All Submission Categories

Analyse the Relation Between Graph Matching and Edge Cover

Authors: Vishal Pandey, Dhiraj Ojha
Comments: 3 Pages.

In Graph Theory, there is a concept of the matching the graph and the covering of edge I haveto find the relation between both of them however there is no restriction which specifications we have to take either maximum matching or minimum edge cover and maximum edge coveror minimum matching and any other like perfect matching. I had taken a simple and a adjustable set functions of (maximum and minimum) which will be helpful in the counter partof the calculations. The assumption which we have taken is maximum graph matching and minimal edge cover in the arbitrary graph. After doing all the calculations for this situation which we have taken we got the sum of the maximum matching and minimum edge cover is less than equal to the vertices.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

On a Fundamental Limit to Space and Time

Authors: Alexander N. Balatsky
Comments: 23 Pages.

In addressing certain challenges of mathematical physics, the paper relies on an idea that physical reality is amenable to a complete description in terms of numerical quantities. What makes that idea extremely relevant to physical theory is that it yields an algebraic pattern that allows us not only to reveal a fundamental limit of the universe, but also to show that it is exactly this quantity that underpins the physical structure of the universe, determines the principles of its conservation and gives rise to all fundamental physical constants.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Mechanism that Prevents Information from Entering the Event Horizon

Authors: Xianda Duan
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form -Please confirm!]

For a very long time Black hole information paradox has troubled us. Once the information falls into the event horizon, we don't know how it can be released back out. Which violates the principle that the state of a system at one point in time should determine its value at any other time, thus causing paradoxes. This article describes a novel model of the black hole which fundamentally prevents information from falling into the event horizon. Here we show how the gravitational length contractions and dilation can make every point in space neared a strong gravitational field remain a bijection relationship between any two observations as the gravitational field varies. Consequently making all the information located on these points never fall into the event horizon. The observer also can never enter the event horizon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Dominating Number of Expansions

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, we study the notion of dominating number of expansions.
Category: Algebra

The Type of the Interaction of the Particle Can Explain the Wave-Particle Duality

Authors: Jozsef Garai
Comments: 4 Pages.

Experiments leading to the development of the wave-particle duality concept have been investigated. Analyzing the conditions of these previous experiments, it has been concluded that the wave or particle behavior depends on the type of interaction of the particle with its surroundings. The particle's interaction with “field” results in wave behavior, while interaction with “matter” results in particle behavior. The interaction between the particle and its surroundings occurs at the interface. Field surrounds the entire particle; therefore, the interaction occurs at the surface, “surface” interaction. The interaction of the particles with matter can be considered as point-like interaction, or “bulk” interaction.
Category: Quantum Physics

Bright Black Holes and Bright Dark Matter

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 11 Pages.

Black hole (BH) event horizons can appear to us as black, or bright. Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in frequencies we detect cannot overcome a BH’s net incoming push/shadow gravity streams which establish the virtual horizon. Inside are also highly energetic photonic strings with much higher frequencies and shorter lengths beyond the resolution of existing spectrographs. If our modern science could register all of the radiating higher frequencies, we would quickly discover that black hole horizons can appear as very bright beacons. Sub-Planck dimensions outside event horizons also host high-frequency Dark Matter (DM) photons, which are individually bright, but sufficiently diffuse in space clouds as to appear less luminous.
Category: Astrophysics

Photon Theory of Gravity – An (Alterntiave) from Einstein’s Relativity

Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 46 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Based on a postulate that photons of low frequencies (undetectable by current technology) are the gravity force carrier, the paper derives quantitative results that are the same as or very similar to those derived in the special and general relativity theories and explains experiments and observations better. These quantitative results are the mass-energy formula, the energy momentum equation, and those for relative mass, the transverse Doppler effect, gravitational red shift, planetary precession, the deflection angle of light in gravitational lensing, the orbits around a black hole, and the strength and direction of gravitational waves (orbit decay of pulsars). At the detailed level, the results and explanations are different from some of those achieved using Einstein’s relativity theory, such as the explanation of the null experimental result for the Doppler effect of electromagnetic waves reflected from a transversely moving surface, the reason for gravitational red shift, and the size of the light sphere around a black hole. The paper claims that both the high-order Doppler effect and the gravitational red shift occur only at the point of photon emission. The paper also explains why the predicted deflection angle of gravitational lensing is slightly greater than the measured deflection angle and why the predicted pulsar orbit decay is close but differs from calculations based on observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Time Dilation or Just Emission Frequency Dilation? a New Conclusion from re-Examining Historical Experiments

Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 12 Pages.

The time dilation effect seems proven by numerous experiments and is widely accepted by the physics community. However, by re-examining the relevant historical experiments, this paper finds that the claimed time dilation effect is merely an emission frequency dilation of a moving light source or a source in a gravity field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Light Cones Quantum Gravity

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 17 Pages.

Gravity can be evaluated by simple rotations of light cones, here I will explore idea of Minkowski space-time rotations. Those rotations lead to natural interpretation of spin that can be thought as components of rotation of parts of light cone. Graviton field then is a field of rotation of light cones and so rotation of Minkowski space-time both in space and time or in space only for spin. This approach does not brake at Planck energy and gives results very close to General Relativity till event horizon of a black hole. I assume anti-matter field that moves backwards in time, that makes model complete in mathematical sense. I present all bosonic fields model but i do not present each particle state.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Bayes Theorem

Authors: James Edwin Rock
Comments: 1 Page.

A simple explanation of the use of Bayes Theorem with AIDS testing results.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Comparison of Instrumentally Measured Temperature with Other Instrumentally Measured or Observed Geophysical Quantities.

Authors: Mikhail Kovalyov
Comments: 24 Pages.

In this review, we demonstrate a striking similarity between instrumentally measured temperature, the speed of the magnetic North Pole as a proxy for the changes in the Earth's magnetic field, seismic activity, and UFO sightings as a proxy for energy transfer between near-Earth space and the Earth's atmosphere. New research (some as recent as 2021) points towards the Van Allen Belts as the main contributor to global warming.
Category: Climate Research

Evolution of the Universe in an Infinite Space

Authors: Thomas Bradley
Comments: 6 Pages.

This hypothesis considers the current universe to be a result of evolution in an infinite data space. The laws and properties of the universe are explained in terms of their function as evolutionary products. There is evidence for this hypothesis in the form of error correcting codes (see section 2.4).
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Toward a Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: James Edwin Rock
Comments: 1 Page.

The Mӧbius function µ(j)= -1,0,1 depending on whether j has an odd number of factors, a square factor, or an even number of factors. The Mertens function m(n) is j = 1 to n, ∑ µ(j). For all n, |m(n)| < (2)(sqrt(n)). |m(n)| = O(sqrt(n), and therefore the Riemann Hypothesis is true.
Category: Number Theory

Chlorine Dioxide: Does it Contribute to Human Health? a Brief Review

Authors: Humberto Bastidas-Ortiz
Comments: 9 Pages. Field evidence shows that chlorine dioxide, when properly administered, can redeem from COVID-19

Chlorine dioxide, ClO2, a non-patentable substance, is a molecule composed by two of the most disinfectant elements found in nature, chlorine and oxygen, both of them electronegative. As early as 1850, ClO2 has been being used in the oxidation of water and, since 1944, in the treatment of waste water and the bleaching of cellulose. Similarly, oxygen, in the form of hydrogen peroxide, is used to disinfect ambulances, hospital rooms and medical equipment, among other applications. Recently, the Global Health and Life Coalition (GHLC) has reported favourable results in the treatment of COVID-19 using ClO2 under a parameterized protocol design by scientists members of this organization. Other research works carried out in dierent parts of the world sustain the hypothesis that, as a relatively stable radical and as a highly oxidant regardless of the pH in its surroundings, ClO2 and its application in an area so sensitive as human health presents itself as an alternative worth studying further.
Category: Chemistry

The Statistical Origin of Einstein's Famous Formula

Authors: Dennis Bluver
Comments: 2 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

In this paper, it will be demonstrated that the formula e=mc^2 can be derived very simply using a model of a particle undergoing an inhomogeneous random walk at the speed of light. This is a simple, intuitive and mechanistic derivation of the famous formula that does not actually rely on special relativity.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Proof of Riemann Hypothesis by Vector Properties of Riemann Zeta Function and Rubber Strip Model

Authors: Tae Beom Lee
Comments: 26 Pages. The revised version of the previous one, 'Two Proofs of Riemann Hypothesis by Vector Properties of Riemann Zeta Function'

The Riemann Hypothesis (RH) states that the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function (RZF) ζ(s) or the Dirichlet Eta Function(DEF) η(s) for a complex variable s = x + iy is of the form s = 0.5 + iy. In this thesis, we treat each term of the RZF as a vector. We showed some vector properties of the RZF by tracing term vectors. If there exist zeros whose real part is not 0.5, such as ζ(α + iβ) = ζ(1-α + iβ) = 0, the trajectory of ζ(α + iy) and ζ(1-α + iy) must intersect at the origin when y = β. To check if this can happen, we introduced the rubber strip model, and by using the Cauchy-Riemann differential equations, we induced a contradiction, ζ(s) = constant, which proves the RH. In appendices, we provided the source programs for visualizing vector traces of the RZF. We also suggested three other possible proofs of the RH for further studies.
Category: Number Theory

The Expansion of Spacetime

Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper, the physical universe is modelled as an expanding Minkowski space, and this obviates the need for dark energy to be included in the cosmological model. The observed accelerated expansion in the current epoch can be understood purely on the basis of a mass-dominated universe, where deceleration due to gravity is more than compensated for by expansion of the time dimension. In the epoch prior to this, when a linear expansion of the scale factor occurred, the universe was radiation-dominated, and in the very early exponentially expanding universe, cosmic inflation can be attributed to an expanding ensemble of non-interacting particles. This is very different behaviour from that deduced from the currently accepted cosmological model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Confusing Constructs

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 2 Pages. This is part of the Hilbert Book Model Project

Confusing metaphors that are popular in use can have disastrous consequences and put science on the wrong track for a long time. It may well be that the fact that in-depth theoretical research is making little progress is caused by the continued use of confusing metaphors.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Radiation Pressure as Unphysical Fantasy

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 1 Page.

By applying reprehensible physics in a hidden way, the phenomenon of radiation pressure got the chance to be accepted worldwide.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Hypergraph Deployment with Self-abrasive Deep Neural Networks and CSGANS

Authors: Siddhant Kumar Jha
Comments: 6 Pages.

The objective of the study is to develop a definitive meta-analysis of the recent developments in hyper-graph theories’ application in the field and study of deep learning and more widely in Machine learning , the applications of this particular technique may range simple classification tuning to more advanced abstract GANs in the field of regenerative graphical systems and computer vision in general,In our experiments, we use a novel random walk procedure and show that our model achieves and, in most cases, surpasses state-of-the-art performance on benchmark data sets. Additionally we also try to display our classification performance as compared to traditional Statistical Techniques , ML algorithms as well as Classical and new Deep learning algorithms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On the Non-Linear Refractive Index-Curvature Relation

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: Written in English, 4 pages, no figure.

The refractive index-curvature relation is formulated using the second rank tensor of Ricci curvature as a consequence of a scalar refractive index. A scalar refractive index describes (an isotropic) linear optics. In (an isotropic) non-linear optics, this scalar refractive index is decomposed into a contravariant fourth rank tensor of non-linear refractive index and a covariant fourth rank tensor of susceptibility. In topological space, both a contravariant fourth rank tensor of non-linear refractive index and a covariant fourth rank tensor of susceptibility, are related to the Euler-Poincare characteristic, a topological invariant.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Three Methods for Calculating Dark Energy and Dark Matter

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this study, the ratio of dark energy to dark matter was calculated from the following three methods: 1) Cosmological con-stant and Hubble constant, 2) Integration of four forces, and 3) Z boson and H boson. In all three, the ratio of dark energy was equally calculated as 72.92%. The amount of ordinary matter does not affect this calculation. This means that the universe is a 4D sphere.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Riemann Hypothesis: Aspiring Toward Perfect Simplicity

Authors: Arthur V. Shevenyonov
Comments: 2 Pages. a most minimalist, elementary approach

The oft-ventured yet elusive Riemann Hypothesis allows for some unparalleled, perfecting simplicity which arguably denies any more-economical means. An overlap obtains with prior work from a drastically different angle.
Category: Number Theory

Ekagi-Dutch-English-Indonesian Dictionary by J. Steltenpool and the Onsager's Solution

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 18 Pages.

We consult Ekagi-Dutch-English-Indonesian Dictionary by J. Steltenpool. Here we count all the Ekagi head words initiating with a letter. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter. We find that the words underlie a magnetisation curve. The magnetisation curve i.e. the graph of the reduced magnetisation vs the reduced temperature is the exact Onsager solution of the two dimensional Ising model in the absence of external magnetic field.
Category: Condensed Matter

Dilating Loop Relativity: An Examination of Gluon Field Excitation as the Initiating Cause of Time Dilation, Gravity and Dark Matter

Authors: Andrew B. Evans
Comments: 20 Pages.

