All Submission Categories

The Stability and the Size of the Electron

Authors: Jozsef Garai
Comments: 10 Pages.

The vacuum energy is uniform in space; therefore, the Casimir energy does not affected by the orientation of the parallel conducting plates. The surface of two hemispheres, forming a hollow conducting sphere, can be depicted as the assembly of small parallel plates with different orientations. Super positioning the effects of these parallel plates allows calculating the Casimir energy for the two hollow conducting hemispheres. The derived equation identically recovers the physical content of the fine structure constant, and reproduces its value reasonably well. This agreement indicates that the fine structure constant is a scaling factor between the photon energy with wavelength of the circumference of the sphere and the electrostatic repulsion energies for the same size of sphere. The Casimir energy for the two hollow conducting hemispheres is three times higher than the electrostatic repulsion energy of a unit charge. This energy ratio is independent from the size of the sphere. Thus the Casimir energy exceeds the repulsion energy of the electron regardless of its size, which makes a viable alternative explaining the stability of the electron. Assuming that Planck energy sets a limit on the maximum photon energy, allows calculating the diameter of the electron, which is equivalent with the Planck length.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Paradox of “Adjacent” Real Points and Beyond

Authors: Ke Zhang
Comments: 5 pages. Email: alspa@163.com

We reveal adjacent real points in the real set using a concise logical reference. This raises a paradox while the real set is believed as existing and complete. However, we prove each element in a totally ordered set has adjacent element(s); there is no densely ordered set. Furthermore, since the natural numbers can also be densely ordered under certain ordering, the set of natural numbers, which is involved with each infinite set in ZFC set theory, does not exist itself.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Quadruplet Sums of Quark-Lepton Masses

Authors: Bruce Zimov
Comments: 7 Pages.

Adding the charm quark to the Koide triplet forms a quadruplet that approximates 2/5. The precision of this result is accurate to O(10^-5). We find that the charm mass sits at a minimum of a general quadruplet curve. Using this calculated charm mass and the heavy leptons which are directly measured, we predict the mass of the up, down, strange, and bottom quarks. Determining mass in this way avoids the inconsistency of mixing the running mass with the pole mass for the sums of these quark masses and serves as a prediction for more accurate techniques.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A New Function Related to Integer Partitions

Authors: Edoardo Gueglio
Comments: 5 Pages.

It is possible to define a chain of recurrence relations starting from partition function involving another partition function whose parameters vary along with the recurrence relations.
Category: Number Theory

The Gaps Between Primes

Authors: Lei Shi
Comments: 27 Pages.

It is proved that· For any positive integer d, there are infinitely many prime gaps of size 2d.· Every even number greater than 2 is the sum of two prime numbers.Our method from the analysis of distribution density of pseudo primes in specific set is to transform them into upper bound problem of the maximum gaps between overlapping pseudo primes, then the two are essentially the same problem.
Category: Number Theory

A Detailed Explanation of Some of the Essence of the Economy

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

The purpose of this section is to provide complementary detailed explanations in my vixra No.61, 68, and 69. In the previous paper, I have shown that Ohm's law V=RI holds if Money (Time) =V, Exchanging=R, and Something=I, Ohm's law V=RI holds, and this law holds in economics as well.
Category: Economics and Finance

On the Series Representation of Sum of Positive Divisors Function

Authors: Sudarshan Saha
Comments: 22 Pages.

If $m$ divides $n$ then $\sin(n\pi/m) = 0$. By counting number of zeros of $\sin(n\pi/m)$ for a given $n \in \mathds{Z}$ and $m \in \mathds{Z}$, we can find the total number of divisors that $n$ has and in this way, we can construct a series representation of the \emph{Number-of-divisors function}, $\mathcal{S}(n)$. Similarly, we can find a closed-form of another important integer-valued function in Number Theory, \emph{Sum-of-divisors function}, $\sigma(n)$. After constructing series representation of these functions we can resolve a well-known conjecture in Number Theory -- the \emph{Riemann Conjecture}. To conclude the Riemann conjecture we use \emph{Robin's inequality} which sets an upper limit of $\sigma(n)$ for $n>5040$, if Riemann conjecture is true. This method can be trivially extended to the other higher-order divisor functions. To construct these series representations we have explored \emph{Matsubara} technique which is commonly used in Condensed Matter Physics to perform various sums over integer index with a contour integral.
Category: Number Theory

Concerning Mond and Its Possible Significance Vis-à-Vis String Theory

Authors: David Brown
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Milgrom’s Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) has many empirical successes. Is the explanation of MOND’s empirical successes essential for understanding gravitation and cosmology, as well as understanding string theory? This brief communication offers several questions and speculative conjectures concerning MOND and its possible significance vis-à-vis string theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Periodicity of Protons in Atoms

Authors: James C. Decandole
Comments: 5 Pages.

The uniformitarian hypothesis of the microcosm is a description of nature at the smallest scale from the point of view of the center of a fundamental particle. Using the periodicity of the atomic numbers of the noble gases, the arrangement of protons in the atomic nucleus is found to be a hexagonal planar packing of spheres separated by their common tangents. The arrangement is illustrated by this alternative periodic table of elements.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The World According to Nature: A Non-Mathematical Approach to Theoretical Physics

Authors: James C. Decandole
Comments: 18 Pages.

The problem with mathematical theoretical physics is anthropocentrism. The mental activities of observation, recording, calculation, and manipulation are not relevant in the microcosm. An alternative method of natural philosophy is to neglect the human experience and describe the phenomena of nature from the point of view of the center of a fundamental particle. Subjects to be studied in this way include cause, dimension, direction, effect, frame of reference, interaction, measurement, microcosm, motion, nature, oscillation, particle, period, point, symmetry, time, universe, and wave.
Category: Classical Physics

The Theory of Quantitative Trading

Authors: Andrea Berdondini
Comments: 66 Pages.

This book consists of a selection of articles divided into three main themes: Statistics, Quantitative Trading and Psychology. These three arguments are indispensable for the development of a quantitative trading system. The order of the articles was chosen so as to constitute a single logical reasoning that develops progressively.
Category: Economics and Finance

Theory of Motion: The Oscillon Hypothesis

Authors: James C. Decandole
Comments: 19 Pages.

A reasonable assumption about fundamental nature is the existence of the smallest, simplest, most elementary particle and form of motion, here called an oscillon. The oscillon is hypothesized to be a physical system of two separated points, one a constant center point and the other a moving point of tangency. Like a pendulum, the moving point oscillates relative to the center in a three-dimensional frame of reference. Inherent in the motion of the system is the capability of self-measurement.
Category: Classical Physics

Charge and the Shape of the Proton

Authors: James C. Decandole
Comments: 5 Pages.

A model of a torus-shaped proton and a three-planed atom with a layered nucleus is derived from atomic phenomena. The model is compared to other nuclear and atomic models and its explanatory value is discussed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Concise Gojri-English Dictionary by Dr. Rafeeq Anjum and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 16 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Concise Gojri-English Dictionary by Dr. Rafeeq Anjum. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with βH = 0, in the absence of external magnetic field, H.β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant. Moreover, the naturalness number of the Gojri language as seen through this dictionary is one.
Category: Linguistics

The Local Product and Local Product Space

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this note we introduce the notion of the local product on a sheet and associated space. As an application we prove under some special conditions the following inequalities \begin{align} 2\pi \frac{|\log(\langle \vec{a},\vec{b}\rangle)|}{(||\vec{a}||^{4s+4}+||\vec{b}||^{4s+4})|\langle \vec{a},\vec{b}\rangle|}\bigg |\int \limits_{|a_n|}^{|b_n|} \int \limits_{|a_{n-1}|}^{|b_{n-1}|}\cdots \int \limits_{|a_1|}^{|b_1|}\sqrt[4s+3]{\sum \limits_{i=1}^{n}x^{4s+3}_i}dx_1dx_2\cdots dx_n\bigg|\nonumber \\ \leq \bigg|\int \limits_{|a_n|}^{|b_n|} \int \limits_{|a_{n-1}|}^{|b_{n-1}|}\cdots \int \limits_{|a_1|}^{|b_1|}\mathbf{e}\bigg(-i\frac{\sqrt[4s+3]{\sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}x^{4s+3}_j}}{||\vec{a}||^{4s+4}+||\vec{b}||^{4s+4}}\bigg)dx_1dx_2\cdots dx_n\bigg|\nonumber \end{align} and \begin{align} \bigg|\int \limits_{|a_n|}^{|b_n|} \int \limits_{|a_{n-1}|}^{|b_{n-1}|}\cdots \int \limits_{|a_1|}^{|b_1|}\mathbf{e}\bigg(i\frac{\sqrt[4s+3]{\sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}x^{4s+3}_j}}{||\vec{a}||^{4s+4}+||\vec{b}||^{4s+4}}\bigg)dx_1dx_2\cdots dx_n\bigg|\nonumber \\ \leq 2\pi \frac{|\langle \vec{a},\vec{b}\rangle|\times |\log(\langle \vec{a},\vec{b}\rangle)|}{(||\vec{a}||^{4s+4}+||\vec{b}||^{4s+4})}\bigg |\int \limits_{|a_n|}^{|b_n|} \int \limits_{|a_{n-1}|}^{|b_{n-1}|}\cdots \int \limits_{|a_1|}^{|b_1|}\sqrt[4s+3]{\sum \limits_{i=1}^{n}x^{4s+3}_i}dx_1dx_2\cdots dx_n\bigg|\nonumber \end{align} and \begin{align} \bigg |\int \limits_{|a_n|}^{|b_n|} \int \limits_{|a_{n-1}|}^{|b_{n-1}|}\cdots \int \limits_{|a_1|}^{|b_1|}\sqrt[4s]{\sum \limits_{i=1}^{n}x^{4s}_i}dx_1dx_2\cdots dx_n\bigg|\nonumber \\ \leq \frac{|\langle \vec{a},\vec{b}\rangle|}{2\pi |\log(\langle \vec{a},\vec{b}\rangle)|}\times (||\vec{a}||^{4s+1}+||\vec{b}||^{4s+1}) \times \bigg|\prod_{i=1}^{n}|b_i|-|a_i|\bigg|\nonumber \end{align}for all $s\in \mathbb{N}$, where $\langle,\rangle$ denotes the inner product and where $\mathbf{e}(q)=e^{2\pi iq}$.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Geometrical Constraints for Quantum Mechanics, General Relativity and Cosmology in an N-Dimensional Topology

Authors: Richard L Amoroso, Michael T Hyson, Sabah E Karam, Elizabeth A. Rauscher
Comments: 18 Pages. Submitted to Prespacetime Journal (ISSN: 2153-8301) on 8 January 2022 published by QuantumDream, Inc. – In Review.

Geometrical constraints for general relativity and quantum mechanics are formulated in a multidimensional Cartesian space. A fundamental relationship between these correspondences and complementarity constraints directs us towards a new understanding of the fundamental relationship between relativity and quantum theory. The set of geometrical constraints of this n-dimensional topology are expressed in terms of a hyper-dimensional Minkowski metric, Mn for n > 4 which yields naturally closed cosmological solutions to Einstein’s field equations which also yields compatibility between Einstein’s field equations and the current big bang model without Guth's inflationary model and its possible Googol ~10100 solutions as related to string theory. A comprehensive group theoretical approach to the model of the Cartesian space incorporates dark energy and dark matter which results from the model in a natural manner. A lemma is formulated for the relationship of the maximum invariance for an n-dimensional Cartesian space and the dimensions of that space. Group multiplication tables for the Mn geometry are formulated for a Cartesian 10 and 11 dimensional spaces.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Simple Mathematical Solution of the Cosmological Constant Problem.

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 4 Pages.

Assuming a vacuum density of the cosmological constant in quantum mechanics, we providea simple mathematical solution to the cosmological constant problem, i.e. the disagreement of theorder of a factor 10^122 between the theoretical and the measured value of the vacuum energy . Wegive an interpretation with Casimir effect and a non-exclusive route for our solution to makephysical sense.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Saving Private Geometric Center

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 10 Pages. This is part of the Hilbert Book Model Project

A system of separable quaternionic Hilbert spaces implements a diverse and dynamic universe. Something must connect the members of the system such that these members can interact. This role is taken by state vectors.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Problem of Shuffle in Mahjong: Identification with the Disordered System

Authors: Yoshiki Ueoka
Comments: 11pages, 8 figures

I studied mechanism of shuffle in mahjong, which is a kind of table game. This research is the first research that focuses on the physical aspect, not the victory or defeat of mahjong. In physics terms, it is a study of how disordered systems can be created. I considered whether there is a difference between a completely random shuffle with random numbers and a shuffle with human hands. I implemented human shuffle with a new mathematical model. It was found that the equilibrium reached by human hand shuffle is different from that of completely random shuffle in the number of shuffles that can be normally assumed. This means that creating a random state can be difficult in some cases.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Plane Wave Spin Work

Authors: R. I. Khrapko
Comments: 3 Pages. Submitted to PRL

A simple calculation shows that when an electromagnetic wave of circular polarization is absorbed, the rotation of the absorber changes the flow of electromagnetic energy to the absorber by the amount of mechanical work performed by the spin of this wave. The result obtained shows the need to replace the currently used definition of the classical spin of electromagnetic radiation.
Category: Classical Physics

Speculations On Black Hole Information Storage And The Topology Of Planck Mass Black Holes: Implications for Primordial Planck Mass Black Holes In Cosmology, Dark Matter & Dark Energy

Authors: Gary J Duggan
Comments: 9 Pages.

The topology of a Planck Mass Black Hole (PMBH) is derived from a consideration of the characteristics of the lattice unit cell which stores 1 bit of information on the surface of a black hole. Information inviolability implies that the PMBH has a toroidal, not spherical, form. The toroidal form lends itself to a plausible field-based information storage mechanism with the potential for storing either "0" or "1". There are consequences for Cosmology, Dark Matter and Dark Energy all of which are now linked through toroidal Primordial PMBHs.
Category: Astrophysics

The Neuroscience of Rajyoga Meditation: Brain Waves Through the Ages

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper is written within the philosophical frame work of Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University, located at Shantivan, Abu Road, Rajasthan, India. When one considers an Eternally Civilized, Time Cyclic Universe, one is lead to periodic changes in all physical system and their parameters – and in particular, the human brain - and its EEG. It is projected that the essentially dominant Beta activity in the present age - would be replaced by Delta activity in alert and conscious brains.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Another Values of Barnes Function and Formulas

Authors: Denis Gallet
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper,I study values of Barnes G function as G(k/8) and G(k/12) with Wallis product as applications.And I write several formulas, so we can evaluate elementary values.
Category: Number Theory

Perfect Versus Good in Science

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 6 Pages.

In experimental science there are occasions where elegant perfection is properly demanded, ideally involving one variable. In much research practice there are often parallel agendas involving anything but good science: Critical science is either not done, or done inadequately, because corrupted research programs often focus on micro-measurable progress within incorrect paradigms, instead of the whole problem itself. Worst of all are studies designed to reinforce previous paradigm errors.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Note on the Understanding of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 6 Pages.

Quantum Mechanics is understood by generalizing models for cause-effect from functions, e.g. Differential Equations, to graphs and, via linearization, to linear operators. This also leads from classical logic to quantum logic.
Category: Quantum Physics

Transfer of the Spin of an Electromagnetic Wave to an Ideal Conductor

Authors: R. I. Khrapko
Comments: 6 Pages. Accepted by J. Modern Optics

It is indicated that when a circularly polarized electromagnetic wave is incident obliquely on an ideal conductor and reflected from it, the spin of the wave is partially transferred to the conductor. In this case, if the conductor rotates so that the axis of rotation is parallel to the transferred spin, then work is done. The work leads to a change in the frequency of the wave, and this can be recorded in a suitable interference experiment by shifting the interference fringes.
Category: Classical Physics

Derivation of the Schrödinger Equation from a Fractal Vortex Particle Model

Authors: Patrick Driessen
Comments: 12 Pages.

A particle model developed elsewhere is presented very briefly, in which particles are seen as vortex structures in a kind of fluid. The particle core is tied by vortex lines to the core of other particles in the vicinity. The model is shown to explain spin ½ as a topological effect. It also sheds some light on the process of intrication. But vortex lines also induce velocities on themselves and on other vortex lines. When the Hasimoto transformation is used, the velocity induction equation is shown to give rise to the Schrödinger equation for the particle. We also consider the multi-particle systems and we give a tentative explanation for the Pauli exclusion principle. A particle model developed elsewhere is presented very briefly, in which particles are seen as vortex structures in a kind of fluid. The particle core is tied by vortex lines to the core of other particles in the vicinity. The model is shown to explain spin ½ as a topological effect. It also sheds some light on the process of intrication. But vortex lines also induce velocities on themselves and on other vortex lines. When the Hasimoto transformation is used, the velocity induction equation is shown to give rise to the Schrödinger equation for the particle. We also consider the multi-particle systems and we give a tentative explanation for the Pauli exclusion principle.
Category: Quantum Physics

Preliminary Concept of General Intelligent Network (Gin) for Brain-Like Intelligence

Authors: Chengkai Guo, Kai Yang
Comments: 9 Pages.

Preliminary concept of AGI for brain-like intelligence is presented in this paper. The solution is mainly in two aspects: firstly, we combine information entropy and generative network (GAN like) model to propose a paradigm of General Intelligent Network (GIN). In the GIN network, the original multimodal information can be encoded as low information entropy hidden state representations (HPPs), which can be reverse parsed by the contextually relevant generative network into observable information. Secondly,we propose a generalized machine learning operating system (GML system), which includes an observable processor (AOP), an HPP storage system, and a multimodal implicit sensing/execution network. Our code will be released at https://github.com/ggsonic/GIN
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Calculation of the Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature

Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: 2 Pages.

The cosmic microwave temperature is derived assuming empty space is a symmetric electron-positron plasma. The outcome is compared with the result obtained from FIRAS on the COBE satellite.
Category: Astrophysics

A Probabilistic Solution for the Syracuse Conjecture

Authors: Imad El ghazi
Comments: 6 Pages.

We prove the veracity of the Syracuse conjecture by establishing that starting from an arbitrary positive integer diffrent of $1$ and $4$, the Syracuse process will never comeback to any positive integer reached before and then we conclude by using a probabilistic approach.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Peacocks and the Zeta Distributions

Authors: Imad El Ghazi
Comments: 7 Pages.

We prove in this short paper that the stochastic process defined by: $$Y_{t} := \frac{X_{t+1}}{\mathbb{E}\left[ X_{t+1}\right]},\; t\geq a > 1,$$ is an increasing process for the convex order, where $ X_{t}$ a random variable taking values in $\mathbb{N}$ with probability $\mathbb{P}(X_{t}= n) = \frac{n^{-t}}{\zeta(t)}$ and $\zeta(t) = \sum \limits_{k=1}^{+\infty} \frac{1}{k^{t}}, \;\; \forall t> 1$.
Category: General Mathematics

Unusual Mathematical Approaches to Nervous Dynamics

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 17 Pages.

The massive amount of available neurodata suggests the existence of a mathematical backbone underlying the intricate oscillatory activity of the brain. Hidden, unexpected multidisciplinary relationships can be found when mathematics copes with neural phenomena, leading to novel answers for everlasting neuroscientific questions. We elucidate how and why underrated notions from geometry, topology, group theory/category theory are useful to describe neuronal issues and to provide a series of experimentally testable hypotheses. Once established that geometric constraints are powerful enough to define cellular distribution and drive the embryonal development of the central nervous system, we suggest that the Monge’s theorem might contribute to our visual ability of depth perception and that the brain connectome can be tackled in terms of tunnelling nanotubes. Further, we contend that the human mind does not perceive the topological findings of visual images and that the multisynaptic ascending fibers connecting the peripheral receptors to the neocortical areas can be assessed in terms of mathematical approaches like knot theory and braid groups. We show how presheaves from category theory permit to tackle the nervous phase spaces in terms of the theory of infinity categories, highlighting an approach based on equivalence rather than equality. The last, but not the least, we advocate that the far-flung field of soft-matter polymers/nematic colloids might shed new light on the neurulation in mammalian embryos and hypothesize that the development of the central and peripheral nervous systems might be correlated with the occurrence of local thermal changes in embryo-fetal tissues.
Category: Mind Science

On the Converse of Lagrange’s Theorem: An Elementary Proof

Authors: Lamarr Widmer
Comments: 1 Page.

