All Submission Categories

Original & Equivalent ABC Conjectures Proved on Two Pages

Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 6 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong

This paper proves the original and the equivalent ABC conjectures. The hypothesis for the original conjecture is basically the same as the hypothesis for the equivalent conjectures, and this hypothesis states that there exists only finitely many triples (A, B, C) of coprime positive integers, with A + B = C. The conclusion for the original conjecture would be that the product, d, of the distinct prime factors of A, B and C, is usually not much smaller than C. This conclusion would be interpreted as |C – d| < ε, where ε is a positive real number. The conclusions for the equivalent conjectures would be the following: 1. C > rad(d)^(1 + ε), 2. C< K(rad(d))^(1 + ε), where K is a constant, and K is a function of ε, a positive real number, 3. q(a, b, c) = (logC/(log(rad(d)))) > 1 + ε; However, for the equivalent conjectures, one will apply the conclusions containing the constant K, since their solutions for ε can readily be applied in the epsilon-delta proofs in this paper. One will also introduce the constant K into q(a, b, c) = (logC/(log(rad(d)))) > 1 + ε to obtain (logC/(log(rad(d)))) < K(1 + ε). Thus, the conclusions to be used for the equivalent conjectures are 1, C< K(rad(d))^(1 + ε), equivalently, {(logC – logK -log(rad(d)))/(log(rad(d)))} < ε; 2. {(logC/(log(rad(d)))} < K(1 + ε), equivalently, {(logC– Klog(rad(d)))/(Klog(rad(d)))} < ε. Let H = | A + B – C |. Then |H| < δ (δ being a positive real number) would be the hypothesis; and let |L| < ε be the conclusion for the original conjecture with L = C – d. For the equivalent conjectures, let L < ε be the equivalent conclusion, where L = (log C– logK – log(rad(d)))/(log(rad(d))); L = (logC– Klog(rad(d)))/(Klog(rad(d))). It has been proved that if | A + B – C | < δ, then for the original conjecture, |L| < ε; and for the equivalent conjectures, L < ε.
Category: Number Theory

Recipe for Calculating Nuclear Energy in Modern Physics

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 5 Pages.

A few years ago about five nuclear physicists were asked for such a recipe. No one answered the question. But what is under increasing pressure will eventually burst open. A science historian recently informed me of this recipe. Closer examination of it shows that Einstein indeed ruined real physics by introducing his theories of relativity.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

On Factorization of Multivectors in Cl(3,0), Cl(1,2) and Cl(0,3), by Exponentials and Idempotents

Authors: Eckhard Hitzer
Comments: 25 Pages. 4 tables. accepted for publication by Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations, Oct. 2021, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17476933.2021.2001462

In this paper we consider general multivector elements of Clifford algebras Cl(3,0), Cl(1,2) and Cl(0,3), and look for possibilities to factorize multivectors into products of blades, idempotents and exponentials, where the exponents are frequently blades of grades zero (scalar) to n (pseudoscalar).
Category: Algebra

The Invasion of the Tatar-Mongols in Russia. What Was It.

Authors: Alexandr Dubinyansky
Comments: 712 Pages. dubinyansky@mail.ru

In 1917, not consciously, not intentionally, it was not a proletarian revolution that took place, but an outwardly very similar ethnic coup. And under the slogans of "internationalism" national minorities came to power: Finno-Ugric, Caucasian peoples, Mongoloids and others. Under the leadership of the Finno-Ugric Lenin and the Georgian Stalin. The Slavs lost their power and their territory. Russia lost more than 100 million people in the 20th century due to wars, mostly Slavs.
Category: Linguistics

On the Prime Distribution

Authors: Yong Zhao, Jianqin Zhou
Comments: 16 Pages.

In this paper, the estimation formula of the number of primes in a given interval is obtained by using the prime distribution property. For any prime pairs $p>5$ and $ q>5 $, construct a disjoint infinite set sequence $A_1, A_2, \ldots, A_i. \ldots $, such that the number of prime pairs ($p_i$ and $q_i $, $p_i-q_i = p-q $) in $A_i $ increases gradually, where $i>0$. So twin prime conjecture is true. We also prove that for any even integer $m>2700$, there exist more than 10 prime pairs $(p,q)$, such that $p+q=m$. Thus Goldbach conjecture is true.
Category: Number Theory

Trappist-1 Star System

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 4 Pages.

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will soon transcend what the Hubble has been able to explore. One of its first targets will likely be the TRAPPIST-1 star system in Aquarius. This essay explores why one puny red dwarf is so interesting, and why the hunt for alien life forms may never be the same.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Classical Equations of an Electron from the Majestic Dirac System

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. original article

The equivalent system of equations corresponding to the Dirac equation is derived and the WKB approximation of this system is found. Similarly, the WKB approximation for the equivalent system of equation corresponding to the squared Dirac equation is found and it is proved that the Lorentz equation and the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi iquations follow from the new Dirac-Pardy system. The new tensor equation with sigma matrix is derived for the verification by adequate laboratories.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Mind/Brain Question, Problem, Quandary, Conundrum

Authors: David Martin Degner
Comments: 4 Pages.

The human brain is obviously some kind of computer. In this paper I propose a simple, novel, and admittedly speculative, model, or architecture, that illuminates how this mysterious computer works. I offer a scientific foundation for understanding the problem of consciousness. There are profound implications to understanding the operation of the physical brain that gives rise to the human mind in all its manifold phenomena. The “homunculus”, that I introduce and define in this paper, will become the most interesting functional part of the brain, having to do with the subconscious, free will, parallel processing, psychoanalysis, dreams, meditation, being, and self.
Category: Mind Science

Metaphors, Synonyms and Omonyms

Authors: Alexander Ivanovich Somsikov
Comments: 13 Pages.

The etymology of several words of the Russian language is considered
Category: Linguistics

Intrinsic Electron: the Inner Structure and Properties

Authors: Victor Vaguine
Comments: 15 Pages.

Properties of the intrinsic electron are described including the inner structure, definition of the c-ring, description of electromagnetic field configuration, determination of self-mass, spin and magnetic moment, issue of stability, and definition of the position parameter.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Overall Structure of the Small World of Sutras

Authors: Yuwen Zhuang
Comments: 20 Pages. Contains both English and Chinese versions.

This paper tries to put aside all the religious clothing and various folk myths and legends, only from the angle of modern science to interpret the cosmology expounded by the Sutras more than 2500 years ago. First, we assume that the Buddha of more than 2,500 years ago had only the astronomical and geographic knowledge of ordinary people of his time and place, such as the flat-earth theory that we live on a huge flat surface. Secondly, we make a strict logical deduction according to this hypothesis and the description of Buddhist sutras, in order to test whether the description of Buddhist sutras meets this hypothesis. However, in the rigorous reasoning described by the Buddhist scriptures, we gradually overturn this assumption. Finally, thanks to modern science, we are surprised to find that the Buddha’s knowledge of the structure of the earth is beyond our imagination, and there is an incredible era transcendence. Key words: Era transcendence
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Particles, Cosmology and Applications: Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST)

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 189 Pages. Foundations of SST (40 pp of 189) are published in peer reviewed journal DOI: 10.4236/jhepgc.2024.101028

This book is an attempt to organize the main ideas and to unify the descriptions that were included in my letters, papers and books written in 1976 - 2022 on particle physics, cosmology, astrophysics, atomic nucleus physics, atomic physics, brain-mind interactions, chaos theory or quantum physics. It is a book about the missing part of the theory of everything (ToE). The Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) is based on two pillars. The first pillar describes the four successive phase transitions of the initial inflation field composed of tachyons/pieces-of-space and it is the basis of the ToE. The second pillar is the atom-like structure of baryons, which is due to the electroweak and nuclear strong interactions. This second edition of my book is the result of the revision of the International System of Units, the SI, which entered into force on 20 May 2019. In this version, I have introduced significant simplifications. Moreover, the obtained results are more accurate.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Interaction of Potential Energy Wells

Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 9 Pages.

Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity proposes the distortion of the fabric of space by objects, creating a Potential Energy Wells. For an object moving under the influence of a Potential Energy Well, the assumption is that energy is transposed between Potential and Kinetic, but the total energy remains constant. This paper gives a simplistic analysis of the various possible interactions between Potential Energy Wells. The analysis is not exhaustive, but it lays the foundation for subsequent papers on the Hubble Tension and other conjectures. It may also help our understanding of the mysterious nature of Potential Energy Wells which may be one of the "keys to the universe".
Category: Classical Physics

Нашествие татаро-монголов на Русь: Что это было
The Invasion of the Tatar-Mongols in Russia: What Was It?

