All Submission Categories

Four Decades of Innovation in Medicine (1980-2021)

Authors: Shazia Tahira
Comments: 52 Pages.

The field of Medicine has advanced at a very fast pace during the last 40 years thanks to the technological and digital revolution. A number of different innovations have taken place during this time period, from inventions of newer types of medicines, innovative surgical procedures, in-depth investigative methods, and advanced technological devices. In the 1980s, a number of technological innovations took place including the emergence of the first commercial MRI scanner, personal glucose meter, and cochlear implants. There were surgical advancements like laser cataract surgery, the invention of surgical robot, and, the intravascular stent. There was development of newer types of medications like the invention of Human Insulin and the first commercial hepatitis B vaccine. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)and automated DNA sequencer were invented and DNA fingerprinting was done for the first time during this decade. In the 1990s, Human Genome Project began and Dolly, the sheep became the first mammal cloned. Newer treatment modalities began like cancer immunotherapy and targeted cancer therapy. Combination drug therapy for HIV (HAART) extended HIV survival. The first human embryonic stem cell line was created and Q-switched lasers, DNA microarray, and bionic limbs were invented during this decade. The 2000s witnessed the completion of the Human Genome Project with the completion of sequencing of the human genome. The first full-face transplant and first telesurgery were also done during this time period. Capsule endoscopy got FDA approval during this decade and there was invention of HPV vaccination. In the 2010s, the first successful synthetic cell, first artificial pancreas, and the first 3D-printed heart using human cells were created. The first skull transplant was done. Bionic Eye was invented, TAVR and eTNS System were given FDA approval. The first cancer vaccine (sipuleucel-T), first Ebola vaccine, and a new drug called Sofosbuvir with a 95% cure rate for Hepatitis C were FDA approved. Checkpoint inhibitor therapy was invented and the first gene therapy and CAR-T cell therapy were given FDA approval. Genome Guided Solid Tumor Diagnosis began and the use of Artificial Intelligence initiated especially in preventative and diagnostic healthcare. During the COVID-19 pandemic, different COVID-19 vaccinations were given FDA or WHO emergency use authorization in 2020 and 2021 including Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Janssen, AstraZeneca, Sinopharm, Sinovac, and COVAXIN. These innovations have opened up possibilities that were previously unimaginable in earlier decades, and have also paved the way for future advancements in medical research and delivery of healthcare.
Category: Biochemistry

Probabilistic and Deterministic Approaches to Some Problems of Number Theory

Authors: Gregory M. Sobko
Comments: 89 Pages.

I suggest a probabilistic approach that helps to address some classical questions and problems of Number Theory, like the Goldbach Conjecture [1], distributions of twin- and d-primes, prime numbers among arithmetic sequences and others. The concepts of ‘randomness’ and ‘independence’ relevant to number-theoretic problems are discussed here, and the basic concepts of divisibility of natural number are interpreted in terms of probability spaces and appropriate probability distributions on classes of congruence. I analyze and demonstrate the importance of Zeta probability distribution and prove theorems stating the equivalence of probabilistic independence of divisibility of random integers by coprime factors, and the fact that random variables with the property of independence of coprime factors must have Zeta probability distribution. The idea to use Zeta distribution is motivated by the fact that it provides the validity of the probabilistic Cramér’s model for asymptotic prime number distribution, in full agreement with the Prime Number Theorem. Multiplicative and additive models with recurrent equations for generating sequences of prime numbers are derived based on the reduced Sieve of Eratosthenes Algorithm. This allows to interpret such sequences as realizations of random walks on set of natural numbers and on multiplicative semigroups generated by sets of all prime numbers, representing paths of stochastic dynamical systems. The H. Cramér’s model for probability distribution of primes is modified as a generalized predictable non-stationary Bernoulli process with unequally distributed terms that are asymptotically pairwise independent. This model is applied to analyze the sequences of primes generated by appropriate random walks. With intense use of Zeta probability distribution, it seems possible by using the modified Cramér’s model to approximate probability distribution of various arithmetic function. Since probabilistic approach meets certain skepticism and even disbelief from a part of mathematicians working in traditional manner in Number Theory, I decided to attack the problem of Strong Goldbach Conjecture (SGC) from pure deterministic point of view. As a result, I derived a recursive formula which generates a sequence {G(m)} of consecutive nonempty Goldbach sets. Each Goldbach set G(m) is asset of all prime numbers solving equation p + p’ = 2m for any natural number m > 2. The recursive formula justifies SGC by mathematical induction. Thus, this work represents two independent proofs of validity for Strong Goldbach Conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Number of Stable Digits of Any Integer Tetration

Authors: Marco Ripà, Luca Onnis
Comments: 7 Pages.

In the present paper we provide a general formula which let us easily calculate the number of stable digits of any integer tetration base a∈ℕU{0}. The number of stable digits, at the given height of the power tower, indicates how many of the last digits of the (generic) tetration are frozen. Our formula is exact for any tetration base which is not coprime to 10, although a maximum gap equal to V(a) + 1 digits (where V(a) indicates the congruence speed of a) can occur, in the worst-case scenario, between the given upper and lower bound.
Category: Number Theory

Galilean-Zhou Transformation vs. Lorentz Transformation

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 34 Pages. In Chinese

In the article, a comprehensive analysis on Lorentz Transformation is carried out, and the simplest deduction of Galilean-Zhou Transformation is produced as well. The paper presents a detailed comparison between Lorentz Transformation and Galilean-Zhou Transformation, which shows Galilean-Zhou Transformation completely conforms the real observation process of two relatively moving observers. In the case of two relatively and uniformly moving observers and limited light velocity, e. g. c=3.0x105 km per hour, the only objectively existing in nature spacetime transformation is Galilean-Zhou Transformation, and Galilean Transformation is a special case of Galilean-Zhou Transformation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Tandem Piercer Experiment

Authors: Marko Manninen
Comments: 28 Pages. Peer-reviewed essay published in Journal of International and Finnish Methodology issue 2 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

This essay is based on the science project I am involved in as a duplicator of the nuclear physics experiment. The beam-split-like coincidence counting experiment with gamma-rays was invented by the American electrical engineer Eric Reiter in early 2000. The experiment, which I eventually started to call the Tandem Piercer Experiment, raises down-to-earth questions about the wave-particle duality, the early development of the atom model, the concept of a photon, and quantum mechanics. These questions are highly controversial in dissident science and brought me, as a layman, to the center of the sociological questions on how theories evolve in physics society and how science works. A lot of this controversy is dealt with polemically in the essay in conjunction with the overall description of the Tandem Piercer Experiment. I wish to present this authentic original work of Reiter as a delicate citizen science project. It is open to theoretical and philosophical speculation and calls for participation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Applying Faraday’s Law of Induction to Explain How the Sun’s Core Reverses Polarity and Oscillates

Authors: Samuel P. Moss II
Comments: 19 Pages.

This is an introduction to the most logical approach in understanding how the sun reverses its magnetic poles while simultaneously maintaining its continuity. Based upon a novel patent-pending magnetic confinement method that was designed to emulate how confined plasma at the sun’s core rotates about a single relative center point (SRCP); this theory of sun polarity reversal was developed to provide supplementary validity that this novel magnetic confinement method for fusion has similar properties to how the sun operates. By logically applying Michael Faraday’s law of induction in analyzing the generated oscillating currents within the confines of this sun-like confinement device; one is able to simply explain how magnetic pole reversals observed by NASA’s magnetic field detectors occur without the sun’s core physically flipping or reversing in direction.
Category: Astrophysics

The Diagonalization Method and Brocard's Problem

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages. The results have now been made unconditional based on referee report

In this paper we introduce and develop the method of diagonalization of functions $f:\mathbb{N}\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}$. We apply this method to a class of problems requiring to determine if the equations of the form $f(n)+k=m^2$ has a finite number of solutions $n\in \mathbb{N}$ for a fixed $k\in \mathbb{N}$.
Category: Number Theory

Logic in General and Mathematical Logic in Particular

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper brings up some important points about logic, e.g., mathematical logic, and also an inconsistence in logic as per Godel’s incompleteness theorems which state that there are mathematical truths that are not decidable or provable. These incompleteness theorems have shaken the solid foundation of mathematics where innumerable proofs and theorems have pride of place. The great mathematician David Hilbert had been much disturbed by them. There are much long unsolved famous conjectures in mathematics, e.g., the twin primes conjecture, the Goldbach conjecture, the Riemann hypothesis, et al. Perhaps, by Godel’s incompleteness theorems the proofs for these famous conjectures will not be possible and the numerous mathematicians attempting to find solutions for these conjectures are simply banging their heads against the metaphorical wall. Besides mathematics, Godel’s incompleteness theorems will have ramifications in other areas involving logic. The paper looks at the ramifications of the incompleteness theorems, which pose the serious problem of inconsistency, and offers a solution to this dilemma. The paper also looks into the apparent inconsistence of the axiomatic method in mathematics. [Published in international mathematics journal. Acknowledgments: The author expresses his gratitude to the referees and the Editor-in-Chief for their valuable comments in strengthening the contents of this paper.]
Category: General Mathematics

On the Twin Primes

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper brings up a few possible approaches to solving the twin primes conjecture. [Published in international mathematics journal. Acknowledgments: The author is thankful to the referees and to the Editor-in-Chief for their insightful comments which led to an improvement in this paper.]
Category: Number Theory

An Exhaustive Variable Selection Study for Linear Models of Soundscape Emotions: Rankings and Gibbs Analysis

Authors: R. San Millán-Castillo, L. Martino, E. Morgado, F. Llorente
Comments: 26 Pages. (to appear)) IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing

In the last years, soundscapes have become one of the most active topics in Acoustics, providing a holistic approach to the acoustic environment, which involves human perception and context. Soundscapes-elicited emotions are central and substantially subtle and unnoticed (compared to speech or music). Currently, soundscape emotion recognition is a hot topic in the literature. We provide an exhaustive variable selection study (i.e., a selection of the soundscapes indicators) to a well-known dataset (emo-soundscapes).We consider linear soundscape emotion models for two soundscapes descriptors: arousal and valence. Several ranking schemes and procedures for selecting the number of variables are applied. We have also performed an alternating optimization scheme for obtaining the best sequences keeping fixed a certain number of features. Furthermore, we have designed a novel technique based on Gibbs sampling, which provides a more complete and clear view of the relevance of each variable. Finally, we have also compared our results with the analysis obtained by the classical methods based on p-values. As a result of our study, we suggest two simple and parsimonious linear models of only 7 and 16 variables (within the 122 possible features) for the two outputs (arousal and valence), respectively. The suggested linear models provide very good and competitive performance, with R2 > 0.86 and R2 > 0.63 (values obtained after a cross-validation procedure), respectively.
Category: Statistics

Graph Thinness, a Lower Bound and Complexity

Authors: Yaroslav Shitov
Comments: 9 pages

The thinness of a simple graph G= (V,E) is the smallest integer k for which there exist a total order (V, <) and a partition of V into k classes (V_1,...,V_k) such that, for all u, v, w in V with u<v<w, if u and v belong to the same class and {u,w} is in E, then {v,w} is in E. We prove that (1) there are $n$-vertex graphs of thinness $n-o(n)$, which answers a question of Bonomo-Braberman, Gonzalez, Oliveira, Sampaio, and Szwarcfiter, (2) the computation of thinness is NP-hard, which is a solution to a long standing open problem posed by Mannino and Oriolo.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Condensate of Spacetime Quanta

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 8 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

Assuming quanta of spacetime to be spin-2 particles, after developing a statistical theory that has no reference to Boltzmann constant, it is argued that below a certain critical pressure of vacuum, quanta of spacetime form a condensate. The possibility of explanation of Sonoluminescence as a quantum-gravitational effect is also envisaged.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Comparison of Various Models for Stock Prediction

Authors: Jonathan Lee
Comments: 4 Pages. Thanks

Due to the high volatility of the COVID-19 pandemic, interest in stock invest-ment is focused. Also, it is said that the atmosphere is gathering again fromthe cryptocurrency market to the domestic stock market. In this situation, welooked at which model could more accurately predict the closing
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Planck's Formula Violates the Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Mohammad Reza Nouri Darrechi
Comments: 6 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

In this article, the author will try to address the basic aspects of blackbody radiation, after a brief historical review. In this study, it is shown that any potential (which does not depend on time) can be approximated in the first order with a harmonic oscillator potential. Using statistical physics and the assumptions of quantum mechanics, it is shown that Planck's formula violates the uncertainty principle.
Category: Quantum Physics

Singly and Doubly Even Multiples of 6 and Statistical Biases in the Distribution of Primes

Authors: Waldemar Puszkarz
Comments: 8 pages, extends work originally posted on viXra: https://vixra.org/abs/1804.0416.