The smallest counterexample to the converse of Lagrange’s Theorem is the alternating group of permutations of four elements. We offer an elementary proof that this group has no subgroup of order 6.
Category: Algebra

The Imidazole Ring of Proline Allows a Polypeptide Folding Dynamics by H-Bonds Breakdown Sliding for a Vectorial Exergonic Hydrophilic to an Endergonic Hydrophobic Configuration for Hb and Active Site Functions

Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 25 Pages. 11 figures

Prigogine proposed a coupling between larger sources of enthalpy to allow an open system to operate life. The sun flow of energy is coupled to water cluster thermogenic breakdown of H-bonds to vapor. The position of proline in a polypeptide chain allows sliding between segments, in the tertiary folding structure response to electrostatic attractions, could differentiate positive vs negative domains. Thus, bypass the microscopic reversibility principle, illustrated as a single door, vectorial kinetic only made possible by the jokingly Maxwell proposed operator demons. The physiological function of Hb oxygenation by pO2 shows a microscopic thermogenesis biological vector, functioning by the enthalpy potential of the large mass action of surrounding air and releasing entropy. The mechanism shows the H-bonds breakdown required for changes in the structure-function levels by the proline mediated folding. The tense (T) to relax (R) forms shows vectorial microscopic dynamics, during Hb oxygenation. Thus involves a sliding by H-bonds breakdown, distancing between subunits β_2 and α_1. Thus, open a larger entrance to a fully hydrated Mg2+ to coordinate amphoteric and negative R groups characterizable to a hydrophilic site. The transition of R to T allows positive R groups to bind 2,3-DPG to form deoxyHb. Thus, a microscopic smaller entrance by decreasing its opening size does not allow entrance of the fully hydrated Mg2+, but allow the exit of nitric oxide (NO) and a poorly hydrated Mg2+, denominated nascent. This one acts for competitive hydration sieving on the shells of Na+, which in terms take water from the K+ shell, potentiating a K+/Na+-translocation operating the electrogenic transmembrane potential. The deoxygenation in the reverse transition of R to T binds NO, protecting against a premature decrease of the chromosome’s telomeres size by stressing factors such as depression, anxiety and physic traumatisms, over endothelial cells delaying premature senescence. The arginine metabolism produces NO, dilating blood vessels, improving the circulatory systems and the muscular recovery-development. In vascular niches, endothelial cells of blood vessels produce NO, which activates the Notch signaling pathway of neighboring cancer stem cells, thus regulating their self-replication. A diet rich in arginine by producing a high sustainable level of NO may prevent the resistance to treatment by the consolidation of large vascular masses. The H-bonds donor potential by their breakdown leads to randomness (or entropy) decreasing the kinetic energy of solvation, scaling down the polarity on the thermogenic dissipation of oxy vs deoxyHb and choroid plexus epithelium on plasma generation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The enthalpy of photosynthesis-metabolism releases CO2, whereas the water cluster mediated thermostatic function releases vapor. In both systems, the entropy release maintains a high potential of enthalpy. Hence, overcomes the thermic and electric noises by an irreversible dissipative kinetics, facilitating a clear development of a meditative level of reasoning and learning. Thus, the brain acquires an autonomous function, beyond behavioral genetic conditioning.
Category: Biochemistry

Foundations of Quantum Computing I. Demystifying Quantum Paradoxes

Authors: Mark Syrkin
Comments: 12 Pages.

Speedy developments in Quantum Technologies and Computing with potentially far reaching scientific, engineering, financial applications, etc., make it imperative that fundamentals of Quantum Technologies are well explained and understood. Meanwhile, paradigms of so-called quantum non-locality, wave function (WF) "collapse", "Schrödinger cat" and some other historically popular misconceptions continue to stir controversies, feed mysteries around quantum phenomena and confuse prospective users.In this regard we argue that above misinterpretations stem essentially from classically minded and experimentally unverifiable perceptions, recasting and fitting the Principle of Superposition and key experimental details into classical terms and logic. Further, we revisit key components of general quantum measurement protocols — analyzers and detectors — and explain in this context paradoxes of WF collapse and Schrödinger cat. Then to demystify and clarify the concept of entanglement in multi-component systems (comprised of photons, electrons, atoms and even small macro-objects) and long-distance correlations, we remind that quantum measurements routinely reveal correlations mandated by conservation laws in each individual realization. Remarkably, this "correlation-by-initial conditions" (in addition to traditional "correlation-by-interactions") is by no means an exclusive quantum feature, but also has it analogies - in simplified form though - in Classical Mechanics (CM). However, an appearance and understanding of those correlations in Quantum Mechanics (QM) is governed by the wave-particle duality, forgetting of which leads to endless line of paradoxes. We keep reiterating that QM is not a dynamical theory in the same sense the CM is — it is a statistical theory, as established in 1926 by Born’s postulate. That is, while QM enforces conservations laws and ensuing correlations in each individual outcome, it does not indicate how exactly a specific outcome is selected. This selection remains fundamentally random and represents true randomness of QM, the latter being a statistical paradigm with a WF standing for a complex-valued amplitude of a distribution function. We note in conclusion that, although a quantum logic is admittedly a challenge for classical imagination, mechanistically complementing quantum foundations by classically minded expectations trivializes true quantum effects to primitive classical constructions and gives rise to a mysteriously omnipresent non-locality.
Category: Quantum Physics

Foundations of Quantum Computing II. The Many Faces of Quantum Uncertainty

Authors: Mark Syrkin
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this Part II we focus on a few key elements of quantum mechanics essential for understanding of quantum technologies and computing.We begin with a subtle but important similarity between classical and quantum mechanics which is typically overlooked in favor of an apparent differences. Further, it is reminded that classical motion can be obtained via averaging over quantum distributions / wave functions and, conversely, quantum distributions can be recast as a superposition of virtual classical paths. Relatedly, we emphasize the importance of the case intermediate between classical and quantum mechanics — that is, quasi-classical mechanics. The above background facilitates additional insights and heuristics into the mechanisms of widely acclaimed long distance correlations in quantum mechanics and origins of the coherency in quantum ensembles in the context of wave-particle duality.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Maximal Acceleration, Strings with Dynamical Tension, and Rindler Worldsheets

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 14 Pages. submitted to physics letters b

Starting with a different action and following a different procedure than the construction of strings with dynamical tensions described by Guendelman [1], a variational procedure of our action leads to a coupled nonlinear system of D + 4 partial differential equations for the D string coordinates X and the quartet of scalar fields including the dilaton and the tension T field. Trivial solutions to this system of complicated equations lead to a constant tension and to the standard string equations of motion. One of the most relevant features of our findings is that the Weyl invariance of the traditional Polyakov string is traded for the invariance under area-preserving diffeomorphisms. The final section is devoted to the physics of maximal proper forces (acceleration), minimal length within the context of Born's Reciprocal Relativity theory [6] and to the Rindler world sheet description of accelerated open and closed strings from a very different approach and perspective than the one undertaken by [7].
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Implementation of Sentiment Analysis and Classification of Tweets Using Machine Learning

Authors: Manish Bhargav, Satish Kumar Alaria, Manish Kumar Mukhija
Comments: 10 Pages.

Twitter has turned into a tiny source of dynamic data for blogging places. People post on a wide range of topics and constantly communicate their assumptions, discuss current concerns, and positively review what they use in their daily lives on Twitter wall. The main goal is to assess the emotions expressed in tweets using various machine learning algorithms that identify tweets as positive or negative. If the tweet contains both negative and positive elements, the most dominant component should be chosen as the final component. In tweets, emojis, usernames, and hashtags must be managed and translated into a standard structure. Bigrams and unigrams, for example, must be removed as well. In any case, just relying on a single model, which did not give high accuracy, is taken into account when selecting a model with high precision. To be honest, organizers for these items have begun to investigate these modest internet journals (blogs) in order to get a general sense of their item. They frequently monitor and reply to client comments on smaller websites. One issue is coming up with new ways to recognize and abbreviate a broad sentiment. Several persons, such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, were brought into interpersonal connection stages as recently as last year. Most people use social media to convey their feelings, ideas, or assumptions about objects, places, or people. Strategies Twitter, a micro-blogging platform, is a massive repository of public opinion for a variety of people, offers, businesses, and products, among other things. The public analysis system evaluations are known as sentiment assessment. Combination of sentiment analysis on Twitter give valuable context to what's being said on Twitter. The wide availability of internet exams and social media postings the media provides critical criticism to organizations in order to improve expert options and steer their marketing tactics to leisure and user selections. As a result, social media plays a key role in influencing the public's perception of the services or products chosen. The numerous tactics utilized for product classification critiques are highlighted in this study (which may be in the form of tweets) Tweet complaints to see if mass behaviour is positive, negative, or neutral. Analysis of the Product Market. The information used here comes from our Twitter product reviews, which were used to categorize opinions as satisfying.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

An Alternative Model for Space

Authors: Adriaan van der Walt
Comments: Pages. This document is the text of a book that contains background to the article “Leibnizian Mathematics” which is available on viXra at http://viXra.org/abs/2201.0175.

This book is a description of the examples and ideas that trace the progress of the author’s view of Mathematics from being subjected to the Scientific Method in division three, to being a technique of Ontology in section one. Section three was posted on the link http://vixra.org/abs/1501.0153 on VIXRA in 2015. The scientific Method requires that any model should be as near as possible to perceived reality. PART ONE of DIVISION THREE is concerned with the concept of “infinite decimal fraction” as used by Cantor in his well-known diagonal proof. This concept is contrasted to the same concept in perceived reality by exploring the differences between Cantor’s arguments and perceived reality, resulting in a rejection of the validity of Cantor’s proof. Next an analyses of the discrepancy between the cases where a line is assumed to be a string of points, and thus more than countable many points are required so that their lengths can add up to one, and the case where the points are limits of partitions of the interval and the lengths of only countable many points are required to add up to one. The standard number system is then extended to the Cauchy Numbers which comprises infinitesimal numbers, rated numbers and infinite numbers. Infinitesimals are also defined. The concept of cascades of differentials is introduced and the fundamental theorem of Calculus is derived for this context. It is then pointed out that the approach of Parmenides of Elea is in line with the system in which Cantor’s argument is invalid. The implications for Physics and the possibility of uniting the two approaches to the divisibility of Space is investigated. In DIVISION TWO the dichotomy, or discrepancy, studied in DIVISION THREE is further developed resulting in the introduction of the Euclidean Cosmology and the Leibnizian Cosmology. Leibnizian Cosmology required a closer look at the process of using numerals for depicting irrational numbers. This then resulted in a closer look at the concept of “infinity” in these two cosmologies. In DIVISION ONE The results of DIVISION TWO are refined to define an alternative paradigm to Abstract Mathematics. It is a transitional step towards the document “LEIBNIZIAN MATHEMATICS” that includes further insights of the author, and which extends the current paradigm of Mathematics to include Leibnizian Mathematics as complementary, and not an alternative, to Euclidean Mathematics.
Category: General Mathematics

Leibnizian Mathematics

Authors: Adriaan van der Walt
Comments: 52 Pages. This document introduces Leibnizian Mathematics to complement Euclidean Mathematics. The background to this, [1], can be downloaded on http://viXra.org/abs/2201.0176

The document starts with a prologue discussing the Ontological aspects of the concept of Space to indicate where in the scheme of human endeavour this work fits. The prologue is followed by a prospectus intended to mitigate the strangeness of the concepts by offering a “bird’s eye view” of some concepts and arguments. This is then followed by a note to the reader containing some background information and precepts. The main discourse “LEIBNIZIAN COSMOLOGY and LEIBNIZIAN MATHEMATICS”, which consists of nine sections, then follows. It starts by introducing the core difference between the Leibnizian Cosmology and the Euclidean Cosmology by way of an example showing that the real line can contain only countable many real numbers in the Leibnizian Cosmology. Though the two cosmologies are formally stated only in paragraphs four and five, the main relevant difference is introduced by replacing the Euclidean assumption that points exist and that a line is a string of points with the Leibnizian assumption that lines exist and that points are merely the ends of lines. Then follows a discussion of some relevant properties of perceived space and how they impact on Ontology. This is followed by an analysis of the basic assumptions of the Euclidean approach showing that these assumptions imply that a line must be formed from more than countable many points and that it is possible to perform infinitely many operations to completion. The relevant basic assumptions of the Leibnizian Cosmology, including the Axiom of Parmenides, are then introduced. Thereafter the basics of Leibnizian Mathematics are developed. Firstly, the standard argument for obtaining the gradient of a straight line to a curve is analysed to come to the concept of infinitesimal as it was introduced by Leibniz. The rule of L’Hospital is transcribed into a form in which the concept of limit is not present and so to come to a definition of an infinitesimal number. The number concept is then extended to the Cauchy Numbers. A special case of the Riemann integral is then analysed to motivate the definition of an infinitesimal. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is next analysed from the perspective of Leibnizian Mathematics. The Dirac δ-function is presented as an example of a function that can have an infinite Cauchy number as value.
Category: General Mathematics

The Discretization of the Full Potenial Equation

Authors: Shlomy Shitrit, David Sidilkover
Comments: 22 Pages.

The discretization process of the full potential equation (FPE) both in the quasi-linear and in the conservation form, is addressed. This work introduce the rst stage toward a development of a fast and ecient FPE solver, which is based on the algebraic multigrid (AMG) method. The mathematical diculties of the problem are associated with the fact that the governing equation changes its type from elliptic (subsonic ow) to hyperbolic (supersonic ow). A pointwise relaxation method when applied directly to the upwind discrete operator, in the supersonic ow regime, is unstable. Resolving this diculty is the main achievement of this work. A stable pointwise direction independent relaxation was developed for the supersonic and subsonic ow regimes. This stable relaxation is obtained by post-multiplying the original operator by a certain simple rst order downwind operator. This new operator is designed in such a way that makes the pointwise relaxation applied to the product operator to become stable. The discretization of the FPE in the conservation form is based on the body-tted structured grid approach. In addition the 2D stable operator in the supersonic ow regime was extended to 3D case. We present a 3D pointwise relaxation procedure that is stable both in the subsonic and supersonic ow regimes. This was veried by the Von-Neumann stability analysis.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Full Potential Equation Solver Based 0n the Algebraic Multigrid Method: Elementary Applications

Authors: Shlomy Shitrit, David Sidilkover
Comments: Pages.

This article reports the development of an ecient, and robust full potential equation (FPE) solver for transonic ow problems, which is based on the algebraic multigrid (AMG) method. AMG method solves algebraic systems based on multigrid principles but in a way that it is independent on the problem's geometry. The mathematical diculties of the problem are associated with the fact that the governing equation changes its type from elliptic (subsonic ow) to hyperbolic (supersonic ow). The ow solver is based of the body-tted structured grid approach in complex geometries. We demonstrate the AMG performance on various model problems with dierent ow speed from subsonic to transonic conditions. The computational method was demonstrated to be capable of predicting the shock formation and achieving residual reduction of roughly an order of magnitude per cycle, both for elliptic and hyperbolic problems.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Detection of the Continuous Gravitational Wave of HM Cancri

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 12 Pages.

HM Cancri is expected to be be one of the brightest sources of gravitational waves in our galaxy. Despite its known frequency, the radiation could not be detected so far. A novel technique can compensate for phase modulation and detect this GW in the records of superconducting gravimeters. This new observational window will allow a deeper understanding of the enigmatic stellar system.
Category: Astrophysics

Nachweis Der Kontinuierlichen Gravitationswelle Von HM Cancri (Detection of the Continuous Gravitational Wave of HM Cancri)

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 10 Pages.

HM Cancri ist möglicherweise die intensivste Quelle kontinuierlicher GW in unserer Galaxie. Trotz bekannter Frequenz konnte die Strahlung mangels geeigneter Sensoren bisher nicht nachgewiesen werden. Ein neuartiges Verfahrens kann die Phasenmodulation kompensieren und diese CGW in den Aufzeichnungen supraleitender Gravimeter zweifelsfrei nachweisen. Diese neuartige Beobachtungsfenster wird ein tieferes Verständnis des rätselhaften Sternsystems ermöglichen.

HM Cancri is expected to be one of the brightest sources of gravitational waves in our galaxy. Despite its known frequency, the radiation could not be detected so far. A new technique can compensate for the phase modulation and detect this CGW in the records of supraconducting gravimeters beyond doubt. This novel observational window will allow a deeper understanding of the enigmatic stellar system.
Category: Astrophysics

The Extremal Nature of Membrane Newton-Cartan Formulations with Exotic Supergravity Theories

Authors: Boris Stoyanov
Comments: 78 Pages.

We construct a non-relativistic limit of eleven and ten-dimensional supergravity theories from the point of view of the fundamental symmetries, the higher-dimensional effective action, and the equations of motion. This fundamental limit can only be realized in a supersymmetric way provided we impose by hand a set of geometric constraints, invariant under all the symmetries of the non-relativistic theory, that define a so-called Dilatation-invariant Superstring Newton-Cartan geometry and Membrane Newton-Cartan expansion. In order to obtain a finite fundamental limit, the field strength of the eleven-dimensional four-form is required to obey a transverse self-duality constraint, ultimately due to the presence of the Chern-Simons term in eleven dimensions. The present research consider a non-relativistic fundamental limit of the bosonic sector of eleven-dimensional supergravity, leading to a theory based on a Covariant Membrane Newton-Cartan Supergeometry. We further show that the Membrane Newton-Cartan theory can be embedded in the U-duality symmetric formulation of exceptional field theory, demonstrating that it shares the same exceptional Lie algebraic symmetries as the relativistic supergravity, and providing an alternative derivation of the extra Poisson equation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Penguin Dictionary of Economics and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 20 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Penguin Dictionary of Economics by Graham Bannock and R. E. Baxter, the eighth edition. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0.01) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with βH = 0.01, in the presence of external magnetic field, H.β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Economics and Finance

Redshift Distances in Flat Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker Spacetime

Authors: Steffen Haase
Comments: 57 Pages.

In the present paper we use the flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric describing a spatially homogeneous and isotropic universe to derive the cosmological redshift distance in a way which differs from that which can be found in the general astrophysical literature.Using the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker the radial physical distance is described by R(t) = a(t)r. In this equation the radial co-moving coordinate is named r and the time-depending scale parameter is named a(t). We use the co-moving coordinate r_e (the subscript e indicates emission) describing the place of a galaxy which is emitting photons and r_a (the subscript a indicates absorption) describing the place of an observer within a different galaxy on which the photons - which were traveling thru the universe - are absorbed. Therefore the physical distance - the real way of light - is calculated by D = a(t_0)r_a - a(t_e)r_e ≡ R_0a - R_ee. Here means a(t_0) the today’s (t_0) scale parameter and a(t_e) the scale parameter at the time t_e of emission of the photons. The physical distance D is therefore a difference of two different physical distances from a coordinate origin being on r = 0.Nobody can doubt this real travel way of light: The photons are emitted on the co-moving coordinate place r_e and are than traveling to the co-moving coordinate place r_a. During this traveling the time is moving from t_e to t_0 (t_e ≤ t_0) and therefore the scale parameter is changing in the meantime from a(t_e) to a(t_0).Using this right physical distance we calculate the redshift distance and some relevant classical cosmological equations (effects) and compare these theoretical results with some measurements of astrophysics (quasars, SN Ia and black hole). We get the today’s Hubble parameter H_0a ≈ 65.66 km/(s Mpc) as a main result. This value is a little bit smaller than the Hubble parameter H_0,Planck ≈ 67.66 km/(s Mpc) resulting from Planck 2018 data which is discussed in the specialist literature.Furthermore, we find for the radius of the so-called Friedmann sphere R_0a ≈ 3,096.92 Mpc. This radius corresponds to the maximum possible distance of seeing within an expanding universe. Photons, which were emitted at this distance, are infinite red shifted.The today’s mass density of the Friedmann sphere results in ρ_0m ≈ 7.82 x 10-29 g/cm^3. For the mass of the Friedmann sphere we get M_Fs ≈ 2.86 x 10+56 g.The mass of black hole within the galaxy M87 has the value M_BH, M87 ≈ 2.36 x 10+45 g. The redshift distance of this object is D ≈ 19.45 Mpc but its today’s distance is only D_0 ≈ 6.27 Mpc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Contradiction Tolerance of Kirchhoff’s Diffraction Theory

Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 9 Pages.

Complex numbers are basic to exact science. When a flaw exists in complex numbers conceptual difficulties will arise for many subfields concerning wave mechanics. Kirchoff’s scalar diffraction theory of optics is already considered inconsistent. Nevertheless it is successfull in experiment. In our study we add the complex number inconsistency to Kirchoff diffraction and see what that does to the experimental value of the Kirchhoff diffraction theory. There are no a priori reasons to include or exclude the obtained inconsistent phase angle. Assuming that the inconsistent phase angle is excluded in nature, we were able to establish the theoretical possibility to observe a substantial diffraction despite a weak intensity point source and small wavelength.
Category: Classical Physics

6D-Time Generates the Hologram and the Quantum-World by Whole Numbers.

Authors: Dan Visser
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this article Dan Visser describes how 6D-time generates the subquantum hologramworld, which is emerging the quantum-world. This is in fact due to his new universemodel, the RTHU, which is an abbreviation for Rotating Torus Hologram Universe. The RTHU enables seemingly existing dark mass (called dark matter) to be newly written per surface and per 6D-time. This dimensional extension is combined with Dan’s Hologram-Formula, which dimensionally generates as well a subquantum- as a quantum-world by whole numbers (integers). His original related formula shows an intrinsic connection between seemingly dark matter and sub-quantum dark-matterforce, which is in fact the initiator of dark-gravity in the RTHU. the Hologram-Formula is related tot this force and enables to calculate dark-matter-force at small scales.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Changed Understanding of Gravity

Authors: Peter R. Lamb
Comments: 48 Pages.

A simple but profound change to the understanding of gravity is that gravitational potential arises from changes in the energy stored in objects as mass. This replaces gravity as a distortion of the surrounding fabric of spacetime while mass remains constant. The stored energy is released as kinetic energy when objects move closer to each other. Mass reduces when the magnitude of the background and the speed of light increase. Massless photons do not lose energy in escaping a gravitational field. Instead, the energy stored in atoms increases. The apparent redshift of photons is a blueshift of atoms and massive clocks run faster. The revised understanding avoids the singularities at the centre of black holes. Changes in gravity, which propagate at the speed of light, can now cross the supposed event horizon, allowing black holes to rotate around each other. The increased speed of light, going back in time, means that the standard supernovae candles are more distant than assumed from their wavelength shift. This entirely removes the need for an accelerating expansion and yields the current rate at which time is slowing. The amount is in excellent agreement with the observed Pioneer anomaly. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the apparent, but now unneeded, dark energy is a necessary consequence of the assumption that mass is independent of the surrounding density of matter. It is also shown that the current explanation of the Pioneer frequency drift is untenable. The revised theory, labelled Full Relativity, overcomes the need for other ad hoc hypotheses, including dark matter and cosmic inflation, while yielding the standard predictions of General Relativity. It links inertia to the asymmetry of contributions to the background field from the chiral components due to matter and antimatter. The asymmetry determines the rotation frequency of the trapped angular momentum seen in the Compton wavelength of quantum mechanics. The dependence of inertia on asymmetry then explains the observed galaxy rotation curves and gravitational lensing without the need for dark matter. Various tests which will distinguish between the two forms of Relativity are put forward. Finally, gravity can now be linked with the other three forces in a way that is consistent with the Standard Model of particle physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Invalidity of the Principle of Invariance of Space-Time Interval for the Case of Two Relatively Moving Observers

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 34 Pages. In Chinese

In the article, a comprehensive and detailed analysis on Lorentz Transformation is presented. There exist essential and fatal errors in derivation of Lorentz Transformation which, in result, lead to absurdity. In consequence, the mistakes in proposed equations for derivation of Lorentz Transformation make the transformation mathematically depicting an observation process of two relatively rest observers instead of moving observers. The ‘Principle of Invariance of Space-Time Interval’ is invalid for the case of two relatively moving observers. In addition, the paper produces a deduction of Galilean-Zhou Transformation, which shows that Galilean-Zhou Transformation completely conform the real observation process of two relatively moving observers. It is expected that Galilean-Zhou Transformation would supersede Lorentz Transformation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Common Recognition of Metric Tensor for Special and General Relativity Theory

Authors: Tsuneaki Takahashi
Comments: 3 Pages.

Regard to metric tensor, it is necessary to have common concept and calculation for Special and General Relativity Theory. It is tried here based on the result of research for both.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Genalgebra: A System of Generalized Algebraic Numbers and Operators

Authors: Huhnkie Lee
Comments: 23 Pages. Thank you-

An historical account of numbers and algebra is narrated. Properties of numbers and operators are reviewed. Expansion of extant number and operator systems is introduced. Philosophy of mathematics is discussed.
Category: Algebra

Galactic Rotation: Dark Matter, Supermassive Black Holes, or Mond?

Authors: P. Góralski
Comments: 87 Pages. In Polish [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

What is dark matter? According to the Standard Cosmological Model, ΛCDM makes up about 26.8% of the mass of the universe. He spends his sleep over the scientist's eyes. They call it the Holy Grail of Physics and even Science. They look for it everywhere: in the entire cosmos, on Earth, and even underground. They spend billions of dollars a year to find it. Thousands of scholars around the world are looking for it. Americans, Russians, Chinese, Japanese, Europeans and even Poles are looking for it. The Large Hadron Collider at CERN and other accelerators around the world are looking for it. So far, not a single dark matter particle has been found. Thousands of publications have been written about dark matter. Despite the enormous costs incurred and continued, all efforts made to find dark matter particles were unsuccessful. The title of the book is "DARK MATTER? SUPER MASSIVE BLACK HOLES? MOND? and the curves of the rotation of galaxies" What is the relationship of dark matter with supermassive black holes and MOND? Well, that all of these concepts have a common lineage, namely the rotation curves of spiral galaxies. So let's ask ourselves the following questions: WHAT CAN DARK MATTER BE? 1. some unknown form of matter - WIMPs? (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), Can the term dark matter mean: 2. Fictional matter, a mathematical trick, something like epicycles, equants and deferents in Ptolemy's geocentric theory to explain the retrograde motion of Mars and other outer planets of the solar system? Or maybe the dark matter problem is due to: 3. wrong assumption of the type of galaxy rotation curves? 4. wrong method of calculating the mass of galaxies? 5. Isaac Newton's erroneous law of universal gravitation ˗ MOND theories? (Modified Newtonian Dynamics, Modified Newtonian Dynamics) 6. Or maybe dark matter and dark energy do not exist? As suggested by Adam Riees, "So what is this essential thing? Do we have any tips? It depends who we ask about it. Adam Riees, a man whose radical, pathosic rhetoric ushered in the era of dark energy, suggests something food for thought. What if we don't know everything about how gravity works? Maybe dark matter and dark energy don't exist? Perhaps for the past four centuries we have been blind to the slight inaccuracies of Newton's law of attraction, which are perhaps the key to reclaiming the lost universe. "
Category: Astrophysics

Einstein Field Equations and Geodesic Equation Paradox for a Gravitational Plane Wave Pulse Colliding with a Mass

Authors: Karl De Paepe
Comments: 3 Pages.

We consider a gravitational plane wave pulse colliding with a point mass. The path of the mass can be determined using the Einstein field equations. We expect, for small mass, that this path to be approximately a geodesic. We show this need not be the case.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Infinite Growth: A Curse or a Blessing?

Authors: Gennady Shkliarevsky
Comments: 43 Pages.

The article discusses the controversy over infinite growth. It analyzes the two dominant perspectives on economic growth and finds them based on a limited and subjective view of reality. An examination of the principal aspects of economic growth--economic activity, value, and value creation—helps to understand what fuels economic growth. The article also discusses the correlations between production, consumption, as well as resources and population dynamics. The article finds that infinite and exponential economic growth is essential for the survival (conservation) of our economy and civilization.
Category: Economics and Finance

Consequences of Planck Constant for Relativity

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 7 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

It is known that the existence of Planck length and time contradicts the Lorentz-FitzGerald length contraction and time dilation of special relativity. After showing that the solution of this paradox leaves the spacetime transformations undetermined, it is shown that determining the transformations necessitates a new fundamental equation that governs the local amount of spacetime contraction/dilation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Perfect Definition of Multiplication and Zero

Authors: Mohit Gaur
Comments: 9 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

This research paper discusses the shortcomings of the currently prevalent definition of multiplication, and according to this paper, the definition of Multiplication is not complete and has many Errors as it does not apply to all types of examples such as negative*negative Rather, the new definition given by us applies well to all examples and also defines the multiplication of negative numbers more efficiently than the current definition The correctness of this new definition means that we should not write 2*2=2+2, but in the new format, although in this example both definitions are correct, but in the example of negative numbers, only the new definition works. Therefore, whether it is positive or negative, the same definition and format should be used which is more perfect because in mathematics a definition will be considered complete only if it works in all types of example numbers and charge According to the mathematics of the Vedic period, multiplication is somewhat different from modern mathematics, and modern mathematics took the basics from ancient Indian mathematics but was not flawless. I found the real meaning of multiplication by doing deep research on Brahmagupta's Mathematics, Vedic Mathematics,Rashi vigyan, Brahmasiddhanta, Upanishads, Rigveda and other Ganit Shashtras Apart from this, we have also explained the correct definition of zero and its actual form which is mentioned in Indian Sanskrit texts.Through the real property and basic nature of zero, we have also given a new dimension to understand the basics of negative and positive number's operation
Category: General Mathematics

Image Deblurring: a Class of Matrices Approximating Toeplitz Matrices

Authors: Antonio Boccuto, Ivan Gerace, Valentina Giorgetti
Comments: 39 Pages.

We deal with the image deblurring problem. We assume that the blur mask has large dimensions. To restore the images, we propose a GNC-type technique, in which a convex approximation of the energy function is first minimized. The computational cost of the GNC algorithm depends strongly on the cost of such a first minimization. So, we propose of approximating the Toeplitz symmetric matrices in the blur operator by means of suitable matrices. Such matrices are chosen in a class of matrices which can be expressed as a direct sum between a circulant and a reverse circulant matrix.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Measurement Uncertainty in Network Analyzers: Differential Error DE Analysis of Error Models Part 6: FLOSS - Software Tools

Authors: N. I. Yannopoulou, P. E. Zimourtopoulos
Comments: 20 Pages.

Two software tools were developed to compute and illustrate the uncertainty estimation of one-port VNA measurements using Complex Differential Error Regions, DERs, and their corresponding Differential Error Intervals, DEIs, in polar and rectangular form. The first tool, [REGION], was written in Open Watcom FORTRAN F77 Compiler as a Command Line Interface for calculations and is the programming realization of the graphical DER construction presented by the authors in the previous part of this series. The second tool, [DERDEI], was written in Maxima and is used as a Graphical User Interface for illustrations. Both of them were written with these Open, Free and under continuous support software development systems, in order to be publicly available, since the corresponding previously written and used by the authors programs demand the proprietary Mathematica application. The presented tools were tested with our VNA system measurement data but they can be easily used with any other VNA data ensuring that the text files have the same, specifically defined, format, valid under SLO calibration for one-port measurements. In order to demonstrate our method a number of selected experimental results along with some extreme cases of DERs and their DEIs, under particular circumstances, are also presented. The developed software tools are available on the Internet as FLOSS Free Libre Open Source Software.
Category: Classical Physics

Simple Definitions of the Division by Zero and the Division by Zero Calculus: $[a^x/\log A]_{a=1}= X + 1/2$

Authors: Saburou Saitoh, Yoshinori Saitoh
Comments: 5 Pages. In this note, we will state the definitions of the division by zero and division by zero calculus for popular using for the sake of their generality and great applications to mathematical sciences and the universe containing our basic ideas. In particular

In this note, we will state the definitions of the division by zero and division by zero calculus for popular using for the sake of their generality and great applications to mathematical sciences and the universe containing our basic ideas. In particular, we consider the value of the function $f(x,a)/\log a$ at $a=1$.
Category: General Mathematics

Forensic Analysis of Lucy I and Lucy II

Authors: Robert Bennett
Comments: 6 Pages.

A quantitative test for the probability that two sets of photos are of the same woman. The result for 7 facial characteristics in each photo is that the odds are 13 million to 1 that Lucy I and Lucy II are the same person.
Category: Statistics

Proof of Firoozbakht's Conjecture

Authors: Kouji Takaki
Comments: 3 Pages.

We showed that Firoozbakht's conjecture holds when p_(n+1)-p_n≧log(p_n) holds.
Category: Number Theory

Indicator of Serious Flight Delays with the Approach of Time-Delay Stability

Authors: Yunfeng Zhu, Chen-ping Zhu
Comments: 23 Pages.

Passenger flight delays, causing much disorder of air traffics, economic losses of airlines, and downgrading the travel quality of millions of people, are ubiquitous phenomena in airports all over the world. Investigation based on real data from the view point of statistical physics is rarely seen. In the present work, big data of such delay records over 20 years accumulated by Bureau of Transportation Statistics in the United States are downloaded and analysed by us.
Category: Classical Physics

Cubic Tetrahedra (Part 1)

Authors: Marc Schofield
Comments: 14 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Tetrahedral numbers have a well-defined construction but are not the only way of building tetrahedra from numbers, as is evidenced in studies we will briefly consider as a motivation for looking at the following proposed construction of number shapes, this being a new perspective on a pattern often written in a slightly different context, to a different stacking of numbers. We will go on to look at a few properties of shapes built from this novel construction, including a few specific shapes built from prime numbers, taking us neatly into some parabolic equations with prime-heavy cartesian coordinates.
Category: Number Theory

Gravity and Speed of Light

Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 15 Pages.

One of the postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity is that the speed of light is constant in all inertial reference frames regardless of the motion of the observer or source. This postulate also apply to the General Theory of Relativity. There are many experiments whose results are consistent with the assumption that gravity does not affect the speed of light. But notwithstanding all this we may argue that it has not been formally proved. One way to prove its correctness is to replace it with the opposite axiom, axiom of variable speed of light. If there is at least one experiment whose result would possibly be in contradiction with this axiom, then it must be rejected and the axiom of a constant speed of light must be accepted.
Category: Astrophysics

On Alzofon Experiments of Gravity Control

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 5 Pages.

Physicist Frederic Alzofon provided the first effective theory of gravity beyond just providing a static model, like those of Newton and Einstein. The goal was to explain how that it is possible to control gravity, as hinted by indirect evidence collected from external sources. The 1994 experiments confirmed this possibility. Recently, a theory of Gravity based on the Standard Model was also provided by the author, in and independent line of research. It sets an explicit foundation for Alzofon's Theory.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Graviton Regarded as the Goldstone Boson of Symmetry Breaking $\mathrm{so}(4) / \mathrm{so}(3)$

Authors: Wen-Xiang Chen
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper introduces the construction of spontaneous symmetry breaking When the Goldstone boson effective Laplaceman calculates the effective Laplaceman of the Goldstone boson with symmetry breaking $\mathrm{SO}(4) / \mathrm{SO}(3)$. By the result we put the graviton regarded as the Goldstone boson of symmetry breaking $\mathrm{SO}(4) / \mathrm{SO}(3)$.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Honeycomb-like Biomembrane and Bioprotonics

Authors: Lev I. Verkhovsky
Comments: 7 Pages.

The hypothesis of Dr Raik Mikelsaar (Tartu) about the honeycomb-like structure of the lipid layer of biomembranes is briefly presented. Then the author of the article considered some possible consequences of it in bioenergetics and other aspects.
Category: Physics of Biology

Artificial Intelligence — Definition, Implementation and Consequences

Authors: Dimiter Dobrev
Comments: 92 Pages.

Artificial Intelligence — What is it, how can we do it and what shall we do once we do it? This is a PhD thesis.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Geometric Qubits: Leptons, Quarks and Gravitons

Authors: Peter Hickman
Comments: 10 Pages.

I present an axiomatically constructed model for an underlying description of particles and their interactions, in particular the fermions and gravitation. Using set axioms as a guide, qubits are the fundamental building blocks. It is proposed that the existence of fundamental laws of physics is precluded and only random events occur at the fundamental level. The uncertainty relations and the complex state vectors of quantum theory are a consequence of a Gibbs measure on random variances. This leads to a simple resolution of the measurement problem in quantum mechanics. Quarks and Leptons in 3 generations are Fock states of 4d spaces and their calculated electric charges agree with observations. In addition spin 2 massless gravitons are a 4d Fock state and is the maximum spin state for these 4d Fock states. All particles are geometric, and the dynamics of particles and Space-Time are governed by CAR algebra. One consequence of the model is the cosmological constant being a result of the modification of momentum in curved space.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Extra Dimensions and the Arrow of Time

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 6 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!]

"The increase of disorder or entropy is what distinguishes the past from the future, giving a direction to time" Stephen Hawking, A brief history of time. This statement arises two questions: Time is a universal concept, but order and disorder are both a subjective concept of our human brain. How can a subjective concept like disorder distinguish a universal concept like time? Why was the past in a lower entropy compared to the future? This paper suggests that by quantizing space time and by adding an extra non local three dimensional (3D) grid like dimensions (grid dimension) these two questions can be approached.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Blind Source Separation Technique for Document Restoration Based on Edge Estimation

Authors: Antonio Boccuto, Ivan Gerace, Valentina Giorgetti, Gabriele Valenti
Comments: 86 Pages.

In this paper we study a Blind Source Separation (BSS) problem, and in particular we deal with document restoration. We consider the classical linear model. To this aim, we analyze the derivatives of the images instead of the intensity levels. Thus, we can establish a non-overlapping constraints on document sources. Moreover, we impose that the rows of the mixture matrices of the sources have sum equal to 1, in order to keep equal the lightnesses of the estimated sources and of the data. Here we give a technique which uses the symmetric factorization, whose goodness is tested by the experimental results.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

A New Look at Black Holes via Thermal Dimensions and the Complex Coordinates/Temperature Vectors Correspondence

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 9 Pages.