Authors: Alexandr Dubinyansky
Comments: 744 Pages. dubinyansky@mail.ru

A brief history of the settlement of mankind. Education of nations and peoples. The formation of a hybrid Great Russian people.
Category: Linguistics

Universal Photonics Tomography

Authors: Prabhav Gaur, Andrew Grieco, Naif Alshamrani, Dhaifallah Almutairi, Yeshaiahu Fainman
Comments: 18 Pages.

3D imaging is essential for the study and analysis of a wide variety of structures in numerous ap-plications. Coherent photonic systems such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) are state of the art approaches, and their current implementation can operate in regimes that range from under a few millimeters to over more than a kilometer. We introduce a general method, which we call Universal Photonics Tomography (UPT), for analyzing coherent tomography systems, in which conventional methods such as OCT and LiDAR may be viewed as special cases. We demonstrate a novel approach based on the use of phase modulation combined with multirate signal processing to collect positional information of objects beyond the Nyquist limits. Depending on the location of the phase modulator in the system, and associated modulation scheme, we can improve the axial resolution or the maximum measurement distance (unambiguous range).
Category: Classical Physics

Two Additional Equations of Inductance

Authors: Walter Orlov
Comments: 1 Page.

For the sake of completeness the classical electrodynamics needs two additional equations of inductance.
Category: Classical Physics

Decisive Role of Dark Matter in Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 21 Pages.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]. WUM is the alternative to the prevailing Big Bang Model (BBM). WUM and BBM are principally different Models: 1) Instead of the Initial Singularity with the infinite energy density and the extremely rapid expansion of the space (Inflation) in BBM, in WUM, there was a Fluctuation (4D Nucleus of the World with an extrapolated radius equals to a basic unit of size a ) in the Eternal Universe with a finite extrapolated energy density (four orders of magnitude less than the nuclear density) and a finite expansion of the Nucleus in Its fourth spatial dimension with speed c that is the gravitodynamic constant. 2) Instead of the Infinite Homogeneous and Isotropic Universe around the Initial Singularity in BBM, in WUM, the 3D Finite Boundless World (the Hypersphere of the 4D Nucleus) presents a Patchwork Quilt of different Luminous Superclusters ( ≳10^3), which emerged in different places of the World at different Cosmological times. The Medium of the World is Homogeneous and Isotropic. The distribution of Macroobjects in the World is spatially Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic and temporally Non-simultaneous. The Absolute Age of the entire World (determined by the parameters of the Medium) is 14.22 Gyr.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Goldbach's Conjecture and the Double Density of Occupation by the Union of the Series of Multiples of Primes

Authors: Pal Doroszlai, Horacio Keller
Comments: 12 Pages.

The union of arithmetic progressions of primes reflected over a point at any distance from the origin, results the double density of occupation of integer positions by the series of multiples of primes. It is shown, that the number of free positions left by the double density of occupation has a lower limit function. These free positions represent equidistant primes satisfying Goldbach's conjecture. Herewith may be proved as well, that at any distance from the origin, within the section equal to the square root of the distance, there is a prime. Therefore the series of primes represent a continuum and may be integrated. Further it may be proved, that the number of any two primes, with a given even number as difference between them, is unlimited. Thus, the number of twin primes is unlimited as well.
Category: Number Theory

Light Transmission, Reflection, Refraction and Interference as Scientific Evidence of God

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 14 Pages.

The microscopic mechanism underlying transmission of light in transparent media is still unknown. The Ewald-Oseen extinction theorem is an attempt to explain it mathematically but not very convincing. In this paper, we present a new explanation to the phenomena of light transmission in transparent media, light reflection and refraction. The mystery of ‘where the energy goes’ during destructive interference of light will be revealed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Assuming c Less Than R^2 Implies The abc Conjecture Is False

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 4 Pages. Comments welcome.

In this paper about the abc conjecture, assuming the conjecture c<R^2 is true, we give an elementary proof that the abc conjecture is false.
Category: Number Theory

Constancy of the Speed of Light Relative to All Observers

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 14 Pages.

The constancy of the speed of light is one of the greatest mysteries of the universe. All experimental and logical evidences point to the constancy of the speed of light. However, the precise formulation of this theory is still lacking, for more than a century. In this paper, I will present a new alternative interpretation. It is shown that constancy of the speed of light and absolute motion can co-exist in the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Climate Change Related to Gravity Changes

Authors: Dan Visser
Comments: 6 Pages.