Computer experiments show that singly even multiples of 6 sur-rounded by prime pairs exhibit a larger ratio of nonsquarefree to squarefree multiples than generic singly even multiples of 6, a bias of ca 10.6% measured against the expected value. The same bias occurs for isolated primes next to singly even multiples of 6; here the deviation from the expected value is ca 3.3% of this value. The expected value of the ratio of singly even to doubly even nonsquarefree multiples of 6 also differs from values found experimentally for prime pairs centered on such multiples or isolated primes next to them. For pairs, this ratio exceeds its unbiased value by ca 6.2%, for isolated primes by ca 2.0%. The values cited are for the first 10^10 primes, the largest range we investigated. This paper broadens our recent study of a newly found bias in the distribution of primes by examining singly and doubly even multiples of 6. In particular, it shows that for primes centered on or next to singly even multiples of 6, the statistical biases in question are more pronounced than in the general case studied by us before.
Category: Number Theory

Einstein, Heisenberg and c2-Inertia

Authors: Milan D. Nešić
Comments: 16 Pages.

The conflict between Einstein and the Copenhagen school of thought is well known in the history of science. On the one hand, Einstein's strict determinism, on the other, Heisenberg's uncertainty relations, the collapse of the wave function and the chance at the micro level, regardless of the macroscopic explanations of the postulate cmax=const, regardless of the initial mass. At the time when our Galaxy was the whole world and the mutual velocities in it were negligible according to the speed of light, Einstein held that the mass of the world was one and unique. In 1985, in a lecture on quantum electro-dynamics—QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter—Feynman says that he only describes how nature behaves without being able to explain why it behaves like that because no one understands this; and Laughlin in 2005 says, already with the title of his book—A DIFFERENT UNIVERSE: Reinventing Physics From The Bottom Down—that an effort on understanding this fact to humanity is yet to come. This article shows that one should start from the very postulate cmax=const, rethinking this experimental fact—because Einstein's explanation from 1916 is insuf-ficient and in fact wrong: he tacitly takes the coordinate system of the railway embankment as absolute, and to the train speed adds to or subtracts the light speed. And rethinking will lead us to the necessary Heisenberg relations of uncertainty, c2-inertia and new insights into the property of relativity and symmetry of the vacuum itself, to the explanation of the EPR paradox and the so-called the twin paradox. And all together to one Universe, really different from how we imagine it today with a big bang.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Discrete Markov Random Field Relaxation

Authors: Sing Kuang Tan
Comments: Number of pages is 6.

This paper gives a technique to approximate (relaxation) discrete Markov Random Field (MRF) using convex programming. This approximated MRF can be used to approximate NP problem. This also proves that NP is not equal P because the MRF convex programming and the approximate MRF convex programming are not the same with removal of some product terms.
Category: General Mathematics

The Fabric of Space as an Electron-Positron Lattice and Its Implications for GRT

Authors: R Guy Grantham
Comments: 5 pages, PIRTXII 10_13 September 2010

A solid lattice structure of the vacuum as bound electrons and positrons, analogous to a polycrystalline ionic salt, was proposed and termed the „epola‟ by Menahem Simhony in 1973 and argument is provided for validity of this model. Application of the model leads to a physical interpretation of the bending of space detailed by GRT and provides explanations for gravitation and inertia as electromagnetic effects of the lattice with justification for de Broglie waves.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Implications of an Electron-Positron-Lattice Model of Space for em Waves and a Possible Reconciliation of QM with RT.

Authors: R Guy Grantham, Ian G Montgomery
Comments: 6 pages, PIRTXII 10_13 September 2010

The spectrum of electromagnetic waves in vacuum space is discussed as a function of the vibrations of an elastic electron-positron-lattice (the epola model of 1973 by M. Simhony). It is shown how wave propagation is subject to a finite velocity by an extension to the model for quantum substructure of the electron responsible for spin interactions stabilising the lattice in a frustrated magnetic system. An implicit cut-off frequency for EM waves leads to the structure of mesons and potential reconciliation of Quantum Mechanics with Relativity Theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Cosmological Redshifts Criticized

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 3 Pages.

One of the missions of the James Webb telescope is to learn more about the origin and expansion of the universe by means of redshift measurements in the spectra of stars far away from Earth. This article shows that such a mission is doomed to fail.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Superluminal Motion and Causality from a Laboratory Perspective

Authors: Gary Harnagel
Comments: 11 Pages.

there are two different approaches to superluminal communication around a closed loop, with one leg of the loop purportedly leading into the past. One scheme employs direct signals between a receiver in motion relative to a transmitter. This is called Method I in this paper. In the other, moving observers "hand-off" information between momentarily-adjacent observers in relative motion passing each other, which is designated Method II. It is shown that the correct application of superluminal physics in the former method clearly precludes causality violation, but it is more subtle in the latter approach. An analysis of what would be observed in a physics laboratory, compared to what is inferred from a Minkowski diagram, attests that causality violation does not occur in either method. Thus causality is not violated by superluminal communication.
Category: Classical Physics

Die Weltformel - Eine Menschheit auf Irrwegen (The World Formula - A Human Race on the Wrong Track)

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 47 Pages. Added chapter "5.10 Experimental Proof" and updated Chapter 6.

Es befindet sich die “Welt” scheinbar an einem Wendepunkt. Überbevölkerung, Klimakatastrophe(n) (und Pandemien) sollen die Notwendigkeit einer Transformation der Gesellschaften zu einem “neuen Normal” begründen, einem Normal, in dem die “nachhaltige” Überlebensfähigkeit des Planeten Erde und der Menschheit im Fokus steht. Lösungen soll “die Wissenschaft” bereithalten. Kann diese angedachte Transformation gelingen? Kann die “Wissenschaft” sich anmaßen Lösungen für “globale” Probleme anzubieten, wenn auch nach über 2000 jähriger “Suche”, nicht einmal eine Antwort auf die Frage nach der “Weltformel” gefunden wurde. Der bekannte Physiker Stephen Hawkins schrieb in seinem populärwissenschaftlichen Buch “A brief history of time” : “Wenn wir eine vollständige Theorie entdecken, sollte sie mit der Zeit im Großen und Ganzen für jeden verständlich sein. Dann werden wir alle, Philosophen, Wissenschaftler und ganz normale Menschen, in der Lage sein, an der Diskussion darüber teilzunehmen, warum wir und das Universum existieren.“. Doch weder die Quantentheorie noch die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie sind für jeden verständlich, noch existiert eine vollständige Theorie. So soll dieser Beitrag zur Erörterung der „Weltformel“ sich nicht nur an Wissenschaftler richten, sondern an „ganz normale“ Menschen, die die Frage nach der Weltformel, dem Sinn unserer Existenz und der Machbarkeit einer Rettung des Planeten und des Überlebens der Menschheit stellen. Im Ergebnis wird festgestellt, dass die Weltformel „die Wissenschaft“ zurückwirft auf ihren ursprünglich zentralen Kernbereich: der Frage nach dem freien Willen, nach dem Sinn des Lebens, die Frage nach Gott und die Frage nach dessen Willen.

The “world” is apparently at a turning point. Overpopulation, climate catastrophe (s) (and pandemics) should justify the necessity of a transformation of societies to a “new normal”, a normal in which the “sustainable” survivability of planet earth and humanity is in focus. "Science" should provide solutions. Can this envisaged transformation succeed? Can “science” presume to offer solutions to “global” problems, even if after more than 2000 years of “search”, not even an answer to the question of the “world formula” has been found. Well-known physicist Stephen Hawkins wrote in his popular science book “A brief history of time”: “When we discover a complete theory, in time it should, by and large, be intelligible to everyone. Then all of us, philosophers, scientists and ordinary people, will be able to participate in the discussion about why we and the universe exist. " But neither quantum theory nor general relativity are understandable for everyone, nor does a complete theory exist. This contribution to the discussion of the “world formula” should not only be aimed at scientists, but at “completely normal” people who ask the question of the world formula, the meaning of our existence and the feasibility of saving the planet and the survival of mankind. The result is that the world formula “science” throws back on its originally central core area: the question of free will, the meaning of life, the question of God and the question of his will.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Riemann’s Last Theorem

Authors: Aric B. Canaanie
Comments: 10 Pages.

The central idea of this article is to introduce and prove a special form of the zeta function as proof of Riemann’s last theorem. The newly proposed zeta function contains two sub functions, namely f1(b,s) and f2(b,s) . The unique property of zeta(s)=f1(b,s)-f2(b,s) is that as tends toward infinity the equality zeta(s)=zeta(1-s) is transformed into an exponential expression for the zeros of the zeta function. At the limiting point, we simply deduce that the exponential equality is satisfied if and only if real(s)=1/2 . Consequently, we conclude that the zeta function cannot be zero if real(s)=1/2 , hence proving Riemann’s last theorem.
Category: Number Theory

The Multi-fold Theory: A Synopsis

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 30 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

This paper provides a synopsis and review of the multi-fold theory in preparation for more detailed reviews lectures and books. In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting into what we defined as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at an even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model. Among the multi-fold SMG discoveries, the apparition of an-always in-flight, and hence non-interacting, right-handed neutrinos, coupled to the Higgs boson is quite notable. It is supposedly always around right-handed neutrinos, due to chirality flips by gravity of the massless Weyl fermions, induced by 7D space time matter models and hidden behind the Higgs boson or field at the entry points and exit points of the multi-folds. Massless Higgs bosons modeled as minimal microscopic black holes mark concretized spacetime location. They can condensate into Dirac Kerr-Newman soliton Qballs to produce massive and charged particles, thereby providing a microscopic explanation for a Higgs driven inflation, the electroweak symmetry breaking, the Higgs mechanism, the mass acquisition and the chirality of fermions and spacetime; all resulting from the multi-fold gravity electroweak symmetry breaking. The multi-fold theory has also concrete implications on New Physics. We see this paper as a draft to collect comment and feedback as we evolve it towards a fuller publication. It is the End of 2021 version.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Investigation of a Control Function Determining the Location of the Zeros of Riemann Function on a Critical Line

Authors: Miroslav Sukenik, Magdalena Sukenikova
Comments: 4 Pages. final version

The article examines the control function in relation to the distribution of Zeros on the critical line x = 0,5. To confirm its importance, it will be necessary to perform a large number of statistical analyzes of the distribution of non-trivial zero points of the Riemann Zeta function.
Category: Number Theory

Theory of Everything: the Geometric Mean as an Alternative to Newton's Law of Gravitation

Authors: Helmut Schmidt
Comments: Further calculations are on my homepage www.toe-photon.de

Newton's law of gravity gives very precise results for the radii r and velocities v of an orbit. But they give no indication of the diameter of celestial bodies. In this respect, it is fundamental to rethink the general formula for distance laws F prop e_1 e_2 /r^2. A system requires at least 2 objects and an observer. With the torques and a corresponding formula for the time or frequencies N_B /w_B = N_1/ w_1 = N_2/ w_2, all forces can be summarized. This gives the TOE with only one type of particle. All constants result from the specifications of the earth's radius and the orbital period of one day. 4/(2pi) / c 6378,626^2 km^2 = 1 day Examples are calculations of the proton mass, as well as the diameter and orbit of Mercury.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Multiplication Tensor and Number of Rational Numbers

Authors: Marko V. Jankovic
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, it is going to be explained how all natural numbers can be presented as a multiplication tensor or Mtensor. This comes as an extension of the number line (that is graphical presentation of the numbers that is suitable for graphical presentation of addition/subtraction) and facilitates reasoning related to sieves, multiplication, prime and composite numbers and so on. Here, the new representation will be used to calculate number of rational numbers.
Category: Number Theory

About the "Addition" of Scalars and Bivectors in Geometric Algebra

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 5 Pages.

