All Submission Categories

Communication by Analogue Optical Wireless Audio Transmission

Authors: Evan Pacini
Comments: 25 Pages. Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Light, sound waves, how they are used to communicate. The advantages and applications of optical wireless communication, when compared to radio. How I designed and built an analogue optical wireless audio transmission system.
Category: Classical Physics

New Evolutionary Computation Models and their Applications to Machine Learning

Authors: Mihai Oltean
Comments: 170 Pages.

Automatic Programming is one of the most important areas of computer science research today. Hardware speed and capability have increased exponentially, but the software is years behind. The demand for software has also increased significantly, but it is still written in old fashion: by using humans. There are multiple problems when the work is done by humans: cost, time, quality. It is costly to pay humans, it is hard to keep them satisfied for a long time, it takes a lot of time to teach and train them and the quality of their output is in most cases low (in software, mostly due to bugs). The real advances in human civilization appeared during the industrial revolutions. Before the first revolution, most people worked in agriculture. Today, very few percent of people work in this field. A similar revolution must appear in the computer programming field. Otherwise, we will have so many people working in this field as we had in the past working in agriculture. How do people know how to write computer programs? Very simple: by learning. Can we do the same for software? Can we put the software to learn how to write software? It seems that is possible (to some degree) and the term is called Machine Learning. It was first coined in 1959 by the first person who made a computer perform a serious learning task, namely, Arthur Samuel. However, things are not so easy as in humans (well, truth to be said - for some humans it is impossible to learn how to write software). So far we do not have software that can learn perfectly to write software. We have some particular cases where some programs do better than humans, but the examples are sporadic at best. Learning from experience is difficult for computer programs. Instead of trying to simulate how humans teach humans how to write computer programs, we can simulate nature.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Multi Expression Programming

Authors: Mihai Oltean, D. Dumitrescu
Comments: 28 Pages. Technical Report, Babes-Bolyai Univ. 2002

Multi Expression Programming (MEP) is a new evolutionary paradigm intended for solving computationally difficult problems. MEP individuals are linear entities that encode complex computer programs. MEP chromosomes are represented in the same way as C or Pascal compilers translate mathematical expressions into machine code. MEP is used for solving some difficult problems like symbolic regression and game strategy discovering. MEP is compared with Gene Expression Programming (GEP) and Cartesian Genetic Programming (CGP) by using several well-known test problems. For the considered problems MEP outperforms GEP and CGP. For these examples MEP is two magnitude orders better than CGP.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Existence and Perception as the Basis of AGI (Artificial General Intelligence)

Authors: Victor Senkevich
Comments: 12 Pages. A slightly expanded version...

I believe that AGI (Artificial General Intelligence), unlike current AI models must operate with meanings / knowledge. This is exactly what distinguishes it from neural network based AI. Any successful AI implementations (playing chess, self-driving, face recognition, etc.) in no way operate with knowledge about the objects being processed and do not recognize their meanings / cognitive structure. This is not necessary for them, they demonstrate good results based on pre-training. But for AGI, which imitates human thinking, the ability to operate with knowledge is crucial. Numerous attempts to define the concept of "meaning" have one very significant drawback - all such definitions are not rigorous and formalized, therefore they cannot be programmed. The procedure of searching for meaning / knowledge should use a formalized determination of its existence and possible forms of its perception, usually multimodal. For the practical implementation of AGI, it is necessary to develop such "ready-to-code" formalized definitions of the cognitive concepts of "meaning", "knowledge", "intelligence" and others related to them. This article attempts to formalize the definitions of such concepts.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Evolving Evolutionary Algorithms using Multi Expression Programming

Authors: Mihai Oltean, Crina Grosan
Comments: 8 Pages. The 7th European Conference on Artificial Life, September 14-17, 2003, Dortmund, Edited by W. Banzhaf (et al), LNAI 2801, pp. 651-658, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2003.

Finding the optimal parameter setting (i.e. the optimal population size, the optimal mutation probability, the optimal evolutionary model etc) for an Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) is a difficult task. Instead of evolving only the parameters of the algorithm we will evolve an entire EA capable of solving a particular problem. For this purpose the Multi Expression Programming (MEP) technique is used. Each MEP chromosome will encode multiple EAs. An nongenerational EA for function optimization is evolved in this paper. Numerical experiments show the effectiveness of this approach.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Tower Function and Applications

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper we study an extension of the Euler totient function to the rationals and explore some applications. In particular, we show that \begin{align} \# \{\frac{m}{n}\leq \frac{a}{b}~|~m\leq a,~n\leq b,~\gcd(m,a)=\gcd(n,b)=1,~\gcd(n,a)>1\nonumber \\~\vee~\gcd(m,b)>1~\vee ~\gcd(m,n)>1\}=\sum \limits_{\substack{\frac{m}{n}\leq \frac{a}{b}\\mn\leq ab\\m>a,n\leq b~\vee~m\leq a,n>b~\vee~\gcd(m,n)>1\\ \gcd(mn,ab)=1}}1\nonumber \end{align} provided $\gcd(a,b)=1$.
Category: Number Theory

Seeking the Analytic Quaternion

Authors: Colin Walker
Comments: 12 Pages.

By combining the complex analytic Cauchy-Riemann derivative with the Cayley-Dickson construction of a quaternion, possible formulations of a quaternion derivative are explored with the goal of finding an analytic quaternion derivative having conjugate symmetry. Two such analytic derivatives can be found. Although no example is presented, it is suggested that this finding may have significance in areas of quantum mechanics where quaternions are fundamental, especially regarding the enigmatic phenomenon of complementarity, where a quantum process seems to present two essential aspects.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Geometric Approach to Quantum Gravity Idea

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 1 Page. Final Version

I will explore in brief a simple geometry that could unify quantum physics with general relativity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Why Would Aliens Come to Earth?

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 5 Pages.

Why would aliens come to Earth?
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Evolutionary Elongation of Purine Stretches in the Genome and Their Possible Role in Resonance Signaling

Authors: Ivan Savelev, Anton Klimov, Alexander Samchenko, Lev Shishkin, Liliya Yulmetova, Oksana Polesskaya, Vitalina Bashinskaya, Alexander Voronka, Alexander Vetcher, Richard Alan Miller, Alena Naumova, Max Myakishev-Rempel
Comments: 8 Pages.

The concept of electromagnetic signaling in biological tissues has been around almost since Hertz's experiment proving the existence of electromagnetic waves. Although electromagnetic signaling would better explain the speed and precision of the work of the genome and coordination between the cells than chemical signaling, molecular mechanisms and experimental evidence for it are insufficient. Recently, we proposed that DNA, being the central program of life and a very stable substance, is directly involved in electromagnetic signaling and that its sequences harbor sequence-dependent electromagnetic oscillators. We also proposed two types for sequence-dependent electromagnetic oscillation - the ones that include delocalized negative and positive charges. The first type is proposed to occur in purine stretches in DNA, i.e. stacks of purine bases (A and G) with electron clouds delocalized within stacked aromatic rings. Here, we utilized the public data on genetic variations in genomes of several biological species to test the evolutionary pressure on the length of purine stretches. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) replacing a purine with pyrimidine would disrupt the purine stack and the corresponding delocalized electron cloud and thus impact its oscillation frequency. As a result, it was demonstrated that there is a consistent evolutionary pressure towards the elongation of purine stretches in the genomes of the human and all other tested species. Additional analysis demonstrated that this pressure is independent of the bias caused by unequal chemical nucleotide lability and is therefore genuinely caused by the functional evolutionary advantage of longer purine stretches. This offers additional support for the proposed mechanisms of electromagnetic signaling in the genome.
Category: Physics of Biology

ANN Synthesis and Optimization of Electronically Scanned Coupled Planar Periodic and Aperiodic Antenna Arrays Modeled by the MoM-GEC Approach

Authors: B. Hamdi, A. Nouainia, T. Aguili, H. Baudrand
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper proposes a new formulation that relied on the moment technique combined with the equivalent circuit (MoM-GEC) to study a beamforming application for the coupled periodic and quasi-periodic planar antenna array. Numerous voltage designs are utilized to show the adequacy and unwavering quality of the proposed approach. The radiators are viewed as planar dipoles and consequently shared (mutual) coupling effects are considered. The recommended array shows a noticeable improvement against the current structures as far as size, 3-D scanning, directivity, SLL reduction, and HPBW. The results verify that multilayer feed-forward neural networks are vigorous and can take care of complex antenna problems. Even so, an artificial neural network (ANN) is ready to create quickly the results of optimization and synthesis by utilizing generalization with an early stopping method. Significant gain in the running time consumption and memory used is acquired employing this last technique for improving generalization (named early stopping). Simulation results are carried out using MATLAB. To approve this work, several simulation examples are shown.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

An Alternative Angle

Authors: Richard Harris
Comments: 2 Pages.

An alternative, but equivalent, form of Riemann Hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

The Energy Spectra of Cosmic Rays Protons, the Origin of Gluons, and the Mechanism of Baryon Generation.

Authors: Osvaldo F. Schilling
Comments: 9 Pages.

The generation of hadrons for the past sixty years, has been dealt with through a framework of theories devised to describe the socalled Strong interactions. About two years ago the author put forward an essentially quantum-electrodynamical model for the same purpose. The present paper contains the latest development in the interpretation of those results. and we reached a point in which a bridge can be extended to existing theories. The main result of our previous work has been the determination of an energetic interval of 2.7 GeV between a “vacuum” parent state and the proton rest energy. The full interpretation of this finding is that this is the energy advantage ( calculated from a Regularization procedure) that stabilizes charge ( the baryons) confined in the shape of loops by correlating EM excitations at 3.7 GeV. That is, we have been able to establish that these EM excitations are in fact the GLUONS of high-energy physics, and they come straight from relativistic-quantum electrodynamics through the Regularization procedure of loop energies. The value 2.7 GeV obtained from Regularization is of the correct magnitude to explain the difference between the strngth of Strong and EM interactions( 15 against 1/137). The size of a proton can also be approximately deduced from our arguments.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Four-Operator Algebra

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper I am going to present a new algebra based in four different operators. As you can imagine the first three operators are the basic and existing: addition, product and power. The fourth is which I am going to develop based in the idea of Graham's number. Also I will to explain the inverse definition for the main three operators and introduce the concept of the inverse of the fourth. Even I will explain some characteristics of this four operator and its inverse.
Category: Algebra

The Human Oral-Cavity-na-ac-Hypothalamic Axis on the Developing of Emotional Intelligence, Creativity and Innovation

Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 21 Pages. 9 figures

7-transmembrane (7TM)-hormonal receptors with by noradrenaline (NA) bind activate adenylate cyclase (AC). The dendrites at the oral-cavity of NA-AC-Hypothalamic (OC-NA-AC-HT) axis have axons across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Its function is to modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HTPA) axis and its secretions into the capillary arterioles irrigating the oral cavity. The atrophy of the mammalian olfactory bulb lead humans into motor and re-adaptive brain needs. Thus, an emotional brain develops at human nurturing age. Thus, saliva hormonal communication of infants conditions by dopamine exchanges as behavioral reward. The cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein via stimulatory or inhibitory receptors (Rs and Ri) on G protein phosphorylation could stimulate signaling rewards during stages of neuronal plasticity, allowing mechanisms for conectomas development. Moreover, nurturing as a basal period allows reconfiguration of the structures of the brain itself like to 3 times improvement of the velocity of impulse transmission by axons myelination at important pathways. Infants manifest a functional amygdala and hippocampus when still have an under develop frontal brain. Emotional learning allows to bypass genetic constrains to obtain a self-cognitive level, which links to family and society experience at the unconscious level. Conformational changes release O2 from the 4 Hemes and 2Mg2+ during deoxygenation. Mutual exclusion allows the movement of His β_2 143 to the new domain by the confluence of the positive R groups surrounding the single cavity for 2,3-DPG5- of the deoxyHb structure. Nascent Mg2+ dynamics drive Na+/K+ membrane translocation for electrogenic action potential. The H-bonds breakdown and reconstitution involved in the conformational change, showed the energy flow sequence by mutual exclusion in oxy to deoxyHb, blood-plasma to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and AC conformational change from hydrophilic to hydrophobic domains. A mechanism by a switch on/off by Mg2+-cAMP coordinative insertion to open DNA in a 3 helix transitory structure with bases pointed externally. Hence, allowing a localized transcription for induce gene and phenotype expression. The initial 16.33 molarity of (H_2 O)_(n=3.4) by H-bonds exhaustion retains randomness. The kinetics energy of solvation provides a polarity scale for unidirectional unitary sense circulatory flow for the thermogenic transitions dissipation to exclude organismal entropy. The direct link to oral cavity allows an autonomous emotional human brain. The non-polar sides tends at microtubules to generate a coherence water superposition as dimers (H_2 O~OH_2), with kinetic energy when reach the oral cavity is exhaled as a 5% vapor.
Category: Biochemistry

Motion From a Particle's Point of View: Relativistic Mechanics

Authors: Blazej Kot
Comments: 12 Pages.

Motion has traditionally been defined extrinsically, as the change in the position of an object, such as a particle, over time. In previous work titled "Motion From a Particle's Point of View: An Interpretation of the Double Slit Experiment" we argued that this definition of motion is incomplete and that it is using it which leads to the "weirdness" of quantum mechanics, as exemplified by the double slit experiment. We proposed an alternative intrinsic definition of motion, using which we claimed quantum mechanics can be understood without weirdness. In this paper, we extend this previous work, which only considered constant-speed motion of a single particle, to the case of: first, multiple particles in constant-speed motion; and, second, the case of multiple accelerating, that is, interacting, particles. We show we can in this way recover the key equations and phenomena of both special and general relativity. By showing that the intrinsic definition of motion underlies the theories of special and general relativity, as well as quantum mechanics, we propose it may be of use in developing a theory of quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Zero Represents Impossibility From the Viewpoint of Division by Zero

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this note, by using an elementary property of reproducing kernels, we will show that zero represents impossibility from the viewpoint of the division by zero.
Category: General Mathematics

Bayesian Inference Via Generalized Thermodynamic Integration

Authors: F. Llorente, L. Martino, D. Delgado
Comments: 17 Pages.

