version of the ErdH{o}s-Moser equation under some special local condition.
Category: Number Theory

Possible Modification of Coulomb's law at Low Field Strengths

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 2 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Assuming that the analogy between Gravity and Electricity is universal, and that modification of gravity is favoured over modification of Newton's Second Law in order to solve the problem of flat galaxy rotation curves, I show that there exists a critical scale E_0=a_0/√{4πϵ_0 G} for Electric field strength, which is approximately about 1.39 volts per meter. If the assumptions are sound, for field strengths well below this value Coulomb's law must be reconsidered.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How to Really Exceed the Speed of Light

Authors: Norimichi Shirato
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra: Name on the form should be in English)

1.It's not the mass or inertial mass that limits exceeding the speed of light.2.What really limits exceeding the speed of light is the speed of the thrust.3.Exceed the speed of light by means of multi-stage rockets.
Category: Classical Physics

Self-consistent Hydrodynamic Model of Electron Vortex Fluid in Metals

Authors: Victor L. Mironov
Comments: 11 Pages.

We propose a system of self-consistent equations for electron fluid in metal, which describes vortex flows and frozen-in internal electromagnetic field. It is shown that in case of ideal fluid the proposed model describes the electrodynamics of superconductor, and in vortex-less case it leads to the well known London equations. However, the speed of fluctuations propagation is equal to the speed of electron sound, and not the speed of light, which is more adequate from a physical point of view. The normal metal is described by similar equations, but taking into account damping processes. The main peculiarities of the proposed equations are illustrated with the analysis of electron sound waves.
Category: Condensed Matter

Consciousness as the Source of Physical Laws

Authors: A. V. Kaminsky
Comments: 40 Pages. In Russian

The purpose of this physico-mathematical essay is to show how the basic physical laws can be obtained on the basis of a formalized idea of consciousness.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Price Derivatives in Commodity Market

Authors: Alex Yang
Comments: 24 Pages.

This article presents a new approach for pricing commodity derivatives. The key to this approach is the model calibration that makes the model prices of vanilla options match the market prices and the implied model dynamics be in good agreement with the characteristics of the historical data series. Our theoretical results show that the model can better capture the price and volatility dynamics. Empirical study shows that the model performs quite well.
Category: Social Science

Investigation of the Gravitational Wave of the Binary Star System J0651+2844

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 12 Pages.

The binary star system J0651 is expected to be be one of the brightest sources of gravitational waves in our galaxy. Despite its known frequency, the radiation could not be detected so far. A new method eliminates the strong phase modulation caused by the Earth's orbit and drastically reduces the bandwidth. Therefore, the GW may be identified in the records of numerous superconducting gravimeters. The determined parameters of GW agree well with the results of previous observations in the optical domain and the predictions of relativity.
Category: Astrophysics

The Notion of Olloids and the Erdh{o}s-Moser Equation

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

We introduce and develop the notion of the textbf{olloid}. We apply this notion to study the ErdH{o}s-Moser equation.
Category: Number Theory

Approach to Calculate the Global Climate Change: +0.8°C for the Past Century

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 24 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit β, in the solar system, β=2.961520e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect connecting to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, as an application, this relativistic model gives out the sunspot cycle to be 10.38 years due to the ultimate acceleration. The same approach is applied to the Earth El Nino oscillation and global climate change cycle, calculating out the El Nino irregular period to be 8.5 years; calculating out the global climate change cycle to be 100.6 kiloyears which coincides with the Milankovitch cycle; the global temperature has increased about 0.8°C for the past century.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Influence of Ultra-dispersion Particles on Electron Density in SOFC Materials.

Authors: N. M. Kirjukhin, J. N. Kleschev, A. V. Sagalovich, V. V. Sagalovich
Comments: 7 Pages.

Further progress in industrial electrochemical generators' designs utilising SOFC considerably depends on problem of obtaining fuel cell materials with predefined properties [1,2]. Due to this fact, considerable efforts of designers are directed on creation of optimum composition «anode-electrolyte-cathode», and on microconstruction of SOFC materials (selection of phase and element composition, defect structure formation, etc.). In the second problem nanocomposite systems having unique properties are of greatest interest [3]. Utilising of such materials as solid electrolyte may allow significantly improve cell's parameters, in particular, increase ionic conductivity [4,5].However mechanisms leading to this effect were not determined singly. In this article the influence of nanoparticles ensemble with work of exit that different from the rest of the matrixon the change of electron density in SOFC materials have been examined theoretically. The calculations of concentration distribution of free carriers around single particle and for microparticles ensemble were fulfilled. Inconclusion possible directions of forming of nanostructures conformably to SOFC materials discussed.
Category: Condensed Matter

Fermat's Little Theorem and Composite Numbers

Authors: Héras Joël
Comments: 6 Pages.

En utilisant le Petit théorème de Fermat ap ≡ a mod p, il est possible de factoriser presque tous les nombres composés.

Using the Fermat's little theorem ap ≡ a mod p, it is possible to factorize into primes almost all composite numbers.
Category: Number Theory

The Intuitive Geometric Significance of Rotation Matrices of Spin 1/2 and Spin 1, and Why Half Angles in SU(2

Authors: Hongbing Zhang
Comments: 13 Pages.

The Intuitive Geometric Significance of Frequently-uesd RotationMatrices of Spin 1/2and Spin 1, and Why HalfAngles Used in SU(2).
Category: Mathematical Physics

Gravity and the Hidden Extra Grid Dimensions

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula, derived from black hole entropy calculations, surprisingly shows that the maximum information bits concealed in any volume of space is limited by the area of its surrounding sphere divided by a pixel like information unit with a Planck area size ( the square of Planck length ). This paper shows a connection between the information unit area and the gravitational constant, G. This connection leads to the idea of an extra grid like dimension dividing space into these information units. By its grid density, this extra dimension defines the curvature parameters of space, meaning the gravitational constant G.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Research Into Potential Therapies Against COVID-19, With Focus On Ivermectin

Authors: Reza Rezaie Khanghah
Comments: 73 Pages.

Purpose: Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic and an effective drug to treat COVID-19. In this article, we looked at the effects of ivermectin on coronavirus and its patients in three ways. We have discussed and organized other previously discovered potential therapies and reviewed them in Table 2 and in the last section. Methods: We searched for articles on MedRxiv, PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, EMBASE uses the appropriate search terms. ClinicalTrials.gov was searched for available clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness of ivermectin. We also use EU clinical trial registry data and ANZ registry data for clinical trials. Also, we performed our methods in 4 stages: Identifying studies, Selection of Studies, Collating Studies, Reporting results.Results: Results are variable. Some studies have shown the effectiveness of ivermectin, others have not. Furthermore, some studies show that a combination of ivermectin with other drugs is useful. Conclusion: Overall, we believe the reason ivermectin is useful is that it goes back to its origin, which is soil. Our theory and hypothesis is that if the coronavirus, created by man or by nature, can generally be treated with nature, that is, the soil. The interesting thing is that today we know that ivermectin is effective in the fight against the coronavirus. In fact, other drugs like teicoplanin, cyclosporine and rapamycin that are effective against the coronavirus have come from the soil. We hope that this article has been able to take a step in finding a corona drug, InshaAllah.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Imam Mahdi, Antichrist Or A Promised Saviour Besides Jesus Christ?

Authors: Reza Rezaie Khanghah
Comments: 23 Pages.

Purpose: In this article, we discussed whether Imam Mahdi is an Antichrist or a Promised Saviour Besides Jesus Christ and other topics. This article attempts to deal with the concepts "Occultation", "Imamat", "Mahdaviat", "Mahdism" and Who is Antichrist that prophesied both in Islam and Christianity. Also, this research was conducted to answer and clarify three questions that stated in the Introduction section.Methods: We performed our methods in 4 stages: Identifying studies, Selection of Studies, Collating Studies, Reporting results.Results: One of the statements of those who say that Imam Mahdi is the Antichrist is that he is not included in other religious books at all and his name is not mentioned in the Quran and the Muslims forcibly accepted him as their Messiah, but in response to these people, it is not the Muslims who are forcibly introducing the Imam Mahdi as a savior, but vice versa. The Quran contains many verses that mention Imam Mahdi. Not only the Quran, but also other religious books mention him, even with the titles and names mentioned in the Qur'an. Conclusion: The coming of Imam Mahdi and Jesus Christ is one of the sure promises of God, and these two saviors will appear with God's help and the will of the people. They fill the earth with justice and establish the government of God. We hope this article will take an important step in acquainting people with Imam Mahdi and Jesus Christ and paving the ground for their reappearance.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Imam Mahdi And Jesus Christ Role In Establishing The Divine Government

Authors: Reza Rezaie Khanghah
Comments: 31 Pages.

Purpose: This article covers the events and incidents predicted before and after the appearance of Imam Mahdi and Jesus Christ. This article seeks to address the facts and inform you about the system of government of Imam Mahdi and Jesus Christ. Also, miracles and the titles of Imam Mahdi are other topics that were mentioned in this article. Also, this research was conducted to answer and clarify three questions that stated in the Introduction section.Methods: We performed our methods in 4 stages: Identifying studies, Selection of Studies, Collating Studies, Reporting results.Results: Imam Mahdi's world government follows the pattern of the Prophet's method of rule in early Islam. Jesus Christ has a special status in the Quranic literature and in the hadith, and plays a special role in establishing the divine government with Imam Mahdi. Imam Mahdi's system of government is unlike any government the world has ever known. Conclusion: Among the issues that exist in the apocalypse, we are faced with an issue called Imam Mahdi. In fact, Imam Mahdi is the savior of Muslims and all people with Jesus Christ. Imam Mahdi will form a just government in the world like his ancestors. We hope this article will take an important step in acquainting people with Imam Mahdi and Jesus Christ and paving the ground for their reappearance.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Who is Imam Mahdi, Prophesied in Other Religions, and from Holy Fatima Lineage?

Authors: Reza Rezaie Khanghah
Comments: 35 Pages.

Purpose: In this article, we will discuss the narrations and prophecies that exist in Islam, both in Shia, Sunni and other religions regarding Imam Mahdi. This article also attempts to deal with Holy Fatima and her characteristics. Also, we will show that Imam Mahdi is mentioned not only in other religions but also in other books. Also, this research was conducted to answer and clarify three questions that stated in the Introduction section.Methods: We performed our methods in 4 stages: Identifying studies, Selection of Studies, Collating Studies, Reporting results.Results: According to Abrahamic religions, a person will reappear and establish fairness and justice with the help of God, who is called Imam Mahdi and based on the opinion of Christians, he is Christ. If the Shiites, may Allah help them in His obedience, had fulfilled their covenant with united hearts, then there would have been no delay in meeting the Promised Saviour. Conclusion: The concept of Imam Mahdi is universal and cannot just be rejected. The appearance of Imam Mahdi will coincide with the coming back of Jesus Christ. Imam Mahdi, with the assistance of the Messiah, will ensure the completion and practical actualization of the mission of the Prophet Muhammad. The Hidden Imam wrote to Abu-Omar Ameri: The Prophet’s daughter (Holy Fatima) is a nice model for me. We hope this article will take an important step in acquainting people with Imam Mahdi and Jesus Christ and paving the ground for their reappearance.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

The Advent Of Imam Mahdi As The Avenger Of Imam Hussein

Authors: Reza Rezaie Khanghah
Comments: 25 Pages.

Purpose: This article attempts to deal with the events that took place during the advent (reappearance) of Imam Mahdi, the Savior of all the worlds. In fact, in this article, we will discuss the forces that will join him when the Imam of the time appears, and above all, with Imam Hussein and how globalization can pave the way for Imam Mahdi's world revolution. Also, this research was conducted to answer and clarify three questions that stated in the Introduction section.Methods: We performed our methods in 4 stages: Identifying studies, Selection of Studies, Collating Studies, Reporting results.Results: One of the reasons why the Imam of the Age (Imam Mahdi) rises is because of the killing of Imam Hussein, and God has made a firm promise that he will take revenge on any of the perpetrators who led this incident by Imam Mahdi. Imam Hussein also states that the basis of his rising was inviting people to the Quran and the Prophet's Sunnah.Conclusion: God helps Imam Mahdi and Jesus Christ to establish divine government on earth, and this is accepted by Muslims and Christians. Dread and terror, as part of Imam Mahdi's power, will move in advance of his soldiers. Imam Mahdi will appear with the aim of reforming humanity and spreading justice in the world. We hope this article will take an important step in acquainting people with Imam Mahdi and Jesus Christ and paving the ground for their reappearance.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Confronting the Aporias of the Inclusion Practice

Authors: Gennady Shkliarevsky
Comments: 20 Pages.