It is shown how the crucial {\bf active diffs} symmetry of General Relativity allows to shift the radial location $ r = 2 G M $ of the horizon associated with the Schwarzschild metric to the $ r = 0^+$ location of a $diffeomorphic$ metric. In doing so, one ends up with a spacetime void surrounding the singularity at $ r = 0$. In order to explore the ``interior" region of this void we introduce complex radial coordinates whose imaginary components have a direct link to the inverse Hawking temperature, and which furnish a path that provides access to interior region. In addition, we show that the black hole entropy $ { A \over 4 } $ (in Planck units) is equal to the $area$ of a rectangular strip in the $complex$ radial-coordinate plane associated to this above path. The gist of the physical interpretation behind this construction is that there is an emergence of thermal dimensions which unfolds as one plunges into the interior void region via the use of complex coordinates. And whose imaginary components capture the span of the thermal dimensions. The filling of the void leads to an $emergent$ internal/thermal dimension via the imaginary part $ \beta_r$ of the complex radial variable $ {\bf r } = r + i \beta_r$.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Proposed Water Electrolysis Experiment May Refute Mass-energy Equivalenc Of E=mc2

Authors: Chan Rasjid Kah Chew
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper is a continuation of a previous paper of the author which explains how a chemical analysis of theratio by weight of O-16 and H-1 in plain water (the presence of different isotopes of O and H would not affect the experiment) could decide if the hypothesis of mass-energy equivalence based on E=mc2 is verified or refuted; a refutation would mean a full revival of the classical law of conservation of mass without any need of mass-energy equivalence consideration. The proposed experiment is by electrolysis of water as an aqueous solution of potassium sulfate. Oxygen produced at the anode is trapped while the hydrogen produced at the cathode are allowed to escape freely. With three weighing with an analytical balance in vacuum, the ratio of O/H could be determined with a high degree of accuracy. The mass-energy equivalence principle accepted in present day physics may be said to be the foundational assumption in present day physics. If it fails, then current high energy physics would collapse. This includes the Standard Model of particle physics widely promulgated by CERN and much of all modern physics. The irony is that mass-energy equivalence and the equation E=mc2 have never been experimentally verified. This has been explained in detail in the author’s other paper.
Category: Classical Physics

A Dictionary of Critical Theory by Ian Buchanan and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 20 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study A Dictionary of Critical Theory by Ian Buchanan from Oxford University Press. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with βH = 0, in the absence of external magnetic field, H.β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant. This is the case with the two Dictionaries of Mathematics we have studied before. We surmise that the branch of Mathematics, plausibly, is dual to the Critical Theory.
Category: Social Science

An Algebra of Infinity

Authors: Huhnkie Lee
Comments: 18 Pages. Thank you very much and a Happy New Year //:-D

Correction of Dirac Delta Function is presented. An algebra of infinity, i.e., Alpha Algebra, is introduced. An algebra of infinitesimality, a.k.a., Omega Algebra, is illustrated.
Category: Algebra

Apparent Constancy of the Speed of Light and Apparent Change of Time of Light Emission Relative to an Inertial Observer in Absolute Motion

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 64 Pages.

Many experiments have been performed over decades and centuries to investigate the problem of absolute motion and the speed of light, with reported results ranging from complete null results and very small fringe shifts to large first order effects. All classical and modern theories, including ether theory, emission theory, and special relativity theory, have failed to consistently explain all of these experiments. In this paper, a new model of motion and the speed of light is proposed that can consistently explain many of the known light speed experiments including the Michelson-Morley experiments, stellar aberration, moving source, moving observer and moving mirror experiments, the Bryan G Wallace Venus radar range data anomaly, the GPS, the Ives-Stilwell experiments, the Marinov, the Silvertooth , and the Sagnac effect. The new model is proposed as follows. 1. Light always behaves as if it is emitted from the point where the source is relative to the observer/ detector at the instant of emission. 2. The speed of light in vacuum is always constant c relative to the observer/detector. 3. The effect of absolute motion of the observer/ detector is to create an apparent change in time of emission. 4. Light behaves as if it is reflected from the point in space where the mirror is/was at the moment of emission, with the speed of the reflected light equal to c ± 2v , where v is a component of the mirror velocity relative to the observer, which is perpendicular to the plane of the mirror. The new theory not only can explain why the Michelson-Morley experiments give null results, but also why the Silvertooth experiment gives large first order effect. It also reconciles the Michelson-Morley experiment and the Sagnac effect. This paper also solves one of the profound puzzles in physics: the speed of electrostatic and gravitational fields. Is the speed of gravity finite or infinite? The answer is that the speed of gravity has dual nature: finite and infinite. Suppose that the Sun disappeared at t = 0. Would Sun’s gravity on Earth disappear instantaneously or with the delay of the speed of light? At t = -8.3 minutes, the Sun ‘anticipates’ its own disappearance after 8.3 minutes and sends a zero gravitational field towards the Earth, which travels at the speed of light and reaches the Earth at t = 0, coinciding exactly with the instance of disappearance of the Sun!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Numbers Principles of Natural Philosophy

Authors: Zhengxi Wang
Comments: 11 pages

Through the logical analysis of the numbers 0 and 1, continuously split the number 1, split to infinitesimal, a logarithmic function is established. The matter break-up and space, let their set is a logarithmic function. After the introduction of Planck length, the model of the universe is established. Conclusions are drawn from the model: Our universe opens from 1 (There is), the universe is finite, max 1/(1.6×10-35 )meters. The whole process is： contraction → the origin → the universe opens → expansion → Big Rip, end. The di-mension on cosmic original point space is invalid, and there is no external space. Direction and matter cannot be positive at the same time. We are opposite to the direction of the symmetrical universe. Infer: The break-up of matter produces space and expands the universe. There is a multiverse.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Gravitational Constant

Authors: Seamus McCelt
Comments: 7 Pages.

Isaac Newton discovered the true nature gravity in his: F = Gm1m2/r^2 universal law of gravitation equation but didn't realize it.
The gravitational constant: big G is one unit of gravity. The other terms: m1m2/r^2 are the amount.
The dimensions of the gravitational constant are: [L^3]/[M][T^2].
Length cubed [L^3] divided by mass [M] is a specific volume.
Specific volume per second squared (divided by) [T^2] equals acceleration.
That means the gravitational constant is the basic unit or quantum of (in this case) the three dimensional force of gravity. The three dimensional force [L^3] also explains the precession of the perihelion of Mercury.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Exploring the Christoffel Symbols

Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 7 Pages.

The brief article explores the Christoffel symbols starting from its transformation rules and by such an exploration demonstrates the fact that only linear transformations are possible. It derives that Christoffel symbols behave like rank three tensors[with one upper index and two lower ones] since the term standing in the way of such behavior vanishes.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Vacuum Energy Fractal, the Amazing Quantum Vacuum

Authors: Jose Salvador Ruiz Fargueta
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this letter we analyze the vacuum energy as a simple fractal. With elementary mathematics and a novel approach, we will study its properties.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Cooper-Pair Breaking

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 6 Pages.

Theoretical results obtained in this paper are perfectly consistent with the experimental data presented by Mannila, et al. (2021). We described the origin of three new formulae for the normalized number density of quasiparticles, relaxation times of bursts, and statistical distribution of the broken Cooper pairs per burst. We show that the Cooper-pair breaking is due to the nuclear weak interactions of the spacetime condensates created in the core of nucleons.
Category: Condensed Matter

The Electron and Weak Points of the Metric System

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 74 Pages.

Object of this work is to find out the reason, why we get only nearly correct results with calculations using natural constants. The possibility to increase accuracy is analyzed in order to obtain more exact results than with the CODATA values. A special role in this connection plays the electron. The calculations are based on the model published in [1] and as the latest version in [6]. The idea stems from Cornelius LANCZOS, outlined at a lecture on the occasion of the Einstein-Symposium 1965 in Berlin [2]. The model defines the expansion of the universe as a consequence of the existence of a metric wave field. That field also should be the reason for all relativistic effects, both SR and GR. In the context of this work the properties of the electron are analyzed with the result, that it’s well suited as a scale basis of the metric system. Furthermore some weak points of latter one have been found, being the reason for the imprecise results when using the CODATA values. The reason are fixed values used to the definition of base units, which in turn depend on other values as well as on time and on the reference frame. In the end a consistent system is presented, which yields exact results of the basic natural constants, with which nearly all other natural u201econstants" can be calculated by means of five fixed values only. The bottom line is the meaning of the PLANCK-units and the electron mass as glue to the reference frame. Exactly set up the system would allow the calculation error to be reduced to almost zero, as the errors of different measured values are not "passed through".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Das Elektron Und Schwachpunkte Des Metrischen Systems

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 74 Pages. German version

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es herauszufinden, warum wir bei Berechnungen mit Naturkonstanten nur annähernd korrekte Ergebnisse erhalten. Es wird die Möglichkeit einer Verbesserung analysiert, um genauere Ergebnisse als mit den CODATA-Werten zu erhalten. Eine besondere Rolle spielt in diesem Zusammenhang das Elektron.Die Berechnungen basieren auf dem in [1] veröffentlichten Modell und in der neuesten Version in [6]. Die Idee stammt von Cornelius LANCZOS und wurde in einem Vortrag anlässlich des Einstein-Symposiums 1965 in Berlin [2] dargelegt. Das Modell definiert die Expansion des Universums als Folge der Existenz eines metrischen Wellenfeldes. Dieses Feld sollte auch der Grund für die Existenz aller relativistischen Effekte sein, sowohl SR als auch GR.Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden die Eigenschaften des Elektrons analysiert mit dem Ergebnis, dass es sich gut als Bezugsgröße des metrischen Systems eignet. Darüber hinaus wurden einige Schwachstellen des Systems gefunden, die der Grund für die ungenauen Ergebnisse bei Verwendung der CODATA-Werte sind.Der Grund sind fest definierte Werte von Basiseinheiten, die wiederum von anderen Werten sowie von der Zeit und vom Bezugssystem abhängen. Am Ende wird ein konsistentes System vorgestellt, das exakte Ergebnisse der grundlegenden Naturkonstanten liefert, mit denen nahezu alle anderen Naturkonstanten anhand von nur fünf festen Werten berechnet werden können. Im Endeffekt wird auch die Bedeutung der Planckschen Einheiten als Verbindung zum Bezugssystem genauer ersichtlich.Mit exakten Grundwerten ließe sich der Berechnungsfehler auf nahezu Null reduzieren, da die Fehler unterschiedlicher Messwerte nicht "durchgereicht" werden.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fractal Spacetime from Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 9 Pages.

The motivation for the continuous dimensionality of spacetime near the Fermi scale stems from two premises, namely, 1) dimensional regularization of perturbative quantum field theory (QFT), 2) the existence of non-trivial fixed points of Renormalization Group equations. Here we discuss a third reason, rooted in the behavior of non-equilibrium phase-space flows.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Impact-Area of Ejecta-Rays from the Port Hedland Crater or from the VLC, Located Near Kalgoorlie (Western Australia)_raman Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 29 pages, 75 images, 34 diagrams

The Gravity Anomaly Map indicates that Ejecta-material from the Ø400x350km Port Hedland Crater or from the Victoria-Lake Crater (VLC) in East-Africa probably impacted in the Kalgoorlie-area and formed the noticable linear structures. The Port Hedland Crater and the Victoria Lake Crater (VLC), which are both unknown craters yet, in all probability are large secondary-craters that were caused by the Permian-Triassic Impact Event (PTI). The geological map shows large-scale structures (linear- & bow-shaped structures) in the Kalgoorlie-area which have strong similarities to structures caused by ejecta-blankets (-lobes) originating from an Impact-Crater. These structures consist of rock-types different to the rock-types of the surrounding plains of the Yilgarn Craton. Compare these structures to the ejecta-rays (-lobes) from the Graterri-Crater on Mars ! These ejecta-ray-structures penetrate the Yilgarn-Craton approximately down to a depth of 10 km ! In the Kalgoorlie area the Super-Pit gold-mine is located. The Gold and other rare- & heavy-elements found in the area surely were ingredients of the PT-Impactor (an asteroid or comet), the origin of the ejecta that impacted here. I have collected some rock-samples from these ejecta-ray- (lobe-) structures in the Kalgoorlie area and have analysed these samples, mostly quartz, with Micro-Raman-Spectroscopy, to find out if they were exposed to a shock-pressure which may indicate an Impact Event. And indeed that precisely is the case ! The Raman-spectra of quartz from the Sample Sites 2, 4, 5, 13, 21, 27 & 31 provide first evidence for an Impact Event as the probable cause of these Ejecat-ray- (lobe-) structures in the Kalgoorlie Area. So far the samples from the Klagoorlie-area provided the best evidence for an Ejecta-Impact area !! The following shifts of the main Raman-peaks, of the analysed quartz grains, to lower frequencies (which all indicate an impact shock event) were measured : 462, 261, 204 & 125 cm-1 (Site 2_stone_1); 463, 260 & 205 (Site 2_stone 2); 463,260,204 (Site-4); 463,260/266 (Site 5); 463,261,125 (Site-21); 463,261,205,125 (Site-27); 463,257/267,204,125 (Site-31); 260,126 (Site-5_stone_2) & 204, 126 cm-1 (Site-13). Microscopic images of a number of analysed quartz grains will provide further proof for a shock event ! PDFs (planar deformation features) seem to be present in some samples ! (see images on pages 4 to 17). All spectra were made with a BRUKER Senterra-II Raman-Microscope. Images of the analysed rock samples and photos of the sample sites are in the Appendix at page 18.
Category: Geophysics

Impact-Area of an Ejecta-Ray from the Port Hedland Crater or from the VLC , Located Near Geraldton (Western Australia)_raman Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 22 pages, 50 images, 26 diagrams

The visited area is located near the town Geraldton (Western Australia). The Gravity Anomaly Map indicates that Ejecta-material either from the assumed Ø400x350km Port Hedland Crater or from the Victoria-Lake Crater (E-Africa) in all probability impacted here and formed these linear structures. The Port Hedland Crater is located north of the town Port Hedland on the sea-floor of the Indian Ocean. The Port Hedland Crater and the Victoria-Lake Crater (VLC), which are both unknown craters yet, in all probability are large secondary craters that were caused by the Permian-Triassic Impact Event (PTI). The geological map shows large-scale structures that have strong similarities to structures caused by ejecta-blankets which were produced by an impact. These structures consist of rock types that are different to the rock types of the surrounding plains of the Yilgarn-Craton. The nearly linear ejecta-ray structures seem to have penetrated the Yilgarn-Craton approximately up to a depth of around 10km (see geologic cross-section B-C). I have collected some rock-samples from these nearly linear structures in the Geraldton-area and have analysed these samples, mostly quartz, with Micro-Raman-Spectroscopy, to find out if they were exposed to a shock-pressure which may indicate an Impact Event. And indeed that is the case ! The Raman-spectra of quartz from the Sample Sites 11, 12 and 17 provide first evidence for an impact event as the probable cause of the linear ray-structure in the visited area. Indication for an impact shock event comes also from the sites 23 and 24. The clear shifts of the main Raman peaks, of the analysed quartz samples, to the lower frequencies 461 and 126 cm-1 (Site 11, stone 2), to 463, 262/268 and 125 cm-1 (Site 17, stone 1), to 463 and 125 cm-1 (Site 11, stone 1), to 260/265, 125 cm-1 (Site 17, stone 2) and to 261 and 126 cm-1 (Site 12) provide first proof for an Impact Event as the cause of the ray-structure visible on a gravity-anomaly- and on a geological map ! Microscopic images of some analysed quartz grains seem to provide further proof for a shock event. PDFs (planar deformation features) seem to be present in some samples (see images on pages 3 to 14). All spectra were made with a BRUKER Senterra-II Raman-Microscope. Images of the analysed rock samples and photos of the sample sites are in the Appendix at page 21.
Category: Geophysics

Proof of a Combinatorial Identity

Authors: Ronald Danilo Chávez Calderón
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this present paper we will show you some interesting identity involving combina- torial symbols and a proof of it as a theorem. The theorem was a discovery from the times when I was studying Calculus at USAC/CUNOC University in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala around 2004 year.
Category: General Mathematics

The Resolution of Hawking's Information Paradox in Dark_Energy and Dark Matter with Baryonic Matter Distribution

Authors: Tony Bermanseder
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Hawking's Black Hole Information Paradox is resolved in a Dark Energy distribution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Note on Mass and Gravity

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 3 Pages.

The principle of equivalence implies the inertial mass equals to gravitational mass. Gravity is understood in terms of the quark model, amended by Platonic symmetry. This allows to comment on the origin of inertial mass and how it can be controlled when controlling gravity.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Rank Two Tensors of a Diagonal Nature

Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 3 Pages.

The article explores the transformation of rank two tensors to bring out the fact that tensor transformations should be linear .Tensors of a diagonal nature have been used to this end.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On the Riemann Tensor

Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this article the Riemann tensor has been discussed in two sections. The first section considers two formulas to project results that are inconsistent in their nature. The next section considering tensor transformations and the linear homogeneous equations proves that the Riemann tensor is the rank four null tensor
Category: Mathematical Physics

Precession of the Equinoxes

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 3 Pages.

Wobbling, caused by slow continuous change in the orientation of earth’s apparent rotational axis, is called ‘precession of the equinoxes’. Rotation of earth is an apparent motion only with respect to its central axis. Deflection of earth’s apparent rotational axis is caused by shift in its center of gravity from its geometrical centre due to non-uniform distribution of its 3D matter-content rather than by precession due to its apparent spin motion. Deflections of earth’s apparent spin axis, caused by the northward shift of its center of gravity, during earth’s orbital path on either side of the Sun’s mean path are in opposite directions and hence the resultant magnitude of deflection depends on eccentricity of earth’s apparent elliptical orbit around the sun.
Category: Astrophysics

On the Analysis of Two Maxwell’s Equations: Possible Mathematical Connections with Some Sectors of Number Theory.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 16 Pages.

In this paper, we analyze two Maxwell’s equations and describe the possible mathematical connections with some sectors of Number Theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Scale-Invariant Conformal Waves

Authors: Carsten S.P. Spanheimer
Comments: 7 Pages.

Investigating conformal metrics on (pseudo-) Riemannian spaces, a ‘scale-invariant’ choice for the Lagrange density leads to homogeneous d’Alembert eqations which allow for source-free wave phenomena in any number of dimensions. This suggests to apply a scale-invariant action principle rather than the Hilbert-Einstein action to general relativity to also find general, non-conformal solutions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Equation for Calculating the States of Atoms, Molecules and Solids

Authors: Igor Nikolaevich Efimov
Comments: 8 Pages.

We have obtained an equation, which, according to the author, will make it much easier to calculate the states of atoms, molecules and solids. Our equation is a modified Schrodinger equation. Moreover, the Schrodinger equation, according to Nobel laureate Paul Dirac, contains all the chemical problems. The solution of this equation is simpler than the solution of the Schrodinger equation and the Hartree-Fock equations. If accurate calculations prove that this equation gives accurate results, this equation will be as important as the Schrodinger equation. This equation recorded by the author in 1986. Scientists cannot accurately solve the Schrodinger equation for multielectronic systems. Scientists cannot write down an exact but simpler equation similar to Schrodinger's equation. Scientists and scientific journals have been rejecting our equation for 36 years. However, no one has proved the wrongness or uselessness of this equation yet.
Category: Quantum Physics

Resolving the Singularity by Looking at the Dot and Demonstrating the Undecidability of the Continuum Hypothesis

Authors: Abhishek Majhi
Comments: 39 Pages. Foundations of Science (2022) [Online Only], https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-022-09875-9

Einstein's theory of general relativity, which Newton's theory of gravity is a part of, is fraught with the problem of singularity that has been established as a theorem by Hawking and Penrose, the later being awarded the Nobel Prize in recent years. The crucial {\it hypothesis} that founds the basis of both Einstein's and Newton's theories of gravity is that bodies with unequal magnitudes of masses fall with the same acceleration under the gravity of a source object. Since, the validity of the Einstein's equations is one of the assumptions based on which Hawking and Penrose have proved the theorem, therefore, the above hypothesis is implicitly one of the founding pillars of the singularity theorem. In this work, I demonstrate how one can possibly write a non-singular theory of gravity which manifests that the above mentioned hypothesis is only valid in an approximate sense in the ``large distance'' scenario. To mention a specific instance, under the gravity of the earth, a $5$ kg and a $500$ kg fall with accelerations which differ by approximately $113.148\times 10^{-32}$ meter/sec$^2$ and the more massive object falls with less acceleration. Further, I demonstrate why the concept of gravitational field is not definable in the ``small distance'' regime which automatically justifies why the Einstein's and Newton's theories fail to provide any ``small distance'' analysis. In course of writing down this theory, I demonstrate why the continuum hypothesis as spelled out by Goedel, is undecidable. The theory has several aspects which provide the following realizations: (i) Descartes' self-skepticism concerning exact representation of numbers by drawing lines (ii) Born's wish of taking into account ``natural uncertainty in all observations'' while describing ``a physical situation'' by means of ``real numbers'' (iii) Klein's vision of having ``a fusion of arithmetic and geometry'' where ``a point is replaced by a small spot'' (iv) Goedel's assertion about ``non-standard analysis, in some version'' being ``the analysis of the future''. A major drawback of this work is that it can easily appear to the authorities of modern science as too simple to believe in. This is, firstly due to the origin of the motivations being rooted to the truthfulness of the language in which physics is written and secondly due to the lucidity of the calculations involved. However, at the same time, this work can also appear as a fresh and non-standard approach to do physics from its roots, where the problem of singularity is not even there to begin with. The credibility of this work depends largely on whether the reader is willing adopt the second mindset.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Beginning of a New General Theory of Relativity: Part 1

Authors: Valentín Ibáñez Fernández
Comments: 17 Pages. In Russian

Inside the inertial moving system, a new distribution of forces1,2 appears, causing a change in the laws of classical mechanics. There are complex algebraic equations of gravitational fields for the empty space of Newton's rest frame and later in Einstein's system of motion in general relativity. Newton's theory of gravity led to the strange conclusion that in the space of the universe, a constant force is propagating, directed towards the center of huge masses such as the Sun. From these ideas, we will come to the strange conclusion that the universe with all the planets around the sun is contracting and all the planets tend to the Sun with time. In his general theory of relativity, Einstein put forward another philosophical hypothesis that the universe does not contract, but expands in time and there are no gravitational forces present in it. The result of this new philosophical hypothesis led to the appearance in the universe of moving space to a huge mass of planets and even to their satellites. After analyzing this work, in which the theory of a freely falling body as the basis of gravity has not changed, we can come to the conclusion that huge streams of mythical material space move to the earth with the speeds of a freely falling body (SPB). This movement of the atmosphere or any material medium in the universe would have such a speed of movement of the SPT that we would constantly feel the streams of air falling on us from above and they would be immeasurably greater than all the winds on planet Earth. We do not feel it. Such a superficial, but scientific physics philosophical analysis puts forward the need to deeply analyze of the general theory of relativity from the point of view of experimental data in terrestrial space. Find flaws in the theory of motion of matter that led the general theory of relativity to a mathematical abstraction, in which time in a moving system changes, a beam of light is bent in the vicinity of huge masses of matter and leads to the formation of black holes in the universe, etc.

Внутри инерциальной движущейся системы появляется новое распределение сил 1,2, вызывающих изменение законов классической механики. Существуют сложные алгебраические уравнения гравитационных полей для пустого пространства системы покоя Ньютона и в последствии в системы движения Эйнштейна в общей теории относительности. Но теория гравитации Ньютона привела к странному выводу, что в пространстве вселенной распространяя постоянная сила, направленная к центру огромных масс таких как Солнце. Но тогда из этих представлений мы прейдём к странному выводу, что вселенная со всеми планетами вокруг солнца сжимается и все планеты стремится со временем к Солнцу. В своей общей теории относительности Эйнштейн выдвинул другую философскую гипотезу, что вселенная не сжимается, а расширятся во времени и в ней не присутствуют силы гравитации. Результат этой новой гипотезы философской привёл к появлению во вселенной движущегося пространства к огромным масса планет и даже к их сателлитам. И проанализировав эту работу, в которой теория свободно падающего тела как основа гравитации не изменилась, можно прейти к выводу что огромные потоки пространства мифического материального, движутся на землю со скоростями свободно падающего тела (СПТ). Это движение атмосферы или любой материальной среды во вселенной имела бы такую скорость движения СПТ, что мы бы ощущали постоянно потоки воздуха, падающего на нас сверху и они бы были неизмеримо больше всех ветров на планете Земля. Но мы этого не ощущаем. Такой поверхностный, но научный физика философский анализ выдвигает необходимость глубоко проанализировать общую теорию относительности с точки зрения экспериментальных данных в земном пространстве и найти в теории движения материи изъяны которые привели общую теории относительности к математической абстракции, в которой время в движущейся системе меняется, луч света искривляется в близи огромных масс материи и приводит во вселенной к образованию черных дыр и т.д.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On CPT and Violations

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 3 Pages.

C, P and T transformations in QFT, as a pointwise $S^0$ physics theory, are not adequate for modeling the symmetries of baryons and mesons of Standard Model (SM), as a quark / qubit theory based on $S^2$. String Theory (ST), based on $S^1$, is of course the transition theory between the above two types of theories. The symplectic versus complex structure of QFT/CFT reveal the dihedral group $D_4$ as the group of symmetries of the above elementary particles, viewed in the context of the quark model. This point of view introduces Hodge structures as central algebraic structures, which in fact are representations of $U(1)\to SU(2)$, when passing from commutative to non-commutative case. Conformal transformations, i.e. $U(1)$-equivariant, play a central role in quantum theories, like CFT and ST; they are directly related to Hodge structures viewed as representations of $U(1)$.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Simple Identity (1/(x-1)) + (1/(x 2)) = (2x 3)/((x 1)(x 2)) and the Expression that G(z,a) + Log |z a| is Harmonic Around Z=a from the Viewpoint of the Division by Zero Calculus

Authors: Saburou Saitoh, Yoshinori Saitoh
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this note, we will refer to the simple identity $(1/(x-1)) + (1/(x -2)) = (2x -3)/((x -1)(x- 2))$ and the expression that $g(z,a) + \log |z - a| $ is harmonic around $z=a$ from the viewpoint of the division by zero calculus that are very popular expressions in elementary mathematics. With these simple and very popular expressions, we would like to show clearly the importance of the division by zero calculus for some general people in a self-contained way.
Category: General Mathematics

On the Problem of Axiomatization of Geometry

Authors: Temur Z. Kalanov
Comments: 17 Pages.

An analysis of the foundations of geometry within the framework of the correct methodological basis – the unity of formal logic and rational dialectics – is proposed. The analysis leads to the following result: (1) geometry is an engineering science, but not a field of mathematics; (2) the essence of geometry is the construction of material figures (systems) and study of their properties; (3) the starting point of geometry is the following system principle: the properties of material figures (systems) determine the properties of the elements of figures; the properties of elements characterize the properties of figures (systems); (4) the axiomatization of geometry is a way of construction of the science as a set (system) of practical principles. Sets (systems) of practice principles can be complete or incomplete; (5) the book, “The Foundations of Geometry” by David Hilbert, represents a methodologically incorrect work. It does not satisfy the dialectical principle of cognition, “practice theory practice,” because practice is not the starting point and final point in Hilbert’s theoretical approach (analysis). Hilbert did not understand that: (a) scientific intuition must be based on practical experience; intuition that is not based on practical experience is fantasy; (b) the correct science does not exist without definitions of concepts; the definitions of geometric concepts are the genetic (technological) definitions that shows how given material objects arise (i.e., how a person creates given material objects); (c) the theory must be constructed within the framework of the correct methodological basis: the unity of formal logic and rational dialectics. (d) the theory must satisfy the correct criterion of truth: the unity of formal logic and rational dialectics. Therefore, Hilbert cannot prove the theorem of trisection of angle and the theorem of sum of interior angles (concluded angles) of triangle on the basis of his axioms. This fact signifies that Hilbert’s system of axioms is incomplete. In essence, Hilbert’s work is a superficial, tautological and logically incorrect verbal description of Figures 1-52 in his work.
Category: Geometry

The Area Induced by Circles of Partition and Applications

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper we continue with the development of the circles of partitions by introducing the notion of the area induced by circles of partitions and explore some applications.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Dark Matter Models the Gravitation of the Expanding Universe

Authors: Arto Annila, Marten Wikstrom
Comments: 6 Pages.

All ordinary matter, extending from the dense past to the dilute present, causes gravitation across the universe. Motions deriving from this tiny universal gravitational field are on display over vast distances. On the one hand, distant galaxies move away; on the other, galaxies in clusters move about. Also, stars and gas clouds orbit around in balance with the local galactic and universal gravitation. This insight into galaxy velocity dispersion and rotation renders dark matter and modified gravity hypotheses redundant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Recovery of 1990s Emails from Dr Michael Lennon

Authors: Sunny Daniels
Comments: 14 Pages. "Computers and Society" would appear to be the most appropriate arXiv category for this article, but there does not seem to be a corresponding category in viXra.

I have an old computer, probably manufactured in the 1990s, with e-mails from the late Dr Michael Lennon of Auckland University (passed away in 1999) on its hard drive. I think that these e-mails might be of significant historical interest to mathematicians (and probably others) because of the significant contribution that I believe Dr Michael Lennon made (in the 1970s I believe) to the knot theory breakthrough in the 1980s that resulted in the New Zealand mathematician Sir Vaughan Jones (who passed away in 2020 I believe) being awarded a Fields Medal in 1990. Because of the age of this computer and its hard drive, and the possible historical value of these old e-mails from Dr Michael Lennon, I wish to try to extract these e-mails from this old computer in such a way as to minimise the probability of triggering any hardware or software failure that could endanger this old data. I propose a method involving DTMF tones and also an alternative method involving a data logger attached to the serial port of this old computer. I would appreciate feedback on these proposed methods from people knowledable in this area (extraction of valuable data from possibly unreliable old computers) before attempting to go any further with the extraction process.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Nonlinear Relation Between Primes

Authors: Federico Gabriel
Comments: 1 Page.

In this article a conjecture about nonlinear relation between primes is proposed.
Category: Number Theory

The Exclusive Or Group X(n) Correspondence With Cayley-Dickson Algebras

Authors: Richard D. Lockyer
Comments: 10 Pages.

It is impossible to fully represent a non-associative algebra using group theory due to the associativity requirement for the group operation. This precludes a full group theoretical cover of Cayley-Dickson algebras beginning with the generally non-associative Octonion Algebra doubling count. However, if we “forget” the sign attached to the result of the product of any two basis elements, every Cayley-Dickson algebra of doubling count n: CD(n) is modelled by the Exclusive Or group X(n), up to ignored sign of fixed nature or orientation choice. This paper explores the bijective correspondence between every CD(n) algebra and all of its subalgebras, and every X(n) group and all of its subgroups. A recursion relationship for determining the number of subalgebras of order 2 exponent m for any CD(n), which is equivalent to the number of subgroups of order 2 exponent m for the corresponding group X(n), is presented.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis using Deep Neural Networks

Authors: Jai Sharma, Milind Maiti, Christopher Sun
Comments: 17 Pages.

Cardiovascular disease causes 25% of deaths in America (Heart Disease Facts). Specifically, misdiagnosis of cardiovascular disease results in 11,000 American deaths annually, emphasizing the increasing need for Artificial Intelligence to improve diagnosis. The goal of our research was to determine the probability that a given patient has Cardiovascular Disease using 11 easily-accessible objective, examination, and subjective features from a data set of 70,000 people. To do this, we compared various Machine Learning and Deep Learning models. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) identified that blood pressure, cholesterol, and age were most correlated with an elevated risk of contracting heart disease. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to visualize the 11-D data onto a 2-D plane, and distinct aggregations in the data motivated the inference of specific cardiovascular conditions beyond the binary labels in the data set. To diagnose patients, several Machine Learning and Deep Learning models were trained using the data and compared using the metrics Binary Accuracy and F1 Score. The initial Deep Learning model was a Shallow Neural Network with 1 hidden layer consisting of 8 hidden units. Further improvements, such as adding 5 hidden layers with 8 hidden units each and employing Mini-Batch Gradient Descent, Adam Optimization, and He’s Initialization, were successful in decreasing train times. These models were coded without the utilization of Deep Learning Frameworks such as TensorFlow. The final model, which achieved a Binary Accuracy of 74.2% and an F1 Score of 0.73, consisted of 6 hidden layers, each with 128 hidden units, and was built using the highly optimized Keras library. While current industrial models require hundreds of comprehensive features, this final model requires only basic inputs, allowing versatile applications in rural locations and third-world countries. Furthermore, the model can forecast demand for medical equipment, improve diagnosis procedures, and provide detailed personalized health statistics.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Data from 14,577 Cosmological Objects and 14 FRBs Confirm the Predictions of New Tired Light (NTL) and Lead to a New Model of the Igm

Authors: Lyndon Ashmore
Comments: 25 Pages. Presented to Vigier 12 conference - proceedings to be published by IOP conference series

Predictions by New Tired Light were tested using 14,577 objects from the NED-D compilation of redshift-independent distances. These objects give an electron number density of n_e=0.499 m^(-3 ) compared to the predicted one of n_e=0.5 m^(-3 ). In NTL the Hubble constant is given by H=(2n_e hr_e)⁄m_e and, using this value for n_e gives 62.5 km⁄s per Mpc which is very close to the accepted values. NTL predicts a linear relationship between distance and ln⁡(1+z) with gradient ((m_e c)⁄(2n_e ) hr_e=1.46x10^26 m ). Plotting all the 14,577 points gives a straight line with gradient 1.40x10^26 m – just 4% off the predicted value. Using distances from the compilation the redshift is calculated by NTL and a graph of predicted versus observed redshift is drawn. This has a gradient of 0.9756 close to the value ‘1.0’ expected in a 1:1 relationship between prediction and expected. Both graphs are linear up to redshifts of ‘9’ with no hint of relativistic effects. In NTL, there is a delay between an electron in the IGM absorbing and re-emitting a photon whereby the electron recoils leading to redshift. Data from FRB 121102 gives the time lag between two frequencies arriving and using the extra number of photon-electron interactions the made by the longer wavelength is found. This tells us the length of the delay at each interaction as ≈10^(-10) s. Using NTL and DM the redshift of the host galaxy was calculated and found to be z=0.143 compared to the measured value of z=0.19 – the difference lying well within the uncertainty in DM. In NTL, DM and redshift are produced by the electrons in the IGM and so there is a direct relation between them. 〖DM〗_IGM=((m_e c)⁄(2hr_e )){ln⁡(1+z) } or 〖DM〗_IGM=2470{ln⁡(1+z) }. Plotting data from 14 localised FRBs on a graph of DM versus {ln⁡(1+z) } does give a straight-line graph but a selection of eight from the fourteen are colinear with a gradient of 1244±147 pc 〖cm〗^(-3). We will continue to plot this graph as more and more FRBs are located as this is too small a sample considering the uncertainties involved. Often tired light models are discounted on the basis of an old model of the IGM as having a neutral plasma at high temperature and/or they are using Compton scatter. In NTL, recoil takes place along the line of sight so there is no blurring. Several mainstream papers show that every dust particle in the IGM is positively charged with an excess of protons due to photoionisation. This means an equal number of electrons have been released into the intervening space. On this basis the IGM is a ‘dirty plasma’ with the protons trapped on dust particles and a sea of electrons in the in-between. When a group of electrons come together in this way, they will arrange themselves onto a BCC lattice (Wigner-Seitz crystal). Calculations show that if we use dust density restricted by considerations of an expanding Universe there is not enough to give the n_e=0.5 m^(-3 )found by observation but would need a dust density of ρ_IGM≈3x10^(-25) kgm^(-3). A previous paper looked at the photoionisation of Hydrogen clouds surrounding a galaxy with the protons staying behind and forming dark matter whilst the electrons went off into the IGM to form on their crystal lattice held by mutual repulsion. The mass of dark matter surrounding the Milky Way galaxy is known and so, if this is all protons, we can find the number of protons there. An equal number of electrons will have been released into the IGM and dividing this by the average volume occupied by a galaxy gives us the n_e=1 m^(-3 )and agrees with observation.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitation as a Secondary Effect of Electromagnetic Interaction

Authors: Markus Schönlinner
Comments: 25 Pages.

The unification of gravitation and quantum physics is a still unsolved problem. A convincing solution is not in sight and a simple solution is virtually excluded. It seems that modern physics entered into a dead end here. Most of the proposals for solution try to enforce a breakthrough in the pursued direction with ever more complexer approaches. However, there is a path to circumvent these difficulties. By abandoning one of the prerequisites of the General RelativityTheory, a new degree of freedom is won in return. With that, a theory of gravitation can be formulated, wherein the unification of the forces is possible. In the following, we start with the assumption, that gravitation can be understood as secondary effect of electromagnetic interaction. In doing so, the unification of the forces is taken as a prerequisite and is imposed as a new basic postulate. The covariance principle, a pillar of the General Relativity Theory, is abandoned instead. Under these assumptions, a consistent model of gravitation can be established and justified. It describes gravitation with a variable index of refraction of the vacuumand leads, as a consequence, to a system of variable scales. In weak gravitational fields, the theory agrees well with the General Relativity Theory. In strong fields, however, fundamental differences arise.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometric Approach to Planck Scale Field

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 1 Page.

In this short paper i present a try to explain how gravity works on Planck scale and beyond it. Where i use field equation that connects tensor field with metric and energy. I present only all mathematical model that is needed for field to work. Solution to field equation is both a scalar field F and tensor fields: metric tensor, field tensor and energy tensor. I present no solutions to this equation in this paper.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Coding the Quadratic Formula Using TI84-CE Python

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 16 Pages. Some awkward prose corrected. Additional bibliography added.

Texas Instruments have added coding in Python to their TI-83 family of calculators. The question this paper attempts to address is why. This investigation starts by considering the programming language of Python and its benefits, especially as contrasted with TI-83 Basic (the standard language for these calculators). It then considers the implementation issues that confront the idea. As an example, Python is highly extensible, but calculators are by their nature highly proprietary, not extensible. And then there is the interface with its other products Smartview and Connect. These are designed to aid teachers and programmers respectively by porting calculator features to PC programs. Does Python inter-phase with these? How well? These concerns are motivated and organized by a concrete programming challenge: seek to code the quadratic formula (we'll define what that means) in Python and attempt to port it to a calculator -- as easily as possible, if possible, noting issues and problems as we go along.
Category: General Mathematics

Neutrino Discrepancies and Higgs Neutrino Oscillation Masses

Authors: Tony Bermanseder
Comments: 11 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

A history of neutrino measurements is described as a reply to a published video by Sabine Hossenfelder from September 21st, 2021 https://youtu.be/p118YbxFtGg The sterile neutrino can be called a Higgs neutrino, as it derives from the Goldstone boson form of the Higgs Boson also coupled to the dark matter particle here called RMP for RestMass Photon. The problem with the Majorana form of the neutrinos is that they are indeed massless as fist proposed by the Standard Model and so are in fact their own antiparticles in the massless state. They do however assume a mass value as Dirac particles when mixing with the sterile scalar Higgs neutrinos explained by Sabine Hossenfelder in the link above. The Dirac forms for the lepton associated neutrinos can be calculated from a Grand Unification Monopole matrix. The weakons so display the bosonic nature of the original X/L bosons but allow a partitioning of the boson integral spin momentum in a sharing between the fermionic kernel and the fermionic outer ring. Weak Nuclear Interaction Nonparity CP-violation is crystallized from first quantum geometric principles.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Overview SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic as January 2022: Cometary Origin, Global Spread, Prospects for Future Vaccine Efficacy

Authors: E. J. Steele, R. M. Gorczański, R. A. Lindley, P. R. Carnegie, H. Rebhan, S. Al-Mufti, D. H. Wallis, G. Tokoro, R. Temple, A. Nimalasuriya, G. A. Howard, M. A. Gillman, M. Wainwright, S. Coulson, P. Slijepcevic, M. K. Wallis, N. C. Wickramasinghe
Comments: 23 Pages.

As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is nearing its eventual end we focus on what we believe are two key omissions from the mainstream scientific literature and which have significant implications for how mankind manages the next global pandemic. We review data, observations and conclusions from our papers published 2020 and 2021 on its likely cometary origin and global spread. We also revisit the superior effectiveness of intra-nasal vaccines against respiratory tract pathogens. While these two oversights seem disparate, together they provide us with new insights into our collective awareness of how we might view and address the next global pandemic. We begin with our hypothesis of its likely cometary origin via a bolide strike in the stratosphere on the night of October 11 2019 on the 40o N line over Jilin in NE China. Further global spread most likely occurred via prevailing wind systems transporting both the pristine cometary virus followed by continuing strikes from the same primary source as well as prior human passaged virus transmitted by person to person spread and through contaminated dust in global wind systems. We also include a discussion of our prior work on data relating to vaccine protective efficacy. Finally we review the totality of evidence concerning the likely origin and global spread of the predominant variants of the virus ‘Omicron’ (+ Delta mix?) from early to mid-December 2021 and extending into the first week January 2022. We describe the striking data showing the large numbers of infectious cases per day and outline the scale of what appears to be a global pandemic phenomenon, the causes of which are unclear and not completely understood. We discuss a number of mechanisms and explanations for this striking coo-ordinated global phenomenon. We conclude with an optimistic note for mankind. Given our prior knowledge on the effectiveness against respiratory tract pathogens of mucosal immunity involving induction of dimeric secretory IgA antibodies, we consider the recently published intra-nasal vaccine data from laboratories based at the University of California, San Francisco and, independently at Yale University, holds great promise for the future development of both pan-specific and specific immunity against future pandemics caused by suddenly emergent respiratory pathogens, whether viral and bacterial.
Category: Physics of Biology

High-Accuracy Approximation of the Voigt Function Based on Fourier Expansion of Exponential Multiplier

Authors: Yihong Wang
Comments: 8 pages, 3 figures

A rapidly convergent series, based on Fourier expansion of the exponential multiplier, is presented for highly accurate approximation of the Voigt function (VF). The computational test reveals that with only the first 33 terms Fourier expansion of the exponential multiplier, this approximation provides accuracy better than 5.5383×10−19 in the domain of practical interest 0 < x < 40,000 and 10−4 < y < 102 that is needed for applications using the HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database. Compared with the typical approximation algorithms, the proposed approximation still available even if y is very small and the accuracy in the narrow band domain 0 < x < 40,000 ∩ 10−10 < y < 10−4 remains high and better than 5.5385×10−13.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Need for Speed: Julia Vs. Python

Authors: Mason White
Comments: 6 Pages.

In a world that is dominated by speed and instant gratification, it comes as no surprise that the technologies that are necessary to power applications also have to be as fast as possible. Currently, the programming language Python is the ruler of the programming world. Python is being used to program everything from web applications to advanced AI systems. However, in recent years a challenger has emerged that is attempting to dethrone Python. Julia is a new programming language that is touted as a Python killer. Sporting an expressive syntax and a JIT compilation using LLVM it has the speed of C++ with the development feel of Python. Though it is often considered faster than Python there are several areas that most studies ignore such as code styling and general program architecture. As such, this study looks at the speeds of basic functionalities such as for loops, printing basic math equations to the console, and if statements of both Python and Julia to determine just how much faster Julia is. By only studying the listed commands all bias to architecture and coding style can be mitigated or eliminated and a true understanding of how much faster Julia is can be determined.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Is the Local Energy Conservation Law Valid Inside the Electronic Device of Charged Capacitors?

Authors: Eue-Jin Jeong
Comments: 14 Pages. Tesla's Radiant Energy Device, Thomas Henry Moray Device, Stanley Meyer Water Cell

The energy conservation is one of the most fundamental and well established principles in physics. Emmy Noether extended the energy conservation principle to the quantum field theoretical domain in empty space by relating the time translation invariance of the universe with energy conservation. While this is the case in open empty space, it seems that the local space enclosed by conducting metallic plates has unexpected property suggesting that the energy conservation principle does not necessarily apply to localized bound system of capacitors in electrodynamics. This point of view was raised by noticing the fact that the spherical capacitor has calculable electrostatic self-potential energy in both the inner and outer shells respectively which was not taken into account in the conventional consideration of the total energy stored in the capacitors. It seems like the concept of moving charges one by one into the capacitor plates has blindsided the investigators to bypass the necessary steps to account for the additional repulsive self-potential energy that accumulates simultaneously in both of the capacitor plates in the process of charging the capacitor. The investigation shows that the repulsive self-potential energies from both of the capacitor plates have indeed been omitted in the conventional calculation of the stored energy in the capacitors. We present the dynamics of the stored potential energy in capacitors and discuss its physical consequences in relation to the anomalous energy devices reported in the past.
Category: Classical Physics

A Note on Constructions of Quantum-Field Operators

Authors: Valeriy V. Dvoeglazov
Comments: 9 Pages. Invited Talk for the Simposium REFINL 2021

We show some tune points in constructions of field operators in quantum field theory (QFT). They are related to the old discussions on interpretations of the negative-energy solutions of relativistic equations. It is easy to check that both algebraic equation Det(ˆp − m) = 0 and Det(ˆp + m) = 0 for u− and v− 4-spinors have solutions with p0 = ±Ep = ± p p2 + m2. The same is true for higher-spin equations. Meanwhile, every book considers the equality p0 = Ep for both u− and v− spinors of the (1/2, 0) ⊕ (0, 1/2) representation only, thus applying the Dirac-Feynman-Stueckelberg procedure for elimination of the negative-energy solutions. The recent Ziino works (and, independently, the articles of several others) show that the Fock space can be doubled. We re-consider this possibility on the quantum field level for both s = 1/2 and higher spin particles. Keywords: QFT, Dark Matter, Dirac Equation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Prolegomena to Any Kinematics of Quantum Gravity

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 4 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments, objections or helps are appreciated.

It is known that existence of Planck length and time is in contradiction with fundamental results of special relativity, i.e. length contraction and time dilation. In a previous attempt. I approached the problem from a blindly-formal perspective, but Nature can be more subtle than what formal reasoning can achieve. Although that attempt of mine always had a little value for myself, I (and for that matter nobody) has still come up with a completely satisfactory solution, leaving my previous attempt the only work that at least gets some transformations. In this note I sketch the outlines of another approach that is completely satisfactory, but much more difficult to work out. Although I am not able to get any final result, I write this work to merely share the raw idea; maybe someone can build on this.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

New Derivation of Redshift Distance Without Using Power Expansions. II. Additional Redshift Distances, Analyzing the Data of More Quasars, of Some Snia, of the One Black Hole in Galaxy M87 as Well as a Newer Estimation of H_0

Authors: Steffen Haase
Comments: 33 Pages.

In this part of the two-part series of essays, we first derive some equations for further physical redshift distances. We then analyze a catalog with 132,975 quasars, for which both the apparent magnitude m and the redshift z are given, in order to find the today’s value of the parameter β_0 of the theory presented. We then use this value to determine the today’s value of the radius R_0a of the Friedmann sphere using a magnitude redshift diagram of 19 SNIa. With the help of the known values of R_0a and β_0, statements about astrophysical data from the black hole in the galaxy M87 can be made. In addition, the today’s Hubble parameter H_0 results from both parameters. Furthermore, we calculate the values of the further physical redshift distances for the black hole in M87 and all 19 SNIa. The resulting parameter values are: β_0 ≈ 0.731, R_0a ≈ 2,712.48 Mpc and H_0 ≈ 65.638 km / (s ∙ Mpc). The today’s mass density of the Friedmann sphere is ρ_0 ≈ 4.843 x 10-27 g / cm 3. For the mass of the Friedmann sphere we find M_FK ≈ 1.206 x 1056 g. Annotation: Knowledge of the first part [1] of the series of articles is a prerequisite for understanding this article.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Discussion of Cosmological Acceleration and Dark Energy

Authors: Felix Lev
Comments: 11 Pages. Published in "Proceedings to the 25th Workshop What Comes Beyond the Standard Models, Bled, July 4-10, 2022", pp. 271-278. : http://bsm.fmf.uni-lj.si/bled2022bsm/talks/BledProceedings2022_Acceptable_06_12.pdf

The title of this workshop is: "What comes beyond standard models?". Standard models are based on Poincare invariant quantum theory. However, as shown in the famous Dyson's paper "Missed Opportunities" and in my publications, such a theory is a special degenerate case of de Sitter invariant quantum theory. I argue that the phenomenon of cosmological acceleration has a natural explanation as a consequence of quantum de Sitter symmetry in semiclassical approximation. The explanation is based only on universally recognized results of physics and does not involve models and/or assumptions the validity of which has not been unambiguously proved yet (e.g., dark energy and quintessence). I also explain that the cosmological constant problem and the problem why the cosmological constant is as is do not arise.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Классический электрон (Classical Electron)

Authors: Sergey Y. Kotkovsky
Comments: Pages. Change in Author, Title and Abstract to correspond Russian language of the article.

Классический электрон представляет собой электрический заряд и магнитный момент, совмещённые в одной точке. Поле электрона есть линейная сумма полей этих двух сингулярностей – центрального и осецентричного типов. Нерешённой проблемой классики остаётся отсутствие видимой связи между этими двумя характеристиками одной и той же частицы. В настоящей работе мы рассматриваем поле движущегося с некоторой постоянной скоростью электрона. Нас интересует главным образом, как выглядят потоки энергии и импульса этого поля, определяемые вектором Умова-Пойнтинга и соответствующей плотностью энергии поля. В работе выявлено, что связь заряда и магнитного момента движущегося электрона проявляется в эффекте возникновения спиральных энергопотоков полного поля этой частицы.

Classical electron represents itself an electric charge and magnetic moment, combined together in the same point. The field of electron is a linear sum of the fields of these two singularities - central and axis-central types. Unsolved problem of classics is an absence of visible relation between these two characteristics of the same particle. In this paper we investigate the field of an electron moving with constant velocity. Mainly we are interested to see the picture of field energy and momentum flux defined by Umov-Poynting vector and field energy density. We found out that relation between charge and magnetic moment of electron manifests in emergence of spiral fluxes of energy of full field of this particle.
Category: Classical Physics

Occams Razor: No Dark Matter in Galactic Halos

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 8 Pages.

Since several years there is the discussion about dark matter in the halos of galaxies. This is aconsequence of observation of halo-velocity curves in dependence of distance which don‘t fulfillthe third Kepler-law. Maybe the ansätze are wrong. Shown is a simple physical model in classicalNewton-dynamics which fits qualitative the form of observation curves. Additional Parameters canbe used to fit the curves quantitative exactly without the hypothesis of dark matter.
Category: Astrophysics

Using a TI-84's List Feature: Synthetic Division

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 3 Pages.

Synthetic division is easily accomplished with a spreadsheet, but it gets complicated. In contrast, a TI-84's list feature with its dynamic dimension feature is ideal. We provide the code and an easy test case.
Category: General Mathematics

Effect Structure and Thermodynamics Formulation of Demand-side Economics

Authors: Burin Gumjudpai
Comments: 10 Pages. Submitted to J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn.

We propose concept of equation of state (EoS) effect structure in form of diagrams and rules. This concept helps justifying EoS status of an empirical relation. We apply the concept to closed system of consumers and we are able to formulate its EoS. According to the new concept, EoS are classified into three classes. Manifold space of thermodynamics formulation of demand-side economics is identified. Formal analogies of thermodynamics and economics consumers' system are made. New quantities such as total wealth, generalized utility and generalized consumer surplus are defined. Microeconomics' concept of consumer surplus is criticized and replaced with generalized consumer surplus. Smith's law of demand is included in our new paradigm as a specific case resembling isothermal process. Absolute zero temperature state resembles the nirvana state in Buddhism philosophy. Econometric modelling of consumers' EoS is proposed at last.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Exact Calculation of the Fine Structure Constant Sets the Lepton and Quark Masses

Authors: Brian Nelson
Comments: 7 Pages. Particles share force carriers with precise energies in order to share common factor quanta between their adjusted Compton wavelengths

In 2014, I calculated the Fine Structure Constant to be 137.035999209569, and in 2020, a refined measurement landed within one standard error at 137.035999206(11) Morel, L., Yao, Z., Cladé, P. et al suggesting I was on the right track. But the most compelling recent evidence lies in its ability to set other lepton and quark mass values. This paper discusses the methods behind making these calculations and the underlying hypothesis.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Finding Regions of Correlated Polarization Directions of the 1450 Qso Radio Sources in the Jvas1450 Catalog

Authors: Richard Shurtleff
Comments: 10 page paper plus 31 page computer program Appendix; 15 figures

This article presents a way to survey catalogued data, here the JVAS1450 catalog of polarized radio QSOs that has been measured, collected, catalogued, and made available by others. The polarization directions are spread out haphazard over the Northern Equatorial hemisphere. We find five degree radius regions whose sources' polarization directions converge significantly at points on the Celestial Sphere or diverge significantly. Samples are collected for further study. The appendix consists of a computer software program that performs the needed calculations. The computer program can be adapted to other choices of region radii and to other sets of transverse vectors.
Category: Astrophysics

The Subtle Curse of Creative-Social Creatures, the Truth Behind a Inevitable Mankind Invention: Christianity

Authors: Gabriel-Claudiu GRAMA
Comments: 18 Pages. CC BY-SA

Do Christians understand Christianity, or do they have faith? Can you destroy a religion by replacing understanding with faith? Using overwhelming objective arguments, we claim to have decoded and "unearthed" Christianity (and probably, if they exist, Christian-like religions too), introducing the authentic version of Christianity, explaining many of it's fundamental aspects. We even proved the compatibility between Christianity (creationist) and Darwinism, and proposed a shockingly eerie hypothesis for the question: "Why would God allow undeserved suffering?". The philosophy of life, with it's objective arguments, was hiding under our noses, disguised as something else. Like gravity is only an illusion (according to Einstein's General Theory of Relativity), and like borders are social constructs, and like fiat money (which has no intrinsic value) is social construct, is corruption also only an illusion, and a social construct? We suggest that the answer is yes: corruption is (sometimes, partly) a (curable) social construct, that stems from misunderstandings, psychological defects (created by evolution), incentives, conflict of interest, and lack of trust, a social construct supported by inheritable things (sins) such as war, and antisocial systems. Occasionally we propose ideas to help combat and prevent both corruption and inheritance of sin. For many years, I thought that I was an agnostic atheist, but now I know that the reason why I was agnostic, is because my God was literally the truth. If you exist, then that means other people like you also exist. Remember: freedom of expression and the truth are the most valuable things, however, the authorities might disagree with our version of freedom of expression. This article has missing information, because "art is never finished, only abandoned" (Leonardo da Vinci), experts make mistakes, the author is brainwashed, so please do not believe everything that is written, in this article, just because you like or believe some or most things you found here (see cognitive biases: the halo effect, confirmation bias, frequency bias, and potentially others)! However, if you are not hated or quizzaciously ridiculed for the things you say, then you are not a good philosopher.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Calculation of the Higgs Mass for Quark and Lepton Electric Charges Swap Lie-Groupoid

Authors: E Koorambas
Comments: 27 Pages. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives 4.0 International License

Starting from the SU(2) group of weak interactions in the presence of Electric Charge Swap (ECS) symmetry, we show that ordinary and non-regular (ECS) leptons are related by the ECS rotational group SO(3). We find that many Standard Model (SM) algebras depend on the sin of the angle θs of the ECS rotational group SO (3). We call these ECSM algebras. Furthermore, the break of the gauge symmetry of the SM groupoid gives the massive ECS particle. We find that the ECS particle masses are related with the SM particle masses by sinθs. We also investigate the finite subgroups of the ECS Möbius transformations. We find that sinθs could be derived from the ECS dihedral group DF,which refers to the symmetry of the fermionic polygon (F-gon). The average value of the anchor of the SM algebroid depends on the fermionic Catalan numbers (CF). Finally, we find that the ECS physics at loop level differs the SM physics. The ECSM mass is suppressed by the CF numbers. For 24 fermions, the calculated one-loop radiative correction to the bare Higgs mass µ is 125,6 GeV—a value very close to the experimental one.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

u and Pi

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this note we give some relations between u and Pi.
Category: General Mathematics

A Message from the Ether

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 3 Pages.

The device developed in [1] enables robust ether analysis. It can actually confirm an ether without any problems. But the ether found has a simpler cause than previously thought.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 19 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, third edition, edited by Iain Mclean and Alistair Mcmillan. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with βH = 0, in the absence of external magnetic field, H.β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Social Science

Reinterpretation of Dark Energy

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 3 Pages.

The universe is composed of ordinary matter 4.9%, dark matter 26.2%, and dark energy 68.9%. However, when interpreting the whole universe, ordinary matter should be excluded. That is, dark matter 27.5% and dark energy 72.5% should be only applied. From this, all values of the whole universe are reinterpreted.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Eliminat[ing] the Irrelevant to the Subject and Prov[ing] Equations and Inequalities Related to Beal’s Conjecture

Authors: Zhang Tianshu
Comments: 18 Pages.

The subject of this article is exactly to analyze Beal’s conjecture and prove it. This proof involves certain basic knowledge of algebra, number theory, and the symmetry of odd points on the number axis. First, we classify mathematical expressions which consist of AX, BY and CZ according to the parity of A, B and C, so get rid of two combinations of AX, BY and CZ, for they have nothing to do with the conjecture. For the remaining two cases, we first prove the equation AX+BY=CZ by examples where A, B, and C have at least one common prime factor. Then prove each kind of AX+BY≠CZ by arithmetic fundamental theorem, the mathematical induction, the binomial theorem, the reduction to absurdity, and the interrelation between a sum of two odd numbers and an even number that served as the center of symmetry, where A, B, and C have not a common prime factor, and that each proof takes what it needs.
Category: Number Theory

Gamma Function, Lambert W-Function: "The Integral"

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

We give an integral involving the Gamma function and the Lambert W-function.
Category: Number Theory

The Theory on Thing's Limits. Part 3: the Root Cause of Modern Physics' Century-Long Wandering (In Chinese)

Authors: Ding Jian
Comments: 11 Pages.

Electromagnetic radiation can cause an electron to be further broken down, because the radiated photons have taken away a part of the static mass that originally belonged to the electron. This article makes use of the experimental data approved by HLS800MeV electron storage ring, and reasonably calculates that the static mass of each electron in the ring is roughly in the range of 1.16×10-33 to 3.23×10-35 (kg). Once a consensus can be reached on this, it will mean the end of the century-long wandering of modern physics. If tracing its root, the problem has lain in relying solely on experimental data, like a blind person crossing the river by feeling for stones, difficult to grasp the correct research direction. So it is pointed out that based on the continuities of the development among truths and objective things are more reliable than relying solely on experimental data. Because the experimental data are not eternal, but any truth must be eternal. So once the two are combined with each other, as if the blind person has regained his vision again. That is, only based on the concepts and methods introduced in this article "The theory on thing's limits", the correct research direction can be ensured.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Complexity Revolution and the New Age of Scientific Discoveries

Authors: Andrei P. Kirilyuk
Comments: 43 pages, 24 eqs, 47 refs

This summary of the original paradigm of the universal science of complexity starts with the discovered exact origin of the stagnating “end” of conventional, unitary science paradigm and development traditionally presented by its own estimates as the only and the best possible kind of scientific knowledge. Using a transparent generalisation of the exact mathematical formalism of arbitrary interaction process, we show that unitary science approach and description, including its imitations of complexity and chaoticity, correspond to artificial and ultimately strong reduction of the natural plurality of unreduced interaction results called realisations to a single, “average” or “exact”, realisation. This severe reduction of the natural world dynamics in unitary science underlies all its unsolvable “mysteries” and “paradoxes”, persisting “difficult problems”, and finally the modern “end” of the progress of just that, actually very special kind of knowledge, whose irreducible limits lead to the modern deep crisis of the global civilisation development. We show then how the rigorously substantiated restoration of the full richness of real-world dynamics within the intrinsically unified knowledge of the universal science of complexity provides not only the causally complete solution to the old and new problems of unitary science but opens practically unlimited possibilities for the new progress of science and civilisation as a result of this crucial extension, which we call complexity revolution. The unreduced analysis of the universal complexity science shows that at the current critical bifurcation point of development, we have only two incompatible possibilities and emerging tendencies, either the dangerously growing degradation within the dominating unitary science and thinking limits (irrespective of purely empirical technology power becoming even dangerous here) or the new golden age of scientific discoveries and civilisation progress with the qualitatively extended approach and results of unreduced complexity science and the new thinking it implies.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Generalizing [un]even Series-Sums Toward an Eventual Demonstration for the Riemann Hypothesis & Implied Extensions

Authors: Arthur Shevenyonov
Comments: 8 Pages. a single-line RH proof accrues just naturally

The paper proposes an elegant generalization straddling beyond arithmetic series summation and functional integration/analysis alike. Based on computationally efficient averaging without necessarily invoking any classic criteria/filters/cut-offs, notably continuity or convergence checks, it leads just naturally up to applications to RH (boasting a single-line demonstration). Extra implications for primes and, more broadly, numbers-theoretic pursuits as well as functional operators will be forthcoming as part of a full-fledged roundup, with a summary glimpse allowed herewith.
Category: Number Theory

Impact-Area of the Ejecta-Ray R4 from the PT-Impact Crater, Located Near Margaret River (Western Australia)_raman Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 22 pages, 60 images, 28 diagrams

The visited area is located along the west-coast of SW-Australia near the town Margaret River. The Gravity Anomaly Map indicates that along this section of the coast the massive Ejecta-Ray R4 (caused by the Permian-Triassic-Crater) impacted in a very short distance and formed this coast-line. According to my Permian-Triassic Impact (PTI) Hypothesis this powerful Ejecta-Ray R4, which probably was caused by the leading-edge of the right ejecta-wing of the PTI, cut through Earth’s crust and in that way it separated (cut-off) the Australian Plate and the Indian Plate, from the African Plate. In the classic plate tectonics theory this would mean: Ejecta-Ray R4 was a (the) major cause of the break-up of Pangea ! After the PTI-Impact Event, the Australian Plate and the Indian Plate slowly drifted away from the African Plate in eastern- & north-eastern direction, as the ocean-floor-age map indicates. For a detailed description of the Permian-Triassic Impact (PTI) Hypothesis please read Part 1 of my PTI-hypothesis. I have collected some rock-samples along the coast-line in the Margaret River area, which is located close to the original course of Eject-Ray R4. Therefore shock-metamorpic effects caused by Ejecta-Ray R4 should be present in rocks from this coastal-area, which are older than 250 myr. And indeed they are ! The Raman spectra of quartz from the sample-sites 2, 4, 5 and 7-B collected along the coast in the Margaret River area provide first evidence for an impact (shock) event caused by Ejecta-Ray R4. The shifts of the main Raman peaks, of analysed quartz from sample-site 5, to the lower frequencies 463, 258/264, 126 cm-1 is a clear indication for an impact shock-event. Further indication comes from analysed quartz-grains from the sample-sites 2, 4 and 7-B which show shifts of main Raman-peaks to the lower frequencies 204, 125 cm-1 ; 261, 125 cm-1 and 260/267, 126 cm-1 and 263, 126 cm-1. Further indication comes from Microscopic images of quartz from sample site 7-B (from Cape Leeuwin) which seems to indicate PDFs (planar deformation features), see microscopic-Images on page 7 & 10. Microscopic images of analysed quartz grains from the sites 2, 4 and 5 may provide further proof (pages 3 to 11). All spectra were made with a BRUKER Senterra-II Raman-Microscope. Images of the analysed rock-samples and photos of the sample-sites: see Appendix 1, page 16. References: see page 22
Category: Geophysics

Impact-Area of an Ejecta-Ray from the Port Hedland Crater, Located Near Southern-Cross (Western Australia)_raman Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 26 pages, 64 images, 32 diagrams

The visited area is located near the small town Southern-Cross in Western-Australia. The Gravity Anomaly Map indicates that Ejecta-material from the assumed Ø400x350km Port-Hedland Crater (Impact) in all probability impacted here and formed these linear structures (ejecta-rays). The Port Hedland Crater is located north of the town Port Hedland on the sea-floor of the Indian Ocean. The Port Hedland Crater, which is unknown yet, in all probability is a large secondary crater caused by the Permian-Triassic Impact Event. Another possible source of the linear ejecta rays could be the Victoria Lake Impact (see map on next page). For a detailed description of the Permian-Triassic Impact (PTI) Hypothesis please read Part 1 of my hypothesis. The geological map identifies the nearly linear structures as structures (low mountain ranges) which consist of different rock types than the surrounding plains of the Yilgarn Craton. These linear structures seem to penetrate the Yilgarn Craton down to a depth of around 6 km (see geologic cross-section A-B). I have collected some rock-samples from these nearly linear structures in the Southern-Cross area and have analysed these samples, mostly quartz, with Micro-Raman-Spectroscopy, to find out if they were exposed to a shock pressure which may indicate an Impact Event. And indeed that exactly seems to be the case ! The Raman-spectra of quartz from the Sample Sites 1, 9, 16 & 18 provide first evidence for an impact event as the probable cause of the linear ray-structure in the Southern-Cross area. The clear shifts of the main Raman peaks, of the analysed quartz samples, to the lower frequencies 463, 261, 204 and 126 cm-1 (Site 1), to 463, 261 and 205 cm-1 (Site 9 & 16) and to 463, 261, 204 and 125 cm-1 (Site 18) provide first proof for an Impact Event as the cause of the linear ray-structure ! Microscopic images of some analysed quartz grains seem to provide further proof for a shock event. PDFs (planar deformation features) seem to be present in some samples (images on pages 4 to 11). All spectra were made with a BRUKER Senterra-II Raman Microscope (wavenumber precision <0.1cm-1). Images of the analysed rock samples and photos of the sample sites are in the Appendix at page 18. References: see page 26, and pages 14-16, 20-21 & 24-27 of Part1 of my hypothesis.
Category: Geophysics

A Strong Version of a Universal Programmatic Intent Principle

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages.

A short essay implying our Universe is constructed or simulated in a manner to focus conscious observers on the realm or experience of the all-important present experience of the “now.” Physical and ontological boundaries of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, preventing us from an all-encompassing understanding of the micro-world, and the cosmological Dark Energy accelerating expansion, limiting what we may ever see or encounter in deep space. Quantum Computers and A.I. may encounter additional walls of how many “nows” might be employable in quantum entangled-qubits and if an A.I. can actually have a fundamental experience of a now. Similarities with Zen Buddhist and Eastern religion focus on the now is also discussed.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Theory of Everything: Energy Levels

Authors: Kantesh Lamani
Comments: 13 Pages.

Throughout time, Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein and many other great minds have considered why an apple falls to the ground. We call this force gravity but what is gravity? But till date this is a big mystery that how gravity works that no one defined it properly. It is clear that fundamental building blocks of the universe is same throughout the universe, so there should be one law of the universe that governs all phenomena. For the first time James Clerk Maxwell unified electricity and magnetism, later on Albert Einstein attempt to describe all known fundamental forces in a single theoretical frame work. This theory not only defines gravity also describes how one law can perform all the phenomena of the universe, it is the key for the phenomenon’s of the universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Time-Universe Relationship

Authors: Y. K. Thaker, M. M. Wagh
Comments: 3 Pages.

As we know from the theory of relativity by Albert Einstein, time depends on one's frame of reference, that is, for an object in a low gravitational field, time will move faster in comparison to an object in a high gravitational field where time will move slower relation lets us to conclude that time is relative.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Uncertainty in Multi-layer Radical Calculations and Inaccurate Numbers

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, it is found that there is an error in the calculation of multi-layer radicals by solving a higher degree algebraic equation of one variable, and the order of power roots is higher and the number of layers of the power roots is larger, the error is bigger. The analysis shows that this phenomenon is uncertain, and hence the multi-layer radical number is defined as inaccurate numbers. The discovery and definition of inaccurate numbers after irrational and imaginary numbers enriches people's cognition of numbers. Using the experimental observation of the established mathematical models, the calculation error of the inaccurate numbers is -0.0004~5.57‰ under the model conditions.
Category: General Mathematics

De Rekenregels Van Het Heelal (The Calculation Rules of the Universe)

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 7 Pages.

In onze leefomgeving spelen een aantal groepen rekenregels een essentiële rol. Elke groep bedient een getalsysteem. Sommige van deze getalsystemen kunnen samengevoegd worden. Samen kunnen de getalsystemen ons heelal op allerlei wijzen overdekken. Deze overdekkingen bepalen de inhoud en de werking van het heelal. Een systeem van Hilbertruimten die allemaal dezelfde onderliggende vectorruimte gebruiken, beschrijft de structuur en het gedrag van wat wij ons universum noemen.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Calculation Rules of the Universe

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 7 Pages.

In our living environment, several groups of calculation rules play an essential role. Each group operates a number system. Some of these number systems can be combined. Together, the number systems can cover our universe in many kinds of ways. These coverings determine the content and operation of the universe. A system of Hilbert spaces that all use the same underlying vector space describes the structure and behavior of what we call our universe.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Some Infinite Series

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

We present a family of infinite series.
Category: General Mathematics

Code Comments: How to Properly Comment Code

Authors: Mason White
Comments: 6 Pages.

A good codebase is a well-documented codebase. Many scientific programs are being developed by scientists as opposed to formally trained developers. As such, the need for scientists to know how to properly document code is growing. A well-documented codebase allows scientists to write better, easy to understand code that will ultimately free up resources that can be allocated for more productive tasks such as conducting their research as opposed to spending countless hours trying to modify a codebase that needs to meet new requirements. This document will give a brief tutorial on how to properly write code comments as well as API-level documentation that will make scientific software easier to understand and much more modifiable in the future.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Blind Source Separation in Document Restoration: an Interference Level Estimation

Authors: Antonio Boccuto, Ivan Gerace, Valentina Giorgetti
Comments: 21 Pages.

We deal with the problem of blind separation of the components, in particular for documents corrupted by bleed-through and show-through. So, we analyze a regularization technique, which estimates the original sources, the interference levels and the blur operators. We treat the estimate of the interference levels, given the original sources and the blur operators. In particular, we investigate several GNC-type algorithms for minimizing the energy function. In the experimental results, we find which algorithm gives more precise estimates of the interference levels.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Unbalanced Gravitational Fields

Authors: L. Diluciano
Comments: 17 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

The following is a presentation of an abstract concept using only elementary physics. By comparing properties of gravitational fall and mechanical forces, an intuitive and symmetrical interplay of fall and charged forces can be demonstrated when gravitational fall can be split into its directional components.
Category: Classical Physics

Generalized Cannonball Problem

Authors: J. W. L. Eerland
Comments: 24 Pages.

The cannonball problem asks which numbers are both square and square pyramidal. In this paper I consider the cannonball problem for other $r$-regular polygons. I carried out a computer search and found a total of $858$ solutions for polygons $3\le r\le10^5$. By using elliptic curves I also found that there are no solutions for $r=5$ (pentagon), $r=7$ (heptagon), and $r=9$ (enneagon).
Category: Number Theory

Black Holes from First Principles

Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!]

Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity proposes the distortion of the fabric of space by objects, creating Potential Energy Wells. This theory leads to a number of conjectures on the nature and characteristics of Potential Energy Wells, including those which appear to emit no light (photons) - Black Holes. In this paper, the basic nature of Black Holes is analysed from first principles, using complementary analysis of Energy Fields and Potential Energy Wells. Alternative explanations are derived for the formation and characteristics of Black Holes, and for the phenomenon of Black Hole axial jets.
Category: Astrophysics

The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 19 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Penguin Dictionary of Sociology by Nicholas Abercrombie, Stephen Hill and Bryan S. Turner. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with βH = 0, in the absence of external magnetic field, H.β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant. This is the case with the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology by J. Scott and G. Marshall, we have studied before.
Category: Social Science

A Time-Equation Thought Experiment Deriving 3D Space as Timespace in Forming the Basis for Particle and Field Phenomena

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 48 Pages.

A key feature of physics theory formulation is the "thought experiment", an instrumental key with specific conditions to unlocking the mechanics of physical phenomena, conditions as this paper highlights that have been overlooked by Einstein’s own thought experiments with his works of Special and General Relativity. To demonstrate such, two processes shall be presented here, the first being an analysis of contemporary physics which holds physical phenomena (namely momentum-inertia-mass) as the basis for physics theory, and the second approach (Temporal Mechanics) using the temporal and spatial perception ability of human consciousness and associated proposed formalism of mathematical logic as the basis for physics theory. The two approaches shall be compared based on what they can both achieve, here the results showing that making physical phenomena the key theoretic basis of physics theory itself leads to paradoxes of temporal and spatial mathematical interplay, whereas making the temporal and spatial human consciousness ability and associated formalism of mathematical logic as the key theoretic basis, as the proposed fundamental time-equation thought experiment, avoids those temporal and spatial abstractions and paradoxes of dimensional analysis for physical phenomena.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Ehd and Electrostatic Propulsion Device Mounted with High Voltage Generator

Authors: Taku Saiki
Comments: 6 Pages.

Electro hydro dynamic (EHD) and electrostatic propulsion devices has no moving parts and, in the air, operates on electrical energy. It is expected to develop electric propulsion systems without future moving parts of airplanes and helicopters propellers in the future. One of the issues is below. The size and weight must be reduced to realize the drone because a high voltage generator with large weight is currently used at the experiments. In this time, the Tesla coil with a MHz high-frequency output was used. We had succeeded in reducing the size and weight of the high-voltage generator.
Category: Classical Physics

Constitution of a Molecular Structure that Hardly Generates a Non-Free Electron Orbital Region is Effective for the Creation of Superconductors with Higher Tc

Authors: Kazuo Abe
Comments: 3 Pages.

In the present study, we started from the idea that the essence of the electrical resistance is that the lattice vibration generates non-free electron orbital regions, which induces scattering of free electrons. This consideration has led to the conclusion that the establishment of molecular structures that hardly form non-free electron orbital regions is effective for the creation of superconductors with higher superconducting transition temperature (Tc).
Category: Condensed Matter

Nuclei Are Energy Stores of Universe

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 12 Pages.

The first geometric deformation (Universal) of the isotropic space has as a consequence the second one (local) as space holes (bubbles of empty space), the primary neutron close to the Universe center. When the neutron is found in an environment of stronger cohesive pressure, it becomes unstable and is cleaved (beta decay), producing a proton by the detachment of negative electrical units. These negative units form an electron, while on the remaining proton cortex the positive units outmatch. Moreover, the nuclei have been structured through the inverse electric field of the proton and the electric entity of the macroscopically neutral neutron. It will be proved that the nuclei contain energy, which is equivalent to the structural energy of their nucleons, their kinetic energy and the dynamic energy of their fields. Consequently, energy is concentrated in the nucleons, which are distributed in the nucleus over huge distances, likewise in the case of atoms and planetary systems. So, matter is thin in all its scales.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Accelerated Expansion of the Universe, Dark Energy and the Nature of Gravity

Authors: Andrey Stadnichenko
Comments: 1 Page. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Gravity, accelerated expansion of the universe, dark energy are the consequences of the rotation of our universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Solving Rubik's Cubes

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 57 Pages.

In these notes I present all beginner methods I have used to solve the cubes I own. These notes are for myself, as a reference for the algorithm I have used and to have these algorithms at hand when I pick up a cube I have not solved for a long time. However, these notes are available for anybody interested in it.
Category: General Mathematics

The Three Phonon Fields in Superconductors

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) shows that the internal dynamics of the core of proton leads to superconductivity. The first, second and third phonon fields are created due to the electroweak interactions of the oscillation masses, radiation masses and masses of the electron-positron pairs, respectively. The composite phonons (they are the entangled spacetime condensates) are responsible for creation of both the spin-0 Cooper pairs and boson condensate composed of the Cooper pairs. We calculated that at atmospheric pressure, critical temperature of the Type II superconductors can be from 4.4 K up to 148 K. We calculated also that at extreme pressure, for relative volume equal to 0.67, critical temperature is 304 K. We show that it is impossible to make a material that is a superconductor at room-temperature and atmospheric pressure.
Category: Condensed Matter

Gravity Control and Cold Fusion

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this short note, Gravity Control is related to Cold Fusion. In recent articles it was explained the quantum origin of gravity, derived from finite gauge groups: Platonic. As a byproduct, the gravitational potential can be controlled in a similar way to temperature, via dynamic nuclear orientation of spins. It is surprising that another consequence is the possibility to reorient the spins to allow for weaker electrostatic repulsion in nuclei, with obvious applications to cold fusion.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A Model Accounting for Lepton-Quark Generations, Mass Hierarchies and Finiteness of Higgs Mass: a Clue to go Beyond Standard Model Invoking Gravity

Authors: K.Tennakone
Comments: 19 Pages.

Despite unprecedented success, Standard Model (SM) fails to determine masses of elementary fermions explaining why they replicate into three generations and resolve the problem of divergence of the Higgs mass and fixing it at the observed value. A simple idea presented here suggests incorporation of gravity into SM provides a clue. In the model elementary fermions are as considerd as one dimensional strings. The string possess self-energy contributions originating from string tension, gauge forces and gravity. The gravitational corrections are determined on basis of dimensional considerations and the requirement of proportionality of all corrections to observed fermion mass itself, to guarantee chiral symmetry in the limit of vanishing mass Extremization of total self-energy lead to three equilibrium states agreeing with observed mass ratios and attributing sizes to fermions close to Planck scale. Second and third generation particle found to be metastable and unstable, could decay the into the lower stable states of same charge via non-standard forces. The same idea of extremization of the Higgs selfenergy for stabilization, fixes its mass at the observed value, when cut-off energy is again close to the Planck scale.The model explain dynamically, the proportionality of fermion masses to vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field. The idea of the model also hints existence of three massive neutrinos of masses of specified masses in the normal order and stable heavy singlet states possibly representing dark matter. Model suggest that there exists an universal ultraviolet cut-off 2.6 x 1020 GeV and the inverse of gauge coupling constants converge at a value ~ 21.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Physique Logique

Authors: F. M. Sanchez
Comments: 3 Pages. in French

The third Keper law is shown to be the simplest Physical Diophantine Equation, leading to the critical Universe mass in the steady-state cosmology without any numerical parameter, whose 3/10 part is the Eddingtron Number times the neutron mass, suggesting that black matter is mater-antimater vibration in quadrature, and that the dark energy must be replaced by the 5th force of Fred Hoyle.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Correlations and EPR Experiments, Evaluation of a Local Polarizer Model

Authors: Pierre Leroy
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper studies the correlations and results produced in Bell inequalities by a local polarizer model. It shows that the local model produces correlations conforming to classical theory, and under certain conditions conforming to quantum mechanics predictions. It also shows that it can produce small amplitude violations of Bell inequalities due to stochastic variations. These amplitudes are evaluated.
Category: Quantum Physics

Unity Formulas for the Coupling Constants and the Dimensionless Physical Constants

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 40 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4003636

In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interactions. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Dark Matter and Dark Energy as a Manifestation of Gravity in the Universe

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 5 Pages.