The idea of using a path of tempered posterior distributions has been widely applied in the literature for the computation of marginal likelihoods (a.k.a., Bayesian evidence). Thermodynamic integration, path sampling and annealing importance sampling are well-known examples of algorithms belonging to this family of methods. In this work, we introduce a generalized thermodynamic integration (GTI) scheme which is able to perform a complete Bayesian inference, i.e., GTI can approximate generic posterior exceptions (not only the marginal likelihood). Several scenarios of application of GTI are discussed and different numerical simulations are provided.
Category: Statistics

A New Phenomenon: Turbo Self Injection New Edition

Authors: Leonid Kanevskyy
Comments: 17 Pages. The paper contains the introduction and the abstract in English, the rest of the paper - in German

The main factors of this new phenomenon are: A throttling water jet through the throttling opening, diameter 2,45 mm, with the speed 21,2 meter pro second hits at a distance from throttling point 30 mm the dead impact wall. The impact turns instantly the throttling water jet into the circular flow, that is rotating in a vortical manner around the mixing chamber longitudinal axis with the speed of rotation 122 revolutions pro second.(s, the miniature injector LK26M, Charts 5). With sufficient large air intake openings, the increase of the vortex flow speed, the suction pressure of the circular, vortex flow forestall the static pressure increase in the filling in the chamber circular flow, that is directing to the air intake openings, as a result – water run out of air intake openings is impossible and only air is being sucked in the mixing chamber, the circular flow is accelerated and in a fraction of a second stabilized.
Category: Classical Physics

Looping and Divergence in the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Jai Sharma, Akshat Jha, Sambhabi Bose, Garrett Heller, Nick Castro
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, we investigate the possible scenarios in which a number does not satisfy the Collatz Conjecture. Specifically, we examine numbers which may have a looping Collatz reduction sequence as well as numbers which may lead to a diverging Collatz reduction sequence. In order to investigate these, we look at the parity of the numbers in a general Collatz reduction sequence. Further, we examine cases in which these parity cycles repeat themselves infinitely in the reduction sequence. Through the research conducted in the paper, we formulate a necessary condition for looping in the Collatz Conjecture. We also prove that if a number has a diverging reduction sequence, then it must generate an infinite non-repeating parity cycle.
Category: General Mathematics

Ip(in)=in

Authors: Viola Maria Grazia
Comments: 1 Page.

In this page I will prove that IP(IN)=IN using the Zermelo’s natural Numbers costruction.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Groundbreaking Testable Quantum Theory of Gravity That Provides the Essential Components Needed in Calculating the Energy of Blackholes at Singularities

Authors: Samuel Pierre Moss II
Comments: 22 Pages.

This is an introduction to a new concept of quantum gravity that seamlessly merges General Relativity to the Standard Model. Based upon a novel patent-pending magnetic confinement method that was designed to emulate how our sun confines and rotates charged particles about a singularity; this confinement method uses a collective of off-centered confinement coils that are directed to curve rotating charged particles about a singularity in a way that allows charged particles to relatively accelerate from geodesic deviation. With this confinement method the subtle Relative Accelerated Energy (RAE) from deviating charged particles has the capability to be focused and exponentially increased relative to the mass energy of a closed system; which allows for a simple pathway to understand how blackholes operate at their singularities. While in the pursuit of proving that this novel method of confinement mimics how our sun operates; I was also able to develop a logical explanation of how our sun reverses its magnetic poles and cycles using the core principles of Michael Faraday. If this concept of quantum gravity is correct, there is a simple explanation for the additional observed gravitational force about the galaxies that are said to obtain dark matter. In short, this theory of quantum gravity has the potential to fully discredit the existence of theorized dark matter with a simple experiment.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Effective Sample Size Approximations as Entropy Measures

Authors: L. Martino, V. Elvira
Comments: 31 Pages.

In this work, we analyze alternative effective sample size (ESS) metrics for importance sampling algorithms, and discuss a possible extended range of applications. We show the relationship between the ESS expressions used in the literature and two entropy families, the Renyi and Tsallis entropy. The Renyi entropy is connected to the Huggins-Roy's ESS family introduced in [22]. We prove that that all the ESS functions included in the Huggins-Roy's family fulfill all the desirable theoretical conditions. We analyzed and remark the connections with several other fields, such as the Hill numbers introduced in ecology, the Gini inequality coefficient employed in economics, and the Gini impurity index used mainly in machine learning, to name a few. Finally, by numerical simulations, we study the performance of different ESS expressions contained in the previous ESS families in terms of approximation of the theoretical ESS definition, and show the application of ESS formulas in a variable selection problem.
Category: Statistics

How the er = Epr, GR = QM and Ads/cft Correspondence Conjectures, Can be Explained in Multi-Fold Theory, Along with the E/g Conjecture. a Call to the Physics Community!

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 3 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/

This paper is a call to the Physics community, to all those interested in ER = EPR, GR = QM and the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture, you should consider how the multi-fold theory and the E/G conjecture explain and realize them in a multi-fold universe. In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical models remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting into what we defined as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without New Physics other than gravity, i.e. no new particles or forces. These considerations hints at an even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model. This paper provides references to how AdS(5), the AdS/CFT correspondences, ER=EPR and GR=QM conjectures are encountered in a multi-fold universe and explained microscopically. It leads to the E/G conjecture, that gravity and entanglement explain one another even in our real universe. Outside multi-fold theories, the main additions that we provide and lead to the new interpretation, e.g. the E/G conjecture, come from i) multi-fold mechanisms that allow path integrals to include traversing of the multi-fold, something typically not considered with the wormholes models prevalent with these other conjecture because of transferability challenges in the real universe ii) a SMG model where in-flight right-handed neutrinos suddenly allow for wormhole to be traversed and look like multi-fold even in our real universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Operator Evolution Equations of Angular Motion Law

Authors: X. D. Dongfang
Comments: 9 Pages.

Quantum mechanics based on Planck hypothesis and statistical interpretation of wave function has achieved great success in describing the discrete law of micro motion. However, the idea of quantum mechanics has not been successfully used to describe the discrete law of macro motion, and the causality implied in the Planck hypothesis and the application scope of the basic principles of quantum mechanics have not been clarified. In this paper, we first introduce the angular motion law and its application, which seems to be of no special significance as a supplement to the perfect classical mechanics, but plays an irreplaceable role in testing whether the core mathematical procedure of quantum mechanics of operator evolution wave equation satisfies the unitary principle. Then, the operator evolution wave equations corresponding to the angular motion law are discussed, and the necessity of generalized optimization of differential equations are illustrated by the form of ordinary differential equations. Finally, the real wave equation which is superior to the Schr\"{o}dinger equation in physical meaning but not necessarily the ultimate answer is briefly introduced. The implicit conclusion is that Hamiltonian can not be the only inevitable choice of constructing wave equation in quantum mechanics, and there is no causal relationship between operator evolution wave equation and quantized energy in bound state system, which indicates that whether the essence of quantum mechanics can be completely revealed is the key to unify macro and micro quantized theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Mass Converted from the Energy of Motion

Authors: Vishal Pandey
Comments: 7 Pages.

In the General Theory of Relativity it is being introduced that the energy of motion is converted to the mass of that particle or matter or we can say that are interchangeable. It has a wide range use in the nuclear physics. The whole equation E = mc2 is a relativistic mass-energy equivalence and the term “mass” is also relativistic in nature. In special relativity, however, the energy of a body at rest is determined to be mc2 . Thus, each body of rest mass m possesses mc2 of “rest energy,” which potentially is available for conversion to other forms of energy. Here we initiated a equation from this if the Energy of motion has a vector form and it is in 3D space model as we know the energy of motion converted it to mass here we can do it by quantum mechanics. We think of that if the energy of motion is equal to the kinetic energy (time-independent equation from the Schrödinger equations) then we can solve the vector form of the energy and can find how much mass is being converted from the energy of motion(vector form). Here we have taken the kinetic energy from the Schrödinger equations not that from kinematics if we do then the speed of light will be equal to the velocity of that particle, which is violating the law of relativity thus I used the Schrödinger equations for simplicity .We got the equation and we have to do some calculation of the partial differentials and if the value of M 0 is coming to be negative then the particle doesn’t exist and else we can find the mass converted and also the existence of that particle or matter of the universe. By this process, we can get the mass, the existence of matter/particle in this universe for that instance. We can use it if the energy is in the vector form and given some distance traveled in vacuum/air for some definite time we will get the desired result of mass.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Hypothesis of Space Debris Removal

Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: 2 Pages.

Satellites with a laser could hit space debris to reduce the debris velocity using the photons impulse, without ablation
Category: Classical Physics

Set Theory NC_{∞^{}}^{} Based on Bivalent Infinitary Logic with Restricted Modus Ponens Rule. Basic Real Analysis on External Non-Archimedean Field ℝ_{c}^{}. Basic Complecs Analysis on External Field ℂ_{c}^{}=ℝ_{c}^{}[i].

Authors: Jaykov Foukzon
Comments: 132 Pages.

In this paper we deal with set theory NC_{∞}^{} based on gyper infinitary logic with Restricted Modus Ponens Rule [1]-[3].The main goal of this paper is to present basic analysis on external non Archimedean field ℝ_{c}^{}.The non Archimedean external field ℝ_{c}^{} consist of Cauchy hyperreals.The non-Archimedean external field ℝ_{c}^{#}≠┊^{∗}ℝ┊ is obtained as generalized Cauchy completion of non-Archimedean field ℚ^{#} or ^{∗}ℚ.In order to obtain such completion we deal with external hyper infinite Cauchy sequences {x_{n}}_{n∈ℕ^{#}},{x_{n}}_{n∈┊^{∗}ℕ┊}.We have emphasised that such external Cauchy sequences defined external hyperreal numbers in natural way. Basic Analysis on External Non-Archimedean Field ℝ_{c}^{#} is considered.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Unified Quantum Gravity Field Equation Describing the Universe from the Smallest to the Cosmological Scales

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 13 Pages.

This paper introduces a new quantum gravity field equation that is derived from collision space-time. It show how changes in energy (collision-space) is linked to changes in matter (collision-time). This field equation can be written in several different forms. Gravity, at the deepest level, is linked to change in gravitational energy over the Planck time. In our view, this is linked to the collision between two indivisible particles, and this collision has a duration of the Planck time. We also show how an equation of the universe, that was recently derived from relativistic Newtonian theory, can also be derived in a new way from the quantum gravity field equation presented in this paper. This equation gives a new explanation for a cosmological redshift that does not seem to be related to expanding space or the big bang hypothesis. Also, the approximately 13.9 billion years of the Hubble time do not seem to be at all related to the age of the universe, but to the collision time of the mass in the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Standard Model and Six-Dimensional Space

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 4 Pages.

The standard model of particle physics is divided into three generation particles. Applying the parabolic equation to the logarithmic values of particles, a special rule is found. From the three generation of neutrinos, it is calculated that space is six-dimensions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Cause of Muon g-2 Experiment Results

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 2 Pages.

In previous study, it was proved that the muon of 105.658 MeV is composed of the oscillating muon and tau neutrino masses of 4.912 MeV and the oscillating photon and gluon masses of 21.51 eV. The mass of quantum particle must be calculated logarithmically. The ratio of two masses is 0.000004378. The muon g-factor of standard model is 2.0023318 3620. The g-factor of experiment is 2.0023318 4122, and the g-factor calculated in this paper is 2.0023318 4130. Above two values are almost same. The muon g-2 experiment results prove that muon is not an elementary particle but a combination particle.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Suggestion of New Standard Model

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 9 Pages.

All things are composed of six fundamental particles: electron neutrino 0.1524 eV, muon neutrino 169.06 keV, tau neutrino 15.408 MeV, graviton 2.506E-10 eV, photon 0.1609 eV, and gluon 115.32 eV. All the other particles are the combined particles. They operate as logarithmic elliptic equations, which satisfy super symmetry, gauge symmetry, renormalization, spontaneous symmetry breaking, hierarchical problem, and fine-tuning universe. From this, a new standard model is drawn. The language of physics is drawing, not mathematics. Various unsolved problems in physics are solved when the shape of every particle is accurately drawn. The core is two. 1) The compressive strength of three-dimensional quantum space formed as log-elliptic equation gives the particle mass. 2) The brane of quantum space is composed of dipoles of a total of 6 components: three generation neutrinos, graviton, photon, and gluon. Based on this, all problems in physics will be solved.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Maximality of Linear Operators

Authors: Mohammed Meziane
Comments: 80 Pages.

In this thesis, we show some maximality results about non-necessarily bounded linear operators.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Binomial Series and Its Applications in Congruences

Authors: Shazly Abdullah
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this study we used an algebraic method that uses elementary algebra and binomial theorem. To create binomial series ( ) ( ) ( ).This is a type of series that has several properties in variables such as if then ( ) ( ) where ( ) We used these series to prove results in congruences for example,we proved If , where ( ) m,n and ( ) then ( ) ( ) .We also obtained several results in finite series
Category: Number Theory

Square Roots of Boudned Operators

Authors: Mohammed Hichem Mortad
Comments: 10 Pages.

This is part of some lectures about square roots of bounded operators.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Proof of Riemann Hypothesis (3)

Authors: Toshihiko Ishiwata
Comments: 34 Pages.

This paper is a trial to prove Riemann hypothesis according to the following process. 1. We make (N+1)/2 infinite series from one equation that gives ζ(s) analytic continuation and 2 formulas (1/2+a+bi, 1/2−a−bi) that show non-trivial zero point of ζ(s). (N = 1, 3, 5, 7, · · · · · · ) 2. We find that a cannot have any value but zero from the above infinite series by performing N → ∞. 3. Therefore non-trivial zero point of ζ(s) must be 1/2 ± bi.
Category: Number Theory

Time-Domains as the Foundation for Classical Mechanics, the Relativity of Moving Objects, and the Known Field Forces, Presenting the Case for a Unified Field Theory

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 36 Pages.

Presented here is an empirical time-domain basis for classical mechanics and the associated derivation of c (where at c time=0) as a constant for the unique and independent references of non-zero mass bodies in relative motion. Here, general relativity shall be analysed and those energy requirements which lead to the cosmological constant problem and associated requirement for dark energy. To resolve the cosmological constant problem a new basis for the causality of mass and gravity as a new over-arching temporal scheme of cause-effect shall be presented as one that upholds the time-domain datum reference of physical phenomena of time-now, explaining why physical phenomena is associated exclusively to the time-now time-domain. Here also shall be derived the basis for the equivalence principle and associated conservation of momentum principle. In this process of derivation shall be presented a solution to the ”proton radius puzzle” also forming the basis for cosmic ray (solar wind) generation. Upon all of such shall be derived the known field forces with their empirical basis revealed, presenting the case for a unified field theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

An Exact Formula for the Prime Counting Function

Authors: Jose R. Sousa
Comments: 21 Pages.

This paper discusses a few main topics in Number Theory, such as the M\"{o}bius function and its generalization, leading up to the derivation of a neat power series for the prime counting function, $\pi(x)$. Among its main findings, we can cite the extremely useful inversion formula for Dirichlet series (given $F_a(s)$, we know $a(n)$, which may provide evidence for the Riemann hypothesis, and enabled the creation of a formula for $\pi(x)$ in the first place), and the realization that sums of divisors and the M\"{o}bius function are particular cases of a more general concept. One of its conclusions is that it's unnecessary to resort to the zeros of the analytic continuation of the zeta function to obtain $\pi(x)$.
Category: Number Theory

Lerch's Φ and the Polylogarithm at the Positive Integers

Authors: Jose Risomar Sousa
Comments: 17 Pages.