The article offers a critique of the current practice on inclusion. Several principal concerns arise in connection with this practice. The fact that it has its roots in the European Enlightenment tradition makes it culturally specific and largely reflective of Western values that are not universally shared. Also, as a result of the selective application of this practice, it actually involves exclusion, which makes this practice contradictory. Finally, its objectivist approach underestimates the role of subjective factors (values, norms, and cultural traditions). These concerns indicate the need for a new inclusion practice. The article outlines a new approach toward inclusion. This approach emerges from a better understanding of what inclusion actually is and what it involves. The article demonstrates the connection between inclusion and the process of creation. This close relationship suggests that the new practice of inclusion should use the process of creation as its main organizing principle.KEYWORDS: Inclusion; The Practice of Inclusion; Conservation; Difference; The Process of Creation
Category: Social Science

Recurrence for the Atkinson-Steenwijk Integrals for Resistors in the Infinite Triangular Lattice

Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 8 Pages.

The integrals R_{n,n}$ obtained by Atkinson and van Steenwijkfor the resistance between points of an infinite set ofunit resistors on the triangular latticeobey P-finite recurrences. The main causeof these are similarities uncovered by partial integrations of theirintegral representations with algebraic kernels. All R_{n,p} resistancesto points with integer coordinates n and p relative to an originin the lattice can be derived recursively.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Formula of Zhi-Wei Sun

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this note we discuss various equivalent formulations for the sum of an infinite series considered by Zhi-Wei Sun.
Category: Number Theory

Mathematical Analysis of 2D Packing of Circles on Bounded and Unbounded Planes: Analytic Formulation and Simulation

Authors: Harish Chandra Rajpoot
Comments: 41 Pages. Original Research Work

This paper encompasses the mathematical derivations of the analytic and generalized formula and recurrence relations to find out the radii of n umber of circles inscribed or packed in the plane region bounded by circular arcs (including sectors, semi and quarter circles) & the straight lines. The values of radii obtained using analytic formula and recurrence relations have been verified by comparing with those obtained using MATLAB codes. The methods used in this paper for packing circles are deterministic unlike heuristic strategies and optimization techniques. The analytic formulae derived for plane packing of tangent circles can be generalized and used for packing of spheres in 3D space and packing of circles on the spherical surface which is analogous to distribution of non-point charges. The packing density of identical circles, externally tangent to each other, the most densely packed on the regular hexagonal and the infinite planes have been formulated and analysed. This study paves the way for mathematically solving the problems of dense packing of circles in 2D containers, the packing of spheres in the voids (tetrahedral and octahedral) and finding the planar density on crystallographic plane.
Category: Geometry

Proof by Mathematical Induction-Deduction Based on my Definition

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

In this chapter, I will explain a new method of proof, which is both mathematical induction and deduction at the same time, based on my definition series, with concrete examples.
Category: General Mathematics

Strong and Weak Correlations

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 7 Pages.

Strong and weak correlations are similar to strongand weak probabilities. Correlation is sequentiallylinked to experimental physics and hypotheses.Theoretical math probability can also be estimatedwithout causative constraints, within virtual datapoints. Dictionary definitions could be parsed, butthe statistical separation between strong and weakexperimental anything cannot be ignored.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The First Step to a Theory of Everything, the Riddle of Electric Charge

Authors: David Martin Degner
Comments: 3 Pages.

What is the difference between a positive charge, protons, and a negative charge, electrons? What is the electric field made of? Why do like charges, +/+ and −/−, repel each other and unlike charges, +/−, attract each other? It turns out that there is a simple answer to these questions, and by simple I mean it is at the 5^th or 6^th grade level. The key idea is to observe the symmetries of +/+,  −/−, and  +/− charge configurations relative to the particle of which electric fields are made. And when we answer these questions it will turn out that the particle we “invent” or “discover” is the particle of which everything in the universe is made. By everything I mean electric fields, magnetic fields, photon fields, gravity fields, electrons, protons, neutrons, electricity, forces, both pushes and pulls, dark matter, and dark energy—ergo a TOE. Of course, that TOE will have some complex and subtle aspects or parts.
Category: Classical Physics

Pi Is a Rational Number in Physics

Authors: Zhengxi Wang
Comments: 9 Pages.

It has been mathematically proved that pi is an irrational number, mathematics has infinitesimal but there is a minimum in physics. The Planck length is the smallest length that can be measured, and a size smaller than it doesn't make sense. By com-paring the circumference of a circle with the Planck length, the significant decimal places of the circumference of the circle are determined, with formula: Pi = circum-ference / diameter, calculate the number of significant decimal places for pi. Therefore, pi is a finite decimal and is a rational number, according to this, set up the physical pi table. In the same way we get: The square root of 2 is a finite decimal and is a rational number, and has an exact place on the real number line, resolved the square root crisis of 2. This paper argues that, mathematics and physics are different, Irrational numbers are all rational numbers in physics. There is infinity (n→±∞, n→±1/∞) in mathematics, but not in physics; Length, quality and time all have definite values. Our universe is certain and limited.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Comparative Study on Real-Time Traffic State Estimation

Authors: Akhil Sahukaru, Shishir Kumar Shandiliya
Comments: 15 Pages.

When traffic demand exceeds available network capacity, traffic congestion develops. Lower vehicle speeds, longer journey times, unreliable arrival timings, and lengthiervehicular queueing are all symptoms. Congestion may have a detrimental influence on society bylowering quality of life and increasing pollution, particularly in metropolitan areas. To alleviatetraffic congestion, traffic engineers and scientists require high-quality, comprehensive, andprecise data to forecast traffic flow. The advantages and disadvantages of various data collectingsystems, as well as data attributes such as accuracy, sample frequency, and geographiccoverage, vary. Multisource data fusion improves accuracy and delivers a more complete picture of trafficflow performance on a road network. This study provides a review of the literature on congestionestimation and prediction based on data obtained from numerous sources. An overview of datafusion approaches and congestion indicators that have been employed in the literature to estimatetraffic condition and congestion is provided. The outcomes of various strategies are examined,and a disseminative analysis of the benefits and drawbacks of the methods reviewed is offered.Keywords: traffic congestion; multi source data fusion; traffic state estimation; data collection
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Schrödinger’s Equation in Non-Euclidean Metric Using Geometric Algebra

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this paper, it is used geometric algebra to derive the Schrödinger equation in non-Euclidean metric. The properties of the basis vectors transporting information of the metric, will be used for this goal.The result for the time dependent Schrödinger’s equation is:(ℏt ̂)/g_tt ∂ψ/∂t= -ℏ^2/2m g_tt/〖g_xx〗^2 ((∂^2 ψ)/(∂x^2 )+(∂^2 ψ)/(∂y^2 )+(∂^2 ψ)/(∂z^2 ))+Vψ (1) And for the time independent equation: g_tt (1/〖g_xx〗^2 (∂^2 ψ)/(∂x^2 )+1/〖g_yy〗^2 (∂^2 ψ)/(∂y^2 )+1/〖g_zz〗^2 (∂^2 ψ)/(∂z^2 ))+2m/ℏ^2 (E-V)ψ=0 (2)Being gii, the corresponding metric elements of each coordinate. Also, other possibilities that offer geometric algebra to work in Quantum Mechanics will be commented.
Category: Quantum Physics

Possible Roles for the TV Host the Monty Hall Problem as a Statistical Experiment

Authors: Alessandro Renzi
Comments: 5 Pages.

I reflect on the Monty Hall problem (the probability puzzle, loosely based on the American television game show Let's Make a Deal), and some variant of it, believing that a specific point of view can present some useful connections with the fundamental problems about quantum mechanics from the point of view of the great questions posed by EPR paradox
Category: Quantum Physics

Proofs Using my Definition Series 3

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

The purpose of this short paper is to provide a proof based on my definition series to determine the correctness of my previous papers No.19, No.89.
Category: Number Theory

Proof of the Decrease in Entropy in the Field of the Center of Forces (Доказательство уменьшения энтропии в поле центра сил)

Authors: Dmitry Vatolin
Comments: 8 Pages. In Russian

Here, the existence of a thermal cycle is proved, in which a gas placed in a field of forces, performs useful work without transferring heat to a third-party body.

Здесь доказано существование теплового цикла, в котором газ, помещённый в поле сил, совершает полезную работу без передачи тепла стороннему телу.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

On the U(1) Gauge Potential Decomposition in Geometrical Optics

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: Written in English, 1 page, no figure.

We propose to apply $U(1)$ gauge potential decomposition in geometrical optics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Paradox that Induced Electric Field Has Energy in Maxwell's Theory of Classical Electromagnetic Field

Authors: shuang-ren Zhao
Comments: 13 Pages.

Abstract--- Those who have studied electromagnetic field theory know that the energy density of the magnetic field is proportional to the square of the magnetic field strength. The energy density of the electric field is proportional to the square of intensity of the electric field. It is assumed that the dimensions of devices such as the inductor are negligible compared with the wavelength of AC, so electromagnetic radiation can be ignore. It is no problem to calculate the energy of the magnetic field according to the above method. However, the electric field has two parts, one is the electrostatic field, and the other is the induced electric field, which is related to the time derivative of the magnetic vector. It is also clear that the electrostatic field has energy. However, it is not clear whether the induced electric field has electric energy. According to Maxwell's equation, it refers to the radiation electromagnetic field equation including displacement current, the energy of the electric field naturally includes the energy of the induced electric field. However, the induced electric field is an electromagnetic induction phenomenon, and the energy of the magnetic field has been increased in this process. It seems that the energy of the induced electric field itself should not be calculated again. On the other hand, according to the electric and magnetic quasi-static electromagnetic field equation, the induced electromagnetic field has no energy. The author believes that the electric and magnetic quasi-static electromagnetic field equation is correct, and the induced magnetic field should not have electric field energy. The author believes that this contradiction is due to the fact that Maxwell's equation (including displacement current term) is not suitable for the case of electric and magnetic quasi-static fields. As the textbook tells us, Maxwell's equations are accurate equations, and magnetic quasi-static or electric and magnetic quasi-static electromagnetic field equations are approximate equations of Maxwell's equations. The author thinks that the Maxwell equation obtained by adding the displacement current term can deduce the result of electromagnetic wave, but it is still a problem equation. The main problem is that the electric field and magnetic field obtained by Maxwell equation are not the seamless extension of the electromagnetic field under the original electric and magnetic quasi-static condition. That is to say, the electric field and magnetic field obtained according to Maxwell's equation actually do not have the properties of the original electric field and magnetic field. In particular, the electric field energy, magnetic field energy and Poynting vector formed by such electric and magnetic fields are unreliable. In the electric and magnetic quasi-static condition, the most unreliable is the energy of the induced electric field. The induced electric field should not have energy. If the induced electric field has energy, we know that the energy is a quadratic function, so the energy of the induced electric field and the electrostatic electric field will have a cross mixing part, which is even more strange. The author thinks that the Poynting theorem is still correct under the quasi-static condition of electric and magnetic field, but the Poynting theorem derived from Maxwell equation (including displacement current) is not reliable.
Category: Classical Physics

Numerical Modelling of Diffusion Decomposition Processes

Authors: N. M. Kiryukhin, A. V. Sagalovich, V.V . Sagalovich, V. N. Chabanovsky
Comments: 11 Pages.

A set of programs for the numerical simulation of the diffusion decomposition processes was developed by using simulation methods, kinetic and particle method. The complex has been validated on the model system Ni-Al by the growth of -phase separations. The results on the evolution of the distribution function and other characteristics of the ensemble, which in the zero volume fraction approximation are asymptotically in good agreement with the theory and the experiment, have been obtained. The peculiarity of the created program complex is the possibility of its adaptation to the description of the decomposition of multicomponent multiphase systems.Fig. 6, list of references - 19 titles
Category: Classical Physics

The Rotation Curve of Galaxies in the "Photon Universe" Model

Authors: Giuseppe Cimino
Comments: 4 Pages.

Using the photon universe model, as an alternative to the "missing mass" models (dark matter, MOND, etc), a theoretical derivation of the rotation curves of galaxies is proposed.
Category: Astrophysics

Nanocomposites and Semiconductor Devices Based on Recycled Radioactive Waste

Authors: Valeriy Kizka
Comments: 8 Pages. doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0188.v1

The article provides an overview of nanocomposites and microelectronic elements used in space electronics and radiation control systems of nuclear reactors. Only those nanocomposites and microelectronic elements are taken into account that improve their characteristics in radiation fields or remain indifferent when exposed to ionizing radiation. Considering the chemical composition of the materials of these nanocomposites and microelectronic elements, it is analyzed from which radioactive materials (RM) obtained by recycling radioactive waste (RW) such composites and microelectronic parts can be made. Thus, an alternative way of radioactive waste disposal is proposed, when these wastes are used in the form of microelectronic elements designed to operate under conditions of cosmic radiation.
Category: Condensed Matter

Proofs Using My Definition Series 2

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

The purpose of this short paper is to provide a proof based on my definition series to determine the correctness of my previous papers No.21.
Category: Number Theory

Dictionary of all Scriptures and Myths by G. A. Gaskell and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 21 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Dictionary of all Scriptures and Myths by G. A. Gaskell. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4, βH = 0.04), i.e. a magnetisation curve of the Ising Model, in the Bethe-Peierls approximation, in the presence of four nearest neighbours and little external magnetic field, H, with βH = 0.04. β is 1/(k_B T), where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

The Distribution of Prime Numbers

Authors: Mohammed Bouras
Comments: 2 Pages. New Sequence of prime numbers

In this paper, we discovered a new sequence of prime numbers, such that every term of this sequence is either a prime number or equal to 1.
Category: Number Theory

Matrix Modelling of Elementary Particles

Authors: Savinov Sergey
Comments: 19 Pages.

The empirical variant of the uniform quantum theory describing final level of structure of all kinds of a matter, including modelling of elementary particles with an explanation of their properties (weight, life time, disintegration channels, charges, interaction and other), allowing to include all known quantum phenomena in the general basic scheme co-ordinated in all aspects and deprived of theoretical contradictions. Gravitation is included in the theoretical scheme.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Rotation Curve of Galaxies

Authors: Giuseppe Cimino
Comments: 3 Pages.

Using the model of the universe of photons, as an alternative to the models of the "missing mass" (dark matter, MOND, etc.), a possible interpretation of the rotation curve of galaxies is presented by introducing two parameters: the critical mass and the limit radius for a galaxy.
Category: Astrophysics

The Riemann Hypothesis Proved

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 18 Pages.

The Riemann hypothesis is proved through a theorem on the nature of points critics of the real part and the imaginary part u(x, y), v(x, y) of a holomorphic function having the same zeros of the Riemann zeta function. Precisely, the zeros of thesefunctions are saddle points, and furthermore in these points the partial derivatives of odd order. From this derives a system of infinite identities that are check if and only if the real part of the zeros of the zeta function is equal to 1/2.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Fizeau Effect

Authors: Emil Gigov
Comments: 2 Pages.

The experiment of Fizeau is incompatible with the theory of relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Formation of Stars and Galaxies with Their Structural Forms

Authors: Viktor S. Dolgikh
Comments: Pages.

This work is continuation of 1701.0488 with an extension of 2009.0160. It shows how and where Stars and Galaxies are formed - on the example of the Sn type, and the resulting structural forms reflect their properties. The conclusion gives rise to an assumption about the existence of an alternative - "cold" Galaxies as a kind of "dark" matter.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Valuation of Cancellable Structured Note

Authors: Alex Yang
Comments: 21 Pages.

Many derivatives have callable or cancellable features that impact both value and risk significantly. This article presents a valuation model for generic cancellable structured notes. The model calculates the expectation of cancellation notes with respect to the probability that cancellation occurs.
Category: Economics and Finance

The Beginning of a New General Theory of Relativity (Part 3)

Authors: Valentín Ibáñez Fernández
Comments: 89 Pages.

The paper gives a new definition of the motion of matter of two types, uniform and uniformly accelerated. Two fundamental new laws of motion are presented, on which are based all types of motion of matter in space Just as every form is inextricably linked with content and is in dialectical unity with it, space and time are inextricably linked with matter how in its state of rest and in its movement. In this sense, the concept of empty space without a material environment has no physical meaning. Thus, the subject of research in this paper was new applied forms of motion of material objects, for further research of the motion of matter in any form and in any moving inertial systems. It is impossible, without a deep revision of the accumulated knowledge in many areas of physics and mathematics of motion of material objects, the study of the motion of matter in any moving inertial systems, what is the fundamental object of study of the general theory of relativity The author has devoted many works 20,21,22 to this goal in his scientific research, outlining a new special theory of relativity. But the new general theory of relativity required an even deeper scientific and historical analysis of fundamental questions of physics, one of which is the motion of matter in rest systems, which is what this work is dedicated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is there a Singularity Point Inside a Black Hole?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 4 Pages.

There is no singularity point in a physical black hole. A singularity point was derived from solving GR equations. However, it is merely a mathematical construct that does not exist in reality.
Category: Astrophysics

A Multi-fold Universe Genesis Inspired By Explosive Total Collision: The Source Of The Big Bang?

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 9 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales, and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model, without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at an even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model. Julian Barbour and his team, with their Janus point theory, have proposed unconventional views on topics like the arrow of time, entropy and the big bang. This paper analyses some of these ideas in the context of multi-fold universes, where the key idea of reversibility of all the law of physics does not seem to hold, and where we have a random fractal discrete spacetime instead of conformance and scale independence.In this paper, we show that we can borrow some key concepts and repurpose them to justify the arrow of time, the growth of entropy along with growth in complexity. By borrowing the idea of N-body explosive total collision, we provide plausible scenarios for a genesis of the big bang and its inflation: the N-body collision of enough particles, governed by Ultimate Unification (UU) concepts, generated by quantum fluctuations, cyclic universes, or big crunch, can be the onset of a N-body explosion accompanied with a boost of spacetime energy: the inflaton field. We have previously proposed that, for multi-fold universes, the inflaton could be the Higgs field (minimally) coupled to gravity. The proposed scenarios could also apply to big crunches, and some cyclic universes, if that were how the universe were to evolve. It also allows some interesting modeling of the inside of a blackhole with a new and compelling suggestion for the quantum extrema surface that may appear near it center.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Introduction to a Magnetic Confinement Method That Consolidates the Major Features of Inertial Electrostatic Confinement and Tokamak Reactors to Rectify Major Issues Precluding Stable Fusion

Authors: Samuel P. Moss II
Comments: 28 Pages.

This work presents a novel patent pending method of inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) fusion called the Nuclear Electromagnetic Shaping Accelerator Reactor (NESAR) that addresses all of the major failure problems with currently known methods of IEC fusion. A brief background of previous IEC methods that generate a negative potential well to accelerate ions for fusion will be reviewed and compared to the NESAR method of magnetic confinement. In addition, a direct comparison will be presented between the NESAR and the tokamak method of fusion. The NESAR method of fusion obtains the plasma oscillation and compression capabilities of a tokamak without producing the catastrophic magnetic reconnection disruptions that currently plague tokamaks. Since the NESAR can oscillate charged particles comparable to the tokamak, this work will briefly review the history of the tokamak, how sawtooth magnetic reconnection occurs, and how the NESAR precludes the occurrence of magnetic reconnection.This work will also review the beginnings of a novel theory that has obtained interest from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) which is currently interested in possibly supporting further research into the NESAR to explore this new theoretical concept. This novel theory is a unified field theory based upon the trajectory of charged particle movements within the NESAR. The NESAR is the only concept of magnetic confinement in the world that may have the capability to allow charge particles to collectively interact relatively to a solitary location. Due to this possible capability, there is a probability that the confined particles may experience curved trajectories that could allow them to experience the effects of curvature deviation. If curvature deviation occurs with these magnetically confined charged particles; then the deviated acceleration would allow for the electromagnet field to be propelled to a higher dimension that could influence spacetime.Finally, this work will review another theory that explains how pole reversals are observed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) coiled magnetic field detectors. This theory requires little to no postulations to be framed and it is purely based upon the trajectory of charged particles within the NESAR, Michael Faraday’s law of induction, and experimental observations of rotating plasmas.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Proposal for More Economic Fuel Use at Lagrange Points

Authors: Filip Kozarski
Comments: 2 Pages. added two subsections to the Evaluation

This paper demonstrates why — regarding fuel consumption — it is more senseful to perform stationkeeping at Lagrange point as often as possible, i.e. when thrust needed is greater than 12 cm/s for the James Webb Space Telescope. Fuel can be saved by striving to correct the orbit each time as early as manageable. With such change, the conservative estimate for the mission lifetime increase is over 12%.
Category: Classical Physics

The String Swampland and de Sitter Vacua: A Consistent Perspective for Superstrings and Multi-fold Universes

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 11 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scales than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting into what we define as SMG, the Standard Model with non-negligible gravity effects at its scales. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at a even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model.Superstrings are encountered in the context of Multi-fold universes; but not as physical entities, or as entities encountered in the multi-fold universe spacetime. Their discovery in AdS(5) (+ extra dimensions) tangent to every multi-fold universe spacetime points are physically consistent with superstrings that would only exist in universes with negative cosmological constants.Yet, in previous papers, we did not analyze the details of the related string theory theorems and conjectures, about curvature and viable curvatures, and, in particular, we did not discuss criticisms made by some to the main incompatibility results. These are conjectures not accepted by all, or alternatives that seem to be able to avoid them. This paper provides an analysis that supports the proposal of the incompatibility of superstrings with positive curvature (asymptotic De Sitter), dark energy or cosmological constant. This result applies to superstring theories. But it is good to note that the reasoning is consistent with the multi-fold universe spacetime reconstruction model (random walks), inflation (including the approach based on Higgs field (minimally) coupled to gravity), and multi-fold dark energy mechanisms. It piles on the already asserted incompatibility of superstrings, and supersymmetry, with SMG based on asymptotic safety of gravity in multi-fold universes.In the context of multi-fold universes, it appears that the multi-fold universe spacetime emerges from the multi-fold random walk, while its dual tangent AdS(5), where the multi-folds, or gravitons, live, could be seen as emerging from superstrings. Superstrings are buffered by AdS(5) from (asymptotic) dS, and relieved from having to support its emergence or existence. The jury remains out on the exact physical relevance of superstrings beyond gravitons in AdS(5).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Regularity of Prime Numbers

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

In this short paper, I will publish one prediction based on the regularity of prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Spherically Symmetric Models of Scalar Field’s Interaction

Authors: Victor L. Mironov, Sergey V. Mironov
Comments: 10 Pages.

We discuss the particles and fields described by a hypercomplex first-order wave equation with nonzero mass of quantum. It is shown that the strengths of such fields are nonzero only in the area of sources. This allows us to consider scalar particles as localized regions of space filled with a scalar field. The interaction of such regions occurs only when they overlap. First, we consider simple spherically symmetric models of scalar particles in the form of homogeneous spherical regions filled with a scalar field and show that the spheres overlap leads to purely attractive or repulsive interactions. Then we generalize our results to more complex models of core-shell systems and demonstrate the formation of non-monotonic attractive/repulsive potential that provide metastable bound states and annihilation barriers.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Dictionary of Zoology by Michael Allaby and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 22 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study A Dictionary of Zoology, the fourth edition, by Michael Allaby from the Oxford University Press. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of head entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4, βH = 0.01), i.e.the Bethe-Peierls curve in the presence of four nearest neighbours and little external magnetic field, H, with βH = 0.01. β is 1/(k_B T), where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Physics of Biology

The Lower Estimate of the Chromatic Number of the Plane is More Than 6

Authors: Savinov Sergei
Comments: 2 Pages.

The preprint provides a consideration of limiting the lower limit of the chromatic number to 7.
Category: Topology

Modified Subset Construction Algorithm for Finite Automata

Authors: Mirzakhmet Syzdykov
Comments: 3 Pages.

We propose the evolutionary algorithm for subset construction which superceeds previous known resultdue to Rabin and Scott.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Cantor Diagonal Argument for Real Numbers

Authors: Richard L. Hudson
Comments: 4 Pages.

This analysis shows Cantor's diagonal argument published in 1891 cannot form a sequence that is not a member of a complete set.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Promised Science

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 14 Pages.

The aim of the paper is to unify the natural sciences with the human sciences.Unification rests on the foundation of the original thesis at the center of this paper and which concerns the Ontology of Being. In reality, in the absence of an Ontology of Being, every science, insofar as it concerns reality, is up in the air, unaware of its foundation.The method of investigation consists in testing its explanatory and clarifying power by addressing the fundamental questions of both areas, in particular physics, philosophy and the mind-body problem.A true Ontology of Being, in fact, must be able to bring all the sciences back to itself, and therefore to clarify their structure as they branch out, explaining them in their being identical and in their being different.The result is that the proposed ontological thesis, which derives from the synergy of the acquired results of both sciences, reacts on them, purifying their foundations and therefore spanning the way to their safer advancement. Indeed, the natural and human sciences, each in their own domains and with their own methods, apparently so distant, concern the two opposite moments of the same being. In other words, they are complementary to each other, as the act is to the potency, as external is to internal, as dead is to life, as the consciousness is to the soul, as electricity is to gravitation, as each makes no sense without the other but needs the other and is completed in the other.The promised science is the overcoming in the synthesis of these two opposite moments.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Derivation of Formula for Neutron Lifetime

Authors: Shan-Hong Li
Comments: 5 Pages.

We assume that neutron is simply composed of proton and electron. Then, in the process of electron escaping from the proton bondage, we discussed the interaction between electron and proton to derive the neutron lifetime formula. According to the different interaction between electron and proton, we get two formulas to calculate the neutron lifetime. The results are 878.58s and 877.77s respectively, which are in good agreement with the latest laboratory measurement.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Mass Displacement Field : R-Field

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper a new field theory for a moving mass has been presented.
Category: Classical Physics

Collatz Conjecture Part 1: Alternative Definition for Collatz's Transformations

Authors: Gaurav Sharma
Comments: 12 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin - Please conform)

We consider n to have only odd values, and even values are written in the form; n.2^b. We create a predefined function r_b (n).Define, g(n)=r_b (n)+r_(b-1) (n) and prove g(n)=f(n). g(n) being an identical function to Collatz transformations, we use the properties of said function to probe the conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Tribute to The Memory of My Friend and Colleague Abdelkader Sellal, Engineer Geodesist (1946-2017) - V3- September 2022 -

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 117 Pages. In French and the letter of motivation in English.

This document presents a tribute to the memory of my colleague and friend Abdelkader Sellal, a retired geodesist engineer from the Algerian Institute of Cartography and Remote Sensing. I published a report he had written in 2004where he had proposed projects concerning the modernization of Algerian Geodesy in particular :- Establishment of a Network of Permanent GPS Stations and a Basic Geodetic Network.- GPS calculations. Re-Adjustment and redefinition of the Algerian national geodetic network using adjustment software.- Definition of a System and a Reference of Altitudes in Algeria.- The Geoid: Studies on the determination of a gravimetric geoid in Algeria.
Category: Geophysics

Helmholtzian Factorization vs Dirac Factoring Detailed Fermion Mass-Color-Charge Architecture Weak Interaction and Strong Force Field Equations

Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 11 Pages.

Through the Helmholtzian factorization of the Helmholtz/Klein-Gordon equation the mass is a sum of squares of a 4-tuple of the four-vector-doublet. The Dirac equation factoring shows that the electron satisfies via a mass-singlet. Thus, in combination, the heavy leptons and quarks are separated as: (0,0,0,mu2080) heavy leptons satisfying the Dirac factoring, and (mu2081,mu2082,mu2083,0) quarks satisfying the Helmholtzian factoring, as pythagorean quadruples. Through the pythagorean quadruple primitives (2,5,14,15)⇒(∓(1/3),∓(5/6),∓(7/3),(5/2)), (±(2/3),±(5/3),±((14)/3),5),charge and color are manifested, plus the mass magnitude |m|² is always the sum-of-squares of the mass-constituents via Klein-Gordon equation. Plus, by establishing the fermion architecture the weak interaction is manifested (including the masses of the Wu207a and Zu2070 , via the fundamental dimensionless physical constant $k$). And continuing the Helmholtzian factorization/Dirac equation factoring analysis, extended through the Helmholtzian factorization to all particle types and interactions (quarks, neutrinos, weaks, heavy leptons).
Category: Mathematical Physics

Quantum Impedance Networks of Dark Matter and Energy

Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 21 Pages.

Dark matter has two independent origins in the impedance model: Geometrically, extending two-component Dirac spinors to the full 3D Pauli algebra eight-component wavefunction permits calculating quantum impedance networks of wavefunction interactions. Impedance matching governs amplitude and phase of energy flow. While vacuum wavefunction is the same at all scales, flux quantization of wavefunction components yields different energies and physics as scale changes, with corresponding enormous impedance mismatches when moving far from Compton wavelengths, decoupling the dynamics. Topologically, extending wavefunctions to the full eight components introduces magnetic charge, pseudoscalar dual of scalar electric charge. Coupling to the photon is reciprocal of electric, inverting fundamental lengths - Rydberg, Bohr, classical, and Higgs - about the charge-free Compton wavelength $lambda=h/mc$. To radiate a photon, Bohr cannot be inside Compton, Rydberg inside Bohr,... Topological inversion renders magnetic charge `dark'.Dark energy mixes geometry and topology, translation and rotation gauge fields. Impedance matching to the Planck length event horizon exposes an identity between gravitation and mismatched electromagnetism. Fields of wavefunction components propagate away from confinement scale, are reflected back by vacuum wavefunction mismatches they excite. This attenuation of the `Hawking graviton' wavefunction results in exponentially increasing wavelengths, ultimately greater than radius of the observable universe. Graviton oscillation between translation and rotation gauge fields exchanges linear and angular momentum, is an invitation to modified Newtonian dynamics.
Category: Geometry

Nothing is Something

Authors: Nick B. Rindal
Comments: 6 Pages. The first of a series of papers which will build upon each other to paint the landscape for a theory of everything.

The purpose is to develop a conceptual, diagrammatic, mechanism for quantum gravity and a unified physics utilizing abstract building blocks. Additional dimensions of spatial information(non-physical) are added on top of the accepted aspects of quantum mechanics in order to provide a mechanism for the production of spacetime(non-physical) out of nothing, which is infinite in quantity. Spacetime, measurement with a scale relative to the atom it formed from, is considered to be a compressible, fluid like, field of space as opposed to strictly a rigid mathematical lattice that curves. Doing this allows for the continuity of energy from prerequisite imaginary information into quantum mechanics through a singularity at center of mass where nothing is defined and then out into observable space as a 4d spatial fluid which results in the curvature of spacetime as General Relativity describes. Doing this suggests a conceptual solution to quantum gravity and the foundation for the theory of everything from a laymen’s level of technical ability.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Galaxies out of Nothing

Authors: Nick B. Rindal
Comments: 7 Pages. Paper 2 in a series of papers about the creation of a theory of everything.

The purpose is to develop a conceptual, diagrammatic, mechanism for quantum gravity and a unified physics utilizing abstract building blocks. Additional dimensions of spatial information(non-physical) are added on top of the accepted aspects of quantum mechanics in order to provide a mechanism for the production of spacetime(non-physical) out of nothing, which is infinite in quantity. Spacetime, measurement with a scale relative to the atom it formed from, is considered to be a compressible, fluid like, field of space as opposed to strictly a rigid mathematical lattice that curves. Doing this allows for the continuity of energy from prerequisite imaginary information into quantum mechanics through a singularity at center of mass where nothing is defined and then out into observable space as a 4d spatial fluid which results in the curvature of spacetime as General Relativity describes. Doing this suggests a conceptual solution to quantum gravity and the foundation for the theory of everything from a laymen’s level of technical ability.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Deposition of the Stoichiometric Coatings by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering

Authors: A. Sagalovich, S. Dudnik, V. Sagalovych
Comments: 10 Pages.

The investigations of the reactive magnetron depositing of the stoichiometric coatings "metal-metalloid" were done. The dependences between sputtering parameters of a target and processes of plasmo-chemical formation on the surface of sample "metal-metalloid" and formations of coatings of the appropriate structure were investigated. Experimental data on stoichiometric coatings AlN, Al2 O3 , TiN, TiO2 is given. Features of reactive magnetron deposition and investigation results for obtaining of coatings with pregiven properties in particular for providing stability and controllability of coating deposition processes in time.
Category: Condensed Matter

The Form of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Nick Rindal
Comments: 6 Pages. paper 3 in a series of papers towards a theory of everything

The purpose is to develop a conceptual, diagrammatic, mechanism for quantum gravity and a unified physics utilizing abstract building blocks. Additional dimensions of spatial information(non-physical) are added on top of the accepted aspects of quantum mechanics in order to provide a mechanism for the production of spacetime(non-physical) out of nothing, which is infinite in quantity. Spacetime, measurement with a scale relative to the atom it formed from, is considered to be a compressible, fluid like, field of space as opposed to strictly a rigid mathematical lattice that curves. Doing this allows for the continuity of energy from prerequisite imaginary information into quantum mechanics through a singularity at center of mass where nothing is defined and then out into observable space as a 4d spatial fluid which results in the curvature of spacetime as General Relativity describes. Doing this suggests a conceptual solution to quantum gravity and the foundation for the theory of everything from a laymen’s level of technical ability.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Link Between ΛCDM Model and Expanding De Sitter Flat Universe

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 6 Pages.

We establish a simple relation between the Hawking temperature and the mass of the Hubble spherevia the Hubble time which constitutes with a beginning of proof for the experimental validity ofStephen Hawking's theory of black hole evaporation. Adding the notion of Planck mass flow, wefind that the mass of the Hubble sphere and thus its energy increases in accordance with the ΛCDMmodel. Then we show that the temperature arising from the Unruh effect at the Hubble radius in anexpanding flat De Sitter space-time is identical to the Gibbons-Hawking temperature in this samespace. Finally we show that the expanding De Sitter spacetime is related to the Hawkingtemperature of the Hubble sphere of the ΛCDM model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Preuve du Rayonnement Hawking Grâce à la Sphère de Hubble
Proof of Hawking Radiation Thanks to the Hubble Sphere

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 2 Pages.

Nous établissons une relation simple entre la température Hawking et la masse de la sphère deHubble via le temps de Hubble qui pourrait être une preuve de la validité de la théorie de StephenHawking sur l’évaporation des trous noirs.

We establish a simple relationship between the Hawking temperature and the mass of the Hubblesphere via the Hubble time which could be a proof of the validity of Stephen Hawking's theory ofblack hole evaporation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Structural Isomers of Benzene and Borazine

Authors: Justin Ren
Comments: 4 Pages.

The structure and free energy differences of the isomers of benzene element, namely, benzene element, dewar benzene and alkane were studied. At the same time, the structural and free energy differences of inorganic benzene, (borazine analogue of dewar benzene) and (borazine analogue of dewar alkane) were further studied.
Category: Chemistry

Sensechain: Sense Contracts, Sense Currency

Authors: Egger L Mielberg
Comments: 17 Pages.

Time is the most important asset of any living person on our planet.The presence of a digital personal financial and economic environment, decentralized to each of its users, would significantly change the quality and standard of living of this user.The main unit of measurement of the value of an individual user of the environment should be the hours (minutes) spent by him on the execution of any sense contract.Our international team proposes a practical implementation of such an environment using the logic of the new mathematical theory for artificial intelligence Sense Theory [1].
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Euler-Mascheroni Constant

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 7 Pages.

A double integral for Euler-Mascheroni Constant.
Category: Number Theory

Exploration of Expression for Pi

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please write in complete sentences and refrain from using irrelevant title etc.)

In this paper, the author explores the expression for Pi.
Category: Number Theory

Analyzing the Invariant Speed of Light

Authors: Edward G. Lake
Comments: 18 Pages.

There are a few experiments which appear to clearly demonstrate that a photon of light is received by a moving observer at c+v or c-v where v is the speed of the observer toward or away from the emitter, yet, in reality, light is always received at c. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and explain how the speed of light can be "invariant" and always be emitted and received at c, while a few experiments appear to show otherwise.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

LIBOR Market Model Pricing

Authors: Yongxin Xiao
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article presents a lattice approach for LIBOR Market Model by using several fast drift approximation methods. The fast convergence behavior requires fewer discretization nodes that gives better performance without losing much accuracy. Moreover, the calibration is almost automatic and it is simple and easy to implement.
Category: Social Science

An Example of the Division by Zero Calculus Appeared in Conformal Mappings

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce an interesting example of conformal mappings (Joukowski transform) from the view point of the division by zero calculus. We give an interpretation of the identity, for a larger than b larger than 0 frac{rho + 1/rho}{rho - 1/rho} = frac{a}{b}, quad rho = sqrt{frac{a+b}{a - b}}, for the case a=b.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Make Two 3D Vectors Parallel by Rotating Them Around Separate Axea

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 8 Pages.

To help fill the need for examples of introductory-level problems that have been solved via Geometric Algebra (GA), we show how to calculate the angle through which two unit vectors must be rotated in order to be parallel to each other. Among the ideas that we use are a transformation of the usual GA formula for rotations, and the use of GA products to eliminated variables in simultaneous equations. We will show the benefits of (1) examining an interactive GeoGebra construction before attempting a solution, and (2) considering a range of implications of the given information.
Category: Geometry

Determination of the Higgs Boson’s Mass

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 5 Pages.

In our previous papers, we gave formulas of the fine-structure constant and their corresponding applications along with a mass model of the elementary particles. And in a recent paper, we redefined Hartree atomic units to Hartree-Chen atomic units. In this paper, we apply our mass model of the elementary particles and Hartree-Chen atomic units to determine the exact value of the Higgs boson’s mass. Based on our hypothetical formulas, the Higgs boson’s in Hartree-Chen atomic units should be 245280.001934, and the exact value of the Higgs boson’s mass should be 125.33782309(4) GeV. Compared to the value of 125.35 ± 0.15 GeV which was measured out by CERN in 2016, our calculated value is almost absolutely precise if it is correct. By the new value of 125.11(11) GeV reported by ATLAS Collaboration, we revised the calculated value for the Higgs boson’s mass to 125.15375720(4) GeV.
Category: Number Theory

On Conjectures About the Simultaneous Pell Equations X2−(a2−1)y2=1 and Y2−pz2=1

Authors: Michael C. I. Nwogugu
Comments: 10 Pages. The copyright license-type for this article is CC-BY-NC-ND

This article shows that the Qu (2018) conjectures, the Yang & Fu (2018) conjectures, the Jiang (2020) Conjecture-#1, the Tao (2016) Conjecture-#1, the Cipu & Mignotte (2007) Conjecture, the Ai, Chen, Zhang & Hu (2015) Conjecture, the Yuan (2004) Conjecture, the Keskin, Karaatlı, et. al. (2017) Conjecture, the Cipu (2018) Conjecture, and the Cipu (2007) Conjecture [all of which pertain to the system of Simultaneous Pell equations x^2−(a^2−1)y^2=1 and y^2−pz^2=1] are wrong or incomplete (incomplete in the sense that they didn’t provide complete solutions for the system of equations). This article also introduces simple Java codes for solutions to this class of equations for positive-integers up to (10)^2457600000 (and even greater positive-integers depending on available computing power).
Category: Number Theory

Existence Conditions, Asymptotic Behavior and Properties of a Class Of "Rational-Equivalence" Nonlinear Systems

Authors: Michael C. I. Nwogugu
Comments: 10 Pages. The copyright license-type for this article is CC-BY-NC-ND.

Liptai, Németh, et. al. (2020) supposedly proved that in the diophantine equation (3^a−1)(3^b−1)=(5^c−1)(5^d−1) in positive integers and where a≤b and c≤d, the only solution to the title equation is (a,b,c,d)=(1,2,1,1). This article analyzes the Complexity of, and introduces properties of the equations (3^a−1)(3^b−1)=(5^c−1)(5^d−1) and g^u=f^v, new "Existence Conditions", new theories of "Rational Equivalence", and a new theorem pertaining to the equation g^u=f^v. The class of equations of the type [(X^a−1)(X^b−1)=(Y^c−1)(Y^d−1)] (the "Rational-Equivalence Equation") includes the equation (3^a−1)(3^b−1)=(5^c−1)(5^d−1). This article also introduces simple Java codes for finding solutions to this class of equations for positive-integers up to (10)^2457600000 (and even greater positive-integers depending on available computing power).
Category: Functions and Analysis

Zero-Dimensional Number Theory

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 40 Pages.

Examined here is a proposed zero-dimensional number theory as the process of labelling zero-dimensional space as a point and zero-dimensional time as a moment as the different mathematical values of 0 and 1 respectively. By such it can be shown how zero-dimensional time in being mathematically labelled as a unit can form relationships between zero-dimensional spatial points labelled as 0. Here, zero-dimensional time can be demonstrated to derive a suite of mathematical operators for zero-dimensional points that then relate with each other in the form of equations for 1d, 2d, and 3d timespace. By such, time can be shown to represent the fundamental basis for all mathematical equation operators (addition, subtraction division, multiplication, equality, exponentiation, etc) for points in space. Subsequently, it is proposed that the resulting time and space (timespace) equations are synonymous with the mathematical equations that describe both the physical phenomenal field forces and their associated particle activity. In this process, solutions can be shown for Goldbach’s conjecture, the Riemann hypothesis, and Fermat’s last theorem, together with the formulation of a physical theory matching known physics theory equations and associated constants. The result of such is a zero-dimensional number theory that both prescribes the basis for a mathematical theorem together with becoming a physical theory as a process of accounting for the equations of physical phenomena.
Category: Number Theory

Dry Eye Pain Relief by Eating a Special Oily Food

Authors: Carl Littmann
Comments: 3 Pages.

This simple article is based mainly on simple empirical experience. It describes a simple way that seems to stop dry eye related pain, a condition very troubling to many people who are usually of late middle-age and beyond. In short, the solution may be as easy as obtaining from a quality Chinese restaurant an order of Shrimp Fried Rice, adding some soy sauce. Then taking about 1/3 cup of that snack, and mixing into it an extra 5 teaspoons of Canola Oil, heating it and eating it. And also very importantly, then drinking about 2/3rd cup of water. (Then, if the room is cool or clammy, going to a very warm room for 5 minutes.) All that should help in less than 5 minutes. And if the problem reoccurs later in the day, then, with some of the ‘left-over’, repeat. But if no help obtained, just discontinue. And of course, discuss health problems with your professional healthcare provider. Optionally, see more thoughts and details below:
Category: Biochemistry

Probe of the Alpha Particle Conundrum in Terms of Quarks of Quantum Chromo Dynamics

Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen, Subha Sen
Comments: 24 Pages, 7 Figures, 3 Tables

The characteristics of α-particle is enigmatic in that its formation, configuration, role in nucleosyntheses, stability, compactness, having smallest radius among all poly-nucleon nuclides, highest value of core density, exhibition of different values of half-lives in decay process could not be unified through a suitable explanatory concept. The α- cluster model which is frequently used as an active non-mathematical tool for nucleosyntheses suffers from inconsistency in its applicability.In the present communication all of the above mentioned peculiarities of α-particle have been interpreted in term of the Quantum Chromo Dynamical (QCD) standard model of particle physics using d-quarks as the ultimate binding force. In addition, the formation and properties of nucleons of low mass number has been explained. The binding energy of the isotopes of low mass number nuclides is mainly contributed by the d-quarks involved in the formation of the nuclides. The reluctance of α-particle towards any type of combination goes against the idea of α- cluster model.The mechanism of radioactive decay of α-particles and the possibility of occurrence of half-life periods of isotopes with all types of values from very high to extremely low have been considered. It is possible that both kinetic and mechanical forces are involved in the decay process.It may be inferred that the nuclear architecture is built out of p — n pairs as bricks and the binding energy is derived mainly from d-quarks acting as cement.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

General Base Decimals with the P-Series of Calculus Shows All Zeta(n) Irrational

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 10 Pages. This is a different proof that uses limits in a more conventional way.

We give a new approach to the question of whether or not all greater than one, integer arguments of Zeta are irrational. Currently only Zeta(2n) and Zeta(3) are known to be irrational. We show that using the denominators of the terms of Zeta(n)-1=z_n as decimal bases gives all rational numbers in (0,1) as single decimals, property one. We also show the partial sums of z_n are not given by such single digits so using the denominators of the partial sum's terms as number bases, property two. Next, using integrals for the p-series contracting upper and lower bounds for partial sum remainders of z_n are generated. Assuming z_n is rational, it is expressible as a single decimal using the denominator of a term of z_n (property one) and eventually these bounds will consist of infinite decimals (property two) with their first decimal equal to this single decimal. But as no single decimal can be between two infinite decimals with the same first digit a contradiction is derived and all z_n are proven irrational.
Category: Number Theory

Concerning the Time Dilation of the Supernovae

Authors: Claudio Marchesan
Comments: 6 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License

This brief analysis builds upon the work presented in [viXra:2207.0051]. The observations discussed aim to substantiate the rationale behind an alternative cosmological model to the standard one. The project, named "4-Sphere" and currently under development, operates within the framework of Special Relativity.Astronomers posit that Type Ia Supernovae serve as a cosmic clock. Their observational efforts focus on correlating the time dilation of this clock with the redshift (z) of the supernova, thereby seeking to identify the cosmological model that best aligns with the observed data.The measured time dilation is also utilized in the distance calculations of Type Ia supernovae, as demonstrated in my work [viXra:2208.0152].The Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric, a cornerstone of the ΛCDM model, currently the most advanced model with significant predictive and empirical successes, attributes its dominance over alternative models primarily to the time dilation analysis of supernovae. Its prediction yields a value of (1+z), where z represents the redshift.In this concise discussion, we aim to delineate the core issues at stake, articulating our perspective and comparing the standard model with alternative models, using time dilation in Special Relativity (SR) as a benchmark.To ensure transparency, I have outlined the method for verifying my application of the mean squares estimation: Both the instructions for installing the necessary software, and the supernova data, can be found in my OSF Project Wiki Pages. You can access it in: "Supernova validation m.s. extimation". This involves using Python, and the small initial effort to configure its working environment is amply rewarded by the powerful functionalities that this platform offers in the scientific field (Visual Studio offers to developers the "Python Development Tool for Windows").
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Unified Description of 1D-Wave, 1D-Wave Packet, 3D-Wave, 3D-Wave Packet, and nlm Elliptical Orbital Transition for a Photon’s Emission and Propagation

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 29 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please do NOT use strange symols in the future)

Based on [an earlier paper], I re-designed the description for an H-atom’s electron movement, the orbital transition, and a photon’s emission and propagation. We first used the "nlm elliptical orbital model" to replace the Born probability, then used the "nL0 elliptical orbital transition model" to explain all transition and emission related processes. Therefore, instead of using the electron cloud description, we moved back to the semi-classical physics’ orbital description (by using a group of elliptical orbital tracks). We narrowed the (general) QM probability description (i.e., the Copenhagen interpretation) down to the high uncertainty of the momentum vector Δp at the perihelion region of the elliptical orbital track, so that an orbital moving electron can switch (within the same nlm QM state), or even transit (between different n of nlm) between the different elliptical orbital tracks at the perihelion region. We hypothesized that during the orbital transition, the orbital electron spins-off its outmost shell of its 3D wave packet to form a photon. We hypothesized that it is the uncertainty principle ΔpΔx (that equivalent to a QM-force) that first symmetrized the 3D wave packet of a photon (from an un-symmetric newborn photon), and then further trimmed the over-grown 3D wave packet of an old photon (by splitting-out the outmost shell to form a new low-f photon). Then we re-calculated that (to satisfy Hubble constant ~70 (km/s)/Mpc), a 656.1 nm photon, after propagating each ~2.7E+10 meters (about a half distance from Sun to Mercury), it will split-out a 0.02 Hz low-f photon. We emphasized that it is the natural attribute of an old photon to "decay" by red-shifting. Thus, we may have an alternative explanation (other than the "expanding Universe") for the cosmic red-shift. (Note: this is only a citizen scientist-leveled guess). We mathematically built up a 1D-wave packet for a photon, and correlated its emission to the electron orbital movement. We also (qualitatively) described a photon’s 3D wave and 3D wave packet. Thus, we (conceptually) unified all four different kinds of wave explanations (1D-wave, 1D-wavepacket, 3D-wave, and 3D wave packet) for a photon’s emission and propagation, and also correlated it to the electron’s orbital movement in H-atom. This model revealed that a 3D wave packet should have the size about one wavelength.
Category: Quantum Physics

Universal Grammar, the Mirror Universe Hypothesis and Kinesiological Thinking

Authors: Stephen P. Smith
Comments: 19 Pages.

A semiotics is presented based on the kinesiological movement of vision that carries three categories, coming as a projection, reflection and a middle-term that joins the two. This is presented as a mirror universe cosmology in terms of both metaphysics (ontology) and science (physics and cosmology). The key hypothesis is that the metaphysical and the physical cosmologies are the same, and Cartesian dualism can be replaced by a panpsychism that is non-dual but admits to a property dualism carried by the apparent two-sidedness that is foundational for the mirror universe cosmology. Gravity it all its forms, and the plurality of emotions, come with valences that source the middle-term and relate to both navigation and innate memories. With this theory evolution is driven by the valences that source the middle-term, and hence, the triadic structure of the mirror cosmology acts as a strange attraction and will leave like-looking artifacts on the substrate of evolution, biological development and psychology. Finding such artifacts constitutes empirical evidence in support of the theory. Very significant empirical support is presented from the fields of biology, and neuropsychology. Nevertheless, the universal grammar carried by kinesiological thinking is self-limiting and only describes a mode of inquiry.
Category: Mind Science

Energy is Conserved in General Relativity

Authors: Stefan Bernhard Ruester
Comments: 10 Pages. Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.8, n.6, (13-22), August 8, 2022

In this article, the author demonstrates that there is a huge contradiction between the statements made in the famous literature about general relativity regarding the vanishing covariant divergence of the energy-momentum tensor of matter representing a conservation law. It is reasoned which of these contradictory standpoints are correct and which are not. The author points out why pseudotensors cannot represent the energy density of the gravitational field. Contrary to the statements in the famous literature about general relativity, the energy density of the gravitational field is shown to be described by a tensor. Moreover, the author demonstrates that in general relativity there necessarily exists the conservation of total energy, momentum, and stress regarding the completed version of Einstein's field equations which is that one with the cosmological constant, whereby the latter one takes on a completely new meaning that solves the cosmological constant problem. This new interpretation of the cosmological constant also explains the dark energy and the dark matter phenomenon. The modified Poisson equation, that is obtained from Einstein's field equations with the cosmological constant in the limit of weak gravitational fields, approximately meets the requirement of conservation of total energy in Newton's theory of gravity, whereby flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies are obtained.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

With the Pythagorean Triples C^2 = A^2 + B^2 We Obtain that C^2 * N = A^2 * N + B^2 * N and C^2 * N is a Power of C with Exponent> 2

Authors: Giovanni Di Savino
Comments: 4 Pages.

It is possible to multiply the three powers by the same value square of a Pythagorean triple and obtain that the sum of two is equal to the power of the third.
Category: Number Theory

P! = NP — Final Proof of the Millennium Theorem

Authors: Mirzakhmet Syzdykov
Comments: 3 Pages.

We state that if there's an order in the target function for the set of variables, then P != NP according to the dynamic programming which is the most optimal way of solving the combinatorial problems using its recurrent function at each step of the algorithm.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Approach to Calculate the El Niño Oscillation: 8.23 Years

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 17 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit β, in the solar system, β=2.961520e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect connecting to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, as an application, this relativistic model gives out the sunspot cycle to be 10.38 years due to the ultimate acceleration. The same approach is applied to the El Niño oscillation, calculating out the El Niño irregular period to be 8.23 years.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Testing Wiring of a Null Model Cable

Authors: Sunny Daniels
Comments: 17 Pages. I think that "Electronics" (which I think exists in arXiv) arXiv category for this paper, but there doesn't seem to be any such category in viXra, so I used "Classical Physics".

Dr Keith Wansbrough (an Auckland University Computer Science and Mathematics graduate, witha PhD from Cambridge, who now works in the IT industry in Scotland) looked at my earlier report(https://vixra.org/abs/2201.0097) and concluded that:a) The DTMF approach would be "fun", but not necessary. Using the serial port of the oldcomputer to extract the data would be much easier than sending DTMF tones through the soundcard and capturing and then decoding them.b) Using a normal (modern, reliable) computer with a serial port (not common nowadays, it seems,unfortunately) to receive the data from the old computer would be easier than using a data logger.However, flow control will be necessary, so a null modem cable with the flow control wires presentand connected correctly will be necessary.I bought a null modem cable from Jaycar, but unfortunately Jaycar do not claim to know the exact wiring of the cable. Given the possible historical value of the data on the old computer, I felt that it would be important for me (or someone else) to carefully check the wiring of the null modem cable (to check that it is correct for this application, and in particular that it has the required flow control wires) before attempting to use it with the old computer in question. I have nearly completed building a reasonably simple apparatus for checking the wiring of the null modem cable, from cheap, readily-available parts. I describe this apparatus here.
Category: Classical Physics

Some High-precision Relation Equations of Physical Constants

Authors: Shan-Hong Li
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we find some relation equations of physical constants. Their calculated results are coincidentally consistent with the measured values in the laboratory or recommended values for 2018 CODATA. They are: the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, the muon mass, the fine structure constant, the formula for the universal gravitational constant, etc.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravity Control and Quantum Physics Applications to Space Travel

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 70 Pages. Presentation for San Jose Secret Space Program Business Applications Conference Sept. 2022.

We have observed UFOs and measured their parameters for achieving flight (USAF).Alzofon’s experiments used this data to reduce weight of an aluminum probe.We now also have the Theory of Gravity as a quantum correction to "Electric Force", based on the quark model. This follows the scientific paradigm (e.g. Tycho Brahe, Kepler & Newton). We also have the theory and technology for Dynamic Nuclear Orientation and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to use for Gravity Control and controlling Cold Fusion.
Category: Quantum Physics

Attempt to Unify Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity Based on Causal Fermion Systems

Authors: Dr Helmut Schmidt
Comments: 20 Pages.

The presented theory is based on causal fermion systems and the simplest possible law for energy E = 2^n i^t . The natural numbers n and t cause cohesion and replace gravity. A distinction is made between this law of nature and, in contrast, our world view with 3 isotropic dimensions x, y and z and rotations with 2pi. For an observer and two objects, from the torque and angular momentum alone, a common constant of h, G, and c can be derived, giving a ratio of meters and seconds: hGc^5s^8/m^10 sqrt(pi^4-pi^2-1/pi-1/pi^3) = 1,00000. The earth's diameter results from the earth's rotation sqrt(pi/2 c m day) = 6378626 m with a height difference of 489 m. Numerous calculations on elementary particles and hydrogen atoms are given, e.g. the exact calculation of the proton mass: m_proton=(2pi(^4) +(2pi)^3+(2pi)^2-(2pi)^1-3-2/pi-2/pi^6+4/pi^8+4/pi^10+4/pi^12+4/pi^8+4/pi^10+4/pi^12+8/pi^13-1/pi^14me=1836.15267343 me. With the same approach, the expansion of the universe H0, radii of celestial bodies and orbits in the planetary system result, e.g. from the Mercury orbit: Periapsis: r_Orbit = 696342 kms sqrt(1 + 0*pi + 4pi^2 + 8pi^3 - 0*16 pi^4+32 pi^5) = 69916000 km Apoapsis: r_Orbit = 696342 km sqrt(1 - 2/2pi + 2pi^2 + 8pi^3 - 16/2 pi^4 + 32/2pi^5) = 46114000 km. With this, the energies of objects are determined directly, without virtual particles in a vacuum.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Towards Settling Doubly Special Relativity

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit complete paper only) Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License

[In] viXra:2201.0082[,] I put forward a method to resolve the contradiction between the existence of Planck units (length, time, mass) and Special Relativity (length contraction, time dilation, relativistic mass). In this note, [], I present the final solution, but postpone the derivation and implications to a detailed future treatment.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Updating Maxwell's Classical Electromagnetic Field Theory With Mutual Energy Theory of Electromagnetic Fields

Authors: Shuang-Ren Zhao
Comments: 35 Pages.

The author comprehensively reviewed the mutual energy theory of electromagnetic field, including three axioms: (1) the law of conservation of electromagnetic energy, (2) the law that radiation does not overflow the universe, (3) the principle of mutual energy and self energy principle; the mutual energy theorem, mutual energy flow theorem, advanced wave existence theorem. According to the theory of mutual energy, electromagnetic radiation is an interaction between source and sink. The source is a primary coil of the transformer, transmitting antenna and the emitter charge. The sink is the secondary coil of the transformer, receiving antenna and absorbing body charge. The source emits retarded wave and the sink emits advanced wave. Electromagnetic radiation phenomena must include a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna. At this time, the transmitting antenna is equivalent to the primary coil of the transformer, and the receiving antenna is equivalent to the secondary coil of the transformer. Essentially, an antenna system including a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna is no different from a transformer system including a primary coil and a secondary coil. They all satisfy the same mutual energy theory. That is, retarded wave and advanced wave are synchronized and generate the mutual energy flow. Mutual energy flow is photons. The wave, including the retarded wave and the advanced wave, must collapse in reverse. The reverse collapse satisfies the Maxwell equation of time reversal. The retarded wave and time reversal wave can be replaced by a reactive power wave. The mutual energy flow and reactive power wave together describe the wave collapse phenomenon. The important conclusion of this theory is that the energy of an electromagnetic wave is transferred by mutual energy flow, not by self energy flow. A light source cannot produce radiation without the help of an environmental absorber. Photons are mutual energy flows. The author finds that Maxwell's equation is not automatically suitable for the theory of electromagnetic mutual energy, so it must be modified. This correction includes adding a time reversal wave, but considering that reactive power waves can also play the role of time reversal wave, the author thinks that reactive power waves can be used to replace time reversal waves in this correction. In this paper, the method of mutual energy theory is applied to two planar current transformer systems and two dipole antenna systems. These two examples verify the correctness of mutual energy theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Fermat's Last Theorem: A Proof by Contradiction

Authors: Benson Schaeffer
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper I oer an algebraic proof by contradiction of Fermat's Last Theorem. Using an alternative to the standard binomial expansion, (a+b)n = an + b Pn i=1 ani(a + b)i1, a and b nonzero integers, n a positive integer, I showthat a simple rewrite of the equation stating the theorem, Ap + (A + b)p = (2A + b c)p; A; b and c positive integers, entails the contradiction of two positive integers that sum to less than zero,(2f + g)(f + g)(f + g + b) Xp2 i=1 (2f + g)p2i(3f + 2g + b)i1 + (f + b)(f + g)(3f + 2g + b)p2 + fb(3f + 2g + b)p2 < 0; f and g positive integers. This contradiction shows that the rewrite has nonon-trivial positive integer solutions and proves Fermat's Last Theorem.
Category: Number Theory

Unified Modeling that Explains Dark Matter Data, Dark Energy Effects, and Galaxy Formation Stages

Authors: Thomas J. Buckholtz
Comments: 59 Pages.

Physics lacks a confirmed description of dark matter, has yet to develop an adequate understanding of dark energy, and includes unverified conjectures regarding new elementary particles. This essay features modeling that addresses those problems and explains otherwise unexplained data. Our modeling starts from five bases — multipole expansions for the electromagnetic and gravitational fields associated with an object, the list of known elementary particles, some aspects of mathematics for isotropic harmonic oscillators, concordance cosmology, and a conjecture that the universe includes six isomers of most elementary particles. The multipole expansions — which have use in conjunction with Newtonian kinematics modeling, special relativity, and general relativity — lead to a catalog of kinematics properties such as charge, magnetic moment, mass, and repulsive gravitational pressure. The multipole expansions also point to all known elementary particles, some properties of those particles, and properties of some would-be elementary bosons and elementary fermions. The harmonic-oscillator mathematics points to Gauge symmetries regarding some elementary bosons. The would-be elementary fermions lack charge and would measure as dark matter. The conjecture regarding six isomers of most elementary particles rounds out and dominates our specification for dark matter. Five of the isomers form the basis for most dark matter. Our modeling explains ranges of observed ratios of dark matter effects to ordinary matter effects — for the universe, galaxy clusters, two sets of galaxies observed at high redshifts, three sets of galaxies observed at modest redshifts, and one type of depletion of cosmic microwave background radiation. Our description of repulsive gravitational pressure points toward resolution for tensions — between data and modeling — regarding the recent rate of expansion of the universe, resolution for possible tensions regarding large-scale clumping, and resolution for possible tensions regarding interactions between neighboring galaxies. Our work regarding gravity, dark matter, and elementary particles suggests characterizations for eras that might precede the inflationary epoch, a mechanism that might have produced baryon asymmetry, mechanisms that govern the rate of expansion of the universe, and insight about galaxy formation and evolution.
Category: Astrophysics

Covid-Period Mass Vaccination Campaign and Public Health Disaster in the Usa from Age/state-Resolved All-Cause Mortality by Time, Age-Resolved Vaccine Delivery by Time, and Socio-Geo-Economic Data

Authors: Denis Rancourt, Marine Baudin, Jeremie Mercier
Comments: 167 Pages.

All-cause mortality by time is the most reliable data for detecting and epidemiologically characterizing events causing death, and for gauging the population-level impact of any surge or collapse in deaths from any cause. Such data is not susceptible to reporting bias or to any bias in attributing causes of death. We compare USA all-cause mortality by time (month, week), by age group and by state to number of vaccinated individuals by time (week), by injection sequence, by age group and by state, using consolidated data up to week-5 of 2022 (week ending on February 5, 2022), in order to detect temporal associations, which would imply beneficial or deleterious effects from the vaccination campaign. We also quantify total excess all-cause mortality (relative to historic trends) for the entire covid period (WHO 11 March 2020 announcement of a pandemic through week-5 of 2022, corresponding to a total of 100 weeks), for the covid period prior to the bulk of vaccine delivery (first 50 weeks of the defined 100-week covid period), and for the covid period when the bulk of vaccine delivery is accomplished (last 50 weeks of the defined 100-week covid period); by age group and by state.We find that the COVID-19 vaccination campaign did not reduce all-cause mortality during the covid period. No deaths, within the resolution of all cause mortality, can be said to have been averted due to vaccination in the USA. The mass vaccination campaign was not justified in terms of reducing excess all-cause mortality. The large excess mortality of the covid period, far above the historic trend, was maintained throughout the entire covid period irrespective of the unprecedented vaccination campaign, and is very strongly correlated (r = +0.86) to poverty, by state; in fact, proportional to poverty. It is also correlated to several other socio-economic and health factors, by state, but not correlated to population fractions (65+, 75+, 85+ years) of elderly state residents.The excess all-cause mortality by age group (also expressed as percentage of pre-covid-period all-cause mortality for the age group) for the whole USA for the entire covid period through week-5 of 2022 is: all ages1.27M23%0-2413K12%25-44109K41%45-64274K27%65-74319K30%75-84316K24%85+240K14%

The corresponding fatality risk ratios are relatively uniform with age (non-exponential and non-near-exponential with age; and even skewed towards young adults), which holds essentially for all states, and for all examined periods within the covid period. This fundamental result implies that a dominant cause of excess mortality could not have been assigned COVID 19, which consistently has been measured to have a strong near-exponential infection fatality ratio with age. The implication is further corroborated by the absence of correlation between all-age-group-integrated excess mortality and age, by state. COVID-19 was not a dominant cause of excess mortality during the covid period in the USA.All of our observations can be coherently understood if we interpret that the covid-period socio-economic, regulatory and institutional conditions induced chronic stress and social isolation among members of large vulnerable groups (individuals afflicted and co-afflicted by poverty, obesity, diabetes, high susceptibility to bacterial respiratory infection [inferred from pre-covid-period antibiotic prescription rates], old age, societal exclusion, unemployment, drug and substance abuse, and mental disability or serious mental illness), which in turn caused many of these individuals to be more and fatally immunocompromised, allowing them to succumb to bacterial pneumonia, at a time when a documented national pneumonia epidemic raged and antibiotic prescriptions were systemically reduced; in addition to possible comorbidity from COVID-19 vaccine challenge against individuals thus made immunocompromised, under broad and hastily implemented "vaccine equity" programs.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Extension of an Imaginary Triangle Through Complex Variables

Authors: Thomas Halley
Comments: 1 Page.

Complex Variables has a link to general geometry in placing the geometry of squares. Given is a problem in geometry where a short-cut is taken to solve what the angle is in the given situation.
Category: Geometry

A Synthetic Route to the 126th Element "Ba*141 + Yb173 = Ch314" and Synthetic Routes to the 119-128th Elements

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 14 Pages. 5 Figures

In our previous papers, we predicted the 119-173th ideal extended elements, and illustrated the 126th element 126Ch314 should have the best relative stability among them and should be worthy to be synthesized preferentially. In this paper, we define the natural number axis (NNA) and the natural number coordinate system (NNCS), and suppose that in the world of nuclides, NNA and NNCS would be applicable, so in the world of nuclides the square root of 2, the square root of 3 and π would become rational numbers of 1.41, 1.73 and 3.14. Their relationships with nuclides and with the formula of the speed of light in atomic units are exhibited to demonstrate this effect, the relative stability of U238 and U235 and the fission mode of U235 are explained, and finally we design a synthetic route to the 126th element, which is "Ba*141 + Yb173 = Ch314". In addition, some synthetic routes to 119-128th elements are supplemented.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Approximating Roots and π Using Pythagorean Triples

Authors: Joseph Bakhos
Comments: 7 Pages. Published December 18, 2022: Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 16, 2022, no. 12, 665-677 doi: 10.12988/ams.2022.917217 Link: http://www.m-hikari.com/ams/ams-2022/ams-9-12-2022/p/bakhosAMS9-12-2022.pdf

Methods approximating the square root of a number use recursive sequences. They do not have a simpleformula for generating the seed value for the approximation, so instead they use various algorithms for choosing the first term of the sequences. Section 1 introduces a new option, based upon the number of digits of the radicand, for selecting the first term. This new option works well at all scales. This first term will then be used in a traditional recursive sequence used to approximate roots. Section 2 will apply the method shown in Section 1 to approximate pi using Archimedes’ method, which then no longer requires different algorithms at different scales for seed values. Section 3 will introduce new recursive sequences for approximating rootsusing Pythagorean triples. Section 4 will then use the same new method to approximate pi.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Mystery is Solved: Gravitational Waves Generate the Constant Hum of the Earth

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 13 Pages.

25 years ago, weak permanent oscillations were discovered in the records of gravimeters, which are not excited by earthquakes and are also not natural resonances of the earth. Proposed causes like wind and ocean waves are ruled out because of their unreliability. The oscillation at 836.69~$mu$Hz exhibits most typical modulations expected for gravitational waves. Their frequency stability can also explain the surprising, previously unknown phase coherence discovered in the records of eight gravimeters. The gravitational waves emitted by the countless binary star systems in our galaxy are probably the cause of the strikingly strong background noise of gravimeters.
Category: Astrophysics

Mathematics Complexity Suggests Cause-Effect Physics

Authors: John Hodge
Comments: 7 Pages.

Orthodox physics makes extensive use of number relation mathematics such as mapping, probability, and infinite series. This mathematics is devoid of causative relations. Other scientific disciplines such as medicine and chemistry use causative models. A causative paradigm such as the Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) would advance physics by providing a useful model with wider applicability and a more intuitive understanding. The PDP model of Iyer, R., et al., 2022, {it{Modeling of Gage Discontinuity Dissipative Physics}}, CJPAS, Vol.16, No. 1 may be one gauge field describing the four forces of the GUT. Causation should be overtly stated in the physics models. Causation is linked with emergence philosophy and not reductionism. The obfuscation of mathematics may be removed from physics by finding the cause--effect of observations.
Category: Classical Physics

A Lower Bound for Length of Addition Chains

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper we show that the shortest length $iota(n)$ of addition chains producing numbers of the form $2^n-1$ satisfies the lower bound $$iota(2^n-1)geq n+lfloor frac{log (n-1)}{log 2}floor$$ where $lfloor cdot floor$ denotes the floor function.
Category: Number Theory

ESG-In-DeFi, Inequality and Problems Inherent in Regulation of DeFi, Web5/Web3, CryptoCurrencies, DCCs/DFPCs, and NFTs/Fractional-NFTs

Authors: Michael C. I. Nwogugu
Comments: 88 Pages.

This article builds on Nwogugu (2020) which introduced some new criteria for determining the optimal Regulatory-Regimes for Mutual Funds, ETFs and Auction Rate Securities. Around the world, the regulation of Blockchain Economy Products has presented a critical regulatory/policy and Sustainable Growth dilemma. In some countries such as the USA, different federal government agencies have publicly issued conflicting opinions and regulations, and different legislators have issued conflicting statements. In this context, DeFi-products ("DeFi Products") specifically refers to: i) DeFi loans that are secured by pools of cryptocurrencies and or NFTs; and ii) DeFi Staking (or Yield-Farming) wherein persons temporarily lend or "stake" their cryptocurrencies or NFTs to a "Pool" in exchange for periodic interest payments. The main findings of this study are as follows: i) properly designed and regulated DeFi and cryptocutrrencies can facilitate economic development, Sustainability and Inequality-reduction; ii) DeFi and cryptocurrencies are poorly understood and ineffectively regulated around the world, and thus pose Financial Stability risks and Systemic Risks; iii) three new Theories-Of-regulation were introduced herein; iv) the energy consumption concerns about cryptocurremcies and rumors of the worthlessness of "mined coins" maybe un-justified; v) this article analyzes and critiques the actual and "possible" Regulatory-Regimes for Blockchain Economy Products (cryptocurrencies , Fractional-NFTs, NFTs (non-fungible tokens), DeFi-Products/Yield-Farming, Tokenized Stocks/Bonds, DCCs/DFPCs and DAOs) with the objective of clarifying critical regulatory factors that can significantly affect Sustainable Growth, ESG, Cost-of-Capital, Access-to-Capital for SMEs, Interest Rates and Inequality.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

On the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Michael C. I. Nwogugu
Comments: 9 Pages.

This article proves that the Collatz Conjecture is valid for all positive integers. The main formula (and rules) for the Collatz Conjecture is as follows: f(n) = (n/2) or (3n+1).
Category: Functions and Analysis

Equity-Based Incentives and Production/Service Functions in Cyber-Physical Systems: Game Theory and Additional Considerations

Authors: Michael C. I. Nwogugu
Comments: 15 Pages.

Equity Based Incentives include Employee Stock Options (ESOs), and substantially change the traditional production/service function, because ESOs/EBIs have different psychological impacts (motivation, or de-motivation), can create intangible capital (ie. Social Capital, Reputational Capital and Human Capital), and create different economic payoffs. Although Game Theory is a flawed concept, it can be helpful in describing interactions in ESO/EBIs transactions. ESOs/EBIs involve a two-stage game; and there are no perfect Nash Equilibria for the two sub-games. The large number of actual and potential participants in these games significantly complicates resolution of equilibria and increases the dynamism of the game(s), given that players are more sensitive to each other’s moves in such games. This article: i) builds on but differs from Nwogugu (2004; 2006); ii) analyzes how ESOs/EBIs dynamics affect traditional assumptions of production functions (in both the manufacturing and service sectors), iii) develops new models of multi-dimensional/combined games (two-stage games, dynamic games and differential games) inherent in ESO/EBIs transactions, iv) illustrates some of the limitations of game theory.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Additional System-Properties of the Network- and Cognition-Based Financial Products in Nwogugu (2012)

Authors: Michael C. I. Nwogugu
Comments: 32 Pages. The copyright license-type for this article is CC-BY-NC-ND

Nwogugu (2012) introduced a Network-based and Cognition-Based cyberphysical fuzzy-system within which complex self-adjusting "semi-autonomous" financial products are originated, purchased and sold. The participants of the system are diverse and include adults, companies, brokers, banks, lawyers, insurance companies and real estate companies. This theoretical article explains the key additional characteristics, system-architecture, fuzzy-attributes and Reasoning/Logic of some cost-reducing and energy-reducing AI/ML Network/Modular Products (ie. Mortgage-Alternatives Products, Retirement/Savings products and Insurance products) that were introduced in Nwogugu (2012), and also other cost-saving financial products that he developed (collectively, the "Products"). Through the products’ fuzzy features, AI and network, the cyber-system architecture implicitly incorporates "Learning" and also can use Blockchain for record-keeping. The semi-autonomous and "self-adjustment" characteristics of these Modular Products can drastically reduce system-participants’ costs and energy-use while increasing their revenues/profits through better and more efficient CRM, "matching", transaction-processing and "state-updating".
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Systemic Risk, Financial Stability and the Choice Between a Merger/Acquisition and a Strategic- Alliance/Joint-Venture

Authors: Michael C. I. Nwogugu
Comments: 13 Pages. The copyright license-type for this article is CC-BY-NC-ND

The annual volumes of M&A transactions and cross-border M&A transactions around the world are significant and often have Multiplier Effects and Spillover Effects on national economies and households, and a wide range of financial/economic indicators. Similarly, the volumes of Strategic Alliances and Joint Ventures around the world are significant (worth more than US$15 trillion annually) and have Multiplier Effects and Cross-Border Spillover Effects. As noted in Nwogugu (2015), "Synthetic M&As" can be executed using Strategic Alliances or joint Ventures. Conversely Strategic Alliances or Joint Ventures can be structured to provide all the benefits of M&A transactions. This article analyzes critical Dynamical Systems, Nonlinearity, Networks and behavioral issues pertaining to the choice between a Strategic Alliance or joint venture on one hand, and an M&A transaction; and also introduces new decision models.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Additive-Contingent Nonlinearity, Asymptotic Behaviors and Quantum-Causality in a Group of Covariant Systems

Authors: Michael C. I. Nwogugu
Comments: 31 Pages. The copyright license-type for this article is CC-BY-NC-ND

Some properties of the equations x2+y2+z2+v2= rXYZ, x2+y2+z2= rXYZ, x2+y2+z2+v2+u2=rXYZ, X2+Y2+Z2+V2= rXYZ, X2+Y2+Z2 = rXYZ, X2+Y2+Z2+V2 +U2 = rXYZ, Xi+Yi+Zi+Vi= rXYZ, x3+y3+z3=rXYZ, x3+y3+z3+x6+y6+z6=rXYZ, x6+y6+z6=rXYZ, [(x12+y12+z12)-(x6+y6+z6)]=rXYZ, and xi+yi+zi=rXYZ, (i is a positive integer), where x│X (ie. X is a multiple of x), y│Y, and z│Z are real numbers. This article also summarizes the relationships to Homotopy Theory, PDEs, Mathematical Cryptography and Analysis. The proofs are within the context of Sub-Rings. The additional common factor is that each of the variables x,y,z, v and dXYZ are multiples of (n-f), where n and f are real numbers. The solutions derived herein can be extended to other problems wherein (n-f) can take the form of polynomials/functions such as (6d-3), (14-5c), (ai-b2i), etc.. Some of the results are applicable where all variables are Integers.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Different Approaches to Compute Hawking Black Holes Decay

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 3 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

This paper discusses the comments presented in "Yes, Stephen Hawking Lied To Us All About How Black Holes Decay" published by Forbes. It shows that there are actually two contributions to, or two ways to characterize, Hawking radiations: the one from particles pairs created on the horizon of the black hole, with one particles falling behind the horizon, and the one from particle pairs created between the horizon and infinity, which have one particle reach infinity. We thought it is worth making sure all realize this, and doing so, correcting the article.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Spatiotemporal Interpretation of Wave Function May Solve the Mystery of Quantum Entanglement

Authors: Xiaohan Deng, Zhiyong Deng
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper, the wave function is interpreted as space-time: under any representation, the real part of the wave function represents space and the imaginary part represents time. A wave function represents the quantum entanglement (correlation) between time and space. The unitary evolution process is the mutual transformation of space-time. The imaginary time indicates that it can entangle with space in a non localized way and dominate the integrity (unification) of a quantum, which is the essence of quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Simple Proof that Goldbach's Conjecture is True

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 3 Pages.

A induction proof shows Goldbach's conjecture is correct. It is as simple as can be imagined. A table consisting of two rows is used. The lower row counts from 0 to any n and and the top row counts down from 2n to n. All columns will have all numbers that add to 2n. Using a sieve, all composites are crossed out and only columns with primes are left. For the base case of k=5 suppose that primes on the lower row always map to composites on the top and that this results in too many composites on the top. This is true for this base case. Suppose it is true for k=n, then the shifts and additions necessary for the k=n+1 case maintain this property of too many composites on top. The contrapositive is that there exists a prime on the bottom that maps to a prime on top and Goldbach is established: the sum of these two primes is 2(n+1).
Category: Number Theory

Energy Flow and Photons from Primary Coil to Secondary Coil of Transformer

Authors: Shuang-Ren Zhao
Comments: 15 Pages.

The author proposed the mutual energy theorem in 1987 and the mutual energy theory since 2017. The theory of mutual energy has an axiom more than Maxwell's equations, that is, the law of conservation of energy. The conservation of energy law is not Poynting's theorem, but an extension of the mutual energy theorem. Because of this new axiom, the new axiom conflicts with Poynting's theorem. In fact, it is also a conflict with Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. The author believes that the law of conservation of energy should be adhered to, so Poynting's theorem or Maxwell's classical electromagnetic theory should be appropriately modified. These works have been completed by the author in other papers. Recently, when studying the magnetic quasi-static electromagnetic field, the author found that the electromagnetic energy conservation law proposed by the author can be strictly proved in the magnetic quasi-static electromagnetic field environment. This is a great inspiration to the author. Based on the theory of magnetic quasi-static electromagnetic field, the author strictly proves the law of conservation of energy (mutual energy theorem) and the mutual energy flow theorem proposed by the author, and applies this theory to calculate the energy flow from the primary coil to the secondary coil of transformer. In order to simplify the problem, the author only calculates the mutual energy flow between two parallel current elements. The calculation results show that the mutual energy flow is generated on the primary coil and annihilated on the secondary coil. The properties of mutual energy flow are completely consistent with those of photons. It is also close to the photon model in Cramer's transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics. The author believes that the transmitting antenna is consistent with the primary coil of the transformer, and the receiving antenna is consistent with the secondary coil of the transformer. The author believes that for the theoretical generalization from magnetic quasi-static electromagnetic field to radiated electromagnetic field, the law of conservation of energy, the theorem of mutual energy flow and the time average value of self energy flow should be kept at zero. In this way, a new electromagnetic field theory which is different from Maxwell's electromagnetic theory is obtained. Maxwell's electromagnetic field theory adds displacement current, but it makes formulas such as the energy conservation law problematic in the case of radiation field. Maxwell's electromagnetic field theory and mutual energy theory provide the same electric field, but the far-field part of the magnetic field (i.e. radiated electromagnetic field) is different. In addition, the electromagnetic mutual energy theory proposed by the author believes that the charge of the receiver produces an advanced wave. Advanced wave violates today's causality, but it is an objective physical existence.
Category: Classical Physics

The Principle of Invariance of Space-Time Interval Is Invalid for the Case of Two Relatively Moving Observers

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 4 Pages. In Chinese

In this article, the system of equations, consisting of an equation describing the relative motion of observers and equations governing the‘Principle of Invariance of Space-Time Interval’, is defined in‘Galilean Space-Time’.The essential difference between‘Galilean Space-Time’and ‘Minkowski Space-Time’is that for‘Galilean Space-Time’the‘Time’is ‘absolute’,whereas for‘Minkowski Space-Time’the‘Time’is‘relative’.In consequence, the‘World Line’for ‘Galilean Space-Time’is depicted in a branchy curve, whereas for‘Minkowski Space-Time’in a singular curve. In the article, the system of equations, defined in‘Galilean Space-Time’,yields a solution— ‘Null’ Transformation [x’(t’) , t’]T = [x(t) , t]T，which is untenable in‘Galilean Space-Time’.Therefore, the inevitable conclusion is: the principle of invariance of‘Space-Time Interval’is invalid for the case of two relatively moving observers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Beal Conjecture Proved Very Simply & Very, Very Simply

Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 7 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong

Two versions of the proof are covered. The first version is very simple; and the second version is very, very simple. By applying basic mathematical principles, the author surely, and instructionally, proves, directly, the original Beal conjecture which states that if A^x + B^y = C^z, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, z > 2, then A, B and C have a common prime factor. One will let r, s, and t be prime factors of A, B and C, respectively, such that A = Dr, B = Es, C = Ft, where D, E, and F are positive integers. Then, the equation A^x + B^y = C^z becomes D^xr^x + E^ys^y = F^zt^z. The proof would be complete after showing that the equalities, r^x = t^x, s^y = t^y and r = s = t, are true. The proof of the above equalities would involve showing that the ratios, (r^x)/(t^x) = 1 and (s^y)/(t^y) =1, which would imply that r = s = t. The main principle for obtaining relationships between the prime factors on the left side of the equation and the prime factor on the right side of the equation is that the power of each prime factor on the left side of the equation equals the same power of the prime factor on the right side of the equation. High school students can learn and prove this conjecture for a bonus question on a final class exam.
Category: Number Theory

Intrinsic Correlation Between Superconductivity and Magnetism

Authors: Xiuqing Huang
Comments: This is a condensed version consisting of 4 pages and 5 figures.

Based on the real-space Mott insulator model, we establish a unifiedpairing, coherent and condensate mechanism of superconductivity. Motivatedby Dirac's magnetic monopole and Maxwell's displacement current hypothesis,we demonstrate that electric and magnetic fields are intrinsicallyrelevant. An isolated proton or electron creates an electric field,whereas a quantized proton-electron pair creates a magnetic field.The electric dipole vector of the proton-electron pair is the Ginzburg-Landauorder parameter in the superconducting phase transition. The Pierce-likedimerization pairing transition of the electron-proton electric dipolelattice leads to the symmetry breaking of the Mott insulating stateand the emergence of superconducting and magnetic states. This theoreticalframework can comprehensively explain all superconducting phenomena.Our research sheds new light on electron spin, magnetic monopoles,and the symmetry of Maxwell's equations.
Category: Condensed Matter

Ultimate Distance Causes Red Shift in All Directions

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 11 Pages.

In analogy with ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit β, in the solar system β=2.961520e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect connecting to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity test. Similarly, there is an ultimate distance D, nobody can escape from this distance limit D. Where, ultimate distance D, ultimate speed c and ultimate acceleration β are three fundamental concepts that would provide us new insight into the world. By using ultimate acceleration and ultimate distance, this present paper suggests an approach to deal with cosmic red shifts and cosmic background radiation. The calculation results agree well with experimental observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ramanujan, Integral, Continued Fraction

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 7 Pages.

Ramanujan (1887-1920), notable achievements in the evaluation of integrals.
Category: Number Theory