“You can’t add things that are of different types!” This objection to the “addition” of scalars and bivectors—which is voiced by physicists as well as students—has been a barrier to the adoption of Geometric Algebra. We suggest that the source of the objection is not the operation itself, but the expectations raised in critics’ minds by the term “addition”. Indeed, the ways in which this operation interacts with others are unlike those of other “additions”, and might well cause discomfort to the student. This document explores those potential sources of discomfort, and notes that no problems arise from this unusual “addition” because the developers of GA were careful in choosing the objects (e.g. vectors and bivectors) employed in this algebra, and also in defining not only the operations themselves, but their interactions with each other. The document finishes with an example of how this “addition” proves useful.
Category: Geometry

Diet Therapy for Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 9 Pages.

Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood (AHC) is among the rarest, genetically mediated diseases. It varies from child to child, and also from time to time in its effects. There are therapeutic pathways that may yield improvement sufficient to manage the pathology, allowing for nearly normal development. This basic essay outlines a known dietary therapy that may ameliorate many cruel AHC symptoms, without waiting for distant research to bear unknown fruit.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Infinite/harmonic Primality Test

Authors: Mar Detic
Comments: 1 Page.

By using the Infinite/Harmonic series(partial) we prove if n is prime and show factors if n is not prime at the same time ; without trial division or modulo.
Category: Number Theory

Tutorial: Electromagnetic Violations of Newtonian Precepts in Basic Experiments

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 10 Pages.

Since acceleration is invariant under constant-velocity Galilean transformations, a system moving at constant velocity cannot, in Newtonian physics, exert new forces it doesn't already exert when it is at rest. But a bar magnet moving at nonzero constant velocity exerts a force on electric charges that it doesn't exert when it is at rest (Faraday's Law), and a charge moving at nonzero constant velocity exerts a torque on the needle of a magnetic compass that it doesn't exert when it is at rest (Biot-Savart Law). Thus basic electromagnetic experiments which are feasible in undergraduate or secondary-school physics labs illustrate the need to replace the Galilean transformations. That seems pedagogically much more compelling than the standard practice of merely discussing experiments which use extremely high-precision equipment such as Michelson interferometers. What should replace the Galilean transformations? A key qualification obviously is compatibility with the electromagnetic Laws. Those Laws can be presented as wave equations with source terms, and wherever the source terms are zero, the free waves travel exclusively at the fixed constant speed c. Thus to be compatible with the electromagnetic Laws, the replacements of the Galilean transformations must preserve the speed c, but they of course must in addition become Galilean when the ratio of the untransformed speed to c goes to zero.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Directed Dependency Graph Obtained from a Correlation Matrix by the Highest Successive Conditionings Method

Authors: Ait-Taleb Nabil
Comments: 22 Pages.

In this paper we will propose a directed dependency graph obtained from a correlation matrix. This graph will include probabilistic causal sub-models for each node modeled by conditionings percentages. The directed dependency graph will be obtained using the highest successive conditionings method with a conditioning percentage value to be exceeded.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Theory of Everything Relation to the Theory of Relativity and Quantum Theory

Authors: Helmut Schmidt
Comments: 14 Pages.

Newton's law of gravitation gives very accurate results for the radii r and velocities v of an orbit, but they do not give any indication of the diameter of celestial bodies or the masses of elementary particles. In contrast, the TOE is based on the simplest possible law for the energy E= 2^r i^t and the torque for an observer and two objects. A common constant can be derived from h, G and c. hGc^5 s^8/m^10 sqrt(pi^4 - pi^2 - 1/pi - 1/pi^3) = 0.999991 For the system of sun, earth and moon, a formula for c results from the radius of the earth and day alone: r = sqrt (pi/2 c m Tag ) = 6378626 m Numerous calculations on the planetary system, hydrogen atom and elementary particles are given. For example, the exact calculation of the proton mass in relation to the electron mass. m_proton = (2pi)^4+(2pi)^3+(2pi)^2-(2pi)^1 - 1 -2 - 2/pi - 2/pi^6 + 4/pi^8+ 4/pi^10 + 4/pi^12 + 8/pi^13 - 1/pi^14) The TOE gives the result 1836.15267343 me With the TOE, the energies of objects are determined directly. QM, QFT and ART are committee methods using the Euler-Lagrange formula. The vacuum is considered to be an essential part of the universe, filled with virtual particles. This can be represented as an equation: All = TOE + Vakuum = TOE + QFT + ART
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Survey on the Use of Innovative Tools of Google Services: A Study

Authors: Basavaraj Kumbar, K. R. Mulla
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this survey research, library professionals of engineering and technological institutions in Karnataka State, INDIA are examined about the awareness level of Google Services. The Google Services are ranked according to the awareness level on the basis of Mean scores. A structured questionnaire was designed in Google Form. The researcher distributed 204 institutions and received 104 responses in a stipulated time. The standard analytical tool was used for analysis and interpretation of the data. This study could give library professionals useful insight into various Google Services to adopt in library services. The mean and standard deviation scores were used for ranking the various Google Services. The questionnaire was distributed through email in a google form with a link. The study conclude that the library professionals must be trained to make them technically skilled in utilizing the Google services for library purpose. The hypothesis study is done between the demographic variables and google services awareness.
Category: Social Science

Impact Of Library and Information Services on the Personality Development of the Specially-abled Students in Karnataka: A Comparative Study

Authors: Dayanandappa Kori, K. R. Mulla
Comments: 17 Pages.

Students with Special Needs are a specific group of students who need additional assistance due to physical, intellectual or mental disabilities and limited physical development. The study examines a comparative study of the impact of library and information services on the personality development of specially-abled students in Karnataka. For this study, data were collected using quantitative and qualitative methods of in-depth interviews, survey methods, and focus group discussions on collecting data from a sample of 36 specially-abled school librarians/in charge in Karnataka. This study is confined to visually impaired schools and hearing impaired schools only. The study findings showed that there was a positive impact of library services on both categories of respondents. However, their challenges rely on their personality development process because they lack modern facilities, hearing loss, and blindness due to less supportive school infrastructures. The study highlights the impact of library and information services on the personality development of specially-abled students. It suggests better library and information services in the contemporary digital and electronic environment. The school libraries under the study should switch over from the traditional environment to the modern ICT environment to cope up with the ever-changing world.
Category: Social Science

The SP Challenge: that the SP System is More Promising as a Foundation for the Development of Human-Level Broad ai Than Any Alternative

Authors: J Gerard Wolff
Comments: 44 Pages.

The "SP Challenge" is the deliberately provocative theme of this paper: that the "SP System" (SPS), meaning the "SP Theory of Intelligence" and its realisation in the "SP Computer Model", is more promising as a foundation for the development of human-level broad AI, aka 'artificial general intelligence' (AGI), than any alternative. In that connection, the main strengths of the SPS are: 1) The adoption of a top-down, breadth-first research strategy with wide scope; 2) Recognition of the importance of information compression (IC) in human learning, perception, and cognition -- and, correspondingly, a central role for IC in the SPS; 3) The working hypothesis that all kinds of IC may be understood in terms of the matching and unification of patterns (ICMUP); 4) A resolution of the apparent paradox that IC may achieve decompression as well as compression. 5) The powerful concept of SP-multiple-alignment, a generalisation of six other variants of ICMUP; 6) the clear potential of the SPS to solve 19 problems in AI research; 7) Strengths and potential of the SPS in modelling several aspects of intelligence, including several kinds of probabilistic reasoning, versatility in the representation and processing of AI-related knowledge, and the seamless integration of diverse aspects of intelligence, and diverse kinds of knowledge, in any combination; 8) Several other potential benefits and applications of the SPS; 9) In "SP-Neural", abstract concepts in the SPS may be mapped into putative structures expressed in terms of neurons and their interconnections and intercommunications; 10) The concept of ICMUP provides an entirely novel perspective on the foundations of mathematics; 11) How to make generalisations from data, including the correction of over- and under-generalisations, and how to reduce or eliminate errors in data. There is discussion of how the SPS compares with some other potential candidates for the SP-Challenge. And there is an outline of possible future directions for the research.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Elementary Identities and pi

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this note we are going to look at quite a few integrals involving hyperbolic functions.
Category: General Mathematics

Spiral Galaxy Rotation Profiles in Shadow Gravity

Authors: Paul Stowe
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Since the 1930’s it has been noticed that reported stellar rotation in spiral galaxies does not conform to theoretical predictions of current mathematical gravitational theories. In this work we will derive and examine stellar rotation profiles of spiral galaxies using only the basic tenets of Shadow (Pushing) Gravity (SG). We demonstrate that this process naturally produces rotation profiles in accordance with observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Basis for Set Theory Without the Use of an Axiom

Authors: Albert Henrik Preiser
Comments: 3 Pages.

A basis for set theory without the use of an axiom.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Pcarst: a Method of Weakening Conflict Evidence Based on Principal Component Analysis and Relatively Similar Transformation

Authors: Xuan Zhao, Huizi Cui, Zilong Xiao, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 26 Pages.

How to deal with conflict is a significant issue in Dempster-Shafer evidence theory (DST). In the Dempster combination rule, conflicts will produce counter-intuitive phenomena. Therefore, many effective conflict handling methods have been presented. This paper proposes a new framework for reducing conflict based on principal component analysis and relatively similar transformation (PCARST), which can better reduce the impact of conflict evidence on the results, and has more reasonable results than existing methods. The main characteristic feature of the BPAs is maintained while the conflict evidence is regarded as a noise signal to be weakened. A numerical example is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Results show that a higher belief degree of the correct proposition is obtained comparing previous methods.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Pressure Sensor Chip Utilizing Electrical Circuit of Piezosensitive Differential Amplifier with Negative Feedback Loop (Pda-NFL) for 5 Kpa

Authors: Mikhail Basov
Comments: 6 Pages. XI International Scientific and Technical Conference «Micro-, and Nanotechnology in Electronics»

High sensitive (S = 11.2 ± 1.8 mV/V/kPa with nonlinearity error 2KNL = 0.15 ± 0.09%/FS) small-sized (4.00x4.00 mm2) silicon pressure sensor chip utilizing new electrical circuit for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) in the form of differential amplifier with negative feedback loop (PDA-NFL) for 5 kPa differential was developed. The advantages are demonstrated in the array of output characteristics, which prove the relevance of the presented development, relative to modern developments of pressure sensors with Wheatstone bridge electrical circuit for 5 kPa range.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Calculation of the Ripple Voltage in Half-Wave Rectifier Circuits

Authors: Joh. J. Sauren, Aloys J. Sipers
Comments: 13 Pages.

In this article we propose a computational algorithm written in Matlab as well as a mathematical formula to calculate the magnitude of the ripple voltage encountered in halfwave rectifying circuits. After rectification of a symmetric AC harmonic voltage signal, this ripple voltage remains, frequently measurable, superimposed on the resulting DC voltage signal. Both, the algorithm as well as the derived formula enable us to calculate the magnitude of the ripple voltage to a degree of precision any better than $1$ to $10^{6}$, i.e. 1 ppm. We conclude this article by comparing the accuracy of the proposed algorithm to simulated findings. The technique discussed here for calculating the magnitude of the remaining ripple voltage can easily be generalized and extended to the calculation of the magnitude of the ripple voltage encountered in full wave rectifying circuits.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Planck Scale in SST

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 4 Pages.

In the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST), we define the Planck Scale as the limit/boundary of the applicability of the Equivalence Principle (i.e. equality of inertial mass and gravitational mass). Surface of the core of the lightest neutrinos is such a boundary so we relate Planck values to it - it is a limit of the (h-bar)Gc physics. The internal dynamics of such neutrinos is beyond the Gc physics. Near the Planck surface, the quantum effects of gravity dominate so there appears the SST Higgs potential for neutrinos.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Feedforward Neural Networks: Efficiency and Performance of Backpropagation and Evolutionary Algorithms

Authors: Kasper van Maasdam
Comments: 31 Pages.

Artificial neural networks are important in everyday life and are becoming more widespread. For this reason, it is crucial they are understood and tested. This paper tests and compares two training methods: reinforcement learning with backpropagation and an evolutionary method. The hypothesis is that the training method using backpropagation and reinforcement learning is more efficient in training a neural network to play a game than a model trained with the evolutionary algorithm. However, the model trained with backpropagation and reinforcement learning will have lower performance than a model trained with the evolutionary algorithm. To research the hypothesis, a feedforward neural network and how it works must first be explained.