We review the closed-forms of the partial Fourier sums associated with $HP_k(n)$ and create an asymptotic expression for $HP(n)$ as a way to obtain formulae for the full Fourier series (if $b$ is such that $|b|<1$, we get a surprising pattern, $HP(n) sim H(n)-sum_{kge 2}(-1)^kzeta(k)b^{k-1}$). Finally, we use the found Fourier series formulae to obtain the values of the Lerch transcendent function, $Phi(e^z,k,b)$, and by extension the polylogarithm, $mathrm{Li}_{k}(e^{z})$, at the positive integers $k$.
Category: Number Theory

Lerch's Φ and the Polylogarithm at the Negative Integers

Authors: Jose R. Sousa
Comments: 10 Pages. I improved the writing and fixed typos

At the negative integers, there is a simple relation between the Lerch $Phi$ function and the polylogarithm. Starting from that relation and a formula for the polylogarithm at the negative integers known from the literature, we can deduce a simple closed formula for the Lerch $Phi$ function at the negative integers, where the Stirling numbers of the second kind are not needed. Leveraging that finding, we also produce alternative formulae for the $k$-th derivatives of the cotangent and cosecant (ditto, tangent and secant), as simple functions of the negative polylogarithm and Lerch $Phi$, respectively, which is evidence of the importance of these functions (they are less exotic than they seem). Lastly, we extend formulae for the Hurwitz zeta function only valid at the positive integers to the complex half-plane using this novelty.
Category: Number Theory

A Reformulation of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Jose R. Sousa
Comments: 10 Pages.

We present some novelties on the Riemann zeta function. Using the analytic continuation we created for the polylogarithm, $\mathrm{Li}_{k}(e^{m})$, we extend the zeta function from $\Re(k)>1$ to the complex half-plane, $\Re(k)>0$, by means of the Dirichlet eta function. More strikingly, we offer a reformulation of the Riemann hypothesis through a zeta's cousin, $\varphi(k)$, a pole-free function defined on the entire complex plane whose non-trivial zeros coincide with those of the zeta function.
Category: Number Theory

An Operator Theory Problem Book

Authors: Mohammed Hichem Mortad
Comments: 18 Pages.

This constitutes the preface and references of the book "an operator theory problem book".
Category: Functions and Analysis

Positive Operators. Square Root

Authors: Mohammed Hichem Mortad
Comments: 41 Pages.

This is Chapter 5 of the manuscript "an operator theory problem book".
Category: Functions and Analysis

PhD's Thesis of Youcef Naas

Authors: Youcef Nass
Comments: 73 Pages.

Le troisième chapitre concerne le cas L p (0, 1; X). Plus précisément, on s’intéresse à l’équation différentielle abstraite du second ordre de type elliptique (1) avec les conditions aux limites de type mêlé (4) où A est un opérateur linéaire fermé sur un espace de Banach complexe X et u0, u 0 1 sont des éléments donnés dans X. Ici f ∈ L p (0, 1; X), 1 < p < ∞, 5 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION et X a la proporiété géométrique dite UMD. On suppose que A est un opérateur Bip et on montre que (1)-(4) admet une unique solution stricte, sous certaines hypothèses naturelles d’ellipticité de l’opérateur et de régularité sur les données, on donne alors, une représentation explicite de la solution stricte. La formule de représentation de la solution est donnée par deux méthodes, la première se base sur le calcul fonctionnel de Dunford et la deuxième sur la méthode de Krein[27], l’unicité de la représentation est démontrée. Dans ce chapitre, on fait une nouvelle approche du problème (1)-(4) en utilisant le théorème de Mikhlin. Dans cette partie on utilise les techniques des multiplicateurs de Fourier et la théorie de Mikhlin pour majorer les puissances imaginaires pures d’opérateurs. Le quatrième chapitre illustre notre théorie abstraite par quelques exemples concrets d’applications en EDP dans le cas des espaces L p et C α .
Category: Functions and Analysis

Mathematical Pattern and City Landmark ( 2 )

Authors: Aaron Chau
Comments: 6 Pages.

The purpose of economic development must include a good residential environment.
Category: Economics and Finance

Calculation of Newton’s Gravitational Constant

Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: 1 Page.

Newton’s gravitational constant at laboratory scale experiments is numerically calculated using number constants and the fundamental constants hbar (Planck’s quantum of action), c (velocity of light in vacuum) and me (electron mass).
Category: Classical Physics

The Calculating Method of Quantum Particle Mass

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 1 Page.

The sum of 3 kg and 4 kg in our space is 7 kg of addition. The sum of 3 kg and 4 kg in quantum space is 12 kg of multiplication. This is the calculating method of quantum particle mass. This is elementary school arithmetic. There can be no physical formula that can turn addition into multiplication.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Modified Equations for Pressure and Temperature of Ideal Gas

Authors: X. D. Dongfang
Comments: 9 Pages.

The universal unitary principle of logic test is used to test the mathematical reasoning of pressure equation of ideal gas, and a negative conclusion is given. The study found that, the classical molecular kinetic theory establishes a physical model of the uniform motion of a molecule under the action of an equivalent constant force, which violates the principle of mechanics, and the classical equations for the pressure and temperature of ideal gas derived from such a model are all incorrect. Here we set up a variety of physical models of molecular interaction in accordance with the principle of mechanics, and consistently derive the modified equation of ideal gas pressure. It is proved that the pressure of ideal gas is equal to the molecular energy in unit volume, and the thermodynamic temperature of ideal gas is equal to the quotient of molecular average kinetic energy and Boltzmann constant. Reasoning accords with the unitary principle. The inferences of these different models accords with the unitary principle. Furthermore, the problem of the definite solution of the gas molecular velocity distribution function satisfying the limit condition of light speed is proposed. Finally, the experimental suggestion to verify the theoretical gas temperature correction equation is given.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Using Machine Learning to Predict Poverty Status in Costa Rican Households

Authors: Ji Yoon Kim
Comments: 13 Pages.

This study presents two supervised multiclassification machine learning models to predict the poverty status of Costa Rican households as a way to support government and business sectors make decisions in a rapidly changing social and economic environment. Using the Costa Rican household dataset collected via the proxy means test conducted by the Inter-American Development Bank, Random Forest and Gradient Boosted Trees achieved F1 scores of 64.9% and 68.4%, respectively. This study also reveals that education has the greatest impact on predicting poverty status.
Category: Social Science

Relativistic Equation Failure for LIGO Signals

Authors: X. D. Dongfang
Comments: 18 Pages.

Signal waves of the monotone increasing frequency detected by LIGO are universally considered to be gravitational waves of spiral binary stars, and the general theory of relativity is thus universally considered to have been confirmed by the experiments. Here we present a universal method for signal wave spectrum analysis, introducing the true conclusions of numerical calculation and image analysis of GW150914 signal wave. Firstly, numerical calculation results of GW150914 signal wave frequency change rate obey the com quantization law which needs to be accurately described by integers, and there is an irreconcilable difference between the results and the generalized relativistic frequency equation of the gravitational wave. Secondly, the assignment of the frequency and frequency change rate of GW10914 signal wave to the generalized relativistic frequency equation of gravitational wave constructs a non-linear equation group about the mass of wave source, and the computer image solution shows that the equation group has no GW10914 signal wave solution. Thirdly, it is not unique to calculate the chirp mass of the wave source from the different frequencies and change rates of the numerical relativistic waveform of the GW150914 signal wave, and the numerical relativistic waveform of the GW150914 signal wave deviates too far from the original waveform actually. Other LIGO signal waveforms do not have obvious characteristics of gravitational frequency variation of spiral binary stars and lack precise data, so they cannot be used for numerical analysis and image solution. Therefore, LIGO signals represented by gw50914 signal do not support the relativistic gravitational wave frequency equation. However, whether gravitational wave signals from spiral binaries that may be detected in the future follow the same co quantization law? Only the numerical analysis results of detailed observation data can give an accurate answer.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Refractive Index of a Kink in Curved Space

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 7 Pages.

The refractive index and curvature relation is formulated using the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor. As a consequence of the fourth rank tensor of the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor, we found that the refractive index should be a second rank tensor. The second rank tensor of the refractive index describes a linear optics. It implies naturally that the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor is related to the linear optics. In case of a non-linear optics, the refractive index is a sixth rank tensor, if susceptibility is a fourth rank tensor. The Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor can be formulated in the non-linear optics but with a reduction term. The relation between the (linear and non-linear) refractive index and a (linear and non-linear) mass in curved space are formulated. Related to the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor, we formulate "the (linear and non-linear) generalized Einstein field equations". Sine-Gordon model in curved space is shown, where the Lagrangian is the total energy. This total energy is the mass of a kink (anti-kink) associated with a topological charge (a winding number). We formulate the relation between the (linear and non-linear) refractive index of the kink (anti-kink) and the topological charge-the winding number. Deflection of light is discussed in brief where the (linear and non-linear) angle of light deflection are formulated in relation with the mass (the topological charge, the winding number) of the kink (anti-kink).
Category: Mathematical Physics

Inclusive Collatz Problem

Authors: Hajime Mashima
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, I approached the branch size and path increase/decrease in the limit of the Collatz problem(Collatz Conjecture).
Category: Number Theory

Multi-layer Cyclic Universe with Number of Layers N = 12

Authors: Yuri Danoyan
Comments: (Note: Correction made and 3 extra blank pages removed by viXra Admin - Any future non-compliant submisisons and/or replacements will be rejected without further notice.)

An attempt to construct a phenomenological cyclic 12-layer model of the universe.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Quantum Mechanics Lecture Notes

Authors: Eyal Buks
Comments: 766 Pages.

quantum mechanics lecture notes
Category: Quantum Physics

The Absolute Value of Unbounded Linear Operators

Authors: Imene Boucif
Comments: 61 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Dans cette thèse en théorie des opérateurs, on s’intéresse aux opérateurs normaux, aux opérateurs autoadjoints, aux opérateurs positifs, à la valeur absolue d’un opérateur, à l’inégalité triangulaire. Cette thèse s’articule autour des relations du type |AB| = |A||B|, |A||B| = |B||A|, |A ± B| ≤ |A| + |B|. Dans la première partie on fournit des définitions et des notions élémentaires en théorie des opérateurs. Après cette introduction, dans ce chapitre on s’intéresse aux opérateurs positifs bornés, à la racine carrée d’un opérateur positif, à la valeur absolue d’un opérateur borné, et on donne des résultats sur l’inégalité triangulaire et d’autres relations concernant la somme et le produit de la valeur absolue dans le cas borné. Dans le dernier chapitre, on s’intéresse au cas des opérateurs non-bornés. On commence d’abord par des définitions et des propriétés primordiales des opérateurs non-bornés, ensuite on donne des résultats sur la somme et le produit de la valeur absolue dans le cas des opérateurs non-bornés. On fournit cette partie par quelques exemples. On obtient, comme conséquence intéressante, une caractérisation de l’inversibilité pour la classe des opérateurs normaux non-bornés. On obtient également une preuve très simple de l’inclusion dans R du spectre des opérateurs non-bornés autoadjoints.

In this thesis in operator theory, we are interested in operators normal, to self-assistant operators, to positive operators, to the absolute value of an operator, with triangular inequality. This thesis revolves around the relationships of the type | AB | = | A || B |, | A || B | = | B || A |, | A ± B | ≤ | A | + | B |. In the first part we provide definitions and elementary notions in operator theory. After this introduction, in this chapter we are interested in bounded positive operators, to the square root of a positive operator, to the value absolute of a bounded operator, and we give results on the triangular inequality and other relations concerning the sum and the product of the absolute value in the case thick headed. In the last chapter, we are interested in the case of unbounded operators. We start first with definitions and primordial properties of unbounded operators, then we give results on the sum and the product of the value absolute in the case of unbounded operators. We provide this part with a few examples. As an interesting consequence, we obtain a characterization of invertibility for the class of unbounded normal operators. We obtain also a very simple proof of the inclusion in R of the spectrum of unbounded self-adjoining operators.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Potential Energy Blue/red Shift and Hubble Tension

Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 13 Pages.

Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity proposes a blue/red frequency shift caused by differences in Potential Energy levels. Here we add this factor to the Hubble observations for Kinetic Energy redshift. A database of supernovae distances and velocities has been analyzed to give the present-day positions of the supernovae, allowing for photon transit delay times. The mathematical model has used AI pattern-recognition techniques to estimate the Earth's position in a symmetrical, expanding universe. The model adjusts the ratio of Kinetic Energy redshift to Potential Energy blue/red shift to achieve the most symmetrical pattern - where supernovae velocities are directly proportional to their distances from the center of the expansion. The model also indicates where we are in the “Kinetic Energy to Potential Energy” cycle of the universe. The preliminary results indicate a strong correlation to a SINGLE best-fit solution. A detailed mathematical paper, with quantitative data, is being prepared for peer-review.
Category: Astrophysics

Sisyphus in Hades

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 7 Pages.

The somewhat mythological King Sisyphus of Corinth in Greece was the subject of a unique punishment issued by an angry Zeus. Sisyphus was condemned to roll a giant rock up a mountain in Hades. That rock would then roll all the way back down just before they reached the top, requiring infinite repetitions without any reward. That’s the skeleton of this story, but there is much more within his mythological life relevant to modern science and philosophy.
Category: Social Science

Light More Light Less Darkness

Authors: Vaggelis Talios
Comments: 4 Pages.

Some of my views on nature and propagation of electromagnetic waves and light, that is radically different from the already established views of Science. The paper was written because I believe that its views will be quite useful in the progress and future development of Theoretical Physics and Cosmology.
Category: Classical Physics

The Morbid Equation of Quantum Numbers

Authors: X. D. Dongfang
Comments: 5 Pages.

The quantum model of valence electron generation orbital penetration of alkali metal elements with unique stable structure is investigated. The electric field outside the atomic kernel is usually expressed by the Coulomb field of the point charge mode, and the composite electric field in atomic kernel can be equivalent to the electric field inside the sphere with uniform charge distribution or other electric fields without divergence point. The exact solutions of two Schrodinger equations for the bound state of the Coulomb field outside the atom and the binding state of the equivalent field inside the atom determine two different quantization energy formulas respectively. Here we show that the atomic kernel surface is the only common zero potential surface that can be selected. When the orbital penetration occurs, the law of conservation of energy requires that the energy level formulas of the two bound states must have corresponding quantum numbers to make them equal. As a result, there is no solution to the quantum number equation, indicating that the two quantum states of the valence electron are incompatible. This irreconcilable contradiction shows that the quantized energy of quantum mechanics cannot absolutely satisfy the law of conservation of energy.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Center of Small World: Mount Sumeru (Meru)

Authors: Yuwen Zhuang
Comments: 15 Pages. Only contains Chinese version.

Through the modern interpretation of the Sutras and the benefit from modern science, we are surprised to find that the Sutras have accurate modern scientific description of the phenomena of polar day and polar night on the Earth, tropic of Cancer, lunar phase changes, the causes of lunar eclipses and so on. The Buddha’s extremely precise numerical descriptions of the layered structure, layer height, and layer extent of the Earth’s Ionosphere are far beyond our imagination, and there is an incredible era transcendence which is extremely shocking. Key words: Polar day and Polar night, Tropic of Cancer, lunar phases, lunar eclipse, the layered structure of the Earth’s Ionosphere, Era transcendence, extremely shocking
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Hidden Transfer of Energy or Information

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 3 Pages.

In the past, I created a beam of destructive interference and proved that it absorbs energy [1]. The energy of the destructive interference is invisible and cannot be measured by any usual photoelectric, thermoelectric or photoacoustic detector [2]. Surprisingly, a rudimentary parametric oscillator is able to destroy the interference and recover the hidden energy. Thus, it is now possible to hide energy or information, transmit it in an invisible and unmeasurable beam, and extract it at any desired place.
Category: Classical Physics

Models that Link and Suggest Data About Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, and the Cosmos

Authors: Thomas J. Buckholtz
Comments: 48 pages

We suggest progress regarding the following six physics opportunities. List all elementary particles. Describe dark matter. Explain ratios of dark matter to ordinary matter. Explain eras in the history of the universe. Link properties of objects. Interrelate physics models. We use models based on Diophantine equations.
Category: Astrophysics

L^1 from Special Relativity

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 3 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

As a result of my recent work on (special) Relativity in Function Spaces, here I present a derivation of the L^1-norm distance from the analogue of Minkowski metric (of special relativity) for a function space.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Stealthy Orbitals Hypothesis

Authors: Jean-Yves Boulay
Comments: 15 Pages.

The graphic charting of atomic orbitals into the form of chevrons suggests the existence of stealth orbitals occupying the quantum vacant space of the various electronic shells. It is proposed here, the hypothesis that these quantum gates allow transit of electrons from orbital to another, and that these gates can be accesses to quantum singularities without space-time. Singular arithmetic arrangements in the distribution of real and stealthy orbitals of certain genetic code components reinforces the hypothesis to existence of these quantum gates.
Category: Quantum Physics

Analysis and Research on Superradiant Stability of Kerr-Sen Black Hole

Authors: Wen-Xiang Chen
Comments: 8 Pages.

Kerr-Sen black holes have stretchon parameters and hidden conformal symmetries. The superradiation stability and steady-state resonance are worth further study. This is the research motivation of this paper.In that article, a new variable y is added here to expand the results of the above article. When$\sqrt{2a^2}/{r^2_+}< \omega< m\varOmega_H+q\varPhi_H$,so the Kerr-sen black hole is superradiantly stable at that time,similar to the superradiation result of the Kerr-Newman black hole.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Proofs of Twin Prime Number Conjecture and First Hardy-Littlewood Conjecture

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 7 Pages.

The twin prime conjecture was proposed by Alfonse de Polignac in 1849 and has not been proven for nearly 300 years. Since there is no mathematical model for prime numbers that can be completely and accurately represented, prime numbers are randomly distributed on the number axis, and twin prime numbers are also randomly distributed. In this paper, the twin prime conjecture is proved by probability and statistics, the twin prime distribution theorem and prime pair distribution theorem are found, and the First Hardy-Littlewood conjecture is further proved.
Category: Number Theory

Analyses of Two Ramanujan’s Equations of the Ramanujan’s First Letter to Hardy and Their Plausible Connections to Supersymmetry Breaking

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 127 Pages. [Corrections to title on the submission form made by viXra Admin]

In this research paper we analyze two Ramanujan’s equations of the “Ramanujan’s first letter to Hardy”. We describe new possible mathematical connections with various sectors of String Theory (Supersymmetry Breaking).
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Planck Constant and its Relation to the Compton Frequency

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Planck constant is considered one of the most important universal constants of physics, but its physical nature still has not been fully understood. Further investigation and new perspectives on this quantity should therefore be of interest. We demonstrate that the Planck constant can be directly linked to the Compton frequency of one divided by the Compton frequency of one kg. This further implies that the Planck constant is related to the quantization of matter, not only energy. We will also show that the frequency of one, when expressed in relation to kg, depends on the observation time. This new interpretation of the Planck constant could be an important step towards more in-depth understanding its physical nature, and potentially explaining the origin of the mass-gap and the rest mass of a photon.
Category: Quantum Physics

Application of Multipoints Summation Method to Nonlinear Differential Equations

Authors: Yoshiki Ueoka
Comments: 12 Pages.

I suggest a new approximate approach, the Multipoints Summation method, to solve non-linear differential equations analytically. The method connects several local asymptotic series. I present applications of the method to two examples of non-linear differential equations: saddle-node bifurcation and the non-linear differential equation of the pendulum. Explicit approximate solutions expressed in terms of elementary functions are obtained from an analysis of phase space. This approach may be also applied to other non-linear differential equations.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Revisit to Lemoine's Conjecture

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper we prove Lemoine's conjecture. By exploiting the language of circles of partition, we show that for all sufficiently large $n\in 2\mathbb{N}+1$ \begin{align} \# \left \{p+2q=n|~p,q\in \mathbb{P}\right \}>0.\nonumber \end{align}This proves that every sufficiently large odd number can be written as the sum of a prime and a double of a prime.
Category: Number Theory

A Proof of Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 6 Pages.

natural numbers can be divided into even numbers and odd numbers, and odd numbers can be divided into composite numbers, odd numbers and prime numbers. Any even number can be decomposed into the sum of a larger prime number and a smaller odd number. The Goldbach conjecture can be proved by calculating whether the cumulative probability that the small odd number is a prime number is much greater than 1 and determining whether the prime number in many small odd numbers is inevitable. In this paper, the Goldbach conjecture is proved by the method of probability and statistics, the Goldbach number theorem is further discovered, and a new method for the study of prime number distribution is created.
Category: Number Theory

On the Relativity of the Speed of Light

Authors: X. D. Dongfang
Comments: 7 Pages. Einstein's nonsense that the speed of light is constant is purely the assumption of lack of sound thinking. This paper only gives the logical reasoning and conclusion of sound thinking about the speed of light from one aspect.

Einstein's assumption that the speed of light is constant is a fundamental principle of modern physics with great influence. However, the nature of the principle of constant speed of light is rarely described in detail in the relevant literatures, which leads to a deep misunderstanding among some readers of special relativity. Here we introduce the unitary principle, which has a wide application prospect in the logic self consistency test of mathematics, natural science and social science. Based on this, we propose the complete space-time transformation including the Lorentz transformation, clarify the definition of relative velocity of light and the conclusion that the relative velocity of light is variable, and further prove that the relative variable light speed is compatible with Einstein's constant speed of light. The specific conclusion is that the propagation speed of light in vacuum relative to the observer's inertial reference frame is always constant c, but the propagation speed of light relative to any other inertial reference frame which has relative motion with the observer is not equal to the constant c; observing in all inertial frame of reference, the relative velocity of light propagating in the same direction in vacuum is 0, while that of light propagating in the opposite direction is 2c. The essence of Einstein's constant speed of light is that the speed of light in an isolated reference frame is constant, but the relative speed of light in vacuum is variable. The assumption of constant speed of light in an isolated frame of reference and the inference of relative variable light speed can be derived from each other.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Alchemy of Images in Ben Jonson's Comedy "The Alchemist"

Authors: Lev I. Verkhovsky
Comments: 15 Pages. This is one of the articles that was included in our book "Shakespeare: Faces and Masks" (2018, in Russian)

As you know, the poet and playwright Ben Jonson (1572-1637) liked to use personal satire in his plays - to bring out his acquaintances. We will tell you who we identified in his famous comedy "The Alchemist".
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Global and Local Cosmological Metrics

Authors: C. A. Laforet
Comments: 16 Pages.

In this paper, it is proposed that to fully describe the Cosmology of the Universe, we need to consider two metrics together: the FRW metric and the internal Schwarzschild metric. In static spacetime, if you zoom into a local region of the spacetime, you get the Minkowski metric locally. In this case, where the spacetime is dynamic, if we zoom in to a specific time slice of the internal Schwarzschild metric, we get the Minkowski-equivalent FRW metric for flat space with a spatial scale factor that depends on the specific time slice at which we are looking. By solving for the unknowns in the internal Schwarzschild metric using cosmological data, we obtain values for the scale factor at different times which can then be used in the FRW metric to obtain energy densities of the Universe at various times. No cosmological constant is required because the internal Schwarzschild metric provides a scale factor that generates a slowing expansion for some time after the Big Bang followed by an accelerated expansion that ultimately ends in a Big Rip. The entire Schwarzschild metric in Kruskal-Sezekeres coordinates is examined and we see that it describes two CPT symmetric Universes moving in opposite directions in the time dimension. One Universe contains matter while the other contains antimatter. When these Universes meet at the singularity, they annihilate each other resulting in a single, massless, pure radiation Universe. This state regenerates the Big Bang conditions where the radiation decays into matter and antimatter pairs, resulting in a new cycle where the two Universes again fall in time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Development of Hypersphere World-Universe Model (Narrative) Part VI: Paradigm Shift in Cosmology - Principal Role of Medium & Dark Matter & Angular Momentum

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 95 Pages.

The main objective of a paper is to discuss the most important Concepts for any Cosmological model: Space, Time, and Gravitation; Cosmological principle (homogeneous and isotropic universe); Universality of physical laws; Law of the conservation of angular momentum; Expansion of universe; Content of the World; Formation of galaxies and large-scale structures; Speed of light in vacuum; Origin of cosmic microwave background radiation. The performed analysis shows that Big Bang Model (BBM) fails to account for these Concepts and should be obsolete. Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]. WUM and BBM are principally different Models: 1) Instead of the Initial Singularity with the infinite energy density and the extremely rapid expansion of the space (Inflation) in BBM; in WUM, there was a Fluctuation (4D Nucleus of the World with an extrapolated radius equals to a basic unit of size a) in the Eternal Universe with a finite extrapolated energy density (four orders of magnitude less than the nuclear density) and a finite expansion of the Nucleus in Its fourth spatial dimension with speed c that is the gravitodynamic constant; 2) Instead of a practically Infinite Homogeneous and Isotropic Universe around the Initial Singularity in BBM; in WUM, the 3D Finite Boundless World (the Hypersphere of the 4D Nucleus) presents a Patchwork Quilt of different Luminous Superclusters ( ≳10^3), which emerged in different places of the World at different Cosmological times. The Medium of the World is Homogeneous and Isotropic. The distribution of Macroobjects in the World is spatially Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic and temporally Non-simultaneous. The Absolute Age of the entire World (determined by the parameters of the Medium) is 14.22 Gyr. The Medium of the World, Dark Matter, and Angular Momentum are the main Three Pillars of WUM.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Exponent of the Boson

Authors: Branko Zivlak
Comments: 3 Pages. 1 Table, 6 Formulas [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

The masses of Bosons are expressed dimensionless in relation to the mass of the Hypothetical Fundamental Particle. Such a presentation enabled the gradation and rooting of dimensionless quantities and determination of the relationship between Boson masses.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Discussion about Traceable and Untraceable Energies

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 5 Pages.

Energy and the Energy Conservation Principle might be the most important building blocks of the Physical Sciences.Until the discovery, in the 20th century, that the Universe expands much faster than the expansion that can be justified by the amount of the calculated Energy in the whole Universe, the Energy was believed to be composed of only Traceable Energy components. After the above-mentioned discovery, the notion of Untraceable Energy (or Dark Energy) was introduced in the science of Physics. However, the exact origin of this Dark Energy is still a mystery. The acceptable notions are that Dark Energy must be looked for in Gravitation using Einstein’s General Relativity Theory. This article argues that the origin of most of the Dark Energy might be in Electromagnetism. This article also provides other new insights into the Energy entity, which might also explain additional issues and paradoxes that were yet ignored.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Sunqm-7: Using {N,n} QM, Non-Born-Probability (NBP), and Simultaneousmulti-Eigen-Description (Smed) to Describe Our Universe

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 35 Pages.

{N,n} QM contains two major parts: the Bohr formula-based part and the Schrodinger equation-based part. 1) For the Bohr formula-based part, after combining all results from the previous SunQM series papers, a {N,n//6} QM Structure (Master) Periodic Table (with N = -23..15, n = 1..12) is established. A summarized result of the {N,n//6} QM structure has been given for each region of this (Master) Periodic Table, including the cosmic {N,n//6} QM (at N > 5), the Solar {N,n//6} QM (at N= 5..-5), the chemical bond dominated world (at N= -2..-11), the atomic and nuclear {N,n//6} QM (at N= -12..-15), and the elementary particles and sub-quark {N,n//6} QM (at N ≤ -16). The common properties (that across all regions of the Master Period Table) has been discussed. For example, by adding many short-life intermediate states (n’ = 1..6^6) in between the major quantum state n=1..5, we can transform a quantum description (with n=1..5} into a (continuous) classical physics description (with n’ = 1..6^6). 2) For the Schrodinger equation-based part, we summarized that how to use {N,n//6} QM plus non-Born probability (NBP) plus Simultaneous-Multi-Eigen-Description (SMED) to describe a planet (or an atom in this planet) that orbiting around Sun, and a photon that propagating away (or towards to) a (Bohr) atom (and it can also be used for a 180° scattering). We further discussed the possibility to extend this description for any kind of movement (elliptical/parabolic/hyperbolic orbiting, scattering, etc.), with any inclination/eccentricity/precession. We also discussed how to use Schrodinger equation/solution for the N-body movement description. We pointed out that there is a conceptual difference between the {N,n} QM and the traditional QM in describing the H-atom’s electron orbit: while the probability (i.e., the Born probability) is the foundation of the traditional QM, the single trajectory (i.e., NBP peak’s time-dependent trajectory) is the foundation of the {N,n} QM (although this single trajectory will pick one of the many possible tracks based on the probability). 3) In the cosmic {N,n//6} QM, we explored the possibility that those super large cosmic “great walls” with distances ~ 9E+9 light-years from Earth are the (~ 9E+9 years old) self-images of our own Milky Way galaxy and be viewed at different angles. If this is correct, then our universe may should be a positive curved 3D space, with the circumference of ~ 9E+9 light-years. This means, just like we are practically living in the 2D spherical space on the surface of a 3D ball something (i.e., a planet), we may practically live in the 3D spherical space on the surface of a 4D ball something. 4) We pointed out that the wave mechanics is equally powerful as that of particle mechanics in solving a QM problem, and a particle mechanics based holographic-description and SMED is waiting to be developed. 5) Because the Bohr formula rn = r1 * n^2 correlates to the (free-fall) accelerated distance formula d = (1/2) *g *t^2 and Newton formula F = m * a, we believed that Bohr formula is the Number-One important formula in physics. We believed that all these results make {N,n} QM theory becomes one of the most (roughly) completed and (roughly) self-consistent theories in physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Where is Mount Sumeru (Meru)?

Authors: Yuwen Zhuang
Comments: 17 Pages. Only contains Chinese version.

This paper gives a solution to the specific location of “Mount Sumeru(Meru)” in thousands of years of Buddhist myths and legends, which conforms to the internal description logic of sutras (sutras that can verify each other). First of all, different from the theravada Buddhism’s traditional view that “Mount Sumeru(Meru)” is located in the Himalayas for thousands of years, this paper comprehensively proves that the central location of “Mount Sumeru(Meru)” is related to the earth’s south magnetic pole. Based on this, we also determined the specific location of the legendary “Four continents”. Secondly, this paper finds that there is a unique phenomenon of “one body multiple sides” in the description of sutras, that is, there exist multiple world representations of the same thing. Finally, thanks to modern scientific research, we are surprised to find that the Buddha’s knowledge of the heat distribution in the atmosphere near the earth’s south magnetic pole and the existence of local high temperatures in the atmosphere is far beyond our imagination and there is an incredible era transcendence which is amazing. Key words: Mount Sumeru(Meru)，Four continents，one body multiple sides (Multiworld representations), Era transcendence
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Energy Conditions in SRT of Fourth Order

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 10 Pages. This paper is an advancement and a correction of a previous one [2.]

Discussed is the role of rest-mass and possible negative restenergy in SRT of fourth-order. Given is an action, and a Lagrangian for this case. Also the term of advanced kinetic energy and its possibility of negative form is mentioned resp. the corresponding Hamilton-function
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Chaos Theory of Dynamic Space-Time Curvature

Authors: Justin Walter
Comments: 10 Pages.

This short paper is about the dynamic flow of Energy and Dark energy. Please send questions and comments to jwalter@rhrk.uni-kl.de
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

New Simple Formula to Solve Diophantic Linear Equations

Authors: Zeolla Gabriel Martin
Comments: 12 Pages.

This document writes a new, very simple algorithm to solve linear diophantic equations in their particular solution, without having to solve them with the Euclid algorithm and the Bezout identity among others. The algorithm is very simple, fast and practical, we can choose any method to find the GCD and then replace it in the formula. This algorithm helps us to predict whether the result belongs to integers numbers or natural numbers.
Category: General Mathematics

Discriminator Variance Regularization for Wasserstein GAN

Authors: Jeongik Cho
Comments: 5 Pages.

In Wasserstein GAN, it is important to regularize the discriminator to have a not big Lipschitz constant. In this paper, I introduce discriminator variance regularization to regularize the discriminator of Wasserstein GAN to have a small Lipschitz constant. Discriminator variance regularization simply regularizes the variance of the discriminator's output to be small when input is real data distribution or generated data distribution. Intuitively, a low variance of discriminator output implies that the discriminator is more likely to have a low Lipschitz constant. Discriminator variance regularization does not explicitly regularize the Lipschitz constant of discriminator through differentiation on discriminator but lowers the probability that the Lipschitz constant of the discriminator is high. Discriminator variance regularization is used in Wasserstein GAN with R1 regularization, which reduces the vibration of GAN. Discriminator variance regularization requires very little additional computing.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Bifurcations and the Gauge Structure of the Standard Model

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 31 Pages.

As of today, the reason for the unique composition of the Standard Model (SM) gauge group remains elusive. Taking complex-scalar field theory as baseline model, we argue here that the SM group unfolds sequentially from bifurcations driven by the Renormalization scale. Numerical estimates are found to be reasonably consistent with experimental data.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

An Elementary Approach to the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Jose Risomar Sousa
Comments: 7 Pages. A new result was added, evidence for the converge of F(s) when Re(s)>1/2

The Riemann hypothesis is probably true. In this paper I present an approach for it in a very short and condensed way, making use of one of its equivalent problems. But as Carl Sagan once famously said, extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. The evidence here is the newly discovered inversion formula for Dirichlet series.
Category: Number Theory

The Vacuum Energy, Compact Dimensions and Consequences of a Fractal Hypothesis

Authors: Jose Salvador Ruiz Fargueta
Comments: 6 Pages.

The fractal hypothesis of vacuum energy allows to investigate the theoretical compact dimensions of string theory, and its relationship with the nature of the quantum of action.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Relativity in Function Spaces

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 6 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

After proposing the Principle of Minimum Gravitational Potential, in a pursuit to find the explanation behind the correction to Newton's gravitational potential that accounts for Mercury's orbit, by finding all the higher-order corrections it is shown that the consequences of the existence of speed of light for gravity are not yet fully explored.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Jupiter's Orbit and Alignment Relative to the Galaxy is the Physical Basis of Periodic Variations of Gravitational Constant G and the Length of Day

Authors: Preston Guynn
Comments: 5 Pages.

Anderson et al. analyzed measurements of gravitational constant G, and found a periodic variation that matched both the frequency and phase of length of day (LOD) variations previously described by Holme and de Viron. Anderson speculated that the variation might not be real but an undetermined mechanism affecting both measurements in a similar manner. The basis for the periodic variations and the correlation between them has been an area of continuing research. Substantiation of the reported periodic variations in G and LOD is of relevance to researchers in fundamental physics, astrophysics, metrology, geophysics, and particle physics. Reported herein is that the physical basis for the periodic variations is Jupiter's orbit and alignment relative to the Milky Way galaxy.
Category: Astrophysics

Fractional Distance: The Topology of the Real Number Line with Applications to the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Jonathan W. Tooker
Comments: 147 Pages. Remedied a few errata. Grammar and punctuation updates.

Recent analysis has uncovered a broad swath of rarely considered real numbers called real numbers in the neighborhood of infinity. Here, we extend the catalog of the rudimentary analytical properties of all real numbers by defining a set of fractional distance functions on the real number line and studying their behavior. The main results are (1) to prove with modest axioms that some real numbers are greater than any natural number, (2) to develop a technique for taking a limit at infinity via the ordinary Cauchy definition reliant on the classical epsilon-delta formalism, and (3) to demonstrate an infinite number of non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function in the neighborhood of infinity. We define numbers in the neighborhood of infinity with a Cartesian product of Cauchy equivalence classes of rationals. We axiomatize the arithmetic of such numbers, prove the operations are well-defined, and then make comparisons to the similar axioms of a complete ordered field. After developing the many underlying foundations, we present a basis for a topology.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Particles of The Standard Model In Multi-Fold Universes

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 6 Pages. All related details of the projects(and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at a even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model. A subsequent analysis described how embedding a multi-fold universe in a 7D unconstrained, i.e. non compact, Kaluza-Klein (KK) flat spacetime can induce the standard model in the multi-fold spacetime. In this paper, we illustrate how computations previous derived by others in the context of a more cabalistic model can be reused and adapted to hint at extracting, from 7D unconstrained KK flat spacetime containing the multi-fold universe, many particles of the Standard Model, and very closely predicting their masses and charges. Illustrating and progressing concretely our previous assertions. With the model of our previous papers and the results obtained in this paper, the way that multi-fold mechanisms repurpose KK and other models result while avoiding many of their problems or gaps in physical interpretations; further weights in for the pertinence of multi-fold models in Physics. Our approach may also have found a duality hidden behind the Unified GEM theory in a multi-fold universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Modified Belief Functions Distance Measure for Orderable Set

Authors: Xingyue Yang, Xuan Zhao, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 23 Pages.

This paper proposes a new method of measuring the distance between conflicting order sets, quantifying the similarity between focal elements and their own size. This method can effectively measure the conflict of belief functions on an ordered set without saturation due to the non-overlapping focus elements. It has proven that the method satisfies the property of the distance. Examples of the engineering budget and sensors show that the distance can effectively measure the conflict between ordered sets, and prove the distance we propose to reflect the information of order sets more comprehensively by comparison with existing methods and the conflict metric between ordered sets is more robust and accurate
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Is the Positron Really an Antiparticle? a Semiclassical Model of the Electron Charge

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 17 Pages.

J. J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897. Since then, the concept of the electron has played a leading role in technological progress, despite unanswered basic questions about the nature of the electron. Recently, a new physical paradigm has been proposed that has solved many of the mysteries of physics. Here, we expand the list of physics mysteries solved by the new paradigm, adding those related to the electron and its charge. We propose a model of the electron and its electric charge, spin, and magnetic moment by applying the concept of the vortex nature of particles. Based on this model, the true nature of the positron becomes clear. This understanding provides details regarding the process of conversion of two photons with an energy of 0.511 MeV into an electron–positron pair. The new paradigm reveals the causes of various phenomena and reduces the number of required postulates, and its models can be visualized to assist the imagination.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A New Proposition of Fibonacci Number

Authors: Blacksky Jason
Comments: 6 Pages.

C.A.Church and Marjorie Bicknell gave a version which was exponential generating function for Fibonacci number, in 1973. In this paper, I will give some results about the Fibonacci identities.
Category: General Mathematics

Theoretical Study on the Kinetics of a Special Particle Swarm

Authors: Tao Guo
Comments: 36 Pages.

For randomly-moving-particle swarm, the past researches only focused on its whole behavior and few people have studied the special particle swarm formed in it, which leading to the phenomenon and reasons for the spontaneous aggregation of particles in the special particle swarm being still unknown. For such a special particle swarm, we have previously studied the causes of its special relativity phenomenon. Here we show the causes of spontaneous aggregation of “randomly moving” particles. The diffusion kinetics of particles in a special circumstance (that is, in a moving reference frame Ru relative to the stationary reference frame R0) are studied theoretically. For the first time, the effects of the location aggregation and velocity direction aggregation of randomly moving particles on the diffusion coefficient are considered, and the corresponding generalized diffusion equation is deduced employing concise mathematical logic and Mathematica package.
Category: Astrophysics

Robotic Autonomy: A Survey

Authors: Bora King
Comments: 7 Pages.

Robotic autonomy is key to the expansion of robotic applications. The paper reviews the success of robotic autonomy in industrial applications, as well as the requirements and challenges on expanding robotic autonomy to in needing applications, such as education, medical service, home service, etc. Through the discussions, the paper draws the conclusion that robotic intelligence is the bottleneck for the broad application of robotic technology.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Quantum Information, Tesla waves and Biofields: Part II

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 35 Pages. Presentation held at the Tesla Extraordinary Conference, Albuquerque, Aug. 2013

In this presentation we expand on the topics discussed in the presentation with the same title (Part I): the Quantum Information viewpoint on Biological systems and what life is, with implications to different areas of study and practices, including alternative medicine, music as an approach to healing etc. The new paradigm in science, brought by progress in the Theory of Quantum Information, can by encoded in the symbolic equation “QI=qi”, i.e. quantum information is chi/qi. The presentation is not meant to be technical, but rather informative, providing “food for thought”.
Category: Physics of Biology

Increased Serum Serotonin After Triannual Pollen Events as a Cause of Cardiac Arrest Spikes in the us

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 8 Pages.

The United States ecosystem has three major pollenating species (juniper, grass, and ragweed) creating a triannual cycle. That cycle involves increases in environmental pollen leading to the physiological increase in serum histamine and then the eventual subsequent decrease in pollen and histamine leading to a biochemical increase in serum serotonin. This increase in serotonin matches year-over-year patterns in mass shootings, speculative stock buying, and even cardiac arrests (heart attacks) in the United States. Understanding the nature of the cause of heart attacks where weaker or older hearts are strained directly or indirectly from these serotonin “spikes,” the medical community can work to treat those scenarios (adding or reducing meds or activity) potentially saving thousands of lives.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Natural Sets Embedded in a System of Axioms.

Authors: Albert Henrik Preiser
Comments: 78 Pages.

To this day, the prevailing view is that in set theory, the selection of things based on their properties leads to contradictions. If the formation and existence of sets is based on consistent compliance with the requirements that exist when using the all-quanor, no contradictions can be identified. Consistent compliance with these requirements is ensured in this thesis with the help of a system of axioms. As a result, we have a basis for set theory and the recognition of ideas inherent in so-called "naive set theory".
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Quantum Field Theory Models and the Generating Function Technique

Authors: Robert L. Jackson
Comments: 11 Pages. contact at rljacksonmd@gmail.com

Quantum Field Theory, or QFT, is a well-accepted set of theories used in particle physics that involves Lagrangian mechanics. An individual can generate a rich variety of Hamiltonian equation systems from the Lagrangian associated QFT to describe simultaneous or cofounding processes which occur in particle physics. Unfortunately, the equation systems associated with QFT are relatively hard to solve. This paper will show that the generating function technique (GFT) can be used to directly solve these equation systems while also producing renormalization results. The usage of the latter is necessary to display the consistency of the solutions and equation systems. Ultimately, an astute scientist in QFT can claim GFT is a valuable tool to be utilized in the field of particle physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Application of Xgboost to Time Series Forecasting by Taking Advantage of Its Powerful Forecasting Performance

Authors: Tatsuhiko Yamato
Comments: 7 Pages.

Xgboost has the best forecasting performance among non-deep learning methods. However, it works well for interpolation problems and regression, but not for future forecasting of time series data that requires extrapolation. I think it is difficult to avoid this tendency even if we add explanatory variables in the background of the data. Possible explanatory variables include lags of a day or several days from the data, months, days, days of the week, holidays, and so on. In fact, the increase or decrease in data values due to these factors is quite possible and can serve as explanatory variables. However, even if you do this, you will not be able to capture the trend.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Paradigm Shift in Cosmology. Principal Role of Medium & Dark Matter & Angular Momentum

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 19 Pages.

The main objective of the paper is to discuss the most important Concepts for any Cosmological model: Space, Time, and Gravitation; Cosmological principle (homogeneous and isotropic universe); Universality of physical laws; Law of the conservation of angular momentum; Expansion of universe; Content of the World; Formation of galaxies and large-scale structures; Speed of light in vacuum; Origin of cosmic microwave background radiation. The performed analysis shows that Big Bang Model (BBM) fails to account for these Concepts and should be obsolete. Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]. WUM and BBM are principally different Models: 1) Instead of the Initial Singularity with the infinite energy density and the extremely rapid expansion of the space (Inflation) in BBM; in WUM, there was a Fluctuation (4D Nucleus of the World with an extrapolated radius equals to a basic unit of size a) in the Eternal Universe with a finite extrapolated energy density (four orders of magnitude less than the nuclear density) and a finite expansion of the Nucleus in Its fourth spatial dimension with speed c that is the gravitodynamic constant; 2) Instead of a practically Infinite Homogeneous and Isotropic Universe around the Initial Singularity in BBM; in WUM, the 3D Finite Boundless World (the Hypersphere of the 4D Nucleus) presents a Patchwork Quilt of different Luminous Superclusters ( ≳10^3), which emerged in various places of the World at different Cosmological times. The Medium of the World is Homogeneous and Isotropic. The distribution of Macroobjects in the World is spatially Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic and temporally Non-simultaneous. The Absolute Age of the entire World (determined by the parameters of the Medium) is 14.22 Gyr. The Medium of the World, Dark Matter, and Angular Momentum are the main Three Pillars of WUM.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Consecutive Special Primes

Authors: D. K. K. Janabi
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this short paper, we establish a number-theoretic conjecture about primes with a special property and give a hint for the proof.
Category: Number Theory

Hybrid Learning Aided Technology-Rich Instructional Tools - A Case Study: Community College of Qatar

Authors: Muhammad Jamal Shehab
Comments: 8 Pages.