Relying on known concepts of general relativity and quantum field theory, and using the Maxwell and Schwarzschild equations, this paper will investigate how charged gluon spin and subsequent excitation of the gluon field surrounding a gravitational mass result in the dilation of the particulate space of loop quantum gravity and the concurrent dilation of time; generally known as the warping of spacetime, which of course is gravity itself. This paper will also show that for any moving object the bow shock wave in the gluon field generates an analogous excitation of the field, thus leading to kinetic time dilation, gravity, and a new origin of dark matter. Furthermore, this paper will show that the gravitational behavior of a warped spacetime model based on a weather low pressure system is more appropriate than the commonly envisioned bowling ball in a trampoline. Finally, this paper will present a method of testing and proving the theory using frozen hydrogen, polarized with respect to the internal gluon spin.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Effects in Graphitic Materials: Colossal Magnetoresistance, Andreev Reflections, Ferromagnetism, and Granular Superconductivity

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu, Charles R. Ebbing, Benjamin T. Pierce, Timothy J. Haugan
Comments: 9 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Unlike the more common local conductance spectroscopy, nonlocal conductance can differentiate between nontopological zero-energy modes localized around inhomogeneities, and true Majorana edge modes in the topological phase. In particular, negative nonlocal conductance is dominated by the crossed Andreev reflection. Fundamentally, the effect reflects the system’s topology. In graphene, the Andreev reflection and the inter-band Klein tunneling couple electronlike and hole-like states through the action of either a superconducting pair potential or an electrostatic potential. We are here probing quantum phenomena in modified graphitic samples. Four-point contact transport measurements at cryogenic to room temperatures were conducted using a Quantum Design Physical Property Measurement System. The observed negative nonlocal differential conductance Gdiff probes the Andreev reflection at the walls of the superconducting grains coupled by Josephson effect through the semiconducting matrix. In addition, Gdiff shows the butterfly shape that is characteristic to resistive random-access memory devices. In a magnetic field, the Andreev reflection counters the effect of the otherwise lowered conduction. At low temperatures, the magnetoresistance shows irreversible yet strong giant oscillations that are known to be quantum in nature. In addition, we have found evidence for seemingly granular superconductivity. Thus, graphitic materials show potential for quantum electronics applications, including rectification and topological states.
Category: Condensed Matter

Division Algebra Covariant Derivative

Authors: Richard D. Lockyer
Comments: 11 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

The classical definition for the gradient, divergence and curl utilizing the limit as the volume approaches zero, of the ratio of the integral over the enclosing surface divided by the integral over the enclosed volume can be consolidated to form an Ensemble Derivative. This form is constructed initially as a diffeomorphism between two compatible coordinate sets, one representing the intrinsic division algebra basis; u(v) and the other some basis v(u) within which differentiation is defined. The result is the structure for general covariance for division algebra analysis, where covariant differential equations are constructed by full applications of the Ensemble Derivative.
Category: Mathematical Physics

An Autonomous Mechanical Maxwell's Demon

Authors: Xiangwei Sun
Comments: 11 Pages.

Szilard proposes three engine models in 1929 to resolve several paradoxes arising from Maxwell's Demon. We analyze Szilard's second demon models. We show that the second one,apparently employs distinct molecular species and semipermeable membranes. On this basis, we propose a fourth model of Szilard's engines. The mechanism of this model is based on Raoult's law and Van't Hoff's law in colligative properties of aqueous solutions, coupling the evaporating process of water molecules with the reverse osmosis process of water molecules, forms a spontaneous thermodynamic cycle composed.We find:(i) The cycle can proceed spontaneously in a gravitational field, without the need for an external force to do its work;(ii) The continuous flow of water molecules in the cycle, like the continuous current in a superconducting ring, can continue for a long time, but it is not a perpetual motion machine and does not violate the second law of thermodynamics;(iii) The cycle is capable of doing what Maxwell's Demon does, it is capable of producing a temperature difference in a single hot bath heated at temperature equilibrium. (iv) Its transitory functioning as an engine that converts disorganized heat energy to work is governed by the Onsager reciprocal relations. Taken together, this Szilard's fourth model is a new self-consistent, non-equilibrium thermodynamic cycle that provides a new theoretical model for understanding that quasi-perpetual motion processes and autonomous mechanical Maxwell's Demon do exist in nature.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Big History of Humanity: A Macrohistory, Macrosociology and Metahistory of Humankind

Authors: Rochelle Forrester
Comments: 250 Pages.

It is proposed that the ultimate cause of much historical, social and cultural change is the gradual accumulation of human knowledge of the environment. Human beings use the materials in their environment to meet their needs and increased human knowledge of the environment enables human needs to be met in a more efficient manner. Human needs direct human research into particular areas and this provides a direction for historical, social and cultural development. The human environment has a particular structure and human beings have a particular place in it so that human knowledge of the environment is acquired in a particular order. The simplest knowledge, or the knowledge closest to us, is acquired first and more complex knowledge, or knowledge further from us is acquired later. The order of discovery determines the course of human social and cultural history as knowledge of new and more efficient means of meeting human needs results in new technology, which results in the development of new social and ideological systems. This means human history, or a major part of human history, had to follow a particular course, a course that is determined by the structure of the human environment. An examination of the structure of the human environment will reveal the particular order in which our discoveries had to be made. Given that a certain level of knowledge will result in a particular type of society, it is possible to ascertain the types of societies that were inevitable in human history. While it is not possible to make predictions about the future course of human history, it is possible to explain and understand why human history has followed a particular path and why it had to follow that particular path.
Category: Social Science

Pati-Salam Gut from Grassmann Number Factorization in SU (2) Supergauge Theories

Authors: Théo Lesieux
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper will propose a new construction of the SU(4)×SU(2)×SU(2) Pati-Salam gauge symmetry. It is based on a particular construction of supersymmetric theory where the vector multiplet is in the adjoint representation of the SU(2) group. A factorization of the Grassmann numbers from the commutator of vector multiplets will give new non-trivial terms which will correspond to a SU (4) gauge theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Energy-Time Paradox Limits of Special Relativity in Practice

Authors: Michael Girgis
Comments: 8 Pages.

When we apply the results of the special theory of relativity specifically to relativistic energy and time dilation together on any physical phenomenon that depends on both, the observer gets contradictory results in the same frame of reference, and thus we have a new paradox in the special theory of relativity revealing to us the limits of special relativity in application, and the reasons for the failure of the combination of Special Relativity with thermodynamics
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof of Beal's Conjecture

Authors: Nikos Mantzakouras
Comments: 31 Pages.

The difference between the Beal equation and the Fermat equation is the different exponents of the variables and the method of solving it. As we will show, for the proof of the Beal equation to be complete, Fermat's theorem will be must hold. There are only 10 known solutions and all of them appear with exponent 2. This very fact is proved here using a uniform method. Therefore, Beal's conjecture is true under the above conditions because it accepts that there is no solution if the condition that all exponent values are greater than 2 occurs, the truth of which is proved in Theorem 6, based on the results of Theorem 5. The primary purpose for solving the equation is to see what happens for solving the equation ax + by = cz i.e. for Pythagorean triples of degree 1. This is the generator of the theorems and programs that follow.
Category: Algebra

A Beautiful Relation Between Two Integrals with Transcendental Functions

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

We give some integral formulas.
Category: General Mathematics

A Different Way to Prove a Prime Number Between 2N and 3N

Authors: Wing K. Yu
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper we will use a different way to prove that there exists at least a prime number p in between 2n and 3n where n is a positive integer. The proof extends the Bertrand’s postulate - Chebyshev’s theorem which states that a prime number exists between n and 2n. The method to prove this proposition is to analyze the binomial coefficient, a similar method used by Erdős in the proof of Bertrand’s postulate.
Category: Number Theory

1D and 2D Global Strong Solutions of Navier Stokes Existence and Uniqueness

Authors: Jake Brockbank
Comments: 68 Pages.

Consider the Navier-Stokes equation for a one-dimensional and two-dimensional compressible viscous liquid. It is a well-known fact that there is a strong solution locally in time when the initial data is smooth and the initial density is limited down by a positive constant. In this article, under the same hypothesis, I show that the density remains uniformly limited in time from the bottom by a positive constant, and therefore a strong solution exists globally in time. In addition, most existing results are obtained with a positive viscosity factor, but current results are true even if the viscosity factor disappears with density. Finally, I prove that this solution is unique in a class of weak solutions that satisfy the usual entropy inequalities. The point of this work is the new entropy-like inequalities that Bresch and Desjardins introduced into the shallow water system of equations. This discrepancy gives the density additional regularity (assuming such regularity exists first).
Category: Mathematical Physics

Goldbach's Conjecture Satisfied with the Strategy that the Young Gauss Invented to Add the Numbers from 1 to 100

Authors: Giovanni Di Savino
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Thanks to an intuition and a strategy, Gauss showed that the same odd number, 101, is the sum of the even numbers with the odd numbers contained in the number 100. The strategy invented by Gauss is indicative to satisfy Goldbach's conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

A Randomized 1.885903-Approximation Algorithm for the Minimum Vertex Cover Problem

Authors: Majid Zohrehbandian
Comments: 7 Pages. Due to some comments, I preferred to add some explanations.

Vertex cover problem is a famous combinatorial problem, which its complexity has been heavily studied over the years and we know that there is not any mathematical formulation that approximates it better than 2-o(1). In other words, it is known that it is hard to approximate to within any constant factor better than 2, while a 2-approximation for it can be trivially obtained. In this paper, by a combination of a well-known semidefinite programming formulation and a rounding procedure, along with satisfying new properties, we introduce an approximation algorithm for the vertex cover problem with a performance ratio of 1.885903 on arbitrary graphs, en route answering an open question about the unique games conjecture.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Simulation of the Planetary System Based on a Theory of Everything

Authors: Helmut Schmidt
Comments: 8 Pages.

Newton's law of gravitation gives very accurate results for the radii r and velocities v of an orbit. However, they do not give any indication of the diameter of celestial bodies. In this respect, it is fundamental to reconsider the formula for distance laws F prop e_1 e_2 /r^a. This also means putting all the fundamental physical principles to the test, such as the theory of action at a distance, the inertial system, isotropic space, the importance of constants and dimensions in the universe, the difference between matter and antimatter. Basically, a distinction must be made between how nature works and what we, on the other hand, recognize and interpret as nature in a 3-dimensional space. This leads to a TOE with a distance law purely by mathematics, with no constants.In nature, the orbital periods correspond to a binary number. r_Orbit = r_center^n / r_satellite^l . For an observer, a digital time applies and radii correspond to the polynomials with base 2pi and leads to a single formula for all radii, whether radius of celestial body or orbit: r_Orbit = ((2pi)^2 3^n 2^l + (2pi)^2 2^m 2^s) / (1 + 2pi +(2pi)^2). For the solar system, all radii of the planets and moons of the inner planets were calculated, predominate with errors of less than one percent. The exact masses of the elementary particles can be calculated with the same approach, e.g. proton mass. Planck's constant is a consequence of the Coriolis force.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Teoria Mecano-eterica a Gravitatiei (The Mechano-etheric Theory of Gravity)

Authors: Gheorghe Adrian
Comments: 24 Pages. In Romanian [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Teoria alcatuita de mine se bazeaza pe descifrarea sensului fizic exact al constantelor fizice universale si pe semnificatia fizica exacta a marimilor fizice. Semnificatie ce rezulta de la identitatea dimensionala masa-sarcina. Cu aceste rezultate am modelat neutronii ca niste rotoare cu 1840 de perechi de poli, de turatie si putere foarte mare. Aceste rotoare sunt sisteme de unde (valuri) stationare de foarte mare amplitudine. Unde(valuri) care se propaga pe circomferinta de raza neutronului, cu viteza c/274 )m/s) si se comporta ca aspiratoare eterice centrifugale, care aspira eterul prin jurul axei de rotatie, prin sectiuni mari cu viteza foarte mica si il refuleaza cu viteza foarte mare prin sectiuni foarte mici pe la periferie. Raportul intre viteza de aspiratie a eterului si viteza de refulare a eterului, ca si raportul intre sectiunea de refulare si sectiunea de aspiratie este dat de constanta gravifica nucleara egala cu 8*epsilon,zero. Adica de opt ori permitivitayea electrca a vidului. Fluxul eteric de aspiratie, masiv si de viteza foarte mica al substantei, creeaza in spatiu depresiunea in care aluneca corpurile (substanta) generand forta de atractie gravifica.

My theory is based on deciphering the exact physical meaning of universal physical constants and the exact physical significance of physical quantities. Significance resulting from the dimensional identity mass-load. With these results we modeled neutrons as rotors with 1840 pairs of poles, very high speed and power. These rotors are very large amplitude standing wave systems. Where (waves) that propagate on the circumference of the neutron radius, with speed c / 274 (m / s) and behave like centrifugal etheric vacuum cleaners, which suck the ether around the axis of rotation, through large sections at very low speed and repel it with very high speed through very small sections on the periphery. The ratio between the suction rate of the ether and the discharge rate of the ether, as well as the ratio between the discharge section and the suction section is given by the constant nuclear gravity equal to 8 * epsilon, zero. That is eight times the electrical permittivity of the vacuum. The etheric aspiration flow, massive and of very low speed of the substance, creates in the space the depression in which the bodies (substance) slide generating the force of gravitational attraction.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Update on the Method Using Nonlocal/noncontact Differential Conductance Experimental Data for Direct Probing Andreev Reflections and for Extracting the Superconducting Gap

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu
Comments: 9 Pages.