Neural networks are systems inspired by the biological brain which enables a computer to predict, model, classify and many other applications. All this by learning from some set of training data to find general relations that can be applied to unseen data. A neural network model is essentially a function with potentially thousands of parameters. Just like any other function, input values are provided and with those, the output is calculated. In a feedforward neural network, this process is called feedforward.

The process of feedforward is meaningless with a model that has not yet been configured to do anything. A neural network must first be taught to perform a certain task. This is what is accomplished with machine learning. Backpropagation is an example of a machine learning method. For backpropagation two things are required: the input and the corresponding output. Backpropagation will adjust the parameters of a model so the next time the same input is provided, the output will be closer to the desired output. This is called optimisation.

Reinforcement learning is a way to teach a neural network by giving it positive reinforcement when it does something good and negative reinforcement when it does something bad. This is used when no desired output is known so backpropagation cannot directly be applied.

An evolutionary algorithm is much more intuitive than backpropagation. It is the imitation of natural selection in biology, but with self-determined factors deciding the fitness of a model. When training a neural network with an evolutionary algorithm, a large group of random models will be generated, all performing the same task. Some models, however, will be better suited for this task than others. How well they are suited to their environment is their fitness. This will be the determining factor of who survives and can therefore reproduce and create mutated offspring. This process is repeated as many times as required to reach the desired performance.

The hypothesis of this paper has been proven wrong. Neural networks trained with an evolutionary algorithm do end up performing at a higher level than models trained with reinforcement learning and backpropagation. However, Neural networks trained with an evolutionary algorithm are also more efficient with regard to not only the number of cycles needed to reach the same performance but also with regard to the time required.

Invention of a Link Between the Casimir Effect, the Quantum Vacuum Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 3 Pages.

We propose a simple relation to obtain the energy density of the cosmological constant from Planck units and the value of the cosmological constant Then we join the latter with the zero point energy to find the Casimir effect.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Invention D’un Lien Entre L’effet Casimir, L’énergie du Vide Quantique et la Constante Cosmologique

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 3 Pages.

Nous proposons une relation simple permettant d’obtenir la densité d’énergie de la constante cosmologique à partir d’unités de Planck et de la valeur de la constante cosmologique. Puis nous réunissons cette dernière avec l’énergie du point zéro pour retrouver l’effet Casimir.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Classic Interpretation of the Wave Function and of the Quantum Potential

Authors: Marius Arghirescu
Comments: 16 Pages.

By considering wave-particle dualism with an interpretation of the squared amplitude of the wave function R2(psi) compatible with the known Bohm’s equations, for a 1 MeV-gamma-quantum considered as ‘gammonic’ (e-e+)- pair of electrons having the phase speed of the associated wave equal to the group speed, it results a value of the quantum potential Q equal to the particle’s kinetic energy, Qc = ½mv2. For a classic model of electron composed by heavy photons, this value is explained by a generalized relation of quantum equilibrium of de Broglie type, with the associated entropy proportional to its action S, as representing a centrifugal potential given by a spinorial mass ms = nvmv me resulted by nv -vector photons explaining also a half of the electron’s rest energy, by considering a low frictional component and a dynamic component of the quantum vacuum- given by quantum and sub-quantum winds which generates also a centripetal quantum force of Magnus type acting over the rotated vector photons and corresponding to a vortical potential Qa which maintains the centrifugal potential Qc . The spinorial energy of the vector photons contained by the electron’s shell can explain the second half of its rest energy and the Lorentz force, resulting as quantum force of Magnus type. In Galilean relativity, the resulting interpretation indicates a rest energy at least for photons of gamma quantum, in concordance with known relation for the red-shifted photon’s frequency in a gravitational field.
Category: Classical Physics

Quantum Entanglement: Bell's Inequality Trivially Violated Also Classically

Authors: Arto Annila, Marten Wikstrom
Comments: 4 Pages.

Quantum entanglement manifests in the perfect correlation between particles or photons separated by space and time beyond causal interference. However, classical covariance between vectorial prop-erties, such as spin, is also found following the observed sinusoidal form, attributed to quantum phenomena, instead of following the linear form, ascribed to hypothetical hidden variables. Thus, the concept of quantum entanglement is not necessary; the classical correlation between paired spins suffices. Since pairing, the spins are correlated, e.g., antiparallel; still, their direction remains undefined until put into a frame of reference. Thus, the measurement of one does not determine the correlated property of the other but discloses it in the given frame.
Category: Quantum Physics

MONGE’S Theorem and Depth Perception

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this brief note, we propose a novel mechanism that might contribute to the visual ability of depth perception. We suggest a mathematical approach based on the Monge’s theorem which allows the perception of the object’s distance from the observer’s eye and its three-dimensional features.
Category: Mind Science

Two-Point Momentless: Space and Time in the Context of Quantum Entanglement.

Authors: Lama Tenzin Rahula Rinpoche, Gemma F. Lopez
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, a cause for the lack of unification between quantum field theory and general relativity is identified. It is shown that the description of spacetime in current theoretical models assumes energy to be unchanging at small units of time on the quantum scale. As a means of counteraction, a condition is established for quantum gravity theories and the concept of ’two-point momentless’ is presented.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Un Percorso Nel Formalismo Lagrangiano (a Path Through the Lagrangian Formalism)

Authors: Federico Talamucci
Comments: 102 Pages. In Italian

Il manuale intende orire un percorso sul formalismo lagrangiano dei sistemi olonomi cercando il giusto equilibrio tra l'approccio sicoapplicativo ed il contesto astratto dell'ambiente geometrico. Agli ordinari argomenti collegati ai sistemi olonomi si aggiunge uno studio sui potenziali generalizzati, l'applicazione ai sistemi non inerziali ed un breve percorso sui sistemi anolonomi.

The handbook aims to oer a path on the Lagrangian formalism of holonomic systems by seeking the right balance between the physical-application approach and the abstract context of the geometric environment. In addition to the ordinary arguments related to holonomic systems, there is a study of generalized potentials, application to non-inertial systems and a short path on nonholonomic systems.
Category: Mathematical Physics

One-Way-Light Speed Measurement

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 4 Pages.

A simple and cheap device is used to check whether the light propagates at the same speed in all directions. It remains to be hoped that the astonishing measurement result is based on a measurement error.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculation of the Nuclear Saturation Density

Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: 3 Pages.

The nuclear saturation density of matter is extracted from a vast amount of charge density distributions found from elastic electron scattering. The established result with error bounds is compared with a calculated value based on 2, π and fundamental constants.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Un Percorso Nel Formalismo Hamiltoniano (a Path Through the Hamiltonian Formalism)

Authors: Talamucci Federico
Comments: 94 Pages. In Italian

Partendo dai classici argomenti delle equazioni canoniche di Hamilton (ottenute tramite la trasformazione di Legendre) e dei campi vettoriali hamiltoniani, il manuale intende proseguire il percorso sul formalismo hamiltoniano presentando l'approccio variazionale collegato all'integrale di Hilbert e i campi di Weierstrass. In questo modo si ottiene l'invariante integrale di PoincaréCartan che caratterizza i sistemi hamiltoniani e si ha accesso alla teoria delle trasformazioni canoniche e delle funzioni generatrici. Si conclude presentando l'equazione di HamiltonJacobi e accennando alla denizione di sistema integrabile.

Starting from the classic arguments of Hamilton's canonical equations (obtained through Legendre's transformation) and Hamiltonian vector elds, the manual intends to continue the path on Hamiltonian formalism presenting the variational approach linked to the Hilbert's integral and the Weierstrass elds. In this way the invariant integral of Poincar'eCartan that characterizes Hamiltonian systems is obtained and one can access to the theory of canonical transformations and generating functions. We conclude by presenting the Hamilton-Jacobi equation and mentioning the denition of an integrable system.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Alternate Methods for Judging the Significance of Hub Test Results

Authors: Richard Shurtleff
Comments: 19 page article followed by a 48 page computer program in the Appendix; 46 figures

Observations of astronomical objects include vectors that are transverse, perpendicular to the direction from the objects to us. The Hub Test judges how well transverse vectors on the sky align by calculating their mutual alignment angle to each point on the sky. Then the most focused and least focused values constitute two measures of the collective alignment of these transverse vectors. This article deals with statistics. How likely is it that a given alignment angle would occur with randomly directed transverse vectors? We discuss and apply a Library of probability distributions from randomly directed sources that is created elsewhere. The Library here has 294 sets of probability distributions with the number of sources ranging from 9 to 900, 14 values total, and the nominal sample radii ranging from 0.14\[Degree] to 64\[Degree], 21 values total. We apply the Library to the problem of estimating the significance of the values obtained by the two Hub Test correlation measures. For a given experimental sample, the Library can be used either by an interpolation of the data or by substitution in formulas that fit the Library data. An Appendix presents detailed calculations in a self-contained Mathematica notebook.
Category: Astrophysics

An Essential History of Euclidean Geometry

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this note, we would like to refer simply to the great history of Euclidean geometry and as a result we would like to state the great and essential development of Euclidean geometry by the new discovery of division by zero and division by zero calculus. We will be able to see the important and great new world of Euclidean geometry by Hiroshi Okumura.
Category: Geometry

Pre-Relativistic Vectors and Tensors Transformations

Authors: Valery Timin
Comments: 15 Pages. In Russian

Pre-relativistic tensor transformations are transformations of 4-dimensional material tensors of classical mechanics Formulas for transformations of contravariant, covariant, and mixed rank 2 tensors of a pre – relativistic space-the intermediate space between Galilean and relativistic (Minkowski) spaces-are given. The domain of definition is the transformation of coordinates and vectors at infinitesimal velocities of material objects. Such tensors are metric tensors of 4-dimensional space.

(Translated by Yandex Translator Яндекс-Переводчик) Дорелятивистские преобразования тензоров являются преобразованиями 4-мерных материальных тензоров классической механики. Даны формулы преобразований контравариантных, ковариантных и смешанных векторов и тензоров ранга 2 дорелятивистского пространства – промежуточного пространства между галилеевыми и релятивистскими (Минковского) пространствами. Область определения – преобразования координат и векторов при бесконечно малых скоростях материальных объектов. Такими тензорами являются вектора и другие тензоры 4-мерного пространства. (Текст с дополнениями и некоторыми исправлениями).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is the Fundamental Entity of the Universe a Form of Logic Gate

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages.

A short essay proposing that the foundation of reality is a single action gate a la logic gate. This gate is possibly a since core entity used for any and all choices or decisions by any conscious mind past or future, or primordial schisms or instigating cellular automata rules.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Circle Packing for Primes by my Definition

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

It is commonly known that the first place of a prime number is 1, 3, 7, and 9, except for 2 and 5. The purpose of this study is to explore the geometric properties of prime numbers, using my Definition Series with four circles of radius 1, 2, 3, 4, and the results were discussed.
Category: General Mathematics

New Integrals with Barnes Function

Authors: Denis Gallet
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, I study particulary logarithmics integrals.
Category: Number Theory

Replacement of Lorentz Transformation by Galilean-Zhou Transformation

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 33 pages,in Chinese language

In the article, a comprehensive analysis on Lorentz Transformation is carried out. It is exposed that essential and fatal errors exist in Lorentz Transformation. These errors make Lorentz Transformation unable to meet the ‘Principle of Relativity’. The paper presents a detailed comparison between Lorentz Transformation and Galilean-Zhou Transformation, which shows Galilean-Zhou Transformation completely conforms the real observation process of two relatively moving observers. In consequence, it is expectable that Galilean-Zhou Transformation will unavoidably supersede Lorentz Transformation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Model of Collision DART with Dimorphos

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 5 Pages. In version 2, the order of the references in the list has been corrected.

A digital model of the collision of DART with Dimorphos, the ‘moon’ of the asteroid Didymos, learns that the published long-term prediction of the orbit of this ‘moon’ is incorrect.
Category: Astrophysics

Analysis of the Collatz Conjecture Through the Methods of Sequence Theory

Authors: Ruslan Enikeev
Comments: 23 Pages.

A solution is proposed for the so-called Collatz conjecture, also known as the "3��+1 problem". The idea of the proof involves representing the algorithm's operations through an infinite sequence as a formal object. Hypotheses regarding the convergence or divergence are considered within the framework of sequence theory corresponds to hypotheses about the output values of the algorithm.
Category: Functions and Analysis

On the Study of a Ramanujan Equation. New Possible Mathematical Connections with the Cosmological Constant and Some Topics of String Theory, in Particular Some “shift Orientifolds” Equations.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 85 Pages.

In this paper, we analyze a Ramanujan equation. We obtain new possible mathematical connections with the Cosmological Constant and some topics of String Theory, in particular some “shift orientifolds” equations.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Working Principle of Airborne Pulse Doppler Radar Can Prove the Error of Relativity

Authors: Xueshi Ji
Comments: 7 Pages.

The frequency change caused by Doppler effect is called Doppler frequency shift, which is directly proportional to the relative velocity V and the frequency of vibration. In essence, the reason for the Doppler effect is that the relative velocity V is superimposed on the speed of light. If there is no relative velocity V superposition, there will be no Doppler effect. Therefore, it can be proved that Einstein's second hypothesis is wrong: the speed of light is the same in all inertial systems. If the speed of light is the same, it is impossible to observe the Doppler effect at all. The modified ether theory can replace the theory of relativity. On the earth's surface, the ether moves with the earth's traction, and the earth cannot drag the ether of the whole universe. The optical aberration phenomenon also shows that the earth does not drag the ether of the whole universe. The optical aberration phenomenon occurs at the junction of the earth's ether traction area and non traction area, not in the telescope lens. That is, the earth only pulls the ether around it. The planet moves with the ether around it. The ether has mass, and the ether may be dark matter. The density of ether is distributed according to the size of gravity. The closer to a planet, the greater the density of ether.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Phish: A Novel Hyper-Optimizable Activation Function

Authors: Philip Naveen
Comments: 8 Pages. Critical errors fixed, and additional experiments performed

Deep-learning models estimate values using backpropagation. The activation function within hidden layers is a critical component to minimizing loss in deep neural-networks. Rectified Linear (ReLU) has been the dominant activation function for the past decade. Swish and Mish are newer activation functions that have shown to yield better results than ReLU given specific circumstances. Phish is a novel activation function proposed here. It is a composite function defined as f(x) = xTanH(GELU(x)), where no discontinuities are apparent in the differentiated graph on the domain observed. Generalized networks were constructed using different activation functions. SoftMax was the output function. Using images from MNIST and CIFAR-10 databanks, these networks were trained to minimize sparse categorical crossentropy. A large scale cross-validation was simulated using stochastic Markov chains to account for the law of large numbers for the probability values. Statistical tests support the research hypothesis stating Phish could outperform other activation functions in classification. Future experiments would involve testing Phish in unsupervised learning algorithms and comparing it to more activation functions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Information Paradox of Black Holes May not Exist

Authors: Gui-xiong Liang
Comments: 7 Pages. chinese

In this paper, through the numerical simulation of the process in which the particle falls into the Schwarzschild black hole and the analysis of the causal relationship of the events on the event horizon of the Schwarzschild black hole, it is concluded that "if the black hole itself will die due to evaporation, the event that the object falling into the black hole will pass through the event horizon and fall into the black hole will not happen", Because the event that objects falling on the black hole pass through the black hole divine world always occurs in the causal future of the event that the black hole dies due to evaporation Since the object will not really fall into the black hole, the problem of "the information paradox of black holes" itself is no longer a problem.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Triplere: Knowledge Graph Embeddings Via Triple Relation Vectors

Authors: Long Yu, ZhiCong Luo, Deng Lin, HongZhu Li, HuanYong Liu, YaFeng Deng
Comments: 6 Pages.

Knowledge representation is a classic problem in Knowledge graphs. Distance-based models have made great progress. The most significant recent developments in this direction have been those of Rotate[1] and PairRE[2], which focuses on expressing relationships as projections of nodes. However TransX series Model(TransE[3], TransH[4], TransR[5]) expresses relationships as translations of nodes. To date, the problem of the Combination of Projection and translation has received scant attention in the research literature. Hence, we propose TripleRE, a method that models relationships by projections and translations. Compared with the other knowledge representation model, we achieve the best results on the ogbl-wikikg2 dataset.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Exotic Integral

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

We give an integral related to (Gamma(3/5)*Gamma(4/5))/Gamma(7/5)
Category: General Mathematics

Primality Testing and Factoring Using Pascal's Triangle

Authors: Bassam Abdul-Baki
Comments: 5 Pages.

An interesting if not impractical way of primality testing and factoring a number using Pascal’s Triangle.
Category: Number Theory

Revisiting Quadrature, Infinity, and the Numbers

Authors: Gerasimos T. Soldatos
Comments: 9 Pages.

This article tackles the problem of quadrature through reductio ad impossibile in the form of proof by contradiction. The general conclusion is that an irrational number is irrational on the real plane, but in the three-dimensional world, it is as a vector the image of one at least constructible position vector, and through the angle formed between them, constructible becomes the “irrational vector” too, as a right-triangle side.
Category: Geometry

Orbit Precession in Classical Mechanics

Authors: A. V. Serghienko
Comments: 5 Pages.

As you know, precessing ellipses appear as solutions to the equations of the general theory of relativity. At the same time, it is generally accepted that in classical mechanics there are only the following equations of orbits: circles, ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas. However, precessing ellipses also appear in classical mechanics. As you know, orbital precession is observed not only when the planets move in the Solar System. The precession of the periastron of the orbit is also observed in close binary systems, the components of which have evolved into pulsars. In such systems, the masses of the components – neutron stars – are of the same order of magnitude. Consequently, they will move in similar orbits around the center of mass. The orbits will be uniformly precessing ellipses. We write down the equation of such an orbit and derive from it an expression for the force of attraction acting between bodies. As a result, it turns out that, in addition to the Newtonian force, which is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the bodies, a term appears in the expression for the force that is inversely proportional to the cube of the distance.
Category: Classical Physics

A New Quantum Theory

Authors: Patrice Uguet
Comments: 11 Pages. In French [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

A New Quantum Theory Refusing the possibility of violation of the EPR paradox, I try to find an explanation for the simultaneity of information between two distant entangled photons. Then, based on these results, I revisit quantum theory with logical developments and intuitions. I use a lot of images and everyday objects, to bring the quantum world and the macroscopic world closer.
Category: Quantum Physics

Knowledge Graph Based Query Processing by Matching Words to Entities Using Wikipedia

Authors: Guanxuan Wu
Comments: 5 Pages.

The thirty-years development of Search Engines could never set apart the fundamental problem: to improve relativity for the page rankings with the given query. As the NLP is now widely used, this paper discusses a data abstraction via knowledge graph (KG) for NLP models that could be applied in relating keywords to entities with a higher probability.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

The Theory on Thing's Limits Part 3: The Root Cause of Modern Physics' Century-long Wandering

Authors: Ding Jian
Comments: 17 Pages. I firmly believe that a single spark can start a prairie fire.

Electromagnetic radiation can cause an electron to be further broken down, because the radiated photons have taken away a part of the static mass that originally belonged to the electron. This article makes use of the experimental data approved by HLS800MeV electron storage ring, and reasonably calculates that the static mass of each electron in the ring is roughly in the range of 1.16×10-33 to 3.23×10-35 (kg). Once a consensus can be reached on this, it will mean the end of the century-long wandering of modern physics. If tracing its root, the problem has lain in relying solely on experimental data, like a blind person crossing the river by feeling for stones, difficult to grasp the correct research direction. So it is pointed out that based on the continuities of the development among truths and objective things are more reliable than relying solely on experimental data. Because the experimental data are not eternal, but any truth must be eternal. So once the two are combined with each other, as if the blind person has regained his vision again. That is, only based on the concepts and methods introduced in this article "The theory on thing's limits", the correct research direction can be ensured.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Study and Analysis of The Tunisian Terrestrial Primordial Geodetic Network

Authors: Alain Fontaine, Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 5 Pages. In French

It is a summary of the 4 notes written by Engineer A. Fontaine, from the French National Geographic Institute, about the analysis of the Tunisian Primordial Terrestrial Geodetic Network concerning its orientation and scale. This investigation was realized during the period June 1987- January 1988.
Category: Geophysics

Micro Black Hole Entropy and Fine Structure Constant: A Numerological Approach

Authors: Alberto Coe
Comments: 13 Pages.

The issue we’ll lead with below consists of a brief numerological exploration of certain arithmetic relationships between various physical constants. This short numerological journey has led us to find a curious relationship between the Bekenstein-Hawking formula of black holes entropy and a dimensionless physical constant that draws the strength of the electromagnetic force , namely fine structure constant or, in the case at hand , the inverse of fine structure constant. In addition, a discrete vision has been explicitly chosen , namely the hypothesis that assumes a non-continuum space.
Category: Classical Physics

Light-speed Acceleration Radius

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 3 Pages.

Introduced and discussed is what is termed the light-speed acceleration radius. This is the radius of a spherical gravitational object at which an object (particle) at rest will accelerate to the speed of light in the Planck time. Because the Planck time is likely the shortest possible time interval and the speed of light is the maximum possible speed, this is the radius for the maximum gravitational field as measured by gravitational acceleration. This radius differs from the Schwarzschild radius except for so-called micro black holes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theoretical Ratio of the Gravitational Force to the Electromagnetic Force Between Two Electrons

Authors: Richard L. Marker
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper develops the theoretical ratio of the gravitational force to electromagnetic force between two electrons. I refer to this ratio as the ggee ratio. The ggee_theory ratio equals the product of a factor multiplied by alpha².

The factor portion of the calculation comes from an unusual source. An underlying model posits a metaphysical structure of space and of the electron. A rational number solution to the geometry of the model leads directly to the factor. This solution emerges completely independently from the ggee ratio it produces. The rational factor seems to be an exact solution.

The precision of ggee normally depends on the precision of G. The precision of ggee developed depends on the precision of alpha². Using Codata values for 2018, ggee_codata = 2.400610(54)E-43 and ggee_theory = 2.40071068266(72)E-43. The theoretical value is 1.85 sigma greater than the Codata derived value.

The gravitational constant, G, has a history of disparate value ranges. A deviation of 1.85 sigma may fall into an acceptable range more so than would normally be the case.

Why Rest State And Rectilinear Motion Are Impossible

Authors: Cavași Ioan Abel
Comments: 8 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

From high school, students learn to avoid fractions that have a zero denominator, because a number divided by zero gives an unclear result. In this context, in which the reader recalled how problematic divisions with zero can be, we can speak in a meaningful way to clarify a situation related to the curvature of the trajectory of bodies in the Universe. Let us now take our reasoning further. To do this, imagine a body moving for a period of time, with zero velocity, on a trajectory whose curvature is thus well determined. Then, for some reason, probably a collision or due to friction, the body comes to rest. In this case, its speed has become zero, and the curvature of its trajectory can no longer be determined.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On the Last Numbers of Positive Integers

Authors: Masami Yamane, Kenji Matsuura, Seiichi Koshiba
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this note, we are interested in the last numbers of positive integers; for example, for 20211206, the last number is 6, typically we note that for any positive integer a, the last numbers of a5 and a are the same.
Category: Number Theory

Was the Hittite King Muwatalli II Killed?

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this brief note, we cast doubts on the death of the great Hittite king Muwatalli II. Going through the prayer CTH 383 in which the king’s impiety against the priestess of the Sun-goddness of Arinna is emphasized and condemned, we argue that Muwatalli II was dismissed and killed: “he paid for it with his head”.
Category: Archaeology

On the Detailed Analysis of a Fundamental Ramanujan Identity. New Possible Mathematical Connections with the Cosmological Constant Value in Quantum Space-Time and Some Parameters of Theoretical Physics.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 119 Pages.

In this paper, we analyze a fundamental Ramanujan identity and obtain new possible mathematical connections with the Cosmological Constant value in quantum space-time and some parameters of Theoretical Physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Junk DNA and Jumping Genes as Computational Analogs in Nature

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 2 Pages.

Genetic code elements known as junk DNA (non-coding DNA) and jumping genes (transposable elements) are proposed as, like DNA, following a computational framework. This informal essay proposes computer and data scientists in this context revisit these entities versus modern data compression, storage, registry, blockchain, and encryption software methodologies.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Pressure Sensor with New Electrical Circuit Utilizing Bipolar Junction Transistor

Authors: Mikhail Basov
Comments: 4 Pages. IEEE Sensors 2021 (Syndey, Australia)

High sensitivity MEMS pressure sensor chip for different ranges (1 to 60 kPa) utilizing the novel electrical circuit of piezosensitive differential amplifier with negative feedback loop (PDA-NFL) is developed. Pressure sensor chip PDA-NFL utilizes two bipolar-junction transistors (BJT) with vertical n-p-n type structure (V-NPN) and eight piezoresistors (p-type). Both theoretical model of sensor response to pressure and temperature and experimental data are presented. Data confirms the applicability of theoretical model. Introduction of the amplifier allows for decreasing chip size while keeping the same sensitivity as a chip with classic Wheatstone bridge circuit.
Category: Classical Physics

Sieve Using Wheel Factorization and Applications

Authors: V. Barbera
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper presents the use of a specific wheel factorization sieve algorithm in some applications.
Category: Number Theory

Interference of Two Independent Laser Beams – Scientific Evidence of God

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 5 Pages.