Educational Institutions have an essential role in promoting the teaching and learning process, within universities, colleges, and communities. Due to the recent coronavirus COVID 19 pandemic, many educational institutions adopted hybrid learning (HL), which is a combination of classic and online learning. It integrates the advantages of both, and it is a fundamental factor to ensure continued learning. Technological innovations such as HL are changing the teaching process, and how students, lecturers, and administrators interact. Based on this, the Community College of Qatar (CCQ) focused on researching the structures and elements related to the adoption of HL. Thus, the goal of this research paper is to reveal the impact of HL on the learning process in CCQ, and the effective didactic tools required for a successful HL program. Our research questions for assessing and evaluating the learning process at CCQ are as follows: a) Is HL a suitable learning strategy that would best suit the students ?; b) What are the didactic tools needed in the HL program at CCQ ?; c) Will the students meet the learning objectives if HL program is adopted?. A quantitative method was used in this study. Furthermore, a questionnaire was designed for the survey which was designed to measure the opinions of the students, instructors, and administrators about the HL program. It is observed from the results that the majority of students, instructors, and administrators showed a positive attitude toward HL, but some had negative views and experienced challenges. The results were analyzed and discussed to better utilize HL to meet the growing demands of the community.
Category: Education and Didactics

Earth Civilization and Universe

Authors: Stoyan Sarg Sargoytchev
Comments: 3 Pages.

Our civilization is on the verge of self-destruction. This is not in the public eye, as the media are obsessed with corporate and political interests and politicians and economists are unable to see the danger. The fundamental reason for this critical moment is the perceived misconception about the space and Universe. In theoretical physics, there is a problematic field that misleads contemporary science and directs human knowledge in the wrong direction. A direct consequence of this is the misunderstanding essence of our existence as civilization and the connection with the Universe. This leads to underestimation of the role of the spiritual value of the human being and deformation of the social life. All these conclusions are apparent from the new perception of the microcosmos and Universe derived in the Basic Structures of Matter -Supergravitation Unified Theory.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Quantum Information, Tesla waves and Biofields: Part I

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 31 Pages. TESLA Extraordinary Conference presentation Aug. 2013

The common aspects between Quantum Information, Tesla waves (scalar waves / torsion fields) and biofields are explained in a certain extent. The “new-age bio-technology and practices are mentioned, in relation with the ancient knowledge about chi, feng-shui and sacred geometry.
Category: Physics of Biology

Affine Connection Representation of Gauge Fields

Authors: Zhao-Hui Man
Comments: 36 Pages.

There are two ways to unify gravitational field and gauge field. One is to represent gravitational field as principal bundle connection, and the other is to represent gauge field as affine connection. Poincar\'{e} gauge theory and metric-affine gauge theory adopt the first approach. This paper adopts the second. In this approach: (i) Gauge field and gravitational field can both be represented by affine connection; they can be described by a unified spatial frame. (ii) Time can be regarded as the total metric with respect to all dimensions of internal coordinate space and external coordinate space. On-shell can be regarded as gradient direction. Quantum theory can be regarded as a geometric theory of distribution of gradient directions. Hence, gauge theory, gravitational theory, and quantum theory all reflect intrinsic geometric properties of manifold. (iii) Coupling constants, chiral asymmetry, PMNS mixing and CKM mixing arise spontaneously as geometric properties in affine connection representation, so they are not necessary to be regarded as direct postulates in the Lagrangian anymore. (iv) The unification theory of gauge fields that are represented by affine connection can avoid the problem that a proton decays into a lepton in theories such as $SU(5)$. (v) There exists a geometric interpretation to the color confinement of quarks. In the affine connection representation, we can get better interpretations to the above physical properties, therefore, to represent gauge fields by affine connection is probably a necessary step towards the ultimate theory of physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Quantum Cosmology: Cosmology Linked to the Planck Scale

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 8 Pages.

As we have recently shown, the Planck length can be found independently of G and h, despite its common physical notion. This enabled us to make a series of cosmological predictions based on only two constants: the Planck length and the speed of light. The present paper explores further the link between the Planck scale and large-scale Universe structures. We look at both the Friedmann cosmology and the recently proposed Haug cosmology from this new perspective.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Entanglement is a White Noise?

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 3 Pages.

We study the spin correlation (aQuantum Entanglement) in a low energy proton-proton scattering. The nonrelativistic regime allows us to apply the first quantization framework. Finally, we will show that the Quantum Entanglement processes do not involve the transmission of information as the results of the measurements are in general 100\% uncorrelated. In the framework of the Theory of signals, this corresponds to a white noise.
Category: Quantum Physics

Exploration of Technology for Extracting Vacuum Energy Which Conform with Noether's Theorem

Authors: Sangouard Patrick
Comments: 53 Pages. [Correction to title made by viXra Admin]

This theoretical and preliminary work corresponds to the hope of extracting, without contradicting EMMY NOETHER's invariance theorem, an energy that is omnipresent, isotropic, uniform and present in the entire universe: that of the vacuum! This theoretical work shows that it should be possible to maintain over time a periodic vibration of a piezoelectric structure which generates current peaks during a fraction of the period of vibration. This is achieved by controlling automatically and at the opportune moments the perpetual and omnipresent action of Casimir attractive force between two electrodes, by an opposite and greater Coulomb force of at least a factor of two. The proportionality factor, Coulomb / Casimir Forces> = 2, is determined by the threshold voltage of enriched or depleted MOS transistors and defined during the manufacture of the device. The attractive Casimir force appearing between the two electrodes of a reflector deforms a piezoelectric bridge, which automatically induces the electric charges used by a Coulomb force on the return electrode. As long as the electric voltage, generated by the electric charges on one side of the piezoelectric bridge and connected to the gate of an enriched MOS transistor (MOSE) is below its threshold voltage, this transistor remains blocked. The electrical charges on the other side of the bridge are on the source of this transistor and remain confined to the moving electrode of the Casimir reflector. During this phase, the Coulomb return electrode is then grounded by closing the circuit consisting of series depleted MOS (MOSD). Likewise, the fixed electrode of the Casimir reflector is continuously grounded. The Coulomb force between the two electrodes of the Casimir reflector and between the piezoelectric bridge and the Coulomb return electrode is then zero. Depending on the deformation of the piezoelectric bridge, the electric charges present on the two electrodes of the piezoelectric bridge increase. They therefore increase on the gates of the enriched or depleted MOS and generate an electrical voltage greater than the threshold voltages of the MOSE and MOSD transistors. Thus, the circuit formed by MOSE in parallel closes and that formed by MOSD in series opens, then isolating the fixed return electrode from ground, which allows the charges present on the source to be distributed uniformly over this recall electrode and to be trapped there. Electric charges of opposite sign are then distributed over the two electrodes, one on one side of the piezoelectric bridge, the other on the return electrode! So, an attractive Coulomb force who can be greater than and in the opposite direction to that of Casimir then develops between these return electrodes. This attractive Coulomb force moves the two electrodes away of the Casimir reflector, reducing then canceling the deformation of the bridge. It automatically disappears when the deformation of the piezoelectric bridge is canceled out, letting the Casimir force again dominate and deform this bridge again for a new cycle! The device is found in the initial conditions which causes the structure to vibrate. When homogenizing the electrical charges on both sides of the return electrode, periodic current peaks appear for a fraction of the device's vibration time. These peaks of currents passing through an inductor spontaneously induce peaks of alternating voltages at the terminals of this device. Electronic without any power supply then transforms these weak alternating signals into a direct voltage of several volts. To manufacture these different structures, we are proposing an original technology making it possible to produce these electronics without power supply, as well as that of the control of the very weak interfaces between the electrodes of the Casimir reflector and that of the return electrodes of the vibrating structure! The Casimir and Coulomb forces, the current or voltage peaks appear spontaneously and without input of any external energy, likewise the transformation electronics have no power supply. The structure automatically enters in vibrations , thus inducing current and voltage peaks converted into a usable direct voltage. Everything is only a consequence of the existence of the isotropic, homogeneous, and omnipresent Casimir force due to the quantum fluctuations of the vacuum. This set does not seem to contradict Emily Noether's theorem! "In the universe, everything is energy, everything is vibration, from the infinitely small to the infinitely large" Albert Einstein. "A person who has never made mistakes has never tried to innovate." Albert Einstein
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Exploration of New Models: Sustainable-Growth, ESG/UN-SDG Finance and Problems Inherent in Existing SPACs

Authors: Michael I. C. Nwogugu
Comments: 55 Pages. [Corrections to title and abstract made by viXra Admin]

This article discusses some of the problems inherent in US and European SPACs (special purpose acquisition companies) which motivated the author's creation of proprietary SPAC structures and incentives. The main findings are that: i) traditional US and European SPACs are very inefficient and costly, and can increase market volatility and Financial Instability; ii) SPACs are being mis-used by investors that seek short-term returns (via stockredemptions at De-SPAC which have become more of an investment strategy with new ETFs launched, rather than a corporate governance mechanism) and companies that seek to list their shares on exchanges; iii) the author's SPACs can solve most of the problems caused by traditional SPACs; iv) many alternatives (to SPACs) that have been recommended by researchers and practitioners focus on how to list shares of single companies on financial exchanges (sponsored IPOs and direct-listings), whereas there is substantial worldwide need for “statutory” entities that can be used for ESG/UN-SDG Finance and efficient Industry Rollups of private/non-listed companies and SMEs (for whom IPOs and direct-listings are not suitable or are too costly, and for whom listing provides significant benefits); v) most researchers have excessively focused on SPACs’ returns which don’t tell the whole story, while omitting the legal/structural and Financial Stability risks of SPACs. The author estimates that for the average US or European SPAC, each of the author's models can save at least $1.20 million in costs during the first three years.
Category: General Mathematics

Build Robo-Advisor: a New Method to Coding K-Line Series

Authors: Fan Peiran
Comments: 19 Pages.

In the age of Big Data, Financial markets worldwide accumulate tones of data; we need a new method to build a frame so that new techniques like machine learning could have a chance reshape the foundation of the future market. This paper proposes a new frame to take the small step to this big future. This paper presented a new architecture of comprehensive system to define similarity could capture the almost every promising K-line patterns of the stock price with the power of big data techniques, this system allows us to generate patters, predict the possibility of correlated events attached, it is a necessary component in the field of finance technology. With this new tool, we predict direction of stock prices as a test. In order to define the K-line similarity, first we proposed a new coding system to every possible shape of K-line; then we coding the series of K-lines, with the decoding technique and inference approach algorithm we could find the transfer possibility of every possible pattern. Possibility turns to be the “knowledge” of this system. Naturally,” ARIMA with GARCH effect” model and Naïve Predict Model were chosen as the benchmark to test the feasibility of the system. Many specific patterns were thought to be magic in revealing the future of asserts, and the very shapes or patterns were based on experience of experts. In this study I use the data from Chinese stock market, by setting a series of basic method as benchmark. Many evidences show massive patterns search method based on K-line similarity match should be promising, the general predict power of pattern search is better using in massive predict rather than a single assert prediction. This tool is a new path to study patterns and events from K-line series, give a complete frame to train the deep learning networks like Generative Adversarial Network. By using this frame well, “Technical Analysis” will be reshaped.
Category: Economics and Finance

The 2019 Convention, Quantum Gravity and the Definition of Kilogram

Authors: Abhishek Majhi
Comments: 2 Pages.

There appears to be a lack of general consensus among the BIPM and the quantum gravity community regarding the definition of kilogram, in light of the 2019 convention, concerning the role of the gravitational constant $G$ as a defining constant. Unless a decision is reached, not only the task of the BIPM to ``ensure worldwide unification of measurements'' remains unfulfilled, but also the proposals of experimental tests of quantum gravity remain devoid of any scientific value.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Series for Particular Values of the Gamma Function

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 9 Pages. comments are welcome

We give some series for the number (G(1/7)*G(2/7)*G(4/7))/8*pi*sqrt(7) , where G(x) is the Gamma function.
Category: General Mathematics

Matter, Dark Matter and Dark Energy in Perspective of New Theory of Quantum Gravitation

Authors: Ashok Saxena
Comments: 71 Pages.

Universe is created from one particle of creation String or Treo. These particles constituted primordial soup. Instantly after big bang, these five dimensional particles of primordial soup were alternately woven as bound treos with five negative dimensional curled up voids (empty spaces with no length, breadth, or depth, represents elapsed time and absorbs positive energy to expand itself) to construct our Ten dimensional omnipresent space matrix [83, 85, 87, 88, 89]. This matrix is continuously vibrating at Planck’s frequency by simultaneous vibrations of all bound treos. Rate of its rhythm which is S times per second is the new dimensionless constant ‘S’ and is COSMIC CODE for our universe [83 a]. This S number decides the value of all universal constants, Unit energy, Unit mass, Unit time, Unit speed, Unit Space (a cube of S bound treos length which is ‘unit space matrix’), Unit expansion and Unit contraction (of one layer of unit space matrix) in this universe.[83 b,90,91] 5% of universe is free treos (visible matter) which in multiple unit of S number (unit photon) forms all photons and in unit of √S × S number (unit electron) constitutes all Visible Matter. All matter with its quarks and kinetic coloumns rotate anticlockwise, while all antimatter with its kinetic coloumns rotates clockwise. 25% of universe is Dark Matter and is made up of kinetons (Activated bound treos). Any matter exerts load on multilayered space matrix from all directions, which is square of the number of unit masses in body and is neutralized by equal number of gravitons (one gravitons has S2 kinetons). These kinetons are generated by contraction of equal number of bound treos, which results in contraction of local space matrix. Undeformed continuously vibrating bound treos of Space matrix constitute 68% universe and its uniform omnipresent potential energy is represented as Dark Energy. This energy is responsible for slow and simultaneous uncurling of all ‘curled up voids’ which results in uniform, accelerating expansion of our universe. With continuous expansion, universe is aging, along with all its living and nonliving’s; and thus heading towards next big bang [92 pp 260]. Kinetons are single force provider of universe, and form kinetic coloumns in one, two, three and four dimensions, to construct fields of all four basic forces. Remaining 2% universe forms configurations as galactic Halos, inter galactic Filaments and Billions of km long ‘cosmic strings’ to construct ‘buckeye ball shaped’ architecture of our self supporting universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Temporal Mechanics and the Derivation of an Electron Degeneracy Neutrino, Gravity Constant (G), Fine Structure Constant (α), Planck Constant (h), and the Phenomenal Values of Sol

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 70 Pages.

Presented here is an axiom for time that underwrites a time-equation leading to the development of a temporal wave function for space, deriving the atomic locale and associated fundamental atomic descriptors of the fine structure constant (α), Planck’s constant (h), and gravitational constant (G), as per the derivation of an “electron degeneracy neutrino”, all using a formalism of logic called Temporal Mechanics. Through this process it is then possible to derive the phenomenal metrics of the sun (temperature, radius, luminosity, and corona). Via all of such a case is presented for a new theoretic approach for cosmology theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

King Cnut for the 21st Century

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 4 Pages.

King Cnut (or Canute) was a very important Viking era ruler in the 11th century. He is mostly known today as the vain man who was flattered by his subordinates into believing that he was so awesome that he could control the tides, which is not correct. His unique oceanic legacy is important for us in the 21st century.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Cosmology in 4-D Complex Space

Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 21 Pages.

Without relying on the cosmological principle, which has been the foundation of all the progress in physical cosmology such as the interpretation of Hubble’s law, Friedman-Roberson-Walker (FRW) metric in general theory of relativity, the expanding of the universe in the Big Bang theory, etc., but still disputable for its validity as a principle in physical science, we can find comprehensive explanations in 4-D complex space for many unsolved problems such as the variation of fine-structure constant on cosmological scale, dark matter (hypothetical matter) in astrophysics, dark energy (hypothetical energy) in physical cosmology, and so on. With introducing new galactic dynamo process, the cosmological magnetic fields, which has been one of unsolved problems in astrophysics, is explained. For physical cosmology in 4-D complex space, new theory is introduced.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Decoherence is Time

Authors: Kim Jeong Hee, Korea Busan
Comments: 18 Pages.

Every quantum entity has the complementarity of a wave and a particle. According to the theory of decoherence that presents the criterion for the particle state versus the wave state, the state is dependent on the interaction that causes decoherence. When a quantum entity is in a state of coherence, it indicates that the entity is in a state of superposition with the property of a wave, and when it interacts to cause decoherence, the entity has a property of a particle. This paper presents an investigation of the reason for the nature of the decoherence and complementarity. In this paper, it is proposed that decoherence creates time, which is explained in terms of a discontinuity in space–time. According to the theory of quantum gravity, in the microscopic world, it is argued that the time variable cannot be used and time does not exist. In contrast, the time variable is used as one of the physical quantities of the macroscopic world. In other words, time exists in the macroscopic world and is defined as a physical quantity. Then, the criterion for demarcating the microscopic world, with no existence of time, and the macroscopic world, with the existence of time, is a relevant question. In this paper, it is proposed that decoherence serves as the criterion––that is, in the state of coherence without interactions, there is no passage of time and time has no significance, and when decoherence is created by interactions, time is created in the macroscopic world. Based on this concept and the discontinuity of time argued in the theory of quantum gravity, the concept of complementarity is also explained herein.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Stability of Atomic Orbitals and a New Theory of Nuclear Forces

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 5 Pages.

Quantum mechanics (QM ) only gives a partial explanation of the stability of atomic orbitals. QM says that the electrons in an atom exist only in stable, discrete, allowable orbits. But it does not tell us how the electron enters such stable orbit in the first place and how it stays there indefinitely. The stability of the nucleus is also one of the unsolved mysteries in physics. What is the force holding protons together in the nucleus, overcoming the tremendous electrostatic repulsive force between them? The strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force, two of the supposed four fundamental forces in the universe, have been invented to explain nuclear forces. This paper reveals a new theory on how protons can exist together in the nucleus without invoking any kind of new force. The weak force naturally arises from the new explanation for the strong force.
Category: Quantum Physics

Tokenize the Food : A Permissionless NFT Information System

Authors: Jules Repusseau
Comments: 12 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin]

Collecting and utilizing food data across the life cycle is difficult and expensive because of their movement across the multiple stakeholders on the agrifood supply chain. Interestingly, product centric approaches that present effective solutions to analyze product lifecycle have been problematic to deploy across multiple industries. Blockchain has been adopted in the food system and traceability and brings many advantages for provenance, compliance, authenticity and quality. However most of the applications are permissioned and mostly at the benefits of a private owner or consortium. Accumulated data therefore cannot be reused by all stakeholders and no common data model can be built. This lack of cooperation has an impact on farmers, where data governance can be a direct source of income and social benefits, and an impact on researchers that cannot reuse and improve food security models, study sustainability or carbon emission without relying on private companies. Food security is a public good and our proposal introduces a permissionless food product centered approach based on NFT to protect public information and farmers stability.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Rigorous Proof for Riemann Hypothesis Obtained by Adopting Algebra-Geometry Approach in Geometric Langlands Program

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 26 Pages. PREPRINT arXiv Rigorous proofs for Riemann hypothesis, Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures.

The 1859 Riemann hypothesis conjectured all nontrivial zeros in Riemann zeta function are uniquely located on sigma = 1/2 critical line. Derived from Dirichlet eta function [proxy for Riemann zeta function] are, in chronological order, simplified Dirichlet eta function and Dirichlet Sigma-Power Law. Computed Zeroes from the former uniquely occur at sigma = 1/2 resulting in total summation of fractional exponent (-sigma) that is twice present in this function to be integer -1. Computed Pseudo-zeroes from the later uniquely occur at sigma = 1/2 resulting in total summation of fractional exponent (1 - sigma) that is twice present in this law to be integer 1. All nontrivial zeros are, respectively, obtained directly and indirectly as the one specific type of Zeroes and Pseudo-zeroes only when sigma = 1/2. Thus, it is proved (using equation-type proof) that Riemann hypothesis is true whereby this function and law rigidly comply with Principle of Maximum Density for Integer Number Solutions. The geometrical-mathematical [unified] approach used in our proof is equivalent to the algebra-geometry [unified] approach of geometric Langlands program that was formalized by Professor Peter Scholze and Professor Laurent Fargues. A succinct treatise on proofs for Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures (using algorithm-type proofs) is also outlined in this anniversary research paper.
Category: General Mathematics

Armenian Theory of Special Relativity (in Armenian)

Authors: Robert Nazaryan, Hayk Nazaryan
Comments: 88 Pages. In Armenian, TXu 1-843-370, VAu 1-127-428, 978-1-4675-6080-1

By using the principle of relativity (first postulate), together with new defined nature of the universal speed (our second postulate) and homogeneity of time-space (our third postulate), we derive the most general transformation equation of relativity in one dimensional space. According to our new second postulate, the universal (not limited) speed c in Armenian Theory of Special Relativity is not the actual speed of light but it is the speed of time which is the same in all inertial systems. Our third postulate - the homogeneity of time-space is necessary to furnish linear transformation equations. We also state that there is no need to postulate the isotropy of space. Our book is the accumulation of all efforts from physicists to fix the Lorentz transformation equations and build correct and more general transformation equations of relativity which obey the rules of logic and fundamental group laws, without internal philosophical and physical inconsistencies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unity Formula that Connect the Fine-Structure Constant and the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 11 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3963425

In this paper will be presented the unity formulas that connect the fine-structure constant and the proton to electron mass ratio. The equations are simple,elegant and symmetrical in a great physical meaning. At the beginning we will make a review of the last works. We will suggest the exact formula for fine-structure constant in terms of the golden angle,the relativity factor and the fifth power of the golden mean. Also we propose a simple and absolutely accurate expression for the fine-structure constant in terms of the Archimedes constant. After we propose two exact mathematical expressions for the proton to electron mass ratio. It will be presented the mathematical formulas that connects the proton to electron mass ratio μ,the fine-structure constant α,the ratio Ν1 of electric force to gravitational force between electron and proton,the Avogadro's number NA,the gravitational coupling constant αG of the electron and the gravitational coupling constant of the proton αG(p). Ιt will be explained that the product of the proton to electron mass ratio with the reciprocal of the fine-structure constant is one of the roots of a trigonometric equation. It will also be shown another way to show this trigonometric equation with the exponential form of the equation. The beautiful formula that connects the fine-structure constant,the proton to electron mass ratio and the fifth power of the golden mean. Also the formula that connects the fine-structure constant,the proton to electron mass ratio and mathematical constants π,φ,e and i. Finally we will show that the speed of light and the maximum speed of sound depends only from the fine-structure constant and not from the proton to electron mass ratio.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Atomic Orbitals Quantum Charts Into Chevron Form

Authors: Jean-Yves Boulay
Comments: 8 Pages.

It is proposed here to represent the quantum distribution of atomic orbitals in an unprecedented table where the quantum shells and subshells are drawn in the form of chevrons whose vertices are occupied by orbitals with the magnetic quantum number m = 0. This new representation visually shows, much better than a classic linear chart, the relationship between the number of quantum shells and the number of orbitals . Also, this new visual model can be easily used in the individual quantum depiction of the atoms represented alone or into molecules and can find its place in illustration of some two-dimensional space-time quantum theories.
Category: Quantum Physics

Bayesian Optimization for Category Space

Authors: Jun Jin
Comments: 2 Pages.

Hyper parameter optimization is widely used in AI areas. Hyper parameter usually means the value controls the whole learning process, but itself cannot be learned or tunned in training process. Hyper parameter is very important because it will greatly affect the learning result. A good hyper parameter set can lead to a much better result or cost much less training time, instead a bad hyper parameter usually will end in local optimum, or even failed to converge. Hyper parameters can be many difference kinds of types, it could be in the model itself (depth, node counts, etc..), or it could be in the algorithm (learning rate, optimizer, etc..). Different models or algorithms usually need different hyper parameters, even the same model/algorithm can use different hyper parameters to achieve better results. So hyper parameter exists in different part of the training process, some of the hyper parameter is described in a category. It usually means that the parameter can only be chosen in a range. This kind of parameter has some properties, for this special kind of hyper parameter we proposed a common method here to optimize it. By using this method we turn the category problems into Real searching space to achieve a better result.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Quantum Nature of Gravity Seen in Cosmological Observations

Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 5 Pages.

In the author's model of low-energy quantum gravity, the cosmological redshift, additional darkening of distant objects and a diffuse cosmic optical background, presumably detected by the New Horizons mission, can be interpreted, without cosmological expansion and dark energy, as a result of the scattering of photons on superstrongly interacting background gravitons. The constancy of the ratio H(z)/(1+z) in this model is consistent with observations of the Hubble parameter H(z). There is a possibility of interpreting dark matter as a gas of virtual massive gravitons.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unconscious Foundations of Mathematics

Authors: Osvaldo Duilio Rossi
Comments: 61 Pages.

Being a language, mathematics grounds itself into human mind and culture: mathematics reflect the structure of human mind, rather than being an intrinsic property (or domain) of nature. The radical assumption in the theory of symmetrical nature of unconscious, by Matte Blanco (1975), displaces psychology into the domain of physics: that way, the two topics from Freud (1899; 1923) reveal themselves to be seminal tools in order to understand mathematics and its intrinsic unconscious structure, because the various processes of Symmetrization pertain as much to unconscious as to mathematics.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Universe a Single Field Can Play in

Authors: Michael Griffin
Comments: 12 Pages. contact email mdg46@juno.com

A single-field approach to a unified field theory for physics defines space-time as MC. The Lorentz transform factor results as the distortion effect of enfielded mass. Euler’s identity is the missing field factor or action principle to indicate the enfielding of energy into matter. The relative exponential differences between the four fundamental forces are then explained by the Euler factor’s spin. This makes the factor into a hidden-variable patch for any field theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Whole Numbers in Specified Arrays and Their Relationships in Multi-Dimensional Locales

Authors: Vimosh Venugopal
Comments: 14 Pages.

The study details specified properties of whole numbers in conjunction with repetitive arrays and sequences. There prevails a common pattern for numbers when they exist in defined structures. The paper extends to the scope of progressions in regard to the specific number relationships and its reach in advanced mathematical studies. The properties of numbers enumerated have its scope in the field of recreational mathematical theories as well.
Category: Number Theory

The "Quantum Game Show": a Very Simple Explanation of Bell's Theorem in Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Braeden Welsch, Christopher Thron
Comments: 7 Pages. 4 figures

In this article give a very simple presentation of Bell's inequality by comparing it to a ``quantum game show'', followed by a simple description of Aspect's 1985 experiment involving entangled photons which confirms the inequality. The entire article is non-technical and requires no mathematical background other than high school mathematics and an understanding of basic concepts in probability. The physics involved in Aspect's experiment is also explained.
Category: Quantum Physics

Antena Planetaria Mejorada (Improved Planetary Antenna)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 16 Pages.

Este documento describe una antena pequeña que opera en la banda de VHF para radioaficionados, comprendida entre 144 MHz y 148 MHz. Simplemente es una versión mejorada de la Antena Planetaria publicada en un documento anterior. Aunque la forma geométrica recuerda a la antena eggbeater, el modo de funcionamiento es distinto. El diseño de la antena planetaria es el resultado de tener muy en cuenta las leyes físicas referidas al campo D , denominado desplazamiento eléctrico. Eso permite lograr buen comportamiento con un tamaño de 52 mm.

This document describes a small antenna that operates in the VHF band for ham radio, between 144 MHz and 148 MHz. It is simply an improved version of the planetary antenna published in a previous document. Although the geometric shape reminds the Eggbeater antenna, the mode of operation is different. The design of the planetary antenna is the result of taking into account the physical laws referring to D field, called electrical displacement. This allows achieving good behavior with a size of 52 mm.
Category: Classical Physics

Scientific Value of the Quantum Tests of Equivalence Principle in Light of Hilbert's Sixth Problem

Authors: Abhishek Majhi, Gopal Sardar
Comments: 11 Pages. Pramana - Journal of Physics 97, 26 (2023).

In his sixth problem, Hilbert called for an axiomatic approach to theoretical physics with an aim to achieve precision and rigour in scientific reasoning, where logic and language (semantics) of physics play the pivotal role. It is from such a point of view, we investigate the scientific value of the modern experiments to perform quantum tests of equivalence principle. Determination of Planck constant involves the use of acceleration due to gravity of the earth (g) that results in the force on a test mass. The equivalence between inertial mass and gravitational mass of a test object is assumed in the process of logically defining g from the relevant hypotheses of physics. Consequently, if Planck constant is used as input in any experiment (or in the associated theory that founds such an experiment) that is designed to test the equivalence between inertial and gravitational mass, then it is equivalent to establish a scientific truth by implicitly assuming it i.e. a tautology. There are several notable examples which plague the frontiers of current scientific research which claim to make quantum test of equivalence principle. We question the scientific value of such experiments from Hilbert's axiomatic point of view. This work adds to the recently reported semantic obstacle in any axiomatic attempt to put "quantum" and "gravity" together, albeit with an experimental tint.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Cauchy's Logico-Linguistic Slip, the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and a Semantic Dilemma Concerning ``quantum Gravity''

Authors: Abhishek Majhi
Comments: 8 Pages. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 61, 55 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-022-05051-8. Almost identical with published version.

The importance of language in physics has gained emphasis in recent times, on the one hand through Hilbert's views that concern formalism and intuition applied for outer inquiry, and on the other hand through Brouwer's point of view that concerns intuition applied for inner inquiry or, as I call, self-inquiry. It is to demonstrate the essence of such investigations, especially self-inquiry (inward intuition), I find it compelling to report that a careful analysis of Cauchy's statements for the definition of derivative, as applied in physics, unveils the connection to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle as a condition for the failure of classical mechanics. Such logico-linguistic, or semantically driven, self-inquiry of physics can provide new insights to physicists in the pursuit of truth and reality, for example, in the context of Schroedinger equation. I point out an explicit dilemma that plagues the semantics of physics, as far as general relativity and quantum mechanics are concerned, which needs to be taken into account during any attempt to pen down a theory of ``quantum gravity''.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Mechanisms that Could Increase Cancer Vulnerability in Covid-19 Mrna Vaccine Recipients

Authors: Paz Azakarian
Comments: 2 Pages.

The BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines have been rolled out globally in high numbers. Even minimal risk groups have been fully vaccinated in many countries. We observe certain links that show there are ways cancer can have an easier path to establishing itself as a result of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination.
Category: Biochemistry

Tornado in Guatambu, Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil, Late Winter 2021 (Case Study)

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijit Mitra
Comments: 6 Pages.

The objective of this work is to analyze the occurrence or not of tornadoes in the city of Guatambu, state of Santa Catarina (SC), southern Brazil, at the end of the night of 13, at dawn on September 14, 2021. Alerts by the official agencies of the region of the probable occurrence of tornadoes and strong storms in the area between the northeast of Argentina, Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul. A tornado is the most violent windstorm on earth. The tornado is a rotating column of air that extends from a cloud to the ground. The analysis of satellite maps indicated the occurrence of storms, with probable formation of tornadoes in the municipality of Guatambu. Thus, confirming reports from residents, official bodies such as the Civil Defense of Santa Catarina, and the state’s meteorological system. It is likely that the formation of a tornado in the unicipality of Guatambu occurred between 01:20 UTC on and 02:10 UTC on Sep 14, 2021.
Category: Climate Research

A New Theory on the Derivation of Metacentric Radius Governing the Stability of Ships

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 17 Pages, 3 Figures, 39 Equations, 39 References, 3 Appendices.
Published in the Bulletin of Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science in Japan, 2022 (June), Vol.62, No.1, Research Notes in Mathematical and Physical Science, pp.51~67.

In this paper, we develop a new theory on the derivation of the transverse metacentric radius which governs the stability of ships. As a new development in its derivation process, it was shown that the direction of movement of the center of buoyancy due to lateral inclination of ship is the direction of the half angle of the heel angle. By finding it, we were able to derive a metacentric radius worthy of its name by showing that the metacentric radius correctly represents the radius centered on the metacenter, which is the center of inclination.
Category: Classical Physics

Hubble Tension

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 7 Pages.

The results of measurements of the Hubble’s constant H_0 , which characterizes the expansion rate of the universe, shows that the values of H_0 vary significantly depending on Methodology. The disagreement in the values of H_0 obtained by the various teams far exceeds the standard uncertainties provided with the values. This discrepancy is called the Hubble Tension. In this paper, we discuss Macrostructures of the World (Superclusters and Galaxies); explain their Origin and Evolution in frames of the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM), which is, in fact, the Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]; and provide the explanation of the Hubble Tension. The main difference between WUM and Big Bang Model (BBM) is: Instead of the Infinite Homogeneous and Isotropic Universe around the Initial Singularity in BBM, in WUM, the 3D Finite Boundless World (the Hypersphere) presents a Patchwork Quilt of different Luminous Superclusters ( ≳10^3), which emerged in various places of the World at different Cosmological times. In WUM, the Medium of the World is Homogeneous and Isotropic. The distribution of Macroobjects in the World is spatially Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic and temporally Non-simultaneous.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Number of Primes

Authors: Pal Doroszlai, Horacio Keller
Comments: 10 Pages.

The prime-number-formula at any distance from the origin has a systematic error, proportional to the square of the number of primes up to the square root of the distance. The proposed completion in the present paper eliminates by a quickly converging recursive formula the systematic error. The remaining error is reduced to a symmetric dispersion, with standard deviation proportional to the number of primes at the square root of the distance.
Category: Number Theory

The Application of F(R)=R^2 Gravity in Gravitational Waves

Authors: Maria Giannopoulou
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this paper I study the applications of the f(R)=R^2 gravity in gravitational waves. The choice of this action emerges naturally from the field equations of a general action f(R) in order to get a wave equation of the scalar curvature R and the Ricci tensor Rìí. The new field equations (NFE) seem to be applicable to non-conservative systems (as a collapsing binary). They are derived from the action of f(R)=R^2 assuming that the Lagrangian matter depends on gìí and xë: L(gìí, xë). The radiated energy causes a non-static space-time. In the case of gravitational waves these equations turn out to be more general than the existing ones that are being produced from the action of f(R)=R. They predict both the transverse as well as the longitudinal and time oscillations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Margenau's Reduction of the Wave Packet

Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 8 Pages. No Dutch speaking intimidation please. Just factual comments.

Margenau wanted to see reduction of the wave packet in terms of the Schrödinger equation. Here we will look at it in terms of non-locality.
Category: Quantum Physics

Computational Complexity in Quantum Computing

Authors: Koji Nagata, Do Ngoc Diep, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 7 pages

Our aim is of studying the efficiency of two typical arithmetic calculations {[T. Nakamura and K. Nagata, Int. J. Theor. Phys. {\bf 60}, 70 (2021)]} using the principle of quantum mechanics. We demonstrate some evaluations of three two-variable functions which are elements of a boolean algebra composed of the four-atom set utilizing the Bernstein--Vazirani algorithm. This is faster than a classical apparatus, which would require $2^{12}=4096$ evaluations. Finally, using the three two-variable functions evaluated here, we demonstrate two typical arithmetic calculations in the binary system. Hence, our calculations are faster than a classical apparatus, which would require $2^{12}=4096$ evaluations.
Category: Quantum Physics

Fermat's Last Theorem: Basic Case (English, French, Russian)

Authors: Victor Sorokine
Comments: 4 Pages. Each statement is reducible to axioms. Chaque énoncé est réductible à des axiomes. Каждое утверждение сводимо до аксиом..

The third (from the end) digit in the sum of two equivalent Fermat's equalities with the last digits in the numbers A, B, C equal to a, b, c, and n-a, n-b, n-c, is equal to 1, and at the same time it is a single-valued function of the last digits.

Après avoir additionné deux égalités de Fermat avec les derniers chiffres des nombres a, b, c, n-a, n-b, n-c, le troisième (à partir de la fin) chiffre de la somme des puissances est 1, et en même temps il ne peut pas être converti à zéro en changeant les troisièmes chiffres en bases de nombres A, B, C (et les deuxièmes chiffres sont des fonctions à un chiffre des derniers chiffres). *** Третья (от конца) цифра в сумме двух эквивалентных равенств Ферма с последними цифрами в числах A, B, C, равными a, b, c, и n-a, n-b, n-c, равна 1 и при этом она является однозначной функцией лишь последних цифр.
Category: Number Theory

"The Phenomenon of Trade-Based Money Laundering in Bangladesh" - A Critical Review

Authors: Md Monzur Morshed, Taiabur Rahman
Comments: 15 Pages.

Bangladesh is one of the victims of financial crime like money laundering. Bangladesh's gross domestic product (GDP) has risen to 329.12 billion dollars in recent years and is steadily expanding. According to BASEL AML Index data (2020), Bangladesh's current AML score is 5.88. It stands in 38 rankings among 141 countries where Afghanistan ranks in the number one position, scoring 8.16, and Estonia ranks in 141 places with a score of 2.36. To fight financial crime like money laundering, The Central Bank of Bangladesh has taken necessary steps to be in line with FATF Status. In this connection, Trade-Based Money Laundering is a type of money laundering that shall closely monitor. Under-invoicing and over-invoicing are regularly practiced by the importers and exporters while declaring false prices of the goods. The remaining capital flies through "Hundi" and other media like Bitcoin or cryptocurrency platforms and uses offshore tax havens to hide the money. Though ML / TBML is a common problem over the entire world, in comparison to others, Bangladesh's progress is not significant, and not enough academic research is being published, which creates a considerable gap between the Government agencies and academia. This study attempts to break the ice between government agencies and academia. Still, more in-depth research shall be needed to combat Money Laundering (ML) or Trade-Based Money Laundering (TBML).
Category: Economics and Finance

A New Algorithm based on Extent Bit-array for Computing Formal Concepts

Authors: Jianqin Zhou, Sichun Yang, Xifeng Wang, Wanquan Liu
Comments: 12 Pages.

The emergence of Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) as a data analysis technique has increased the need for developing algorithms which can compute formal concepts quickly. The current efficient algorithms for FCA are variants of the Close-By-One (CbO) algorithm, such as In-Close2, In-Close3 and In-Close4, which are all based on horizontal storage of contexts. In this paper, based on algorithm In-Close4, a new algorithm based on the vertical storage of contexts, called InClose5, is proposed, which can significantly reduce both the time complexity and space complexity of algorithm In-Close4. Technically, the new algorithm stores both context and extent of a concept as a vertical bit-array, while within In-Close4 algorithm the context is stored only as a horizontal bit-array, which is very slow in finding the intersection of two extent sets. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is much more effective than In-Close4 algorithm, and it also has a broader scope of applicability in computing formal concept in which one can solve the problems that cannot be solved by the In-Close4 algorithm.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Granule Description based on Compound Concepts

Authors: Jianqin Zhou, Sichun Yang, Xifeng Wang, Wanquan Liu
Comments: 16 Pages.

Concise granule descriptions for definable granules and approaching descriptions for indefinable granules are challenging and important issues in granular computing. The concept with only common attributes has been intensively studied. To investigate the granules with some special needs, we propose a novel type of compound concepts in this paper, i.e., common-and-necessary concept. Based on the definitions of concept-forming operations, the logical formulas are derived for each of the following types of concepts: formal concept, object-induced three-way concept, object oriented concept and common-and-necessary concept. Furthermore, by utilizing the logical relationship among various concepts, we have derived concise and unified equivalent conditions for definable granules and approaching descriptions for indefinable granules for all four kinds of concepts.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Short Effective Intervals Containing Primes and a Property of the Riemann Zeta Function ζ(1/2+it)

Authors: Kang-Ho Kim
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper, we prove the existence of primes in the interval ]x,x+2√x] by inducing an inequality which defines the lower bound of number of primes in the interval ]x,x+2√x] and suggest an opinion for truth of the Lindelöf hypothesis based on the existence of primes in the interval ]x,x+2√x] with the success of Ingham’s preceded work.
Category: Number Theory

A Revised Comparison Between Fama and French Five-Factor Model and Three-Factor Model——based on China's a-Share Market

Authors: Zhijing Zhang, Yue Yu, Qinghua Ma, Haixiang Yao
Comments: 18 Pages.

In allusion to some contradicting results in existing research, this paper selects China's latest stock data from 2005 to 2020 for empirical analysis. By choosing this periods’ data, we avoid the periods of China's significant stock market reforms to reduce the impact of the government's policy on the factor effect. In this paper, the redundant factors (HML, CMA) are orthogonalized, and the regression analysis of 5*5 portfolio of Size-B/M and Size-Inv is carried out with these two orthogonalized factors. It found that the HML and the CMA are still significant in many portfolios, indicating that they have a strong explanatory ability, which is also consistent with the results of GRS test. All these show that the five-factor model has a better ability to explain the excess return rate. In the concrete analysis, this paper uses the methods of the five- factor 25-group portfolio returns calculation, the five-factor regression analysis, the orthogonal treatment, the five-factor 25-group regression and the GRS test to more comprehensively explain the excellent explanatory ability of the five-factor model to the excess return. Then, we analyze the possible reasons for the strong explanatory ability of the HML, CMA and RMW from the aspects of price to book ratio, turnover rate and correlation coefficient. We also give a detailed explanation of the results, and analyze the changes of China's stock market policy and investors' investment style recent years. Finally, this paper attempts to put forward some useful suggestions on the development of asset pricing model and China's stock market.
Category: Statistics

Compact Dimensions and Quantum Vacuum

Authors: Jose Salvador Ruiz Fargueta
Comments: 5 Pages.

The vacuum energy depends on the inverse of the distance. That simple dependency may be hiding the geometry of the compact dimensions from string theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Observation of Oscillation Symmetry in Nuclei Excited State Masses and Widths

Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 14 Pages.

A systematic study of hadron masses and widths shows regular oscillations which can be fitted by a simple cosine function. This oscillation symmetry is observed studing the differences between adjacent masses of each nucleon family plotted versus the corresponding mean masses. It is also observed in the widths of excited levels, when plotted versus the corresponding masses. We observe the same distribution of periods versus the atomic number A, between the nuclear mass data and the periods describing the atomic energy levels of several neutral atoms. The nuclear level widths data are analysed in a way similar to that done for the masses. The distributions of the mass data between some different body families are compared.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Fermat's Last Theorem and Pythagorean Triples

Authors: Michael Griffin
Comments: 14 Pages. contact email mdg46@juno.com

Fermat's Last Theorem is investigated on the set of Pythagorean triples using the ancient Greek formulas of Pythagoras, Euclid, and Plato. These are formulas used to derive natural number solutions of the Pythagorean theorem. Since Euclid’s formula makes all possible triples, proofs that Euclid’s cannot work at higher powers thus prove Fermat’s on the set of triples.
Category: Number Theory

Do the Exoplanet Properties Verify the Oscillation Symmetry ?

Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 15 Pages.

The oscillation symmetry is extended to exoplanets. A systematic study is done on a wide selection of data. The following properties: masses, periods, radii and distances, when known, are studied in order to check their agreement with oscillation symmetry. It is shown that the data indeed oscillate. The parameters allowing to fit the data are discussed. It is shown that the same shape describes the oscillations of very different mass objects.
Category: Astrophysics

Literary Inexpertness of Physicists

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 9 Pages. How can the theory SR mislead and convince the minds?

Scientific analysis, experiment steps, results and interpretations are conceived in the brain, as well as imagination and word and concept coding. The proper reporting of results is also critical. Especially in theoretical physics, linguistic skill and carefulness while writing are becoming a more pressing need in new subjects at the horizons of existing knowledge. There are people from other fields who are ready to misunderstand and spark unnecessary discourses/conclusions; they produce books from a few bytes of information such as "yes/no/maybe"; consequently, nonscience or occult misinformation emerges, examples of which abound in the fields of special relativity theory and quantum physics. Thus, science must not use the phrases that supported the Paleolithic mind.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Calculating Quantum Impedance Networks of Wavefunction Interactions

Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: Pages.

A QED model of minimally complete eight-component Dirac wavefunction interactions is introduced, followed by calculation details of quantized interaction impedance networks. This is important. Impedance matching governs amplitude and phase of energy/information transmission, opening a new window on the Standard Model. Application of the model to the Hydrogen atom, unstable particle lifetimes, matching to the Planck length and boundary of the observable universe, and branching ratio calculations are presented. Video to follow.
Category: Quantum Physics

Kepler's Laws as Properties of the Kinematic Equations of Motion of a Point Along Curves of the Second Order

Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 13 Pages.

Differential equations of motion on curves of the second order are inferred. Solutions to equations are made by computer programs. The results of the calculation are compared with Kepler's laws.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Digits of Infinity

Authors: Adam Lore
Comments: 16 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

An original method for calculating the numerical digits of infinity is presented, based on the symmetry of the regular infinity-sided polygon (known as the regular apeirogon). The first actual infinite number is found to be an even number, a power of two, and the last few digits are calculated to be ...432948736. The last thousand digits of infinity are presented.
Category: General Mathematics

Continued Fractions and the Riemann Zeta: Connections with String Theory

Authors: Rosario Turco, Maria Colonnese, Michele Nardelli
Comments: 33 Pages.

The authors in this article show how, starting from the simple continued fractions, one can reach the most advanced theories of physics, as the connections between the prime numbers and the strings adic, adelic and zeta-strings, furthermore the connections between the mathematics of the fractals and the golden number. In particular the areas examined in the following are: "zeta nonlocal scalar fields", "Lagrangians with Riemann zeta functions" and "Lagrangians for adelic strings.
Category: Mathematical Physics