In our previous work, high-temperature superconductivity (HTSC) was probed for the first time by using electrical differential conductance Gdiff(V) = dI/dV data as obtained from current-voltage V(I) measurements on a hydrogenated graphitic fiber [1]. While our nonlocal method for finding the superconducting (SC) gap was recently applied to a conventional SC (Pb [2]), the nonlocal Gdiff method was first proposed in [1]. Herein, we are bringing forth an update on the topic.
Category: Condensed Matter

The Creation of Space, the Illusion of Time, and the Unified Force Fields

Authors: Marvin Bruce Wilkerson
Comments: 124 Pages. Posthumous submission by daughter of M.B. Wilkerson [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

A hypothesis that energy at the speed of light creates space orthogonal to Galilean space solves dilemmas that otherwise have no logical explanation in contemporary physics. More than one frame of reference is used to examine phenomena hidden by relativity. With the subject hypothesis, light does not slow, but retains its velocity of c within transparent media in increased relativistic space. Two electrons share one energy state in an atomic orbit by occupying orthogonal spaces. Four unified third-order equations describe gravity, charge, magnetism and electromagnetic propagation. Direction of force in the unified equations depends on spatial domains. The four unified equations explain the retention of positrons within nuclei, gravity, the propagation of light, the retention of light in a Black Hole, the attraction of mass to a Black Hole, and the expansion of the universe. A faster-than–light instantaneous communication channel is described. Dark matter is postulated with its energy-space functioning as both the binder of constellations and the expander of the universe. Constructs are proposed for the electron, the neutrino, and quantized space. Speed is shown not to vary with frame of reference; speed is nonrelativistic. Time is examined from Galilean and relativistic frames of reference; our innate concept of instantaneity is resurrected, and time is revealed to be a mathematical concept, not a physical entity. The compression of distance and the increase of mass with speed become rational.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Diophantine Physics

Authors: F.M. Sanchez, C. Bizouard, M. Grosmann, V. Kotov
Comments: English 9 pages ; French: 22 pages.

Viewing the Kepler's laws as Diophantine non-local equations introduces the action quantum and the Diophantine Coherence Theorem which generalizes the method of Arthur Haas, which anticipated the Bohr's radius. This leads to a Space quantum breaking the Planck wall by a factor 10^{61} and the associated Holographic Cosmos, identified as the source of the Background Radiation. An Electricity-Gravitation symmetry, connected with the Combinatorial Hierarchy, defines the steady-state Universe with invariant Hubble radius 13.81 Glyr, corresponding to 70.79 (km/s)/Mpc, a value anticipated since 1997 by the Three Minutes Formula, confirmed by the Eddington Number, the Kotov period and the recent Carnegie-Chicago Hubble Program. This specifies G, compatible with the BIPM measurements, and confirms definitely the Anthropic Principle.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A New Relativistic Wave Equation and Its Application to Cosmos

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 4 Pages.

A new relativistic wave equation has been developed; the equation applied to the cosmos justifies the beginning of the universe without additional hypotheses and predicts low-energy background.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Sabda Purva Yoga: Indian Communication Theory and Practice

Authors: Sunil Sondhi
Comments: 19 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

The scientific view of language in Indian tradition as established in the Vedas,Upanishads, and the works of scholars and sages like Panini, Patanjali, Bharatmuni, Bhartrihari, and Abhinavagupta, connects the structure and rules of language, objective reality, and the absolute reality. In this view, the search for general rules underlying the diversity of language is considered as an exploration of the very nature of human mind and its relation with reality. It reveals the interconnections between language, thought and reality. Panini’s grammar, Bharatmuni’s view of dramatic performance as an integrated entity, and Bhartrihari’s view of sentence as a meaningful unit reveal the relationship of the part and the whole, and is seen by them as a reflection of the relationship between Brahma the absolute reality and the objective manifestations in the world. The essential message of Indian classical texts with regard to language and communication is that there are different levels of language between the two extremes termed as Pasyanti and Vaikhari, which correspond to different levels of consciousness of the Absolute Reality. Comprehension of the Absolute Reality lies outside human perceptions of space and time and is therefore is not expressible in ordinary language. The experience of that reality can only be indicated by words that try to go beyond words. Insightful thought and speech require constant connection of higher and lower levels, and the constant interplay of the verbal and cognitive levels.
Category: Linguistics

Emission & Absorption of Photons (Electric Charge & Speed of the Extended Electron)

Authors: Hoa Van Nguyen
Comments: 07 Pages. 02

The subject of " Emission & Absorption of Photons " has plenty of topics to be discussed . This article restricts its discussion to this specific topic " how the emission & absorption of photons affect the electric charge and speed of the extended electron when it is subject to an applying electric field .
Category: Classical Physics

All Things Are Number, the Rest is Meaning

Authors: Alexander N. Balatsky
Comments: 42 Pages.

The primary focus of this paper is on a connection between imaginary nothing and real nothingness; as the paper reveals, that insight allows us to bridge real physical entities and imaginary mathematical concepts in a manner that may be considered consistent with both causality and complementarity. What makes this nexus extremely relevant to natural philosophy is that it is amenable to addressing in terms of analytical solutions: such construct allows us to interpret asymmetry and symmetry, causes and effects, continuous and discrete, entropy and gravity, matter and time, and other fundamental complementarities in terms of a common conceptual framework. Of interest to broader audience is that that framework suggests that the laws that determine physical conservation and the laws that ensure survival of sentient beings derive from the same logical pattern and obey the same conservation principles.
Category: Quantum Physics

The World Formula

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 47 Pages.

Can "science" presume to offer solutions to "global" problems, even if after more than 2000 years of "searching", not even an answer to the question of the "world formula" has been found? The well-known physicist Stephen Hawkins wrote in his popular science book "A brief history of time": "If we discover a complete theory, it should be broadly understandable to everyone over time. Then all of us, philosophers, scientists and ordinary people, will be able to participate in the discussion about why we and the universe exist." But neither quantum theory nor general relativity is understandable to everyone, nor does a complete theory exist. This contribution to the discussion of the "world formula" is intended not only for scientists, but for "normal" people who ask the question of the world formula, the meaning of our existence and the feasibility of saving the planet and the survival of humanity. As a result, it is determined that today's physics and science suffer from fundamentally flawed premises about the nature of "time" and that the formulation of a world formula would have to explain the nature of the speed of light in the first place. It is shown that "time", as it is defined today in the system of units of physics, does not exist.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Refractive Index-Curvature Relation

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: Written in English, 4 pages, no figure.

In a two-dimensional space, a refractive index-curvature relation is formulated using the second rank tensor of Ricci curvature. A scalar refractive index describes an isotropic linear optics. In a fibre bundle geometry, a scalar refractive index is related to an Abelian (a linear) curvature form. The Gauss-Bonnet-Chern theorem is formulated using a scalar refractive index. Because the Euler-Poincare characteristic is the topological invariant then a scalar refractive index is also a topological invariant.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Quantum Mechanics and Reality

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 9 Pages.

The reality of the counterfactual, predictions, superposition, including wave-particle duality, wavefunction collapse and wavefunction are considered in the context of a uni-temporal, (Source) existence; noumenal (absolute) object reality, independent of observation. Observation products and measurements are considered to be relative and generated via the process of establishing a measurement relation and carrying out the measurement protocol. Contrary to the ERP paper, it is argued that 100% certain predictions are not elements of reality. Contrary to Einstein’s instinct, it is argued that counterfactual measurements are not elements of reality awaiting discovery but require configuration of the universe from which they can be generated. The need for super-luminal communication of particles is dismissed. An alternative to wave-particle duality is proposed; explaining observations from double slit and half silvered mirror experiments. The measurement problem is addressed. ‘Consciousness causes collapse’ has been refuted. ‘Many Worlds’ alternative to collapse is dismissed.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Dictionary of World History by Edmund Wright and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 23 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study A Dictionary of World History, third edition, by Edmund Wright from Oxford University Press. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0.01) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with βH = 0.01, in the presence of external magnetic field, H.β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant. This is the case with the Dictionary of Science we have studied before. It appears that the branch of Science, plausibly, is closer to the World history, internally.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Proof of the Twin Prime Conjecture (Together with the proof of Polignac's Conjecture for Cousin Primes)

Authors: Marko V. Jankovic
Comments: 30 Pages.

In this paper proof of the twin prime conjecture is going to be presented. Originally very difficult problem (in observational space) has been transformed into a simpler one (in generative space) that can be solved. It will be shown that twin primes could be obtained through two stage sieve process, and that will be used to show that exist infinite number of twin primes. The same approach is used to prove Polignac's conjecture for cousin primes.
Category: Number Theory

Finding Regions of Correlated Polarization Directions of Polarized Starlight from 5830 Sources in the Milky Way Galaxy

Authors: Richard Shurtleff
Comments: 14 page paper plus 43 page computer program Appendix; 31 Figures

This article surveys polarized starlight in the Milky Way Galaxy. The data for the 5830 stars is taken from the agglomeration by Heiles 2000 and the Berdyugin 2014 catalog. The survey applies a particular test for transverse vector correlation, the Hub Test of spherical geodesic alignment with points on the sky. One finds a large collection of some 902 stars on the Galactic Disk from galactic longitude 90\[Degree] to 150\[Degree], These stars are distinguished by having, by far, the most significantly aligned stellar polarizations in the survey. Thus the most obviously aligned regions are identified. On the subtle side, we identify two smaller collections, 67 and 75 stars, that are each exceedingly well aligned and adjacent on the sky. These two collections show that the method can be used to locate samples with distinct, but slight, differences in their properties. The selections show how samples can be identified by the Hub Test for further study. The appendix consists of a self-contained computer software program that performs the needed calculations.
Category: Astrophysics

Why the Universe is Expanding: Dark Energy Exposed? is Gravity a Consequence?

Authors: Gabriel-Claudiu Grama
Comments: 1 Page. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

We present and introduce a very interesting theory for why galaxies are moving away from each other.
Category: Astrophysics

Does Dark Matter Really Exist?

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 1 Page.

Dark matter is the subject of controversy today, pitting particle theory against gravitation. In this brief work, applying the theory of differential equations, an alternative hypothesis is given to dark matter that would explain the anomalies observed in the movement of distant galaxies without having to revise the Standard Model of particles.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Quantification of Relativistic Trajectories

Authors: Jean-Pascal Laedermann
Comments: 5 Pages.

Solving the geodesic equation on a relativistic manifold is possible numerically step by step. This process can be transposed into a quantisation. We study here the effect of this quantisation on the Schwarzschild spacetime, more precisely in the Kruskal-Szekeres map.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Novas and Planetary Nebulas

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages.

Novas are the astronomical “little sisters” of many supernovas. Whereas supernovas get most of the splashy media, numerous smaller nova eruptions contribute in their own way to the evolution of our Milky Way. Our home star will become a planetary nebula as its last act, but not soon. Two essays are featured, with cosmological and religious findings.
Category: Astrophysics

Techniques De Réduction Du PAPR (PAPR Reduction Techniques)

Authors: Wendyida Kabore Kabore
Comments: 73 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Power amplification efficiency enhancement is a critical issue for wireless communication applications. The amplification of signals that have a high dynamic range consumes a lot of energy. Amplifying signals with a constant envelope is a possible solution to get a maximum performance of the amplifier. However, the signals that are currently available in several systems, are multi-carrier signals which are very attractive but have a high PAPR in principle. During this internship, we studied a multi-carrier waveform (to enjoy all the benefits inherent in it) with a low PAPR. This is about to use PAPR reduction techniques like "adding signal" methods, coupled with a new definition of the multicarrier signal. The clipping for example, has been modeled as an adding signal technique, but the addition of the clipping signal occurs on certain free subcarriers that are not used to transmit data. Not all the clipping signal frequencies are used. The major problem is that the subcarriers on which the clipping signal can be added are reduced in number. So to add the clipping signal more efficiently we need to have more frequency space. The key idea here is to perform the duobinary coding in each of the OFDM subcarriers. The duobinary coding reduces the spectral occupancy by half. Thus, we can use the vacant spectrum to add the clipping signal orthogonaly to the data signal. Then comes the study of the performances of this new waveform in terms of gain in PAPR, complexity (receiving process) and ACPR. This study confirm the efficiency of the proposed technique.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Formal Binary Logic, Tidal Forces and the Equivalence Priciple

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 8 Pages.

Mass plays a strange multiple role in classical physics.This results in a difference between gravity and all other forces - a difference that stood at the beginning of Einsteins developement of his general theory of relativity. The equivalence principle (EP) deals with homogenious gravitational fields, which, in fact, don't exist in nature.There is only an approximation for this field in Einstein-Lift possible for local situations.Nevertheless, this EP can be true,because in classical formal binary logic there can be formulated a true conclusion from a wrong premise or assumption.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Black Hole as a Philosophical Monstrosity

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 1 Page.

It is embarrassing for physical science that it can be demonstrated in a very easy philosophical way why black holes have nothing to do with real physics.
Category: Astrophysics

The Index of Expansions

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, we study the notion of an index of sub-expansions in an expansion. We prove the index inequality as an application.
Category: Algebra

Seven Theses About Photons and the Perfect Interference

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 4 Pages.

By the experiments published on Vixra in the meantime, seven theses about photons resulted. These theses are listed in a table. Together with the opinion of the mainstream and references to my associated experiments. Attached is another experiment which has not been published yet.
Category: Quantum Physics

Note on the Plane Oblique Mercator Representation

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 6 Pages. In French

In this paper about the oblique Mercator representation, we present the calculation of the geographical coordinates $(\Phi,\Lm)$ images of the coordinates $(\fii,\lm)$ of a point on the sphere. We have added some exercises.
Category: Geophysics

Self-supervised Out-of-distribution Detection with Dynamic Latent Scale GAN

Authors: Jeongik Cho
Comments: 8 Pages.

Dynamic latent scale GAN proposed a learning-based GAN inversion method with maximum likelihood estimation. In this paper, we propose a method for self-supervised out-of-distribution detection using the encoder of dynamic latent scale GAN. When the dynamic latent scale GAN converged, since the entropy of the scaled latent random variable is optimal to represent in-distribution data, in-distribution data is densely mapped to latent codes with high likelihood. This enables the log-likelihood of the predicted latent code to be used for out-of-distribution detection. The proposed method does not require mutual information of in-distribution data and additional hyperparameters for prediction. The proposed method also showed better out-of-distribution detection performance than the previous state-of-art method.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Heaven's Palaces Above Mount Sumeru： Beyond Desire Realm (须弥山上"诸天宫殿":欲界天外)

Authors: Yuwen Zhuang
Comments: 11 Pages.

This paper continues the interpretation of “The Palace of the heavens” in the Buddhist scriptures for paper "The heaven's palaces above Mount Sumeru：Desire Realm". First of all, through the modern interpretation of the sutras and the benefit from modern science, we are surprised to find that the sutras accurately describe the distance doubling relationship between the semi-major axes of the orbits of some Trans-Neptunian objects with perihelion greater than 50AU and semi-major axis greater than or equal to 80AU in the solar system. Secondly, based on the actual semi-major axis data of celestial bodies “2014 ST373”、“2012 VP113” and “2003 VB12 Sedna” and the distance doubling relationship described by Buddhist sutras, we can fit the semi-major axis of nine trans-Neptunian celestial bodies described by Buddhist sutras. Among them, the known celestial bodies “2013 SY99” and “Leleākūhonua (2015 TG387)” did not participate in the numerical fitting as a test set, and the errors between their predicted values and actual observed values were only 0.07% and 12.22%, which preliminarily verified the relevant descriptions of Buddhist sutras. In addition, the Sutras indicate the existence of eight unknown celestial bodies, four of which have predicted semi-major axis values of 2,024AU、4,047AU、8,095AU and 16,189AU, respectively. Some of the values are close to the simulation values calculated by scientists, namely 2,000AU、7,850AU and 15,000AU, which further verifies the relevant descriptions of distance doubling relation in buddhist scriptures and also confirms the relevant interpretations of the paper "The heaven's palaces above Mount Sumeru： Desire Realm". Finally, these contents are not only far beyond the cognitive level of ancient people thousands of years ago, but even far beyond the exploration level of modern astronomical science. So there is an incredible era transcendence, which is extremely shocking again!

本文延续论文"须弥山上“诸天宫殿"：欲界"中关于佛经“诸天宫殿”的解读。首先，得益于现代科学，我们惊讶的发现，佛经对太阳系内近日点大于50AU，同时半长轴大于等于80AU的海王星外天体的轨道半长轴之间存在距离倍增关系有着准确的符合现代科学的描述。其次，根据已探知的关于天体“2014 ST373”、“2012 VP113”和“2003 VB12 Sedna (塞德娜)”的实际半长轴数据以及佛经所阐述的距离倍增关系，我们可以拟合出佛经描述的9颗海王星外天体的半长轴。其中，已知天体“2013 SY99”和“Leleākūhonua (2015 TG387)”作为测试集并不参与数值拟合，而它们的预测值与实际观测值的误差仅为0.07%和12.22%，初步验证了佛经的相关描述。再次，佛经还表明存在8颗未知天体，其中的4颗，它们半长轴的预测值分别为2,024AU、4,047AU、8,095AU和16,189AU，而其中部分数值与科学家的计算模拟值，即2,000AU、7,850AU以及15,000AU相近，进一步验证了佛经关于距离倍增关系的相关描述，也与论文"须弥山上“诸天宫殿"：欲界》的相关解读互相印证。最后，这些内容不仅远超数千年前古人的认知水平，甚至远超现代天文科学的探索水平，存在不可思议的时代超越性，让人再一次极度震撼!
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Creator’s Games – the Universe from the Inflaton

Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 1 Page.

The birth of the Universe from the Inflaton is a modern physical version of the biblical creation of the World.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Quantum of Time as the Main Element of All Fundamental Interactions: Unravel the Mystery of Time and Manage the Present Time.

Authors: Anatolii Suprun
Comments: 67 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

If you think about what is the most valuable thing in life, then many will say that time. Your own time. And understanding its value also relate to other people's time. "Time is money" - these words came from America, the slogan of business people. But the truth of these words was intuitively felt by people of all countries, from ancient times. Some scientists argue that time is being itself, life itself. And the value of these categories is beyond doubt. And many of the actions of people are based on competition for the possession of this value - time. So in chess battles, the main recipe for success is to build up the pace. There is even such a chess expression: “to sacrifice a piece for the sake of tempo”. And the masters of this game, for the sake of gaining time, sacrifice any of their pieces, even such valuable pieces as the queen. In real battles, this principle is even more pronounced. The main law of war says: "Whoever wins time will win the war." And for the sake of gaining time, the lives of real people are sacrificed, and equipment worth billions of dollars burns in a flame.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Lepton Masses

Authors: Cvavb Chandra Raju
Comments: 7 Pages.

Like the charged Lepton,the corresponding neutrino wave function Is assumed to be a superposition of the left and right handed components of the charged lepton with correct quantum numbers. This ensures that the neutrino obtains its mass through interaction with the same Higgs field as the corresponding charged Lepton. The charged lepton also has a γ_5 interaction with the Higgs field leading to the two masses of the neutrino and the charged lepton related.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Refutation of the Theory of Special Relativity, the Demonstration of the Existence of Ether and the Presentation of a Potential Unifying Theory

Authors: Laszlo Cseik
Comments: 13 Pages. Translated from the original Hungarian version

The description of the physics of our world is at a dead end, so to move on we need to go to the root of today’s theories and rethink them from the base up. As a first step, using the original data from the Michelson-Morley experiment, we demonstrate that the speed of light is not constant and related to the Earth the light spreads as in a stationary system. We prove the ether or an equivalent physical effect must exist and we demonstrate the effect of the ether on the moving systems of the Universe. We show the mistake of the Lorentz transformation and the Theory of Special Relativity and prove that time dilation could not exist based on the theory. We present the author's Hypothesis of the Dual Element Universe, which corresponds to a Unifying Theory, and on the basis of this we determine the ethereal structure of space and the real cause of time dilation. Finally, we present the experiments that can prove our statements.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Extending Lasenby’s Embedding of Octonions in Space-Time Algebra Cl(1,3), to All Three and Four Dimensional Clifford Geometric Algebras Cl(p,q), N = P + Q = 3,4

Authors: Eckhard Hitzer
Comments: 24 Pages. 6 figures, 7 tables.

We study the embedding of octonions in the Clifford geometric algebra for spacetime STA Cl(1,3), as suggested by Anthony Lasenby at AGACSE 2021. As far as possible, we extend the approach to similar octonion embeddings for all three- and four dimensional Clifford geometric algebras Cl(p,q), n = p + q = 3,4. Noticeably, the lack of a quaternionic subalgebra in Cl(2,1), seems to prevent the construction of an octonion embedding in this case, and necessitates a special approach in Cl(2,2). As examples, we present for Cl(3,0) the non-associativity of the octonionic product in terms of multivector grade parts with cyclic symmetry, show how octonion products and involutions can be combined to make the opposite transition from octonions to the Clifford geometric algebra Cl(3,0), and how octonionic multiplication can be represented with (complex) biquaternions or Pauli matrix algebra.
Category: Algebra

The Fourth Wave of Covid-19 Breakout in Israel: Alternative Analysis: the Efficacy of Vaccination Protocols in Preventing Serious Disease and Death Vs. Increased Covid-19 Morbidity and Mortality Following Booster Vaccination

Authors: Yoram Oron
Comments: 15 Pages.

Background: During the months of August-October Israel has experienced the fourth wave of COVID-19 outbreak. This outbreak resulted in major increases in COVID-19 hospitalizations and mortality. At the beginning of this outbreak, Israel had one of the highest rates of two-dose Pfizer vaccination (2D protocol) and was beginning a vigorous campaign to promote a third-injection booster of the vaccine (3D protocol). Purpose: The official serious illness and deaths records were analyzed in order to assess the efficacy of the 2D and 3D protocols in preventing serious illness or death due to COVID-19 infection Methods: All raw data were obtained from the official Ministry of Health records (Data Dashboard). The same source was used to estimate the size of the relevant populations. The data for serious illness or mortality were normalized to sizes of the relevant populations on a daily basis.

Results and Conclusions: The 2D protocol alone, or followed by third-dose booster, significantly protected the relevant populations against serious illness (5 and 3-fold, respectively) and death (3.4 and 2.2-fold, respectively). However, this alternative analysis indicated that there was no protective advantage of the 3D over the 2D protocol. Actually, the protective effect of the 2D protocol against serious illness, and death in particular, appeared to exceed by a large factor that of the 3D protocol. Importantly, there was an unexpected early and prolonged rise in COVID-19 mortality in the 3D population. These results are discordant with the official statistics of the Ministry of Health and with some of the results presented in the scientific literature. Moreover, the kinetics of serious illness or mortality was spiking instead of the expected monotonous rise and decline, suggesting additional factors involved.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Exact Expansions

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, we continue the development of multivariate expansivity theory. We introduce and study the notion of an exact expansion and exploit some applications.
Category: Algebra

Bayesian Network and Information Theory

Authors: Ait-Taleb Nabil
Comments: 26 Pages.

In this paper, we will expose the BIC score expressed as a function of the Bayesian network's entropy. We will then use this BIC score to learn a Bayesian network from an example of data frame.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Navier-Stokes Equations for Protoplanetary Disks and Planetary Rings

Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: 3 Pages.

The axisymmetric solution of the cylindrical Navier-Stokes equations are simple, so that it is possible to search the equilibrium solution, and the particular exact solutions near the equilibrium for the disk dynamics of a fluid.
Category: Astrophysics

Assessing the Black Hole Solution

Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 7 Pages.

The generally accepted solution predicting black holes and an event horizon using GR is shown to contain an elementary mistake when comparingit with Newton's law of gravitation. Using the correct ansatz it is proved here that the spacetime outside a point mass is completely regular, i.e. there is no event horizon or black hole, and free-fall velocities do not exceed the speed of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Method for Thermoelectric Figure of Merit Reaching 100 or Higher

Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 18 Pages.

Since several decades, many efforts have been made all over the world to achieve the highly efficient conversion from low-grade thermal energy into electrical energy and the conversion efficiency is usually described by Thermoelectric Figure of Merit, i.e., ZT coefficient. However, the highest ZT coefficient have not reached 4 in spite of worldwide scientific researches for many years. In this work, a method for reaching an unprecedented ZT coefficient was proposed by utilizing phase-transition induced sudden change of electric potential for the oxidation-reduction couple at an electrode material in a thermogalvanic cell (TGCs). It was found that such TGCs could exhibit ZT coefficient of the order 100 and even higher, and this new type of thermogalvanic cell was named phase-transition thermogalvanic cell (PT-TGCs). By optimizing the experimental design, the PT-TGCs may convert waste heat into electrical power more effectively and would be applied in various areas in the future.
Category: Condensed Matter

Representations for β(10)

Authors: Elizabeth Zhou, Ming Zhou
Comments: 3 Pages.

Here two novel expressions of the Dirichlet Beta function at 10 are provided.
Category: Number Theory

Observations of The Hidden Reality

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 18 pages, including 16 figures

The composition of Brian Greene’s The Hidden Reality is analysed from a personal perspective. The first reference in the index of the book to a subject that draws my attention is found on a page whose page number is an integer power or low-denominational fractional power of π or e, the denominator of the fraction being a power of 2. Subjects of particular interest are found on pages whose page numbers are integer powers of π or e; for subjects of greatest interest the integer is either 3 or 5. Related subjects are found on pages of symmetrically related page number. Again, we see that one’s observations create one’s reality.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Applications of Clifford’s Geometric Algebra

Authors: Stephane Breuils, Kanta Tachibana, Eckhard Hitzer
Comments: 43 Pages. Revised (expanded) version of journal article https://doi.org/10.1007/s00006-021-01196-7.

The new applications of Clifford's geometric algebra surveyed in this paper include kinematics and robotics, computer graphics and animation, neural networks and pattern recognition, signal and image processing, applications of versors and orthogonal transformations, spinors and matrices, applied geometric calculus, physics, geometric algebra software and implementations, applications to discrete mathematics and topology, geometry and geographic information systems, encryption, and the representation of higher order curves and surfaces.
Category: Algebra

A New Simple Formula Approximating the Reciprocal Value of the Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Roger N. Weller
Comments: 1 Page.

A simple algebraic formula is presented that approximates the reciprocal value of the fine-structure constant to a discrepancy of less than 2 parts per billion.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Series

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 7 Pages.

We give some series for Pi.
Category: General Mathematics

Geopolitical Conflict Analysis

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

First of all, there is an Eastern proverb that says, "Too much is not enough”. In this short paper, I would like to analyze the pattern of conflicts by quoting some proverbs. And try to find the most stable pattern of conflict.
Category: Social Science

Folium of Descartes and Division by Zero Calculus　- 　An Open Question

Authors: Saburou Saitoh, Yoshinori Saitoh
Comments: 5 Pages. In this note, in the folium of Descartes, with the division by zero calculus we will see some interesting results at the point at infinity with some interesting geometrical property. We will propose an interesting open question.

In this note, in the folium of Descartes, with the division by zero calculus we will see some interesting results at the point at infinity with some interesting geometrical property. We will propose an interesting open question.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Different Metrics with Different Cosmological Constants

Authors: Stefan Bernhard Ruester
Comments: 4 Pages. Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.8, n.2, (1-4), February 2, 2022 [Corrections are made in order to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

In this article, the author demonstrates, that different metrics and therefore different gravitational systems have different cosmological constants and thus different total energy densities. Each gravitational system has its own individual metric, which differs from that one of another gravitational system. Coordinate transformations are only possible within one and the same metric, which means within one and the same gravitational system. As a result, our universe is traversed by a myriad of different metrics, from which one must select the appropriate one, that describes the gravitational system to be considered.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Critical Analysis of Schwarzschild-Like Metrics

Authors: Valery Borisovich Morozov, Stefan Bernhard Ruester
Comments: 7 Pages. Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.7, n.5, (1-7), June 18, 2021 [Corrections are made in order to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

By neglecting the cosmological constant Lambda, Einstein's field equations in absence of matter and other fields read G_{ik} = 0, which is not reasonable, since it violates the conservation law of total energy, momentum, and stress, because the gravitational field energy and momentum density cannot be represented by a vanishing Einstein tensor. In order to remedy this shortcoming, we construct a uniform metric, which allows us later to get a more general one, that is asymptotically equal to the Schwarzschild metric. This metric has a plausible energy-momentum density tensor of the gravitational field and correctly describes the effect of light deflection, but the perihelion shift of Mercury is overestimated. Because of the authors' different view in order to overcome the shortcomings, different solutions are obtained.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Internal Set Theory Ist^{}based on Gyper Infinitary Logic with Restricted Modus Ponens Rule

Authors: Jaykov Foukzon
Comments: 20 Pages.

In this paper we deal with set theory NC_{∞}^{} based on gyper infinitary logic with Restricted Modus Ponens Rule.Nonconservative extensions of the canonical internal set theories IST and HST are proposed.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Some (Vaguely Meaningful) Fun With A Coin Toss Game: The "(St.) Petersburg" Game Paradox

Authors: Gary J. Duggan
Comments: 5 Pages.

A simple coin toss game, attributed to Nicolaus Bernoulli in the early 1700s, results in a mathematical paradox which still appears to be subject to what might be described as "conceptual" rather than "mathematical" solutions. A mathematical solution is given showing that, if the number of games is 2^m-1 then the average payout per game for this number of games is m/(2-(1/2^(m-1))).
Category: Statistics

The Analysis of Siyu Bian,yi Wang, Zun Wang and Mian Zhu Applied to the Natario-Broeck Spacetime: a Very Interesting Approach Towards a More Realistic Interstellar Warp Drive

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 44 Pages.

Warp Drives are solutions of the Einstein Field Equations that allows superluminal travel within the framework of General Relativity. There are at the present moment two known solutions: The Alcubierre warp drive discovered in $1994$ and the Natario warp drive discovered in $2001$. However one of the major drawbacks that affects both warp drive spacetimes are the collisions with hazardous interstellar matter (asteroids, comets, interstellar dust etc) that will unavoidably occurs when a ship travels at superluminal speeds across interstellar space. The problem of collisions between a warp drive spaceship moving at superluminal velocity and the potentially dangerous particles from the Interstellar Medium $IM$ is not new.It was first noticed in $1999$ in the work of Chad Clark, Will Hiscock and Shane Larson.Later on in $2010$ it appeared again in the work of Carlos Barcelo, Stefano Finazzi and Stefano Liberatti. In $2012$ the same problem of collisions against hazardous $IM$ particles would appear in the work of Brendan McMonigal, Geraint Lewis and Philip O'Byrne. Some years ago in $1999$ Chris Van Den Broeck appeared with a very interesting idea. Broeck proposed a warp bubble with a large internal radius able to accommodate a ship inside while having a submicroscopic outer radius and a submicroscopic contact external surface in order to better avoid the collisions against the interstellar matter. The Broeck spacetime distortion have the shape of a bottle with $200$ meters of inner diameter able to accommodate a spaceship inside the bottle but the bottleneck possesses a very small outer radius with only $10^{-15}$ meters $100$ billion time smaller than a millimeter therefore reducing the probabilities of collisions against large objects in interstellar space. Recently a very interesting work appeared.It covers the analysis of Siyu Bian, Yi Wang, Zun Wang and Mian Zhu applied to the Alcubierre warp drive spacetime. But the most important fact: their analysis also applies to the Natario warp drive spacetime.In this work we applied the analysis of Siyu Bian ,Yi Wang, Zun Wang and Mian Zhu to the Natario-Broeck warp drive spacetime and we arrived at the following conclusion: The analysis of Siyu Bian ,Yi Wang, Zun Wang and Mian Zhu proves definitely that the Natario-Broeck warp drive spacetime is the best candidate for a realistic interstellar space travel.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Approaching the Collatz Conjecture over A Re-Mystifying Demonstration

Authors: Arthur V. Shevenyonov
Comments: 4 Pages. a scheme that seems to be bridging & straddling

The Collatz conjecture, elusive as it may prove, has shown to be collated to other arcane results, notably ABC, Goldbach’s, and their generalized ilk. The present paper demonstrates that, whilst a straightforward proof scheme could (ironically) be a near trivial enterprise, the philosophical implications would posit more of a far-reaching agenda.
Category: Number Theory

Note on Laborde Plane Representation Used In Madagascar

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 33 Pages. In French.

In this first paper, we present the plane representation of Laborde applied to Madagascar. We come back to the formulas and the mathematical details from the source document namely fascicle n°4 of the "Treaty of Projections of Geographical Maps, for the Use of Cartographers and Geodesists ", published in 1926, by L. Driencourt and J. Laborde. We have used modern language for certain old expressions cited in the source document.
Category: Geophysics

Кильватерные гравитационные волны в Абсолютном Пространстве-Времени
Wake Gravitational Waves in Absolute Space-Time

Authors: A. V. Antipin
Comments: 14 Pages. In Russian

В рамках гипотезы об Абсолютном Пространстве-Времени, выдвинута гипотеза о существовании гравитационных ударных Кильватерных волн. В Солнечной системе такие волны генерируют, в т.ч., Солнце и планеты. Обычное гравиметрическое оборудование, как ожидается, сможет обнаружить такие волны от Солнца и, возможно, от Луны.

Within the framework of the hypothesis of Absolute Space-Time, the hypothesis of the existence of gravitational shock Wake waves is put forward. In the Solar System, such waves are generated, including the Sun and planets. Conventional gravimetric equipment is expected to be able to detect such waves from the Sun and possibly from the Moon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

COVID-19 and All-Cause Mortality Data by Age Group Reveals Risk of COVID Vaccine-Induced Fatality is Equal to or Greater than the Risk of a COVID death for all Age Groups Under 80 Years Old as of 6 February 2022

Authors: Kathy Dopp, Stephanie Seneff
Comments: 21 Pages.

As of 6 February 2022, based on publicly available official UK and US data, all age groups under 50 years old are at greater risk of fatality after receiving a COVID-19 inoculation than an unvaccinated person is at risk of a COVID-19 death. All age groups under 80 years old have virtually no benefit from receiving a COVID-19 inoculation, and the younger ages incur significant risk. This analysis is conservative because it ignores the fact that inoculation-induced adverse events such as thrombosis, myocarditis, Bell’s palsy, and other vaccine-induced injuries can lead to shortened life span. When one takes into consideration the fact that there is approximately a 90% decrease in risk of COVID-19 death if early treatment is provided to all symptomatic high-risk persons, one can only conclude that mandates of COVID-19 inoculations are ill-advised. Considering the emergence of antibody-resistant variants like Delta and Omicron, for most age groups COVID-19 vaccine inoculations result in higher death rates than COVID-19 does for the unvaccinated.
Category: Statistics

Possibility of Room Temperature Solid State Nuclear Fusion

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 2 Pages.

It was about 15 years ago that I first heard about room temperature solid state nuclear fusion. I was very excited when I learned about the research of Dr. Yoshiaki Arata, Professor Emeritus at Osaka University. I was also deeply convinced that this technology must be brought out to the world at any cost. Fifteen years have passed since then, and I have been secretly watching, but now that the practical application of room-temperature solid-state nuclear fusion is just a step away, I have written this short paper to make this technology widely known to those who are still unaware of it.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Evolving TSP Heuristics using Multi Expression Programming

Authors: Mihai Oltean, Dumitru Dumitrescu
Comments: 10 Pages. International Conference on Computational Sciences, ICCS'04, Edited by M. Bubak, G. D. van Albada, P. Sloot, and J. Dongarra, Vol. II, pp. 670-673, 6-9 June, Krakow, Poland, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2004.

Multi Expression Programming (MEP) is an evolutionary technique that may be used for solving computationally difficult problems. MEP uses a linear solution representation. Each MEP individual is a string encoding complex expressions (computer programs). An MEP individual may encode multiple solutions of the current problem. In this paper, MEP is used for evolving a Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) heuristic for graphs satisfying triangle inequality. Evolved MEP heuristic is compared with Nearest Neighbor Heuristic (NN) and Minimum Spanning Tree Heuristic (MST) on some difficult problems in TSPLIB. For most of the considered problems the evolved MEP heuristic outperforms NN and MST. The obtained algorithm was tested against some problems in TSPLIB. The results emphasize that evolved MEP heuristic is a powerful tool for solving difficult TSP instances.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Evolving Digital Circuits using Multi Expression Programming

Authors: Mihai Oltean, Crina Grosan
Comments: NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware, 24-26 June, Seattle, Edited by R. Zebulum (et. al), pages 87-90, IEEE Press, NJ, 2004

Multi Expression Programming (MEP) is a Genetic Programming (GP) variant that uses linear chromosomes for solution encoding. A unique MEP feature is its ability of encoding multiple solutions of a problem in a single chromosome. These solutions are handled in the same time complexity as other techniques that encode a single solution in a chromosome. In this paper, MEP is used for evolving digital circuits. MEP is compared to Cartesian Genetic Programming (CGP) – a technique widely used for evolving digital circuits – by using several well-known problems in the field of electronic circuit design. Numerical experiments show that MEP outperforms CGP for the considered test problems.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Solving Even-Parity Problems using Multi Expression Programming

Authors: Mihai Oltean
Comments: 4 Pages. Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Frontiers in Evolutionary Algorithms, The 7th Joint Conference on Information Sciences, September 26-30, 2003, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Edited by Ken Chen (et. al), pp. 315-318, 2003.

In this paper, the Multi Expression Programming (MEP) technique is used for solving even-parity problems. Numerical experiments show that MEP outperforms Genetic Programming (GP) with more than one order of magnitude for the considered test cases.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Improving Multi Expression Programming: an Ascending Trail from Sea-level Even-3-parity Problem to Alpine Even-18-Parity Problem

Authors: Mihai Oltean
Comments: 36 Pages. chapter 10, Evolvable Machines: Theory and Applications, Springer-Verlag, edited by Nadia Nedjah (et al.), pp. 229-255, 2004

Multi Expression Programming is a Genetic Programming variant that uses a linear representation of individuals. A unique feature of Multi Expression Programming is its ability of storing multiple solutions of a problem in a single chromosome. In this paper, we propose and use several techniques for improving the search performed by Multi Expression Programming. Some of the most important improvements are Automatically Defined Functions and Sub-Symbolic node representation. Several experiments with Multi Expression Programming are performed in this paper. Numerical results show that Multi Expression Programming performs very well for the considered test problems.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The New Notation for Hyperoperation of a Sequence

Authors: Kyumin Nam
Comments: 3 Pages.

For a sequence $a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n$, we define the exponent, tetration and pentation of a sequence $a_n$ as $\overset{n}{\underset{k = 1}{\textrm{E}}} (a_k) = a_1[3]a_2[3]\cdots[3]a_n$, $\overset{n}{\underset{k = 1}{\textrm{T}}} (a_k) = a_1[4]a_2[4]\cdots[4]a_n$, $\overset{n}{\underset{k = 1}{\mathrm{\Phi}}} (a_k) = a_1[5]a_2[5]\cdots[5]a_n$. Also, we define the $i$-th hyperoperation of a sequence $a_n$ as $\overset{n}{\underset{k = 1}{\textrm{H}_i}} (a_k) = a_1[i]a_2[i]\cdots[i]a_n$.
Category: General Mathematics

Comparison of 3 Different Prime Formulas

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

The purpose of this short paper is to deepen the basic knowledge of prime numbers, focusing on the prime number generation formula. The prime number generating equation has been analyzed to some extent, and I would like to contribute to it.
Category: Number Theory

Is the Cosmological Constant Really a Universal Constant?

Authors: Stefan Bernhard Ruester, Valery Borisovich Morozov
Comments: 4 Pages. Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.7, n.10, (181-184), December 1, 2021 [Corrections are made in order to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

In this article it is demonstrated, that the cosmological constant in Einstein's field equations is not a universal constant but a constant of integration and therefore a constant parameter. The re-declaration of the cosmological constant from a constant parameter to a universal constant in Einstein's general relativity is in fact an unnecessary restriction of the theory. The cosmological constant as a constant parameter opens up the possibility of considering different gravitational systems and thus different metrics of spacetime with different cosmological constants, which is an important step in solving the problems of dark matter, dark energy and of course that of the cosmological constant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hadamard Matrices And Division Algebras Only

Authors: Richard D. Lockyer
Comments: 13 Pages. Keywords: Hadamard matrices, division algebras, Cayley-Dickson algebras, Cayley-Dickson doubling, Octonion Algebra

The iteration that builds systematic forms for Hadamard matrices doubles the dimension each application equivalent to the Cayley-Dickson algebra doubling process. These systematic forms have a row or column composition rule where the composition of any two rows(columns) is closed for the matrix, such that for sequentially assigned column and row indexes from 0 up, the index of the result is the binary bit-wise exclusive or (xor) of the indexes for the two rows(columns) participating. The Exclusive Or Group of order 2 exponent n and all of its subgroups is isomorphic to the product tables for order 2 exponent n Cayley-Dickson algebra and all of its subalgebras when all resultant –1 signs are dropped. The Boolean xor operator thus forms the bridge between Cayley-Dickson algebras and Hadamard matrices, but only for the division algebra subset. The dimension 8 Hadamard matrix is ubiquitous within Octonion algebraic structure by specifying optimal enumerations of, and relationships between; basis elements, Quaternion subalgebra triplets, proper Octonion orientations, Octonion Algebraic Invariance and Variance.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Critical Line of Nontrivial Zeros of Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: José Alcauza
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper, we find a curious and simple possible solution to the critical line of nontrivial zeros of Riemann zeta function.
Category: Number Theory

Lagrange Fake Locations

Authors: John E. Miller
Comments: 4 Pages.

ABSTRACT JAMES WEBB Space Observatory launched Dec.2021 and described on the NASA WEB site of the spectacular feats of engineering in getting it underway. Included is a mock-up of the flight path to what is labelled ‘L2’ at a distance from Earth of 1.5 x 106 km. In this text the orbit geometry at the end of the flight will be derived, as the final orbit geometry is contrary to attractive gravity. NASA have displayed a simulation of the final orbiting path at ‘L2’ but no engineless data on how it is achieved. Following is a description of the orbit geometry based on the hypothesis outlined in previous texts, in a bit more detail
Category: Astrophysics

Relationship Between Neutrino and Boson

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 3 Pages.

In previous study, it was suggested that the masses of electron neutrino, muon neutrino, and tau neutrino in a combined state are each 0.14377 eV, 167.34 keV, and 15.493 MeV. Applying a symmetric dimensional coordinate to the masses, the results are the same as the H boson mass calculations by author. This means that neutrino masses and bosons are super-gauge symmetrically related. In previous study, everything was calculated as 9 unknowns. From above relation, two unknowns are calculated. Therefore, everything is calculated from seven values: (1) Electron 510.999 keV, (2) Muon 105.658 MeV, (3) Tau 1.77686 GeV, (4) Proton 938.272 MeV, (5) Z boson about 91.1876 GeV, (6) Gravitational coupling constant 5.90595E-39, and (7) Electromagnetic coupling constant 1/137.036. The 7 unknowns are equal to the sum of 6 absolute space dimensions and 1 absolute time dimension.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Potential of the Semiconductor Economy

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

Today, "procedures" are more important than ever, but this is not a mysterious phenomenon. In politics as well, in order for those in power to gain power, there must be "procedures" that reflect the will of the people. Procedure is synonymous with law, while non-procedure is the opposite of law, which in some cases means disorderly freedom. This can be applied not only to the political world but also to the economic world.
Category: Economics and Finance

Inconsistent Number Systems,nowel Development.

Authors: Jaykov Foukzon
Comments: 60 Pages.

In this paper we dealin using paraconsistent first order logic LP_{ω}^{#}=∪_{n<ω}LP_{n}^{#} with restricted modus ponens rule and infinite levels of a contradiction [1]-[4], where LP_{n}^{#} is an paraconsistent first order logic with n levels of a contradiction.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

LIGO's Spiral Binary Black Holes Failed to Merge

Authors: X. D. Dongfang
Comments: 9 Pages.

Frequency distribution and variation law of the GW150914 waveform, one of a large number of ancient and distant binary merging gravitational waves claimed by LIGO, are deeply studied, and the recurrence relation of frequency of GW150914 waveform with macro quantization significance is accurately fitted. Firstly, the characteristic equation for effectively correcting the amplitude time of the waveform is proposed, the normative conditions of the numerical analysis method of the minimum solution of the characteristic Diophantine equations are determined, the new correction value of the amplitude time of the GW150914 waveform is given, and then the quantized recursive equation characterizing the frequency distribution of the signal is obtained. Secondly, the complex but clear data processing procedure for drawing the com quantum theory waveform is introduced, and the standard waveform of GW150914 waveform is drawn. It is pointed out that the drawing of LIGO numerical relativistic waveform is opaque, and the conclusion is vague and lacks due scientific analysis. Thirdly, the missing characteristic frequency in GW150914 waveform is confirmed, and then the reason why Hanford waveform and Livingston waveform have no corresponding band of characteristic frequency is analyzed. It is proved that LIGO's GW150914 spiral binary black holes failed to merge successfully, which shows that no matter how powerful the research team is it is difficult to create astronomical events without any flaws. Finally, an experimental proposal to effectively test the confidence of a laser interferometer gravitational wave detector is proposed to detect the gravitational wave of simulated spiral binary system. PS: LIGO made up enough lies that the gravitational wave of the merger of spiral binaries was detected because they naively believed that as long as they teased the readers and announced that the binaries in all gravitational wave events were merged, there would be no corresponding gravitational wave in the future, and it would never be possible for anyone to discover the truth of the so-called gravitational wave of spiral binaries. However, there is no perfect lie in the world. Theoretical physicists only need to master the correct theoretical knowledge of gravity and understand the precise motion law of binary stars, and they can find many fatal loopholes in LIGO's lies. What is introduced here is just one of the loopholes in LIGO's lie of detecting the gravitational wave of the merger of spiral black holes: if the story of spiral double black holes is true, it must radiate a peak corresponding to a specific frequency. LIGO is obviously very ignorant about the basic knowledge of these gravitational theories, so it is unable to carry out the necessary calculations. This unfortunate ignorance has become one of the huge loopholes in the lie of LIGO's spiral binary gravitational wave. In fact, readers can also expose the lie of LIGO gravitational wave from other aspects, and finally find out what kind of laboratory signal LIGO's so-called gravitational wave signal is simulated with. Evidence to expose LIGO lies will be more wonderful one by one. However, LIGO and its cooperative institutions are likely to use the precise inferences of our paper to fabricate spikes of a specific frequency and further release false gravitational waves. Therefore, we have to keep other wonderful evidence secret for the time being, prepare for Jedi counterattack, and finally conclude for LIGO: there are many lies in the scientific community, and LIGO's lies, although very cunning, are the most ignorant, It can only deceive those non real theoretical physics scholars, especially the news media.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Structure of Type-X Particles

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 7 Pages.

Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST), we have described all Type-X particles that are defined by the following quantum quantities: IG(JPC) = 0+(1++).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Brief Look into the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Vedant Lohia
Comments: 17 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

The late Paul Erdős famously said that regarding the Collatz Conjecture, "Mathematics is not yet ready for such problems" and his words ring true to this day. This paper outlines the attempts made to prove or disprove the conjecture and refrains from restricting itself to a very mathematical audience. While surface level knowledge of such conjectures and their nature might satiate some, it is for those who wish to know more before a sea of notation and concepts overwhelms them that I dedicate this paper.
Category: Number Theory

The Fundamental Conservation Law in the Theory of General Relativity: an Unconventional Approach is Feasible and Correct?

Authors: Stefan Bernhard Ruester
Comments: 11 Pages. Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.6, n.9, (1-11), December 1, 2020 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

The author derives the fundamental and necessarily existing conservation law in the theory of General Relativity (GR). Thereby, the energy-momentum density tensor of the gravitational field is found. Additionally, the cosmological constant takes on a completely new meaning, which solves the cosmological constant problem. This new interpretation of the cosmological constant also explains the dark energy and the dark matter phenomenon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Absorption of Spin and Momentum of a Circular Polarized Electromagnetic Wave

Authors: R. I. Khrapko
Comments: 5 Pages. Submitted to PLA

Within the framework of classical electrodynamics, it is shown that the absorption of the spin of a circular polarized plane wave is the same natural process as the absorption of the momentum of such a wave
Category: Classical Physics

A Map of Human Temperament to the Calendar Year

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 35 Pages.

A model is proposed where, in addition to the previously established human behavioral patterns tracked to the annual sunlight-driven dopamine cycle or seasonal pattern, a second dopamine “clock” is proposed in the human brain. This clock-cycle involves a wavelength of 40.5 days (approximately 1/9th of a 365 day calendar year) starting at the winter solstice on December 21. This cycle is measured in this proposal starting with a 13 to 14 day-long concave dopamine peak with hyperactive and impulsive temperament, diminishing to a 13 to 14 day-long period of calm and focus, and ending with a 13 to 14 day-long convex phase with increased anxiety and depression, after which the cycle begins again. These two cycles are considered as the only factors needed to map an aggregate annual calendar of human temperament.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On the Number of Integral Points Between a K Dimensional Sphere and a Grid

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages.

Using the method of compression we show that the number of integral points in the region bounded by the $2r\times 2r \times \cdots \times 2r~(k~times)$ grid containing the sphere of radius $r$ and a sphere of radius $r$ satisfies the lower bound \begin{align} \mathcal{N}_{r,k} \gg r^{k-\delta}\times \frac{1}{\sqrt{k}}\nonumber \end{align}for some small $\delta>0$.
Category: Geometry

Dark Matter as Dimensional Condensate

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 7 Pages.

Fractional statistics (FS) is a generalization of the spin-statistics theorem and mixes bosons and fermions in a non-trivial way. Mixing is controlled by a continuous parameter q and the ordinary statistics is recovered in the limit q = 1. We have argued some time ago that the onset of FS occurs in a spacetime endowed with minimal fractality, whose ground state is the Cantor Dust, an early Universe phase created by topological condensation of continuous dimensions. Recent studies on - bosons reinforce the hypothesis that Dark Matter is the relic of Cantor Dust left over from the early stages of cosmological evolution. The take-away point of this brief note is the growing support for the minimal fractality of spacetime and its ramifications in foundational physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Heaven’s Palaces Above Mount Sumeru: Desire Realm (须弥山上“诸天宫殿”：欲界)

Authors: Yuwen Zhuang
Comments: 11 Pages. In Chinese

Through the modern interpretation of the sutras and the benefit from modern science, we are surprised to find that the Sutras have accurate modern scientific descriptions of the existence of the eight planets in the solar system, the Asteroid belt, Ceres, and the distance doubling relation among some of the semi-major axes for the interplanetary orbits. Among them, the Buddha’s description of the distribution characteristics of the asteroid belt, the existence of Ceres in the asteroid belt and the existence of a liquid layer inside Ceres are consistent with the results of modern scientific exploration. All the above content are far beyond our imagination, and there is an incredible era transcendence which is shocking again.

通过经文的现代解读以及得益于现代科学，我们惊讶的发现，佛经对太阳系存在八大行星、小行星带（Asteroid belt）、谷神星（Ceres）、以及部分行星间轨道半长轴的距离倍增关系等有着准确的现代科学描述。其中，佛陀关于关于小行星带的分布特点、小行星带中存在谷神星和谷神星内部存在液体层的描述与现代科学的探索结果一致。这些内容远远的超出我们的想象，存在不可思议的时代超越性，让人再次震惊。
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Why Are There No Radio Waves in Space

Authors: Alexander Dubinyansky, Pavel Churlyaev
Comments: 7 Pages. dubinyansky@mail.ru

A description of the shape and size of photons is given. Including radio photons.
Category: Classical Physics

Aerodynamic Shape Optimization of a Hypersonic Inlet Configuration

Authors: Shlomy Shitrit
Comments: 21 Pages.

The most suited air breathing vehicle to hypersonic flight is the supersonic combustion ramjet, or scramjet. One of the many challenges to scramjets is being able to operate efficiently over a wide range of flight conditions. Under the extreme pressure and heat experienced at these flight conditions there is a high degree of shape uncertainty. Numerous phenomena such as inlet unstart, extreme load, boundary-layer effects and shear layer interaction, restrict scramjet design and limit their performance. Such problems are the main motivation for surface sensitivities that can be used for aerodynamic shape optimization. The objective of the present paper is to document lessons learned from aerodynamic shape optimization of the HiFire scramjet configuration under supersonic flow conditions. Mesh warping and geometry parametrization is accomplished by using surface control points embedded with free-form deformation (FFD) volumes. The aerodynamic model solves the RANS equations with Spallart-Almaras turbulence model. A gradient based optimization algorithm is used with an adjoint method in order to compute the objectives and constraints derivatives with respect to the design variables. The main purpose of this study is to suggest an approach for aerodynamic shape optimization of scramjet inlet and mainly to present two optimization problem formulations which includes different objectives: pressure recovery and thrust, by using a polynomial approach which reflects a low fidelity model of the combustion and expansion process. The results of optimization are presented, including the tradeoff between the two approaches.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Inadequacy of Classical Logic in Classical Harmonic Oscillator and the Principle of Superposition

Authors: Abhishek Majhi, Ramkumar Radhakrishnan
Comments: 14 Pages.

In course of the development of modern science, inadequacy of classical logic and Eastern philosophy have generally been associated only with quantum mechanics in particular, notably by Schroedinger, Finkelstein and Zeilinger among others. Our motive is to showcase a deviation from this prototypical association. So, we consider the equation of motion of a classical harmonic oscillator, and demonstrate how our habit of writing the general solution, by applying the principle of superposition, can not be explained by remaining within the bounds of classical logic. The law of identity gets violated. The law of non-contradiction and the law of excluded middle fail to hold strictly throughout the whole process of reasoning consequently leading to a decision problem where we can not decide whether these two `laws' hold or not. We discuss how we, by habit, apply our intuition to write down the general solution. Such intuitive steps of reasoning, if formalized in terms of propositions, result in a manifestation of the inadequacy of classical logic. In view of our discussion, we conclude that the middle way ({\it Mulamadhyamakakarika}), a feature of Eastern philosophy, founds the basis of human reasoning. The essence of the middle way can be realized through self-inquiry ({\it Atmavichar}), another crucial feature of Eastern philosophy, which however is exemplified by our exposition of the concerned problem. From the Western point of view, our work showcases an example of Hilbert's axiomatic approach to deal with the principle of superposition in the context of the classical harmonic oscillator. In the process, it becomes a manifestation of Brouwer's views concerning the role of intuition in human reasoning and inadequacy of classical logic which were very much influenced by, if not founded upon, Eastern philosophy.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Signature Invariance in a Neutron Dirac Equation with an External Magnetic Field

Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper the Dirac equation for a neutron in an external magnetic field is studied. The use of Dirac's equation for a neutron is somewhat controversial as far as the author is aware of. Nevertheless, the present study could be an interesting theoretical excercise in metric signature invariance. More in particular it is argued that in a specific external magnetic field and with non-vanishing time dependence of the 41 wave function vector, parity transformation invariance and time reversal invariance is not possible. This implies signature non-invariance.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Progress in the Composite View of the Newton Gravitational Constant and Its Link to the Planck Scale

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 16 Pages.

The Newtonian gravity constant G plays a central role in gravitational theory. Researchers have since at least the 1980’s tried to see if the Newton gravitational constant can be expressed or replaced with more fundamental units, such as the Planck units. However already in 1987 it was pointed out that this led to a circular problem, namely that one must know G to find the Planck units, and that it is therefore is of little or no use to express G through the Planck units. This is a view repeated in the literature in recent years, and is the view held by the physics community. However a few years ago we will claim the circular problem was solved. In addition when one express the mass from the Compton wavelength formula then this leads to that the three universal constants G, h and c can be replaced with only lp and c to predict observable gravitational phenomena. This paper will review the history as well recent progress in the composite view of the gravitational constant.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Happy 100th Birthday, Polarography: Dedicated to Jaroslav Heyrovsky (1890 – 1967)

Authors: Raji Heyrovska
Comments: Pages.

Hundred years ago on February 10, 1922, Jaroslav Heyrovsky used renewable dropping mercury electrode as a tool for obtaining the current, voltage curve for dissolved solutes in solutions. Thus, polarography was born and has now stood a century as a unique electrochemical method thanks to the renewable fresh metal/solution interface which makes the current, voltage curves absolutely reproducible. The present author learnt this technique using the original galvanometer and photographic paper in her post graduate years. Subsequently she had the pleasure of doing postdoctoral work in Heyrovsky’s Institute of Polarography in Prague. Presented here are some of her articles which contribute to the wonders of polarography.
Category: Chemistry

General Theory for the Unification of the Electric Force with the Gravitational Force

Authors: Piscedda Giampaolo
Comments: 3 Pages.

From the foundations of Special Theory of Relativity, we demonstrate in the simplest way possible, that the Electric Force can be described through the Theory of General Relativity
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unconventional If(f) Convenient: Effective Structures to Construct Alternate Primes Experimentally

Authors: Arthur V. Shevenyonov
Comments: 3 Pages. Prime-generating structures & symmetries

Dial symmetry, Complenarity, and #-scoring could prove productive as well as efficient means of [re]constructing primes. Seen as alternate constructs accommodating the same prime values, or otherwise pairing those implicitly involved, as p’=p+2k*9 or p’=2n+(2k+1)*9 (both capturing the laxer subset of p=2m+1), complenary values tend to follow the parity: #p’=#p=#(2m). Moreover, the early primes sequence appears to fit into Fibonacci-like regularities along much the same #-scoring lines.
Category: Number Theory

Square Equations Represented with Gnomon

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper I am going to present a soft extension of gnomon theory in geometry. The well known case for n^2 can be adjusted to (2n+1)^2 and (2n)^2. I show it with simple graphs and an algebraic explanation.
Category: Geometry

R-Algebra of Dimension 1, 2, 4 or 8

Authors: Philippe Gibone
Comments: 12 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

We will show that it is possible to find a few parameters that describes several "interesting" R-Algebras of dimension 4 and 8 (we will recall the very easy and well known 1 and 2 cases).
Category: Algebra

Paraphrasing Magritte’s Observation

Authors: Jesus Malo Lopez
Comments: 4 Pages. Keywords: Visual stimulus generation, Image representation in Surrealism, Cartoon-like images.

Contrast Sensitivity of the human visual system can be explained from certain low-level vision tasks (like retinal noise and optical blur removal), but not from others (like chromatic adaptation or pure reconstruction after simple bottlenecks). This conclusion still holds even under substantial change in stimulus statistics, as for instance considering cartoon-like images as opposed to natural images (Li, Gomez-Villa, Bertalmio, & Malo, 2022). In this note we present a method to generate original cartoon-like images compatible with the statistical training used in (Li et al., 2022). Following the classical observation in (Magritte, 1929), the stimuli generated by the proposed method certainly are not what they represent: Ceci n’est pas une pipe. The clear distinction between representation (the stimuli generated by the proposed method) and reality (the actual object) avoids eventual problems for the use of the generated stimuli in academic, non-profit, publications.
Category: Mind Science

Undulatory Theory of Gravity in Minkowski Space

Authors: Martín Orlando Gil Cardona
Comments: 51 Pages. Cordial saludo a los lectores. Espero que este trabajo sea para ustedes teóricamente enriquecedor. Admito una posible revisión por pares.

In the following work I intend to present a gravitational potential ϕ in a four-dimensional space, for the attempt leading to the development of a Undulatory and Geometric Theory of Gravity, whereas, for reasons of convenience and co-variance with theoretical models intended to be integrated into the standard model, it must contain the most common and known number of dimensions of a simple space; in this case the Minkowski space M(4), is chosen, since this is a very consistent one, possesses a metric ημν that is very similar to Euclidean δij, and is sufficient to define the essentials of gravitation; a second objective is to demonstrate more conciliatory and adequately the concordance and covariance with Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity that was elaborated in this same space, with some quantum connections and with the classical scheme in a dimensional boundary leading to Euclidean space E (3) in which Isaac Newton developed the classical Theory of Gravitation. Keywords: Cosmology, Fields, Gravity
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Gravitational Paradox and the Proposed Experiment to Demonstrate Gravitational Distortion of "Spacetime"

Authors: Ángel Blanco Nápoles
Comments: In English, Russian and Spanish versions, revised and expanded. 15 pages. 2 drawings.

This unsolvable antagonistic contradiction between Euclidean geometry and gravity is explained in detail. An experiment is proposed for the experimental demonstration of this prediction. This Paradox tells us that it is impossible to have the Moon in two different places at the same time on our head. The number of sites above our head should be equal to the number of sites under our feet and vice versa. The Earth, thanks to the gravitational distortion of "space-time", is actually a flat sphere or concave sphere in absolute terms, and this is a completely new concept.
Category: Classical Physics

The Solution of the Invariant Subspace Problem Part I. Complex Hilbert space

Authors: Jaykov Foukzon
Comments: 101 Pages.

The incompleteness of set theory ZFC leads one to look for natural extensions of ZFC in which one can prove statements independent of ZFC which appear to be "true". One approach has been to add large cardinal axioms. Or, one can investigate second-order expansions like Kelley-Morse class theory, KM or Tarski-Grothendieck set theory TG.It is a non-conservative extension of ZFC and is obtaineed from other axiomatic set theories by the inclusion of Tarski's axiom which implies the existence of inaccessible cardinals [1].In this paper we look at a set theory NC_{∞^{#}}^{#}, based on bivalent gyper infinitary logic with restricted Modus Ponens Rule [2]-[5].In this paper we deal with set theory NC_{∞^{#}}^{#} based on gyper infinitary logic with Restricted Modus Ponens Rule.We present a new approach to the In this paper we deal with set theory INC_{∞^{#}}^{#} based on gyper infinitary logic with Restricted Modus Ponens Rule.We present a new approach to the invariant subspace problem for Hilbert spaces. Our main result will be that: if T is a bounded linear operator on an infinite-dimensional complex separable Hilbert space H,it follow that T has a non-trivial closed invariant subspace.Non-conservative extension based on set theory NC_{∞}^{} of the model theoretical nonstandard analysis[6] is considered
Category: Functions and Analysis

暗物质源于真空密度梯度 (Dark Matter Originates from Vacuum Density Gradient)

Authors: Mingshan Ye
Comments: Pages.

根据光线引力弯曲现象，推论真空是一种具有引力的可压缩的流体。普通物质对真空的引力作用使得普通物质周围的真空产生密度梯度，离普通物质越近处的真空密度越大，从而该处真空引力质量越大，形成所谓“暗物质”。据此可以描述暗物质在各种天体系统中的分布状况，解释与暗物质有关的各种现象，并且可以自然的导出修正牛顿动力学理论(MOND)，揭示MOND不足之处的根源。

According to the gravitational bending phenomenon of light, it is inferred that vacuum is a compressible fluid with gravity. The gravitational effect of ordinary matter on vacuum makes the vacuum around ordinary matter produce a density gradient. The closer to ordinary matter, the greater the vacuum density, so the greater the vacuum gravitational mass, forming the so-called "dark matter". Based on this, we can describe the distribution of dark matter in various celestial systems, explain various phenomena related to dark matter, and naturally derive the modified Newton dynamics theory (MOND).
Category: Astrophysics

Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem by means of Elementary Probability Theory

Authors: Andrea Prunotto
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this work, we introduce the concept of Fermat’s Urn, an urn containing three types of marbles, and such that it holds a peculiar constraint therein: The probability to get at least one marble of a given type (while performing multiple independent drawings) is equal to the probability not to get any marble of another type. Further, we discuss a list of implicit hypotheses related to Fermat's Equation, which would allow us to interpret this equation exactly as the mentioned constraint in Fermat's Urn. Then, we study the properties of this constraint in relation with the capability to distinguish the types of marbles within the urn, namely in case of the event ''to get at least one marble of each type''. Eventually, on the basis of a simple theorem related to this event, we prove that Fermat's Equation and Fermat's Urn may share those properties only if we perform at most two drawings from the urn. This result reflects then in the solution of Fermat's Equation.
Category: Number Theory

Research on Mathematical Butterfly Patterns Conducted up to 2013

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 3 Pages.

In the study of the deformation mechanism of metallic materials, this structure consisting of two metallic crystals with different crystal orientations, called the corresponding grain boundary, has been evaluated by a parameter called the ∑ value. In addition, it has been pointed out that the DSC (=Displacement of Complete pattern Shift)dislocation model may be affected by up to ∑ value 29 at the corresponding grain boundary. In this paper, we will focus only on the ∑ value, and use only the mathematical point of view.
Category: Geometry

Alternative Reflections on the Creation of Hypervelocity Stars

Authors: Johann Albers
Comments: 4 Pages.

Hypervelocity stars (HVS) are stars which move with such high velocities that they can escape the gravitational field of our galaxy. What forces produce the acceleration to such high velocities? Classical Theories, Newtonian Mechanics and General Relativity, describe gravity by attractive forces, which on a first glance are not very suited to explain these high accelerations. The most common explanation, however, assumes a complicated scenario where a partner of a binary star system is disrupted and accelerated by the huge black hole at the center of the milky way.The Alternative Reflections on Gravitation (ARG), however, let expect a much simpler scenario: The primary gravitational effects are not attractive, but repulsive forces, produced by gravitons, converted from ALPS, which are emitted, e.g. from the hot interior of luminous stars. A supernova with its enormous luminosity and a close companion in a binary star system inevitably leads to extreme accelerations of this companion and its formation into an HVS.
Category: Astrophysics

A Balancing Method for Constructing Super Perfect Magic Square

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 6 Pages. 4 figures

Super perfect magic square refers to a magic square with multiple changes and mutual conversion. In this paper, a construction method of magic square, called balancing method, is created, which can quickly construct even order super perfect magic square. The characteristic of this method is that the larger the order of magic square, the more selectivity, and the easier it is to construct.
Category: General Mathematics

Integration of Bioinspired Artificial Channels for the Concept Design of an Artificial Kidney Device

Authors: A. Alayoud
Comments: 23 Pages.

Recently, there has been a great interest in the possible applications of synthetic transporters that mimic the structures and functions of natural ion channels for liquid separations, water purification, and biosensing. Here we propose, for the first time, the use of selective polymer membranes incorporated by synthetic artificial carriers combined with existing dialysis technologies to create a synthetic nephron. Consistent with renal physiology, the proposed system has 3 distinct sections, replicating the glomerular filtration and tubular functions (secretion and reabsorption) and may represent a breakthrough in renal replacement therapy based on the functioning of native kidneys. Thus, this design can be used to manufacture a dialysis machine, with technical features capable of allowing dialysis treatment without ultrapure water or concentrate.
Category: Physics of Biology

Electron Mass and Proton Mass: The Derivation

Authors: Helmut Söllinger
Comments: 14 Pages.

As already investigated systematically in the author’s previous work "The Code of Nature", the values of the electron mass and the proton mass (me and mp) can be represented in a convincing manner by five physical constants plus a time-varying parameter. The five constants are the elementary electric charge e, the vacuum electric permittivity Єo, the Planck constant h, the speed of light c and the gravitational constant G. As a time-varying parameter, either the Hubble radius R or the Hubble constant H can be used. In the past few years it was the author’s intention to systematically derive and interpret the equation, which he discovered in 2012. Now the author has succeeded in elaborating a convincing derivation of the equation using the concept of matter waves. In addition, a highly symmetrical form of the equation was found by introducing four calculative masses based on physical constants.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Theory of Meanings and the Structure of Reality

Authors: Taha Khaled
Comments: 8 Pages. The foundations and some details are what got explained and nothing more. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Why there are repeated concepts in reality? And why mathematics is capable of dealing with them? There is such a weird structure that connects these two events. This structure is so fundamental that every single being looks so complex compared to it. The true start is not when objects appeared but rather when this structure appeared. And this paper tries to explain such a thing.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Dictionary of the Kachin Language by Rev. O. Hanson and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 22 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study A Dictionary of the Kachin Language by Rev. O. Hanson, 1954 printing.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of the Kachin words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised( unnormalised). We find that the Kachin words underlie a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in the presence of little external magnetic field.Moreover, the naturalness number of the Kachin language as seen through this dictionary is nine by sixteen.
Category: Linguistics

Essence of Mevlana’s Wisdom

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 7 Pages. An essay for "Humanity 4.0"

While the organism called human lives in accordance with the program and operation of nature, it has been differentiated from other organisms due to the mind and spiritual activities articulated; however, it remained within a conventional framework. A small number of people who were promoted to the "universal self" were able to emerge, overcoming this widespread state defined as "human selfness" in Mevlana's teaching. Mevlana wisdom describes transcendent human activities at higher levels of existence, accompanied by religious discourses. By distilling this essence, it should be aimed to emphasize the definition of "universal selfness" and to be aware and internalized by the people of the information age, and now transfer the "human 4.0" stage.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Penrose Suggestion as to Pre-Planck-Era Black Holes Showing up in Present Universe Data Sets Discussed, with a Possible Candidate as to GW Radiation Which May Provide Initial CMBR Data

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 13 Pages. preprint of the submission to MG 16

What we are doing is three-fold. First, we examine the gist of the Penrose suggestion as to signals from a prior universe showing up in the CMBR. That is, this shows up as data in the CMBR. Second, we give a suggestion as to how super massive black holes could be broken up s of a prior universe cycle by pre-big-bang conditions, with say millions of pre-Planck black holes coming up out of a breakup of prior universe black holes. Three, we utilize a discussion as to Bose{Einstein condensates set as gravitons as to composing the early universe black holes. The BEC formulation gives a number N of gravitons, linked to entropy, per black hole, which could lead to contributions to the alleged CMBR perturbations, which were identied by Penrose et al.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Superluminal Lorentz Transformations

Authors: Giorgio Capezzali
Comments: 11 Pages. Accepted for publication in Physics Essays, Vol. 34, No. 1 (March 2021)

In this article linear transformations of coordinates to a superluminal inertial reference frame are presented. Even if there is no need to use imaginary numbers to maintain c invariant, these functions are just intended as a mathematical curiosity not necessarily having a real physical meaning. Possible applications to our world, if any, are left to the reader.
Category: Classical Physics

A Formula for the Function π(x) to Count the Number of Primes Exactly if 25 ≤ X ≤ 1572 with Python Code to Test it v. 4.0

Authors: Ronald Danilo Chávez
Comments: 37 Pages.

This paper shows a very elementary way of counting the number of primes under a given number with total accuracy. Is the function π(x) if 25 ≤ x ≤ 1572.
Category: Number Theory

Stellar Metamorphosis and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Authors: Daniel Archer
Comments: 5 Pages.

Stellar Metamorphosis obeys the second law of thermodynamics, this paper shows how and explores further consequences and makes some predictions.
Category: Astrophysics

Correction: Experimental Test of the Equivalence Principle: Result of Studying Free Fall of a Metal Disk and a Helium Balloon in a Vacuum (Low Vacuum)

Authors: Gregor Neuens
Comments: 5 Pages.

Corrected version from October 3, 2025 - First published on February 2, 2022. In this experiment (WEP), in addition to a pure solid body, namely a metal disk, a solid body in hollow form filled with gas, specificallya helium balloon, has been studied during free fall in a vacuum (low vacuum). The analysis of the measured data showed a clear deviation of the measured values from the expected nominal values according to Galileo’s law of falling bodies during free fall of the helium balloon. However, it was clearly stated in thefirst version of the article that the experiment carried out here was conducted with simple, modest means, and it was recommended or intended to repeat the experiment with better measurement technology. Another drop test with a helium balloon was carried out using better measuring technology on August 1, 2002, in the 2.2 Second Drop Tower at the NASA Glenn Research Center. In this experiment, the equivalence principle (SEP) was confirmed. However, this information was not known at the time of the article’s initialpublication and is hereby added for clarification. In conclusion, it can be assumed that the experiment described in the article does not violate the equivalence principle; the measurement was probably flawed due to air resistance, which caused the helium balloon to fall to the ground more slowly than expectedaccording to Galileo’s law of falling bodies. Since the general theory of relativity is based on the equivalence principle, it will continue to be useful in the future to carry out all possible experiments to verify whetherthe equivalence principle is still valid.
Category: Classical Physics

Provability of the Received Fermat's Last Theorem

Authors: Richard Wayte
Comments: 7 Pages.

The received Theorem is transformed into a new symmetrical expression, for it to be compared with a parallel all-integer expression. Differences in the configurations of the expressions prove that components of the Theorem cannot all be integers.
Category: Algebra

A proof of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 24 Pages.

Zeros and the pole of the Riemann zeta function ζ(s) correspond to simple poles of the logarithmic derivative f(s) = d/ds ln ζ(s). In Re{s} > 1 the function f (s) has an absolutely convergent sum expression and an analytic continuation to the complex plane except for a discrete set of simple poles in the area Re{s} ≤ 1. Close to a pole sk the function f (s) is rk /(s−sk)+finite terms. Omitting the finite terms, we can evaluate this function into a Taylor series at the x-axis point x > 1. The absolute values of the coefficients of the Taylor series of each pole decrease as x−i for some i > 0 as a function of x. The absolute values of the coefficients of the Taylor series of f (s) decrease as a negative exponent of x when x grows. That means that all terms aix−i, ai ∈ IR, are cancelled by other terms in f (s) when x → ∞. These other terms must contain terms −aix−i. Such terms arise only from poles. It follows that in the sum of all poles of f (s), at the point x, poles must cancel other poles when x → ∞. The poles of f (s) in Re{s} ≥ 1 and Re{s} ≤ 0 are known. They are the only poles that give a negative coefficients of x−j , j > 0, while the remaining poles, the non-trivial zeros of ζ(s), give positive coefficients. It is shown that the poles of f (s) cancel when x → ∞ if and only if every pole sk at 0 < Re{sk } < 1 satisfies Re{s} = 1 2 , i.e., the Riemann Hypothesis is true.
Category: Number Theory

A Critical History of Quantum Mechanics and Wave-Particle Duality

Authors: Eric Stanley Reiter
Comments: 32 Pages.

We will concentrate mostly on ideas that led to wave-particle duality. Early experiments found that matter and light each seemed to have wave and particle properties: a contradiction. Here you will see how our greatest physicists struggled over those ideas. Many physicists will admit that this wave-particle problem has not been resolved to this day. The double-slit test is a popular way to express the wave-particle problem, but a far better test is the beam-split coincidence test. The history of that test will be shown, starting from the thought experiment of Einstein in his definition of the photon, leading to modern actualizations. This critical history includes objections and alternatives that were rejected. From the original offprints, you can judge the assumptions that IMHO led us astray. After you see my other writings and videos of experiments and theory, you might understand how these historical components lead to the resolution of wave-particle duality.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Diffusion Gravity (10): Evidence for MOND and Asymmetric Near-Field Gravity from Asteroid 2000 BD19 Perihelia

Authors: D. H. Fulton
Comments: 29 Pages. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27527.52646

The close-approach of the Sun by asteroid 2000 B19 provides further evidence for MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and Asymmetric Near-Field (ASNF) gravity by observational data, which shows added acceleration along the elliptical orbit trajectory between the Sun's L1 point with the galaxy and the asteroid perihelion on November 5, 2021. This research posits that the object should increase in velocity due to MOND acceleration of 2.5 x 10-11 m/sec 2 during the approach to perihelion, which can generate an additional velocity of ~8 m/sec that is measurable as a displacement along the elliptical orbit, resulting in an early passage through perihelion. Previous research already postulated that the anomalous acceleration of asteroid 1I/2017 U1 was clearly explainable by MOND acceleration in the solar flyby of that object, without exotic speculative scenarios. Herein is included an analysis of the ephemeris data of BD19 from NASA/JPL, which we then use to predict the MOND effect in the observational data.
Category: Astrophysics

A Class of Super Perfect Magic Squares of Order Six

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 11 Pages. 10 figures

in the construction of magic square, single even magic square is the most difficult. In this paper, we find a kind of super perfect magic square of order 6, which has a variety of dynamic change patterns and can be called a ten thousand square graph.
Category: General Mathematics

Text Summarizer Using Julia

Authors: Amey Thakur, Mega Satish
Comments: 6 pages, 5 figures, Volume 10, Issue I, International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40066

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Julia programming language with a concentration on Text Summarization. An extractive summarization algorithm is used for summarizing. Julia's evolution and features, as well as comparisons to other programming languages, are briefly discussed. The system's operation is depicted in a flow diagram, which illustrates the processes of sentence selection.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Relations of Deterministics and Associated Stochastics in the Sense of an Ensemble Theory Lead to Many Solutions in Theoretical Physics

Authors: Rolf Warnemünde
Comments: 35 Pages.

With the method of establishing a clear connection between deterministics and associated stochastics in terms of an ensemble theory Maxwell's equations are theoretically derived and a geometrodynamics of collective turbulent motions is developed. This in turn leads to a unification of Maxwell's and gravitational field as well as the explanation and emergence of photons.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Axon: Restructuring Waves and Electrical Currents

Authors: Lev I. Verkhovsky
Comments: 7 Pages.

An article “The Brain, Reimagined,” by Douglas Fox (Sci. Am.,v.27, No 3, Fall 2018) concerns work by physicists T. Heimburg and A.D. Jackson, who argue that signals in neurons are conveyed by mechanical waves of expansion and contraction of the cell membrane rather than by electrical spikes, or action potentials, as described by the Huxley-Hodgkin theory. But the chief provisions of this theory are firmly established. Hypothesis on the honeycomb structure of the lipid biomembrane by Dr. R.-H.N. Mikelsaar makes it possible to remove the contradictions between these two concepts.
Category: Physics of Biology

Complementary Relativity: Beyond the Lorentz Transformations

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 39 Pages.

The Theory of Relativity treats the effects of the supply of energy to a particle. This is what they usually do with the particle accelerators. Nobody cares about particles losing energy and if particles also have their own motion, such as their free fall in the universe. All in all, we all are free falling in the universe. Well, there is now a Complementary Relativity which cares about losing potential energy by a particle, while it is free falling in the universe. At a small size, all that can be analyzed also on the atom, where the electrons can drop to lower levels, so releasing energy. And at the end of this paper the Complementary Relativity will be tested really on the atom.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the General Gauss Circle Problem

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages.

Using the method of compression we show that the number of integral points in a $k$ dimensional sphere of radius $r>0$ is \begin{align} N_k(r)\gg \sqrt{k} \times r^{k-1+o(1)}.\nonumber \end{align}
Category: Geometry

Exponential Energy Loss and Observational Deviation from the Hubble Law

Authors: Paul Stowe, Barry Mingst
Comments: 16 Pages.

In this work we plot the observational measurements of 240 SNIA events in standard astronomical Hubble fashion. We demonstrate that there is a greater than 98% correlation to an exponential loss of energy with distance.
Category: Astrophysics

Pythagorean Triples and Square Pell Numbers

Authors: Julian Beauchamp
Comments: 1 Page. [Note by viXra Admin: Author's name must appear on the submitted article or the submission will be rejected without notice]

In this short paper I demonstrate a simple connection between primitive Pythagorean triples of the form {X, Y, Z=Y+1} and the squares of the Pell Numbers. I conjecture that when X is equal to one of the numerators of continued fraction convergents to sqrt 2, then and only then can Y or Z be a square, and only then a square Pell Number.
Category: Number Theory

On a Variant of the Gauss Circle Problem

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages.

Using the method of compression we show that the number of integral points in the region bounded by the $2r\times 2r$ grid containing the circle of radius $r$ and a circle of radius $r$ satisfies the lower bound \begin{align} \mathcal{N}_r \gg r^{2-\delta}\nonumber \end{align}for some small $\delta>0$.
Category: Geometry

A New Representation for Dirac $\delta$-function

Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 3 pages, no figures

A polynomial power series is constructed for the one-sided step function using a modified Taylor series, whose derivative results in a new representation for Dirac $\delta$-function.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Formula for the Goldbach Function

Authors: V. Barbera
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper presents an exact elementary formula for the Goldbach function.
Category: Number Theory

The Trajectory Nonstability of Charges in LHC Due to Radiation Loss

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. original article

The quasi-classical behavior of a charged particle moving in a magnetic field is derived by the WKB approximation and wave-packet method from the Klein-Gordon equation with the Schwinger radiative term. The lifetime of the wave-packet state is calculated for a constant magnetic field. The fnite lifetime of the trajectory is the proof of the nonstationary motion of charges moving in magnetic eld.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Characterizing Spectral Properties of Bridge Graphs

Authors: Yixin Li
Comments: 34 Pages.

Bridge graphs are special type of graphs which are constructed by connecting identical connected graphs with path graphs. We discuss different type of bridge graphs $B_{n\times l}^{m\times k}$ in this paper. In particular, we discuss the following: complete-type bridge graphs, star-type bridge graphs, and full binary tree bridge graphs. We also bound the second eigenvalues of the graph Laplacian of these graphs using methods from Spectral Graph Theory. In general, we prove that for general bridge graphs, $B_{n\times l}^2$, the second eigenvalue of the graph Laplacian should between $0$ and $2$, inclusive. At the end, we talk about the future work about infinite bridge graphs. We create definitions and found the related theorems to support our future work about infinite bridge graphs.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory