All Submission Categories

The Flaw of Applying Mathematics Directly to Physical Phenomena (In Addressing the Entscheidungsproblem and Gödel’s Theorems), as Compared to the Mathematics of Zero-Dimensionality

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 16 Pages.

The current scientific mechanism of theoretic design, development, data capture, and associated technological development shall be examined for its thoroughness and technological results. Specifically, the initial conditions of theoretic design and associated use of mathematics is examined for its definitions of scale and scope, examining for any mathematical design limitations such as the Entscheidungsproblem and Gödel’s theorems. Here it will be demonstrated that the current physics process of theoretic development is limited by its current use of mathematics being directly applied to physical phenomena resulting in errors of calculation on absolute (zero and infinite) scales. A solution to this problem is provided as the provision of a zero-dimensional mathematical basis that is annexed to the non-physical objects of time and space which by such an association derives 1d, 2d, and 3d timespace and thence a mathematical formalism to describe physical phenomena. The key demonstration here is that a fundamental mathematics is not ideally directly acquainted with physical phenomena, and that only by being tagged with the objects of time and space as the mathematics of zero-dimensionality can physics find proper fulfilment.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Why Particle Ontology is Unavoidable in Quantum Mechanics?

Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 5 pages, No figures

Using the quantum formalism, a question - ``Why particle ontology is unavoidable in quantum mechanics?'' - is analyzed. The frequently outspoken inference, ``particle appears to be fuzzy and spread out, i.e., they seem to be at multiple states at once'', is shown to be inconsistent with respect to quantum formalism.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Cosmology of the Instant Reconstruction of the Path of Light

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 15 Pages.

A new cosmological model is presented, with characteristics and trends very similar to those of the standard model, but without dark energy.
It differs from the standard one essentially for a constant of integration, which derives from a hypothesis at the centre of this work, which gives rise to an extra spatial distance and an extra fictitious component of matter.
Due to these extra parts, the density parameter of matter is no longer constant but increases from 0.5 to 1 from the beginning of time to the present day, although the universe is homogeneous and isotropic, and although the total amount of energy and matter are constant.
Consequently, the new model, which has one less parameter, satisfies all the constraints arising from the current accurate measurements of the BAO and the angular power spectrum of the CMB with the values of the density parameters of matter which, according to the theory, apply in each context.
Analogously, it solves the Hubble tension and the primordial lithium problem, although it introduces a deuterium problem.
Finally, it shows that it is the pressure of matter due to its variability, not dark energy, that drives the current acceleration phase of the expansion of the universe started by z ≅ 0.5099, when the universe was 7.99 billion years old, about 5 billion years ago.
On a small scale, the same hypothesis has very similar effects to the MOND theory and explains the rotational motion of galaxies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Matter is the Effect of Antimatter in Space 2 on Space 1

Authors: Redouane belfakih
Comments: 4 Pages. Redouanebelfakih@gmail.com

In this paper, we propose a new model for dark matter by assuming that dark matter does not interact with any particle, and we explain why proper time for light is null and to solve one of the problems about the law of conservation of momentum and energy and the stability of the sum ofmasses in the universe. we suggested that energy turns into mass somewhere in this universe and that antimatter is in the form of energy and that there is another space in which antimatter exists.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Assuming c Less Than Rad*2(abc), The abc Conjecture Is False

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 3 Pages. Submitted to Ramanujan Journal

In this paper, we consider the abc conjecture. Assuming that c<rad^2(abc) is true, we give anelementary proof that the abc conjecture is false using an equivalent statement.
Category: Number Theory

A Decomposition Formula for Third Order Real Antysimmetric Matrices

Authors: Luca Pettinari
Comments: 8 Pages.

A decomposition formula for an antisymmetric matrix Aω ∈ A3(R) is provided, where its axial vector is expressed as ω = Mν, with M symmetric and ν ∈ R3. The proof is based mainly on vector projection through Frobenius inner product. In the end, a vectorial identity involving cross product is proved as a corollary of the decomposition formula.
Category: Algebra

LG Space as Unified View of Imaging for Vertical and Lateral Geometric Complexity

Authors: August Lau, Alfonso Gonzalez
Comments: 4 Pages.

Seismic imaging is challenged by vertical complexity (denseness) of too many reflections and lateral complexity (roughness) of surfaces. The end members are usually sparse (easy for imaging) or fractal (too complex for imaging). Is there a more unifying concept that stands between very simple to very complex? We will present a unified view of geometric complexity by introducing the concept of LG (locally dense but globally sparse). LG is not as simple as sparsity (far apart) but not as complex as fractal (denseness). We will use 2 examples to illustrate the concept.
Category: Geophysics

Distribution of Leptons by Van Der Waals Radius in Exobiological Nanomolecules

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijit Mitra, Alireza Heidari, Lauro Figueroa Valverde
Comments: 4 Pages.

The focus of the work deals with the analysis of the action sites of four exobiological nanomolecules, determined by the distribution of electrical charges around the nanomolecules atoms called: ASi, CSi, GSi and TSi. The Van der Waals radius distribution calculations have been determined via ab initio Hartree-Fock methods, Unrestricted and Restrict (UHF and RHF) in the set of basis used Effective Core Potential (ECP) minimal basis, and CC-pVTZ (Correlation-consistent valenceonly basis sets triple-zeta). The study has so far been limited to computational ab initio methods. The results are compatible with the theory of quantum chemistry, but their comprovation experimental verification depend on advanced techniques for their synthesis, obtaining in laboratory for experimental biochemical.
Category: Condensed Matter

QuadTree Visualizer

Authors: Amey Thakur, Mega Satish, Randeep Kaur Kahlon, Hasan Rizvi, Ajay Davare
Comments: 8 Pages. 16 figures, Volume 11, Issue 04, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY (IJERT), April 2022.

We propose to develop a program that can show a QuadTree view and data model architecture. Nowadays, many digital map applications have the need to present large quantities of precise point data on the map. Such data can be weather information or the population in towns. With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), we expect such data will grow at a rapid pace. However, visualizing and searching in such a magnitude of data becomes a problem as it takes a huge amount of time. QuadTrees are data structures that are used to efficiently store point data in a two-dimensional environment. Each node in this tree has a maximum of four children. QuadTrees allow us to visualize the data easily and rapidly compared to other data structures. This project aims to build an application for interactively visualizing such data, using a combination of grid-based clustering and hierarchical clustering, along with QuadTree spatial indexing. This application illustrates the simulation of the working of the QuadTree data structure.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Theoretical Determination of the Value of Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant Through the Relativity Tensor

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 2 Pages.

The value of Newton's universal gravitation count has been calculated based on the relativity tensor, the speed of light, the Hubble constant and the radius of the universe. The result obtained is very close to the experimental value.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Prime Numbers Between kn And (k+1)n

Authors: Wing K. Yu
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this paper along with the previous studies on analyzing the binomial coefficients, we will complete the proof of a theorem. The theorem states that for two positive integers n and k, if n ≥ (k −1), then there always exists at least a prime number p such that kn < p ≤ (k+1)n. The Bertrand-Chebyshev’s theorem is a special case of this theorem when k =1.
Category: Number Theory

Sars-Cov-2 and Most Respiratory Viruses Replicate More Efficiently Below the Normal Body Temperature of Their Hosts

Authors: Patrick D. S. Stewart, Julia L. Bach
Comments: 3 Pages.

In April 2021 we published a review of the factors underlying the seasonality and pathogenicity of respiratory viruses [1]. We showed that many respiratory viruses possess natural thermal sensitivity, meaning they replicate faster at temperatures below their hosts’ normal body temperature, allowing them to confine themselves to the upper airways. This tropism can give them at least two important advantages: (1) they are well-placed to be transmitted; and (2) they are less likely to immobilize their hosts, increasing transmission.
Category: Biochemistry

Why the JWST Won't See the First Galaxies

Authors: Tom Fuchs
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper explains why the JWST won't see the first galaxies. Among the farthest galaxies it sees will be ones that look much older than expected. The case is made that, rather than assume that galaxies can mature faster than we thought, we should adopt a model of the universe in which space itself doesn't expand. The new model is based on a new, experimentally confirmed metric for Schwarzschild geometry. Unlike the Schwarzschild metric, the new metric obeys the equivalence principle, so it can explain our observations when space itself doesn't expand. In the new model: space expands relatively, so that the expansion depends on the observer; an object thrown upward can accelerate up; black holes aren't predicted, so there's no black hole information paradox; and there's no flatness problem, horizon problem, or need for dark energy. Code is given to numerically integrate the relativistic motion of an object thrown upward. The code shows that equations of special relativity approximate the new metric locally, as required for the metric to obey the equivalence principle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Schwarzschild Black Hole Solution for Kerr-Newman-Like Black Holes

Authors: Wen-Xiang Chen
Comments: 3 Pages.

When $\Lambda$ is the cosmological constant about $\left(g^{\theta\theta}\right)^{2}$\cite{3}. We assume that both the macroscopic system and the microscopic system are closed systems, the entropy of the system increases to 0, the entropy of the macroscopic open system increases, and the entropy of the microscopic system decreases. We know that Ads space can constitute Ads/CFT theory, and ds space has serious difficulties (experimentally proves that the universe is ds spacetime). Assuming that there is a spontaneous entropy reduction process in the microscopic system, the Ads space can evolve into a ds space. We got that new Schwarzschild black hole.At that time we saw a similar situation with the new Schwarzschild black hole and the Kerr-Newman-like black hole.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Space-Time Quantification

Authors: F.M. Sanchez, C. Bizouard.
Comments: 17 Pages. A resume is accepted by Progress in Physics

The quantification of Length and Time in Kepler's laws implies an angular momentum quantum, identified with the reduced Planck's constant, showing a mass-symmetry with the Newtonian constant G. This leads to the Diophantine Coherence Theorem which generalizes the synthetic resolution of the Hydrogen spectrum by Arthur Haas, three years before Bohr. The Length quantum breaks the Planck wall by a factor 10^61, and the associated Holographic Cosmos is identified as the source of the Background Radiation in the Steady-State Cosmology. An Electricity-Gravitation symmetry, connected with the Combinatorial Hierarchy, defines the steady-state Universe with an invariant Hubble radius 13.812 milliard light-year, corresponding to 70.793 (km/s)/Mpc, a value deposed (1998) in a Closed Draft at the Paris Academy, confirmed by the WMAP value and the recent Carnegie-Chicago Hubble Program, and associated with the Eddington number and the Kotov-Lyuty non-local oscillation. This confirms definitely the Anthropic Principle and the Diophantine Holographic Topological Axis rehabilitating the tachyonic bosonic string theory. The Holographic Principle uses the Archimedes pi-value 22/7. This specifies $G$, compatible with the BIPM measurements, but at 6 sigma from the official value, defined by merging discordant measurements.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Einstein’s Science: Our Contributions, Cosmic Inertia, and Dissemination

Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 11 Pages.

Science aims to discover all of the laws of nature in the universe to hold as humanity’s shared possessions. Recently, we discovered two new laws of nature, the success/failure system and cosmic inertia. In addition, we illuminated Einstein’s science, which subsumes Newton’s science. After that, it took us almost a year to feel assured that our discoveries and insights were valid. Our ongoing research now culminates in a challenge to the scientific community regarding cosmic inertia and the dissemination of Einstein’s science. Herein, we mainly outline our contributions to Einstein’s science. We compare the heat death of the universe with cosmic inertia to show the misuse in current scientific practice of a typical disciplinary law at the level of the universe. We then request a respectable science citation indexed (SCI)-journal editor to disseminate Einstein’s science for continual research practice. Since Einstein’s science gives a truer picture of the universe than ever before, the scientific community must embrace it and build from it.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanical Motion in a Uniformly Accelerated Frame

Authors: Suman De
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this M.Sc. Dissertation we have developed a formalism to obtain the solution of Schrödinger equation in a non-inertial frame. The frame is moving with an acceleration. The classical part of the formulation has been developed following Landau and Lifshitz [1] and obtained the single particle Hamiltonian. With the standard form of canonical quantization rule, we have setup the Schrödinger equation in non-inertial frame. See also the references [2–4] for some beautiful pedagogical discussion on non-inertial frame of reference. The physical situation of our study is basically the solution obtained by Fowler and Nordheim for the emission of electrons from cold metal surface under the action of strong electric field [7] known as cold field emission of electrons. However in the present formulation, it is the gravity, simulated by the acceleration acts on mass of the particle and causes emission. Hence we have got some flavor of Hawking radiation [8] and Unruh effect [9] within the limited scope of our non-relativistic approach.
Category: Quantum Physics

�� Rational

Authors: Thomas Guyer
Comments: 8 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form)

we define �� , e , Lis(z) rational, proof the riemann hypothesis, and create a polynom and formula for ��.
Category: Number Theory

Briefly About the Notion of a Quaternionic Holomorphic Function

Authors: Michael Parfenov
Comments: 6 Pages.

The so-called essentially adequate notion of quaternionic holomorphy is briefly considered. This calls into question the known statement of R. Penrose that there is no satisfactory quaternionic analogue of the notion of a holomorphic function.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Method of Physico-Chemical Analysis and Some Aspects of Its Practical Application

Authors: L. D. Grytsan, V. L. Uvarov, D. V. Uvarov
Comments: 8 Pages.

The aim of the present work is to give an account of the basic statements of the method of physico-chemical analysis, its merits and drawbacks, and also its most important applications for conducting scientific research. There are considered possibilities of practical application of this method in chemical, chemico-pharmaceutical and fragrance-cosmetic technologies, in material science, metallurgy, halurgy etc.
Category: Chemistry

The Proof of Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Minuk Choi
Comments: 7 Pages.

The proposition that is “the ratio of numbers that have an even number and odd number of prime factors none repeated is 50 : 50” is equivalence relation with Riemann hypothesis. I prove this proposition using the posterior distribution of discrete uniform distribution.
Category: Statistics

The World's First Self-energy Power Road by Collecting Electromagnetic Energy from Moving Object and Its Conjecture on the Energy-mass Equivalence

Authors: Xia Cao
Comments: 25 Pages.

The barrier between matter and energy has been removed by Einstein's energy-mass equivalence, but how to utilize the self-energy of matter is still a difficult problem. Here, four 28 W fluorescent tube lamps can be lighted up when a car model slides on a self-energy power road (SEPR). The instantaneous power density of SEPR can reach 11.6 W/m2, even though the results was limited by the energy collector and measuring device. An energy-velocity model was proposed to utilize the electromagnetic energy in the constantly friction between the SEPR road and the car model. The affecting factors that are related to the electromagnetic energy conversion of the SEPR were systematically studied including velocity, acceleration, contact area and friction. The results show the generated electromagnetic energy is proportional to the velocity of friction. Besides, it can be found there is a process of rapid collision in the vertical direction in the high-velocity friction. Another free fall object experiment is designed to investigate the electromagnetic energy generated by the vertical collision. Importantly, it happened that the instantaneous power is proportional to the square of velocity in the vertical collision, which happened to be consistent with the energy-mass equivalence. Similar to the energy produced by the collisions of neutrons in nuclear fission, it can be inferred that the generated electromagnetic energy will far exceed the work done by the pulling force in the high-velocity collision, and the utilization of the self-energy of matter may be the essence of electromagnetic energy conversion. The simplicity and suitability of collecting the electromagnetic energy in motive collision was fully demonstrated by the design of SEPR based on the ceramic tile and ground, the ceramic tile and water. Moreover, the world's first SEPR was successfully built in an actual road, which opens the door for solving the energy crisis. The energy-velocity model can be also used to explain the signal interference of high-speed railway and improve the positioning accuracy of missile, considerate that the electromagnetic energy produced by the object in motion. The new discovery may contribute to modifying the existing collision theory, conservation of mechanical energy, friction theory, Maxwell's equations, and electromagnetic technology. Moreover, this study will have a far-reaching impact on classical physics, new energy, low-carbon systems and other fields.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Can Chirality Flips Occur in a Multi-Fold Universe? What About Conservation Laws II?

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 4 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model (SM) without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hint at a even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model.In past papers, we have argued that chirality flips can occur in the presence of non-negligible gravitational effects. In multi-fold universes, it led us propose mechanisms to justify the absence of proton decay and the possible existence in flight of right-handed neutrinos and left-handed anti-neutrinos. However, we based these proposals on helicity flips at scales above mass acquisition by the Higgs mechanisms. We did not discuss the obvious implications on conservation of the weak hypercharge or weak isospin. This paper does so.The chirality flips of massless particles above the multi-fold gravity electroweak symmetry breaking energy scale can be attributed to spacetime orientation fluctuations, as particle appear.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Proving Correctness of Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Tsuneaki Takahashi
Comments: 8 Pages.

This proves Collatz conjecture is correct using binary representation. Each transition of generated numbers is determined in advance based on Collatz conjecture formula. But its path of transition is not so simple regarding to each initial value repeating increasing and decreasing. Behavior of global flow to termination value 1 is investigated using concept of probability.
Category: Number Theory

Testing the Invariance of the Speed of Light by Means of Astrometric Data

Authors: Attilio Colombo
Comments: 5 Pages.

A test case aiming to validate the relativistic velocity composition rule on the basis of high-accuracy astrometric observation data is presented. The test exploits the phenomenon of the aberration of the light coming from celestial objects due to the motion of the observer. In particular, it is based on the analysis of the results obtained by applying both the relativistic velocity composition rule and the classical vector sum to calculate the un-aberrated position of the celestial objects from a series of repeated observations of the same object in the course of time.
Category: Astrophysics

On the Relation Between Bell's Inequalities and QM's Correlations in EPR-Bell Experiments

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 15 Pages.

It is argued that Bell's inequalities do not give a complete representation of EPR-Bell experiments. A full account, corresponding to local-realism, is given for the quantum mechanic correlation in EPR-Bell experiments. The relation between Bell's inequalities and QM's correlation in EPR-Bell experiments is explained.
Category: Quantum Physics

Mass Spectrum of the Charmed-Strange Mesons

Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper is about the mesons PDG calls charmed-strange (cs mesons). However, according to the results of n-sphere surface volume factoring, it appears that only two or three of those mesons are actually cs mesons. Most of the rest of them are either cc, cb, or bt mesons. One of them, the Ds(2713), is a tetraquark. Obviously, the rules currently used to determine quark content do not give correct results in all cases, but you can decide for yourself if the conclusions about the quark content of these mesons are correct by analyzing the reasoning behind their quark content determinations, which isexplained in the paper.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Multi-fold Higgs Fields and Bosons

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 11 Pages. All related details of the projects(and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure, and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes, and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hint at an even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model. This paper propose that Higgs bosons live in spacetime both of the multi-fold universe and of a 7D unconstrained Kaluza-Klein (KK) flat spacetime. With such a result, we can evolve the results and understandings from our original multi-fold paper and propose that concretized spacetime location are actually Higgs bosons microscopic black holes fluctuating around minimal Schwarzschild Planck black holes associated to the Higgs field. It could explain how the Higgs acquired mass and, as a result, why reconstruction-based inflation could be modeled by Higgs bosons as inflatons, and how it is setup for the electroweak symmetry breaking. With the Higgs boson living at the edge of a 7D space embedding the multi-fold universe spacetime, and in the multi-folds, we explain why multi-fold support Higgs presence in its tenancy model, something needed in order recover the equivalence principle and gravity. With the resulting refined multi-fold model, omni presence of the Higgs field, and absence of an energy budget to concretize spacetime can now be explained. We also further speculate on the right-handed neutrinos in a multi-fold universe, the axion and the maximal parity breaking of the Electroweak interaction with consequences for explanations of matter vs. antimatter asymmetry via axiogenesis, and of dark matter; topics where we already know that axions are not required in multi-fold universes, although not forbidden. In this paper, we again predict right-handed neutrinos, and their anti-particles, hidden behind the Higgs, at the entry and exit points of multi-folds.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Spiral Galaxies and Powerful Extratropical Cyclone in the Falklands Islands

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari, Abhijit Mitra, Marcia Regina Risso Gobato
Comments: 4 Pages.

A subtropical cyclone is a weather system that cyclone. They can form between the equator and the 50th parallel. In mathematics, a spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving farther away as it revolves around the point. The characteristic shape of hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons is a spiral. There are several types of turns, and determining the characteristic equation of which spiral the Extratropical Cyclone (EC) fits into is the goal of the work. The study demonstrates a double spiral for the EC similarly Lindblad (1964) demonstrates a double spiral, to demonstrate the structure of spiral galaxies. Despite the data obtained in the EC that passed through the southern tip of South America west and east of the Falklands Islands, everything indicates that the short occurrence ECs indicate the double spiral structure, but with the structure of a Cote’s double spiral.
Category: Climate Research

Cold Fusion (CF) Chain Reaction and Non-mechanical Engine

Authors: A. P. Nikitin
Comments: 4 Pages.

Движение материи, [в том числе Cold Fusion (CF) и гравитационное (G)], описание которого и есть задача науки, можно познать постулируя первичность движения нашего Мира - Cosmos как способа его существования, что подтверждается всем нашим опытом.

Matter motion [including Cold Fusion (CF) and gravitational (G)], the description of which is the task of science, can be cognized by postulating the primacy of the movement of our World - Cosmos as a way of its existence, which is confirmed by all our experience.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Series of Reciprocals of The Primes Diverges

Authors: Hao Li
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper gives a detailed proof of Euler's theorem, which is the divergence of a series of reciprocals of the primes. The key idea of the proof is to assume the series converges and then complete the proof by contradiction.
Category: Number Theory

A New Theory for the Origin of the Universe Through a New Relativistic Wave Equation for Bosons: a Universe of Matter and Light.

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 7 Pages.

I have studied in this work the beginning of the universe using a new relativistic wave equation for bosons developed here. It predicts the creation of a universe of light and matter from zero energy states and leads to energy density values close to those measured. This explains dark matter without the need to modify the Standard Model. Values close to the experimental ones in the determination of the Hubble constant are calculated that explain the expansion of the universe without the need for additional hypotheses
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

W Boson?

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 14 Pages.

The beta decay is the second grand Cosmic event of the Universe and is interpreted by the increased cohesive pressure, by the electric entity of the macroscopically neutral neutron and by the inductive-inertial phenomenon. It is a new interpretation of E/M and weak nuclear forces. Their integration with the strong nuclear and gravitational force is achieved with the unified field of the dynamic space, which is identical with the Higgs field, while the homonymous boson is located in the core of the particles and in black holes as space holes after the collapse of the stellar matter. The unconfirmed results (found from the team of the Fermilab Accelerator), that the W boson is more massive, suggest deviations from the Standard Model and come possibly as a result of an as yet undiscovered fifth force of Nature, are no longer needed to be interpreted or justified.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Constant of Gravitation Hidden in the Maxwell Equation System

Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 6 Pages.

The constant of universal gravitation may be hidden in Maxwell's equations, so how to find the constant of universal gravitation from Maxwell's equations may require a little skill and coincidence.
Category: Classical Physics

On Some Conjectures Concerning Perfect Powers

Authors: Marco Ripa
Comments: 7 Pages.

The starting point of our paper is Kashihara’s open problem #30, concerning the sequence A001292 of the OEIS, asking how many terms are perfect squares. We confirm his last conjecture up to the 100128-th term and provide a general theorem which rules out 4/9 of the candidates. Moreover, we formulate a new, provocative, conjecture involving the OEIS sequence A352991 (which includes all the terms of A001292, except the first one). Our risky conjecture states that all the perfect powers belonging to the sequence A352991 are perfect squares and they cannot be written as higher order perfect powers. This challenging conjecture has been checked for any integer smaller than 10111121314151617181920212223456789 and no counterexample has been found so far.
Category: Number Theory

Interpretation of Gravity

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 13 Pages.

Gravity was discovered accidentally by Newton after he observed an apple falling from a tree. But what actually is gravity and what is its role in nature? However, gravity remains much of a mystery. We experience gravity and are affected by it all the time, and yet we do not know what it really is except for interpreting it as a force or field. This paper, which is published in an international physics journal, takes on the challenging task of examining gravity and suggesting the possible actual role of gravity in nature, from our macro-world to the micro quantum world, and hence the possible unification of gravity with all the other forces of nature, through two modes of reasoning, namely reasoning by reductio ad absurdum and by analogy. The paper contains preliminary and explanatory materials which lead to the author’s hypotheses in Sections 5 and 6; Section 6 also provides some anecdotal evidence of what gravity is.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mercury Anomaly and Milgrom’s Constant

Authors: Yury Rabyshko
Comments: 4 Pages.

More than 160 years have passed since the discovery of the anomaly of the motion of Mercury. A huge number of measurements have been carried out confirming the presence of this anomaly. Theories have been written to explain this anomaly. But during this period, not a single calculation has been made of the anomalous acceleration of Mercury that is causing this anomalous perihelion shift. At least I have not been able to find such works. Let’s try to fill this gap and solve this problem.
Category: Astrophysics

Аномалия Меркурия и константа Милгрома (Mercury Anomaly and Milgrom’s Constant)

Authors: Yury Rabyshko
Comments: 4 Pages. In Russian

С момента обнаружения аномалии движения Меркурия прошло уже более 160 лет. Было проведено огромное число измерений подтверждающий наличие этой аномалии. Были написаны теории объясняющие эту аномалию. Но на протяжении этого периода не было проведено ни одного вычисления аномального ускорения Меркурия которое вызывает этот аномальный сдвиг перигелия. По крайней мере, мне не удалось разыскать таких трудов. Попробуем восполнить этот пробел и решить данную задачу.

More than 160 years have passed since the discovery of the anomaly of the motion of Mercury. A huge number of measurements have been carried out confirming the presence of this anomaly. Theories have been written to explain this anomaly. But during this period, not a single calculation has been made of the anomalous acceleration of Mercury that is causing this anomalous perihelion shift. At least I have not been able to find such works. Let’s try to fill this gap and solve this problem.
Category: Astrophysics

Maxwell's Fallacy

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper the inconsistency in the Maxwell's electromagnetic theory has been presented.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Number of Integral Points on the Boundary of a K-Dimensional Sphere

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages. This results uses the method of compression to lower bound the number of integral points on the boundary of a sphere with a fixed radius.

Using the method of compression, we show that the number of integral points on the boundary of a $k$-dimensional sphere of radius $r$ satisfies the lower bound \begin{align} \mathcal{N}_{r,k} \gg r^{k-1}\sqrt{k}.\nonumber \end{align}
Category: Geometry

Evidence of Planck-Constant-Like Constant in Five Planetary Systems and Its Significances

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 9 Pages. 5 figures

In a many-body system with the total mass M, a constituent particle moves at the speed v, its wavelength of matter wave is modified as 2hM/v, where h is a Planck-constant-like constant, it is found that this modified de Broglie’s matter wave quantizes orbits correctly. The solar system, Jupiter’s satellites, Saturn’s satellites, Uranus’ satellites, Neptune’s satellites are five different many-body systems under investigation with Bohr orbit model using the modified matter wave, by fitting observational data, it is found that these five systems have almost the same Planck-constant-like constant. Considering that the Bohr orbit model completely ignores interactions between those constituent particles, the same-magnitude Planck-constant-like constant is a remarkable discovery, has great significance for introducing wave-particle duality to gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Analyzing Several Equations Concerning Various Aspects of Quantum Mechanics, Some Ramanujan Parameters and the Developments of the MRB Constant. New Possible Mathematical Connections with Some Parameters of Number Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 70 Pages.

In this paper, we analyze several equations concerning various aspects of Quantum Mechanics, some Ramanujan parameters and the developments of the MRB Constant. We describe new possible mathematical connections with some parameters of Number Theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Structure of The Proton and the Calculation of Its G-factor (Some Recent Results from Ether Electrodynamics)

Authors: Joseph Catania Jr.
Comments: 14 Pages. (c) 2022 by Joseph Catania, not to be redistributed or reproduced without permission.

Some recent results of a more rigorous electrodynamics than Special Relativity or Quantum Electrodynamics are summarized with some pedagogy. The results include the correct explanation of line radiation, the correct interpretation of the g-factor, the introduction of the precessional mass, the dismissal of the half-quantum, the deduction of the proton structure from first principles, and a ”T-shirt” calculation of the proton g-factor.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Explorando la Relatividad Especial (Exploring the Special Relativity)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 5 Pages. Contact: carloschiappini@gmail.com

Puede un cambio de variable alterar la información contenida en una teoría ? En caso de respuesta afirmativa, es erónea la última parte de este documento. Rn caso de respuesta negativa, está implícito en la Relatividad Especial un valor de velocidad preciso, determinado unívocamente por la teoría. Ese valor es 0.74872022894058(...) C . ¿ Qué consecuencias epistemológicas tendría un valor específico de velocidad determinado por la estructura de la teoría ? La Relativdad Especial se basa en postulados propios. Deberían ser revisados en caso de ser inaceptable una velocidad específica distinta de C implícita en el esquema.

Can a variable change alter a theory? In case of affirmative answer, the final part of this document is wrong. In case of negative answer, is implied in the Special Relativity an accurate velocity value, equal to 0.7487202289405(...) C , uniquelly determined by the theory.} What epistemological consequences would a specific speed value determined by the structure of the theory have? Special Relativity is based on its own postulates. They should be reviewed if a specific velocity value, unequal to C, implicit in the schema is unacceptable.
Category: Classical Physics

Zero and Infinity

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 4 Pages.

Until scholars introduced the zero to Europe there was little consciousness regarding the essence of nothing. As for infinity, there was hardly anything infinite within theocratic consciousness beyond mysticism. It is difficult to evolve physics within cloud castles. Understanding both zero and infinity are needed to help anchor math and physics.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Foundational Zero-Dimensional Scaling System Mandating the Principle of Relativity and the Associated Constancy of the Speed of Light in a Vacuum

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 36 Pages.

The measurement standards of physical phenomena shall be accounted for and examined regarding clarity and consistency in their purely mathematical description and physical phenomenal applicability. Specifically, here shall be examined the measurement scales of time and space, examining for any inconsistency of theoretic design and application to the physical sciences. In uncovering inconsistencies and lack of clear definition, the mathematics of zero-dimensional space shall be proposed to resolve these issues. Here, this proposed mathematics shall derive 1d, 2d, and 3d timespace and thence have that new mathematics and associated geometry be applied to physical phenomena resolving the inconsistencies for the measurement standards of time and space. By such a process, it shall be demonstrated that the new zero-dimensional mathematics mandates the constancy for a speed of energy transmission as a temporal wave function for 3d timespace where at such a speed the passage of time is paradoxically 0.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Scientific Method and Game Theory as Basis of Knowledge and Language

Authors: Krystian Zawistowski
Comments: 66 Pages. email: krystian.zawistowski( a t )zoho.com

We use methods of science (parts of falsificationism) and game theory (focal points) as a foundation of knowledge and language. We draw some parallels to human sensory experience, using recent progress in AI and demonstrate how do we know basic facts about space or ourselves or other people. Then we demonstrate how we can understand and make language with these methods, giving examples from Tok Pisin language. Then we demonstrate the viability of this approach for clarification of philosophy. We demonstrate that our theory is a good answer to many linguistic conundrums given in "Philosophical Investigations" by Wittgenstein. We also demonstrate an application to other philosophical problems.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

On Weyl Zeros

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 4 Pages. With SAGE / CoCalc support for computations.

We investigate the zeros of the Betti portion of the Weil rational zeta function for elliptic curves, towards a direct understanding of the Weil conjectures. Examples are provided and various directions of investigations are considered.
Category: Algebra

On Weil Conjectures

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 21 Pages.

We review and comment on the Weil conjectures.
Category: Algebra

On Riemann Zeros and Weil Conjectures

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 25 Pages.

The article aims to motivate the study of the relations between the Riemann zeros, and the zeros of the Weil polynomial of a hyper-elliptic curve over finite fields, beyond the well-known formal analogy. The non-trivial distribution of the p-sectors of the Riemann spectrum recently studied by various authors, represent evidence of a yet unknown algebraic structure exhibited by the Riemann spectrum, supporting the above investigations. This preparatory article consists essentially in a review of the topics involved, and the ``maize'' of relationships to be clarified subsequently. Examples are provided and further directions of investigation are suggested. It is, if successful, a viable, possibly new approach to proving the Riemann Hypothesis, with hindsight from the proof in finite characteristic and function fields.
Category: Algebra

Computation of Multiple Binomial Series Based on Geometric Series

Authors: Chinnaraji Annamalai
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper presents addition of multiple binomial series based on geometric series. In general, a finite multiple summations of a geometric series are called binomial series. Addition of multiple binomial series is a sum and summation of multiple binomial series.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Galilean-Zhou Transformation Is the Only Subjectively Existing Space-Time Transformation in Galiliean Space-Time

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 40 Pages. In Chinese

Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity has received much criticism and doubts on its theoretical bases. In this paper, a comprehensive and detailed analysis on Lorentz Transformation is produced. The crucial and fatal mistakes made in the proposed system of equations for deriving Lorentz Transformation are: in the same one system are introduced equations defined in different Space-Time: Galilean Space-Time with ‘absolute time’ and Minkowski Space-Time with ‘relative time’, which therefore make Lorentz Transformation being ‘Identical Transformation’ , not existing in Galilean Space-Time. Consequently, the crucial mistake makes derived transformation mathematically depicting an observing process of two relatively rest observers instead of two relatively moving observers. In the article, two relevant Laws, namely, (1) Law of Light Propagation and (2) Law of Motion Observation, are firstly put forward. These Laws would be the fundamental laws in motion observation theory. Galilean-Zhou Transformation is logically and accurately deduced, utilizing both of these two Laws.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Einstein and Pound-Rebka in the Photocoupler

Authors: Dieter Grosch, Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 5 Pages.

Loudspeaker as gravitational field generator and photocoupler as sensor to verify Einstein's theory and Pound-Rebka's experiment at emulable gravitations up to 30g and drop towers up to 4000 kilometers high.
Category: Classical Physics

How Consciousness Creates Reality

Authors: Claus Janew
Comments: 36 Pages. CC-BY 4.0 / Janew, Claus. 2011. Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research 2, no. 6: 838-867.

We will begin with seemingly simple interactions in our daily lives, examine how they originate on a deeper level, come to understand the essentials of consciousness, and finally recognize that we create our reality in its entirety. In the course of this quest, we will uncover little-heeded paths to accessing our subconscious, other individuals, and that which can be understood by the term "God". And the solution to the classical problem of free will constitutes the gist of the concepts is thus revealed. The present text is a very abridged version of a book I wrote out of the desire to examine the structure of our reality from a standpoint unbiased by established teachings, be they academic- scientific, popular- esoteric, or religious in nature.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Laws of Form: Why Spencer-Brown is Missing the Point

Authors: Claus Janew
Comments: 1 Page. CC-BY 4.0 / Janew, Claus. 2011. Omnipresent Consciousness and Free Will. Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research 2, no. 6: 885-886

What George Spencer-Brown wants to rationalize out of existence is alternation itself – the prerequisite of his whole operation. By that he simplifies (identifies) more than he says. And he does not say all that is important.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Sum of Geometric Series with Negative Exponents

Authors: Chinnaraji Annamalai
Comments: 1 Page.

This paper presents the summations and sums of Single terms and successive terms of geometric series with negative exponents (negative powers). This will be useful for the researchers who are involving to solve the scientific problems.
Category: General Mathematics

Gravidynamics of an Affine Connection on a Minkowski Background

Authors: Iago T. S. Silva
Comments: 42 Pages. New version substantially revised, including the addition of an extra section and an appendix

In this paper, a post-Riemannian formalism is constructed based on a minimalistic set of modifications and suggested as the framework for a classical alternative to General Relativity (GR) which, notably, can be formulated in Minkowski spacetime. Following the purely geometrical exposition, arguments are advanced for the transport of matter and radiation, a Lagrangean quadratic in the gravitational field strengths is considered, and several of the resulting properties are analyzed in brief. Simple models are then set up to explore the astrophysical and cosmological reach of the proposed ideas, including their potential (and so far tentative) agreement with the ’classical tests’of GR. Some arguments are also presented towards quantization within the proposed formalism, and a few other issues are discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Domination Number of Edge Cycle Graphs

Authors: N. Shunmugapriya
Comments: 7 Pages.

Let G = (V, E) be a simple connected graph.A set S ⊂ V is a dominating set of G if every vertex in V \S is adjacent to some vertex in S. The domination number γ(G) of G is the minimum cardinality taken over all dominating sets of G. An edge cycle graph of a graph G is the graph G(Ck) formed from one copy of G and |E(G)| copies of Pk, where the ends of the i th edge are identified with the ends of i th copy of Pk. In this paper, we investigate the domination number of G(Ck), k ≥ 3.
Category: General Mathematics

Riemann Hypothesis Solution

Authors: Colin Power
Comments: 18 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form)

The first part of the solution to the Riemann Hypothesis that reveals why the trivial zeros will all appear at the canter of the n=0.5 Critical strip through the relational geometries found to form the golden and sliver ratio, that unify the infinite density of the zeta plain, thus producing only one solution whereby the analytic can be mapping into negative number space, by maintaining a 90 degree angle at all intersecting points across the number complex plain.
Category: Number Theory

Improvement of Legendre and Opperman's Conjectures for the Distribution of Prime Numbers

Authors: Réjean Labrie
Comments: 2 Pages.

Let N, n and k be integers larger than 1. Then for all N there exists a minimum ceiling k such that for n>=N, if we cut the sequence of consecutive integers from 1 to n*(n+k) into n+k slices of length n, we always find at least a prime number in each of the first n+k slices at least. It follows that π(n*(n+k)) > π(n*(n+k-1)) > π(n*(n+k-2)) > π(n*(n+k-3))> ...> π(2n)> π(n) where π(n) is the quantity of prime numbers smaller than or equal to n.
Category: Number Theory

Ġasaq: Provably Secure Key Derivation

Authors: M. Rajululkahf
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper proposes Ġasaq; a provably secure key derivation method that, when given access to a true random number generator (TRNG), allows communicating parties, that have a pre-shared secret password p, to agree on a secret key k that is indistinguishable from truly random numbers with a guaranteed entropy of min(H(p), |k|). Ġasaq's security guarantees hold even in a post-quantum world under Grover's algorithm, or even if it turns out that P = NP. Such strong security guarantees, that are similar to those of the one time pad (OTP), became attractive after the introduction of Băhēm; a similarly provably secure symmetric cipher that is strong enough to shift cipher's security bottleneck to the key derivation function. State of art key derivation functions such as the PBKDF, or even memory-hard variants such as Argon2, are not provably secure, but rather not fully broken yet. They do not guarantee against needlessly losing password entropies; that is, the output key could have an entropy lower than password's entropy, even if such entropy is less than key's bit length. In addition to assuming that P != NP, and, even then, getting their key space square-rooted under Grover's algorithm---none of which are limitations of Ġasaq. Using such key derivation functions, as the PBKDF or Argon2, is acceptable with conventional ciphers, such as ChaCha20 or AES, as they, too, suffer the same limitations, hence none of them are bottlenecks for the other. Similarly to how a glass door is not a security bottleneck for a glass house. However, a question is: why would a people secure their belongings in a glass made structure, to justify a glass door, when they can use a re-enforced steel structure at a similar cost? This is where Ġasaq comes to offer Băhēm the re-enforced steel door that matches its security.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

A Note on Rings in Which Each Element is a Sum of Two Idempotents

Authors: Santosh Kumar Pandey
Comments: 3 Pages. Liense:NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In this paper we consider a result on rings in which each element is a sum of two idempotents ( appeared in [1] ) and we improve the result by providing a counterexample.
Category: Algebra

A Note on Invo-Regular Rings

Authors: Santosh Kumar Pandey
Comments: 3 Pages. Liense:NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In this paper we provide an important and significant observation on a result related to invo-regular rings [1].
Category: Algebra

佛经宇宙观的现代解读 (第1部分节选) the Modern Interpretation of Buddhist Cosmology (Excerpts from Part 1)

Authors: Yuwen Zhuang
Comments: 120 Pages. Simplified Chinese

"佛经宇宙观的现代解读" 的第一部分节选，只包含了第一部分的10章内容，围绕众多尚未很好解决的佛学问题，提供了系统的符合逻辑一致性的可验证式解答。供研究人员和有兴趣的读者使用。

第一部分为《基础概述》共 10 章。我们根据佛经描述中部分对象的空间规模，从小到大依次论证了它们与我们所观测世界中众多事物之间的 "对应非等价" (或 "对应非等同") 关系。对数千年来佛经神话传说中若干个悬而未决的问题，给出了符合经文描述内在逻辑一致性 (经文间可互相印证) 且符合现代科学观测的可验证式解答，其中包括 "须弥山"、"四大部洲"、"诸天宫殿"、"十八地狱"、"三千大千世界"等著名佛学术语所涉及的对象。我们的研究表明，这些对象绝非虚无缥缈，亦非纯粹的神话臆想。

更多内容请参考：https://vixra.org/abs/2209.0086

This article contains excerpts (part 1) from the author's book "The Modern Interpretation of Buddhist Cosmology" in Simplified Chinese.

The first part is "Basic Overview" in total 10 chapters. According to the spatial scale of some objects described in Buddhist sutra, we successively demonstrate the "correspondence non-equivalence" (or "correspondence non-equivalence") relationship between them and many things in the world we observe from small to large. To a number of unresolved questions in Buddhist myths and legends for thousands of years, a verifiable solution that conforms to the logical consistency of the description of the scriptures (which can be verified by each other) and conforms to modern scientific observation is given. These include the objects involved in such famous Buddhist terms as "Mount Sumeru (Meru)", "Four major continents", "Heavenly Palace", "Eighteen hells", and "One billion worlds". Our research shows that these objects are neither ethereal nor purely mythological.

Not Allowed Odd Maxima of Cyclic Collatz Sequences

Authors: Savinov Sergei
Comments: 2 Pages.

The preprint provides a calculation of the not allowed odd maxima of cyclic Collatz sequences.
Category: Number Theory

On Prime Numbers and Riemann Zeros

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 7 Pages. Article based on the ISU Algebra Seminar presentation available at https://about.illinoisstate.edu/lmiones/research/ with the same title.

Intuitively, prime numbers of ``Number systems'' (rings) are the building blocks of their elements. We start from natural numbers and Gaussian integers to explain more general frameworks, like the structure theorem for finitely generated Abelian groups. We end with a 1 million dollar puzzle, the Riemann Hypothesis, and point to the fact that prime numbers are dual to the Riemann zeros. Some easy references are provided.
Category: Number Theory

On Galois Theory with an Invitation to Category Theory

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 8 Pages.

Galois theory in the category of cyclic groups studies the automorphism groups of the cyclic group extensions and the corresponding Galois connection. The theory can be rephrased in dual terms of quotients, corresponding to extensions, when viewed as covering maps. The computation of Galois groups and stating the associated Galois connection are based on already existing work regarding the automorphism groups of finite p-adic groups. The initial goals for developing such a theory were: pedagogical, to introduce the basic language of Category Theory, while exposing the student to core ideas of Galois Theory, but also targeting applications to the Galois Theory of cyclotomic extensions. Some aspects of Abelian Class Field Theory and Anabelian Geometry are also mentioned.
Category: Algebra

Spiral Galaxies and Extratropical Cyclone

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijit Mitra, Alireza Heidari, Marcia Regina Risso Gobato
Comments: 8 Pages.

A subtropical cyclone is a weather system that has some characteristics of a tropical cyclone and some characteristics of an extratropical cyclone. They can form between the equator and the 50th parallel. In mathematics, a spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving farther away as it revolves around the point. The characteristic shape of hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons is a spiral. There are several types of turns, and determining the characteristic equation of which spiral the Extratropical Cyclone (EC) fits into is the goal of the work. The study demonstrates a double spiral for the extratropical cyclone, similarly Lindblad (1964) demonstrates a double spiral, to demonstrate the structure of spiral galaxies. Despite the data obtained in the EC that passed through the southern tip of South America west and east of the Falklands Islands, everything indicates that the short occurrence ECs indicate the double spiral structure, but with the structure of a Cote’s double spiral.
Category: Climate Research

Summations of Single Terms and Successive Terms of Geometric Series

Authors: Chinnaraji Annamalai
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper presents the summations of separate terms and successive terms of geometric series. This will be useful for the researchers who are involving to solve the scientific problems.
Category: General Mathematics

Connections Between the Prime Factorization Exponents of a Natural Number and the Possible Sums of 2+ Consecutive Naturals

Authors: Edoardo Gueglio
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper identifies a correlation between a multiplicative property of number and the additive property of all the sequences of consecutive number with equal sum.
Category: Number Theory

A Newtonian Alternative to Special Relativity

Authors: Eric A. Samuel
Comments: 32 Pages.

This paper offers elegant Newtonian explanations for key experiments that support special relativity (SR). Rossi’s high altitude µ-meson measurements are shown to accurately reveal µ-meson flight times between known altitudes, consistent with µ-meson speeds of up to 20 c, thus contradicting SR’s universal speed limit concept. The speed-limited E field and spiral H-field trajectories of electrons are explained classically by augmenting the Lorentz force with a flux-proportional radiation damping Lentz force: F = (eE + e v x B ) - [(e/c) (v ∙E) E/|E| + e α (B x v x B)/|B|] In the above model, an electron in an E-field reaches a terminal velocity of c when its Lorentz motive and radiation damping forces are equally opposed. The spiral trajectories of charged particles in H-fields are shown to be due to the progressive radiation dampening of their tangential velocities while their Lawrence cyclotron frequencies remain unaffected. The remarkable experiments of Ives and Stillwell, and of Kundig are re-interpreted as being due to impulsive momentum transfer to photons emitted from accelerating molecules or nuclei. However, the impulsive momentum transfer time is a fraction of the photon emitter lifetime that is proportional to the characteristic light transit time. SR’s time-dilatation formulation is shown to be theoretically flawed because: (i) both its postulates are traceable to Newton’s Corollary V, in which time and mass invariance are implicit, and (ii) SR’s unjustified expectation of an inertial frame outcome for a non-inertial experimental design that places observer and apparatus in separate frames; a simple solution by Galilean velocity transformation proves no time dilation. Additionally, SR’s time dilation formulation is ambiguous for rotations and wave-clock types. Replacing the light clock with a sonar clock also leads to ambiguous time dilations and an unlikely upper speed limit. Consequently, Newton’s laws alone are sufficient to fully explain the experimental data that are now believed to support SR.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Explicit Approximate Formula for the Critical Exponent in Orthogonal Class using the Multi-points Summation Method

Authors: Yoshiki Ueoka
Comments: 6 Pages.

I suggest a new explicit formula for dimensional dependence of the critical exponent of the Anderson transition considering high dimensional asymptotic behavior and using the multi-points summation method. Asymptotic expansion at infinite dimension is estimated from numerical data. Combining known asymptotic series at two dimension and infinite dimension using the multi-points summation method, I obtained useful approximation formula for the critical exponent in the Orthogonal class.
Category: Condensed Matter

Sketches of the Theory of Reality

Authors: Savinov Sergei
Comments: 4 Pages.

This preprint discusses the concept of interpreting matter as a mathematical system.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Summation of Multiple Times of a Geometric Series and Its Binomial Series

Authors: Chinnaraji Annamalai
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper presents a binomial series of summation of multiple times of a geometric series. This will be useful for the researchers who are involving to solve the scientific problems.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Clock Synchronization in Distributed Systems

Authors: Amey Thakur, Mega Satish
Comments: 6 Pages, 7 figures, Volume 9, Issue III, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 2022.

Clock discrepancies are troublesome in distributed systems and pose major difficulties. To avoid mistakes, the clocks of separate CPUs must be synced. This is to ensure that communication and resource sharing are as efficient as possible. As a result, the clocks must be constantly monitored and adjusted. Otherwise, the clocks drift apart. Clock skew causes a disparity in the time values of two clocks. Both of these issues must be solved in order to make effective use of distributed system characteristics. In this study, we briefly explored the features of distributed systems and its algorithms.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Complex Dynamics and Foundational Physics: New Developments

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 5 Pages.

This is a brief rundown on some of my research projects that are currently in the planning stage. My goal is to further explore the conjecture that complex dynamics of nonlinear systems lies at the heart of foundational physics. The anticipated completion timeframe for these contributions is the end of 2024.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Землетрясения, как тест для обнаружения ударных гравитационных Кильватерных волн в Абсолютном Пространстве-Времени
Earthquakes as a Test for Detecting Shock Gravitational Wake Waves in Absolute Space-Time. (Ru)

Authors: A.V. Antipin
Comments: 12 Pages. Это статья на РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ.

В рамках гипотезы об Абсолютном Пространстве-Времени, было выдвинуто предположение о существовании гравитационных ударных Кильватерных волн. Солнце и планеты могут являться источниками таких волн. Результаты обработки официального каталога РАН по землетрясениям за 28 лет дают аргументы в пользу воздействия таких Солнечных ударных волн на Землю. Т.о., гипотеза гравитационных ударных Кильватерных волн в Абсолютном Пространстве-Времени получает экспериментальное подтверждение.

Within the framework of the hypothesis of Absolute Space-Time, the assumption was made about the existence of gravitational shock Wake waves. The Sun and planets can be sources of such waves. The results of processing the official catalog of the Russian Academy of Sciences on earthquakes for 28 years provide arguments in favor of the impact of these Solar shock waves on the Earth. Thus, the hypothesis of gravitational shock Wake waves in Absolute Space-Time receives experimental confirmation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Statistical Test of Gravitational Wave Events

Authors: Yang Ji
Comments: 10 Pages. 3 figures. A Chinese Version is also given in the appendix.

Here I show some statistics of all the 93 gravitational wave (GW) events observed by LIGO in 3 phases during the last 6 years, with 3, 8 and 82 GW events for each phase. The detection sensitivity in O3 phase was increased by 40\% than that in O2 phase. The co-working ratio of the two LIGO observatories was 0.42 (O2 phase) and 0.60 (O3 phase), respectively. The product of sensitive volume and time (VT) was thus increased by a factor of $1.4^3 \times (0.60/0.42) \approx 4$. Statistical analyses of all the 93 GW events suggest that the observations so far do not meet an intuitive expectation, say, with higher detection sensitivity and longer observation time, we should observe more GW events.
Category: Astrophysics

Mass Calculation of Antiproton

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 2 Pages.

In previous study, the masses of proton, kaon, and pion were calculated. Proton of 938.3 MeV is composed of two up quarks, one down quark, one strong particle force and the dark force, and one electromagnetic particle force and the dark force. The shell of antiproton is one anti-electromagnetic particle force, which is 2π times heavier than electromagnetic particle force. From this, the mass of antiproton was calculated as 5.895 GeV. The minimum kinetic energy required to produce an antiproton is 5.6 GeV, and the first experiment to confirm the existence of antiproton was the collision of copper target and protons accelerated to 6.2 GeV. The average mass of two values is 5.9 GeV, and the calculated value of antiproton is 5.895 GeV. Is this coincidence or necessity?
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Living Cell’s Feeling of Holes: The Mathematics of Cavities in Biophysical Structures

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 10 Pages.

Mechanical properties such as shape, volume and size affect the dynamics of biological systems. Most of the current methodological approaches are inclined to remove the existence of holes and impurities from systems’ description, regarding them as routes toward mechanical failure. On the contrary, we suggest that the occurrence of holes might be of utmost functional importance, allowing reversible transformations of cellular structures. The focus here is on the widespread occurrence of intracytoplasmic holes, that deeply modifies the topology of living cells and provides researchers with novel operational tools to investigate intracellular dynamics. We take as example the prokaryotic gas vesicles, i.e., intracellular cavities filled with gases spreading from the nearby medium. The mechanical and topological cellular properties dictated by intracytoplasmic holes are investigated, focusing on the physical constraints imposed by their very existence. For instance, the presence of gas vesicles breaks the cytoplasmic homogeneity, leading to inhomogeneity in functional activities and modifications in intracellular flows. Also, a topological approach to cytoplasmic holes suggests novel physiological roles for gas vesicles. For example, the gas vesicles’ ability to increase/decrease cellular volumes provides a mechanism that counteracts the detrimental effects of the surface/volume ratio. In conclusion, a structural/methodological approach based on the occurrence of holes testifies once again how the simple biophysical structure alone can dictate the function.
Category: Physics of Biology

Does Dark Matter only Intreacts with Gravity?

Authors: Redouane Belfakih
Comments: 6 Pages. Redouanebelfakih@gmail.com

In this paper, we develop the CPT symmetric universe theory by adding some modifications: There is another universe with antimatter in which energy is transformed into mass, is a mirror of our universe, and the characteristics of light have a very similarity with infinity. we suggest that antimatter has negative mass and that dark matter is the effect of antimatter in space 2 on space 1.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Affluent Prime Reservoir (or Induction Lens)

Authors: Arthur V. Shevenyonov
Comments: 3 Pages. effective PG algorithm/structure

A simple yet productive primes-generating relationship is proposed that amounts to a ‘qualitative recursion’ and arises from the [author’s] metaphor of a Prime Reservoir: p=p0*2^k*3^l-2^a*5^b. The study builds on one the size of 100 which can arbitrarily be re-scaled at various fill-in rates to accommodate prime sums (befitting the smaller primes) versus differences (pertaining to the larger ones yet to be reconsidered in terms of sums). The implied kernel X=p0 likewise proves to be prime, a^+b+k^+l=odd routinely promising primality.
Category: Number Theory

Comparison Between Optimized and Traditional Combinations of Combinatorics

Authors: Chinnaraji Annamalai
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper compares the traditional combination of combinatorics with the optimized combination introduced by Chinnaraji Annamalai, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. This comparison of combinatorial combinations will be useful for the researchers who are involving to solve the problems in science and management.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

My Definition and Dram Structure

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 2 Pages.

The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate in figures the similarities between My Definition and the basic DRAM structure, as well as expectations for its application.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Quantum Mechanics Without Miracles I: Quantum Distributions, Paradoxes, and Wave-Particle Duality

Authors: Mark Syrkin, Sergei Gantsevich
Comments: 8 Pages.

Arguing that the orthodox quantum mechanics (QM) in its statistical interpretation is sufficient to plainly explain long distance correlations between entangled particles without resorting to exotic hypotheses such as nonlocality / “spooky actions” and the like. The critical element here is the recognition of a difference between languages and notions of classical mechanics (CM) and QM: QM is a statistical phenomenology, not describing individual particles, but rather their large congregations / collectives – quantum ensembles. In doing so, QM operates with complex valued distribution functions – wave functions (WFs) – built in a full compliance with conservation laws as a superposition of partial components explicitly preserving pertinent dynamics variables. Further, in contrast to a popular misconception an entanglement is to no extent an exotic phenomenon: on the contrary, it has been routinely emerging in QM’s almost centennial treatment of molecular, atomic, nuclear and elementary particle physics and never caused the need for a “supernatural” nonlocality. Relatedly, the very same CM-QM language incompatibility results in seemingly paradoxical features of a two-slit diffraction and similar experiments. Further, we discuss in some detail the distributional interpretation of wave functions and their superposition as well as “virtual” vs “real” notions in QM along with their manifestation in measuring processes. Finally, we address the genesis and evolution of wave-particle duality (WPD) and potential perspectives into its future developments.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Psychophysical World of the Motile Diatom Bacillaria Paradoxa

Authors: Bradly Alicea, Richard Gordon, Jesse Parent
Comments: 43 Pages.

There are a large number of candidate hypotheses for the movement of diatoms, a taxonomic group of Algae. In particular, the genus Bacillaria exhibits highly interesting movement dynamics resembling a number of physical systems. None of these hypotheses account for the information processing that might result from the connection between environmental stimuli (e.g. photic, chemical, turbulence, and temperature gradients, and mechanical constraints) and motility. Even when there is no significant variation in terms of sensory input, the colonial structure is coordinated and mediated through information processing. Here, we propose a series of perspectives on how the concept of aneural cognition might explain the movement dynamics of individual colonies. More specifically, we can use analogies of neuronal mechanisms such as Collective Pattern Generators, Hebbian Learning, and predictive processing to understand and explore the potential for behavior generation. Quantitatively, these mechanisms can be summarized using psychophysical metrics, particularly the Weber-Fechner law. This analogy could be extended to out-of-equilibrium behaviors such as halting of oscillatory movement patterns, and further interpretations in terms of pseudo-intelligent behavior, which is simulated but not necessarily autonomous. Taken together, we can say that the psychophysical world can open up new avenues of exploration for understanding the regulation of diatom movement.
Category: Quantitative Biology

On the K Continuity of a Functor

Authors: Marcelo Ferreira Lima Carvalho
Comments: 15 Pages.

We examine the concept of $K-$continuity of a functor from two perspectives: one considering $K-$continuity as given in some formulations of Shape theory and the other as a restriction of the usual definition of the continuity of a functor. We show that under a certain condition the concept of $K-$continuity from Shape theory includes the concept of $K-$continuity arising from the usual definition of continuity.
Category: General Mathematics

Prime Friends and the Sums of Prime Factors

Authors: Grgo Čolak
Comments: 5 Pages.

When the sum of the prime factors of a composite number n results in another composite number m, we can take the sum of the prime factors of m. We can see if that is equal to yet another composite number s, and so on. Given any composite number n being greater than four, do we end up with every prime number via the method explained before? We present a constructive proof of this problem using number theory and logic. We find out that every prime number greater than three has finitely many prime friends (composite numbers whose prime factors added are the prime number itself). This is demonstrated through the use of the function 2k+3 and the partitions of prime numbers. In this way we also learn that we always end up with prime numbers through the sums of prime factors of composite numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Molecular Nanotechnology the Best Tech on Offer (If Only We Could Find the Assembly Manual)

Authors: Mark C. Marson
Comments: 16 Pages.

I here address a problem which is preventing the development of full molecular nanotechnology (MNT) defined as the ability to exactly arrange the molecular structure of materials — in particular those made of crystalline carbon or silicon. I ask where technological progress is leading and argue that the ability to synthesize any viable material is the only final objective that makes sense. I give a brief account of how this idea developed from the 1950s on and recount one notable debate which illustrates both the fundamental difference between MNT and regular technology and a potential obstacle to the development of MNT if we adhere to conventional approaches. I then describe a novel synthetic method that solves this problem — the directed evolution of nanomineral isomers — and detail its six main steps: nanomineral growth, antibody-nanomineral association, antibody differentiation, antibody-nanomineral separation, nanomineral characterization and/or selection, and iteration. I discuss nanomineral catalysis and the augmentation of nanominerals with functional groups, the nature of the design process for nanomineral components, a few other obvious applications of MNT, the potential of so-called smart materials, and the implications of MNT for medicine and robotics. In conclusion I argue that the development of MNT is essential for fulfilling our potential as a civilization, and that if we want to keep progressing we will need to exploit a much greater range of inorganic materials (just as nature has exploited a huge range of organic chemicals).
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Seven Steps Around the Perfect Cuboid

Authors: Zakhar Pekhterev
Comments: 3 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

Proof of the impossibility of the existence of a perfect cuboid.
Category: Number Theory

Differential Coating Objective

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 7 Pages. Conference paper SPIE 1527/1991 pp. 126-133

The paper outlines a novel concept on the construction of high resolution objectives. Although similar to binary optics technology, this approach brings additional degrees of freedom to the optical design as far as achieving a finer balance of phase curvature via both refractive properties and relative thickness of the multilayer stack. The differential coating objective can be used in conjunction with diffractive surfaces to optimize the transmission efficiency and control the secondary spectrum correction. The basic equations describing the monochromatic and three-color achromat predesign are presented
Category: Classical Physics

Real-Time Holographic Microscope with Nonlinear Optics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 10 Pages. Conference paper SPIE 1527/1991 pp. 199-209

The paper reveals the schematic of a real time holographic microscope featuring a phase conjugate mirror for retroreflection and a scanning module. The instrument is provided with Epi-and Dia- bright field capabilities, video/photo output and optional optoelectronic processing. An analysis of the real time restoration process in comparison with conventional holography is presented. The paper reviews the merits and drawbacks of the setup and concludes with a brief discussion on 2D scanning options.
Category: Classical Physics

Cone Array of Fourier Lenses for Contouring Applications

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 5 Pages. Conference paper SPIE 1527/1991 pp. 210-215

The paper investigates an application of Fourier transform lenses to surface topography detection. The field is illuminated in parallel using an array of three different wavelength laser diodes and relative phase alteration is read out between cross-correlated electronic pixels. Diffraction theory of image formation is used to interpret the modulation in contrast. Speckle sensitivity to wavelength provides the basic technique for noise filtering.
Category: Classical Physics

Matter Theory on EM field

Authors: Sheng-Ping Wu
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article try to unified the four basic forces by Maxwell equations, the only experimental theory. Self-consistent Maxwell equations with the e-current coming from matter current is proposed, and is solved to electrons and the structures of particles and atomic nucleus. The static properties and decay are reasoned, all meet experimental data. The equation of general relativity sheerly with electromagnetic field is discussed as the base of this theory. In the end the conformation elementarily between this theory and QED and weak theory is discussed.
Category: Statistics

On Factorization of Multivectors in Cl(2,1) by Exponentials and Idempotents

Authors: Eckhard Hitzer
Comments: 17 Pages. E. Hitzer, On Factorization of Multivectors in Cl(2,1), byTo be published in Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, 2022.

In this paper we consider general multivector elements of Clifford algebras Cl(2,1), and look for possibilities to factorize multivectors into products of blades, idempotents and exponentials, where the exponents are frequently blades of grades zero (scalar) to n (pseudoscalar). We will succeed mostly, with a minor open case remaining.
Category: Algebra

On the General Distance Problem in $\mathbb{r}^k$

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages. This is a result of a general version of distance problem in a Euclidean space of arbitrary dimension.

Using the method of compression we obtain a generalized lower bound for the number of $d$-unit distances that can be formed from a set of $n$ points in the euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^k$. By letting $\mathcal{D}_{n,d}$ denotes the number of $d$-unit distances that can be formed from a set of $n$ points in $\mathbb{R}^k$, then we obtain the lower bound \begin{align} \mathcal{D}_{n,d}\gg \frac{n\sqrt{k}}{d}.\nonumber \end{align}.
Category: Geometry

Calculation of the Energy Density of Space-time and Study of Zero Energy States: A Universe of Matter and Light

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 5 Pages.

A new relativistic wave equation for bosons has been developed. Applied to the cosmos, it predicts the creation of a universe of light and matter from zero energy states and leads to energy density values close to those measured. This explains dark matter without the need to modify the Standard Model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Plenary and Singular Factors

Authors: Paul Mirsky
Comments: 24 Pages.

Notes to accompany Lecture 2 of Lectures on Symmetry Optics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Static and Live, and the Source-Target Grid

Authors: Paul Mirsky
Comments: 33 Pages.

Notes to accompany Lecture 3 of Lectures on Symmetry Optics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Critical Planes of the Beam

Authors: Paul Mirsky
Comments: 19 Pages.

Notes to accompany Lecture 4 of Lectures on Symmetry Optics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Critical Planes of Many-Slit Inteference

Authors: Paul Mirsky
Comments: 49 Pages.

Notes to accompany Lecture 5 of Lectures on Symmetry Optics.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Continuous-Factor Model

Authors: Paul Mirsky
Comments: 46 Pages.

Notes to accompany Lecture 6 of Lectures on Symmetry Optics.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Symmetry Optics Validation Study

Authors: Paul Mirsky
Comments: 24 Pages.

Notes to accompany Lecture 7 of Lectures on Symmetry Optics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Băhēm: A Provably Secure Symmetric Cipher

Authors: M. Rajululkahf
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper proposes Băhēm; a symmetric cipher that, when used with a pre-shared secret key k, no cryptanalysis can degrade its security below H(k) bits of entropy, even under Grover's algorithm or even if it turned out that P = NP. Băhēm's security is very similar to that of the one-time pad (OTP), except that it does not require the communicating parties the inconvenient constraint of generating a large random pad in advance of their communication. Instead, Băhēm allows the parties to agree on a small pre-shared secret key, such as |k| = 128 bits, and then generate their random pads in the future as they go. For any operation, be it encryption or decryption, Băhēm performs only 4 exclusive-or operations (XORs) per cleartext bit including its 2 overhead bits. If it takes a CPU 1 cycle to perform an XOR between a pair of 64 bit variables, then a Băhēm operation takes 4 / 8 = 0.5 cycles per byte. Further, all Băhēm's operations are independent, therefore a system with n many CPU cores can perform 0.5 / n cpu cycles per byte per wall-clock time. While Băhēm has an overhead of 2 extra bits per every encrypted cleartext bit, its early single-threaded prototype implementation achieves a faster /decryption/ than OpenSSL's ChaCha20's, despite the fact that Băhēm's ciphertext is 3 times larger than ChaCha20's. This support that the 2 bit overhead is practically negligible for most applications. Băhēm's early prototype has a slower /encryption/ time than OpenSSL's ChaCha20 due to its use of a true random number generator (TRNG). However, this can be trivially optimised by gathering the true random bits in advance, so Băhēm gets the entropy conveniently when it runs. Aside from Băhēm's usage as a provably-secure general-purpose symmetric cipher, it can also be used, in some applications such as password verification, to enhance existing hashing functions to become provably one-way, by using Băhēm to encrypt a predefined string using the hash as the key. A password is then verified if its hash decrypts the Băhēm ciphertext to retrieve the predefined string.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

The Energy-Momentum Conservation: A New Perspective on Conservation

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 7 Pages.

Conservation is a basic law in the field of physics. The momentum conservation and the mass energy conservation are two important laws. Mass is solidified energy and energy is invisible mass. They are two different forms of matter. Momentum, like energy, is an objective existence. It is the manifestation of material existence and will not disappear out of thin air. Lorentz transformation is only a coordinate system transformation, which belongs to the observer effect and cannot be used to calculate the changes of inherent physical quantities of matter, such as the mass and energy of matter. Combining momentum with energy, the energy-momentum is defined, which is a new perspective of conservation. This leads to the redefinition of the dynamic mass and the dynamic energy. From this, the law of conservation of the energy-momentum, the law of conservation of the dynamic energy, the law of conservation of the dynamic mass and the formula of energy, mass and momentum can be derived. The analysis shows that the dilemma of interpretations of several representative experiments can be satisfactorily explained within the framework of the energy-momentum.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Current Survey of Clifford Geometric Algebra Applications

Authors: Eckhard Hitzer, Carlile Lavor, Dietmar Hildenbrand
Comments: To be published in Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, 37 pages, (2022).

We extensively survey applications of Clifford Geometric algebra in recent years (mainly 2019–2022). This includes engineering, electric engineering, optical fibers, geographic information systems, geometry, molecular geometry, protein structure, neural networks, artificial intelligence, encryption, physics, signal-, image- and video processing, and software.
Category: Algebra

Determinism in Quantum Slit Experiments

Authors: A. V. Herrebrugh
Comments: 14 Pages. HyperScience International Journal (HSIJ) September issue 2022.

A mathematical model for the slit-experiments — considered to be in the heart of quantum mechanics - is developed to gain insight in quantum theory. The proposed system-theoretical approach for the model takes a different route compared to matrix mechanics in complex vector spaces; it is based on commutative mathematics and starts with spacetime functions with cause and effect relations in the statefunction Ѱ. This approach yields: 1. Deterministic result functions and disappearance of probability in QM, 2. Information symmetry in QM causal relations , 3. Separation of causality and non-commuting (e.g. cross￾correlations of attained states) operators, 4. QM a priori fixed states after causality interactions have ended, as well in case quanta are (light-years) separated. The consequence of this model is that operators, such as cross correlations and vector cross products that cannot support information symmetry due to not being mathematically commutative,are in principal not suitable in causality descriptions on quantum level . The model predicts the exact patterns in the results of the experiments by yielding mathematical functions of the energy distributions. The quantum mechanical description of physical reality of slit experiments thus may be considered complete in the sense of [10], but requires the thought experiment of reality still, which is only seemingly contradictory with the exact results. At quantum slit-experiment energy level, assumed quantum interference in double slit experimentsis an effect of energy (amplitude-) modulation. For one-slit, a modulated function is shown to giveidentical results of a double-slit extended experiment, by yielding two distributions as result of theconvolution in the (k-space) frequency domain. This rules out interference due to the absence of multiple slits. In principle it may be possible to experimentally verify the effect with a modulated result function of a one slit experiment.The system-theoretical method uses generic properties of quanta and evolves into determinism in quantum mechanics slit experiments, be it with the restriction of a direct observation/measurementor direct description with variables of the individual quanta at the heart of the state-function Ѱ. The mathematics handles beables [9,10] and allows the proposed description by avoiding directly addressing of the individual quanta through variables. The mathematical treatment yields exact, non-probabilistic results.
Category: Quantum Physics

Simultaneity and Synchronization, the Preferred Frame and the Principle of Relativity

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this paper it is considered the physical meaning of simultaneity and synchronization, that has also been addressed in other previous papers, based on the existence of a Preferred Frame where the one-way speed of light is isotropic. Usually in the standard Special Relativity what is considered is the Einstein simultaneity and Einstein synchronization that has been introduced by Einstein in the 1905 article “by definition”. In the standard interpretation simultaneity and synchronization are not considered since the Einstein speed of light is considered the speed of light. However, in our previous work we have shown that this is a terminological confusion, a paralogism. Now we explain why this is so with a very simple concise formalism using two clocks in every point of a frame, frame that is moving in relation to the Preferred Frame, a synchronized clock, and a Lorentzian clock. With this approach the solution of the conventionality of simultaneity and synchronization controversy is addressed. This proposed formulation is based on the existence of a gap of “synchronizations” that standard formulation is unable to detect since the Preferred Frame is considered superfluous. The restricted Principle of Relativity emerge since exist two clocks in every coordinate and when we refer two simultaneous events, we mean that we are using two synchronized clocks and not two desynchronized clocks, marking the same number. The non-equivalence of the frames emerge with physical meaning through the analysis of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction and Larmor time dilation mathematical expressions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculator Programs Can Revolutionize H.S. Algebra

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 14 Pages. Some readers suggested improvements.

This article develops three calculator programs for (1) exponential modeling, (2) solving systems of linear equations, and (3) displaying various types of functions encountered in high school algebra. We suggest that these calculator programs will engage students better than the pencil and paper approaches of the past, that topics covered will be retained better by students, and that teachers will find teaching the coding involved is rewarding. Calculator programs can revolutionize high school algebra; an evolution is needed.
Category: General Mathematics

The Third Version of Maxwell's Equations

Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 4 Pages.

Many people have done the expansion of Maxwell's equations. Could it be because it was done wrong that it led to no progress? The extension of Maxwell's equations in this paper may help to discover something new.
Category: Classical Physics

A Note on Interpreting Special Relativity

Authors: A J Owen
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this note I have discussed Einstein's theory of special relativity, derived the coordinate transformations in a simple manner, and obtained expressions for time dilation, the relativistic Doppler effect and length contraction. In Einstein's original paper, a factor \phi appears, which he sets equal to unity. However, \phi can be reinterpreted as a scale factor when coordinate time is defined via a single coordinate clock and the time delay receiving information via light rays is included. Using Einstein's definition of coordinate time, a moving sphere is construed as an ellipsoid of revolution, whereas the practical definition of time intervals used here - implying simultaneity of reception rather than simultaneity of occurrence - shows it is a rotated sphere.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Propriétés Inédites Des Coefficients Binomiaux

Authors: Réjean Labrie
Comments: 5 Pages.

Apart from the Vandermonde identity there are very few other identities composed of a summation of products of binomial coefficients. Here are four new identities of this type to insert into our mathematical toolbox. An induction demonstration then formalizes these new formulas that highlight unsuspected properties of binomial coefficients.
Category: General Mathematics

General Observational Relativity: Why Is the Spacetime Curved in Einstein’s General Relativity?

Authors: Xiaogang Ruan
Comments: 193 Pages. In CHinese, 14 pictures, and 7 tables

The theory of observational relativity (OR for short), based on the logical prerequisites different from that of Einstein’s special relativity, has derived the general Lorentz transformation that generalizes and unifies the Lorentz transformation and the Galileo transformation, which endows Bohr’s correspondence principle with more universal significance. On the basis of the theory of OR and Bohr’s correspondence principle, this article proposes the general correspondence principle (GCP for short). Having the aid of the GCP, the general observational relativity (GOR for short) has been established, which is isomorphic with Einstein’s theory of general relativity. The theory of GOR provides us with a new insight into Einstein’s general relativity: objectively real spacetime is not curved; the so-called “spacetime bending” is not an objective physical reality, but an observational effect resulting from observational locality. In the theory of GOR, Newton’s theory of universal gravitation and Einstein’s theory of general relativity are both “partial theories” that Hawking termed in his book “A Brief History of Time”, and belong to different observation systems. The Newton’s theory is the product of the idealized observation system; the Einstein’s theory of is the product of the optical observation system. The speed of light is limited, and therefore the optical observation system has observational locality, which is why Einstein’s gravitational spacetime looks somewhat curved; the idealized observation system has no observational locality, and therefore Newton’s gravitational spacetime represents the objective and real gravitational spacetime. The theory of GOR has generalized and unified the two great theoretical systems, Newton’s theory of universal gravitation and Einstein’s theory of general relativity. In the case of optical observation system, GOR field equation is strictly reduced to Einstein’s field equation; in the case of idealized observation system, GOR field equation is strictly reduced to Newton’s law of universal gravitation in the form of Poisson’s equation. Such strict corresponding relations show that the theory of GOR is logically consistent with both Einstein’s theory of general relativity and Newton’s theory of universal gravitation. Meanwhile, such strict corresponding relations corroborate the logical self-consistency and theoretical validity of GOR. The theory of GOR signifies that human beings and the physics they create have to reexamine Newton’s theory of universal gravitation and Einstein’s theory of general relativity, to reexamine Einstein’s scientific predictions based on his general relativity, and to reshape human view of nature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Algorithm for Finding Q^k-th Root of a

Authors: Takamasa Noguchi
Comments: 5 Pages.

Description of the algorithm for finding the q^k-th root of a. There is no basic difference in the calculation method created in the previous version. Some additions and changes have been made.
Category: Number Theory

Socio-Cultural Changes in Gond Tribal-Culture Brought by Political Interventions of Contemporary Bhosle Maratha’s of Nagpur with Special Reference to Gond Kingdoms of Vidarbha (India)

Authors: Shubham Shiwankar
Comments: 17 Pages.

Gond community is considered to be the one of most ancient tribes of india with counting history of several thousand years. With many upheavals of long drawn political history of india it has undergone through multiple changes in its social and cultural orientations. Significantly earlier under rule of Rajputs (as subordinates of Mughals) and later under socio-cultural umbrella of Marathas, Gond tribe of contemporary Gondwana Kingdom experienced dynamic changes in its cultural and social spheres. This study investigates subsequent changes brought by this Maratha rule with special emphasis on Bhosle’s of Nagpur in Vidarbha region of Modern State of Maharashtra in India. We try to understand reasonable causes, historical conditions, socio-political and economic background under which dynamic changes ranging right from philosophy, language, religion to the cultural heritage of Architectures of Gond Culture. Here, through a thorough investigation of available literary evidences and our appropriate and reasonable logic we also commented on some concepts which are interesting to know about. Overall this study in brief gives idea about changes in social and cultural life on Gond Community after successful establishment and running of Bhosle Rule.
Category: Social Science

The Beginning of a New General Theory of Relativity (Part 2)

Authors: Valentin Ibanez Fernandez
Comments: 80 Pages. In Russian

In the paper, as a preliminary preparation for create of the new general theory of relativity, the work focuses on the new scientific study of the movement of matter in space. Because it is fundamental theoretical approach about the motion of matter in moving inertial systems. Moving mater intro a gravitational field analyzed in the general theory of relativity. This section of physics cannot be investigate, without a new scientific view on the issues of gravity. The main theory that experimentally approved in the theory of gravity is the theory of a body in free fall. The most imported theory that experimentally approved in the theory of gravity is the theory of a body in free fall. The basis of the theory of a body in free fall founded on the theory of fundamental motions of matter, such as the uniformly motion of the body and the uniformly accelerated motion of the body. For this reason, in this work (part 2), a scientific historical analysis of the uniform movement of the body will be proposed, which will give a new scientific theory of the uniform movement of matter, based on the movement of solid material in space. The solid material cover the entire material environment of space and objects of motion on Earth and space, The solid material also includes infinitely small particles of matter, which are the material medium for the propagation of a beam of light in the space of the universe. Inside the inertial moving system, a new distribution of forces appears, causing a change in the laws of classical mechanics of movement (see Part1). Scientific physics philosophical analysis puts forward the need of the deeply analyze of the general theory of relativity from the point of view of experimental data in terrestrial space. Discovered in the theory of motion of matter flaws that led the general theory of relativity to a mathematical abstraction, in which time in a moving system changes. The beam of light next to the huge masses of matter is bent. The huge masses leads to the formation of black holes in the universe, etc. These flows caused development the new scientific theory of the uniform movement of matter and the new general theory of relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Multifractal Modeling of Black Hole Thermodynamics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 10 Pages.

The gravitational dynamics of many-body systems displays the properties of Hamiltonian chaos. It is known that multifractals define the behavior of Hamiltonian chaos in phase space. They represent collections of self-similar sets whose distribution of continuous dimensions follows a singularity spectrum. Building on the multifractal characterization of Black Holes (BH), this brief report argues that a) the gravitational mass of BH reflects an attribute of the singularity spectrum, b) shifting the maximum of the singularity spectrum produces effects analogous to the Hawking radiation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Assuming C Less Than Rad^2(abc) and the Beal's Conjecture Hold, Then the Abc Conjecture is False

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: Pages.

In this paper, assuming that the conjecture c<rad^2(abc) and Beal's Conjecture hold, I give, using elementary logic, the proof that the abc conjecture is false.
Category: Number Theory

Definition Report

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 3 Pages.

The main purpose of this chapter is to provide a more concise graphical explanation of the Barber pole system, the subject of my most recent paper.
Category: Number Theory

An Analysis of the Barber Pole System of my Definition

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 2 Pages.

The purpose of this chapter is to publish some analysis of the Barber Pole.
Category: Geometry

Exact Raytracing Formulae for Parabolic Axial GRIN Lenses

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 10 Pages. Conference paper SPIE 3778/1999 pp. 1 -10

A novel raytracing method through parabolic axial gradient index lenses is presented. The study is based on developing the exact solution of the differential ray equations with initial conditions set by refraction at the first surface. The analysis offers potential benefits in reducing the computation effort and increasing the raytracing accuracy.
Category: Classical Physics

Ontology, Epistemology, and Quantum Reality

Authors: Zbigniew Zimpel
Comments: 46 Pages.

The emergence of quantum mechanics in 1920s opened an intense discussion, which continues to these days, about its interpretation. This article aims to contribute to this discussion. First, a definition of ontic (really existing) and epistemic (pertaining to knowledge) states of a quantum system is proposed. Based on these definitions, the key concepts and postulates of quantum mechanics such as quantum state collapse, measurements and system properties, statistical inference, and key properties of quantum probability calculus are discussed. An alternative interpretation of degenerate ontic states is presented. The proposed ontological and epistemological framework for quantum mechanics is applied to explain Schrödinger’s cat paradox, to redefine quantum entanglement, to illustrate quantum entanglement based on the Bohm’s variant of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, and to substantiate the principle of local causality. This framework is further compared with the quantum histories approach, quantum information approach, and spontaneous collapse approach.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Energy Pairs Theory

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 8 Pages.

The acceptable notion today is that Electromagnetic waves from separate sources cannot consolidate [4]. However, the author of this article published several articles [1], [2], [3], [5] which argue that Electromagnetic (EM) waves from separate sources do consolidate. In addition to the scenarios described in articles [1], [2], [3], Article [5] adds further support to the statement that EM waves from separate sources can consolidate, support that everybody can experience, from everyday experience, every day, which can also be recorded on photos. This scenario is presented again, also in this article. However, if EM waves from separate sources do consolidate, this seems to embed paradoxes, which must be addressed, because the Energy Conservation Principle seems to be violated. The Energy Pairs Theory, proposed initially by the author of this article in article [1], and presented again briefly in this article, proposes a framework which resolves and explains the paradoxes embedded in consolidations of EM waves from separate sources, and other paradoxes and unanswered and open questions, as presented already in article [1], and presented briefly again in this article.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Natural Ways of Mapping Subsets to Subsets

Authors: Pierre-Yves Gaillard
Comments: 2 Pages.

If X is a set, M its monoid of self-maps and P its power set, then P can be viewed as a left M-set L or as a right M-set R. We compute the monoids End L and End R.
Category: Algebra

Energies that Drive Global Change and Destroy Previous Civilizations & Methods of Struggle

Authors: V. Korniienko, I. Vikulin, M. Turkin
Comments: 29 Pages. In English and Russian

We have experimentally discovered that any stressed matter generates energies (S-radiation) unknown to science, the origin of which is confirmed by STR Einstein, that matter consists of energies. Therefore, their interaction forms a quantum electromagnetic field (QEF) in matter. Therefore, the application of loads to matter causes the perturbation of its QEF in the form of waves of quantum electromagnetic energy, i.e. S-radiation. The presence of QEF in matter causes any generators, together with electric energy, to generate quantum currents, which the technique converts into technogenic S-radiation and emits into the environment. For the same reason, all cosmic bodies, including the Earth, generate cosmic S-radiation, which reveals the origin of geopathic radiation (GR). In the spectrum of S-radiation, we observed how in the summer of 2003 the Earth and the Sun occupied an energy information field (EIF), which sucks energies from these bodies, equipment and people. It has been shown that the total impact of EIFs, man-made and cosmic S-radiation, causes processes that: unprecedented decreased Sun activity, growing CO2 and global climate warming, forests burn en masse, polar ice melts, ecology worsens and diseases occur. In addition, according to astronomers, planet-X is approaching Earth. which will cause a catastrophic growth for people of space S-radiation and GR. This planet approaches Earth every 15,000 years, and the age of the oldest artifacts is 2.8 billion years, it is easy to calculate that over the years it has approached Earth 186,000 times because of which previous civilizations died. To protect these radiation, these civilizations built pyramids, the sides of which form fields reflecting cosmic S-radiation, thereby partially protecting life on Earth. It is proposed, on the basis of standards and innovations, to eliminate the release of technogenic S-radiation, as well as to provide protection against space S-radiation and EIF, which will stop global changes and eliminate the threat of human death.
Category: Climate Research

Differential Equations and Their Application in Physics

Authors: Khoi Anh Hoang
Comments: 19 Pages. In German (Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the requirement of viXra.org)

In this paper a modellation of the free fall with air resistance is derived and it deals with the topic of differential equations. This type of equations helps to find the searched function. First a differential equation is derived and then solved. Then the theoretical solution is compared to experimental data. In the experiment, three objects were dropped and in one case, the drag coefficient can be calculated by theoretical considerations of a sphere.
Category: Classical Physics

Saving Proof-of-Work by Hierarchical Block Structure: Bitcoin 2.0?

Authors: Qui Somnium
Comments: 58 Pages.

We argue that the current Proof of Work based consensus algorithm of the Bitcoin network suffers from a fundamental economic discrepancy between the real-world transaction costs incurred by miners and the wealth that is being transacted. Put simply, whether one transacts 1 satoshi or 1 bitcoin, the same amount of electricity is needed when including this transaction into a block. The notorious Bitcoin blockchain problems such as its high energy usage per transaction or its scalability issues are, either partially or fully, mere consequences of this fundamental economic inconsistency. We propose making the computational cost of securing the transactions proportional to the wealth being transfered, at least temporarily. First, we present a simple incentive based model of Bitcoin's security. Then, guided by this model, we augment each transaction by two parameters, one controlling the time spent securing this transaction and the second determining the fraction of the network used to accomplish this. The current Bitcoin transactions are naturally embedded into this parametrized space. Then we introduce a sequence of hierarchical block structures (HBSs) containing these parametrized transactions. The first of those HBSs exploits only a single degree of freedom of the extended transaction, namely the time investment, but it allows already for transactions with a variable level of trust together with aligned network fees and energy usage. In principle, the last HBS should scale to tens of thousands timely transactions per second while preserving what the previous HBSs achieved. We also propose a simple homotopy based transition mechanism which enables us to relatively safely and continuously introduce new HBSs into the existing blockchain. Our approach is constructive and as rigorous as possible and we attempt to analyze all aspects of these developments, al least at a conceptual level. The process is supported by evaluation on recent transaction data.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

A Mechanical Capacitor

Authors: Marc Schofield
Comments: 7 Pages.

I would like to propose research into using a clockwork mainspring as resistance on a sideways orientated differential gear, the resulting device being mechanical capacitor.
Category: Classical Physics

Optical Simulations of Skin Diagnosis with Account of Multiple Surface Scattering Events

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 2 Pages. Conference paper SPIE 3749/1999 pp. 627-628

To frilly exploit current optical methods of skin diagnosis, it is desirable to understand the physics underlying photon migration in epithelial tissue'3. A number of approaches have been developed to meet this challenge. Most simulations are based upon the radiative transport theory which describes the sequential transfer of diflutse light through the stack of skin layers5. These models are computationally intensive and typically rely upon the following assumptions: I ) volume scattering of photons inside the collagen fiber layer is predominant, 2) photons undergo Fresnel reflections on each boundary, 3) scattering can be modeled along each path using prescribed phase functions such as Henyey-Greenstein or Mie5'6 .Our work simulates photon migration in skin from a different standpoint: using a commercially available optics code, we randomly trace a large number of photons and assign generic absorption and scattering properties to all boundaries, including the ones separating sublayers of collagen fibers. As a result, single and multiple surface scattering events are accounted for. Absorbing inhomogeneities may be included as light obstructions and fluorophores as secondary sources, respectively. This preliminary work is targeted for clinical applications involving skin imaging and spectroscopy.
Category: Classical Physics

How the Twins Each Age Less Than the Other

Authors: Tom Fuchs
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper shows that the twin paradox hasn't heretofore been solved. It's shown that the asymmetry in a twin paradox experiment resulting in a difference in aging is that the twins move different distances relative to each other, due to length contraction. It's shown that the twins each age less than the other, yet unparadoxically after accounting for relativity of simultaneity. An equation is derived to calculate the constant speed at which a spaceship must travel so that its occupants age a given time during a trip. Code is given to numerically integrate a twin paradox experiment involving acceleration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Novel Binomial Series and its Summations

Authors: Chinnaraji Annamalai
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper presents new binomial series and its summations of the optimized combinations relating to the combinatorics. These series and summations will be useful for the researchers who are involving to solve the scientific problems.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

{The Irrationality of Odd and Even Zeta Values

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 7 Pages. Some readers gave corrections and suggested examples.

We show that using the denominators of the terms of $\zeta(n)-1=z_n$ as decimal bases gives all rational numbers in (0,1) as single decimals. We also show the partial sums of $z_n$ are not given by such single digits using the partial sum's terms. These two properties yield a proof that $z_n$ is irrational. As partials require denominators exceeding the denominators of their terms, possible single decimal convergence points are, using properties of decimal expansions, systematically eliminated.
Category: Number Theory

Improvement of Prime Number Theorem using the Multi-Point Summation Method

Authors: Yoshiki Ueoka
Comments: 4 Pages.

I propose a new approximate asymptotic formula for Prime number theorem. The new formula is derived by the multi-point summation method. It has additional term expressed with elementary function and gives better estimate of the prime-counting function from small value to big value. It also satisfies asymptotic formula with n -> ∞ limit.
Category: Number Theory

On the Need to Generalize the Theory of Algorithms

Authors: Aleksey A. Demidov
Comments: 13 Pages. In Russian (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the rules of viXra.org)

Traditionally, the concept of an algorithm is introduced into the theory through a sequence of elementary steps leading to the solution of a problem, and parallel algorithms are considered as a technical solution external to the Theory of Algorithms, which allows speeding up the execution process. However, a number of physical processes currently used for computing, such as quantum computing, do not fit into the framework of the predictions of the Theory of Algorithms, in particular --- in terms of computational complexity, which suggests that our understanding of parallel computing processes, limited by the framework of the classical Theory of Algorithms, may not be complete. A qualitative leap in the Theory of Computability is possible if parallel algorithms are understood as a generalization of the classical ones within the framework of the hypothetical Theory of Parallel Algorithms. In this paper, pre-quantum physical processes are considered, which are already beyond the scope of the classical Theory of Algorithms. Conceptual primitives suitable for the analysis of parallel flows are proposed.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Elimination of Lack of Explanation and Roots of my Definition

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 4 Pages.

The purpose of this short paper is to stop for a moment and explain my research clearly to you, as I feel that I have been updating my research with somewhat inadequate explanation.
Category: Number Theory

Regularities of Distribution Density Prime Numbers

Authors: Savinov Sergey
Comments: 4 Pages.

In article the research of distribution of prime numbers is given in a natural row. The unknown regularity in distribution density of prime numbers is described earlier and definition of an algebraic form of this regularity is made.
Category: Number Theory

A Generally Understandable Description of the Theory of Relativity for Non-Experts

Authors: J. Schwander
Comments: The report in German contains only 10 pages of text, the rest are mainly animations (flip-book).

Albert Einstein's theory of relativity is a fundamental theory of natural science. It is often not understood because it is essentially based on mathematical considerations, and it contradicts everyday life. However, it is easy to explain if one relies primarily on the general principles of science. This report does not require any technical expertise, only general knowledge and logical thinking is required. The background and evolvement of the Special Theory of Relativity (STR) is illustrated amongst others with animations in a way even non-professionals are able to understand. The theory cannot be refuted but it can be explained with the help of descriptive examples and scientific principles rather than with mathematics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hypothesis of Everything in the Universe Consisting of a Special Kind of Fluid

Authors: Zhi-Quan Liu
Comments: 8 Pages.

The origin of everything in the universe is one of the most fundamental questions in physics, the study of which is still inconclusive. This paper assumes that everything in the universe is made up of a fluid-like spacon, which is extremely tiny, has a very high speed and a certain momentum, and which makes up matter and space. The vacuum is an ideal fluid filled with spacons, and elementary particles are formed by the aggregation and vortex of spacons. Some particles are constantly vibrating at high speed, creating a constant expansion and contraction effect like a pulsating body, and in the vacuum ideal fluid the Coulomb and universal gravitation are formed through the remote interactions of hydrodynamic forces, thus a new explanation of the nature of charge and mass is given. The paper also deals with the structure and motion of electrons and photons, makes brief conjectures about the structure of other elementary particles, and concludes with some discussion of the structure of the universe and space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Intriguing Integral

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 6 Pages.

We study the integral: I=int(f(x),x=0..1),where f(x)=(arctan x)/((1+x)sqrt(x(1-x))).
Category: General Mathematics

21 cm Quantum Amplifier

Authors: John P Wallace, Michael J. Wallace
Comments: 12 Pages. Major additions

Hydrogen being the most common element in the universe is almost invisible in atomicform though it is common as a as minor contaminating component in most terrestrialcompounds. Atomic hydrogen and its isotopes are the only chemically active atomswhose valence electron is not screened from the nucleus. This unique property leadsto a rich spectroscopic behavior when weakly bonded to other molecules, surfaces, orembedded within solids. The spectra’s origin lie in rotational nuclear degrees of freedomthat become active when the atoms are polarization bonded to other structures. Freeneutral atomic hydrogen is difficult to detect by its 1420.4 MHz emission even in objectsas large as the local Virgo cluster of galaxies. Our surprise was in detecting intensesignals with an inexpensive receiver near 1420.4 MHz in the spectral band reserved forradio astronomy where broadcasting is forbidden. These signals behaved like emissionsfrom slightly perturbed 1S atomic hydrogen possessing rotational states with very smallenergy shifts. These signals are ubiquitous when there is any low level electromagneticnoise present.
Category: Quantum Physics

The 15x11 km Anaga Crater on Tenerife (Canary Islands)_raman Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 37 pages, 80 images, 76 diagrams

Here a summary of the Raman-spectroscopic analysis a of rock-samples which I have collected near the Ø 15 x 11 km “Anaga Impact Crater“ on Tenerife, and on other interesting sites on this Island. From the analysed feldspar-samples some samples may show Raman-spectra which indicate (W)-weakly-shocked or (M)-moderately-shocked Feldspar. But these Raman-spectra must be analysed by experts who have the experience to correctly assess such spectra. The Raman-spectra of the feldspar-samples from sites No.: 2, 5, 7, 9 & 58 may indicate shocked minerals. (an explanation to Raman spectra of shocked Alkali-Feldspar: see at page 30 in the Appendix_3). Minerals that were indicated by the Raman-spectroscopic analyses : Labradorite(2); Orthoclase(5); Augite, Titanite, Reyerite, Analcime(7); Annite, Augite(9); Anorthoclase(58) (->samples site No. in () Beside possible shocked minerals or minerals which may indicate an impact event, there definitely is one site on Tenerife that should be examined in more detail, in regards to the described impact event. This is sample-site 58, where an old-rock-island is located inside the large caldera of the Pico del Teide Volcano. This mass of old-rock probably was lifted by the impact or by the later volcano, from the original ancient ocean floor. Other interesting sites are located on the road along the ridge-top of the Anaga-Range, in the Teno-Mountain-Range and on site 10 which also belongs to the old basaltc shield of Tenerife. According to my hypothesis the hot spots which caused the Canary Islands originally were impact sites of large ejecta fragments, which were ejected from the Permian Triassic Impact Crater in the Arctic Sea. And I am sure that these impact sites (hot spots) were produced by the same large-scale secondary impact event (caused by the PTI), which also has formed the "Bay of Lyon Crater" and other secondary-impact-structures in Spain. This large-scale impact event is visible on the Gravity-Anomaly Map of the Canarian Islands. The PT-Impact Event probably formed a large secondary-crater, the hypothetical Ø430x290km Gibraltar-Crater (GIC) (see gravity anomaly map). The oblique (ellipitical) impact-craters indicated on this Gravity-Anomaly-map, offshore of Tenerife, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, all belong to this impact-event and are located along the hypothetical crater-wall (-rim) of the GIC. A magnetic-anomaly-map of the Atlantic-Ocean-floor south-west of Spain provides indication for this Ø430x290 km Gibraltar Crater. (see the explanation on pages 28 & 29 of my PT-Impact-Hypothesis Part-2.
Category: Geophysics

A Proof for the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Baoyuan Duan
Comments: 11pages. It is easily to verify, in long sequence, to finish adding x bits of 1 to head part, it need about 2.5x steps. The needing steps from two angles introduced in paper are contradictious(the other is smaller than 2.4207x).

Build a special identical equation, use its calculation characters to prove and search for solution of any odd converging to 1 equation through (*3+1)/2^k operation, and get a solution for this equation, which is exactly same with that got from calculating directly. Then give a specific example to verify it. Thus prove the Collatz Conjecture is true.Furthermore, analysis the even and odd sequences produced by iteration calculation during searching for solution, build a function model, prove it decreases progressively to 0, indicate that this kind of iteration calculation has determined direction, and gradually regularly converges.
Category: General Mathematics

Generalized Branes in Noncommutative Clifford Spaces

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 18 Pages.

Starting with a brief review of our prior construction of $n$-ary algebras, based on the relation among the {\bf n}-ary commutators of noncommuting spacetime coordinates $ [ X^1, X^2, ......, X^n ] $ with the polyvector valued coordinates $X^{123 ...n} $ in noncommutative Clifford spaces, $ [ X^1, X^2, ......, X^n ] = n ! ~X^{123 ...n} $, we proceed to construct generalized brane actions in noncommutative matrix coordinates backgrounds in Clifford-spaces ($C$-spaces). An instrumental role is played by the Clifford-valued field $\Phi (\sigma^A) = \Phi^M (\sigma^A) \Gamma_M $ which allows to construct a matrix realization of the $n$-ary algebra of the form $ {\bf X}^M \equiv \Phi^{ -1} ( \sigma^A) \Gamma^M \Phi (\sigma^A) $, and that is given in terms of the world manifold's $\sigma^A$ polyvector-valued coordinates of the generalized brane, and which by construction, $satisfy$ the $n$-ary algebra. One then learns that is the presence of matter which $endows$ the spacetime points with a noncommutative algebraic structure. We finalize with an extension of coherent states in $ C$-spaces and provide a preliminary study of strings in target $C$-space backgrounds.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Cosmological Special Theory of Relativity and Cosmological Quantum Physics with Uncertainty Principles, Cosmological General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 18 Pages.

In cosmological special relativity theory, we study Maxwell equations, electromagnetic wave equations and functions. In the cosmological special theory of relativity, we study energymomentum relations, the Klein-Gordon equation and wave functions. We study Yukawa’s potential dependence on time in a cosmological inertial frame. If we solve the Klein-Gordon equation, we obtain the Yukawa potential dependent on time in the cosmological inertial frame. The Schrodinger equation is a wave equation. The wave function used as a probability amplitude in quantum mechanics. We make the Schrodinger equation from Klein-Gordon free particle’s wave function in the cosmological special theory of relativity. The Dirac equation is a one order wave equation. The wave function used as a probability amplitude in quantum mechanics. We make the Dirac equation from the wave function, Type A in the cosmological inertial frame. The Dirac equation satisfies the Klein-Gordon equation in the cosmological inertial frame. We found equations of complex scalar fields and electromagnetic fields on the interaction of complex scalar fields and electromagnetic fields in Klein-Gordon-Maxwell theory from Type A of the wave function and Type B of the expanded distance in the cosmological inertial frame. In the cosmological special theory of relativity, we quantized the Klein-Gordon scalar field. We treat Lagrangian density and Hamiltonian in a quantized Klein-Gordon scalar field. We address the particle’s force and kinetic energy in the cosmological special theory of relativity. In expanded universe, wefound gravity field equation and solution. We found Schwarzschild solution, Kerr-Newman solution in expanded universe. Hence, We found new general relativity theory-Cosmological General Theory of Relativity(CGTR).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometrical Optics as U(1) Local Gauge Theory in Flat Space-Time

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: Written in English, 4 pages, no figure.

We treat the geometrical optics as the classical limit of quantum electrodynamics i.e. an Abelian $U(1)$ local gauge theory in flat space-time. We formulate the eikonal equation in a (1+1)-dimensional Minkowskian (flat) space-time and we found that the refractive index as a function of the $U(1)$ gauge potential.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Symmetry of N-domain and Hibert’s Eighth Problem

Authors: Yajun Liu
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we discuss the symmetry of N-domain and we find that using the symmetry characters of Natural Numbers we can give proofs of the Prime Conjectures: Twins Prime Conjecture、Goldbach Conjecture and Reimann Hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

Stationary Points in Space

Authors: Edward G. Lake
Comments: 6 Pages. Added an illustration and many new details and "implications."

When we look at a distant galaxy through a telescope, we do not see that galaxy where it is today, we see it where it was when the light photons we receive were emitted. That tells us that while light photons are emitted by atoms within a star, the points of emission remain stationary in space while the star and its atoms move on. All light originates from stationary points in space. That appears to be what Einstein meant when he wrote that a “’luminiferous ether’ will prove to be superfluous” since his theory of Special Relativity does “not require an ‘absolutely stationary space’ provided with special properties.” Wherever a photon is created there is “a stationary point in space.”
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Atomic Clocks and Time Dilation

Authors: Simon Zhou
Comments: 2 Pages.

The atomic clocks on-board each satellite tick faster than identical clocks on the ground by about 38 microseconds per day. People like to use this fact to prove Relativity and call it time dilation. With no doubt, Relativity is one of the explanations of the atomic clocks phenomenon, but is it the only one?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Asymptotics of Solutions of Differential Equations with a Spectral Parameter

Authors: Vjacheslav A. Yurko
Comments: 17 Pages.

The main goal of this paper is to construct the so-called Birkhoff-type solutions for linear ordinary differential equations with a spectral parameter. Such solutions play an important role in direct and inverse problems of spectral theory. In Section 1, we construct the Birkhoff-type solutions for n-th order differential equations. Section 2 is devoted to first-order systems of differential equations.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Note on Strongly Invo-Clean Rings

Authors: Santosh Kumar Pandey
Comments: 4 Pages. This paper offers substantial result in Algebra (Ring Theory).

In this note, some important observations have been reported on recent works related to strongly invo-clean rings [1-3].
Category: Algebra

Ons Heelal

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 2 Pages. Dit is onderdeel van het Hilbert Book Model project

De essentie van ons heelal zal menigeen intrigeren. Het lijkt welhaast onmogelijk om dit wezen te doorgronden. Toch lukt het om er vat op te krijgen.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Our Universe

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 2 Pages. This is part of the Hilbert Book Model Project

The essence of our universe will intrigue many. It seems almost impossible to fathom this creature. Nevertheless, it manages to get a grip on it.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Proof that Ln(z)=z^ by my Definition and Cosmology

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this report, the objective was to prove that the logarithm of a complex number is equal to its conjugate complex number and, in addition, to provide new insights into outer space.
Category: Number Theory

Exploration of the Connection Between the Ground State Energies of Certain Atoms and the Coupling Constants of Interaction

Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 7 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!)

Some of the ground-state energy of the atom can be expressed in formulas which are approximately same to the experimental measured values. These results show that the ground-state energy of the atoms are related to the interaction coupling constants.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Possibility of Ads Space Evolving Into ds Space

Authors: Wen-Xiang Chen
Comments: 4 Pages.

This article puts forward a hypothesis.In this article, the derivative of the cosmological constant is positive, and there is a possibility that the constant evolves from negative in the early universe to positive in the later period. We assume that both macroscopic and microscopic systems are closed systems and the entropy of the system increases to 0. The entropy of the macroscopic open system increases and the entropy of the microscopic system decreases. We know that Adspace can constitute Ads/CFT theory, but there are serious difficulties with ds-space (experimentally, the universe is ds-spacetime). Assuming that the microsystem has a spontaneous entropy reduction process, Ads-space can evolve into ds-space.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Origin of the High-Mass Paired Dijet Resonances

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 3 Pages.

Within the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) we obtain the three invariant masses on the tail of the distributions: the four-jet masses of 8.03 TeV and 7.79 TeV and a dijet mass of 1.95 TeV.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Discourse of Universalism, Moral Relativism & Utilitarianism

Authors: Irfan Ajvazi
Comments: 22 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form - Please conform!)

The historian Herodotus gives the anecdote of Darius, King of Persia, who summoned the Greeks and asked them if they would be willing to eat the bodies of their dead fathers. They replied they would not for any money in the world. Later, Darius asked some Indians of the tribe called Callatiae, (omitted), if they would ever consider burning the bodies, as was the custom among Greeks. “One can see by this what custom can do” writes Herodotus. He draws the conclusion that this story vindicates the view some acts may be right for some and wrong for others, depending on their individual conceptions of morality. The Sophists were also associated with relativistic thinking, notably Protagoras who asserts that “man is the measure of all things”. However, this view was quite uncommon and moral relativism hardly flourished, as Plato and Aristotle both defended forms of moral absolutism. Ancient Greek philosophers acknowledged moral diversity, but more often under the form of moral scepticism, which states that there is no moral knowledge (rather than moral truth is relative to a culture).
Category: Social Science

Relativity and the Dual Nature of Reality

Authors: Norman Graves
Comments: 56 Pages.

The current received wisdom is that quantum theory is correct but incomplete. However an examination of the history of the development of quantum theory shows that it is based on an unproven assumption. That assumption, that angular momentum is quantized, leads to the absurdity of the quantum leap and so cannot be valid. All subsequent theories which rely on this assumption must therefore be called into question.If the quantum leap is to be regarded as an absurdity then it follows that the orbital radius of the electron in the hydrogen atom must remain the same for all energy levels. The conditions necessary to bring this about are identified and a model developed for the hydrogen atom. Such a model is only possible if it is assumed that certain velocity terms are affected by relativity. This idea is combined with a second postulate concerning the nature of gravitational mass and is then used to develop a second model, this time for the photon as a compound particle comprising an electron and a positron locked in mutual orbit. This too relies on relativity affecting orbital velocity.Special relativity is unique among physical phenomena in that for objects traveling at significant speeds there are two versions of every measurement. In other words relativity is possessed of a natural duality. There are two ways to measure distance, two ways to measure time and two ways to measure mass depending on who is making the measurement; the stationary observer or the moving observer. This idea can be extended to cover frequency, wavelength. However the relationship between the wave characteristics of a particle and its particle characteristics is the same within each of the two domains and is consistent with classical mechanics. This leads to the idea of a wave/wave duality and a particle/particle duality rather than the current wave/particle duality and effectively unifies the quantum and classical worlds. This duality is shown to pervade many aspects of physics and in so doing provide explanations for phenomena that are otherwise unexplained.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A Different Look at Gravity

Authors: Miroslaw Wilczak
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper presents a new formula for the gravitational force – formula (1). It is based on the following reaction of an Electron Antineutrino with a Proton: ̃ve + p+ → n + e+ and is only the principal component of the possible gravitational forces that may exist in the Universe. I assume that all interactions that are weak and do not belong to these four types of known interactions and decrease with the square of the distance, can also be considered as gravitational interactions. Gravity is a product of the so-called weak interactions, if one interprets this reaction and the formula for the gravitational force associated with it correctly. The new formula uses the numerical values measured by Cowan and Reines in an experiment conducted by these two physicists with electron antineutrinos to determine the probability of this above reaction occurring. In the new formula, there is a constant value for the energy density of relic electron antineutrinos which, however, only to a limited extent guarantees the stability of the gravitational forces, since there are neutrino sources in the Universe and even in our immediate surroundings, such as the Sun or even nuclear reactors. The gravitational field is not a fictitious property of space, but is directly related to the transfer of momentum and energy of neutrinos to particles of matter. I assume that the mathematical formulas used in this work are understandable to anyone with some interest in mathematics and physics.
Category: Classical Physics

A Different Look at the Power of the Sun

Authors: Miroslaw Wilczak
Comments: 4 Pages.

Many philosophers believe that our world can only be described accurately using mathematical equations. Mathematical equations allow a strictly defined interpretation that can serve as a reflection, or picture, of reality in the Universe, and it is supposed that this is the only possible and allowed view of our world. However, it is possible to find mathematical equations that allow the calculation of certain numerical values related to our physical world, not found, however, in physics or astrophysics books. These equations presumably allow for a new different interpretation of the reality of our Universe. But what should we think about it, if a single property, e.g. the gravitational force, could be calculated using different mathematical equations? Here a mathematical formula is presented from which it is possible to calculate the energy density of solar radiation on the surface of the Sun and thus the total power of the Sun and this without using the Solar Constant. There is as yet no theoretical model describing any physical phenomena from which this formula would follow. One possible conclusion from this formula is that physical constants like the Proton mass or the Gravitational Constant are not constants in the Universe and are not even constants in the Milky Way galaxy in which the Sun is located. I assume that the mathematical formulae presented here are understandable to most people interested in physics. At the same time it is one of the following three works "A Different Look at the Power of the Sun, "A Different Look at the Hydrogen Atom" and "A Different Look at Gravity" allowing to explain, with the help of simple mathematical equations of classical physics, the reality in our Universe more simply and comprehensibly, assuming that new models of physical phenomena will arise, from which the mathematical solutions presented here result.
Category: Classical Physics

A Different Look at the Hydrogen Atom

Authors: Miroslaw Wilczak
Comments: 3 Pages.

Connections between the four known types of interactions are being sought in order to unify them and to describe all the interactions using only a single one of them or using a completely new type of interaction. This paper presents a possible simple solution to the problem for the gravitational force and the electromagnetic force only. A simple interpretation of this solution assumes that our Universe is moving at the speed of light. This requires a model of the entire Universe, which would have to be infinitely large and therefore would have to contain an infinite number of universes like ours. This can also be used to build a new model of two kinds of forces, by combining gravity with motion at the speed of light and transforming it into an electromagnetic force, as if these two kinds of interactions depended only on an observer in a certain reference system. This is the second work of three that belong to my physics trilogy. I assume that the mathematical formulas used here are understandable to most people interested in physics, while the other two works, on new formulas for solar energy production and gravitational force, require a little more knowledge of mathematics and physics.
Category: Classical Physics

Relativistic Gravitational Equations

Authors: Gerardo Chacón
Comments: 8 Pages.

The emphasis is not on precisely specifying the physical meaning of the scheme of the proposed gravitational equations, but on the calculation process from which they derive and whether they can be consistent and provide a calculation alternative that allows greater simplicity in obtaining acceptably satisfactory results to those already veried by general relativity.
Category: Astrophysics