Using Newton's law of gravity, one can correctly explain both the anomalies in the motion of stars in galaxies and the accelerated recession of galaxies in the observable Universe. That is, the concepts of “dark matter” and “dark energy” are not required. For an explanation, one must apply ordinary Newtonian gravity and take into account the dependence of the mass distribution on distance in galaxies (2D) and the observable Universe (3D). This turns out to be quite enough.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

L Entropy Space and Time-Space with Energy and Unified Field Theory

Authors: Liu Yajun
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper, we get a Space characteristic equation with a 1/2 fixed point and an entropy form.Base on this Space, We setup a model to describe a photon with the velocity of light C pushed by one unit en-ergy h. and we find that it is interesting when considering the intensity of field1/aF as the curvature of the Quantum Time-Space with ener-gy, then we get a Unified Field Equation.We hope to throw a little bit light on the big picture of uniting the quantum mechanics and General relative theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Quantum Motion of the Nerve with an Interstitial Defect

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 7 Pages. Original article

We consider the nerve as the elastic string, the left end of which is fixed at the beginning of the coordinate system, the right end is fixed at point l and mass m is fixed between the ends of the string. We determine the classical and the quantum vibration of such system. The quantum motion is obtained by the so-called non-conventional oscillator quantization method by author. The proposed model can be also related in the modified form to the problem of the Moessbauer effect, being the recoilless nuclear resonance uorescence, which is the resonant and recoil-free emission and absorption of gamma radiation by atomic nuclei bound in a solid. (Mossbauer,1958). It is not excluded that our oscillator quantization of the string can be extended to generate the new way of the string theory of matter and physiology of nerves.
Category: Physics of Biology

Analysing the Time Period of Vela Pulsar

Authors: Shreyan Goswami, Hershini Gadaria, Sreejita Das, Midhun Goutham, Kamlesh N. Pathak
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this project, we have implemented our basic understanding of Pulsar Astronomy to calculate the Time Period of Vela Pulsar. Our choice of pulsar rests on the fact that it is the brightest object in the high energy gamma ray sky. The simplistic data set consisting of only voltage signals makes our preliminary attempt as closely accurate as possible. The observations had been made at 326.5 MHz through a cylindrically paraboloid telescope at Ooty. A higher frequency creates a much lower delay in the arrival time of pulses and makes our calculations even more accurate. Being an already widely studied celestial body, it gives us the opportunity to compare our findings and make necessary modifications.
Category: Astrophysics

Development of a Two-Dimensional Replicator from a Single Non-Quiescent Cell in Cellular Automata Space

Authors: Perry W. Swanborough
Comments: 7 Pages.

Two hard problems in the origin of life question are identification of the structure of biology’s ancestral replicator(s), and the emergence of replicators from a prebiotic environment. In the discipline of cellular automata (CA), not all CA abstractions of replication include any origin pathway to the replicating structures. In this work, an origin for the J. Byl (1989) CA replicator from an isolated non-quiescent cell is described. This origin pathway requires introduction of one oriented state and three other states, all of which permanently disappear from the subsequent replication process. Origin of the replicator and subsequent replication display three sequential and spatially-expanding domains of counter-clockwise rotation: the oriented state of a single cell rotates as the first replicator structure develops around it, followed by rotation of the 2x2 cell information loop as a replication cycle proceeds, and in subsequent cycles of replication, orientation of a parent replicator also rotates counter-clockwise as directions of replication are successively blocked by the replicator’s children.
Category: Physics of Biology

Analyse der Messungen von D. C. Miller in Cleveland 1927–1929
Analysis of D. C. Miller's Measurements in Cleveland 1927–1929

Authors: Sebastian Pliet
Comments: 5 Pages. In German

Dayton C. Miller machte nach den Experimenten auf dem Mount Wilson weitere Experimente mit dem selben Interferometer. Diese Daten werden analysiert, um die Ergebnisse einer Analyse der Daten vom Mount Wilson zu bestätigen. Eine Bestätigung wird nicht gefunden, es gibt aber Hinweise auf das erwartete theoretische Signal.

After the experiments on Mount Wilson, Dayton C. Miller carried out further experiments with the same interferometer. These data are analysed to confirm the results of an analysis of the Mount Wilson data. Confirmation is not found, but there is evidence of the expected theoretical signal.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Conservation of Energy and Particle Moving Towards a Mass

Authors: Karl De Paepe
Comments: 3 Pages.

We consider a zero rest mass classical particle moving from infinity towards a point mass along a fixed line containing the mass. We show gravitation with only constants $c$ and $G$ with dimension does not satisfy conservation of energy.
Category: Classical Physics

Analysis of D. C. Miller's Measurements in Cleveland 1927–1929 (English Version)

Authors: Sebastian Pliet
Comments: 5 Pages.

After the experiments on Mount Wilson, Dayton C. Miller carried out further experiments with the same interferometer. These data are analysed to confirm the results of an analysis of the Mount Wilson data. Confirmation is not found, but there is evidence of the expected theoretical signal.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Arabic Dictionary: "Al-Mujam al-W\'{a}fi" Or, "Adhunik Arabi-Bangla Abhidhan" and the Onsager's Solution Second Part

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: forty five pages of supplementary materials attached

We continue to consult an Arabic dictionary: "al-Mujam al-w\'{a}fi" or, "adhunik arabi-bangla abhidhan" by Dr. M. Fazlur Rahman. Here we count all the words initiating with a letter, including plural, feminine gender and appearing in other letters' sections. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter. We find that the words underlie a magnetisation curve. The magnetisation curve i.e. the graph of the reduced magnetisation vs the reduced temperature is the exact Onsager solution of the two dimensional Ising model in the absence of external magnetic field.
Category: Condensed Matter

An Interpretationtrial of the Fine Structure Constant Formula Found by Hans de Vries

Authors: Kronberger Reinhard
Comments: 5 Pages.

The formula found by Hans de Vries for the fine structure constant is very elegant and accurate but there exists no explanation for it. In this paper, I try to give an interpretation. It is also shown why we have a electromagnetic field and why we have the value for the fine structure constant.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Malus'law Photon by Photon, a Deterministic Method

Authors: Pierre Leroy
Comments: 9 Pages.

This document proposes a method of calculation to define the direction of passage of a single photon in a polarizer. By accumulation of measures, law of Malus is generated. The method has the property of being completely deterministic. It allows the simulation of an alignment of polarizers.
Category: Quantum Physics

The 50km 3-Gyr Archean Impact Crater in NW-Australia (Pilbara Craton)_raman-Spectra of Selected Rock Samples

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 25 pages, 62 images . 31diagrams

The 50km Archean Impact Crater with an age of >3 Gyr is located 150km SE of Port-Hedland on the Pilbara Craton near Marble Bar/Western-Australia. The impact-structure is noticeable on a magnetic-anomaly map and on a contrast-enhanced satellite map. It is a yet unknown impact structure ! This impact crater is very interesting, especially for Astrobiologists, because some of the earliest life-forms on Earth developed inside the crater-area after the impact ! The Dresser- and Strelley-Pool- Formations inside the crater contain some of the oldest fosselized Stromatolites on Earth ! I have analysed some rock-samples which I have collected along a mainroad which passes the crater just outside its northern crater-rim-area (samples No: 14 to 21). Note that the original crater-wall was later deformed by an (expansion) tectonic process that obviously was caused by the impact. And the impact in all probability was an oblique impact, which means the impactor impacted in a relatively shallow angle of ≤30°. Because of the oblique impact and the tectonic-process, fragments of the original crater-wall ended up further north close to the road were I collected the samples. Therefore the collected samples probably originate from the elevated crater-rim area. The Raman spectra of quartz from the sample-sites 14, 16, 18 and 21-A collected along the main-road provide first evidence for an impact (shock) event as the probable cause of the described structure. The shifts of the main Raman peaks, of analysed quartz grains from these sites, to the lower frequencies 463, 259/266, 125 cm-1 and 463, 262, 125 and 463, 263, 204 and 463, 263, 126 are a clear first indication for an impact shock event that has caused a shock pressure of around 22 GPa ! Further indication comes from the Raman-spectrum of quartz from sample-site 23 collected near the small town Marble Bar, that originates from the western crater-rim-area of the impact crater, which also shows clear shifts of the main Raman peaks to the lower frequencies : 463, 262, 204 and 125 cm-1 Microscopic images of some of the analysed quartz grains may provide further proof for a shock-event. (see Images on pages: 6,7,9,10,11 and 13). Images of the analysed rock-samples and photos of the sample-sites are in the Appendix at page 18. References: see page 25
Category: Geophysics

On the Unification of Quantum Mechanics and the Theory of Gravitation

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 41 Pages. In French

In this article, we made a link between the cosmological constant and a new universal constant. The densities of vacuum energy as obtained by the way of the cosmological constant and by the way of the new universal constant are equals.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Consolidating Electromagnetic Waves from Separate Sources

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 7 Pages.

The author of this article published several articles [1], [2], [3], which argue that Electromagnetic (EM) waves from different sources can and do consolidate, contrary to the acceptable notion presented in an article [4] that EM waves from separate sources cannot consolidate. This article adds further support to the statement that EM waves from separate sources can consolidate, support that everybody can experience, from everyday experience, which can also be recorded on photos. However, as described in articles [1], [2], [3], if EM waves from separate sources do consolidate, this causes paradoxes, which must be addressed. This additional support, provided by this article, to the statement that EM waves from separate sources can consolidate,still cannot be considered as a complete and full proof that EM waves from separate sources can consolidate, but it provides support to the claim that an experiment as described in article [1] to implement and test such consolidations of EM waves from separate sources, is an important endeavor. Such an experiment, which can control the various details of such EM waves consolidations, might validate that such EM waves consolidations do occur and hopefully, might also provide explanations to the paradoxes that occur in such EM waves consolidations, hopefully, explanations that agree with the explanations provided in articles [1], [2], [3].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Gravitational Time Dilation Equation

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 24 Pages.

In a previous paper, I showed that the gravitational time dilation equation, which has been accepted since Einstein published it in 1907, is incorrect. It is incorrect because it is inconsistent with the required outcome at the reunion of the twins in the famous twin ‘paradox’ of special relativity. In this paper, I describe a new gravitational time dilation (GTD) equation which IS consistent with the required outcome at the reunion of the twins. And my new GTD equation gives the same instantaneous change of the home twin’s (her) age, according to the traveling twin (him), when he instantaneously changes his velocity, as is given by the CMIF simultaneity method, but without requiring the assumption that the CMIF method requires. Therefore, my GTD equation asserts that it is the SINGLE correct simultaneity method.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Dynamics of D-branes with Dirac-Born-Infeld and Chern-Simons/Wess-Zumino Actions

Authors: Boris Stoyanov
Comments: 58 Pages.

We have explained, and shown by feature stringy examples, why a D-brane in superstring theory, when treated as a fundamental dynamical object, can be described by a map from an Azumaya/matrix manifold with a fundamental module with a connection to the target spacetime. In this sequel, we construct a non-Abelian Dirac-Born-Infeld action functional for such pairs when the target spacetime is equipped with a background (dilaton, metric, B)-field from closed strings. We next develop a technical tool needed to study variations of this action and apply it to derive the first variation of with respect. The equations of motion that govern the dynamics of D-branes then follow. We introduce a new action standard for D-branes that is to D-branes as the Polyakov action is to fundamental strings. This ‘standard action’ is abstractly a non-Abelian gauged sigma model based on maps from an Azumaya/matrix manifold with a fundamental module with a connection enhanced by the dilaton term, the gauge-theory term, and the Chern-Simons/Wess-Zumino term that couples to Ramond-Ramond field. In a special situation, this new theory merges the theory of harmonic maps and a gauge theory, with a nilpotent type fuzzy extension. A complete action for a D-brane world-volume must include also the Chern-Simons/Wess-Zumino term that governs how the D-brane world-volume couples with the Ramond-Ramond fields . The current notes lay down a foundation toward the dynamics of D-branes along the line of this research project.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Entanglement of Spacetime Bits as the Driver of Entropy Increase from More Precise Timekeeping

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 2 Pages.

Current research is noted addressing the observed increase in entropy from more accurate or increased precision timekeeping experiments. Entanglement of fundamental spacetime bits in a fully meshed system (single observation) is proposed as the origin of entropy increase with the rate of increase in both following a similar graphical pattern. The short essay is speculative and does not involve advanced calculations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Electromagnetic Field Outside the Steadily Rotating Relativistic Uniform System

Authors: Sergey G. Fedosin
Comments: 71 Pages. Jordan Journal of Physics. Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 379-408 (2021). https://doi.org/10.47011/14.5.1.

Using the method of retarded potentials approximate formulas are obtained that describe the electromagnetic field outside the relativistic uniform system in the form of a charged sphere rotating at a constant speed. For the near, middle and far zones the corresponding expressions are found for the scalar and vector potentials, as well as for the electric and magnetic fields. Then these expressions are assessed for correspondence to the Laplace equations for potentials and fields. One of the purposes is to test the truth of the assumption that the scalar potential and the electric field depend neither on the value of the angular velocity of rotation of the sphere nor on the direction to the point where the field is measured. However, calculations show that potentials and fields increase as the observation point gets closer to the sphere’s equator and to the sphere’s surface, compared with the case for a stationary sphere. In this case, additions are proportional to the square of the angular velocity of rotation, the square of the sphere’s radius and inversely proportional to the square of the speed of light. The largest found relative increase in potentials and fields could reach the value of 4% for the rapidly rotating neutron star PSR J1614-2230, if the star were charged. For a proton, a similar increase in fields on its surface near the equator reaches 54%.
Category: Classical Physics

Time Damping Theory: a Method of Calculating Satellite Time Dilation

Authors: Yang Long
Comments: 7 Pages.

Time damping refers to the effect that matter is damped in the gravitational field, resulting in the slow time velocity of matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Advanced Hilbert Space Technology

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 80 Pages. This is part of the Hilbert Book Model Project

Hilbert spaces are relevant because these extensions of vector spaces are capable of archiving sets of numbers in a structured way such that these data can be retrieved in a well-organized way. Textbooks about Hilbert spaces do not contain all subjects that make Hilbert spaces interesting and relevant. This paper adds some valuable aspects of Hilbert spaces that you will not easily find in regular textbooks about Hilbert spaces. The section on conclusions shows that advanced Hilbert space technology leads to other results than mainstream physics does.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Вычисление спектров гармонических колебаний при помощи Метода Наименьших Квадратов
Calculation of Harmonic Oscillation Spectra Using the Least Squares Method. (Ru)

Authors: A. V. Antipin
Comments: 9 Pages. Это статья на РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ.

Для определения периода и фазы колебаний, присутствующих в экспериментальных данных, разработан оригинальный компьютерный алгоритм, использующий метод полного перебора моделей, получаемых Методом Наименьших Квадратов (МНК). Отличительная черта алгоритма – возможность использовать исходные данные с пропусками, с произвольно расположенными по оси Х отсчётами, а также отсутствие необходимости предварительной подготовки данных в силу возможности задавать произвольные модели для МНК.

To determine the period and phase of the oscillations present in the experimental data, an original computer algorithm has been developed using the method of full iteration of models obtained by the Least Squares Method (LSM). A distinctive feature of the algorithm is the ability to use source data with omissions, with samples arbitrarily arranged along the X axis, as well as the absence of the need for preliminary data preparation due to the possibility of setting arbitrary models for LSM.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Speed of Light is not a Natural Constant (But Representing Planet Earth as 2-Dim-Clock)

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 3 Pages.

As discussed in previous papers , todays definitions of base quantities Length and Time (space-time) by BIPM are “wrong” due to an faulty reasoning by Einstein. Here it will be briefly summarized how the 5-dimensional space-time as a "measuring instrument" determines the properties of space-time. It is then briefly shown that the speed of light is not a natural constant, but how it is derived from the only natural constant (the circle number π) by radius of the earth and rotational speed of the earth.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

How to Rotate a Frame in 4D Geometric Algebra Cl4

Authors: Miroslav Josipović
Comments: 3 Pages.

The problem of base vectors rotation appeared in the formulation of the theory of AC circuits in the language of geometric algebra ([4]). In [4], it is shown how to get the desired rotor in a few steps. Here we show that it is possible to find a 4D rotor in a closed form.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Reasons for the Deceleration of Photons in Matter from the Standpoint of the Theory of the Elastic Universe (Hypothesis)

Authors: Alexander Dubinyansky, Pavel Churlyaev
Comments: 2 Pages. dubinyansky@mail.ru; http://universe100.narod.ru/

The reasons for the slowing down of light in matter are stated from the standpoint of the theory of the Elastic Universe.
Category: Condensed Matter

Hidden Properties of Meson and Baryon Masses and Widths

Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 20 Pages. 21 figures [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Regular oscillations, observed in masses and in widths in mesons and baryons, are systemically studied. The observed periods are compared and discussed. It is observed that the same fit is often able to describe different data, involving hidden properties between mesons and baryons.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Zero-over-Zero Theorem

Authors: Kyumin Nam
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper, we provide definitions and proof of the Zero-over-Zero Theorem. This theorem would be some help for the 0/0 problem.
Category: General Mathematics

Notes on Prime Numbers_Regularity on Composite Numbers, Formal Representations and Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Federico Romagnoli
Comments: 35 Pages. English+Italian version

The aim of this paper is to show, through the regularities that emerge on composite numbers, some formal representations of primality, set of prime numbers and sequence of prime numbers. These regularities will also be seen in the context of the Riemann hypothesis. This work has been divided into three parts (paragraphs). In the first part two formulas will be identified, defined in N_(>0)^2→N_(>8), that describe the infinite sequences of infinite composite odd numbers. On the basis of these formulas, two definitions will follow, both of primality and of sets of prime numbers. In addition, graphs will be used to better represent the results and the regularities that have emerged, as well as some examples on the efficiency of the formulas found for the purposes of primality. In the second part, through an indicator function (or characteristic) and a generating function, we will try to represent a sequence of prime numbers starting both from the two primality definitions identified above, and from the simple definition of prime number. In the third part we will try to generalize the two formulas found in the first part to domains other than N_(>0). The definitions given above will be adapted to the new formulas and, lastly, the results obtained will be analysed in the context of the Riemann hypothesis, an unprovable hypothesis. These are the conclusions.
Category: Number Theory

Theoretical Value for the Strong Coupling Constant

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 19 Pages. doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.399817 Published in Astrophysics,Cosmology & Gravitation eJournal Vol 1, Issue 10, June 14, 2022, Atomic & Molecular Physics eJournal Vol 1, Issue 8, June 01, 2022, Mathematical Physics eJournal Vol 1, Issue 19, June 10, 2022

In this paper we will study the strong coupling constant. The recommended theoretical value for the strong coupling constant is αs=Euler's number/Gelfond's constant. It will turn out that this value is the key that solves many problems of Physics. We will find a lot of formulas for the strong coupling constant. All these equations prove that the value of the strong coupling constant depends on the energy scale. First we will find the beautiful unity formulas that connect the strong coupling constant and the fine-structure constant. These equations are the simple unification of the strong nuclear and the electromagnetic interactions. It will be presented the mathematical formulas that connect the dimensionless physical constants with the strong coupling constant. From these equations we reached the formula of the unification of the strong nuclear,the electromagnetic and the gravitational interactions. Also we will find the formula for the Gravitational constant. Finally we will be presented the formula for the cosmological constant. This unity formula is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. All these equations are simple,elegant and symmetrical in a great physical meaning.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics