All Submission Categories

The WKB Limit of the Dun-Kemmer-Petiau Equation

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. original article

The equivalent system of equations corresponding to the Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau (DKP)equation is derived and the WKB approximation of this system is found. It is proved thatthe Lorentz equation follows from the new DKP-Pardy system.
Category: Quantum Physics

Analysis of Starlink Satellite Altitudes Using Quantum Gravity Theory with Ultimate Acceleration

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 10 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration B, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit B, in the solar system, B=2.956391e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect connecting to B will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, as an application, the quantum gravity theory with the ultimate acceleration provides a useful formula to calculate the space debris distribution around the earth, in this paper the calculation results agree well with the experimental observation. Between February 2018 and 2022, SpaceX successfully launched 2,091 satellites into orbit. In March 2020, SpaceX reported producing six satellites per day. Comparing to the space debris distribution, Starlink satellite altitudes are analyzed, some suggestions can be made to improve the Starlink constellation design and status by the quantum gravity theory with the ultimate acceleration.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Sun Wheel is a Polar Wheel

Authors: Ivar Nielsen
Comments: 7 Pages.

If not having any astronomical and cosmological insight, historic and present mythical interested scholars and authors have no clues of the extended natural and cosmological knowledge of our ancestors all over the world. In this article, I´m taking a relevant video and examine its contents regarding the globally known Wheel & Carriage symbolism. This symbolism is also the very similar in cultures having a Ship instead of a Carriage for this cosmological telling. But in the case of ships, this mytheme derive from a stylized sketching of the Milky Way contours, which has several naming of both animal and human and elementary character, and even anthropomorphic descriptions as well. To discuss and explain the Wheel subject, I´ve found a video which represent the common problematics of determine its meaning in a natural and logical way.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Transonic Flow Computations by an Algebraic Multigrid Method

Authors: Shlomy Shitrit
Comments: 233 Pages.

The objective of this work is to develop a highly efficient solver for the Full Potential Equation (FPE) that will be able to compute transonic external and internal flows attaining a (nearly) linear computational complexity. The key innovation of this work is in the solver's efficiency and in the fact that it is achieved by means of adapting and applying the algebraic multi-grid (AMG) approach to solving the problem. The mathematical difficulties of the problem are associated with the fact that the governing equation changes its type from elliptic (subsonic ow) to hyperbolic (supersonic ow). A pointwise relaxation method when applied directly to the upwind discrete operator, in the supersonic ow regime, is unstable. Resolving this difficulty is the main achievement of this work. A stable pointwise direction independent relaxation was developed for the supersonic and subsonic ow regimes. This stable relaxation is obtained by post-multiplying the original operator by a certain simple first order downwind operator. This new operator is designed in such a way that the pointwise relaxation applied to the product operator becomes stable. A variety of issues regarding the AMG coarsening and construction of transfer operators is addressed in order to achieve the required efficiency for the problems under consideration. An improved coarsening process was developed. Instead of using a fixed threshold parameter in order to select the coarse-grid points, we developed a dynamic threshold parameter as a measure of the strength of connection between the matrix variables. The coarsening by dynamic threshold was shown to be less effective for certain elliptic problems (subsonic flow), but for supersonic flow regime where the operator does not form an M-matrix, we obtained much better performance. In some cases where an irregular grid, shock waves, and extreme nonlinearity are involved, the dynamic threshold is more than necessary in order to achieve convergence. A modified formulation of the interpolation operator is presented. While the standard interpolation is suitable mainly for problems that are characterized by M-matrix form,the proposed formula is more accurate and can be used for more general matrix problems. The proposed interpolation operator includes the choice of negative weights, which is necessary in some cases. In addition, the FMG approach in the context of AMG was developed as a tool to deal with a nonlinear problems... (truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words).
Category: Mathematical Physics

Investigation of Improved Hall Thruster Configurations for Low Power Operation

Authors: Shlomy Shitrit
Comments: 96 Pages.

The Hall thruster generates its thrust by accelerating a plasma jet by the combined operation of perpendicular electric and magnetic fields in a coaxial channel. It can achieve a very high specific impulse, 1000-3000 sec, and thus its use in space missions will lead to large savings in the required propellant mass. The capability of changing their performances by varying parameters such as discharge voltage or mass flow rate makes Hall thrusters ideal for missions where different types of maneuvers require different levels of thrust and specific impulse. This work deals with the performance of low power (200-300W) Hall thrusters. The problem of the degradation of Hall thruster performance, when a given thruster configuration is operated at reduced power levels, is analyzed. Results of experiments performed with a Hall thruster in the 200-600 Watts power range demonstrate this type of degradation. It is explained as being a result of the drop in the efficiency of the ionization process at reduced propellant flow rates. The standard approach to overcome this problem by scaling down the thruster is analyzed and proper scaling rules are outlined. It is demonstrated however that the proper implementation of the required scaling is limited by magnetic material and circuit properties. It is also shown that the main drawback of down sized Hall thrusters in the power range below 300 Watts is the sharp drop in their operating lifetime compared to larger size thrusters. As a consequence, a different approach, to try to improve the propellant utilization by geometric or magnetic modifications but without scaling down the thruster, is preferred for Hall thrusters in the 200-300 Watts power range. The straightforward implementation of this approach, by extending the channel length was investigated experimentally. As part of this investigation, an improved laboratory Hall thruster has been designed and constructed. In order to improve the thrust measurement accuracy and, as well, to reduce uncertainties related to the conditions inside the vacuum chamber during cryopumps and thruster operation, a new calibration system, which allows to calibrate the thrust stand at vacuum conditions and during thruster operation, was designed and built. By using the new calibration system the relative error in the thrust measurement was reduced from 3.1% to ~1.9% (thrust of 12mN). The channel length investigation comprised of an extensive parametric study of thruster performance at five length configurations...(truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words).
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Value-Counting Up to N

Authors: Bassam Abdul-Baki
Comments: 17 Pages.

Some interesting properties arise when value-counting the integers sequentially up to N using N digits or fingers and comparing the number of values to the prime-exact equation; with a simple method for testing primes and prime powers (particularly Mersenne and Fermat primes).
Category: Number Theory

Fun with Lagrange Points

Authors: John R. Berryhill
Comments: 9 Pages. 5 Figures, License Creative Commons 4.0

Earlier this century, when SOHO and WMAP were in the news, Lagrange points L1 and L2 on the Sun-Earth axis were topics of interest. Now that the James Webb Telescope has been deployed, there is comparable interest in the off-axis points L4 and L5. The relevant orbital mechanics is that of the restricted three-body problem, in which two massive objects are orbiting each other, and a third body, of negligible mass, is introduced. The present note is an exercise in numerically integrating the equations of motion. This approach produces physically realistic depictions of orbits and other features of interest.
Category: Classical Physics

The Next Stage of the Universe, a Hypothesis Causing the Illusion of the Expansion of the Universe

Authors: Gabriel-Claudiu Grama
Comments: 1 Page. CC BY-SA

Given that the universe has multiple stages (age of leptons, age of nucleons, age of nucleosynthesis, age of ions, age of atoms, age of stars and galaxies) we ask and answer with a hypothesis, to the question: "What is the next stage of the universe?". We also explained why the expansion of the universe might just be an illusion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Entangled Neural Networks from Multi-fold Universes to Biology

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 7 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales, and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at a even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model.Recently a controversial series of papers ended up proposing the possibility that the universe be a neural network. It is the result of observing that, with an irreversible thermodynamics model of the learning process of the neural network (NN), it might appear possible to model quantum and classical physics, to observe the emergence of a General Relativistic spacetime with gravity, and plausibly to construct a generalized holographic principle beyond the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture. The approach has been received with some skepticism.In this paper, we revisit the notion of NN in relationship to multi-fold universes, and illustrate how the multi-fold mechanism can be implemented with grafted NN. Relying on progress in biology and medicine, we argue that not only just NN can emulate NN universe, but also that it can provide new tools for AI, and new approaches to NNs, shallow or deep. It validates our multi-fold models and offer models for biological neurological models.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Three-Dimensional Brane Universe in a Four-Dimensional Spacetime with a Big Bang.

Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 10 Pages, 3 Figures

Arguments for the universe being a 3D brane in a 4D bulk are given. Einstein's gravity equations are rewritten as dynamical equations for a 3D metric on a 3D brane travelling in a 4D spacetime with a Big Bang.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What is the Multi-fold Theory? Its Main Characteristics in a Few Words

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 5 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

We have proposed the multi-fold theory over the last two years with a fundamental initial paper then many follow ups. The paper succinctly summarizes the theory so far in a few words. "Just as General Relativity taught us that "spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve", the Multi-fold theory argues that Quantum Physics tells multi-fold spacetime to contort itself to support the needs from entanglement and no supra luminosity. The result is gravity , to support such requirements, as demanded by the content of the universe.The multi-fold theory is about explaining and reconciling, that and all the consequences of it. These include the SMG, i.e., the Standard Model where gravity is non-negligible at its scales, multi-fold dark matter, the E/G factual conjecture, and energy and a discrete spacetime that is 2D at small scale, Lorentz invariant, fractal and non-commutative. The SMG potentially explains may problems with the SM.Multiple sign hint that our real universe may be multi-fold, and that in particular multi-folds can be encountered at Planck scales in General Relativity."References are provided to readers interested in exploring such assertions and results.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Universe & Anharmonic Oscillator & Singularity Avoidance by Higgs

Authors: Arnaud Andrieu
Comments: 21 Pages.

The functioning of our universe and atomic is based on the oscillation of the particle itself and asymmetrically between matter and antimatter. This mechanism is a classical an⸱harmonic oscillator and uses a linear oscillation of the particle, where the energy can be represented by the graph of a potential well followed by the principle of energy conservation between kinetic energy and potential energy. This an⸱harmonic oscillation therefore occurs with an gravitational oscillator (see "hole through the earth simple harmonic motion"), followed by an singularity avoidance. Indeed the important kinetics of the particle leads to an singularity avoidance over the supermassive black hole to plot the Higgs field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Combinatorial Twelvefold Way, Statistical Mechanics and Inclusion Hypothesis

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 4 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

There are three different ways of counting microstates for indistinguishable particles and distinguishable energy levels. Two of them correspond to Bosons and Fermions (and anyons, which interpolate between the two), but the third one, which is not considered so far, is when we require a `dual' of the Exclusion Principle to hold: in each energy level (state) there must exist at least one particle. I call this `the Inclusion Hypothesis' and propose the statistics as a possibility of existence of a third kind of particles.
Category: Condensed Matter

Via Geometric Algebra: Rotating a Vector to Locate its Endpoint at a Specific Distance d from a Given Point P

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: The name on the Submission Form and article in pdf should be the same - Please conform in the future)

To help fill the need for examples of introductory-level problems that have been solved via Geometric Algebra (GA), we show how to calculate the angle through which a given vector must be rotated in order that its endpoint be at a given distance d from a specified point P. The three solution methods that are employed here start from a trigonometric equation is derived from GA’s formula for rotating vectors. The first two solutions use methods that are "automatic", but produce formulas that are not readily interpreted. In contrast, the third method —which does produce a readily interpreted formula— is based upon an examination of the geometric significance of terms in the initial trigonometric equation.
Category: Geometry

Explicit Statistical Assay of Suicide Rates in Germany and Brazil

Authors: Anurag Dutta, Manan Roy Choudhury, Seemantini Chattopadhyay
Comments: 10 Pages. (A non-essential image deemed to be insensitive is blocked by viXra Admin)

Background: Suicide, the act of self-hurting or killing intentionally is in great spurt these days. It is the result of mental disorders resulting from depression, anxiety, or stress.
Methods: In this study, we have analyzed the dataset of suicide cases for one developing country - "Brazil", and one developed country - "Germany", and have used Statistical Methods, along with Machine Learning techniques to obtain a clear idea.
Results: We discovered that the Suicide Rate in Brazil is quite high in comparison to the Suicide Rate in Germany.
Conclusions: Our results provide a shred of evidence that the development status of the country, along with some more factors, like Per - Capita Income, Employment, Literacy, etc. in some way or the other affects the suicide rate of a country.
Category: Statistics

Fotonics: Fractional Dynamics of Optical and Photonic Phenomena in Complex Media

Authors: Hosein Nasrolahpour
Comments: 7 Pages.

Fotonics can be considered as a generalization of the conventional optics and photonics which deals with wave propagation through natural and engineered artificial complex media in the framework of fractional dynamics. In this short note we present an introduction to this new field and then consider its possible applications in the physics of random lasers and metamaterials with anomalous and exotic light-matter interaction behaviors. We have also proposed a new modeling approach for the complex nonlinear metamaterials which exhibit nonlocal and memory effects based on fractional order elements integrated into the underlying circuit of each unit cell.
Category: Classical Physics

A Dictionary of the Mikir Language by G. D. Walker and the Graphical law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 28 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study a Dictionary of the Mikir Language by G. D. Walker.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0.05) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with βH = 0.05 . β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and k_B is the Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics

Dark Matter, Dark Energy, the Red Shift that Propels the Expansion of the Universe, and the Physical Meaning of Planck’s Constant

Authors: David Martin Degner
Comments: 3 Pages.

The universe is made of a single elementary particle that I have named the N particle. The N particle is in perpetual motion. The quantum of energy the N particle possesses is 2.681338609×10⁻⁵⁴ J. Dividing by c² gives the mass of the N particle, 2.983391554×10⁻⁷¹ kg. I call the physics of the N particle the N particle model. See my The N Particle Model paper (viXra:0907.0009), 56 pages, circa July 2009. The N particle model leads directly to a simple theory of dark matter and dark energy. Dark matter and dark energy are made of tiny, extremely thin shell, spherical N particles, that I have named the omicron particle, the plural is omicra, as in omicra foam. The red shifts, that occur at the interface of dark matter with dark energy, generate omicron particles, increasing the wavelength and decreasing the energy of photons, some of the point N particles of which photons are made of transitioning to omicron particles, conserving energy in that transition, increasing the number of dark energy omicron particles over time that gives rise to the expansion of the universe—the dark energy foam is increasing in volume and pushes on the dark matter foam surrounding galaxies, propelling the expansion of the universe. One needs to read The N Particle Model paper for this paper to make sense. Prerequisites for being able to understand that paper are two semesters of introductory physics using elementary vector calculus. In that paper, I purposely left out my theory of gravity, leaving that as a challenge for the readers, as I will also do here. Hint: There is a 5^th Maxwell Equation for the Gravity Field, and it looks like Gauss’s Law for the Electric Field. I provide a brief but dense overview of some of the relevant N particle model. Numerically Planck’s constant turns out to be two times the quantum of energy of an N particle times the frequency of a photon with the energy of an electron: h = 6.62607015×10⁻³⁴ J·s = 2 × 2.681338609×10⁻⁵⁴ J × 1.235589964×10²⁰ cycles/s × s², accurate to nine significant digits, that I consider to be proof of the N particle model.

To Live: Essential Guide to Life

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 4 Pages. Contact : carloschiappini@gmail.com

The regions that have a lagoon usually have a road layout that facilitates the arrival to the lagoon, from any point that one starts the route. In analogy, the lagoon represents the universal reality and the region the human means of accessing knowledge. It happens that physics, Western philosophy, Eastern philosophy, Zen, yoga, have led me to the same final knowledge. This knowledge can be expressed in an accessible way and exposes the fundamental right of everything that lives in the cosmos, including human beings. In 4 pages of accessible reading, an essential guide to life.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Ultimate Acceleration Causes Quark to Obey SU(n) Symmetry

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 9 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit β, for electrons and quarks, β=2.327421e+29(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect connecting to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, consequently, it is found that quark's matter wave must obey the SU(n) symmetry in a strong interaction process. It is completely a new aspect to quark model for its relativistic matter wave to contain SU(n) symmetry.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Fine-Structure Constant from the Madelung Constant

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 9 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4174644 Distributed in Materials Science eJournal Vol 6, Issue 8, January 16, 2023 Distributed in Materials for Energy eJournal Vol 6, Issue 14, April 14, 2023 Distributed in Mathematical Physics

A new interpretation and a very accurate value of the fine-structure constant has been discovered in terms of the madelung constant b2(2). The equation is simple,elegant and symmetrical in a great physical meaning. This accurate expression is the most impressive since it is simple and contains just a few prime numbers and the madelung constant. These prime numbers can be possibly connected to finite groups. Also we will present the continued fraction for the fine-structure constant.
Category: Condensed Matter

Exploration of Faster Travel to Mars

Authors: Mohsen lutephy
Comments: 2 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

Elon Musk does try travelling to the mars by space crafts. Such a travelling has been considered to take a time about the 3 years from the earth to the mars by ultimate technologies. But we show that travelling from the earth to the mars is done just in three days by electro antigravity of the sun on the space craft. By a change in the space craft it is possible to build a complete electrical space craft and reaching about the light speed for a space craft in the solar system
Category: Astrophysics

N-Theory: From LHC to Webb

Authors: Hosein Nasrolahpour
Comments: 3 Pages.

In the N-theory we consider phenomena occurring in nature fundamentallynonlocal which result in such an interconnected universe that we have. In thistheory we investigate systems and phenomena in the framework of fractionaldynamics and using the tool of fractional calculus which intrinsically incorporatespacetime nonlocalities in theoretical formulation. Spacetime nonlocality which inparticular in time domain is called memory effect is a fundamental characteristicsuch that we can predict to find some experimental evidences for it at both quark,astronomical and cosmic scale in future results coming from the LHC and JamesWebb Space Telescope (JWST). In this work we give some new insights.
Category: Classical Physics

Physics of Virus: The Special Case of Novel Coronavirus

Authors: Hosein Nasrolahpour
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this short note we consider a possible application of fractal theory and fractional dynamics inthe physics of virus. In particular, we investigate the special case of novel Coronavirus. Wediscuss about some physical characteristics of this virus, we emphasize on the decreasing fractaldimension of virus as a powerful strategy for a possible nanodrug design and finally we present afractional modified model to the dynamical model of transmission of this virus.
Category: Physics of Biology

Nova Quantum Gravity: Theory of Initial Generation of only One Particle in the Big Bang

Authors: Melissa Blau
Comments: 13 Pages.

In contrary to the Standard Model, we present a theory and modality by which in the Big Bang not all elemental particles and antiparticles that exist today were produced at once and in the same amount, but very probably initially only one type of particle, the down-quarks, which were emitted by the extreme thermal radiation during Big Bang. This is a much more realistic scenario compared to the Standard Model. The theory can be proofed impressively by the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. In the further we describe the generation mode of all other common elemental particles starting from the down-quarks during the expansion phase of the young universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A New Gravitation Generation Theory: Gravitation Is Generated by the Zitterbewegung of Protons and Triggered by the Heisenberg-Millette Principle

Authors: Melissa Blau
Comments: 9 Pages.

The fact that the theory of relativity always provides correct data does not mean that the spacetime curvature or masses themselves in fact produce gravity. And Albert Einstein was alsounable to answer how masses can generate gravity. In this paper we present a modality bywhich masses are able to generate gravity, namely the rapid oscillatory motion of protons (theso-called Zitterbewegung). Protons are contained in every mass and due to their rapid oscillatoryrotation, as could be simulated using trapped ions, like a centrifuge pull everything inside that is within range of their oversized quantized radius. In the case of a proton, this radius is more than 19 powers of ten larger than its actual radius, so that mvr ≥ h/2 (Heisenberg-Millette) is fulfilled.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Lorentz Transformation Is Actually A ‘Null’ Transformation

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 10 Pages. In Chinese

A detailed analysis on Lorentz Transformation （LT） is produced. The fatal errors occurred in derivation of LT are the mistakes made in the proposed system of equations for deriving LT, where in the same one system of simultaneous equations had been introduced two sets of equations defined in two different Space-Time, i.e. Galilean Space-Time with ‘absolute time’ and Minkowski Space-Time with ‘relative time’, which in result make LT being ‘Identical Transformation’, defined only in Minkowski Space-Time and untenable in Galiliean Space-Time. The ‘World Line’ describing light-propagation for LT represents as a single curve: x=ct, x’=ct’. LT depicts an observing process of two relatively rest observers instead of two relatively moving observers. The principle of invariance of ‘Space-Time Interval’ is invalid for the case of relatively moving observers. LT is actually a ‘Null’ Transformation [x’(t’) , t’]T = [x(t) , t]T which is untenable in Galilean Space-Time. Therefore, it is impossible to give evidence for any prediction of Einstein’s STR and GTR based on Lorentz Transformation via physical experiments and astronomical observations acquired in Galilean Space-Time (e.g. observations in Particle Collider or in Galaxy) without Galilean-Zhou Transformation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Guide to Life (Vivir)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 4 Pages. Email: carloschiappini@gmail.com

The regions that have a lagoon usually have a road layout that facilitates the arrival to the lagoon, from any point that one starts the route. In analogy, the lagoon represents the universal reality and the region the human means of accessing knowledge. It happens that physics, Western philosophy, Eastern philosophy, Zen, yoga, have led me to the same final knowledge. This knowledge can be expressed in an accessible way and exposes the fundamental right of everything that lives in the cosmos, including human beings. There are 4 pages of accessible reading. It is an essential guide to life.

Las comarcas que tienen laguna, suelen tener un trazado vial que facilita la llegada a la laguna, desde cualquier punto que uno inicie el recorrido. En analogía, la laguna representa a la realidad universal y la comarca a los medios humanos de acceder a conocimientos. Sucede que la física, la filosofía occidental, la filosofía oriental, el zen, el yoga, me han conducido al mismo conocimiento final. Este conocimiento puede ser expresado en forma accesible y expone el derecho fundamental de todo lo que vive en el cosmos, seres humanos incluidos. Son 4 páginas de lectura accesible. Es una guia esencial para la vida.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Fractional Electromagnetic Metamaterials

Authors: Hosein Nasrolahpour
Comments: 6 Pages.

This work deals with a new application of fractional electrodynamics in the physics ofmetamaterials. In this work based on recent nonlocal effects observed in electromagneticmetamaterials (EMMs) we propose the idea of investigations of EMMs in the framework offractional dynamics which contains intrinsically nonlocal operators. For this aim we propose ourfractional Drude metamaterial model. We present two different cases of fractional order systemsfor EMMs.
Category: Classical Physics

N-theory: Do Quarks Have Memory?

Authors: Hosein Nasrolahpour
Comments: 6 Pages.

N-theory deals with the space-time nonlocality in nature which in time domain results in memoryeffect. Recent results show that memory can be considered as a fundamental characteristic of allfundamental interactions. In this short note we deal with the strong interaction and address thisquestion that: do quarks as fundamental building blocks of our universe exhibit some kind ofmemory effects? We investigate this idea through the framework of fractional dynamics andalso, we discus about a possible fractional quark theory. The idea is based on some behavior andcharacteristics of quarks and quark matter that naturally can be described using fractionaloperators which intrinsically incorporate memory kernels and nonlocality. Finally, we examinethe fractional quark theory’s application in the exotic baryon spectroscopy and its power toprediction of possible future LHC results. We show that this powerful framework can reproducethe experimental mass for the exotic baryons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Memory of Nature

Authors: Hosein Nasrolahpour
Comments: 7 Pages.

It seems that a perfect description of the phenomena in our universe will be uniquely possible using fractional calculus and in the framework of fractional dynamics. In this note we will focus on the concept of memory effect as one of intrinsic characteristics of fractional operators and finally we discuss this important question that, is really the nature a book written in the unifying language of fractional calculus and so are we living in a fractional dimensional universe?
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Simpler O(1) Query Algorithm for Level Ancestors

Authors: Sanjeev Saxena
Comments: 10 Pages.

This note describes a very simple O(1) query time algorithm for finding level ancestors. This is basically a serial (re)-implementation of the parallel algorithm of Berkman and Vishkin(O.Berkman and U.Vishkin, Finding level-ancestors in trees, JCSS, 48, 214--230, 1994).Although the basic algorithm has preprocessing time of O(n log n), by having additional levels or using table lookup, the preprocessing time can be reduced to almost linear or linear.The table lookup algorithm can be built in O(1) parallel time with n processors and can also be used to simplify the parallel algorithm of Berkman and Vishkin and make it optimal.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Ultimate Acceleration in Quantum Mechanics to Obtain Spin

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 15 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration B, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit B, for electrons and quarks, B=2.327421e+29(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect connecting to B will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, consequently, the spin concept can be derived out from the matter wave. This paper also carefully explains how the matter wave to display its spin effect in Stern-Gerlach experiments. It is completely a new aspect to quantum mechanics for the relativistic matter wave to contain spin.
Category: Quantum Physics

Erratum to "Tables of Integral Transforms" by A. Erdelyi, W. Magnus, F. Oberhettinger & F. G. Tricomi (1953), p. 61 (4)

Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 3 Pages.

The integral (4) on page 61 in the "Tables of Integral Transforms", the Fourier Cosine Transform of a product of a Gaussian and a symmetric sum of two Parabolic-Cylinder Functions, is erroneous. A more general integral is derived here.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Generalized Attention Mechanism and Relative Position for Transformer

Authors: R. V. R. Pandya
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, we propose generalized attention mechanism (GAM) by first suggesting a new interpretation for self-attention mechanism of Vaswani et al. . Following the interpretation, we provide description for different variants of attention mechanism which together form GAM. Further, we propose a new relative position representation within the framework of GAM. This representation can be easily utilized for cases in which elements next to each other in input sequence can be at random locations in actual dataset/corpus.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Using Artificial Intelligence and Biology to Compensate for the Shortcomings of Ooho and Explore the Possibility of Commercialization

Authors: Injung Kim, Yujin Lee, Seungjun Park
Comments: 6 Pages. In Korean. CC BY.

Ooho is a kind of water bottle that surrounds and stores water with a membrane of calcium alginate, a biodegradable material. ooho was expected to replace plastic water bottles, and it was expected to be commercialized and have a positive impact on the environment. However, it is difficult to say that it has been popularized as it has only been used at some events as some fatal shortcomings have hindered its commercialization.Therefore, in this study, the reason why ooho is difficult to be used as a general water bottle will be specifically and clearly identified through various experiments. In addition, a complementary method will be derived by analyzing the results obtained through the experiment through machine learning techniques. Finally, through the above results, we would like to propose a scientific complementary method that can result in commercialization of ooho.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

A Brief Mathematical Look at the Dirac Equation

Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 24 Pages.

The Dirac equation is a linear matrix partial differential equation (or 4-vector linear partial differential equation, or system of linear partial differential equations) in non-negative dependent variable(s) (matrix / 4-vector) which also satisfy the generalized Helmholtz / Klein-Gordon Equation.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Panpsychism and the Afterlife

Authors: Scott C. Cox
Comments: 2 Pages.

I speculate on the underdeveloped theory of materialist panpsychism and the concept of the afterlife.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

The Key Basics of Mythical and Cosmological Understanding

Authors: Ivar Nielsen
Comments: 9 Pages. A cosmological and mythical interpretative research

As a Natural Philosopher and Comparative Mythologist, I´ve studied the cultural myths and its connected astronomical and cosmological connections for about 35 years and my cosmological and mythical approach is especially focused on the numerous cultural Stories of Creation. After all these years, I´ve made some conclusive basics of how myths are made and to what dimension they belong, and I would like to present an article with these basic ideas/conclusions to eventual benefit for your own work and interest, as well as an importance to my own work and spiritual purpose.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Applied Phase Modulation (for Astronomers)

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

Phase modulation of gravitational waves often occupies a large bandwidth and degrades the S/N. This paper explains the basics, properties and implications of PM with examples from astronomy as well as how to eliminate PM. The focus is on the search for gravitational waves.
Category: Astrophysics

New Approach to the Hilbert's Hotel Paradox

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this short article I wanted to expand the Hilbert’s Grand Hotel Paradox. Building on the first two statements, I add a third, possibly necessary, statement.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Positive and Negative Energy in Inverse Relativity

Authors: Michael Girgis
Comments: 17 Pages.

As Minkowski space splits into positive and negative space (we mentioned this in the second paper "Modified Lorentz transformations and Minkowski space splits in inverse relativity") The energy of the photon and the relativistic kinetic energy of the particle are also analyzed into positive and negative energy, and each type has its properties through the geometrical properties of the space in which it is located, where we find that the energy in the positive space decreases due to dilation of time and It is causally related to observers and their observation devices, so it can be observed, while energy in negative space is causally separate from observers and their observation devices, it cannot be observed, And when the speed of the reference frame reaches the speed of light, theoretically, the positive energy reaches zero and the negative energy reaches infinity, The paper also includes a geometric visualization of the rest mass energy through a new hypothesis known as the dimensional rest energy
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy-Redshift Challenge to the Velocity-Distance Interpretation of Cosmological Redshifts

Authors: Douglas K Robinson
Comments: 3 Pages. New James Webb space telescope findings referenced (July 2022)

An alternative interpretation of cosmological redshifts derived from the Planck energy-wavelength equation is presented, that in contrast to the velocity-distance interpretation in the ‘Standard’ Lambda-Cold Dark matter (Λ-CDM) model, permits credible explanations of ‘anomalous’ observations without recourse to indeterminate physics such as Dark Energy or Dark Matter.Beyond ‘local’ groups of galaxies which have what are described as ‘peculiar’ motions attributed to genuine Doppler shifts that includes blue as well redshifts, sources with increasing age and distance are found to comprise only of redshifted spectra.Should such cosmological redshifts be considered a consequence of a vanishingly small loss of energy that becomes evident only after millions of years in transit, less exotic and more credible alternative explanations emerge for the Hubble tension, the increasing rate of expansion, and anomalous rotation curves of galaxies.Challenging the claim that the Cosmic Microwave Background is relic radiation of a single primordial event 13.8 billion years ago are the conclusions of a 2005 study by Ibison [4], that found the thermalization of starlight would be inevitable in a Steady-State-Cosmology.From the alternative energy-redshift approach in a steady-state, homogenous, isotropic and stochastic Universe of indeterminate age, the ratio of the emitted energy of Ly-a UV photons to the energy of sources observed at redshifts at z =11.0 according to E(z) = E(rest)/(1+z) = 8.3%. That this ratio corresponds with the change in the Hubble constant H0 early to late universe ~ 8.3%, is contended to be a significant model distinguishing factor that favours a Steady State Cosmological model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Zero-Dimensional Philosophy

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 28 Pages.

Presented here is how the physical theory approach of theoretical physics can be demonstrated to be incomplete in explaining physical phenomena if indeed physical phenomena have key dimensional components that extend beyond the dimensional time-domain of time-now; although the past and the future cannot be proven to exist, for one has happened and the other has yet to happen, and reality is primarily defined physically in the time-domain of time-now as the action-principle realm, proposed here is that the idea of time-before and time-after should be if not are essential to a complete understanding of time. It follows therefore that to propose time to be linked with space as spacetime is to restrict one’s theoretic understanding of time and space to the datum reference of time-now and thence not acquire a full account of the theory of physical phenomena. This issue though is resolved with a philosophical analysis of time in extending the dimension of time to the virtual time-before and time-after time-domains consistent with our conscious ability of time, and then labelling such with a zero-dimensional mathematical theorem, by which process a resultant mathematical theorem can then more thoroughly explain the physical phenomena of time-now that the physical theory approach in physics has aimed to define.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Cosmology and Classical Physics: Summary

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 17 Pages.

In 1937, Paul Dirac proposed Large Number Hypothesis and Hypothesis of Variable Gravitational Constant, and later added notion of Continuous Creation of Matter in World. Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing different mechanism of Matter creation. In this paper, we show that WUM is natural continuation of Classical Physics. WUM is proposed as an alternative to prevailing Big Bang Model (BBM) that relies on General Relativity. WUM and BBM are principally different Models: 1) Instead of Initial Singularity with infinite energy density and extremely rapid expansion of spacetime (Inflation) in BBM; in WUM, there was Fluctuation (4D Nucleus of World with extrapolated radius equals to basic size unit of a) in Eternal Universe with finite extrapolated energy density (~10^4 less than nuclear density) and finite expansion of Nucleus in Its fourth spatial dimension with speed c that is gravitodynamic constant; 2) Instead of alleged practically Infinite Homogeneous and Isotropic Universe around Initial Singularity in BBM; in WUM, 3D Finite Boundless World (Hypersphere of 4D Nucleus) presents Patchwork Quilt of various Luminous Superclusters (≳10^3), which emerged in different places of World at different Cosmological times. Medium of World, consisting of protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter particles, is Homogeneous and Isotropic. Distribution of Macroobjects is spatially Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic and temporally Non-simultaneous. Most direct observational evidence of validity of WUM are:1) Microwave Background Radiation and Intergalactic Plasma speak in favor of existence of Medium;2) Laniakea Supercluster with binding mass ~10^17 〖 M〗_ʘ is home to Milky Way (MW) galaxy and ~10^5 other nearby galaxies, which did not start their movement from Initial Singularity;3) MW is gravitationally bounded with Virgo Supercluster (VSC) and has Orbital Angular Momentum calculated based on distance of 65 Mly from VSC and orbital speed of ~400 km s^(-1), which far exceeds rotational angular momentum of MW; 4) Mass-to-light ratio of VSC is ~300 times larger than that of Solar ratio. Similar ratios are obtained for other superclusters. These ratios are main arguments in favor of presence of significant amounts of Dark Matter in World.5) Astronomers discovered the most distant galaxy HD1 that is ~13.5 Bly away. WUM predicts discovery of galaxies with distance ~13.8 Bly .Medium of World, Dark Matter, and Angular Momentum are main Three Pillars of WUM.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Metaphysical Basis for a Unified World View: Definition of Space and Time

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 11 Pages.

Theoretical physics has been in a deep crisis for decades. Quantum theory and general relativity remain incompatible. It remains to be seen how the basic concepts of our universe - space and time - can be explained. The question is also open as to whether life arose by chance from dead matter, whether a Creator created life from dead matter, or whether life works before space and time, and space, time and matter are consequences of life. In this article, the essence and origin of space and time are to be discussed and explored in a metaphysical approach. With a definition of space and time that combines mathematics and theoretical physics, the meaning and nature of the speed of light is represented as a "clock". As a result, the irrational system of values or units of modern society is identified as the cause of the crises of modern societies.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Helmholtzian Factorization, Pythagorean Quintuples, Fermion and Quark Architecture

Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: This appears to be a repetion of the author's ideas already deposited here - Future repetition will not be accepted. Also, unscholarly remarks blocked by viXra Admin)

The Helmholtzian factorization shows that the heavy leptons and quarks are separated as: (0,0,0,mu2080) heavy leptons satisfying the Dirac factoring, and (mu2081,mu2082,mu2083,0) quarks satisfying the Helmholtzian factoring, as pythagorean quadruples. Investigating pythagorean quadruples leads to one (4,10,28,30) which leads to (1/3,5/6,7/3,5/2) and (2/3,5/3,14/3,5) further leading to the quark mass, color, and charge architecture.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Quantum Gravito-Electromagnetism and Dark Matter

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 4 Pages.

The idea of quantization of the gravitational dipole may be applied to any matter, including photons. That makes the photon while having near-zero (negligible for gravitation) mass obligatory holding non-zero gravitational dipole h/c. Being polarized by the gravitational field those dipoles create illusion of the additional mass (dark matter). (Because the positive charges in the gravito-electromagnetism attract, not repel like in electromagnetism, dipole polarization makes the field stronger, not weaker). The dipoles may be indeed due to the presence of the undiscovered yet particles (and even from the hypothetical particles which interact only gravitationally), but evaluations shows that simple photons have concentration in the space enough to explain the accelerated rotations of galaxies.
Category: Astrophysics

On the Solution of Einstein's Equations, General Metric for a Fluid and Homogeneous Star

Authors: Jean-Max Coranson-Beaudu, Xavier Lampla
Comments: 12 Pages.

From the mathematical aspects of the Schwarzschild's metric, we present different methods of changing variables which tend to prove that the central singularity hypothesis does not exist. The geometric interpretation of the black hole is not mathematically convincing from the Schwarzschild metric. We recall the different mathematical approaches of several authors, the examples of the Painleve metric and its complex variant, then of the Schwarzschild metric, to deduce a metric with a throat sphere which leads to a mirror spacetime. Subsequently, we deduce the possibility of a bi-metric tangent to the Schwarzschild metric's throat sphere. We will also show that a false interpretation of the variables of the Schwarzschild metric can lead to false physical deductions and in particular to the concept of singularity. We compute the general solution of Einstein's equations in the presence of a non-zero energy tensor, i.e., for a homogeneous fluid ball with energy conditions. Our method of resolution involves a reformulation of the Einstein equation and the integration of the differential system. The metrics found are asymptotic to the Schwarzschild metric outside the fluid ball. We will present assumptions for the pressure inside the fluid ball and derive the corresponding metrics. Then, by solving the continuity equation of the energy-impulse tensor, we deduce an expression for the pressure inside the star which permits the expressing of the interior and exterior metrics.
Category: Astrophysics

A Solution to Black Hole Information Paradox

Authors: Olayode Olalekan Babatunde
Comments: 12 Pages.

We present a unified theoretical framework that connects black holes, dark matter, and dark energy through quantum gravity. By hypothesizing that the speed of light is quantized, we show that particles at the event horizon can reach velocities up to twice the speed of light, leading to significant increases in energy. This mechanism allows a spin-zero particle to decay into an electron—positron pair and Extending this framework, we demonstrated that photons can also reach energies at which they become unstable and decay into spin-half particle—antiparticle pairs. We relate the stress-energy scalar tensor to discrete speeds and demonstrate that the vacuum expectation value of the cosmological constant determines the energy scale of these processes. Electric charge is defined in terms of occupation number and azimuthal quantum number, naturally yielding neutral spin-zero states and charged spin-half states. We further explore entropy and area relationships at the event horizon, showing that entanglement entropy exhibits logarithmic growth for early times radiation and decreases at late times, consistent with the Page curve. Finally, we discuss particle annihilation within the horizon which nullify the existence of Hawking radiation. This framework provides a potential bridge between general relativity and quantum mechanics, offering new insights into black hole thermodynamics and quantum gravity phenomenology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Generating Function

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 13 Pages.

In this note we study the function f(z)=1/(1-2z-z^2-z^4), z complex.
Category: General Mathematics

On the Notion of Quantum `indistinguishability'

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 4 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Based on the possibility of `indistinguishability' not being a binary property of quantum particles I argue that allowing for fractional quanta to occur can provide a means to `distinguish' so far-indistinguishable quantum particles.
Category: Quantum Physics

Eliminate the Irrelevant to the Subject and Prove Equations and Inequalities Related to Beal’s Conjecture (Revised Version)

Authors: Tianshu Zhang
Comments: 17 Pages.

The subject of this article is exactly to analyze and prove Beal’s Conjecture. First, classify A, B and C according to their respective parity, and two types of AX+BY≠CZ are excluded, for they have nothing to do with the conjecture. Next, several types of AX+BY=CZ under the necessary constraints are exemplified, where A, B, and C have at least one common prime factor. Secondly, divide AX+BY≠CZ under the necessary constraints into four inequalities under the known constraints, in order to make more detailed proofs, where A, B and C have not any common prime factor. Then, expound the interrelation between an even number as the center of symmetry and a sum of two odd numbers in the symmetry, and draw four conclusions which can be used as basis for judging certain results in the processes of proofs for the four inequalities. After that, two inequalities under the known constraints are proved by the mathematical induction. Then again, two other inequalities under the known constraints are proved by the reduction to absurdity. Finally, after comparing AX+BY=CZ and AX+BY≠CZ under necessary constraints, the conclusion is that the Beal's conjecture is true.
Category: Number Theory

On the Inaugural Observations of the James Webb Space Telescope: A Short Study of the Stephan's Quintet

Authors: Claudio Marchesan
Comments: 4 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License

On the occasion of the inaugural observations of the James Webb space telescope we will briefly analyze the "Stephan's Quintet". The group is known for the gigantic shock waves to which astronomers claim it is exposed.The calculation is crude: we cannot have observations at different times nor measure any transverse velocity to us. The use of computational code for the N-body system is beyond the scope of this simple processing. Anyhow, I am not sure there would be enough data to set up the simulation (Eccentricity is missing). This short study is being carried out in the context of the cosmological model named "4-Sphere" and described in [viXra:2209.0098] (it works in the Special Relativity context). Excluding the more distant NGC 7320 and NGC 7318B, to look for a cause of the observed strong interactions, we must hypothesize that NGC 7317, NGC 7318A and NGC 7319 are close to each other and that their relative recession speeds are instead radial components of their peculiar velocity.We assume in the vicinity of NGC 7319 and its supermassive Active Galactic Nuclei, the center of gravity of the three remaining galaxies. The equivalent of a triple star, with NGC 7317 and NGC 7318A that form a binary system of galaxies, is the setup we will confirm. The system is dynamically unstable, also leading to a galaxy being ejected: this context could involve the big shockwaves, that astronomers speak of.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Multiplication Tables from 1 to 10 in Different Number Systems.

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 17 Pages.

This paper shows information for people who are interested in symbology and its applications. In a very didactic way it puts some of the necessary tools for the knowledge of the different number systems, using the multiplication tables. This paper go around Cuneiform, Old Egyptian, Classical Greek, Hebrew, Roman, Chinese Simplified, Binary, Hexadecimal and of course Eastern Arabic numerals.
Category: General Mathematics

Review: Benzene Based on a Three-Electron Bond

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 145 Pages. In Russian

Using the concept of three-electron bond we can represent the actual electron structure of benzene and other molecules, explain specificity of the aromatic bond and calculate the delocalization energy. Gives theoretical justification and experimental confirmation of existence of the three-electron bond. It was shown, that functional relation y = a + b/x + c/x² fully describes dependence of energy and multiplicity of chemical bond from bond distance.

Используя концепцию трёхэлектронной связи можно изобразить реальную электронную структуру бензола и других молекул, объяснить специфику ароматической связи и рассчитать энергию делокализации. Приведено теоретическое обоснование и экспериментальное подтверждение существования трёхэлектронной связи. Показано, что функция y = a + b/x + c/x² полностью описывает зависимость энергии и кратности химической связи от длины связи.
Category: Chemistry

A Static, Stable Universe: Curvature-Cosmology

Authors: David F. Crawford
Comments: 34 Pages. Important updates

Curvature-cosmology is a tired-light cosmology that predicts a well-defined static and stable universe. Since it is a complete challenge to the big bang paradigm, it can only be judged by its agreement with direct cosmological observations. It predicts a universe of a hydrogen plasma with a temperature of $2.456times10^9,$K [observed: $2.62times 10^9$K] and a cosmic background radiation temperature of 2.736 K [observed: 2.725K]. It has only one parameter which is the density of the cosmic plasma. In addition this paper provides a new simpler raw data analysis for Type Ia supernova which provides excellent predictions for the redshift variation of Type I supernova light curve width and magnitude. A new discovery is intrinsic magnitude distribution. The analysis of 746,922 quasars provides important cosmological information on the distribution on intrinsic magnitudes and the density distribution of quasars. Other major observations that are shown to be consistent with Curvature-cosmology are: Tolman surface density, galaxy clusters, angular size, galaxy distributions, X-ray background radiation, and quasar variability. It does not need inflation, dark matter or dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Uniformity in a Finite Universe

Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 6 Pages, 6 Diagrams

A finite universe that was uniform, homogeneous and isotropic at the largest scale, would exhibit a distinct visual pattern of galaxies arrayed across the sky that would confirm its finiteness. It'd have fewer galaxies when looking outward toward its perimeter and more galaxies when looking in the opposite direction inward toward its interior. But we don't see it. If it was expanding, cosmological redshift would correlate with the pattern. We don't see that either. This simple, obvious, undeniable fact of basic three-dimensional geometry by itself completely undermines big bang orthodoxy. But it remains unrecognized.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On a Certain Inequality on Addition Chains

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages. This paper improves on the bounds in previous works and it is more explicit.

In this paper we prove that there exists an addition chain producing 2^n-1 of length delta(2^n-1) satisfying the inequality delta(2^n-1)leq 2n-1-2left lfloor frac{n-1}{2^{lfloor frac{log n}{log 2}floor}}ight floor+lfloor frac{log n}{log 2}flooronumber where lfloor cdot floor denotes the floor function.
Category: Number Theory

The W-type Multi-Fold Hypothesis and The Quantum Physics Interpretation of Wave Functions and QFT

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 11 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model (SM) without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at a even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model.The E/G duality, between entanglement and gravity, opens the door to postulate additional gravity-like effects and multi-fold mechanisms among spacetime points covered by a quantum wave functions or by Quantum Fields. These are plausible by-products of the multi-fold mechanisms, not necessarily mandated, or derived by our work so far, captured in an hypothetical new class of multi-fold universe denoted as W-type. It is the W-type hypothesis. In a W-type of multi-fold universe, we argue that we can explain the Born rule (on a discrete spacetime) without discussing measurements, or instantaneous wave function collapses as well as address the measurements problem, Wigner’s friend paradoxes, and the classical aspects of macroscopic Physics vs. the quantum Physics at microscopic level. It amounts to positioning a new candidate for interpretation of Quantum Physics, while still remaining compatible with existing interpretations (unfortunately as it does not exclude any). The W-type hypothesis leads also to a better understanding of the irreversibility of Physics, confirms it and indicate that W-Type multi-fold models, including the Multi-fold reconstruction, seem candidates to a more fundamental theory from which Quantum Physics emerges. It motivates also the duality between Entropy and Physical Action even for a single particle. Also, it reminds of the ergodic hypothesis of Boltzmann.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Unusual Dependence Property of Light

Authors: M. Govardhan Reddy
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this universe there are some theories and concepts are there, those are beyond our thinking and very tough to understand. Like these, there is one concept that explains "Einstein’s two postulates of light" without including the ‘space-time dilation' and ‘special theory of relativity '. This concept is unknown yet also because of tough to find. And also this concept gives a new property to electromagnetic waves.
Category: Classical Physics

Harmonic Theory of the Linear Representation of Partitions

Authors: Michalis Psimopoulos
Comments: 16 Pages.

The partitions of a positive integer can be expressed by a linear recursion formula where the coefficients represent the sum of divisors of their index. In the present paper it is shown that these coefficients can be obtained exactly from a triangular algorithm where its columns are well defined harmonic sequences. As a result, a new relation between partitions and harmonic functions is established.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Non-Additive Manifolds and a Poincare Path

Authors: Thomas Halley
Comments: 13 Pages.

Let k( i^ ) not equal to m. We define an arrow. We show that D = 0. Thompson’s computation of ideals was a milestone in parabolic knot theory. In contrast to [2], a useful suggestion of the subject can be found following Conjecture 6.2 concluding this paper. Does the Goldbach Conjecture form a knot with no openings on the given sensitive even numbers? They do partially and differentially on the extrema and local bound of -2. The circle must be cut at radius 2 when a+b=2r. The resultant has been formally found in [1] and is further described in this paper.
Category: Topology

Knot in Geometrical Optics

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 3 Pages. In English

We treat the geometrical optics as an Abelian $U(1)$ local gauge theory the same as the Abelian $U(1)$ Maxwell's gauge theory. We propose there exists a knot in a 3-dimensional Euclidean (flat) space of the geometrical optics (the eikonal equation) as a consequence there exists a knot in the Maxwell's theory in a vacuum. We formulate the Chern-Simons integral using an eikonal. We obtain the relation between the knot (the geometric optical helicity, an integer number) and the refractive index.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Why Black Holes Cannot Disappear?

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 8 Pages.

The antigravity force is the corresponding buoyancy force, according to the physicallaw of buoyancy (Archimedes’ principle), but for the dynamic space. As a Universal antigravity force, it causes centrifugal accelerated motion of the galaxies with radial direction to the periphery of the Universe and as a nuclear antigravity force on which the architecture of the nuclei model is based. Also, as a particulate antigravity force, it prevents the further gravitational collapse and destruction of the vacuum bubbles (Higgs bosons) in the core of the neutrons, that build the black holes in the form of grid space matter, consisting of polyhedral cells, like bubbles in a foamed liquid. Therefore,matter has the same fundamental form both during the beginning of the Genesis of primary neutron and during its final gravitational collapse in the cores of the stars.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Proof of the Erdös-Straus Conjecture

Authors: Tianshu Zhang
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this article, we classify gradually positive integers ≥2, and express each and every class of positive integers into a sum of 3 unit fractions. First, divide all positive integers ≥2 into 8 kinds, and then formulate each of 7 kinds of these 8 kinds into a sum of 3 unit fractions. For the unsolved kind, divide it into 3 genera, and then formulate each of 2 genera of these 3 genera into a sum of 3 unit fractions. For the unsolved genus, further divide it into 5 sorts, and formulate each of 3 sorts of these 5 sorts into a sum of 3 unit fractions. For two unsolved sorts, let each of them be expressed as a sum of an unit fraction plus a true fraction, and that take out the unit fraction as one of 3 unit fractions which express the sort as the sum. After that, if the true fraction can be transformed identically into an unit fraction, then we follow the formula that Ernst G. Straus made to transform either of these two unit fractions into a sum of two each other’s- distinct unit fractions, such that this part of the unsolved sort becomes a sum of 3 unit fractions. If the true fraction can not be transformed identically into an unit fraction, then we let it to equal the sum of an unit fraction plus another true fraction, and that take out the unit fraction as one of 3 unit fractions which express the sort as the sum. Next, prove that another proper fraction can be identically converted into an unit fraction. Due to c≥0, above two cases exist surely when c is taken different values.
Category: Number Theory

The Differential Geometry of Consciousness

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 9 Pages. This is an expanded version of the earlier submission.

Our visual perception places us at the origin of a 3-dimensional cartesian coordinate system. On a cosmological scale, the consciousness (as manifested in the brain) can be approximated as point like. It is proposed that perceptual experiences can be regarded as occurring on a tangent space at the point where the consciousness is located. A differential geometric framework is developed, for consciousness propagating on a curved space-time manifold. Interaction between consciousnesses is discussed at classical and quantum mechanical level. Quantum mechanical experiments such as those of Schrodinger’s cat in Many World Interpretation, are examined in this framework.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Accelerating Information Transmission in the Evolution of Intelligent Life

Authors: Nicholas Hoggard
Comments: 42 Pages.

If making tools by hand was important in human evolution, was the use of tools to make tools just as important, or less so? As it happens, these two innovations each needed their own new method of teaching in order to pass them on to new generations. We could say that — from the teaching point of view — they are equal. We know of seven teaching methods from cultural evolution, all still in use, and each one associated with an evolutionary milestone (namely: cumulative culture, tool use, toolmaking, tool-made tools, composite tools, new inventions and new livelihoods).But there is something more that connects these teaching events. Together they form a simple geometric time sequence in which the time interval between successive events is shorter than the previous interval by the same factor, 4.6692... (the "Feigenbaum Constant δ"). The phenomenon of events accelerating by the Feigenbaum Constant δ is known in Chaos Theory as a "Feigenbaum Cascade" and is found in various non-linear dynamic systems, such as dripping taps, population dynamics, and various kinds of oscillator.Cherry-picking of data to fit the time-pattern is avoided because the teaching levels were identified without reference to date other than in which order they appeared.Teaching is cultural transmission of information. Extrapolating the Feigenbaum Cascade backwards in time indicates two events of genetic transmission of information (namely, self- replicating cells, and sexual reproduction). Extrapolating forwards in time indicates events involving writing-based transmission of information (in the form of written language, printing machines, and the computer).The sequence suggests that there will be future events, due to reach a conclusion around the year 2200.The hypothesis presented here is:u2022 that these information transmission events form a Feigenbaum Cascade. u2022 that each event is associated with a new means of adaptation.It follows that the timing of the levels of evolution is predictable. I suggest a mechanism for the Feigenbaum Cascade and a tentative description of the evolution levels.
Category: Quantitative Biology

On the Equation F(x)=x^2+exp(-2x)-1=0

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this note we give solution of the equation f(x)=x^2+exp(-2x)-1=0
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Clifford-Yang Algebra, Noncommutative Clifford Phase Spaces and the Deformed Quantum Oscillator

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 19 Pages.

Starting with a brief review of our prior construction of $n$-ary algebras in noncommutative Clifford spaces, we proceed to construct in full detail the Clifford-Yang algebra which is an extension of the Yang algebra in noncommutative phase spaces. The Clifford-Yang algebra allows to write down the commutators of the $noncommutative$ polyvector-valued coordinates and momenta and which are compatible with the Jacobi identities, the Weyl-Heisenberg algebra, and paves the way for a formulation of Quantum Mechanics in Noncommutative Clifford spaces. We continue with a detail study of the isotropic $3D$ quantum oscillator in $noncommutative$ spaces and find the energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. These findings differ considerably from the ordinary quantum oscillator in commutative spaces. We find that QM in noncommutative spaces leads to very different solutions, eigenvalues, and uncertainty relations than ordinary QM in commutative spaces. The generalization of QM to noncommutative Clifford (phase) spaces is attained via the Clifford-Yang algebra. The operators are now given by the generalized angular momentum operators involving polyvector coordinates and momenta. The eigenfunctions (wave functions) are now more complicated functions of the polyvector coordinates. We conclude with some important remarks.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Une Solution Mathématique Simple du Problème de la Constante Cosmologique
A Simple Mathematical Solution to the Cosmological Constant Problem

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 4 Pages.

En supposant une densité du vide de la cosmologique constante en mécanique quantique, nous fournissons une solution mathématique simple au problème de la constante cosmologique, c'est-à-dire le désaccord de l'ordre d'un facteur 10^122 entre la valeur théorique et la valeur mesurée de l'énergie du vide . Nous proposons une interprétation avec l'effet Casimir et une piste non exclusive pour que notre solution ait un sens physique.

Assuming a vacuum density of the cosmological constant in quantum mechanics, we provide a simple mathematical solution to the problem of the cosmological constant, i.e. the disagreement of the order of a factor of 10^122 between the value theoretical and measured value of vacuum energy. We propose an interpretation with the Casimir effect and a non-exclusive track so that our solution makes physical sense.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Nature (TN)

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 329 Pages. In Russian

This article (book) presents a comprehensive and most complete solution to the problem of the structure and evolution of nature and the Universe. Within the framework of this article (book), more than 40 fundamental problems of physics and cosmology have been solved. All these solutions are found within the framework of the dialectical-materialistic worldview and philosophy.

В настоящей статье (книге) представлено комплексное и наиболее полное решение проблемы устройства и эволюции природы и Вселенной. В рамках настоящей статьи (книги) решены более 40 фундаментальных задач физики и космологии. Все эти решения найдены в рамках диалектико-материалистического мировоззрения и философии.
Category: Classical Physics

Quantum Behavior of Space Debris and its Double-Slit Simulation due to Ultimate Acceleration

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 18 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody’s acceleration can exceed this limit β, in the solar system, β=2.961520e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect connecting to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, as an application, the quantum theory with the ultimate acceleration provides a useful formula to calculate the space debris distribution around the earth, this calculation results agree well with the experimental observation which are a set of measurements by incoherent scattering radar of EISCAT in the Arctic circle. Using the same approach, the radius of the Sun is calculated out to be r=7e+8 (m) with a relative error 0.72%; the radius of the Earth is calculated out to be r=6.4328e+6 (m) with a relative error 0.97%. The double-slit interference of space debris is also investigated for demonstrating its quantum behavior.
Category: Quantum Physics

Integration Of Ampere Force And Tripled Railgun Design

Authors: Chan Rasjid Kah Chew
Comments: 13 Pages.

This papers presents an analytical integration for the Ampere's force law. It then makes estimations of the operational characteristics of the railgun based on the Ampere's force law. Operating at a current of 300kA, a 4m long tripled railgun may fire a 1kg projectile reaching an exit speed of 2020m/s (Mac 5.9) with kinetic energy of 2.04MJ. It is estimated that the ohmic loss is just about 3% of the kinetic energy. When the operation of the railgun is analyzed based on the Lorentz magnetic force, there is difficulty in identifying the precise seat of the railgun recoil. In contrast, the analysis done based on the Ampere's force law could precisely specify the seat of recoil of the railgun; it is at the `empty space' in the interface separating the atoms of the rails and the atoms of the gun breech. During firing, contrary to expectation, the rails would be under tension and not compression.
Category: Classical Physics

Pressure Sensor with Temperature Sensor and Defense for Overload Pressure

Authors: Mikhail Basov
Comments: 6 Pages.

The small-sized temperature sensor chip in a form of Schottky diode with reduced consumption, increased breakdown voltage and high linear temperature coefficient was developed. The temperature sensor chip is located in the single case of pressure sensor module. The research presents development adventures over previously used analogs of temperature sensor for external circuit of pressure sensor. Additionally, the assembly for pressure sensor chip for 25, 60 and 160 kPa ranges uses stops for both sides. It helps to increase the moment of burst pressure from 3 to 5 times relativity assembly without stops.
Category: Astrophysics

How Inevitable is the Quantization of the Gravitational Dipole? Implications for the Tired Light Hypothesis and Cosmology in General.

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 7 Pages.

It is shown that similar to distance, pulse, momentum, wavelength (quantization rules were discovered around 100 years ago) the gravitational dipole must be quantized. Implication of this is the obligatory non-zero gravitational dipole for photon and interesting new way for light to lose energy on the long travel, which may create the competing to Big Bang mechanism of red shift and change the cosmology in general.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Maximizing Archimedes Spiral Packing Density Area

Authors: Dhafiallah Almutairi, Naif Alshamrani, Andrew Ingram, Andrew Grieco, Yeshaiahu Fainman.
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate a broadband Archimedes spiral delay line with high packing density on a silicon photonic platform. This high density is achieved by optimizing the gap between the adjacent waveguides (down to sub-micron scale) in the spiral configuration. However, care must be taken to avoid evanescent coupling, the presence of which will cause the spiral to behave as a novel type of distributed spiral resonator. To this end, an analytical model of the resonance phenomenon was developed for a simple spiral. Moreover, it is demonstrated that this distributed spiral resonator effect can be minimized by ensuring that adjacent waveguides in the spiral configuration have different propagation constants (β). Experimental validations were accomplished by fabricating and testing multiple spiral waveguides with varying lengths (i.e., 0.4, 0.8, and 1.4 mm) and separation gaps (i.e., 300 and 150 nm). Finally, a Linear Density Figure of Merit (LDFM) is introduced to evaluate the packing efficiency of various spiral designs in the literature. In this work, the optimum experimental design with mitigated resonance had a length of 1.4mm and occupied an area of 60x60µm, corresponding to an LDFM of 388mm-1.
Category: Education and Didactics

The Higgsless-Gluonless Fermion Mass Architecture and Quark Mass-Color Strong Force

Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 3 Pages.

Mathematics is shown to be enough to produce the fermion mass architecture and quark mass-color strong force without resort to hypothetical-mythical unobservables, and mere accordance with an imaginative theory and barely in agreement withexperiment.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Theoretical Study on the Relationship Between a Flow Mode of Electric Current and a Material Change in the Electric Circuits Consisted of the Electronic Conductors and the Ionic Conductors

Authors: Chong Ryong Chu, Su Ran Chu
Comments: 10 Pages.

When an electric current flow in a closed electric circuit consisted of the electronic conductors and the ionic conductors, it is of great importance in the development of electrodynamics to clarify exactly how an electric current flows and why a material change occurs at the junctions (electrodes) of two conductors.In a closed electric circuit consisted of an electronic conductor and an ionic conductor, it has been studied that the material changes at the electrode interface, which are the junctions of the two conductors under direct current, are not chemically but electromechanically induced material changes, and that these material changes are electromechanical material changes due to charge and discharge that are fundamentally different from the chemical redox reaction［1］.In [2], new principles of cell and electroplating have been investigated.In this paper, we demonstrated that in the circuits consisted of the electronic and the ionic conductor, the material change phenomena that occur at the junction (electrode) between the conductors under direct current are not chemical reactions, but electrical material change by the current conversion.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Simulating the Trajectory of Differently Charged Particles in Cyclotron Using Gnu Octave

Authors: Akash Agarwal, Devanshu Sharma, Meet Mehta, Ramkumar Radhakrishnan, Suraj Kumar Singh
Comments: 9 Pages.

Computer simulation is essential to experimental physics research, as well as to the design, commissioning and operation of particle accelerators. In this work, we have tried to simulate the particle trajectories fordifferent input values. From the simulation, we can observe the radius of that particle trajectory. Largely, we have considered Electron, Helium atom, Proton, Tritium atom, and Deuteron atom and obtained their corresponding trajectories. The whole process is carried out in GNU Octave.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

On a Related Thompson Problem in Rk

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper we study the global electrostatic energy behaviour of mutually repelling charged electrons on the surface of a unit-radius sphere. Using the method of compression, we show that the total electrostatic energy $U_k(N)$ of $N$ mutually repelling particles on a sphere of unit radius in $mathbb{R}^k$ satisfies the lower boundbegin{align} U_k(N)gg_{epsilon}frac{N^{2}}{sqrt{k}}.onumberend{align}.
Category: Geometry

Harmonic Representation of Prime Numbers

Authors: Michalis Psimopoulos
Comments: 21 Pages.

We extend in two dimensions the problem of prime numbers by introducing a triangular algorithm which attributes to each prime the number 1 and to each non prime the number 0. It is shown that the positions of the primes within the set of integers are not arbitrary, but are the result of precise combinations of the vertical harmonic sequences forming this algorithm.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Number Phi (the Golden Ratio) and Irrational Numbers in the Holy Qur'an

Authors: Muhammed Omar Badr
Comments: 1 Page.

The golden ratio is a very common ratio in the nature. It is an irrational number which means it has no end. In this paper shall be shown that the holy Qur'an shows us this in one verse.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Note on Electromagnetic Energy in the Context of Cosmology

Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 11 Pages. 1 figure

The density of electromagnetic energy and its flux are given by the well-known formulas which are widely used in classical electrodynamics. We rederive these formulas in the framework of special relativity and then extend them to the context of cosmology with the Big Bang.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Sampling of Infinite Set by J-sequence: Solving Bertrand's (Chord) Paradox

Authors: Jeonghoon Lee
Comments: 20 Pages.

In an infinite set, probabilities are defined on the structure of the set rather than on individual elements. We should take into account the property of a σ-algebra where probabilities are defined. A σ-algebra is closed under ‘only countable’ unions, and the axioms of probability assume σ-additivity. If this is overlooked, something bizarre could be happened as the proposed three solutions of Bertrand's problem. Bertrand's problem is not a paradox, but well defined(posed). The suggested three solutions have the common problem of dividing the sample space into an uncountably infinite number of sets and treating them equally. If a set is divided into equal(treated) and uncountable infinity, all the divided sets have probability 0, so calculating conditional probabilities with these sets or comparing them with each other becomes meaningless. In a sample space composed of an uncountably infinite number of elements such as [0,1], after calculating the number of cases using the sets(J-sequence m-collection cover) generated by equally dividing the sample space into finite numbers, the probability of an event can be calculated with its limit value(as m becomes infinite). The answer of Bertrand's problem is 1/3.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Oxford Dictionary of Biology by Robert S. Hine and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya kumar Biswas
Comments: 27 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study Oxford Dictionary of Biology, the eighth edition, by Robert S. Hine. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, head as well as all, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4, βH = 0.01), i.e.the Bethe-Peierls curve in the presence of four nearest neighbours and little external magnetic field, H, with βH = 0.01. β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Physics of Biology

Fundamental Inconsistencies in the Theory of Relativity.

Authors: Lars Frolund Jensen
Comments: 26 Pages.

Although the special theory of relativity (SR), and the general theory of relativity (GR), both have been found to be in accordance with the results of many physical experiments and astronomical observations, it can be shown that some of their predictions leads to clear self-contradictions / inconsistencies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Accurate Determining of Muon Lifetime Based on the Theory of Quantized Space and Time When the Muon Has the Most Possible Speed for Charged Particles

Authors: Hamid Reza Karimi
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this article, muon lifetime is calculated by using the theory of quantized space-time and the internal structure of the elementary particles. First, we assume that the muon and the particles produced due to its decay in the decay mode of in an accelerator reach to their maximum possible speed for charged particles, is V_muon=V_ν=V_ν ̅ =299792407.5m/s. Then, the gradual decay time of muon is calculated by using the energy they have in such speed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Multidimensional Numbers

Authors: Krishna Srinivasan, Rajaram Gana
Comments: 9 Pages.

A multidimensional number will not be viewed as a single real scalar value, rather,as a set of scalar values, each associated with a dimension. This gives rise to variations of"complex numbers", and consequently, Euler’s formula. The properties of complex numbers,such as the product of magnitudes being equal to the magnitude of the products, may also beapplicable in the case of multidimensional numbers, depending on how they are constructed.Although similar ideas exist, such as a hypercomplex number, the differences will be discussed.
Category: Number Theory

Paradigm Shift for Cosmology and Classical Physics

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 27 Pages.

Dirac’s themes were the unity and beauty of Nature. He identified three revolutions in modern physics u2013 Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, and Cosmology. In his opinion: "The new cosmology will probably turn out to be philosophically even more revolutionary than relativity or the quantum theory, perhaps looking forward to the current bonanza in cosmology, where precise observations on some of the most distant objects in the universe are shedding light on the nature of reality, on the nature of matter and on the most advanced quantum theories" [Farmelo, G. (2009) The Strangest Man. The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom. Basic Books, Britain, 661p].In 1937, Paul Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of the variable gravitational "constant," and later added the notion of continuous creation of Matter in the World. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing a different mechanism of Matter creation. In this paper, we show that WUM is a natural continuation of Classical Physics and can already serve as a basis for a Paradigm Shift for Cosmology and Classical Physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Re-Examination of Energy Conservation Principle in Charged Capacitors and the Reported Anomalous Energy Devices

Authors: Eue Jin Jeong
Comments: 15 Pages. Proof that the Conventional Local Energy Conservation Principle in Electrodynamics is Fatally Flawed

Energy conservation is one of the most fundamental and well-established principles of physics. E. Noether extended the energy conservation principle to the quantum field theoretical domain in empty space by relating the time-translation invariance of the universe with energy conservation. While this is the case in an open empty space, it seems that the local space enclosed by conducting metallic plates has an unexpected property, suggesting that the energy conservation principle may not necessarily apply to localized bound systems of capacitors in electrodynamics. This point of view was raised by noting that the spherical capacitor has calculable electrostatic self-potential energy in both the inner and outer shells, which is not considered in the conventional consideration of the total energy stored in the capacitors. It seems that the concept of moving charges one by one into the capacitor plates has helped bypass the necessary steps to account for the additional repulsive self-potential energy that accumulates simultaneously in both capacitor plates in the process of charging the capacitor. We present the itemized details of the repulsive potential energy stored in the capacitors and discuss its physical reality in relation to the anomalous energy devices reported in the past.
Category: Classical Physics

Critical Analysis of Complex Numbers Based on the Unity of Formal Logic and Rational Dialectics

Authors: Temur Z. Kalanov
Comments: 9 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!)

The critical analysis of the starting point of the theory of complex numbers is proposed. The unity of formal logic and rational dialectics is methodological basis of the analysis. The analysis leads to the following main results: (1) the definition of a complex number contradicts to the laws of formal logic, because this definition is the union of two contradictory concepts: the concept of a real number and the concept of a non-real (imaginary) number - an image. The concepts of a real number and a non-real (imaginary) number are in logical relation of contradiction: the essential feature of one concept completely negates the essential feature of another concept. These concepts have no common feature (i.e. these concepts have nothing in common with each other), therefore one cannot compare these concepts with each other. Consequently, the concepts of a real number and a non-real (imaginary) number cannot be united and contained in the definition of a complex number. The concept of a complex number is a gross formal-logical error; (2) the real part of a complex number is the result of a measurement. But the non-real (imaginary) part of a complex number is not the result of a measurement. The non-real (imaginary) part is a meaningless symbol, because the mathematical (quantitative) operation of multiplication of a real number by a meaningless symbol is a meaningless operation. This means that the theory of complex number is not a correct method of calculation. Consequently, mathematical (quantitative) operations on meaningless symbols are a gross formal-logical error; (3) a complex number cannot be represented (interpreted) in the Cartesian geometric coordinate system, because the Cartesian coordinate system is a system of two identical scales (rulers). The standard geometric representation (interpretation) of a complex number leads to the logical contradictions if the scales (rulers) are not identical. This means that the scale of non-real (imaginary) numbers cannot exist in the Cartesian geometric coordinate system. Consequently, the theory of complex numbers and the use of the theory of complex numbers in mathematics and physics (electromagnetism and electrical engineering, fluid dynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity) represent a gross methodological error and lead to gross errors in mathematics and physics.
Category: General Mathematics

The Universe Has a Center

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 13 Pages.

Two important questions are posed and resolved in this article.The first question is about the microcosm, the question about the process of pulsation of the quantum of matter, which, as the author believes, is the material "first brick" of nature. A quantum of matter is the smallest amount of matter in nature. Each elementary particle is based on a quantum of matter pulsing in the rhythm and pace of nature.The second question is about the Universe, about its center. How is the center of the universe arranged and how does it function?
Category: Classical Physics

Antena de VHF con Medidas Escalares
VHF Antenna with Scalar Measures

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 8 Pages. Contact: carloschiappini@gmail.com

Esta antena para VHF es geométricamente similar a una antena tipo ground plane. La novedad está en las medidas del irradiante y de los radiales, que predisponen a la antena para crear la onda excitando el campo escalar, en vez de crearla excitado los campos vectoriales. El patrón de radiación es multilobulado, simétrico y compacto, con un ángulo de disparo bastante bajo. En la práctica exhibe muy buen rendimiento en Rx y en Tx, apto para comunicar con estaciones distantes.

This VHF antenna is geometrically similar to a ground plane type antenna. Novelty is in the measurements of the irradiant and the radials, which predispose the antenna to create the wave by exciting the scalar field, instead of creating it by exciting the vector fields. The radiation pattern is multilobed, symmetrical and compact, with a firing angle quite low. In practice, it exhibits very good performance in Rx and Tx, suitable for communicating with distant stations.
Category: Classical Physics

The Mass of the Universe

Authors: Giuseppe Cimino
Comments: 3 Pages.

Using the photon universe model, as an alternative to the "missing mass" models (dark matter, MOND, etc), the mass of the Observable Universe is estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

Maxwell's Equations and the Principles of Electromagnetism

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 22 Pages.

Maxwell’s equations are a set of four equations that theoretically predict the existence of "electromagnetic waves." Based on theoretical analysis and experimental verification, this study proves that Maxwell’s "displacement current" hypothesis is untrue; that is, a changing electric field in a vacuum cannot induce a magnetic field. Similarly, a changing magnetic field in a vacuum cannot induce an electric field; that is, Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction is not true in a vacuum. Therefore, there are no "electromagnetic waves" in a vacuum. It is the electric field waves, not the "electromagnetic waves" that achieve wireless communication. Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction is widely used in metal coils, but it is incomplete in theory. In this study, a magnetic field current and an equipotential metal current ring are proposed, which theoretically perfects Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. It is also revealed that a transformer, motor, and other components of electrical equipment have the highest electromagnetic energy conversion efficiency when the magnetic circuit and electric circuit are symmetrical. This study summarizes three fundamental laws of electromagnetics: Coulomb’s law, Lorentz’s law of magnetic field induction, and Lorentz’s law of magnetic field force. An electric field, a magnetic field, and a light field are the position characteristic, velocity characteristic, and acceleration characteristic of a charge, respectively. Therefore, the propagation speeds of an electric field, a magnetic field, and a light field in a vacuum are equal, all of them are C, which is self-consistent and reasonable. An electric field, a magnetic field, and a light field cannot induce each other in a vacuum. However, an electric field, a magnetic field, and a light field can be indirectly induced each other with the participation of a charge.
Category: Classical Physics

Ferrari's Method

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

Solving quartics via Ferrari's method.
Category: General Mathematics

The Introduction of the Entraining Force and Its Consequences for the Interpretation of Red-Shift

Authors: Thorsten Hilker
Comments: 13 Pages. Published under creative commons license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

The main intention of this paper is to start an open discussion about a new model with the potential to find a better understanding of several observations within astronomy. As a first step a model of an entraining force is introduced based on the observation that the distances between earth and moon respectively earth and sun are slightly increasing over the year. Based on further explanation on how to calculate the entraining force and its corresponding counter-torque similar to law of induction but for moving matter. Further on an outlook is given about how this force may contribute to a better understanding about how accretion disks or planetary ring systems are forming or how it may drive the differential rotation on the surface ofgas giants but also within galaxies related to their rotary curve. In a second step the consequences of the concept are described related to the current interpretation of red-shift. If the model of the entraining force will be further verified the concept of the expanding universe might have to be revised.
Category: Astrophysics

Complex Nonlinear Optics: Theoretical Characterization Of 2-Photon Resonance Non-Centrosymmetric Matter

Authors: Peter Krampl
Comments: 309 Pages.

The aim of the present work is an analytical and numerical investigation of non-centrosymmetric matter in interaction with multichromatic photon fields. The work is structured as follows: Chapter 1 recapitulates the methods and models used in this work to describe higher harmonics in non-centrosymmetric matter, which reflects the current state of research. In Chapter 2, the Hamiltonian structure of non-centro-symmetrically bound electrons in the non-linear potential is explored, the results of which are important for understanding the following, especially for understanding the frequency-dependent amplitude. In chapters 3 to 6 different phenomena of the physics of condensed hard matter are analyzed. Each of these chapters can be read independently of the others and each begins with a detailed introduction to the respective problem. In Chapters 3 and 4, this is the question of the exact classical mechanism for the nonlinear electron response in the time and Fourier domain. New results for nonlinearly activated and detuned systems are presented. Until now little was known apart from the simplest model of this kind, in the linear approximation. In particular, the changes with increasing non-linearity for arbitrary orders of the harmonics and subharmonics are investigated. In the following chapter 5, new results for the macroscopic optical response tensors are obtained with these findings, whereby chapter 6 concludes the work with the consideration of the collective behavior of non-centrosymmetrically bound electrons in the "Simplified bond-hyperpolarizability model" (SBHM).
Category: Condensed Matter

Limits of General Relativity

Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 1 Page.

Einstein's equation allows us to formulate the boundaries of the general theory of relativity in the form of a force and energy criterion.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Model P(φ)_4 Quantum Field Theory. A Nonstandard Approach Based on Nonstandard Pointwise-Defined Quantum Fields

Authors: Jaykov Foukzon
Comments: 122 Pages. AIP Conf. Proc. 2872, 060028 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0162832

A new non-Archimedean approach to interacted quantum fields is presented. In proposed approach, a field operator ϕ(x,t) no longer a standard tempered operator-valued distribution, but a non-classical operator-valued function. We prove using this novel approach that the quantum field theory with Hamiltonian P(φ)_4 exists and that the corresponding C^*­ algebra of bounded observables satisfies all the Haag-Kastler axioms. In particular we prove that the λ(φ^4 )_4 quantum field theory model is Lorentz covariant.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Thoughts About the Matter and Time of Nature

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article deals with the question of the matter and time of nature. This consideration is based on the dialectical-materialistic conception of nature.
Category: Classical Physics

Application of Root Number Method in Indefinite Equation(group)

Authors: Lushi Liu
Comments: 10 Pages.

If the solution set of two equations(group) has the same algebraic operation structure based on equations (group), the two equations (group) are called isomorphic equations (group), and the solution set of these two equations (group) is the equivalent solution set.
Category: Number Theory

On the Integral Inequality of Some Trigonometric Functions in $mathbb{r}^n$

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this note, we prove the inequality begin{align}bigg| int limits_{|a_n|}^{|b_n|} int limits_{|a_{n-1}|}^{|b_{n-1}|}cdots int limits_{|a_1|}^{|b_1|}cos bigg(frac{sqrt[4s]{sum limits_{j=1}^{n}x^{4s}_j}}{||vec{a}||^{4s+1}+||vec{b}||^{4s+1}}bigg)dx_1dx_2cdots dx_nbigg| leq frac{bigg|prod_{i=1}^{n}|b_i|-|a_i|bigg|}{|Re(langle a,b angle)|}onumberend{align}and begin{align}bigg|int limits_{|a_n|}^{|b_n|} int limits_{|a_{n-1}|}^{|b_{n-1}|}cdots int limits_{|a_1|}^{|b_1|}sin bigg(frac{sqrt[4s]{sum limits_{j=1}^{n}x^{4s}_j}}{||vec{a}||^{4s+1}+||vec{b}||^{4s+1}}bigg)dx_1dx_2cdots dx_nbigg| leq frac{bigg|prod_{i=1}^{n}|b_i|-|a_i|bigg|}{|Im(langle a,b angle)|}onumberend{align}under some special conditions.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Mathematical Description of the Weber Nucleus as a Classical and Quantum Mechanical System

Authors: Urs Frauenfelder, Joa Weber
Comments: 26 Pages. Anal. Math. Phys. 14, 31 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13324-024-00891-5

Wilhelm Weber’s electrodynamics is an action-at-a-distance theory which has the property that equal charges inside a critical radius be- come attractive. Weber’s electrodynamics inside the critical radius can be interpreted as a classical Hamiltonian system whose kinetic energy is, however, expressed with respect to a Lorentzian metric. In this article we study the Schro ̈dinger equation associated with this Hamiltonian system, and relate it to Weyl’s theory of singular Sturm-Liouville problems.
Category: Quantum Physics

Linear Formulation of Square Peg Problem Test Function

Authors: Sing Kuang Tan
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper, we developed a set of linear constraints to test whether 4 points form a square. Traditionally people use Euclidean distance to test whether the 4 points form a square. It forms a square if the four sides are of equal length and the diagonals are of equal length. My test function using a set of linear constraints is much simpler without the use of quadratic operations in Euclidean distance test function. This is needed in the future to prove Square Peg Problem for any arbitary closed curve.
Category: Topology

Minkowski Complete Space-Time Rotation Hypothesis

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 8 Pages.

This model uses rotation of Minkowski space-time, but assumption is that there can be time flowing in any direction not just in normal time direction, from it comes S tensor field that represents possible states of light cones.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Lyrics-Based Music Band and Genre Topic Similarity Analysis

Authors: Dimitrios Geromichalos
Comments: 10 Pages. Updated version

Based on hundreds of thousands of song lyrics from thousands of bands, Word2Vec models have been trained to quantitatively identify similarities between band texts and terms. Using prominent examples, this demonstrates for the cases studied, that music bands can be assigned to a similarity network solely on the basis of their song lyrics, which also corresponds to their musical style. Furthermore, using exemplary words, it is demonstrated that semantic term networks vary strongly from genre to genre. In addition, the semantic similarity matrices were studied using network analysis methods. As it turned out, term and band text networks differ significantly. While the former resemble random networks, the latter partly exhibit powerlaw behavior. Both also exhibit threshold-dependent regimes.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity Are Fully Compatible, and Have a Common Origin

Authors: Subhajit Waugh
Comments: 100 Pages.

Modern physics rests on two pillars: Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity. Nature simply can’t afford to make them incompatible! Although physicists have made intense efforts towards unification, nobody cared to dig deeply to see why exactly our two best theories become incompatible. As a result, over eight decades have passed since physicists realized that the theories of quantum mechanics and gravity don’t fit together, and the puzzle of how to combine the two remains unsolved. We have made a series of mistakes, in our mathematics, and in our understanding of physics as well as cosmology. Consequently, we failed to decipher the deepest secret of nature: Nature does not use two separate rule books, but two different viewpoints. Everything, from the tiniest quark to the Galaxy clusters is telling one single story. Relativity and quantum mechanics both have a common origin. Entire Physics & Cosmology is united.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Wave Function Collapse Visualization

Authors: Vishal Pandey, Ishanvi Pandey
Comments: 7 Pages.

Wave Function Collapse initializes output bitmapin a completely unobserved state, where each pixel value is in a superposition of colors of the input bitmap (so if the input was black-white then the unobserved states are shown in different shades of grey). The coefficients in these superpositions are real numbers, not complex numbers, so it doesn’t do the actual quantum mechanics, but it was inspired by QM. In this, we have been matching each tile to tile value by pixel to pixel by namingas it as "socket". We know that in code when we match the tile it would be in a random order so we had rotated them into a specific order to match each socket to socket which indicates the overlapping of tiles as the superposition of several Eigen states. It was first introduced in 2016 by Maxim Gumin which can generate procedural patterns from a sample image or from a collection of tiles. So we are just visualizing it in a mathematical way
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A New Sky for the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Fortuné Alain Junior Backoulas
Comments: 12 Pages.

This small excerpt from our paper on the Collatz conjecture is intended to give new directions to those who are working on the understanding of this problem, but, above all, for those who have invested in the solution of this problem. We have limited ourselves in this document to raising awareness of the approach we have adopted, which was certainly not the right one. This is what makes such a simple problem seem so difficult to solve. As this man said: it is difficult to paint the real landscape when you accidentally end up on another landscape. In this paper, we make a contribution to the understanding that the trivial cycle of basis 1 2 4 is only one case among a whole set of trivial cycles. And that in this generality, the trivial cycle of Collatz has the same properties as the other cycles and that it should not always be taken as a basic element. In this sense, trying to understand it does not bring us back to determining the behavior of this cycle because, other notions must be understood beforehand. Hence; in our opinion, all the difficulties that mathematicians and others encounter today and since.
Category: Number Theory

The prime Number Theorem and Prime Gaps

Authors: Hyeon Jun Ahn
Comments: 9 Pages. This paper is a etude

Let there exists m > 0 such that gn = O((logpn)m), then∀k > 0, ∃M ∈ N s.t. n ≥ M ⇒ gn := pn+1 − pn < pknwhere pn is nth prime number, O is big O notation, log is natural logarithm.This lead to a corollary for Andrica conjecture, Oppermann conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Scattering Indicatrix of Unknown Radiation by the Nucleus of Our Galaxy

Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 1 Page.

The eROSITA X-ray telescope has seen a "figure eight" of two "bubbles" at the center of our galaxy. It is possible that this is the indicatrix of scattering by the galactic nucleus of unknown radiation with a wavelength of 20-100 pc.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Twin Prime Conjecture Is True

Authors: James Edwin Rock
Comments: 4 Pages.

Let Pn be the n-th prime. For twin primes Pn u2013 Pn-1 = 2. Let X be the number of (6j u20131, 6j+1) pairs in the open interval [Pn, Pn2 ]. The actual number of twin primes TPAn in [Pn, Pn2 ] is ((Pn - an) /Pn)((Pn-1 - an-1) /Pn-1)((Pn-2 - an-2)/Pn-2)u2026((5 - a3) /5)(X). P3=5, 1.7 < an,an-1,u2026,a3 less than 2.3. We exhibit a formula showing as Pn increases, the actual number of twin primes TPAn in the interval [Pn, Pn2 ] also increases. Let Pn u2013 Pn-1 = c. For n ≥ 4, (TPAn-1)(1+(2c u20132)/2Pn-1+(c2u20132c)/2Pn-12) less than TPAn.
Category: Number Theory

The Arrew Theorem Prover

Authors: Boro Sitnikovski
Comments: 1 Page.

Arrew (Arrow Rewriter) is a mathematical system (theorem prover) that allows expressing and working with formal systems. It relies on a simple substitution rule and set equality to derive theorems.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Designing Potential Drugs That Can Target Sars-COV-2’s Main Protease: A Proactive Deep Transfer Learning Approach Using LSTM Architecture

Authors: Omar Dasser, Moad Tahri, Louay Kila, Abderrahim Sekkaki
Comments: 23 Pages.

Drug discovery is a crucial step in the process of delivering a new drug to the market that can take up to 2-3 years which can be more penalizing given the current global pandemic caused by the outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV 2. Artificial Intelligence methodologies have shown great potential in resolving tasks in various domains such as image classification, sound recognition, also in the range of the previous years, Artificial Intelligence proved to be the go-to for generative tasks for use cases such as music sequences, text generation and solving also problems in biology. The goal of this work is to harvest the power of these architectures using generative recurrent neural network with long short-term memory (LSTM) gating techniques in order to generate new and non-existing molecules that can bind to the main COVID-19 protease, which is a key agent in the transcription and replication of the virus, and thus can act as a potential drug that can neutralize the virus inside of an infected host. As of today, there are no specific targeted therapeutic agents to treat the disease and all existing treatments are all very limited. Known drugs that are passing clinical trials such as Hydroxychloroquine and Remdesivir showed respectively a binding energy with SARS-CoV-2’s main protease of -5.3 and -6.5, the results of the newly generated molecules exhibited scores ranging till -13.2.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Case for Procopiu’s Quantum

Authors: Nicolae Mazilu
Comments: 87 Pages. The article will appear in the Memoirs of the Romanian Academy

The general traits of the Planck’s quantization procedure for the case of light are considered. The Procopiu’s quantization is presented as a result of this quantization procedure, only applied not to light, but to matter structures. Using its guidance, the general possibility of quantization in matter is discussed, by analogy with the quantization in light. A dynamics is then constructed from the point of view of the classical natural philosophy, revealing invariants that are analogous to Planck’s constant. The Procopiu’s quantum is then justified, based on this dynamics. Rules are recognized for quantization in general, as a physically justifiable theory, to be applied in the case of matter, and to describe the coexistence of matter and light.
Category: Quantum Physics

Critical Analysis of Trigonometry Based on the Unity of Formal Logic and Rational Dialectics

Authors: Temur Z. Kalanov
Comments: 20 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

The critical analysis of the foundations of standard trigonometry is proposed. The unity of formal logic and rational dialectics is methodological basis of the analysis. The analysis leads to the following main results: (1) trigonometry does not treat a right triangle as a material system. Therefore, trigonometry does not satisfy the system principle; (2) trigonometric functions do not satisfy the mathematical definition of a function. The terms “sine”, “cosine”, “tangent”, “cotangent” and others are not identical to the concept of function. Symbols “cos”, “sin”, “tg”, “ctg”, etc. indicate only that there is a correspondence (connection) between the values of the quantities of the angle and the lengths of the sides in a right-angled triangle. Therefore, the standard definitions of trigonometric functions do not represent mathematical (quantitative) relationships between the quantities of the angle and the lengths of the sides in a right-angled triangle. Trigonometric functions are neither explicit nor implicit functions; (3) the range of definition of trigonometric functions does not satisfy the condition for the existence of a right-angled triangle because the definitions of trigonometric functions contradict to the system principle. These facts prove the assertion that the trigonometric functions, the trigonometric identities, the trigonometric form of the Pythagorean theorem and the inverse trigonometric functions are blunders; (4) the values of mathematical quantities are always neutral numbers. Therefore, logical contradictions arise if the quantity of the angle and the symbols “cos”, “sin”, “tg”, “ctg” take on negative values. (5) it is proved that the standard theorems of addition (difference) of two arguments for cosine and sine are blunders. This means that the addition (difference) theorems for all trigonometric functions, the reduction formula, the formula for double and half argument are blunders; (6) in the point of view of the Cartesian coordinate system, the abscissa and ordinate scales are identical and have the dimension “meter”. Therefore, the quantity of the angle (which has the dimension “degree”) does not exist in the Cartesian coordinate system; (7) the graphs of trigonometric functions are built in an inadmissible coordinate system because the scales are not identical: the abscissa scale has the dimension “degree”, and the ordinate scale has the dimension “meter”. The non-identity of the dimensions leads to absurdity: “meter” is “degree”. Therefore, the graphs of trigonometric functions have no geometric meaning; (8) if the material point is the end point of the moving radius in the material system “circle + mobile radius + Cartesian coordinate system”, then the graph of the dependence of the ordinate of the material point on the length of the path traveled (i.e., on the circumference of a given radius) has the form of a sinusoid, but the graph is not a trigonometric sinusoid. Consequently, standard trigonometry is a pseudoscientific theory.
Category: General Mathematics

Numerical Derivatives

Authors: Horacio Useche
Comments: 50 Pages. In Spanish. Cálculo de derivadas mediante métodos numéricos (Calculation of derivatives using numerical methods)

The idea of ​​this work is to present the software that allows us to quickly and numerically calculate values ​​of f 0, f 00 , f 000 and f IV at the points where they are required, especially thinking about the estimation of the error in problems that involve differential equations. ordinary and partial differential equations. The calculation of these values ​​by means of numerical methods is of great. It helps in solving these problems, as it saves a lot of time. The routines presented have been written in Google Inc.'s Go language, following our policy of making the most of "21st century C", which is a very fast, comfortable tool with sufficient accuracy for the proposed applications. We hope that this study will be useful for professional mathematicians as well as scientists from other areas and engineers who need to calculate the error in their equations or the rates of change associated with a whole potential of physical applications.

La idea de este trabajo es presentar el software que nos permite calcular rápida y numéricamente valores de f 0, f 00 , f 000 y f IV en los puntos donde se les requiera, sobre todo pensando en la estimación del error en problemas que involucran ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias y ecuaciones en derivadas parciales. El cálculo de estos valores mediante métodos numéricos es de gran ayuda en la resolución de estos problemas, pues ahorra mucho tiempo. Las rutinas presentadas han sido escritas en lenguaje Go de Google Inc., siguiendo nuestra polı́tica de usufructuar al máximo el “C del siglo XXI”, que es una herramienta muy rápida, cómoda y con la exactitud suficiente para las aplicaciones propuestas. Esperamos que este estudio sea de utilidad tanto para matemáticos profe-sionales como cientı́ficos de otrás áreas e ingenieros que requieran calcular el error en sus ecuaciones o las ratas de cambio asociadas con todo un potencial de aplicaciones fı́sicas.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Concerning the Apparent Magnitude

Authors: Claudio Marchesan
Comments: 6 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License

This brief analysis presents observations intended to support the development of a non-standard cosmological model. The project, named "4-Sphere", and currently under development, operates within the framework of Special Relativity.The Apparent magnitude m, as measure of the brightness of a star, is decisive, together with the Absolute magnitude M, for the correct calculation of the Distance Modulus.The Distance Modulus = m - M, indeed, is related to the Luminosity distance d by m — M = 5 log(d) - 5 (d in Parsec) from which some verifications of a Cosmological model are then derived. Contrary to what one might think, the determination of the Apparent magnitude depends on the hypothesized model used. If no Galactic Recession is foreseen, its value coincides with the observed one. However, if the existence of a recession is hypothesized, additional conversions are necessary.This work considers Special Relativity (SR) as the framework for such calculations. Assuming the star is not at rest relative to the observer (an essential condition for the relevance of this analysis), the apparent magnitude calculated in SR assumes a distinct logical weight compared to that obtained based on hypothetical models.Specifically, the calculation based on SR can be used to verify the validity of a model (the intrinsic validity of SR is not in question). Conversely, to avoid a vicious circle, calculations based on hypotheses can only falsify the very model that generated them or serve to determine its parameters.In order to make the new K correction practical, an attempt was made to develop a simple corrective factor for the transformation of the Distance Modulus. This would have allowed us to exploit the extensive database of existing supernova observations, converting the distance modulus used in the FLRW model into its equivalent in SR. The last paragraph, however, explains the reasons why such a conversion is deemed impractical.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Prime Numbers in Geometric Consistencies

Authors: Thomas Halley
Comments: 48 Pages.

A basic smooth manifold and a rational smooth set is explored with variations in proving that R is not equal to i.
Category: Geometry

Itsm and Esm in the Bigger World. Separation of Concerns: a Modern Approach of Itil for the Enterprise

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 19 Pages.

As businesses and business trends continue to evolve so do the tools of each line of business within the organization. In this paper, we explore the current evolutions of ITIL practices, ITSM, ITOM, and ESM algorithsm and tools and DevOps, ERP, and other enterprise and industry applications, as well as how these changes are bringing organizations closer to digital transformation. The paper provides architecture and lessons learned and recommendations on how to best combine these algorithms, tools and practices while keeping the “separation of concerns” at the forefront. The paper discusses how digital transformation and ITIL will take organizations on a path of business maturity with omnichannel self-service and automation, as well as how they can help grow the business faster while maintaining employee retention.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Mass Spectrum of the Charmoniums with Insights into the Nature of Exotic Hadrons

Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: Pages.

Which charmoniums are diquarks, and which are exotics (tetraquarks, pentaquarks, hexaquarks, heptaquarks, etc.) is revealed in this paper. A possible addition to our understanding of the nature of the X(3872) is also elucidated. It is very likely a 'd' tetraquark, but with a factoring quirk. A prime number figures prominently in its factoring.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Reconstruction of the Rotation from Stresses with Respect to Rotated Coordinate Axes

Authors: Aloys J. Sipers, Joh. J. Sauren
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this letter a theorem is stated on the reconstruction of the rotation from stresses with respect to rotated coordinate axes. In most literature a coordinate axis rotation is defined by an angle. Motivated by practical applications, we define the rotation by a unit vector expressed in Cartesian coordinates. An example and an application from the analysis of extreme stresses clarify the theoretical result and demonstrate the practical potential of the theorem.
Category: Mathematical Physics

J-Integral

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper an alternative derivation of J-integral and its path independence for plane stress using vector calculus has been presented.
Category: Mathematical Physics

P. Bungus: Sums of three cubes

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 4 Pages.

Bungus equation and Pi.
Category: Number Theory

A Short Analysis of Chemical Bonds (in Ukrainian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 16 Pages.

Nothing forbids giving a definition of the bond multiplicity: the bond multiplicity is the bond energy expressed in dimensionless units. It is easy to show that the ratio multiplicity = f(L) and E = f(L), where multiplicity is the multiplicity of the bond, L is the bond length in Å, E is the bond energy in kJ/mol, will be described as a function of y = a + b/x + c/x² for any type of bond (C-N, C-O, C-S, N-N, N-O, O-O, C-P). Ніщо не забороняє дати визначення кратності зв'язку: кратність зв'язку - це енергія зв'язку, виражена в безрозмірних одиницях. Легко показати, що співвідношення кратність = f(L) і Е = f(L), де кратність - це кратність зв’язку, L - довжина зв’язку в Å, Е - енергія зв’язку в кДж/моль, буде описуватися як функція y = a + b/x + c/x² для будь-яких типів зв’язку (C-N, C-O, C-S, N-N, N-O, O-O, C-P).
Category: Chemistry

Experimental Confirmation of the Existence of the Three-Electron Bond and Theoretical Basis of Its Existence (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 9 Pages.

An analysis of images obtained by high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) in pentacene and other aromatic systems shows that, according to predictions, the aromatic three-electron bond deviates to the center of aromatic nuclei, which clearly confirms the existence of a three-electron bond in benzene, pentacene and other aromatics systems. This also confirms the presence of this bond in carboxylate anions and other similar ions and molecules. Анализ изображений, полученных методом атомно-силовой микроскопии (АСМ) высокого разрешения в пентацене и других ароматических системах, показывает, что согласно предсказаниям, ароматическая трёхэлектронная связь отклоняется к центру ароматических ядер, что наглядно подтверждает факт существования трёхэлектронной связи в бензоле, пентацене и других ароматических системах. Это также подтверждает наличие этой связи у карбоксилат-анионов и других подобных ионов и молекул.
Category: Chemistry

Supplement to the Theoretical Justification of Existence of the Three-Electron Bond (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich
Comments: 7 Pages.

The impossibility of the existence of large aromatic monocycles was proved based on the interaction of three-electron bonds through the cycle at distances between bonds (through the cycle) greater than 3.5 Å due to the absence of energy interaction (the length of chemical bonds is in the range of distances 0.74 Å - 3.5 Å). A chemical bond (two-electron and three-electron) is considered on the basis of the assumption that the electrons in a chemical bond can be considered to be in an entangled quantum state, that is, the chemical bond is considered as a new "indivisible" particle. An algorithm for calculating a two-electron chemical bond at the "tip of a pen" is provided. An attempt is made to explain the mechanism of particle interaction in an entangled quantum state based on a new model of an interfering Universe.

Доказана невозможность существования больших ароматических моноциклов на основании взаимодействия трёхэлектронных связей через цикл при расстояниях между связями (через цикл) большими чем 3.5 Å ввиду отсутствия энергетического взаимодействия (длина химических связей находится в диапазоне расстояний 0.74 Å — 3.5 Å). Химическая связь (двухэлектронная и трёхэлектронная) рассматривается на основании допущения, что электроны в химической связи можно считать находящимися в запутанном квантовом состоянии, то есть химическая связь рассматривается как новая «неделимая» частица. Предоставлен алгоритм расчета двухэлектронной химической связи на «кончике пера». Сделана попытка объяснения механизма взаимодействия частиц в запутанном квантовом состоянии на основании новой модели интерферирующей Вселенной.
Category: Chemistry

Quantum-Mechanical Aspects of the L. Pauling's Resonance Theory (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich
Comments: 4 Pages.

The resonance theory of L. Pauling is analyzed using the principle of quantum superposition, that is, the principle of superposition of the wave function, which is the main positive principle of quantum mechanics. The principle of quantum superposition is essentially the main property of the wave function. Using the example of a benzene molecule, it is shown that the principle of quantum superposition, and hence quantum mechanics as a whole, is in an insurmountable contradiction with the theory of resonance.

Резонансная теория Л. Полинга проанализирована с использованием принципа квантовой суперпозиции, то есть, принципа суперпозиции волновой функции, являющегося основным положительным принципом квантовой механики. Принцип квантовой суперпозиции по существу является основным свойством волновой функции. На примере молекулы бензола показано, что принцип квантовой суперпозиции, а значит, и квантовая механика в целом находятся в непреодолимом противоречии с теорией резонанса.
Category: Chemistry

Quantum-Mechanical Analysis of the MO Method and VB Method from the Position of PQS (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich
Comments: 10 Pages.

The MO method and the VS method are analyzed using the principle of quantum superposition and the method of describing a quantum system consisting of several parts. It is shown that the main assumption of the molecular orbital method (namely, that a molecular orbital can be represented by a linear combination of overlapping atomic orbitals) comes into insurmountable contradiction with the principle of quantum superposition. It is also shown that the description of a quantum system consisting of several parts (accepted in quantum mechanics) actually prohibits assigning corresponding canonical structures to the terms of the equation in the VS method.

Метод МО и метод ВС анализируются с помощью принципа квантовой суперпозиции и метода описания квантовой системы состоящей из нескольких частей. Показано, что основное допущение метода молекулярных орбиталей (а именно то, что молекулярную орбиталь можно представить линейной комбинацией перекрывающихся атомных орбиталей) вступает в непреодолимое противоречие с принципом квантовой суперпозиции. Также показано, что описание квантовой системы состоящей из нескольких частей (принимаемое в квантовой механике) фактически запрещает приписывать в методе ВС членам уравнения соответствующие канонические структуры.
Category: Chemistry

Hybridization Theory of L. Pauling, Chemical Bond and Quantum Mechanics (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich
Comments: 10 Pages.

The theory of hybridization of atomic orbitals by L. Pauling is analyzed using the principle of quantum superposition. It is shown that the principle of quantum superposition, and hence quantum mechanics as a whole, is in an insurmountable contradiction with the theory of hybridization of atomic orbitals. Since the concept of σ- and π-bonds automatically follows from the theory of hybridization, the classical chemical description of single, double and triple bonds (based on σ- and π-bonds) is also in an insurmountable contradiction with the principle of quantum superposition.

Теория гибридизации атомных орбиталей Л. Полинга проанализирована с использованием принципа квантовой суперпозиции. Показано, что принцип квантовой суперпозиции, и следовательно квантовая механика в целом, находятся в непреодолимом противоречии с теорией гибридизации атомных орбиталей. Так как понятие о σ- и π-связях автоматически следует из теории гибридизации, то и классическое химическое описание одинарных, двойных и тройных связей (на основании σ- и π-связей) также находится в непреодолимом противоречии с принципом квантовой суперпозиции.
Category: Chemistry

Chemical Bond as the Main Problem of Modern Chemistry and Physics (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich
Comments: 34 Pages.

The formation of a chemical bond is considered from a general theoretical point of view as the interaction of various fermions. It is shown that using modern classical concepts of chemical bonding it is impossible to obtain (strictly theoretically) a physical justification for the cause of the formation of a chemical bond. The inapplicability of the Pauli principle to the chemical bond is shown, and a new theoretical model of the chemical bond based on the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is proposed.

Образование химической связи рассматривается с общетеоретической точки зрения как взаимодействие различных фермионов. Показано, что используя современные классические представления о химической связи невозможно получить (строго теоретически) физическое обоснование причины образования химической связи. Показана неприменимость принципа Паули к химической связи и предложена новая теоретическая модель химической связи, основанная на принципе неопределенности Гейзенберга.
Category: Chemistry

The Structure of the Benzene Molecule Based on the Three-Electronic Bond

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 27 Pages.

Using the three-electron bond, one can depict the real electronic structure of benzene, explain the specificity of the aromatic bond, and calculate the delocalization energy. It is shown that the functional dependence y = a + b/x + c/x² describes well the dependence of the energy and multiplicity of a chemical bond on the bond length. This article deals with carbon-carbon bonds. Using these dependencies, it is possible to calculate the energy of a chemical bond with different bond lengths or different multiplicity of chemical bonds, which makes it possible to calculate the delocalization energy of a benzene molecule.

Використовуючи трьохелектронний зв’язок, можна зобразити реальну електронну структуру бензолу, пояснити специфічність ароматичного зв’язку і обчислити енергію делокалізації. Показано, що функціональна залежність y = a + b/x + c/x² гарно описує залежність енергії і кратності хімічного зв'язку від довжини зв'язку. В даній статті розглядаються вуглець-вуглецеві зв'язки. Використовуючи дані залежності можна обчислити енергію хімічного зв'язку при різній довжині зв'язку або різній кратності хімічного зв'язку, що дає можливість обчислити енергію делокалізації молекули бензолу.
Category: Chemistry

Structure of the Benzene Molecule From the Point of View of the Concept of the Three-Electron Bond

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 27 Pages.

Using the concept of a three-electron bond, one can depict the real electronic structure of benzene, explain the specifics of an aromatic bond, and calculate the delocalization energy. It is shown that the functional dependence y = a + b/x + c/x² describes well the dependence of the energy and multiplicity of a chemical bond on the bond length. In this paper, carbon-carbon bonds are considered. Using these dependences, it is possible to calculate the chemical bond energy at different bond lengths or different bond multiplicity, which makes it possible to calculate the delocalization energy of the benzene molecule.

Используя концепцию трёхэлектронной связи можно изобразить реальную электронную структуру бензола, объяснить специфику ароматической связи и вычислить энергию делокализации. Показано, что функциональная зависимость y = a + b/x + c/x² хорошо описывает зависимость энергии и кратности химической связи от длины связи. В данной работе рассматриваются углерод-углеродные связи. Используя данные зависимости можно вычислить энергию химической связи при разной длине связи или разной кратности связи, что дает возможность вычислить энергию делокализации молекулы бензола.
Category: Chemistry

Cosmology of Inevitable Flat Space

Authors: Farid Abrari
Comments: 26 Pages. The article offers a new model of the Big Bang free from mathematical singularities. Universe is in a condensed state prior to its expansion at the Big Bang.

In the combined theory of Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics (c-SRQM), the upper limit of local acceleration is constrained to c2/A, where c is the speed of light and A is the diameter of the event horizon of the smallest black hole in nature - called the Unit Black Hole (UBH). In this article, a new cosmological model is proposed wherein the flatness of the universe is inevitable from the onset. The theory indicates that at any given moment of the cosmic evolution, the age of the universe can be expressed as some integer multiple of the cosmological time constant A/c. The integer multiple 1, signifies the end of the Big Bang at which the initial conditions undergo a sudden change. The known universe is then shown to be the observable portion of a much bigger structure - named the grand universe - which is originated from a Primordial Black Hole (PBH) expanding with the limit rate c2/A at time A/c. It is shown that the dipole in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) could be explained by the anisotropy in the gravitational redshift of the grand universe. Moreover, a best fit to the observational Hubble diagram is obtained when the absolute luminosity of type Ia supernovae is constrained to 3.02e9 times that of the sun. The age of the universe is found to be 15.96e9 (years). The new age is higher than that of the standard cosmology by 2.14e9 (years), therefore, reducing the age discrepancy between the universe and the old metal-deficient stars. The actual value of the Hubble constant Ho is found to be 40.83 (km/sec/Mpc). The discrepancy with the current estimates of the constant is due to neglecting the gravitational redshift of the grand universe in the current standard cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The 5 Equations that Generate All Composite Numbers

Authors: Barchino, R.; Segura, J. J.
Comments: 19 Pages.

This paper provides a study on composite numbers and delivers 5 equations that, when put together, generate all existing composite numbers. This is done by sorting all natural numbers in 6 groups and following the mathematical reasoning that explains the generation of all composite numbers for each one of these groups. Derived from this, two different ways to obtain prime numbers by iteration are provided, although slower in computational speed than the ones existing today. An iteration method to find twin prime numbers is also described.
Category: Number Theory

The Grothendieck-Krivine Number

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 5 Pages.

We give some formulas for the Grothendieck-Krivine number.
Category: Number Theory

Further Analysis on Ramanujan’s Continued Fractions

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 143 Pages.

In this paper, we analyze further Ramanujan’s continued fractions. We describe the new possible mathematical connections with the MRB Constant and various equations concerning the Dirichlet L- functions and some sectors of String Theory
Category: General Mathematics

Memory as a Bridge Between Mind and Universe Nature Copying a Constructor Algorithm of the Universe for Intelligent Minds

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: final version with added last page

A constructor algorithm is presented that, after an initial bootstrap instantiation, may describe many aspects of our Universe. Memory is a foundational aspect of this short algorithm and is considered as a bridge between the physical Universe and intelligent minds. Nature is speculated to have copied the constructor algorithm for the benefit of intelligence in complex minds. The reoccurring presence of the Fibonacci Sequence and π are shown as derivative of the constructor algorithm. Human intelligence is described as arising from changes in working memory in the mind via cyclical serotonin levels in the brain.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Least Common Multiple and Optimization

Authors: Yuly Shipilevsky
Comments: 6 Pages.

We reduce finding of Least Common Multiple of integer numbers to polynomial-time integer optimization problems and to NP-hard integer optimization problems.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Aftermath Encore Definition

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

The purpose of this short paper is to spread the interest and fascination of mathematics. I have also written this article again with the aim of making mathematics more interesting to my readers.
Category: Number Theory

Hadrons As Helmholtzian Factorizations

Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 10 Pages.

Hadrons (mesons and baryons) may be written As Helmholtzian Factorization expressions.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Quantum Mechanics

Authors: L. D. Blokhintsev, M. I. Syrkin
Comments: 24 Pages.

The last English edition of widely acclaimed and highly popular "Quantum Mechanics" of D.I.Blokhintsev was arranged based on 3rd and 4th Russian editions and published by Reidel in 1964. Since then, D.I. Blokhintsev prepared the revised and updated 5th edition (1976), with main changes affecting the concluding Ch. 25 "The Conclusions". As the revised edition was not available so far to an English-speaking audience and to bridge this gap, we undertook an English translation of that concluding chapter. 25. In the process, §137, The formalism of quantum mechanics, which underwent no changes in a new edition, was reproduced from the 4th 1964 Reidel edition, and §141, dedicated mostly to elementary particles, was omitted as an outdated one.There is a little doubt that the original text, created almost half a century ago, would look differently if written in our days and age. However, we introduced no edits, except for just a few editorial notes, to preserve Author’s unique style and render a spirit of the legendary times.Needless to say, D.I.Blokhintsev was among founding fathers (along with L.E.Ballentine and K.V.Nikolsky) and a passionate proponent and advocate of the Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. His concept of Quantum Ensembles, tracing back to earlier works of von Mises and von Neumann, proved instrumental for a modern understanding of Quantum Mechanics and demystifying the paradox of Quantum Non-locality / "spooky action" at the distance. Considering a nowadays progress in Quantum Computing and related need in a clarification of foundations of Quantum Mechanics, we hope this translation will be welcomed by a physics community working at all stripes of Quantum Mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Barycenter of a 4-Gon

Authors: Volker Thürey
Comments: 6 Pages.

We give a new formula for the barycenter of a 4-gon.
Category: Geometry

Maybe Fermat's Own Proof

Authors: Ramaswamy Krishnan
Comments: 9 Pages.

The abstract of the paper is included in the paper itself as Synopsis.
Category: Number Theory

First National Census of Computing Resources in the Public and Private Sectors

Authors: Alfonso León Guillén Gómez
Comments: 40 Pages. In Spanish (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form)

Presents the analysis of the results of the first census of computing resources in the public and private sectors in Colombia carried out by DANE and the Secretariat of the Presidency in 1987.
Category: Social Science

Space Curvature on the Labdesk

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 2 Pages.

Based on an idea of the Vixra author Hans van Kessel, a small modification of our experiment "Einstein and Pound-Rebka in the photocoupler" leads to the unexpected selective generation, measurement and exploration of space curvature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proofs of Four Conjectures in Number Theory: Beal's Conjecture, Riemann Hypothesis, The abc and c Smaller Than R^{1.63} Conjectures

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 102 Pages. Many modifications are added since the last version (December 2022).

This monograph presents the proofs of 4 important conjectures in the field of the number theory, namely:- Beal's conjecture. - The Riemann Hypothesis.- The c smaller than R^{1.63} conjecture is true. - The abc conjecture is true. We give the details of the different proofs.
Category: Number Theory

A Prime-Generating Sequence Using the Wilson's Theorem

Authors: Daoudi Rédoane
Comments: 2 Pages.

Here I present a prime-generating sequence based on the Wilson's theorem.
Category: Number Theory

Proof of 16 Formulas Barnes Function

Authors: Denis Gallet
Comments: 11 Pages. In this update, I write the correct proof for Log G(1/5),Log G(1/8) and Log G(1/12)

I have already published several months ago in the papers "Values of Barnes Function" and "Another Values of Barnes Function and Formulas" in total 16 conjectural formulas that I find with unsualmethods.So, in this article, I write the proof of 16 formulas.
Category: Number Theory

Resolving Frame Shift Paradox in Magnetism

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper modified laws of magnetic field and magnetic force have been presented in order to resolve frame shift paradox.
Category: Classical Physics

Sending and Receiving the Information of Decoherence Entanglement

Authors: Alexander B. Ilin
Comments: 5 Pages.

Information about the concrete value of the characteristic is not transferred from object to object but transmitted simultaneously by the third object to both tangled objects. The length of the third object equals to the distance between the two objects. Fronts of the electromagnetic waves which spread in the space of quanta dissemination with the direction of the spread perpendicular to the quanta dissemination satisfy the requirements of the third object. Introduction of the alternating asymmetry in terms of the waves’fronts impact on the spin / polarization of the quanta during their registration allows you to transfer information of decoherence entanglement. Additional shielding element introduced in the existing experimental devices allows to observe the influence of the third object and send / receive information through the manipulation of this element.
Category: Quantum Physics

Wave-Function Collapse

Authors: Alexander B. Ilin
Comments: 4 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

The Wave-Function Collapse is the decoherence of tangeled states of all points of the front of quantum-wave dissemination in space. The wave front of the quantum provides instantaneous and simultaneous transmission of the impulse of every point of the front to detector, and thus excludes the possibility of inducing of new wave fluctuating and dissemination. The synchronism of the change of states of the most distant points and points arbitrarily located on the front enables to convey the information through one single-quantum channel.
Category: Quantum Physics

Interrupting Great Silence of Signal

Authors: Alexander B. Ilin
Comments: 6 Pages.

The algorithm for calculating the observation rotary B-mode CMB based on quantum entanglement provides the ability to instantly transmit information.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Forces of Dark Tunnel or Light Magic of Mach's Principle

Authors: Alexander B. Ilin
Comments: 12 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

According to the Principle of Mach inert properties of the physical body are determined by all the physical bodies in the universe, which means that among all the bodies in the universe there is an instant and continuous exchange of information about their condition and body influence each other's instant action.Electromagnetic background of the universe, in particular, cosmic microwave background radiation, gives us that opportunity. We use the fronts, which have already reached the two quanta transversely, and not only those who are moving from partner to partner along.
Category: Quantum Physics

Contact with Extraterrestrial Civilizations

Authors: Alexander B. Ilin
Comments: 15 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

"The beauty of it is, down at the quantum level, links to any place we want already exist: all we have to do is find them" [1].
Category: Quantum Physics

The Matter Wave Is Spacetime Wave

Authors: Xiaohan Deng, Zhiyong Deng
Comments: 31 Pages.

This paper aims to point out that a wave function is a description of a quantum spatiotemporal entanglement and the transformation between time and space. In any quantum mechanical representation, the real part of the wave function represents the space wave and the imaginary part represents the time wave, and they are the space-time itself. Time wave is not limited by space and dominates the nonlocality and integrity of a quantum. Matter wave is a four-dimensional space-time wave, and the basic unit of vacuum is a four-dimensional space-time element stationary relative to the observer. The essence of quantum measurement or interaction is that a conjugate condensation equivalent to that determined by inner product operation occurs between Space-time waves. Particle property is only the localization effect of quantum global collapse when quantum position measurement or equivalent interaction is made.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Standard Model

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 32 Pages.

All things are composed of six fundamental particles: electron neutrino 0.1524 eV, muon neutrino 169.06 keV, tau neutrino 15.408 MeV, graviton 2.506E-10 eV, photon 0.1609 eV, and gluon 115.32 eV. All the other particles are the combined particles. They operate as logarithmic elliptic equations, which satisfy super symmetry, gauge symmetry, renormalization, spontaneous symmetry breaking, hierarchical problem, and fine-tuning universe. From this, a new standard model is drawn. In this paper, the core of previous research is summarized, previous errors are corrected, and new contents are described. The language of physics should be drawing. Various unsolved problems can be solved when the shape of every particle is accurately drawn. The core is two. 1) The compressive strength of three-dimensional quantum space formed as log-elliptic equation gives the particle mass. 2) The brane of quantum space is composed of dipoles of a total of 6 components: three generation neutrinos, graviton, photon, and gluon. Based on this, all problems in physics will be solved.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Space Telescopes

Authors: Volker Thürey
Comments: 1 Page.

We present thoughts about the James Webb telescope.
Category: Astrophysics

Experimental Results of a Simple Pendulum and Inelastic Collisions

Authors: Murilo Leandro
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this article, theoretical and experimental values of a simple pendulum and an inelastic collision oftwo pendulums are calculated, through numerical methods with the python language, and analysis of the experimental data. An accuracy of 98.46% for the collision time and 97.78% for the speed during impact is demonstrated.
Category: Classical Physics