Centuries of experimental and theoretical investigations have established beyond doubt that light cannot be a classical wave phenomenon. In contrast to this, the interference pattern of two independent laser beams, as observed in experiments, can be explained only if light was a classical wave phenomenon. According to quantum mechanics, two laser beams cannot form an interference pattern because the wave function (Ψ) is defined for and is associated with a single quantum particle (photon). The wave functions of two photons from two independent lasers are independent/ unrelated. The solution to this puzzle is not only new physics but also a new scientific paradigm.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Uncertainty of the Statistical Data

Authors: Andrea Berdondini
Comments: 6 Pages.

Any result can be generated randomly and any random result is useless. Traditional methods define uncertainty as a measure of the dispersion around the true value and are based on the hypothesis that any divergence from uniformity is the result of a deterministic event. The problem with this approach is that even non-uniform distributions can be generated randomly and the probability of this event rises as the number of hypotheses tested increases. Consequently, there is a risk of considering a random and therefore nonrepeatable hypothesis as deterministic. Indeed, it is believed that this way of acting is the cause of the high number of non-reproducible results. Therefore, we believe that the probability of obtaining an equal or better result randomly is the true uncertainty of the statistical data. Because it represents the probability that the data is useful and therefore the validity of any other analysis depends on this parameter.
Category: Number Theory

Novel Insights from Non-ultrametric Phylogenetic Trees: The Case of Neanderthal Introgression

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 7 Pages.

Ultrametric spaces are widely used to depict evolutionary times in phylogenetic trees, since they assume that every population/species is located at the tips of divergent branches. The discrete branching of ultrametric trees permits the measurement of distances between pairs of individuals that are proportional to their divergence time. Here we overturn the traditional ultrametric concept of divergent phylogenetic tree and introduce a new type of non-ultrametric diagram to describe gene flows in terms of convergent branches. To provide an operational example, we examine the paleoanthropological issue of Neanderthal genome’s introgression in non-African humans. Neanderthals and ancient humans are not anymore two species that exchange chunks of DNA, rather become a novel cluster that must be considered by itself. Our converging, non-ultrametric phylogenetic trees permit the calibration of molecular clocks with a twofold benefit. When the date of the branching of two population/species from a common ancestor is known, our method allows to calculate the time of subsequent introgressions. On the contrary, when the date of the introgression between two population/species is known, our method allows to detect the time of their previous branching from a common ancestor.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Measuring the One-Way Speed of Light

Authors: Gabriel-Claudiu Grama
Comments: 1 Page. CC BY-SA

In this article, we present a method for measuring the one-way speed of light, for both flat (euclidean) and curved space (non-euclidean), with subtle differences in approach. So far, there is no solution for measuring the one-way speed of light, but there is for the two-way speed of light, where, in essence, only a mirror is used to reflect light back to where the light began it's journey, assuming that the speed of light is equal in all directions (which may not be true, according to Einstein).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Tentatives For Obtaining The Proof of The Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 70 Pages. A new chapter is added. Comments welcome.

This report presents a collection of some tentatives to obtain a final proof of the Riemann Hypothesis. The last paper of the report is submitted to a mathematical journal for review.
Category: Number Theory

Analyzing a Fundamental Equation Concerning the “Ramanujan's Letter to Hardy on 16.1.1913”. New Possible Mathematical Connections with the Cosmological Constant in Quantum Space-Time and with Some Topics of String Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 75 Pages.

In this paper, we analyze a fundamental equation concerning the “Ramanujan's Letter to Hardy on 16.1.1913”. We describe the new possible mathematical connections with the Cosmological Constant in Quantum Space-Time and with some topics of String Theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Bifurcations of the Higgs Potential and the Top Quark Mass

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 4 Pages.

We have recently conjectured that the Standard Model gauge group unfolds under successive bifurcations of the Higgs potential. This brief report points out that the maximal fixed-point solution of the bifurcation process corresponds to a top-antitop quark condensate.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Elementary Formulas For (Gamma(1/3))^3

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this note we give some formulas for (Gamma(1/3))^3 .
Category: General Mathematics

Seven Archimedean Circles with Six-Fold Symmetry for the Arbelos

Authors: Hiroshi Okumura
Comments: 3 Pages.

We show that there are seven Archimedean circles with 6-fold symmetry for the arbelos.
Category: Geometry

The New Tunisian Triangulation

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 30 Pages. In French.

Tunisian geodesy has known a multitude of geodetic systems giving different coordinates. On the occasion of the unification of these systems into a new system called "The New Tunisian Triangulation - NTT", we have written these notes for the attention of the technical assistants of the OTC to prepare them for the use of the new system and above all the question of switching from existing systems to the new NTT system.
Category: Geophysics

On the General Erd\h{o}s-Tur\'{a}n Additive Base Conjecture

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper we introduce a multivariate version of circles of partition introduced and studied in \cite{CoP}. As an application we prove a weaker general version of the Erd\H{o}s-Tur\'{a}n additive base conjecture. The actual Erd\H{o}s-Tur\'{a}n additive base conjecture follows from this general version as a consequence.
Category: Number Theory

Wave Phenomena - Lecture Notes

Authors: Eyal Buks
Comments: 203 Pages.

Wave Phenomena - Lecture Notes
Category: Classical Physics

Unidentified Infrared Discrete Emission Bands

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 7 Pages.

Unidentified Infrared emission bands (UIBs) are infrared discrete emissions from circumstellar regions, interstellar media (ISM), star-forming regions, and extragalactic objects for which the identity of the emitting materials is unknown. The main infrared features occur around peaks at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.2, and 12.7 μm with the photon’s rest energy at the peaks 0.376, 0.200, 0.161, 0.144, 0.111, and 0.098 eV, respectively. The UIB emission phenomenon has been studied for about 45 years. The prevailing hypothesis is that the materials responsible for UIB are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules. PAHs are thought to be one of the main forms in which carbon exists in space. And yet, not a single member of this group of compounds had been identified in space definitively until now [1]. In frames of Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM), we introduced Dark Matter (DM) particles, named DIONs, with the rest energy 0.199 eV and an energy density of 68.8% of the total energy density of the World. DIONs compose Outer shells of DM Supercluster’s Cores – the main objects of the World [2]. In this paper, we give an explanation of UIB emission based on the self-annihilation of DM particles DIONs and biDIONs (DIONs pairs) with a rest energy about 0.38 eV that depends on the binding energy. To the best of our knowledge, WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with UIB emission phenomenon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Ordered Sample Mean That's a Bit Like Simpson's Rule

Authors: D Williams
Comments: 2 Pages.

A "Simpson's Rule"-like Ordered Sample Mean is compared with the standard version. It appears to be better at least for small sample sizes. A related integral approximation is also given and tested against the Mid Point Rule. Other Types of Ordered Sample Means need investigating.
Category: Statistics

The Relationships of Material Existence, Time and Experienced or Experience-Able Reality.

Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 84 Pages.

A work that provides the metaphysical background that has been missing from physics. 3 premises are given, developed and supported with evidence. Definition of new terminology is given and used in explanations. A way of understanding both Foundational, existential, time and Emergent, experienced, time is set out. Defining and revealing the prevalence of Categorization error, Category differentiation error and Category omission error. Many puzzles and paradoxes are resolved. There is examination of truth values and the law of non contradiction in relation to objective material reality. Consideration of the accuracy of models of reality (maps). New terminology is introduced to categorize knowledge that has been found to be mistaken. Which will aid and ameliorate discussion of what is and isn’t justified knowledge.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Proof of the ABC Conjecture (in Russian)

Authors: Kurmet Sultan
Comments: 2 Pages.

The article provides a proof of the ABC conjecture, obtained using the generalized Euler and Fermat theorems, as well as modular arithmetic.
Category: Number Theory

Determination of the Energy Density of the Cosmological Constant with Planck Units and the Cosmological Constant.

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 2 Pages.

We propose a simple relation to obtain the density of the cosmological constant from the Planck units and the value of the cosmological constant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Oxford Concise Dictionary of Mathematics, Penguin Dictionary of Mathematics and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 26 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Oxford Concise Dictionary Of Mathematics by C. Clapham and J. Nicholson and the Penguin Dictionary of Mathematics By D. Nelson, separately.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised for both the dictionaries. We conclude that both the Dictionaries can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with βH = 0, in the absence of external magnetic field, H.β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: General Mathematics

Derivation of Characteristic Formulae Pertaining to an R-C-L Series Electrical Circuit.

Authors: Stephen C. Pearson
Comments: 12 Pages.

Whilst the aforesaid formulae are essentially algebraic in nature, their derivation, however, cannot be obtained simply by relying upon elementary algebraic techniques, as is evident from the contents of this particular paper. Subsequently, the author envisages that any professional electrical / electronics engineer should in his opinion be capable of understanding the concepts enunciated therein, bearing in mind that the study of real and complex valued analytic functions and their concomitant differential equations constitutes an integral part (inter alia) of his / her theoretical training.
Category: Classical Physics

Indirect Evidence That We Live In A Computer Simulation

Authors: Chris Allen Broka
Comments: 4 Pages.

We examine the possibility that we exist as part of a giant computer simulation. It is quantum field theory that is being simulated. We provide a simple model describing how this might work. If such is the case, a number of agreeable consequences follow. For one thing, it is possible to dispense with renormalization. For another, Haag's theorem is circumvented.
Category: Quantum Physics

Medllecta: Hematological Preventive Method (HPM) Part 2

Authors: Egger Mielberg
Comments: 24 Pages.

A complete dynamic model of the protein and, in particular, the enzymatic process of synthesis and degradation could significantly improve the quality of diagnosis of diseases of various etiologies at the earliest stages of their development. In this article, we describe our initial attempt to create the above model based on a radically new mathematical approach, Sense Logic [1] in terms of enzymatic kinetics.
Category: Biochemistry

Formula for the Prime-Counting Function

Authors: V. Barbera
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper presents an exact elementary formula for the prime-counting function and an exact formula for counting pairs of twin prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Question of Parity Non-Conservation in Weak Interactions

Authors: Zuodong Sun
Comments: 19 Pages.

In order to reasonably explain the phenomenon of cell bioelectricity, we proposed the conservation law of cell membrane area, established the ion inequality equation, and therefore paid attention to the mystery of "θ-τ". We researched and analyzed the "θ-τ" mystery, discussed the parity non-conservation in weak interactions, suggested possible experiments to test the parity non-conservation in weak interactions, and gave our research and analysis conclusions: The experimental scheme proposed by C. N. Yang and T. D. Lee in the hypothesis cannot be used as a positive evidence of whether the weak interaction parity is conserved, nor can it directly answer whether θ and τ in the "θ-τ" mystery are the same particle; The Co60 β decay experiment such as C. S. Wu is a pseudo-mirror experiment, and it has not overturned the so-called "parity conservation law" or proved the "parity non-conservation" in weak interactions; The "θ-τ" mystery is a "man-made" mystery. θ and τ are two different particles, which may be the result of the same precursor particle being divided into two. Parity conservation or non-conservation under mirror image has no physical significance. The work of C. N. Yang, T. D. Lee, C. S. Wu et al. have brought quantum physicists from the "Little black house" to the "Big black house" or "smaller black house". The right and wise choice is to go back through "the door that came in". With the development of science today, it is time for some contents to reform from the bottom.
Category: Quantum Physics

Bell State Measurement Locally Explained

Authors: Eugen Muchowski
Comments: 7 Pages.

Entangled quantum systems can connect to the environment by means of a Bell state measurement. This is true for instance for teleportation and entanglement swapping. While the results are well understood it is not quite clear if they involve nonlocal action or if they are determined in advance. Models based on the fact that the partners of an entangled pair have the same value of a statistical parameter do not apply here. Therefore, in this work a model is presented which reproduces the quantum mechanical predictions for expectation values with spin measurements, but is not based on shared statistical parameters. The coupling of the entangled particles is instead based on the conservation of the spin angular momentum. The model refutes Bell's theorem and explains teleportation and entanglement swapping in a local manner as well. Multilevel entanglements can also be explained locally by the model. The manuscript is thus a step forward towards a complete theory describing quantum physical reality as thought possible by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Crystalline Ether a Simple and Unified Explanation of the Theories of Modern Physics and of the Universe

Authors: Gérard Gremaud
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper summarizes how a new approach to the Universe based on the existence of a "crystalline ether", which has recently been detailed in two books, makes it possible to find a simple, unified and coherent explanation of all the theories of modern physics and of the Universe. The basic concepts of this approach can be summarized as follows: (i) the support of the Universe is a form of "crystalline ether" which consists of a solid and massive lattice, of facecentered cubic structure, with the simplest possible elasticity, and in which matter is represented by the set of topological singularities of this lattice (loops of dislocations, disinclinations and dispirations), and (ii) this lattice exclusively satisfies, in absolute space, the basic classical physical concepts that are Newton's law and the two principles of thermodynamics. With these basic classical concepts alone, we show that it is possible to find all the modern theories of physics, namely that the behaviors of this lattice (the Universe) and its topological singularities (the Matter) satisfy electromagnetism, special relativity, general relativity, gravitation, quantum physics, cosmology and even the standard model of elementary particles.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Laplace Limit Constant

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Laplace limit is the maximum value of the eccentricity for which a solution to Kepler's equation, in terms of a power series in the eccentricity,converges. It is approximately lambda=0.66274341...
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Legendre Conjecture – A Proposed Proof

Authors: Peter G. Bass
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Legendre Conjecture is herein proved by analysing the difference between the Prime Number Theorem for adjacent squares, and also by estimating the number ofncomposites between adjacent squares using a slight variation of the Prime Number Theorem.
Category: Number Theory

The Unification of the Tunisian Terrestrial Geodetic Networks and the Establishment of a New Plane Representation Explanatory Statement

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 27 Pages. In French.

This report is a new version of that of 2008. It is a statement of the reasons concerning the unification of the Tunisian terrestrial geodetic systems to meet the needs of the cartographic, topographic works and the installation of the geographical and cadastral information systems.
Category: Geophysics

What Is the Noosphere (in Russian)

Authors: V. A. Kasimov
Comments: 30 Pages.

In a storm and a thunderstorm, the Noosphere will be born, in the destruction of wars and famine, the manifestation of our Planet as a whole will be expressed for the first time and will be the first manifestation of the transition from the Biosphere to the Noosphere, in which Humanity will become a powerful geological force, where its thought, consciousness, mind can geologically manifest itself. V.I. Vernadsky

В буре и грозе родится Ноосфкра, в уничтожении войн и голода впервые выразится проявление нашей Планеты как целого и будет первым проявлением перехода из Биосферы в Ноосферу, в которой Человечество станет мощьной геологической силой, где сможет геологически проявиться его мысль, сознание, разум. В.И. Вернадский
Category: Geophysics

An Easy Proof of the Triangle Inequality

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 3 Pages. One major error corrected: the central inequality was less than should be greater than.

High school and undergraduate algebra and calculus textbooks don't provide a fast and easy proof of the triangle inequality. Here is a proof that seems relatively easy. It does require a little bit of logic, but that can be a plus.
Category: General Mathematics

Stellar Metamorphosis: Gas Giants Evolve Into Gas Dwarfs

Authors: Daniel Archer
Comments: 7 Pages.

In Stellar Metamorphosis gas giants evolve into gas dwarfs. In this paper it is shown why and how this happens, supporting evidence is provided and some predictions. I also provide more detail on the intermediate stage of grey dwarfs.
Category: Astrophysics

On the Density of Twin Prime Numbers

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 3 Pages.

Like prime numbers, twin prime numbers are randomly distributed on the number axis. There is no deterministic equation that can be accurately expressed, so we can only use the uncertain probability distribution for research. Based on the latest research results, this paper uses "probability statistics" and "prime number pair distribution theorem" to conduct a preliminary study on the distribution interval of twin prime numbers. The results show that twin prime numbers and the interval occupied by prime numbers gradually increase as the integer value increases.
Category: General Mathematics

A Stringy Model of Pointlike Particles

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 13 Pages. Published version: NPB (2022). Table 1 slightly clarified.

A previous supersymmetric preon scenario for visible matter particles is extended to the dark sector. In addition, the scenario is reformulated as a Double Field Theory (DFT) with four extra dimensions, to avoid a singular Big Bang in cosmology. T-duality and doubled local Lorentz symmetry of the model are genuine stringy properties. It is proposed that DFT preons may be an approximate pointlike projection of string theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Direct Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem Based on Even/odd Parity of Numbers

Authors: Mohamed Azzedine
Comments: 8 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

This is a Direct proof of Fermat's Last Theorem based on Even/Odd parity of numbers. It is short,direct and comprehensible by student in Mathematics and lovers of Mathematics.
Category: Number Theory

Direct Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem Based on Induction on Z not on N

Authors: Mohamed Azzedine
Comments: 6 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Direct proof of fermat's Last Theorem (x^n +y^n =z^n)based on Induction on z not on n. it is short, direct and comprehensible by student in Mathematics and lovers of Mathematics. It use mathematical tools of Fermat's era.
Category: Number Theory

Demonstration of a Technique to Construct a One-to-One Correspondence Between N and the Infinite Binary Decimals in (0,1)

Authors: Ron Ragusa
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper we will see how by varying the initial conditions of Cantor’s Diagonal Argument we can use the method to produce a one-to-one correspondence between the set of natural numbers and the set of infinite binary decimals in the open interval (0, 1). We concede that the initial list of infinite binary decimals is, in fact, incomplete and that the diagonal method does produce a number not contained in the list. Also, we’ll agree that there are an infinite number of binary decimal numbers in the interval that aren’t in the list. We will see how using the same diagonal method we can create infinitely many binary decimal numbers not initially contained in the interval and that each number we so create will correspond with one and only one natural number.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

About the Properties of Prime Numbers in the Form and

Authors: Shazly Abdullah
Comments: 9 Pages.

. In this study we used an algebraic method that uses elementary algebra and binomial theorem. To create series We used these series to study the prime numbers of the from ,We found several characteristics . for example, we proved If , p prime number and where then ( ) .We also obtained several results in finite series
Category: Number Theory

Analysis of Hubble Tension

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 5 Pages.

The results of measurements of Hubble constant H_0 , which characterizes the expansion rate of the universe, shows that the values of H_0 vary significantly depending on Methodology. The disagreement in the values of H_0 obtained by various teams far exceeds standard uncertainties provided with the values. This discrepancy is called Hubble Tension. In this paper, we discuss Macrostructures of the World and provide an explanation of Hubble Tension in frames of the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Visualizing the Extended Electron and Its Spin & Radiation in Magnetic Field ( the Spin Acceleration Radiation Coupling )

Authors: Hoa Van Nguyen
Comments: 10 Pages. 15 figures

This article presents illustrations of an extended model of the electron to visualize how and why the electron spins and radiates by an external magnetic field . The coupling of three physical features : spin , acceleration and radiation will be discussed .
Category: Classical Physics

Visualizing Spin & Radiation of the Extended Electron in Electric Field ( Emission & Absorption of Photons )

Authors: Hoa Van Nguyen
Comments: 14 Pages. 12

This article presents the illustrations that show how and why the electron spins and radiates in an external electric field . Bremsstrahlung & Cerenkov radiations, and the processes of Emission & Absorption of photons will be discussed .
Category: Classical Physics

Fundaments of a Theory of Aether – Part 3 Magnetic Field of Current-Carrying Coil Revealed with Computational Fluid Dynamics of Aether

Authors: Ionel Dinu
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this short communication it is announced the successful simulation of the magnetic field of a current-carrying coil using the methods of computational fluid dynamics on aether. The magnetic field lines correspond to the aether vortex lines obtained computationally. The magnetic field pattern is reproduced to great detail and some of the features missing in the magnetic field can be explained by observing the behavior of the field as it is generated by the electric current in the coil. The simulation is available on Youtube video platform.
Category: Classical Physics

The Binary Goldbach Conjecture Via the Notion of Signature

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper we prove the binary Goldbach conjecture. By exploiting the language of circles of partition, we show that for all sufficiently large $n\in 2\mathbb{N}$ \begin{align} \# \left \{p+q=n|~p,q\in \mathbb{P}\right \}>0.\nonumber \end{align}This proves that every sufficiently large even number can be written as the sum of two prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Notions of The Theory of Errors For The Technical Assistants

Authors: Magtouf Rezgui, Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 27 Pages. In French.

In this fascicle, we give some elements of the Theory of Errors for Technical Assistants working in the field of surveying and topography.
Category: Geophysics

X17 and the Dark Mark

Authors: Fabrizio Vassallo
Comments: 13 Pages.

Recent developments in particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology seem to converge towards the recognition of the existence of the QCD axion. Moreover, a substantial equivalence between the X17 boson and the QCD axion has been proposed. A description of X17 is suggested as a particle composed of four preons, from a model described in previous articles of ours. The paper ends by pointing to a possible application of results related to braiding and fusion statistics to this model.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Adding a Gravitational Waves Detector to the Double Slit Experiment

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 4 Pages.

“We choose to examine a phenomenon which is impossible, absolutely impossible, to explain in any classical way, and which has in it the heart of quantum mechanics” – Richard Feynman. This paper shows that when an elementary particle (electron, photon and proton) is not measured, it doesn’t have a momentum and location. This idea will be proven by a thought experiment combining double slit experiment with gravitational waves measurement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Relativity in Function Spaces and the Need for Fractional Exterior Calculus

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 8 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

We look at Lorentz transformations from the perspective of functional analysis and show that the theory of functional analysis so far has neglected a critical point by not taking into consideration inputs of functions when measuring distances in function spaces.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A New Relation Between Lerch's $\Phi$ and the Hurwitz Zeta

Authors: Jose Risomar Sousa
Comments: 6 Pages.

A new relation between the Lerch's transcendent, $\Phi$, and the Hurwitz zeta, $\zeta(k,b)$, at the positive integers is introduced. It is derived simply by inverting the relation presented in the precursor paper with one of two approaches (its generating function or the binomial theorem). This enables one to go from Lerch as a function of Hurwitz zetas (of different orders), to Hurwitz as a function of Lerches. A special case of this new functional equation is a relation between the Riemann's zeta function and the polylogarithm.
Category: Number Theory

The Relationship Between the φ(n) Function and Solutions of Diophantine Equations

Authors: Shazly Abdullah
Comments: 8 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin]

In this work we used an algebraic method that uses elementary algebra . To create series. We used the series and Euler function φ(n) to find solutions to some types of Diophantine equations such as p = dn - n + 1. We found a relationship between the solutions of the Diophantine equations and solutions of some types of congruences that use the φ(n) function. This relationship is the results that relate the solutions of congruence to the solution of the equations
Category: Number Theory

Time Crystals Considered as Ultra-Long-Term Binary Data Memory Storage

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 2 Pages.

The recent experimental demonstration of time crystals by leading technology labs has led to flurry of research and proposed applications. The concept of using time crystals as an ultra-long-term data memory storage mechanism is suggested in principle only.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

From Classical to the Quantum Motion of Strings

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 55 Pages. original article

We consider some problems concerning the classical string and the quantum strings which can have the deep physical meaning. We show that there is the asymmetry of the action and reaction in the string motion for the string with the left end fixed and the right end being in periodic motion. We derive also the quantum internal motion of this system. The quantization of the string with the interstitial massive defect is performed. The classical motion of uniformly accelerated string and its relation the Bell paradox is considered. We discuss the relation of this accelerated string to the Bell spaceship paradox involving the Lorentz contraction. It is evident that the acceleration of the string can be caused by gravity and we show that such acceleration causes the different internal motion of the string. Gravity can be described by the string medium in the Newton model of gravity. We show, that in case of the string model of gravity the motion of planets and Moon are oscillating along the classical trajectories In the string model of hadrons the quarks are treated to be tied together by a gluon tube which can be approximated by the tube of vanishing width, or by string. We apply the delta-function form of force to the left side of the string and calculate the propagation of the pulse in the system.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Projection Theory Part I Supplement 1: A New Definition of Time & the Calculation of the Speed of Light Based on the Electron Radius

Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 13 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

In the summary of the 1main part of this work it was stated that all physical constants investigated there, like G, μ0 ε0 or α can be represented over only three basic values, i.e., a minimum length smin, minimum time tmin and the radius of the electron re, as well as additionally the dimension factors fD4 and fD42 worked out especially for the projection theory. With this supplementary work, we have now succeeded in reducing the number of basic values to a single one, namely re, since the other two can be derived quite easily from this quantity. The minimum length smin, which was previously calculated via h and therefore corresponded from the value of the Compton wavelength for the proton, is now replaced by smin = re 2π2. The values of smin old and new have a relative deviation of 1.6 10-6, which is acceptable, but still subject to further consideration. For the conversion of tmin to a re-based expression, one must remember the important principle of projection theory that time in our projective reality corresponds to a length in the 4th dimension. A length in the third dimension can be transformed into a four-dimensional one simply by applying the power 4/3. It was postulated therefore for our basic values: re4/3 ≡ tmin re4/3 = ftime tmin The task was to calculate the proportionality constant ftime in a simple and independent way. In fact, this was accomplished in three ways. The first formula is based exclusively on π and the above-mentioned dimension factors. The second equation is a pure number construct, i.e., a geometrical series which contains only powers of ten and the factor 60 which is important for our time calculation. The third formula derives in the basic structure from the second one, but contains the important conversion factors of our time division system (1440 min/d, 86400 s/d) and a time reference from cosmology, the sidereal year in sidereal days. With these proportionality constants, the speed of light could be calculated with a relative error of 2 10-7, 1 10-9 and 5 10-11 in the order of the above enumeration of the factors.
Category: Classical Physics

About the Properties of Prime Numbers in the Form

Authors: Shazly Abdullah
Comments: 9 Pages. 9

In this study we used an algebraic method that uses elementary algebra and binomial theorem. To create series We used these series to study the prime numbers of the form , We found several characteristics . for example, we proved If , p prime number and where then ( ) .We also obtained several results in finite series.
Category: Number Theory

Minimum with Inequality Constraint Applied to Increasing Cubic, Logistic and Gomperz or Convex Quartic and Biexponential Regressions

Authors: Josef Bukac
Comments: 28 Pages.

We present a method of minimizing an objective function subject to an inequality constraint. It enables us to minimize the sum of squares of deviations in linear regression under inequality restrictions. We demonstrate how to calculate the coefficients of cubic function under the restriction that it is increasing, we also mention how to fit a convex quartic polynomial. We use such results for interpolation as a method for calculation of starting values for iterative methods of fitting some specific functions, such as four-parameter logistic, positive bi-exponential, or Gomperz functions. Curvature-driven interpolation enables such calculations for otherwise solutions to interpolation equations may not exist or may not be unique. We also present examples to illustrate how it works and compare our approach with that of Zhang (2020).
Category: Statistics

A Traffic Prediction Using Machine Learning: Literature Survey

Authors: Ji Yoon Kim
Comments: 4 Pages.

Accurate calculation of the commute cost is crucial for the government to decide whether housing subsidy will be provided to disadvantaged workers, or to create a new method that can reduce the commute cost of the disadvantaged workers by offering mass transit. Many studies have already proven that machine learning can predict traffic and commute times. Although different machine learning algorithms can be used, this study mainly uses Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), which are based on the Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) architecture.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Covariant Helmholtzian

Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 46 Pages.

The d'alembertian operator on vector doublets may be factored with a pair of four-by-four matrices via simple partial derivatives as elements. As a generalization of the d'alembertian operator,the Helmholtzian operator on vector doublets may be factored with a pair of four-by-four matrices via simple partial derivatives augmented by adding certain constants as elements thereto. The Covariant Helmholtzian operator generalizes these, where the elements of the pair of four-by-four matrices are covariant derivatives applying to the vector doublet operated on. Thus, the d'alembertian operator is a Covariant Helmholtzian operator operated in a flat rectangular Cartesian space; the Helmholtzian operator is a Covariant Helmholtzian operator operated in a space of curvature where all the Christoffel symbols are appropriate constants.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Com Quantum Laws of LIGO Signal

Authors: X. D. Dongfang
Comments: 7 Pages.

The academic circles over publicize the difficult process of LIGO exploring the signal and extracting the signal according to the predetermined target, which not only exposes the essence that such so-called scientific experiments are more like secret children's play, but also makes readers' attention far deviate from the important theme of how to use scientific methods to test whether LIGO signal is the gravitational wave generated in the process of spiral binary star merger, so as to blindly believe in science fiction news. What exact law should gravitational waves obey? Since LIGO gives the so-called observation data of gw150914 signal, as long as the accurate law obeyed by gw150914 signal is analyzed and compared with the accurate law of gravitational wave, an irrefutable scientific conclusion can be obtained. In fact, the gw150914 signal does not follow the relativistic Blanchet frequency equation of gravitational waves that LIGO likes to talk about (please refer to the paper: relativistic equation failure for LIGO signals). It has a unique law and seems to be a signal on the earth. However, further analysis shows that it has some specific differences from such signals on the earth. The comprehensive conclusion from multiple perspectives shows that the key operators of LIGO secretly extract data of the motion process of the simulation device to confuse the public and thus forge gw150914 gravitational wave, which is very likely. This paper accurately fits the com quantum law obeyed by gw150914 signal frequency. However, almost all famous mainstream academic journals unanimously refuse to publish such papers on the accurate analysis of the precise law of LIGO signal, and continue to publish more science fiction stories without experimental data analysis to further maintain lies. The author now offers a reward of 1 million yuan to reward scholars who strictly deduce the accurate co quantization law of gw150914 signal in theory rather than guessing through hypothesis. People who pursue truth all over the world unite to prevent the further spread of mainstream academic corruption that ignores academic morality, only seeks fame and wealth, cooperates in fraud and stifles truth. This reward is valid before the author publishes the core principles of COM quantum theory and is limited to the author's lifetime.
Category: Quantum Physics

Higher Multiplicative Series

Authors: Vishal Pandey
Comments: 12 Pages.

In the Fibonacci series, we have two numbers by adding them we get a series consisting of even and odd numbers in this it goes up to infinity we can track any n the number by Binet’s formula. I have just thought of the multiplication of the first two terms and continued till where I can go, it means that the first two terms in the form (a, b) we will continue the multiplication as we do the addition in the Fibonacci series. As a result, we will get the big integers from the 7th term approximately which is obvious by multiplying to its previous one it will come to a very big integer which cannot be accountable by some range. If we do the multiplication the first two terms will be the same however from the third term it can be written as the power of those integers in which the powers will be following the Fibonacci series in this we can also find the nth term for the multiplicative series. Here the first two terms will be in the same order as they will be given to find the series by changing the order it will violate the rule of the restricted term. The meaning of the restricted here is that the order of (a, b) will be the same throughout the calculation of the whole series we cannot alter that if we do so then it will not be a more restricted term. So there are two concepts in the multiplicative series restricted and non-restricted series. If the (a, b) is there and the operation is going on then it can be said as the restricted series if it is given (a, b) and asked for the (b, a) series then it is said as non-restricted series. I have considered 4 possible criteria to check the pairing of the variables (a, b). We will get to know about the series and also the nth term value of that series for all possible solutions.
Category: Algebra

Origin of the Excess and No Excess of Electron-Neutrinos in MiniBooNE and MicroBooNE, Respectively

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 4 Pages.

The atom-like structure of baryons, creation of virtual pairs, and different target-detector distances explain why, unlike the MiniBooNE data, the MicroBooNE results show no excess of electron-neutrinos and electron-antineutrinos. Our result, i.e. excess = 414.4 +- 59.0, is consistent with the MiniBooNE data.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Theory of Everything the Coriolis Force Results in the Quantum Theory

Authors: Helmut Schmidt
Comments: You can find more articles on the TOE and results on the QT, the planetary system and the cosmos on my homepage www.toe-photon.de

All physical laws relating to natural forces are based on the same principle F=e1 e2/r^a. The TOE, on the other hand, uses ratios. Nature is simple, with a single kind of particle, one dimension, the simplest possible law of energy E = 2^n i^t and the world is fractal. If one denotes r as the large radius, xy as the small radius and z as the deviation, there are only ratios. The polynomial rObjekt = r + (2pi) xy+(2pi)^2 z is the summary of the 3 dimensions of an object. The energy is not required for calculations with the TOE. The number of particles N and torques r, xy, z and w are sufficient. These relationships apply to 2 objects and one observer: NB / wB = N1 / w1 = N2 / w2 and NB / wB = N1 / w1 = N2 / w2 Using the Compton effect, c, h and G-factor were all calculated solely from the rotation of the earth, the equatorial earth radius and the polar earth radius. The G factor was calculated c = 4/(2pi) 6378,626^2 km^2 / day with an difference of 489 the equatorial radius of 6378.137 km. The G -factor was calculated as 2.002241 with an error of 2.002241 / G-factor = 0.999961. Masses of the proton, muon, and tauon were calculated. Proton:(2pi)^4+(2pi)^3+(2pi)^2-(2pi)^1 - 2 -1 - 2/pi - 2/pi^6 (1 - 2/pi^2- 2/pi^4 - 2/pi^6 (1+1/pi^2 (2pi - 1/4) ) )
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Mass Spectrum in General Models

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Within the framework of the technology of axioms of dynamic space-matter, it is possible to calculate the mass spectrum of elementary particles and the spectrum of atomic models in a single mathematical truth.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Solution of the Collatz Conjecture in the Tartaglia Triangle

Authors: Giovanni Di Savino
Comments: 2 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

With the Collatz algorithm it is not possible to process all natural numbers because we do not know: quantities and values ​​of even and odd numbers and all their factors. From Tartaglia's triangle we can detect odd numbers which are the sum of the results of the infinite powers of 2 which have an even index and which are also equal to the previous odd * 4 + 1. These are all the odd numbers that * 3 + 1 generate an even number that is the result of a base power 2 and even index 2 ^ (2 * n≥1) and that, the nth half, ends at 1 because ½ of 2 ^ 1 = 2 ^ 0 = 1.
Category: Number Theory

On the Development of Various Equations Concerning the Ramanujan Manuscript Book 1. New Possible Mathematical Connections with Several Topics Regarding the Dark Matter and the Supersymmetry Breaking.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 150 Pages.

In this research thesis, we analyze further equations concerning the Ramanujan Manuscript Book 1. We obtain new possible mathematical connections with several topics regarding the Dark Matter and the Supersymmetry Breaking.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Once Again About the Noosphere

Authors: V. A. Kasimov
Comments: 6 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

We would like to briefly stop and rethink the noospheric aspects in connection with the situation of the transition of the biosphere into the noosphere and, first of all, in connection with the world perception dualism: freedom and necessity.

Хотелось бы кратко остановиться и переосмыслить ноосферные аспекты в связи с ситуацией перехода биосферы в ноосферу и, в первую очередь, в связи с мировоззренческим дуализмом: свобода и необходимость.
Category: Geophysics

Our Collapsing Friedman Universe

Authors: William Q. Sumner
Comments: 6 Pages.

In 1907 using special relativity, Albert Einstein proved that vacuum permittivity, ε, changes in accelerating coordinate reference frames. ε is the scalar in Maxwell’s equations that determines the speed of light and the strength of electrical fields. In 1952, Møller confirmed Einstein’s discovery by proving that ε is a function of the curvature of static spacetimes. In 1994, Sumner proved that ε changes with the curvature of Friedmann spacetime. Photon energies are proportional to ε, but the energies of photons emitted by atoms are proportional to ε^2. This difference reverses the interpretation of Hubble redshifts. Hubble redshifts only result when a Friedmann universe is collapsing. This is confirmed by the Pantheon redshift data fit of 1048 supernovas with a negative Hubble constant Ho =-72.10±0.75 km s−1 Mpc−1 and a deceleration parameter 1/2 < q_o < 0.51. The velocity of light in Friedmann geometry is inversely proportional to the radius of the universe. The velocity of light was infinite at the Big Bang and decreased to zero at maximum size when the universe began to collapse. The velocity of light is now accelerating towards infinity. Its current value is c. Collapse will be complete in 9.05 billion years. The current age of the universe is estimated to be 1.54 x 10^4 billion years.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology