All Submission Categories

On the Helicity Sign

Authors: Clemens Heuson
Comments: 12 Pages. no figures

Massless angle and square spinors are described together using an index corresponding to their helicity sign. This can be applied to massive spinors as well. Relations between spinors can be written more compactly and some derivations are simplified. Massless polarisation vectors of different helicities can be treated together with this index. Three point and some higher point amplitudes are investigated within this ansatz and recursion with massless spinors is considered.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Suggestion for Engineering Cost of Carbon

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 3 Pages.

The question of how much reasonable carbon tax should be set in each nation is the biggest problem that cannot be calculated in climate change. In previous study, we have proposed environmental thermoeconomics. From thermodynamics, the minimum electricity required to remove carbon 1 ton from the air is calculated as minimum 424 MJ/tonCO2. The medium that connects nature and human is a power plant, and the unit price of industrial electricity in Korea is about $0.066 / kWh. Multiplying the above two values, the cost required to remove carbon 1 ton from the air is calculated as minimum $7.77. In Korea, 80% of carbon emissions are free, and carbon credits are set for 20% of excess. Therefore, the engineering price of carbon 1 ton for 20% excess is calculated as minimum $38.9. Currently, the trading price of Korean carbon market is about $16.5 ~ $33.0. Judging from the uncertainty of climate change, it can be said that the above calculated unit price and trading unit price are similar. Carbon credits are not a means of profit creation through trade, and it is the cost of human obligations through engineering calculation.
Category: Climate Research

A New Permittivity of the Rotational Electric Field

Authors: Krishna Srinivasan
Comments: 6 Pages.

The electric field in Maxwell’s equations can be written as a sum of the rotational and the irrotational electric fields. In this paper, it will be shown that Maxwell’s equations is formulated such that the permittivity of the rotational electric field is set to 1.0, and the permittivity of the irrotational electric field is commonly denoted as \epsilon_r. Faraday’s law can be reformulated in a little more general equation, so that a non-unity permittivity of the rotational electric field is possible. Although only a theoretical formulation is proposed, a way by which the permittivity of the rotational electric field can be measured is discussed.
Category: Classical Physics

Collatz Conjecture: An Order Machine

Authors: Michael Williams
Comments: 25 Pages. CC BY 4.0 license, DOI: 10.20944/preprints202203.0401.v1

Collatz conjecture (3n+1 problem) is an application of Cantor's isomorphism theorem (Cantor-Bernstein) under recursion. The set of 3n+1 for all odd positive integers n, is an order isomorphism for (odd X, 3X+1). The other (odd X, 3X+1) linear order has been discovered as a bijective order-embedding, with values congruent to powers of four. This is demonstrated using a binomial series as a set rule, then showing the isomorphic structure, mapping, and cardinality of those sets. Collatz conjecture is representative of an order machine for congruence to powers of two. If an initial value is not congruent to a power of two, then the iterative program operates the (odd X, 3X+1) order isomorphism until an embedded value is attained. Since this value is a power of four, repeated division by two tends the sequence to one. Because this same process occurs, regardless of the initial choice for a positive integer, Collatz conjecture is true.
Category: Number Theory

Geodesic Deviations and the MOND Paradigm

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 7 Pages.

We sketch an argument suggesting that the sensitivity of geodesics to initial conditions explains away the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) paradigm. Accounting for both transversality constraints and the Jacobi equation leads to a non-vanishing correction to Newtonian dynamics, which replicates the effect of the Milgrom parameter. Our work falls in line with the Planck data on the nearly vanishing curvature of the large-scale Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Mathematical Analysis of Zero-Dimensionality in Deriving the Natural Numbers, Offering a Solution to Goldbach’s Conjecture and the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 26 Pages.

Examined here is zero-dimensional space, or more simply the mathematics and physics of a hypothetical point. The infinitesimal-infinite (scaling) paradox that exists with a point as zero-dimensional space is acknowledged and rectified. The solution presented is central to proposing hypothetical time-points for zero-dimensional space from an infinitesimal scale to an infinite scale as timespace. The next step is to then locate a timespace time-point relative to another timespace time-point, creating the non-local dimensions of time-after and time-before. From such are derived 1d, 2d, and 3d timespace. By such, a mathematical formalism is developed for this timespace to establish the natural numbers and associated primes. By this process Goldbach’s conjecture can be shown to be upheld in using 1d timespace. Similarly, the Riemann hypothesis is shown to be upheld in using a 2d timespace complex plane. From there 3d timespace is shown to exhibit prime number features relevant to physical phenomena, there the fundamental relationship between EM and gravity.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Theoretical Treatment on the Hydrostatic Stability of Ships (Part 1:) Stable Conditions for the Upright State

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 16 Pages, 6 Figures, 36 Equations, 27 References, 1 Appendix.

Published in the Bulletin of Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science in Japan, 2022 (December), Vol.62, No.2, Research Notes in Mathematical and Physical Science, pp.151~166.

In this paper, a theoretical treatment on the hydrostatic stability of ships is presented. As the simplest hull form, a columnar ship with rectangular cross-section, which is made of homogeneous squared timber with arbitrary breadth and arbitrary material, is chosen.

In the Part 1 of this theme, the conditions under which the ship is stable in the upright state with horizontal deck are analyzed by means of ship's hydrostatics. By doing so, the dependence of the stable conditions on the breadth and material of the ship will be clarified.
Category: Classical Physics

Possible Explanation of the Critical Acceleration in Galaxies by Subatomic Building Blocks

Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: 2 Pages.

It is hypothesized that the characteristic acceleration scale (gc) seen in galaxies can be interpreted as the effect of a subatomic structure of the vacuum space. As a consequence, the characteristic mass surface density associated with gc defines the breakdown of classical gravity for gravitationally bound systems beyond a baryonic mass scale of ≈1.8 104 Msun. Both characteristic scales can be expressed in terms of two number constants, the natural constants GNewton, me, c and the reduced Planck constant hbar.
Category: Astrophysics

Reading Bruno Latour's Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory

Authors: Irfan Ajvazi
Comments: 10 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form)

Latour does not seek any “hidden” reasons behind actions; there is not a dictionary or encyclopedia explaining the sources of the behaviors of the actors. No meta-language is in question. The analyst cannot address any invisible agency. If an agency is invisible, then it has no effect, therefore it is not an agency. If an analyst says: “No one mentions it. For Latour, agency is not limited to human beings, but objects should also be counted as agents which is one of the most attractive aspect of actor-network theory.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

New Estimation of the Boltzmann Constant and the Planck Constant

Authors: Kay Zum Felde
Comments: 2 Pages.

We use the Einstein equation of General Relativity to compute the Planck constant h and the Boltzmann constant k.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A New Conjecture Linking Particle Size and Particle Energy

Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 23 Pages. Figure 1 reinstated.

In this paper, we build on the work of Max Planck, Louis de Broglie and Arthur Compton. We add our research on Atomic Structure and Potential Energy Fields and we explore ideas on Potential Energy Standing Waves. This leads to a new conjecture for particles: Energy x Diameter = Constant.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Spacetime as a Whole

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 14 Pages. Essay written for the Gravity Research Foundation 2022 Awards for Essays on Gravitation

There is no formal difference between particles and black holes. This formal similarity lies in the intersection of gravity and quantum theory; quantum gravity. Motivated by this similarity, 'wave-black hole duality' is proposed, which requires having a proper energy-momentum tensor of spacetime itself. Such a tensor is then found as a consequence of 'principle of minimum gravitational potential'; a principle that corrects the Schwarzschild metric and predicts extra periods in orbits of the planets. In search of the equation that governs changes of observables of spacetime, a novel Hamiltonian dynamics of a Pseudo-Riemannian manifold based on a vector Hamiltonian is adumbrated. The new Hamiltonian dynamics is then seen to be characterized by a new 'tensor bracket' which enables one to finally find the analogue of Heisenberg equation for a 'tensor observable' of spacetime.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Mass Spectrum of the Xi Baryons

Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 15 Pages.

6.00 S7h = 1314.878 versus 1314.86 PDG FIT for the neutral Xi baryon. All subatomic particle masses can be expressed as multiples of hypersphere surface volumes times ‘h’ – Planck’s constant’s coefficient. In the case of the Xi baryons, the hypersphere surface volume needed is that of a 7-sphere (S7 for short). The purpose of this paper is to show that the masses of all Xi baryons can be expressed as simply defined multiples of S7h, by matching experimental Xi masses with their theoretical values in the mass spectrums generated by S7h that are presented in the paper.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Pizza Ordering Chatbot Using Amazon Lex

Authors: Amey Thakur, Mega Satish
Comments: 13 Pages. 7 figures, Volume 10, Issue III, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40861

Because of breakthroughs in machine learning and deep learning, which are causing a change in every industry area and managing various types of activities better than people. The majority of monotonous jobs that were formerly performed by humans are now replaced by AI. Every firm is aiming to replace the least skilled labour with AI robots that can do comparable tasks more efficiently, especially when it comes to chatbots. A chatbot is computer software that mimics human interaction by using voice instructions, text dialogues, or both. Chatbots are being employed to address consumer concerns or problems in food delivery app businesses such as Zomato and Swiggy, but are chatbots truly useful in that business model? This business model's target customers are those who don't have time to go outside to obtain food, prefer convenience at home, or are unwilling to endure discomfort, thus their concerns should be resolved in the most convenient way possible. To fulfil the user's request, a chatbot is employed. It is critical for the chatbot to plan how to carry out the task that the user has asked. New tools are available now to create and deploy chatbots; Amazon Lex by AWS is one of them. This project focuses on creating a Pizza Ordering Chatbot using Amazon Lex to help the user order pizza.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Spanning Method and the Lehmer Totient Problem

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper we introduce and develop the notion of spanning of integers along functions $f:mathbb{N}longrightarrow mathbb{R}$. We apply this method to a class of problems requiring to determine if the equations of the form $tf(n)=n-k$ has a solution $nin mathbb{N}$ for a fixed $kin mathbb{N}$ and some $tin mathbb{N}$. In particular, we show that begin{align}# {nleq s~|~tvarphi(n)+1=n,~mathbf{for~some}~tin mathbb{N}}geq frac{s}{2log s}prod limits_{p | lfloor sfloor }(1-frac{1}{p})^{-1}-frac{3}{2}e^{gamma}onumberend{align}for $sgeq s_o$, where $varphi$ is the Euler totient function and $gamma=0.5772cdots$ is the Euler-Macheroni constant
Category: Number Theory

Addition Tensor and Goldbach's Conjecture

Authors: Marko V. Jankovic
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, an addition tensor, or A-tensor is going to be presented. This is done by analogy to the recently introduced multiplication tensor or M-tensor. By comparing sub-tensors of A-tensor and M-tensor it is going to be proved that (strong) Goldbach's conjecture can not hold.
Category: Number Theory

Convertible Bond and Credit Risk

Authors: David Lee
Comments: 23 Pages.

Convertible bond is issued mainly by start-up or small companies. It is susceptible to credit risk. This paper presents a model for valuing convertible bonds by taking credit risk into account. Testing results show that model prices fluctuate randomly around market prices, indicating the model is quite accurate. Convertible bond arbitrage usually employs delta-neutral hedging where an arbitrageur buys a convertible bond and sells the underlying equity at the current delta. Delta neutral hedging removes small directional risks and makes a profit on an explosive upside or downside breakout if the position’s gamma is kept positive. Thus, delta neutral hedging is great for uncertain stocks that are expected to make large breakouts in either direction.
Category: Economics and Finance

The 20x15 km Tejeda Crater on Gran Canaria (Canary Islands)_raman Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 31 pages, 84 images, 56 diagrams

This is a summary of the Raman-spectroscopic analysis a of rock-samples which I have collected near the Ø 20 x 15 km “Tejeda Impact Crater“ on Gran Canaria, and on other interesting sites on the Island. Some of the analysed feldspar-samples may show Raman-spectra which indicate (W)-weakly-shocked or (M)-moderately-shocked Feldspar. The Raman-spectra from the following sample sites No.: 15-A, 23, 28, 32 & 33 may indicate shocked feldspar-minerals. These Raman-spectra must be further analysed by experts with the experience to correctly assess such spectra. ( explanation to Raman-spectra of shocked Feldspar : see at page 30 in the Appendix 3 ) Beside possible shocked feldspar minerals other minerals, e.g. a number of iron-bearer-minerals found on the island, may also indicate an impact event. Different types of feldspar-breccia on sample site 32 and 34-B (on the west-coast), and rock-samples from the tip of the outflow-tongue from the Tejeda Crater, which contain iron-bearer minerals like Magnetite may provide the evidence for an impact event. Minerals found in the analyses : Albite, Anorthoclase, Augite, Corvusite, Coyoteite, Cronstedtite, Hollandite, Labradorite, Magnetite, Microcline, Oligoclase, Orthoclase, Tengerite, etc. According to my hypothesis the hot spots which caused the Canary Islands originally were impact sites of large ejecta fragments, which were ejected from the Permian Triassic Impact Crater in the Arctic Sea. And I am sure that these impact sites (hotspots) were produced by the same large-scale secondary impact event (caused by the PTI), which also has formed the "Bay of Lyon Crater" and other secondary-impact-structures in Spain. This large-scale impact event is visible on the Gravity-Anomaly Map of the Canarian Islands. The PT-Impact Event probably formed a large secondary-crater, the hypothetical Ø430x290km Gibraltar-Crater (GIC) (see gravity anomaly map). The smaller oblique (ellipitical) impact-craters indicated on this Gravity-Anomaly-map, offshore of Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Tenerife, all belong to this impact-event and are located along the hypothetical crater-wall (-rim) of the GIC. A magnetic-anomaly-map of the Atlantic-Ocean-floor south-west of Spain provides indication for this Ø430x290km Gibraltar Crater. (see the explanation on pages 28 & 29 of my PT-Impact-Hypothesis Part-2.
Category: Geophysics

Rotating Frame Paradox in Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Karl De Paepe
Comments: 3 Pages.

We consider a one particle quantum rotating system. We expect the probability densities at a point to be the same for an inertial and rotating frames of reference. We show this is not the case. We also show given the wave function in the inertial frame of reference and angular velocity we can't obtain the wave function in the rotating frame of reference.
Category: Quantum Physics

Proof of Thermodynamic Existence on the Rights of Nature

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 2 Pages.

In previous study, we have proposed environmental thermoeconomics. Until now, no one has proven that the rights of nature exist. The proof must start from the laws of nature, and the laws of thermodynamics are the truth. From the law of thermodynamics and the principle of economics, it is very easily proved that the rights of nature rights exist. Based on that proof, we propose that “the rights and duties of nature, human and natural intelligence are the same” as Article 0 of the nation constitution.
Category: Climate Research

A Series of Unconscious Perceptions In the Brain Traced Back to the Origin of Consciousness

Authors: Ma Curtis York
Comments: 10 Pages.

The noetic motion of the origin of consciousness is postulated by many long before and after me. Presenting you this paper, a theory concerning the relationship of unconscious perceptions and the origin of consciousness. I define unconscious perceptions as automated strings of code running in the background, making the brain a quantum computer. I provide to you an Imagination Survey that proves consciousness exists because of a combination of unconscious perception and reality. The Survey I give incorporates the idea of the self with the cognitive phenomenon of comparison. The Survey shows that consciousness depends on something to compare to and that we can only compare ourselves to ourselves. This mechanic is explained when we direct our attention to the world - the world perceives us perceiving it. The answer to the origin of consciousness could be traced back from two reasons. The intuitive subject of the “self” is no different to unconscious perception. Unconscious perceptions are a series of real time inputs in the brain that run in the background, which enable us to phase through various conscious states while being tangent to any reality. We fluctuate between Subjective to Objective and vice versa, while perceivers like me feel attracted and repelled. Drawn attention (objective) when feeling attracted, (subjective) emotional when we are repelled. Unconscious perceptions in the brain drive the fluctuation of conscious states. Human conscious is solely driven unconsciously. Developing the survey into a more grandiose experiment combined with future studies on unconscious perceptions could lead us to a greater understanding of the origin of consciousness.
Category: Mind Science

Exchangeable Matrix in my Definition and Hermite Matrix (Operator)

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this short paper, I will prove that matrices by my previous definition are interchangeable.
Category: Number Theory

Analyzing Some Integrals Linked with the MRB Constant: New Possible Mathematical Connections with Various Parameters of Ramanujan’s Mathematics and Several Equations Concerning Some Sectors of String Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 76 Pages.

In this paper, we analyze some integrals linked with the MRB Constant (Marvin Ray Burns Constant). We describe the new possible mathematical connections with various parameters of Ramanujan’s mathematics and several equations concerning some sectors of String Theory
Category: Mathematical Physics

What is the Dark Matter?

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 10 Pages.

The structure of the particles of the galactic systems, as well as by their gravity tails, has created new dynamics of them, resulting in their chaotic motion. So, the search for an unknown form of dark matter is no longer necessary. This gravity deviation concerning the moving bodies is a criterion to define the absolute motion. Hence, the inability of detection of a uniform motion in inertial systems has been lifted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Suggestion of Environmental Thermoeconomics

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 2 Pages.

We suggest the environmental thermoeconomics that combines the environmentology of nature conservation, thermal engineering of resource saving, and economics of human development. From this study, the rights and duties of resource saving, human development, and nature conservation can be proven and calculated from accurate interpretations based on thermal engineering knowledge for all changes of around us. The activity energy of nature can be calculated by thermodynamics. Thermodynamic energy is converted into economic money through thermoeconomics. Therefore, the value cost of nature is calculated. This is the cost of rights and duties of human to nature.
Category: Climate Research

A Coordinate-Geometry Based Approach for Document Deskewing in Maritime Digital Kyc Processes

Authors: Narayanan Arvind
Comments: 7 Pages. Presented at Samudramanthan 2022, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

ID documents submitted for Maritime digital KYC processes can be skewed due to the environment in which the photograph is taken or due to user preferences and/or errors. The skewed image results in a low accuracy in downstream image processing tasks like optical character recognition (OCR). ID document deskewing has been typically approached using deep learning (MaskRCNN), regression, projection plans, Hough transforms, Fourier transforms and other computer vision techniques. The aim of this study is to build a robust document deskewing system based on keyword detection and coordinate geometry. The research is carried out by analyzing skewed Indian PAN cards available with IN-D. The database has 50 Indian PAN card images. These images are augmented to generate 150 images, with 50 images for each of the +90, -90 and 180 degree skew cases. Google Vision API is used as the OCR engine for finding the coordinates of the keyword in our study. The research employs Numpy, Pandas and OpenCV open-source libraries for Python. The accuracy of the reported model is 95.33 %. The accuracy of our present approach surpasses the accuracy of all the models available in literature.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

From Spiral Proton to Quark Substructure: The Power of Spirals and the Illusion of Particle Self-existence

Authors: Bruno R. Galeffi
Comments: 9 Pages.

Kinetic energy conversion into mass, and so particle creation, requires angular momentum acquisition and spiral motion. This angular momentum is also the origin of spin and magnetic moment. A model for nucleon genesis involving successive centripetal and centrifugal spiral motions carrying quantized angular momenta is further described. This intra-nucleon process drives the emergence of entities known as quarks. Hence, and in agreement with Gell-Mann’s persistent intuition, quarks have <>.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Derivative of a Sequence at Infinity

Authors: Josef Bukac
Comments: 13 Pages.

When a sequence of real numbers is convergent to some finite number, we may approximate the members of the sequence by its limit provided the subscript is large. But we may want a higher accuracy. If we know the speed of convergence, we define a derivative of the sequence at infinity. We also define the second derivative which enables us even better approximations.
Category: Functions and Analysis

On Minimal Quasi Inertial Systems in Einstein Lifts

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 10 Pages.

In real Einstein-Lifts above resp. in radial gravitational-fields over planetary surfaces there appeartidal forces, which causes small deviations from real inertial systems because the Ricci-Tensor inthe Lift is not equal to zero, caused by the non-parallelity of the gravity field lines. For these quasi-inertial-systems (defined now as QUIS) there can be calculated a relative minimal-seize, whichonly depends from heigth over and radius of the planetary mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Are Gravimeters Sensitive Enough to Measure Gravitational Waves?

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

Calculations show that the sensitivity of common gravimeters is sufficient to measure GW in wide frequency range around 0.1 Hz. Initial evaluations have confirmed that it is possible to extract the coordinates and frequency drift of known binary star systems with good accuracy from multi-year data records of gravimeters distributed around the world. This opens the possibility of an Earth-based search for continuous GW several years before LISA.
Category: Astrophysics

An Alternative Theory of the Evolution of the Universe

Authors: Kay Zum Felde
Comments: 3 Pages.

We assume that space is static and infinite. The acual favored theory is the big bang theory. According to this theory the Universe is about 14 billion years old. Space has been created after a small veriation of spacetime. Mass has been created and space has been expanding immediately after this variation. What has been disturbing us is that the number of particle in the Universe is constant and the sky is not becoming brighter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Nature of Mechanical Motion and Momentum

Authors: A.M. Khadjibaev
Comments: 5 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form)

There is not a unified answer to the question “is there a physical substrate of motion?”. On one hand, any moving body has a momentum, e.g., amount of motion, whose magnitude is defined by the motion speed and body mass. On the other hand, neither classical nor relativistic physics have a positive answer to the above question and describe the physical substrate of motion or momentum. According to the author's concept a zone (space area) is formed behind each elementary particle where chaos is disturbed and there is a preferred motion direction (PMD) of graviton- pulses since they are driven to the formed space as a result of a particle movement. The author refers to this zone, which represents a flow of graviton-pulses towards the motion direction, as the acceleration zone. This zone discerns material particles in motion (that obtained an acceleration momentum) from still particles. The magnitude of the latter is directly proportional and corresponds to the speed of motion
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Edited Image Detection to Prevent Forgery using CNN: A Review

Authors: Shuvra Smaran Das
Comments: 11 Pages. 3 figures (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form)

By using Artificial Intelligence (AI) called Deepfakes, clothes are stripped digitally from photographs of users and shared on social media. Deepfakes are computer-generated images and videos, often convincing, based on an existing template. Victims are already afraid and worried about these things. Moreover, the images are so realistic that most users believe that these images are authentic. These things can happen to us too. However, we cannot stop using these social platforms because these platforms are the only way to communicate with others and continue our daily work online. These types of crimes should be strictly prevented and let users know which of the images are real and not. Thus, victims and users may be able to know and assure the truth about this fraud. Here, we will be analyzed image-related paperwork, including the original and the duplicate images, to inform users about image forgery. So, users will no longer believe in these fake images.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The 13.5x10 km Ajuy Impact Crater on Fuerteventura (Canary Islands)_raman Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 39 pages, 90 images, 90 diagrams

Here a summary of the Raman-spectroscopic analysis a of rock-samples which I have collected near the Ø13.5 x 10 km “Ajuy-Impact-Crater“ on Fuerteventura, and on other interesting sites on this Island. Some of the analysed feldspar-samples may show Raman-spectra which indicate (W)-weakly-shocked or (M)-moderately-shocked Alkali-Feldspar. These are feldspar-samples from the following sample-sites No.: 21-A, 35-A, 45-B, 45-D & 56-A (an explanation to Raman-spectra of shocked Alkali-Feldspar: see at page 38 in the Appendix-3) Beside possible shocked feldspar minerals other minerals found on the island may also indicate an impact event. On sample-site 35-A, a small rock island on the south-west coast of Fuerteventure, which probably represents ejecta-material of the Ajuy Crater, the mineral Uranpyrochlore was found. And on sampe-sites 45 & 48 fragments of old oceanic sediments (>100 Myr old !) embedded in magmatic rocks were found. This mix of magmatic-rocks and old Earth-crust-fragments may also be an indication for an impact event, because it seems to represent ejecta material from the Ajuy Crater. Further rare-earth metals are present in the described ejecta-impact-areas near Ajuy. Other minerals found in the analysis : Albite, Annite, Augite, Aegirine, Corvusite, Coronadite, Dolomite, Flourophlogopite, Kutnohorite, Labradorite, Reyerite, Siderite, Sonolite, Titanite, Tengerite etc. Please see also: Lanzarote Impact Event. (Images of the analysed rock samples and photos of the sample-sites are in the Appendix at page 32) According to my hypothesis the hot spots which caused the Canary Islands originally were impact sites of large ejecta fragments, which were ejected from the Permian Triassic Impact Crater in the Arctic Sea. And I am sure that these impact sites (hot spots) were produced by the same large-scale secondary impact event (caused by the PTI), which also has formed the "Bay of Lyon Crater" and other impact structures in Spain. This large-scale impact event is visible on the Gravity-Anomaly Map of the Canarian Islands. The PT-Impact Event probably formed a large secondary-crater, the hypothetical Ø430x290km Gibraltar-Crater (GIC) (see gravity anomaly map). The smaller oblique (ellipitical) impact-craters indicated on this Gravity-Anomaly-map, offshore of Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Tenerife, belong to this impact-event and are located along the hypothetical crater-wall (-rim) of the GIC. A magnetic-anomaly-map of the Atlantic-Ocean-floor south-west of Spain provides indication for this Ø430x290km Gibraltar Crater. (see the explanation on pages 28 & 29 of my PT-Impact-Hypothesis Part-2.
Category: Geophysics

Why Various Particles Have the Masses They Do

Authors: Carl Littmann
Comments: 6 Pages.

In physics and in Nature, there exits prominent and important particles, such as the Proton, electron, and less stable Pions, Kaons, Muons, and about a dozen others. And even more minor particles with very short lives. This Article mainly addresses the 3 largest mass particles, the Higgs, the W, and the Z boson particles. And I think it largely explains “why they have the particular masses they do.” My previous articles did that for the case of lower-mass prominent particles. Links provided below. I do this by our first noting the Mass Ratios of particles, i.e., their masses compared to basic electron, such as the “Proton to electron mass ratio, 1836.15 to 1.” And then by noting nearly matching Geometric volume Ratios arising when one or more large spheres are close-packed around, or surround, one or more small spheres – in the most simple, symmetrical pattern arrays. I.e., as sometimes seen in high-school geometry. And I comment on other matters relating to this article.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Learned Data Augmentation with VQ-VAE

Authors: Arnav Dantuluri
Comments: 9 Pages. (Author's name added to article as required by the rules of viXra.org)

In this paper, I propose a simple and easily reproducible method to enhance and extend datasets from as few as 1000 images to as much as 10000 or in essence as many as the user requires. My approach combines a proper latent space modeling of the VAE which is then modified using a process called vector quantization. With these techniques along with enhancing model parameterization and training a simple convolutional neural network can achieve accuracies of up to 93% on synthetic data which proves extremely helpful especially when handling datasets with very few images.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Discovery of Theory of Everything by Natural Intelligence

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 3 Pages.

In previous studies, the calculation of everything in physics through logarithmic elliptic equation was proposed. The calculation is very simple that only high school physics and high school mathematics are needed. Given the author's calculation methodology as preceding conditions, artificial intelligence will be able to discover the theory of everything in only one day. We propose to develop the artificial intelligence and call this natural intelligence.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Discussion Related to the Uniqueness of the Velocity of Light

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 23 Pages.

Light velocity, when measured by Humans, would always result in a constant value and the maximum possible velocity that humans can measure, a claim that was presented by Einstein’s Special Relativity Theory as an axiom, without any proof.The above demonstrates the uniqueness of the velocity of Light.But it should be also emphasized that the velocity of Light also presents a severe peculiarity, which is presented as follows:When a moving Human spectator measures the velocity value of any tangible substance, for example, the velocity of a moving Massive Body, the velocity, and the direction of motion of this spectator, relative to the velocity and the direction of motion of this Massive Body, does affect the measured velocity value of this Massive Body, by this Human spectator. But, when a moving Human spectator, measures the velocity value of a Light beam, the velocity, and the direction of motion of this spectator, relative to the direction of motion of this Light beam, does not affect at all, the measured velocity value of this Light beam, by this Human spectator, which always results in a constant Light velocity value, which is also the maximum velocity value that Humans can measure.This should be regarded as a severe peculiarity, in any velocity value measurements of Light beams, by Humans, which must be also explained. Because it seems reasonable that the velocity of a Light beam measured by Humans, when the Light beam and the Human travel at opposite directions, should be bigger as compared to the velocity of a Light beam measured by Humans, when the Light beam and the Human travel on the same directions.This paper presents a prediction that Space and Time, as Humans perceive these notions, do not really exist, and Velocities (and Movements and Changes in general) are only the result of Interactions between Energies.The author of this paper presented this prediction in an additional paper titled: "A discussion related to the existence of the entities of Space and Time" (12) which is referenced in this paper.The details related to this prediction are also presented in this paper.In view of the above-mentioned prediction, that Velocities (and Movements and Changes in general) are only the result of Interactions between Energies, this paper proposes a tentative explanation, to the uniqueness and the severe peculiarity mentioned above, relating to measurements of the velocity of Light by Humans.The referenced paper mentioned above, (12) also suggests an experiment, which if implemented, and its result will be successful, might provide validity, or disprove, the predictions presented in that referenced paper, and, as a result, also might provide validity, or disprove, what is presented in this paper.That experiment is also presented in this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

8 Dimensions and Matrix Comparison by Definition

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 3 Pages.

The purpose of this short paper is a matrix comparison by definition of the most recent previous short paper
Category: Number Theory

Topology of the Brain Waves

Authors: Arturo Tozzi, James F Peters
Comments: 9 Pages.

Novel methodological approaches to assess topological mappings and projections between biophysical phase spaces have been recently introduced in neuroscience. In this brief survey of our published manuscripts, we discuss how the “unreasonable power” of algebraic topology permits an experimentally testable top-down inquiry of the brain activity.
Category: Mind Science

Full Free Motion of Celestial Bodies Around a Central Mass - Why do They Mostly Orbit in the Equatorial Plane?

Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 174 Pages.

When we look at planets with their moons, our solar system, or distant galaxies, we see, in general, that the secondary masses orbit around the central mass mostly at its equatorial plane. If this analysis is correct, then it gives the answer by demonstrating why this happens. It also demonstrates the spiral nature of the motion, as well as the real orbit trajectories under diverse conditions.
Category: Classical Physics

Dynamic Deformation of Earth and Motion Effects Caused by Universe’s Gravitational Field

Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 16 Pages.

The causes of dynamic deformation of Earth and motion effects induced by universe gravitational field and from neighbor celestial bodies is easily explained. In this analysis, there are several cases that show with clarity what accelerations produce what effect and in which amount. The differential equations of a force in space are derived for those of you who want to make heavy calculations.
Category: Classical Physics

Intensity of Electromagnetic Waves As a Function of Frequency, Source Distance and Aperture Angle

Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 14 Pages.

The energy transport in Electromagnetic Waves, calculated by means of the Poynting vector formula, might not yield to correct results, because it only gives an average energy on a surface. The result obtained here agrees to the famous Planck equation (E=hf). Moreover, a wave equation for the interference pattern produced by slit diffraction is obtained to easily calculate pattern intensities.
Category: Classical Physics

Triangular A-Statistical Approximation by Double Sequences of Positive Linear Operators

Authors: Carlo Bardaro, Antonio Boccuto, Kamil Demirci, Ilaria Mantellini, Sevda Orhan
Comments: 21 Pages.

In the present paper we introduce a new type of statistical convergence for double sequences called triangular A-statistical convergence and we show that triangular A-statistical convergence and A-statistical convergence overlap, neither contains the other. Also, we give a Korovkintype approximation theorem using this new type of convergence. Finally we give some further developments.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Information Sharing as a Determinant of Pro-Environmental Behaviour in Student Population in Ghana.

Authors: C. Amengor, T. Agama, O. Boapeah
Comments: 32 Pages. This is a revised submission to the journal.

Since the dawn of time, people have struggled to find a lasting solution to the persistent problem of waste management and segregation. The amount and variety of waste produced globally has grown exponentially along with the ongoing rise in human population. As a result, there have been several studies conducted in this field, some of which have been supported by private organizations, NGOs, and governments. In order to protect the environment whiles progressively achieving global sustainable development, Pro-Environmental Behaviour (PEB) has been advocated as a universal personal endeavour. In affluent nations like the United States of America (USA), the United Kingdom (UK), and France, there is a lot of research on PEB. There is, however, a dearth of study on PEB in developing nations, the majority of which are found on the continent of Africa, where poor waste management and segregation is a major problem.The goal of this study is to better understand how university students at the University of Health and Allied Sciences (UHAS) in Ghana, a developing country, acquire and share knowledge on waste management and segregation. This will give further details on the main channels by which the student body communicates information about the environment. Also, it will allow us to do a chi-square analysis to ascertain the association between gender, academic level, and the students' garbage sorting. Ultimately, it investigates how students' attitudes or behaviours change after receiving thorough instruction on the significance of acting in an environmentally friendly manner. At first, the study gave more information about the effects of ineffective waste management and segregation.Following this is a literature review that focuses on defining pro-environmental behaviour, which is followed by a methodology that describes the tools to be used in this study. The following conclusions were drawn from the study: The association between a student's characteristics—such as gender and academic level—and their propensity to act in an environmentally friendly manner appears to be weak or even non-existent. Also, a subsequent examination on students' garbage sorting behaviour in relation to their academic level produced outcomes that were comparable to those of gender. The benefit of exhibiting a pro-environmental behaviour has been made clear to pupils, and it can be determined that they were ready to accept these standards after receiving this information.
Category: Social Science

A Short Journey from Baksan—Andyrchi – Neutrino Village, Through the Worldwide Superknown Liquid – Water – Ice Detectors to Van Hove Singularity

Authors: Imrich Krištof
Comments: 11 Pages.

This submitted text is connected with description of worldwide superknown site at Baksan Valley, Caucasus, Andyrchi Mountain, resp. Neutrino Village, built with goal to offer scientific and material background to realized the SAGE Project (the abbreviation Soviet American Galium⁷¹ – Germanium⁷¹ Experiment) to detect elusive elementary particles Neutrinos on underground physical laboratory detector. These activities began implement in 70-ties. with connection of semiconductors development Ga⁷¹ → Ge⁷¹ transitions. This Article saw from underground laboratory in Baksan. The Ending part of Article is focused on quasiparticles Brown—Zak’s fermions, Dirac’s fermions and their application in Computational technics and Graphen Van Hove Singularity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Medicine and General Ontology and Epistemology of Science

Authors: Atabek B. Kutlumuratov
Comments: 121 Pages.

The purpose of this treatise is to disclose the main content of treatises №2 and №3 in connection with the ideas of treatise №1. It is discussed a general (psychophysical) model of ontology and epistemology of clinical medicine as a practical science (physician science) and is emphasizing that doctors use it for at least during 25 centuries, although officially regarded that the modern practice of medicine is based on biomedical ontology and epistemology. The primary focus is on the concept of psychophysical non-duality of the nature of living systems as organic units; according to this concept the ontological basis of clinical medicine is reducing to the principle of psychophysical completeness of the individual nature of a person.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Law of Rotational Inertia

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper the law of rotational inertia has been presented.
Category: Classical Physics

Sustainable Lean Manufacturing

Authors: Suram Pahalagama
Comments: 79 Pages. NA

The main objectives of this research was to identify and discuss the critical success factors for sustaining the lean concept in the MAS Holdings and to analyze the gap between the existing cultures of apparel manufacturing organizations and the acceptable lean culture. When identifying the contribution factors for a successful lean apparel culture, first of all, it has identified that the human resources play a vital role. Understanding how complex human beings are and understanding the contribution of them to sustain such a system is not easy. For that, first of all, the culture of the society in which the human beings are gathered had been taken into consideration. Hence, lots of literatures were reviewed base on cultural aspects. Then, since the research was based on the apparel Industry, some literatures also being reviewed and the perception towards the Sri Lankan Apparel Industry also taken to be consideration. Then again, as a main part of this research, Lean Manufacturing Concept was highlighted and required theory and the practical aspects were taken into the consideration while the literature review was going on and finally a background for the research was formulated. Base on that platform, the research methodology was designed. MAS Linea Clothing has taken as the framework for this research. The approach would be exploring the secondary data which is related to Linea Clothing with the platform of Lean. Under that two areas were explored as interns’ interview with Lean Advocate and results of the Lean Leadership Assessment Tool. And if there any contradictions with theories or the practical scenario, those discrepancies get cleared through the use of primary research where the Questionnaires and Self-evaluation surveys functioned.
Category: Social Science

Measurement of a Continuous Gravitational Wave Near 2619.9 µHz

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 6 Pages.

Superconducting gravimeters respond to deformations of the test body Earth by gravitational waves. The frequencies of continuous gravitational waves are identified by means of selective integration of long-term data. The modified superhet method is a suitable method to determine the direction of the GW source. The measured frequency deviation of the phase modulation exceeds the upper limit allowed by the Doppler effect. This problem can be can be solved by assuming that the propagation velocity of GW is lower than the speed of light.
Category: Astrophysics

Algebraic Arithmetic

Authors: Hajime Mashima
Comments: 22 Pages.

The more difficult the problem, the more limited the path.
Category: Number Theory

Every Sufficiently Large Even Number Is the Sum of Two Primes

Authors: Ricardo G. Barca
Comments: 32 Pages. The manuscript was edited for proper English language by one editor at American Journal Experts (Certificate Verification Key: C0C3-5251-4504-E14D-BE84). However, afterwards some changes have been made.

The binary Goldbach conjecture asserts that every even integer greater than $4$ is the sum of two primes. In this paper, we prove that there exists an integer $K_\alpha > 4$ such that every even integer $x > p_k^2$ can be expressed as the sum of two primes, where $p_k$ is the $k$th prime number and $k > K_\alpha$. To prove this statement, we begin by introducing a type of double sieve of Eratosthenes as follows. Given a positive even integer $x > 4$, we sift from $[1, x]$ all those elements that are congruents to $0$ modulo $p$ or congruents to $x$ modulo $p$, where $p$ is a prime less than $\sqrt{x}$. Therefore, any integer in the interval $[\sqrt{x}, x]$ that remains unsifted is a prime $q$ for which either $x-q = 1$ or $x-q$ is also a prime. Then, we introduce a new way of formulating a sieve, which we call the sequence of $k$-tuples of remainders. By means of this tool, we prove that there exists an integer $K_\alpha > 4$ such that $p_k / 2$ is a lower bound for the sifting function of this sieve, for every even number $x$ that satisfies $p_k^2 < x < p_{k+1}^2$, where $k > K_\alpha$, which implies that $x > p_k^2 \; (k > K_\alpha)$ can be expressed as the sum of two primes.
Category: Number Theory

Trigonometric Functions ⇆ Hyperbolic Functions

Authors: Alfredo Dimas Moreira Garcia
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!]

Construction of relationships that transform hyperbolic functions into trigonometric functions.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Mass Calculation of Kaon Pion Hadrons

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 6 Pages.

In previous study, the shapes of proton and neutron were drawn, and their masses were calculated by Q-theory. Proton of 938.3 MeV is composed of two up quarks of 2.251 MeV, one down quark of 4.760 MeV, one strong particle force of 42.78 keV and 1.0150 times dark force, and one electromagnetic particle force of 920.6 eV and 1.1116 times dark force. The strong particle force holds the two up quarks of proton. Because of this, when proton collides, the down quark falls off from proton. This is K-meson, and its mass was calculated as 495.05 MeV which is similar to the average of K± 493.67 MeV and K0 497.65 MeV. Since the structure is unstable, the strong particle force oscillates dimensionally. This is π-meson, and its mass was calculated as 137.79 MeV which is similar to the average of π0 134.98 MeV and π± 139.57 MeV. Finally, the electromagnetic particle force also becomes unstable, so π-meson collapses. In the combination of unstable particles, the strong and electromagnetic forces undergo an oscillation with varying intensities, so hadron particles have non-standard masses. In this study, various combinations of oscillating masses have been tried, but a general rule has not yet been found.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Further Thoughts on the Thermodynamics of Antimatter Via Santilli’s Isodualities

Authors: Jeremy Dunning-Davies
Comments: 4 Pages.

The property of isoselfduality has been shown previously to pervade much of thermodynamics. Here it is shown that this property does not extend to partial derivatives of the well-known basic thermodynamic functions such as internal energy. This raises several issues which will need to be borne in mind in future for those considering the thermodynamic properties of antimatter via Santilli’s isodualities.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Does the Spacetime Have Its Own Energy Density?

Authors: Mirosław J. Kubiak
Comments: 2 Pages.

Can simple mathematical operation change the physical interpretation of Einstein's equation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Credit Valuation Adjustment with Wrong Way Risk

Authors: David Lee
Comments: 17 Pages.

This paper presents a new model for calculating credit valuation adjustment and wrong way risk. Empirically, we find evidence that wrong way risk has a material effect on credit valuation adjustment. The nature and direction of effect depend on payoff, correlation, credit quality and risk mitigation. The magnitude of the impact is relatively greater in credit and equity markets. Moreover, the empirical results indicate that diversification can reduce the impact of wrong or right way risk on the risky value of a portfolio.
Category: Economics and Finance

More Detailed Explanatory Notes on Definition

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 2 Pages.

First, ±∞ is constant at any observation point. If a set of real numbers is R, then On the other hand, when x (∈R)is taken on a number line, the absolute value X becomes larger toward ± ∞ as the absolute value X is expanded. Similarly, as the size decreases, the absolute value X decreases toward 0. Furthermore, x (-1) represents the reversal of the direction of the axis.
Category: Number Theory

The 12x9 km Tinajo Crater on Lanzarote (Canary Islands)_raman Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 18 pages, 43 images, 29 diagrams

Here a summary of the Raman-spectroscopic analysis of rock-samples which I have collected near the possible Ø 12 x 9 km “Tinajo Impact Crater“ on Lanzarote, and on other interesting sites on the Island. A feldspar-sample collected on the sample site 65, that is close to the center of the hypothetical impact crater, may show a Raman-spectra which indicates (W) weakly-shocked feldspar. (an explanation to Raman spectra of shocked Alkali-Feldspar: see at page 17 in the Appendix 3). Minerals found in the analyses: Labradorite, Apatite-(Ca-F), Nepheline or Dachiardite-Ca, Forsterite, Reyerite, Dolomite or Rosasite, Kutnohorite or Calcite, Reynersonite(?). Images of the analysed rock samples and photos of the sample sites are in the Appendix at page 12). According to my hypothesis the hot spots which caused the Canary Islands originally were impact sites of large ejecta fragments, which were ejected from the Permian Triassic Impact Crater in the Arctic Sea. And I am sure that these impact sites ( hot spots ) were produced by the same large-scale secondary impact event ( caused by the PTI ), which also has formed the "Bay of Lyon Crater" and other impact structures in Spain. However in all collected rock samples no quartz was found. This makes it difficult to provide evidence for this secondary impact of the PTI. The Gravity Anomaly Map of the Canarian Islands indicates a large scale Impact Event. This impact event probably was the result of Ejecta from the PTI (Permian Triassic Impact) which formed a large secondary crater, the hypothetical Ø430x290 km Gibraltar Crater (GIC). (see gravity anomaly map on the next page). The smaller oblique (ellipitical) impact craters indicated on this Gravity Anomaly map, offshore of the Islands Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and Teneriffa, belong to this impact event and are located along the hypothetical crater-wall (-rim) of the GIC. A magnetic anomaly map of the Atlantic Ocean-floor south-west of Spain provides indication for this Ø430x290 km Gibraltar Crater. (see the explanation on pages 28 & 29 of my PT Impact Hypothesis Part 2.
Category: Geophysics

Photophosphorylation Generates Atp Committed by Evolution to a Central Role in Energy Transduction to Operate Open Systems

Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 20 Pages. 9 figures, 4 tables

Pioneering research in the structure and function of enzyme membrane systems, which are coupled to energy sources, could bypass the microscopic reversibility principle, and allow the emergence-development of a mechanism for vectorial kinetics. The research on the mechanism of coupled systems involved the isolation and reconstitution of the purified CF1-ATPase with the residual membrane. Photophosphorylation involves coupling with photosystem I and II, which by uncoupling show a light-dependent and light-triggered ATPases. The isolated and then purified enzyme was also investigated as a dark functional enzyme by activation through to trypsin or heat treatment. In addition, were investigated the requirements of model mechanism, which requires microscopic physics or/and quantum mechanics level to demonstrate an energy transduction participation. This approach involved the links to the excitation states and mechanisms of photosystem I and II discovered by many other investigators. The interpretation of models using the mechanism of H-bond breakdown in the configuring of the mass-action potential by the high molarity of the water cluster allowed a far away displacement of equilibrium to the parameter ensuring irreversibility of the system. H-bond lacking molecules of water were proposed to act as dissipative carriers of entropy. Homeostatic temperature mechanisms were developing for brains. Independently of different proposals it is emphasized that fit requirements to operate life as an open system. The proposal to implicate in an overall general role of the state transition of water rather than described specifically every reaction lead to evaluate the dissipative potential of water cluster (H2O)n to interact with the hydrophilic vs hydrophobic asymmetries, which restrict randomness of in the singleness of kinetic sense. Thus, interpret its action as if it constitutes a single peak, consolidating its operative role as is activation energy (Ea). The hydration shells could in sequence act as a diffuse enhancer of specific contribution to obtain Ea of the totality of the system even as an input into several peaks that sequentially activate transition states. Hence, changes in dipole state, sliding, pKa, n-H-bonds, etc., could become concatenated for vectoriality. (H2O)n by the loss of H-bonds coupled with the hydration turnover of proteins and ions to result in incomplete water cluster (H2O)n*, with a lower-n. (H2O)n* became a carrier of heat/entropy. The beta-scintillator batteries using Sr-89 and Sr-90 allow night agriculture and contribute to the Mars colonization projects.
Category: Physics of Biology

Mass Spectrum of the N and Delta Baryons

Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: Pages.

All subatomic particle masses can be expressed as multiples of hypersphere surface volumes times ‘h’ – Planck’s constant’s coefficient. How one determines which hypersphere surface volume is a multiple of a given subatomic particle’s mass is from knowledge of the particle’s quark content. The details of how to do this are explained. In the case of N and Delta baryons, the hypersphere surface volume needed is that of a 6-sphere (S6 for short). The purpose of this paper is to show that the masses of all N and Delta baryons can be expressed as simply defined multiples of S6h, by matching experimental N and Delta masses with their theoretical values in the mass spectrums generated by S6h that are presented in the paper.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Corrections about V.S. Adamchik's Papers

Authors: Denis Gallet
Comments: 7 Pages.

I study several papers of V.S. Adamchik and I find several mistakes about integrals and the Melzak's product.In the same time, I give more general formulas of three integrals.
Category: Number Theory

Derivative Valuation and Collateralization

Authors: David Lee
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper presents a model that characterizes a collateral process directly based on Credit Support Annex (CSA). The model is devised that allows for collateralization adhering to bankruptcy laws. We find evidence that there is a strong linkage between market and credit risk. Our study suggests that banks and regulators need to think about an integrated framework to capture interactions of these two types of risk. This requires all profits and losses are gauged in a consistent way across risk types as they tend to be driven by the same economic factors.
Category: Economics and Finance

Analysis of the Black Hole in Ring Gravity Theory

Authors: Hiroshi Nakayama
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

In this paper, I analyze three black hole types in ring gravity theory: (1) The question of a singular point; (2) The creation question of a black hole; and (3) A point with infinite mass of a black hole.
Category: Astrophysics

New Trigonometric Integrals with Barnes Function

Authors: Denis Gallet
Comments: 7 Pages.

This is the continuity of my precedent paper and I give six general formulas of six integrals.
Category: Number Theory

Where it is Shown that the Oscillation Symmetry is Also Verified in the Physical Properties of the Periodic Table of the Atomic Elements

Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 21 pages, 15 figures, 4 tables

The oscillation symmetry is applied with success to some physical atomic properties of many Periodic Elements. It allows to tentatively predict possible values for several unknown properties. A regularity is observed between oscillating periods. These values, according to different studied bodies, take discrete values as if they were quantified.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Thought Experiments Proposed for the Theory of the Extended Electron .

Authors: Hoa Van Nguyen
Comments: 08 Pages.

This article proposes three thought experiments that are devised to support the theory of the extended model of the electron : 1. Variability of the electric charge of the electron in variable magnetic field . 2. Spin & Radiation of the electron moving parallel to a time-varying magnetic field . 3. Experiment on diffraction of light to prove photons being electric dipoles and vice versa .
Category: Classical Physics

The Theory of Mutual Energy Flow of Transformer, Antenna and Photonic System is Verified by the Example of Electromagnetic Wave of Plane-Sheet Current

Authors: Shuangren Zhao
Comments: 14 Pages.

The author has put forward the viewpoint and theory that electromagnetic energy flow is transmitted by mutual energy flow rather than self energy flow corresponding to the Poynting vector for 7 years, but it has been still in theory, and there is no specific example to verify this theory. This paper studies the examples of electromagnetic field and electromagnetic wave of plane-sheet current. Through this example, the author explains why the theory of mutual energy flow transmitting electromagnetic wave energy should be used to replace the theory of self energy flow transmitting energy. The author studies the magnetic quasi-static electromagnetic field and the radiated electromagnetic field. Corresponding to the magnetic quasi-static electromagnetic field, the power transmitted by self energy flow is reactive power. Energy flow can only be transferred by mutual energy flow. There is no dispute. Since there is no theory of mutual energy flow in the previous classical electromagnetic theory, so far the classical electromagnetic theory can not explain the energy flow from the primary coil to the secondary coil of the transformer. This paper achieves this goal for the first time. For radiated electromagnetic fields, both self energy flow and mutual energy flow are active power, but the author believes that self energy flow does not transfer energy, so Maxwell electromagnetic theory should add a time reversal wave to offset self energy flow. Or modify the electromagnetic theory to make the radiated electromagnetic field consistent with the magnetic quasi-static electromagnetic field, and the self energy flow transmits the electromagnetic wave of reactive power. In short, the classical electromagnetic theory is not a complete theory and must be modified. This example also tells us that the mutual energy flow is generated at the source of the electromagnetic wave and annihilated at the sink of the electromagnetic wave, which is very similar to the photon described by Cramer's transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics. Therefore, the mutual energy theory proposed by the author can be regarded as the concrete realization of the transactional interpretation. The interpretation of mutual energy flow proposed by the author is also a further development of transactional interpretation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Ordinary Scalars Will Undergo Topological Phase Transitions Under $f(R, \phi)$

Authors: Wen-Xiang Chen
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this article, we make a simulation, when the boundary conditions are preset, the ratio of the temperature of the two systems is a complex number, which is consistent with $f(R, \phi)$ theory, then a new solution (prediction) appears, ordinary scalars will undergo topological phase transitions under $f(R, \phi)$.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Modeling of the Spatial Structure of the Atom Part 2: Atomic Nucleus

Authors: L.V. Migal, V.G. Bondarev
Comments: 14 Pages.

Based on the model of nuclear shells, a computer model of the spatial structure of the atomic nucleus was constructed. The application of a new approach, by analogy with the modeling of the electron shell of an atom, made it possible to visualize the structure of the atomic nucleus. The resulting spatial arrangement of nucleons in the nucleus simulates the presence of an ultrafine structure of levels. The adequacy of the constructed model is confirmed by correlations of the dependences of the radius and asymmetry of the shape of the nucleus on the charge number. Based on the results obtained, the equa-tions for estimating the limit number of isotopes in atoms for the N-Z diagram are determined.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Alice Meets Bob, Or: the Association of Infinity and Finiteness Within the Schwarzschild Metric

Authors: René Friedrich
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Schwarzschild metric is the basic description of a gravitational field, but it is more than that: It provides us with some hints about the way how the universe is working. One main feature of the Schwarzschild metric is the association of finite and infinite time structures, and it includes even proposals for the solution of the so-called "information paradox" of black holes and the supposed "breakdown of general relativity" near singularities.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Split Property in Black-hole Information Problem and the Stability of de Sitter Space-time

Authors: Navjot Singh
Comments: 4 Pages.

Split Property of the black hole information paradox, the problem of the loss of information from black holes, are discussed by means of a novel approach based on the evolution of a quantum scalar field in a background that contains a black hole. We show that the paradox cannot be resolved by assuming split property. A new definition of the area of the horizon is proposed. The horizon area is an observable, and the value of this observable for a black hole is related to its entropy. The entropy of a black hole has been derived. The loss of information from a black hole is a consequence of the loss of entropy. We also calculated the Hawking temperature and some thermodynamic entities of black holes.
Category: Astrophysics

The Obvious Pound-Rebka Experiment and the Truth about Einstein’s Relativity

Authors: Akram Louiz
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Now just ask yourself: Why do you limit the velocities in our nature to the velocity of light C? And why a particle of light shouldn't have an ordinary mass even if the red shift or blue shift of light have been discovered. You can discover in my other work about the Michelson Morley experiment that the light can be studied easily like all the other waves. Actually, Einstein venerated the light by his theories and many scientists are doing the same by accepting them. This work makes a conclusion about Einstein’s relativity after an easy study about Pound-Rebka experiment.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Multiplying the Minus by the Plus and Definition Analysis

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

The purpose of this short paper is to prove that multiplying by a minus signifies a reverse rotation.
Category: Number Theory

Gauss' Law for Magnetism

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper a rigorous proof of the Gauss' law for magnetism has been presented.
Category: Classical Physics

Ampere’s Circuital Law

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper a rigorous proof of the Ampere’s circuital law has been presented.
Category: Classical Physics

Modeling of the Spatial Structure of the Atom Part I: Electronic Shell

Authors: L.V. Migal, V.G. Bondarev
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper presents an approach that allows describing the spatial formation of the electron shells of atoms, based on known principles and rules, in a logically consistent version of the visual representation of an atom. The proposed model makes it possible to estimate the location of electrons in the electron shell visually, as well as to determine the quantum numbers responsible for the position of electron clouds in an atom. We have developed computer models of real atomic structures based on known experimental and calculated data on orbital radii and ionization energies.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Octonions, Broctonions and Sedenions

Authors: Richard D. Lockyer
Comments: 12 Pages. Keywords: Octonions, Octonion Algebra, Sedenions, Sedenion Algebra, zero divisors, Broctonion Algebra

There are 128 different eight-dimensional algebras that have seven Quaternion subalgebras with common construction. Sixteen of these are proper Octonion Algebras. The remaining 112 forms are one Quaternion subalgebra orientation off of a proper Octonion Algebra orientation, one may say a broken Octonion Algebra. An appropriate name for them would be “Broctonion Algebras”. It is impossible to orient a Sedenion Algebra without Broctonion subalgebras, and they are the source of all Sedenion Algebra primitive zero divisors. It is possible though, to form Sedenion Algebras without a single proper Octonion subalgebra. This paper defines all Broctonion forms and explores their relationship to Sedenion Algebras.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On the Solution of the Strong Gravitational Field, the Solution of the Singularity Problem, the Origin of Dark Energy and Dark Matter

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 29 Pages.

In order to apply general relativity to a strong gravitational field, the gravitational self-energy of the object itself must be considered. By considering the gravitational self-energy, it is possible to solve the singularity problem, which is the biggest problem with general relativity. When an object acts on gravity, the gravitational action of gravitational potential energy is also included. Therefore, even in the case of the universe, the gravitational action of gravitational potential energy must be considered. Gravitational potential energy generates a repulsive force because it has a negative equivalent mass. For the observable universe, I calculated the negative gravitational self-energy, which is approximately three times greater than the positive mass energy, which can explain the accelerated expansion of the universe. The source of dark energy is presumed to be due to gravitational self-energy and an increase in mass due to the expansion of the particle horizon. It is calculated that the effect of dark energy is occurring because matter and galaxies entering the particle horizon contribute to the total gravitational potential energy. While mass energy is proportional to M, gravitational self-energy increases faster because gravitational self-energy is proportional to -M^2/R. Accordingly, an effect of increasing dark energy occurs. I present Friedmann's equations and dark energy function obtained through gravitational self-energy model. There is no cosmological constant, dark energy is a function of time. This model predicts an inflection point where dark energy becomes larger and more important than the energy of matter and radiation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Revised Photon Partition Hypothesis: Interrogating Photons

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 10 Pages. 10

The revised Photon partition hypothesis is set out. Providing a physical embodiment of wave-particle existence. Three experiments are described: Young’s double slit experiment on light, the Elitzur-Vaidman bomb thought experiment, a variation without a bomb but a path blocking light detector. A quantum physics description of how each experiments outcome happens is given. For comparison the photon partition hypothesis is used to describe how the results come about. An experiment is described and illustrated that may provide evidence that ordinary measurable photons are not fundamental/ indivisible particles. Arrangements of Mach-Zehnder Interferometer apparatus are proposed for the investigation. Division at a half silvered mirror, into a part still detectable as a photon particle, the cut photon body, and a wave-like sub photon companion is hypothesized. Three possible outcomes are described. Two of them support the notion of actual physical photon divisibility. One of the outcomes is not supportive of the notion but could be indicating division of the photon from a usually accompanying environmental effect. Several models of photon divisibility are considered. Some supplementary experiments are given for further investigation according to the outcomes found. Method for ‘interrogating’ photons to ascertain more about their nature is set out. A clearer understanding of the physical nature of photons and its demonstration will be achieved. Concluding: This may help scientists decide on photon partition; if it fits the evidence and in which way it happens.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Scattering of Directional Light

Authors: Uri Lachish
Comments: 6 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Backlight scattering in a single event provides an account of the nearly uniform full images of all the planets and their moons. The uniformity of the full moon image has been discussed in terms of multi-event scattering. Similar images of other bodies have not been discussed. Multi-event scattering must lead to Lambert's Cosine scattering law, however, there are no object images that comply with it. Single event scattering is automatically coherent since a single electromagnetic source wave stimulates all the scattering dipoles. The coherence provides an account for the "Opposition Effect", enhancement of 180 degrees backscattering, by constructive interference. Opposition enhancement has been considered so far as a separate effect from image uniformity. The coherence of single event scattering may enable separation from non-coherent scattering noise by applying interference methods so that objects would be observed with better resolution or at a higher distance. Removal of incoherent noise may also enable deeper image observation within a scattering medium, such as biological tissues.
Category: Astrophysics

On the Scholz Conjecture

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper we prove an inequality relating the length of addition chains producing number of the form $2^n-1$ to the length of their shortest addition chain producing their exponents. In particular, we obtain the inequality $$\delta(2^n-1)\leq n-1+\iota(n)+G(n)$$ where $\delta(n)$ and $\iota(n)$ denotes the length of an addition chain and the shortest addition chain producing $n$, respectively, with $G:\mathbb{N}\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}$.
Category: Number Theory

Computer Modeling of Parameters of the Electronic Shell of the Atom

Authors: L.V. Migal, V.G. Bondarev, T.P. Bondareva
Comments: 8 Pages.

In work results of computer modeling of parameters of an electron shell of atom such as orbital radiuses and constants of shielding are presented. It is shown that for atoms with completely filled electronic subshells, the dependence of the orbital radii from the nuclear charge (atomic number) can be described by application of a computing experiment, and to consider the received equations as a basis for extrapolation of data on orbital radiuses on all range of atomic numbers of elements what gives the chance of creation of the full scheme of dependence of orbital radii on charging number of the nucleus and calculation of the average size of atom.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Shape of the Universe Corrigendum

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 42 Pages. English/German version

This article corrects a fatal miscalculation in viXra:1310.0189 (German:1906.0321), section 4.3.2. "Figure function" concerning the frequency response, as well as the phase- and group response for overlaid signals. Unfortunately, I could realize it but now, since I was unable to perform the inverse Laplace-transformation of (140) until now in order to compare the result with (103). Fortunately I used a different way for the rest with correct calculation. Unfortunately I cannot correct the original article in situ, since the maximum allowed number of replacements is already exhausted. But the document is designed in such a manner, that you only have to replace the corresponding pages in the PDF. Further affected is section 4.3.4.4.5. "The cut-off frequency" and the annex "Is the Course of the Planck's Radiation-Function the Result of the Existence of an Upper Cut-Off Frequency of the Vacuum?". Latter one already has been corrected and can be downloaded at viXra:2008.0140. Furthermore minor changes in section 4.6.4.2.6. "Temperature of the cosmologic background-radiation" have been conducted, arising from the latest findings, mainly an updated value of H0, resulting from the new article in viXra:2201.0122 "The Electron and Weak Points of the Metric System". In this regard also section 7.5.4. "The supernova-cosmology-project" has been reworked. Finally, a typo in (932) is corrected and two new references are added. You'll find the corrigendum for the German version (viXra:1906.0321) in the 2nd part of this document.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Angle for Explaining the Wave-Particle Duality of Light

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Wave-Particle duality of Light should be considered as an unresolved mystery. Indeed, Light manifests these two very different phenomena simultaneously. On one hand Light should be viewed as a stream of Particles. Einstein initially introduced the understanding that Light should be viewed as a stream of Particles (named Photons), to explain the Photoelectric effect. On the other hand, Light clearly exhibits a Wave facet, dating back to Newton’s days, who measured the wavelength of Light with his Newton’s rings interference observations.However, these two very different facets of Light, its Particle facet, and its Wave facet, are so significantly different, which implies that the Wave-Particle duality of Light still awaits additional clarification and additional explanation, which was not yet provided by mainstream Physics. Instead, nowadays mainstream Physics just accepts the fact that Light embed these two very different facets simultaneously, and exhibits each facet in different experiments or situations.This paper proposes a new angle for explaining the Wave-Particle duality of Light, based on the famous Mutual Annihilation process, in which an Electron and a Positron annihilate each other to create Photons, and on the famous inverse Pair Production process, in which a Photon, in certain conditions, converts back into a pair of an Electron and a Positron.Actually, the connection between the nature of Photons and the Electron and the Positron is already presented in another paper, namely, the Electron Positron-Photon idea.The Electron Positron-Photon idea, which is due originally to (the late) Prof. J. P. Wesley, in his paper titled: "Light, a Flux of Electric Dipole Photons" [4], proposed a model of the Photon as an Electric Dipole Photon which might be an Electron-Positron pair separated by a distance L.There are two reasons why the Electron Positron-Photon idea, as presented in Prof. J. P. Wesley's paper, cannot be considered a viable concept:u2022 The science of Physics recognizes Photons as being composed of pure Energy, without any Mass or Electric Charges associated to Photons. However, the Electron and the Positron do embed Mass and Electric Charges, and thus, Photons cannot be composed of pairs of Electrons and Positrons as the Electron Positron-Photon idea presented in Prof. J. P. Wesley's paper, states (Truncated by viXra Admin)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Frequentist and Bayesian Analysis Methods for Case Series Data and Application to Early Outpatient Covid-19 Treatment Case Series of High Risk Patients

Authors: Eleftherios Gkioulekas
Comments: 27 Pages. resubmitted to Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine

When confronted with a public health emergency, significant innovative treatment protocols can sometimes be discovered by medical doctors at the front lines based on repurposed medications. We propose a very simple hybrid statistical framework for analyzing the case series of patients treated with such new protocols, that enables a comparison with our prior knowledge of expected outcomes, in the absence of treatment. The goal of the proposed methodology is not to provide a precise measurement of treatment efficacy, but to establish the existence of treatment efficacy, in order to facilitate the binary decision of whether the treatment protocol should be adopted on an emergency basis. The methodology consists of a frequentist component that compares a treatment group against the probability of an adverse outcome in the absence of treatment, and calculates an efficacy threshold that has to be exceeded by this probability, in order to control the corresponding $p$-value, and reject the null hypothesis. The efficacy threshold is further adjusted with a Bayesian technique, in order to also control the false positive rate. A selection bias threshold is then calculated from the efficacy threshold to control for random selection bias. Exceeding the efficacy threshold establishes efficacy by the preponderance of evidence, and exceeding the more demanding selection bias threshold establishes efficacy by the clear and convincing evidentiary standard. The combined techniques are applied to case series of high-risk COVID-19 outpatients, that were treated using the early Zelenko protocol and the more enhanced McCullough protocol. The resulting efficacy thresholds are then compared against our prior knowledge of mortality and hospitalization rates of untreated high-risk COVID-19 patients, as reported in the research literature.
Category: Quantitative Biology

On Critical Line of Nontrivial Zeros of Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: José Alcauza
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, we find a curious and simple possible solution to the critical line of nontrivial zeros of Riemann zeta function.
Category: Number Theory

Toe the Universe Can be Explained Without the Constants c, H and G

Authors: Helmut Schmidt
Comments: 8 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Newton's law of gravitation F = G m1 m2 /r^2 gives very precise results for the radii r and velocities v of an orbit, but no indication of the diameter or mass of celestial bodies or elementary particles. The laws of nature can be described in terms of a single type of particle with a constant velocity, one dimension, the simplest possible law of energy E = 2^n i^t n,t in setN , and the properties of a fractal. In contrast, our idea of ​​the world is one with 3 isotropic dimensions x, y and z. The TOE requires a revision of the isotropic space. If one designates r as the large radius, xy as the small radius and z as the deviation, the resulting ratios are as follows: r / z = n / m, xy / z = l / m and n > l > abs m > 0 . n, l, m with natural numbers. 2pi is the appropriate conversion factor from radius r to circumference and orbital period. The polynomial r_Objekt = (r + (2pi) xy + (2pi)^2 z )is the summary of the 3 dimensions of an object. With particle numbers and polar coordinates, simple relationships for space NB / rB = N1 / r1 = N2 / r2 and time NB / wB = N1 / w1 = N2 / w2 can be set up for two objects and one observer. This results in c, h and G: c = r_earth ^2 / m / day 2/pi h G c^5 s^8 m^10 sqrt( pi^4 - pi^2 - pi^-1 - pi^-3) = 1

The best explanation for this is the following story. This requires more words and less calculations. The considerations must be in the context of the most important work in physics. Take it with humor and take it seriously.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Method to Prove a Prime Number Between 3N and 4N

Authors: Wing K. Yu
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, we will prove that when an integer n ˃1, there exists a prime number between 3n and 4n. This is another step in the expansion of the Bertrand’s postulate - Chebyshev’s theorem after the proof of a prime number between 2n and 3n.
Category: Number Theory

Spiral Galaxies – Explanation for Their Shape and the Velocity Curve Flattening

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 20 Pages.

Spiral galaxies pose two profound conundrums that the current cosmology has no clear answers to. I claim that the observations of the velocity curve flattening and the spiral shape of galaxies emerge from the velocity of a star in a galaxy. The star velocity is the superposition of velocities exerted on a star by the Pivot, the black hole at the center of the galaxy, and the distributed mass of the galaxy.
Category: Astrophysics

Oryginalne Wyjaśnienie Zjawiska Skrócenia Lorentza-Fitzgeralda – Model Ciśnienia Fotonowego (In Polish)
The Original Explanation of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald Contraction Phenomenon Photon Pressure Model

Authors: Roman Szostek, Karol Szostek
Comments: 18 Pages. The new physical theory called the Special Theory of Ether (in Polish).

W artykule wyjaśnione zostało na podstawie Szczególnej Teorii Eteru zjawisko skrócenia Lorentza-Fitzgeralda. Przedstawione wyjaśnienie polega na konstrukcji nowatorskiego technicznego modelu tego zjawiska, a nie jedynie na jego klasycznym matematycznym opisie. Model wyjaśniający przyczynę skrócenie Lorentza-Fitzgeralda jest oparty na ciśnieniu fotonowym oraz własnościach zegara świetlnego, dlatego nazwaliśmy go modelem ciśnienia fotonowego. Z przedstawionego modelu wynika, w jaki sposób można zmodyfikować eksperyment Michelsona-Morleya, aby być może był w stanie wykryć ruch względem eteru. Cały artykuł zawiera tylko oryginalne badania prowadzone przez jego autorów.

The paper explains the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction phenomenon on the basis of Special Theory of Ether. Presented explanation is based on the construction of innovative technical model of this phenomenon, and not only on his classical mathematical description. The model explaining the reason of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction is based on the photon pressure and the properties of the light clock, so we called it the photon pressure model. The model presented here shows how Michelson-Morley’s experiment can be modified to be perhaps able to detect movement with respect to ether. The entire article includes only original research conducted by its authors.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Original Explanation of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald Contraction Phenomenon Photon Pressure Model

Authors: Roman Szostek, Karol Szostek
Comments: 17 Pages. The new physical theory called the Special Theory of Ether.

The paper explains the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction phenomenon on the basis of Special Theory of Ether. Presented explanation is based on the construction of innovative technical model of this phenomenon, and not only on his classical mathematical description. The model explaining the reason of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction is based on the photon pressure and the properties of the light clock, so we called it the photon pressure model. The model presented here shows how Michelson-Morley’s experiment can be modified to be perhaps able to detect movement with respect to ether. The entire article includes only original research conducted by its authors.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

E=hf=mc^2

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: Pages.

This article shows the umpteenth ridiculousness of the expression E=mc2, and simultaneously of the theories of relativity, by applying it to the energy of a photon.
Category: Quantum Physics

ABC Conjecture and My Latest Definition

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

The objective was to prove the ABC conjecture by my definition series.
Category: Number Theory

The Angular Momentum of a Solar System

Authors: Kay Zum Felde
Comments: 2 Pages.

The movement of planets orbiting the sun is proposed to be an acceleration and not a velocity. The movement of the plantes in a solar system is found to be follow the law of the sum of all angular momentums which should be zero.
Category: Classical Physics

To the Deflection of Asteroids in the Diameter Range of 5 to 200 km

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 20 pages, 40 images, 10 diagrams, 5 tables

The main goal of this study was to find feasible methods and strategies for the deflection of large asteroids in the diameter range of 5 to 200 km. For the deflection of asteroids in the 50-200 km range only one feasible way was found, which is an indirect but extremely powerful technique ! (see Deflection-Strategy_3). A first assessment of our ability to deflect an asteroid of a certain diameter was carried out. It was considered that only existing and proven technology and a powerful direct deflection method (a nuclear explosion on or close to the surface of the asteroid) would be used for this task. The result of this assessment is presented in the form of a table. This table shows the minimum amount of NED's (Nuclear Explosive Devices) which is required for the deflection of an asteroid with a given diameter, so that it just misses our planet Earth. Here it was considered that either the maximum explosive yield (Deflection-Strategy_1) or only a small defined fraction of the explosive yield (Deflection-Strategy_2) of the used NED's is transformed in work (kinetic energy) which is usable for a direct change of the trajectory of the asteroid at a given distance to Earth (of either 250 or 500 million km). For the deflection of asteroids in the 50-200 km range only one feasible way was found, which is an indirect but extremely powerful technique ! see Deflection-Strategy_3. This indirect Deflection-Strategy_3 makes use of the Deflection Strategies 1 or 2. There is clear statistical evidence for a 62-million-year-cycle in bio-diversity (fossil diversity) on Earth. Currently we live at the end of the declining phase of such a 62-Myr cycle. The declining phase of this cycle must be called an extinction period ! If we look at the diagram which shows the bio-(fossil)-diversity on Earth (Diagram-1), it is evident that there are abrupt and deep cuts into the bio-diversity within each marked extinction period ! Possible cause of this bio-(fossil)-diversity cycle (or extinction cycle) could be a 20 Myr long Big-Impact-Period every 62 +/- 3 Myr, which may be caused either by a periodic crossing of the galactic plane all 66+/-6 Myr, by our Solar System, or by a periodic behavior of our sun (e.g. sharp rises and drops in the Solar-Wind-Flow and Flare Activity), which may disturb the asteroid- and comet orbits in our solar-system.
Category: Astrophysics

Problems and Solutions of Black Hole Cosmology

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 17 Pages.

The Black Hole Cosmology that "the universe we observe is the interior of a black hole" was proposed in the 1970's. However, this Black Hole Cosmology is known to have several fatal flaws. In the black hole, singularity exist in the future, whereas in the real universe, singularity exist in the past. And, while the objects inside the black hole are moving toward the singularity, the observed universe is an expanding universe, and it looks completely opposite to each other. Moreover, since black holes are images that decompose humans into atomic units through strong tidal forces, the claim that humans are living inside black holes has not been seriously considered. In this study, I will solve the singularity problem and prove that humans can live inside a sufficiently large black hole. Inside a universe black hole, there is an almost flat space-time larger than the observable universe. Currently, the observable universe is expanding at an accelerated rate because it exists in a region R_obs < R_gs where negative gravitational potential energy is greater than positive mass energy. Therefore, I would like to request new interest and research on Gravitational Self-Energy and Black Hole Cosmology through this study.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Matrix Exponential Computational Algorithm

Authors: Kenneth C. Johnson
Comments: 11 Pages.

A numerical algorithm for the matrix exponential is developed, based on the scale-and-square method applied to a Padé approximant for small-norm matrices.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Amazing Formulas Related to pi

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this note we give some formulas related to Pi.
Category: Functions and Analysis

What is the Value of the Function X/x at X=0? What is 0/0?

Authors: Saburou Saitoh, Yoshinori Saitoh
Comments: 9 Pages.

It will be a very pity that we have still confusions on the very famous problem on 0/0 and the value of the elementary function of x/x at x=0. In this note, we would like to discuss the problems in some elementary and self contained way in order to obtain some good understanding for some general people.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Quantum Fluctuation of the Vacuum Offers a Feasible Explanation for All of the Features of the Double Split Experiences

Authors: Jozsef Garai
Comments: 7 Pages.

The double split experiences reveal some strange features of nature, which contradict with our everyday experiences. The physics establishment offers a mathematical description of this weird quantum world, but claims that the understanding of the underlying physics is beyond the realm of science. Despite this general skepticism an attempt is made here to unveil the physics of the double-slit experiments.
Category: Quantum Physics

Properties of a Special Partition of the Positive Integers

Authors: James Edwin Rock
Comments: 2 Pages.

We examine the properties of a partition of the positive integers and exhibit some formulas that describe the partition and place all positive integers in specific sequences that comprise the partition. The Collatz conjecture also partitions the positive integers.
Category: Number Theory

Relationship Between Ground State Energy and Weak Interaction of Helium Atoms

Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 4 Pages.

The ground state energy of helium atom can be expressed by formula, and it is close to the experimental value. And this result shows that the ground state energy of helium atom is the coupling between hydrogen atom and weak interaction, and on this basis, the formulas of coupling constants of weak interaction and strong interaction can be deduced.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Einstein's Gravitational Theory of Relativity with a Fourdimensional Sphere as Metric

Authors: Kay zum Felde
Comments: 2 Pages.

We examine Einstein's theory, where the metric is a fourdimensional sphere. The stress-energy tensor $T_{\mu\nu}$ describes the interaction between a body at the center, i.e. f.e. the sun and the orbiting earth.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How to Observe Quasars

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 3 Pages.

Quasars are very distant quasi-stellar objects that appear like stars, thus their name. They may all be active galaxy cores. Only a few are visible and identifiable to amateur astronomers, even though very expensive professional instruments can detect large numbers. These weird deep sky objects can be formidable for amateurs to both see and identify, but the quest is uniquely rewarding. Here is a brief introduction from somebody who has done it.
Category: Astrophysics

Mass Spectrum of the Kaons

Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 26 Pages.

The purpose of this paper is to show that the masses of all kaons can be expressed as simply defined multiples of S6h (the surface volume of a 6-sphere times Planck's constant's coefficient) by pairing experimental kaon masses with their closest matching theoretical values in the mass spectrums generated by S6h that are presented in this paper.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Remarks on the Axiom of Comprehension

Authors: Albert Henrik Preiser
Comments: 2 Pages.

Remarks on the axiom of comprehension.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Absolutely Imaginary New Physics Information-Energetics and Theory of Everything

Authors: Sven Kuch
Comments: 20 Pages. Written in German, 2nd edition [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirement of viXra.org - Author name is required on the article]

"New physics needs new mathematics" is a demand that has been formulated for a long time in order to finally be able to connect relativity theory and quantum physics mathematically. The reason why this has not been possible so far is revealed for the first time on the basis of misunderstandings in vector calculus and in quaternion calculus. Their former pioneers Hermann Grassmann and William Rowan Hamilton described their "new science" almost simultaneously around 1843. However, their mathematical systems differed fundamentally from each other, although they both dealt with the same (electromagnetic) domain of expansion "Q-4". Now a sustainable enhancement in the sciences is on the horizon. If the two mathematical systems are combined with a new understanding of the imaginary, a holistic calculation system will emerge that will bring our universe together into a holistic universal whole. That the development of mathematical laws and operations is only possible with a new interpretation of the imaginary represents a central thesis, which is elaborated in the book "absolut imaginär" (2022/ 03). The two newly introduced, purely imaginary domains of existence "i-1" and "i-0" play a special role in this context. Both can be traced back to the original explanations by Hermann Grassmann and William Rowan Hamilton. But only the last leads to the reinterpretation of an imaginary holism and thereby forms the key element of a New Physics. In this way, the mechanism of physical entanglement finally receives its long-awaited, missing mathematical element.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Obtaining Information About Nature with Finite Mathematics

Authors: Felix Lev
Comments: 5 Pages. Presented at the Conference on Theoretical and Foundational Problems in Information Studies, IS4SI Summit 2021, online, 12–19 September 2021. Published in Proceedings, vol.81, 8 (2021).

The main goal of this note is to explain that classical mathematics is a special degenerate case of finite mathematics in the formal limit p→∞, where p is the characteristic of the ring or field in finite mathematics. This statement is not philosophical but has been rigorously proved mathematically in our publications. We also describe phenomena which finite mathematics can explain but classical mathematics cannot. Classical mathematics involves limits, infinitesimals, continuity etc., while finite mathematics involves only finite numbers.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The 4n-Region Map is Four-Colorable

Authors: Ihsan Raja Muda Nasution
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we try to solve the four-color problem for a special case; i.e., a map with 4n-region.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

A Single Fermion Perceiving the Lorentz Force

Authors: Kay zum Felde
Comments: 2 Pages.

We compute the equations of motion of a single fermion perceiving the Lorentz force.
Category: Classical Physics

{1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8,…} and Primes

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

{1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8,...} has some interesting properties. In particular, I will discuss their relationship to prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Primality’s Ultranatural Nature: An Inquiry into Composites

Authors: Arthur V. Shevenyonov
Comments: 5 Pages. multilayer duality

The ‘gray area,’ or indeed overlap, in between primes versus composites pertains to facets spanning beyond their belonging on the natural axis. The former can, for one, best be posited as building blocks with reference to a generalized rho-operation. At this rate, primes build on multiplicity (rho specified anywhere near 0) whereas composites on additivity (rho taken to 1). These result from symmetry (self-duality) versus averaging over the latter’s solutions, respectively, while pointing to scenarios such as “either/both” versus “neither/both” (suggesting the number of (#, X) prime materializations/hits for the prime versus [higher] composite subdomains). The “both” overlap (boasting a relatively lower proportion in the prime subdomain) may plausibly amount to the aforementioned inconclusive-necessity area. The prime power (i.e. the number of prime radicals in the putative composite, degenerate/singular not least) of (#, X) tends to that of the input prime/composite in question. Among other regularities, recurring sequences and collated generalizations are observed in a set of follow-on conjectures.
Category: Number Theory

Flyby Radio Doppler and Ranging Data Anomalies Are Due to Different Inbound and Outbound Velocities in the CMB Rest Frame

Authors: Roland Pabisch
Comments: 10 Pages.

The COBE, WMAP, and Planck data analyses exhibit that the CMB restframe can be seen as a fundamental, absolute space, the CMB-space. All Earth flyby radio Doppler data anomalies can be resolved by applying the general, classical Doppler formula (CMB-Doppler formula) of first order for two-way signals between earthbound Deep Space Network stations and a spacecraft during an Earth flyby. For that purpose, the annually varying absolute velocity vector u_e of Earth is used, derived from the absolute velocity vector of the solar system barycenter, u_sun, magnitude u_sun = 369.82±0.11km s^-1, in direction of constellation Crater, near Leo. Together with the relative, asymptotic inbound and outbound velocity vectors v_in and v_out in the equatorial frame, we obtain the absolute inbound and outbound velocity vectors u_in and u_out in the equatorial frame. The relative, asymptotic inbound and outbound velocities are actually equal in magnitude (v_in = v_out), while the magnitudes of the absolute inbound and outbound velocities of a spacecraft are in general different (u_in ≠ u_out), leading to the apparent anomaly. Thus the use of the CMB-Doppler formula explains the so far as residual considered positive or negative differences in energy. The measured, different absolute velocities in the CMB rest frame explain the supposed radar ranging data residuals as well.
Category: Astrophysics

Primality’s Unwinding Nature: Drawing upon the Identity Tweak

Authors: Arthur V. Shevenyonov
Comments: 2 Pages. one more strand/straddle

It can and has been shown copiously that the nature of prime numbers could be viewed as recursive, Diophantine, self-spawned. Incidentally, it proves even simpler than that: Per any number prime, so likewise is either the sum or the difference of its ‘tweak’ characteristics.
Category: Number Theory

Emission & Absorption of Photons ( Part II ) (Electric Charge &Speed of the Extended Electron in Magnetic Field)

Authors: Hoa Van Nguyen
Comments: 4 Pages. 1 Figure

In this part II , we will discuss the influence of the emission & absorption of photons on the electric charge and speed of the extended electron when it is subject to an applying magnetic field .
Category: Classical Physics

A Quantum Tanimoto Coefficient Fidelity Measure for Entanglement Measurement

Authors: Yangyang Zhao, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 2 Pages.

Fidelity plays an important role in quantum information processing, which provides a basic scale for comparing two quantum states. At present, one of the most commonly used fidelity is Uhlmann-Jozsa (U-J) fidelity. However, U-J fidelity needs to calculate the square root of the matrix, which is not trivial in case of large or infinite density matrices. Moreover, it is found that U-J fidelity has limitations in some cases and can not well reflect the similarity between quantum states. Therefore, a novel quantum fidelity measure called quantum Tanimoto Coefficient (QTC) fidelity is proposed in this paper.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Proof that Zeta(n >= 2) is Irrational

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 6 Pages. Further simplifications of last proof.

We show that using the denominators of the terms of Zeta(n)-1=z_n as decimal bases gives all rational numbers in (0,1) as single decimals. We also show the partial sums of z_n are not given by such single digits using the partial sum's terms. These two properties yield a proof that z_n is irrational.
Category: Number Theory

The Final State of a Thermodynamical System

Authors: Kay zum Felde
Comments: 3 Pages.

The maximium of the entropy $S$ is the final state of a thermodynamical system. This is the second postulate of thermodynamics. The entropy is the measurement of the disorder of a thermodynamical system. The temprature $T$ is becoming a minimum at the final state of a thermodynamical process. \newline There are existing systems which are not following the second postulate of thermodynamics, if we take closer look. For example superconductivity and ferromagnetism. In this paper we are discussing such cases and we postulate a new law of thermodynamics.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Magnetism and Superconductivity in Hydrogenated Graphite Foils

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu, Charles R. Ebbing, Timothy J. Haugan
Comments: 23 Pages.

Unique to certain unconventional superconductors is the coexistence of magnetism and superconductivity. We have previously found ferromagnetism and superconductivity in hydrogenated graphitic materials [1]. Herein we present similar as well as completely new findings this time applicable to hydrogenated graphite foils. As the strength of the magnetic field is increased, the temperature-dependent magnetization shows several important transitions: from a N´eel paramagneticantiferromagnetic transition, to a ferromagnetic superconductor state, to an orbital paramagnetic glass high-temperature superconductor with critical temperature for the dominant phase at Tc ∼ 50 − 60 K. The ferromagnetic state is observed up to room temperature. Thus, the magnetism of hydrogenated low-density carbon graphite foils plays an important role in establishing electronic correlations of which some are superconducting in nature.
Category: Condensed Matter

The Hierarchy of the Model of 4D Matter

Authors: Valery Skorobogatov
Comments: 10 Pages. in Russian

It is sopposed in the paper that all objects in Universe has the only one root, single Essence. By deviding this notion with a help of dichotomous method we went to the notion of Universe and World which are different. At the some level of the hierachy the variant of derivation of Lorentz treanformations is appeared.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

General Principle of Psychodichotomy

Authors: Ma Curtis York
Comments: 11 Pages.

The noetic motion of the origin of consciousness is postulated by many long before and after me. Until this day, not one theory has cemented itself above all its competitors. Presenting you the Principles of Psychodichotmy, a theory concerning the origin of consciousness. I provide to you an imagination experiment that proves consciousness cannot be solely in the brain. Our consciousness depends on something to compare to and that we can only compare ourselves to ourselves. I give a convincing argument for a binary idealistic theory of consciousness. This theory is analogous to the 4E theory of cognition. However, I differ in concluding that we can divide reality into emotion. As we fluctuate between Subjective to Objective and vice versa, what draws our attention must deterministically understand we would perceive it. Whatever mathematical law that governs our universe, it must be actively looking for perceivers like me to attract and repel. Drawing our attention (objective) when attracted, (subjective) emotional when we are repelled. Unconscious processes in the brain drive the fluctuation of conscious states. Attracted to the tangent of reality gives these two states a probability. I conclude that we live in a removable discontinuity and both objective and subjective states can define our existence. Further applications, i.e. mathematical models, mathematical philosophy.
Category: Mind Science

Combinatorial Relation of Optimized Combination with Permutation

Authors: Chinnaraji Annamalai
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper presents the relations of optimized combination with traditional combination and permutation. Combinatorics is a collection of several computing techniques used in science and management. In this research paper, new results on both combination and permutation are introduced for the researchers who are involving to find solutions for the scientific problems.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

The Level of Support of the “special Military Operation” on the Territory of Ukraine Among Citizens of the Russian Federation. the Sociological Survey.

Authors: Artyom V. Bannikov
Comments: 4 Pages. The file contains English and Russian versions of the article.

On the February, 24, 2022 Russian Federation started the “special military operation” on the territory of Ukraine. The sociological survey (interview) was conducted to estimate the level of support for the “special military operation”. The difference between percentages of supporters and non-supporters (44% and 39%, correspondingly) was not statistically significant.
Category: Social Science

Memory as The Observer in Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 5 Pages.

A short and informal essay proposing that the amount of memory, required for any given observation, be added to Special Relativity as a means to encompass The Observer in Quantum Mechanics into Relativity Theory. The amount of memory required for any given observation is considered as a key hidden variable versus Quantum Mechanical phenomena. This memory amount is proposed as the fundamental aspect of any given reference frame and, thus, separates all reference frames into “slices” or individual Universes where conscious observers move between them for any given observation.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Hamiltonian Mechanics of Pseudo-Riemannian Manifolds

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 4 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

The serious obstacle for a quantum theory of general relativity is that Hamiltonian mechanics fundamentally distinguishes time from other coordinates. Postulating that the Hamiltonian dynamics of spacetime manifold must be entirely described by metric tensor, and energy-momentum tensor, I heuristically derive corresponding equivalent of Hamilton equations and then using the idea of wavefunction of spacetime, quantize the theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Nonintegrable Dynamics and the Naturalness Principle

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

Over the years, naturalness has been a key principle for guiding theory development beyond the Standard Model (BSM) and for solving the cosmological constant (CC) problem. The discovery of the Higgs boson and the exclusion of several BSM scenarios at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has set off an ongoing debate on the conceptual limitations of the naturalness paradigm. In contrast with the bulk of mainstream proposals on how to move beyond the paradigm, we argue here that the breakdown of naturalness follows from the nonintegrability of interacting field theory above the Standard Model scale.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Evolution of the Donut Chain Theory of Space and Matter

Authors: Richard L Marker
Comments: 15 Pages.

The Donut Chain Theory of Space and Matter started during the late 1970’s as one person’s attempt to understand the journey taken by nature to create space and matter in the universe. The development focused on gaining a personal conceptual understanding of how such a journey might occur. Originally, the process was never intended to be definitive; nor, was it intended to produce numerical results of any significance. It was simply meant to provide a personally plausible understanding of space and matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Five-Dimensional Cosmology Translation of (Fünfdimensionale Kosmologie)

Authors: Pascual Jordan
Comments: 24 Pages. Preprint: 2021 - The Vigier Centenary Third Regime Natural Science Toward a Physics tf The Observer 12th International Symposium Honoring Noted Mathematical Physicist Jean-Pierre Vigier

(This article(s) is translated into English by Richard L. Amoroso)

The thesis contains a comprehensive overview of various works of the author and his studies on 5D (projective) relativity theory and its application for the clarification of cosmology and star formation processes developed by Vefasser’s earlier theory. The first part provides an explanation of the projective theory of relativity (which can be read independently of other work) in the expanded form developed by the author in 1944; the invariant J = X^mu X_mu, viewed as a constant in the older version of the theory, is treated as a scalar field. Even though in my first investigations this expansion of the theory seemed to lead to a considerable complication of the formula apparatus, a very simple implementation of the mathematical theory is now possible. The second part deals with the physical interpretation of the mathematical relationships thus obtained, with the establishment of the field equations – the variability of the size of J makes it possible to give corresponding mathematical precision for Dirac's idea of a gravitational constant that changes with cosmological time – and with the application to cosmology and star formation, according to the results of Ludwig and Müller, who provided the systematic execution of my model of the cosmos and star formation developed from Dirac’s principle. Finally, relationships between the theory presented and the facts.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

One Number that Encodes Fundamental Constants of Nature

Authors: Alexander Balatsky
Comments: 19 Pages.

The paper explores an algebraic pattern that describes physical reality exclusively in terms of dimensionless quantities. This pattern reveals a spatial limit that gives rise to all fundamental constants of nature, underpins its physical structure and determines the principles of its conservation.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Are Photons Fundamental and Indivisible?

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 5 Pages. 5

An experiment is described and illustrated that may show that ordinary measurable photons are not fundamental/indivisible particles and rule out the non locality (and interaction free measurement) due to superposition of photons. Arrangements of Mach-Zehnder Interferometer apparatus are proposed for the investigation. Division at a half silvered mirror, into a part still detectable as a photon particle, the cut photon body, and a sub photon member is hypothesized. Three possible outcomes are described. Two of them support the notion of actual physical photon divisibility. One of the outcomes is not supportive of the notion. Some supplementary experiments are given for further investigation according to the outcomes found. Hope is expressed that this investigation is conducted by many institutions, so there is widespread consensus on the nature of photons. It is also hoped that this becomes a standard demonstration of that nature, whatever outcome is found.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On 2D and 3D Shapes Based On Primality Tests

Authors: Marcin Barylski
Comments: 5 Pages.

Based on primality property change for two consecutive terms of infinite sequence of natural numbers it is possible to establish rules which allow to draw a figure. This work is devoted to studies on various sequences of natural numbers which produced interesting 2D and 3D outputs.
Category: Number Theory

Chasing Oumuamua: an Apology for a Cyclic Gravity and Cosmology, Consistent with an Adaptation of General Relativity

Authors: Joseph Bakhos
Comments: 23 Pages.

Oumuamua was the first interstellar object observed to pass through the solar system. It did not follow the expected hyperbolic path, as if the pull of the Sun’s gravity was less than expected. Off-gassing normally present in comets was not observed. A modified gravity hypothesis — cyclic gravity and cosmology (CGC) — is proposed here to explain this motion. This hypothesis also would entail a greatly simplified and cyclic cosmology, potentially resolving the Hubble tension controversy.
Category: Astrophysics

From Brownian Motion via The Hubble Number to Gravity

Authors: Thomas Wäscher
Comments: 8 Pages.

Thesis 1 assumes that in an adiabatic considered Brownian Motion system the temperature would rise by a tiny heat excess. Thesis 2 postulates that the tiny heat excess in the rough range of P ≈ 10-10 Watt/kg is solely produced by the gravitational interaction of the masses, because in the adiabatic case gravity is left over as the only effective cause. Although not yet verified, the heat excess of the earth, of the big gas planets and eventually of some far away asteroids and molecular clouds may uncover some extra unexplained heat excesses. Thesis 3 assumes the Hubble number to be an indication of the heat excess, considered as a decay constant of H = Λ0 =2.27 • 10-18 s-1 (corresponding to the tailored value of 70 km/(s•Mpc) in cosmology). By multiplying with c2 any mass would exhibit a specific energy release of p/m = 0.204 Watt/kg or m ̇/m = 2.27•10-18 kg/(kg•s). This is postulated as an emission of a yet unknown quantum flow with the velocity of light c resulting in a specific scalar repulsive or recoil force |f| = m ̇/m c = 6,8•10-10 N/kg on the emitting mass. Thesis 4 identifies this as the self-gravitation of any mass and energy in the universe and it is supposed that Λ0 (former H) is the cause of gravity. A consequential stationary background scalar field |a| = Λ0•c in the universe creates gravitational redshift which is equivalent to the apparent accelerated expansion. Thesis 5 tries to reduce the scalar from the sphere to an unidirectional vector by dividing by π2 which then appears as the gravitational constant G. By the more precise value of G now Λ0 (former H) can be corrected to 2,20•10-18 s-1•corresponding to 67,89 km/(s•Mpc), the lower Planck- and WMAP-satellite value of the contemporary Hubble number discussion. Final remarks contain historical and modern ideas about the minimum mass of a hypothetical graviton. The prerequisites of an experiment are described which eventually can verify the postulated tiny heat excess.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Mathematics of Zero-Dimensional Space

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 11 Pages.

Examined here is zero-dimensional space, or more simply the mathematics and physics of a “point”. Here, it is considered that there has been a great oversight in physics modelling regarding the mathematics and physics of a point, so much so an anomaly has developed in the current ΛCDM model owing to the oversight. This oversight and associated anomaly shall be identified and rectified in the current ΛCDM model, thence proposing an upgraded cosmological model that can better account for the oversight and associated cosmological anomaly. The conclusion here is that the next step to the ΛCDM model is a new cosmological model prescribing the mathematics of zero-dimensional space, which then readjusts the ΛCDM model, proposing a more complete pan-phenomena and pan-data model for cosmology.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Quantum Mechanics Emerging from Complex Brownian Motions

Authors: Mohsen Farshad
Comments: 6 Pages.

The connection between the Schrodinger equation and Einstein diffusion theory on basis of Brownianmotion of independent particles is well known. However, in contrast to diffusion theory, quantummechanics theory has suffered controversial interpretations due to the counterintuitive concept ofwavefunction. Here, while we confirm there is no difference in the mathematical form of these twoequations, we derive the complex version of displacement. Using diffusion theory of particles in amedium, as simple as it is, we describe that quantum mechanics is just an elegant and subtle equationto describe the probability of all the trajectories that a particle can take to propagate in time by apredictive wavefunction. Therefore, information on the position of particles through time in quantumtheory is embedded in the wavefunction which predicts the evolution of an ensemble of individualBrownian particles.
Category: Quantum Physics

Cycleexpander to Construct Directed Hamiltonian Circuit Hexcyclespanner to Tighten Directed Hamiltonian Circuit

Authors: Keshava Prasad Halemane
Comments: 10 Pages.

HexCycleSpanner (HCS) is a novel tool designed to achieve an elementary cycle refinement operation (ECRO) that is used to tighten a Directed Hamiltonian Circuit (dHC) - to be used iteratively as an extremely powerful technique to transform any given dHC to an optimum Shortest Directed Hamiltonian Circuit. Application to solving Asymmetric Travelling Salesman Problem (aTSP) is quite evident. ECRO uses a HCS to achieve an exchange of an outgoing arc-triplet of the given dHC with a corresponding incoming arc-triplet from outside the given dHC, thus resulting in a reconstructed transformed permuted dHC, while retaining the original direction/orientation of the given dHC. Effectively, the removal of the outgoing arc-triplet separates the given dHC into three cut-segments that are again rejoined by the incoming arc-triplet resulting in the reconstructed transformed permuted dHC wherein the original orientation of the dHC is retained - as defined by the orientation of the three cut-segments. This ECRO is analogous to the simplex pivot operation of Linear Programming wherein an exchange of the outgoing basic variable row with the incoming nonbasic variable column is performed to transform a given simplex tableaux representation into another equivalent simplex tableau representation that may be closer to the optimum tableaux. The concept of HexCycleSpanner can be generalized and extended to include incoming directed paths rather than incoming arcs to give rise to what may be called a CycleExpander (CyclExp) that may be used as an effective tool to construct a Directed Hamiltonian Circuit. The absence of a ‘global effectiveness measure’ (‘gem’) for aTSP - unlike in the case of LP - requires one to use a reference data base of optimum/shortest directed path between pairs of nodes to enhance the computational efficiency of the proposed iterative ECRO algorithm.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Simple Proof of FLT for Primes n > 2

Authors: P. Aaron Bloom
Comments: 2 Pages.

We parametrize the Fermat equation, X ^ n + Y ^ n = Z ^ n, with a form that explicitly shows no integral solution for odd n > 1.
Category: Number Theory

Double-Slit and Aharonov-Bohm Experiments in Magnetic Field

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 10 Pages. original article

We discuss the two-slit experiment and the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) experiment in the magnetic field. The electron moving in magnetic field produces so called synchrotron radiation. In other words the photons are emitted from the points of the electron trajectory and it means that the trajectory of electron is visible in the synchrotron radiation spectrum. The extension of the discussion to the cosmical rays moving in the magnetic field of the Saturn magnetosphere and its rings is mentioned. It is related to the probe CASSINI. The solution of the problem in the framework of the hydrodynamical model of quantum mechanics and the nonlinear quantum mechanics is also mentioned.
Category: Quantum Physics

Conjectures Emerging not-so-Unsettled: Oppermann’s, Firoozbakht’s, Legendre’s, Andrica’s, Brocard’s, Etc.

Authors: Arthur Shevenyonov
Comments: 13 Pages. standard results in the lit could be inferred more efficiently, too

All of the key Conjectures that may still be of interest beyond, or irrespective of, assuming the validity of RH appear straightforward to tackle with a handful of minimalist instruments based on the RI solely. A host of extra Propositions (zeta based formulae & equivalences) being spawned from the latter pillar as a ‘side effect’ of importance in its own right.
Category: Number Theory

Magic Balls

Authors: Uri Lachish
Comments: 5 Pages.

There are no true images that comply with Lambert's cosine light scattering law. There is no reasonable explanation to the uniform appearance of the full moon image. There is no explanation at all of the uniform appearance of the "blue marble" the full earth image.
Category: Astrophysics

Upgrading of Entropy of the Universe

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 11 Pages.

The dynamic space is structured by three fundamental elements, namely length, elementary electric charges (units) and forces. A spherical deformity of the space has occurred, which has created an equality of the peripheral and radial cohesive forces (Universal symmetry). Close to the Universe center this equality is breached, thus causing the Genesis of the primary form of matter and the Universal antigravity force, whereby the Hubble’s Law is proved. At the periphery of the Universe the dynamic formation of particles is turned back to the dynamic space and the vacuums of their cores end up into the vacuum-nonexistence, thus resulting the upgrading of entropy of the Universe. Actually, by the dissolution of the space deformations, the oriented forces (high entropy) are restored in the form of space cohesive forces (zero entropy). However, collisions of the charged particles take place onto the elastic membrane at the periphery of the Universe. The above membrane consequently oscillates and causes the acceleration of a residue of the charged particles towards the interior of the Universe and, since the charged particles arrive at the periphery of the Universe at the same centrifugal speed and are degraded by the same mechanism, they provoke a weak and constant Cosmic background radiation.
Category: Astrophysics

Sums of Bi-Quadratics with Integer Coefficents

Authors: Seiji Tomita, Oliver Couto
Comments: 12 Pages.

We consider two types of equations shown below: ax^4+ by^4= cz^4+ dw^4 ax^4+ by^4+ cz^4= dw^4 Condition: product (abcd) not equal to zero Existence of solution for Diophantine equation: ax^4+ by^4= cz^4+ dw^4 & ax^4+ by^4+ cz^4= dw^4, are known if (abcd) is square number& product not equal to zero. So we are curious about whether above equation has a solution if (abcd) is not square number & product not equal to zero. In particular, when does this equation have infinitely many integer solutions? Bremner, A., & Choudhry, A., & Ulas [1] have showed the solution family of the similar equation ( ax^4+ by^4+ cz^4+ dw^4= 0 ) with infinitely many rational points using elliptic curve theory. We show other family of solution of this equation with infinitely many rational points. As a bonus we have considered an interesting case of equation (ax^4+ by^4= az^4+ bw^4) in which the product of the coefficents is a square number, but has been parameterized by using only algebraic methods without taking re-course to elliptic curve theory.
Category: Number Theory

On Interaction Free Testing and Photon Divisibility

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 2 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Informed by the results of double slit experiments and experiments involving half silvered mirrors, photon divisibility is proposed. The nature of the divided parts is given as well as terminology for describing and identifying the different parts. The photon parts are used to explain the outcomes of the Elitzur-Vaidman bomb tester experiment. It is concluded that: The photon splitting proposition can be used for prediction and explanation. As a viable alternative to use of superposition. Explaining experimentally observed outcomes of similar scenarios using detectors other than bombs. Interaction free detection is a misnomer. As this result relies upon the sub photon member being taken out of ‘circulation’ at the bomb. (An interaction). So it can not reunite and interfere. That enabling the chance of detection by detector D.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Temporal Mechanics Xemdir Field Resolving Zero-Point Energy, Negative Energy, Anti-Em, Anti-Gravity, Symmetry Breaking, and Baryon Asymmetry

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 60 Pages.

Here shall be presented the Temporal Mechanics derived XEMDIR (flatline EM destructive interference resonance) field theory for negative energy and its association to zero-point energy (ZPE), and how such is structured from a time-equation for space, together with a description of its proposed phenomenal features. Fundamentally, the ideas of symmetry breaking, CP violation, and Baryon asymmetry shall be described in the context of this proposed XEMDIR field effect, also describing the phenomenal features of quantum entanglement and a new proposal for gravitational entanglement. Through this description shall be detailed cosmological phenomena consistent with these proposals in ultimately resolving the cosmological “Axis of Evil” problem.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Combinatorics and Frequency Distributions as the Determining Factors of Electron and Nuclear Spectra

Authors: Anatoly V. Belyakov
Comments: 11 Pages. 11 p., 10 fig.

It has been established that electronic and nuclear spectra can be calculated and formed using combinatorics and frequency distributions (FD) provided that electrons, nucleons and other elementary particles in the composition of an atom are represented as unit structureless elements. The examples given show a good match between the calculated spectra and the experimental ones. The program for calculating spectrograms has been compiled.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Thoughts on the Nature of Neutrinos

Authors: A. I. Andreus
Comments: 12 Pages, in Russian and English of Google

The world consists of forms of movement and transformation of matter, which in other words, as synonyms, are the bricks of the world, the first bricks. It was quite possible for both Pauli and Fermi to proceed from the concept of electron and positron, but electrons do not exist in the atom, so to speak, in finished form, there they are in the families of ensembles of matter electrino and positrino, which, families of ensembles, most of all have the essence of nuclei.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Planck Plasma and the Debye Length

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Debye length plays a central role in plasma physics and also for semiconductors. We are investigating what the Debye length would be for a hypothetical plasma consisting of Planck mass particles; in other words, what we could coin: Planck plasma. This, we think, could be of interest as the Planck scale is assumed to play a central role in quantum gravity theory and potentially also quantum gravity computers.
Category: Quantum Physics

Properties of a Possible Unification Algebra

Authors: Robert Gordon Wallace
Comments: 14 Pages.

An algebra providing a possible basis for the standard model is presented. The algebra is generated by combining the trigintaduonion Cayley-Dickson algebra with the complexified space-time Clifford algebra. Subalgebras are assigned to represent multivectors for transverse coordinates. When a requirement for isotropy with respect to spatial coordinates is applied to those subalgebras, the structure generated forms a pattern matching that of the fermions and bosons of the standard model.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Rooks Sitting on the Chessboard

Authors: Zhong Wang
Comments: 6 Pages.

Antique prime number problems are generalized as one family and transformed into quantitative domination. Introducing prime pair, the longest gap in Moiré Pattern, remainder sequence, primorial ring and etc. A makeover view of number as a closed ring.
Category: Number Theory

Preons: New Model Consistent with Many Modes of Decay of Subatomic Particles

Authors: George Baxter
Comments: 14 Pages.

Preons are postulated sub-units of quarks and other sub-atomic particles of the Standard Model. Their investigation and theoretical development have historically been limited due to the lack of experimental evidence to date. This article proposes a completely new model of preons and demonstrates a high degree of consistency with the observed decay modes of many sub-atomic particles and with the observed radioactive decays of atomic nuclei, and it also suggests deeper order below the quarks
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A Dictionary of Plant Sciences by Michael Allaby and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya kumar Biswas
Comments: 22 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study A Dictionary of Plant Sciences, the fourth edition, by Michael Allaby from the Oxford University Press. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4, βH = 0.02), i.e.the Bethe-Peierls curve in the presence of four nearest neighbours and little external magnetic field, H, with βH = 0.02. β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant. This is the case with A Dictionary Of Psychology by A. M. Colman from the Oxford University Presswe have studied before. It appears that the branch of Plant Sciences is tantalizingly closer to the branch of Psychology, internally.
Category: Mind Science

Is Our Research Productivity in Decline? a New Approach in Resolving the Controversy

Authors: Gennady Shkliarevsky
Comments: 36 Pages.

This contribution examines the current controversy over research productivity. There are two sides in this controversy. Using extensive data from several industries and areas of research, one side argues that research productivity is currently in decline. The other side disputes this conclusion. It contends that the data used in making this argument are selective and limited; they do not reflect the overall state of research. The conclusion that follows from this critique is that the indicators of research productivity we currently use are not reliable and do not warrant a definitive answer to the problem. The article agrees that we need a new set of indicators in assessing research productivity. It proposes that we should look at global indicators related to knowledge production in general, rather than look at selective data that are inevitably limited in their scope. The article argues that the process of creation plays the essential role in knowledge production. Therefore, the perspective that uses the process of creation as its central organizing principle offers a unique and global view on the production of knowledge and makes a definitive resolution of the controversy possible. The article also outlines some steps for improving research productivity and realizing the full potential of the human capacity to produce knowledge. Key words: Research productivity, knowledge growth, the process of creation, levels of organization, equilibration and the production of disequilibrium.
Category: Economics and Finance

Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem (Using 6 Methods)

Authors: Mantzakouras Nikos
Comments: 26 Pages.

The Pythagorean theorem is perhaps the best known theorem in the vast world of mathematics.A simple relation of square numbers, which encapsulates all the glory of mathematical science, isalso justifiably the most popular yet sublime theorem in mathematical science. The starting pointwas Diophantus’ 20 th problem (Book VI of Diophantus’ Arithmetica), which for Fermat is for n= 4 and consists in the question whether there are right triangles whose sides can be measuredas integers and whose surface can be square. This problem was solved negatively by Fermat inthe 17 th century, who used the wonderful method (ipse dixit Fermat) of infinite descent. Thedifficulty of solving Fermat’s equation was first circumvented by Willes and R. Taylor in late1994 ([1],[2],[3],[4]) and published in Taylor and Willes (1995) and Willes (1995). We presentthe proof of Fermat’s last theorem and other accompanying theorems in 4 different independentways. For each of the methods we consider, we use the Pythagorean theorem as a basic principleand also the fact that the proof of the first degree Pythagorean triad is absolutely elementary anduseful. The proof of Fermat’s last theorem marks the end of a mathematical era; however, theurgent need for a more educational proof seems to be necessary for undergraduates and students ingeneral. Euler’s method and Willes’ proof is still a method that does not exclude other equivalentmethods. The principle, of course, is the Pythagorean theorem and the Pythagorean triads, whichform the basis of all proofs and are also the main way of proving the Pythagorean theorem in anunderstandable way. Other forms of proofs we will do will show the dependence of the variableson each other. For a proof of Fermat’s theorem without the dependence of the variables cannotbe correct and will therefore give undefined and inconclusive results . It is, therefore, possible to prove Fermat's last theorem more simply and equivalently than the equation itself, without monomorphisms. "If one cannot explain something simply so that the last student can understand it, it is not called an intelligible proof and of course he has not understood it himself." R.Feynman Nobel Prize in Physics .1965.
Category: Algebra

Whether American English is the Most Influential Variety of English in the World Today.

Authors: Michelle Tan, Li Shuyang
Comments: 8 Pages. Pls email me if there is any problem.

This article explains about whether American English is the most influential type of english today by using statistics of population and the form of english people use in social media.
Category: Linguistics

Formulae for Zeta (Odd)

Authors: E. Zhou, M. Zhou
Comments: 2 Pages.

There are the closed-form representations of the Euler’s Zeta function at odd positive integers in this article.
Category: Number Theory

Internal Structure of All Particles

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 21 Pages.

In my book, I described internal structure of gauge bosons, Higgs bosons, leptons, masses of quarks, lightest mesons, all Upsilons, nucleons, hyperons and all chi-b (42 particles). In other my paper, I described Type-X particles (8 particles). Here we described all other baryons with 4- or 3-star status (144 baryons) and all other mesons marked with a dot on the list of mesons (116 mesons). We described also the pseudoscalar axion and solved the strong CP problem not via an axion field.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Three Methods for Calculating Dark Energy and Dark Matter

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this study, the ratio of dark energy to dark matter was calculated from the following three methods: 1) Cosmological con-stant and Hubble constant, 2) Integration of four forces, and 3) Z boson and H boson. In all three, the ratio of dark energy was equally calculated as 72.92%. The amount of ordinary matter does not affect this calculation. This means that the universe is a 4D sphere.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Literature Review of Recent Advancements in Hypergraph Learning as it Relates to Optimizer

Authors: Siddhant Kumar Jha, Zhi Hua Zhou
Comments: 8 Pages.

Hypergraphs are a generalization of a graph in which an edge can join any number of vertices. In contrast, in an ordinary graph, an edge connects exactly two vertices.The applications of hypergraphs can range from analogical explainations such as social networks to hard generalities in the case of collabarative game theory where they are known as simple games. The more abstract applications can be used in localized and global optimizations of radial function under computational geometry , and the optmizers generated could also be used to solve linear scheduling problems. The theoretical approach developed under these categories can be used in embedding . cluster-ing and classification which can be solved through the application of spectral hypergraph clustering too.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Universe Exists Inside a 4D Quantum Hole

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 2 Pages.

Ordinary matter in the universe is currently suggested to be about 1.45E53 kg. The age of the universe is 13.787 billion years, so its distance is 1.304E26 m. The Schwarzschild mass of this value is 0.8782E53 kg, and multiplying 2π, the value is calculated as 5.518E53 kg. The ratio of 1.45E53 to 5.518E53 is 26.28%. In 2018 Plank results, the ratio of dark matter is presented as 26.19%. The two values are very similar. From cosmological constant of 1.1056E-52/m2, the cosmological constant time of 10.053 billion years is calculated. This means the time of the birth of the first life in the universe. 10.053 billion years / dark energy 72.916% is 13.787 billion years, and from this, the Hubble constant of constant expansion is calculated as 70.92 km/s/Mpc.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Gravitational Dynamics from Multifractal Geometry

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 7 Pages.

Emergent gravity builds upon the formal connection between classical Thermodynamics and the field equations of General Relativity. Drawing from the thermodynamic interpretation of multifractals, we speculate here that gravitational dynamics follows from the multifractal geometry of spacetime far above the Fermi scale. Our brief report suggests that a) informational entropy corresponds to the Beckenstein-Hawking entropy and b), Newton’s constant corresponds to the information dimension, a defining attribute of multifractal scaling.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

One Century since Bergman, Szego and Bochner on Reproducing Kernels

Authors: Heinrich Begehr, Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this note, we wrote the preface for the first volume of the International Journal of Reproducing Kernels (The Roman Science Publications and Distributions (RSPD): https://romanpub.com/ijrk.php). Incidentally, this year is one century since the origin of reproducing kernels at Berlin. For some detailed information of the origin and some global situation of the theory of reproducing kernels with the content of the first volume are introduced.
Category: Functions and Analysis