This article presents an extreme-new creative vision on Climate Change. Not CO2, but Gravity Change is the cause of warming-up planet Earth. Therefore different actions than CO2-reductions are needed. The CO2-focus has to slow down, which means the EU-compulsion by “FIT for Fifty” and the related compulsive climate-policy of the Netherlands has to be put to a halt through common sense. Worldwide gas-exploration and -distribution needs to get high-priority again. My idea to realize different actions is building a Reflecting Micro Satellite Shield (RMSS) surrounding planet Earth. In this article I give my authentical notes with explanations on this subject. Thereto the development of quantum-computers for practical purposes, like for RMSS, has to accelerate. Details on this subject has to be worked out by a team of physicists and cosmologists.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Lepton Universality

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 2 Pages.

Here we show that the atom-like structure and dynamics of baryons are the origin of the lepton non-universality. In decays of the B mesons, we should observe 72 muon-antimuon pairs per 100 electron-positron pairs.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Causes of Stuttering and Addressing Stuttering in a Reconstructive Way

Authors: Hua Liu
Comments: 3 Pages.

Stuttering is a variety of problems in language communication, where the core problems are repetitions of sounds and silent blocks, and the rest of the problems are caused by the core problems. A new set of smooth expression speech system is established on the basis of 20 cases of stuttering addressed by Xian Wai Earbuds Company, which uses the auditory delayed feedback to achieve the simple pronunciation mode without being affected in speech pronunciation, and reconstruct coordination between brain and pronunciation organs.
Category: Linguistics

A Note on the Muon's Anomalous Magnetic Dipole Moment

Authors: Andrea Gregori
Comments: 12 Pages.

We consider the computation of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment within the theoretical framework proposed in [1], in which field theory is only an approximation of a more fundamental description of the physical world. We discuss how the hadron contribution to the electromagnetic coupling strength is larger than in the Standard Model, while the other contributions remain unchanged. The extra amount precisely fills the gap between theoretical estimate and experimental value.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Singular ‘They,’ Set Theory and Some English Pronouns

Authors: Michael Griffin
Comments: 3 Pages. contact email mdg46@juno.com

The use of some third person pronouns corresponds with the mathematical rule for set unions. This leads to speculations about semantics and the place of mathematics among linguistic universals. Singular ‘they’ is the focus here, with a long history before its adoption by genderfluid people in modern society.
Category: Linguistics

Reconstructing Mythic Algebra

Authors: Michael Griffin
Comments: 11 Pages. contact email mdg46@juno.com

This is the tenth in a series of papers on an algebra, derived from mythology, that can model symbolic processes. Previous papers used literary semantics, mythology, semiotics, philosophy and mathematics. The main features of the algebra are set-based elements and making association a new operation. While such a system can be reductive, it need not be. It may reconstruct into a more useful tool. Various implications for its foundations are considered. 6 Keywords: algebra, association, mathematical modeling, numbers, reduction.
Category: Algebra

Ad26.cov2.s Vaccine Safety and Effectivity Profile

Authors: Paz Azakarian, Mino Hazit
Comments: 8 Pages.

Janssen’s SARS-CoV-2 vaccine “Ad26.CoV2.S” reported 66.9% efficacy in the trial [1]. The safety and efficacy report contains certain statistics that do not hold any value without further elaboration. The protocols set to define COVID severities do not capture enough data to validify efficacy of preventive-type medicine. Self reported side effects also suggest the safety profile needs reevaluation.
Category: Biochemistry

Foundations for Strip Adjustment of Airborne Laserscanning Data with Conformal Geometric Algebra

Authors: Eckhard Hitzer, Werner Benger, Manfred Niederwieser, Ramona Baran, Frank Steinbacher
Comments: 34 Pages. Accepted for publication in Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras, Oct. 2021, 1 table, 1 figure.

Typically, airborne laserscanning includes a laser mounted on an airplane or drone (its pulsed beam direction can scan in flight direction and perpendicular to it) an intertial positioning system of gyroscopes, and a global navigation satellite system. The data, relative orientation and relative distance of these three systems are combined in computing strips of ground surface point locations in an earth fixed coordinate system. Finally, all laserscanning strips are combined via iterative closes point methods to an interactive three-dimensional terrain map. In this work we describe the mathematical framework for how to use the iterative closest point method for the adjustment of the airborne laserscanning data strips in the framework of conformal geometric algebra.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Consciousness: the Philosophical Foundations of Noetic Field Theory

Authors: Richard L Amoroso
Comments: 38 Pages. PREPRINT: Chapter 12 From R.L. Amoroso (ed.) (2010). Complementarity of mind and body: Realizing the dream of Descartes, Einstein, and Eccles. New York: Nova Science Publishers

For Consciousness there are two main schools of thought, the theological and the scientific, with philosophy exploring the gap. Theology for the most part has been willing to let sleeping dogs lie; but there is a growing movement to scientifically understand Consciousness (Awareness) started initially because of problems related to the role of the observer in empirical measurement. The scope of the question is broader now: Man’s place in the cosmos, the basis of evolution, what is life, why are we here, are we alone, is there life after death, is there free agency, is creation ex nihilo?
Category: Mind Science

An Algorithm for Determining the Irrationality of a Series

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 2 Pages.

We give a way to determine the irrationality of a certain type of series.
Category: Number Theory

Is the Photon's Superluminal Motion Possible?

Authors: John Deligiannis
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this article the concept of ''tachy-photons'' is introduced. The tachy-photons are photons emitted by an accelerating light source. The tachy-photons can travel faster than the speed of light, but their average speed is equal to the speed of light. Using the trajectories of tachy-photons, the apparent motion of an accelerating light source is calculated. This apparent motion of the light source is dramatically different from its actual motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Connections Between Condensed Matter and String Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 17 Pages. [Corrections made to title by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

In this paper we have developed the following topic: “Quantum criticality in an Ising chain: experimental evidence for emergent E8 symmetry” of R. Coldea et al. Furthermore, we have showed also the mathematical connections with some sectors of Number Theory, principally with the Ramanujan’s modular equations and the aurea ratio (or golden ratio)
Category: Mathematical Physics

Oscillations in Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

Authors: Igor B. Krasnyuk, Andrey E. Zabolotin
Comments: 23 Pages.

A structured model of the HPA axis that includes the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is considered. The model includes nonlinear dynamics of pituitary GR synthesis. The nonlinear eect arises from the fact that GR homodimerizes after cortisol activation and induces its own synthesis in the pituitary. This homodimerization makes possible two stable steady states (low and high) and one unstable state. The model includes also delay on stress. It is shown that concurrence between trajectories of dynamical system, which are produced by the unstable manifold and the value of delay time τ produce slow oscillating asymptotic periodic oscillations of cortisol with a period, which is grater then 2τ. It is shown that such oscillations exist only in an interval τ1 < τ < τ2 , where exact formulas for τ1 and τ2 has been obtained. Such oscillation arise when an initial values of stress are lager of some threshold.
Category: Physics of Biology

Reinterpreting Relativity: Using the Equivalence Principle to Explain Away Cosmological Anomalies

Authors: Dr Marcus Arvan
Comments: 102 Pages.

According to the standard interpretation of Einstein’s field equations, gravity consists of mass-energy curving spacetime, and an additional physical force or entity—denoted by Λ (the ‘cosmological constant’)—is responsible for the Universe’s metric-expansion. Although General Relativity’s direct predictions have been systematically confirmed, the dominant cosmological model thought to follow from it—the ΛCDM (Lambda cold dark matter) model of the Universe’s history and composition—faces considerable challenges, including various observational anomalies and experimental failures to detect dark matter, dark energy, or inflation-field candidates. This paper shows that Einstein’s Equivalence Principle entails two possible physical interpretations of General Relativity’s field equations. Although the field equations facially appear to support the standard interpretation—that gravity consists of mass-energy curving spacetime—the field equations can be equivalently understood as holding that gravitational effects instead result from mass-energy logarithmically accelerating the metric-expansion of a second-order Euclidean spacetime fabric superimposed upon an absolute, first-order Euclidean space, resulting in the observational appearance of spacetime curvature. This alternative interpretation of relativity is shown to be empirically equivalent to the standard interpretation of relativity, albeit with a changing value for Λ over time (which is similar to how Λ is understood in the conception of Λ as ‘quintessence’, but in this case takes Λ to be gravity). The reconceptualization is then shown to potentially resolve every major observational anomaly for the ΛCDM model, including recent observations conflicting with ΛCDM predictions, as well as failures to directly detect dark matter, dark energy, and inflation field/particle candidates.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Replacement of the Paradigm in Quantum Physics.

Authors: V.A. Kuz`menko
Comments: 3 Pages.

The relevance of such a replacement has long been ripe and overripe.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Logico-Linguistic Inquiry Into the Foundations of Physics: Part I

Authors: Abhishek Majhi
Comments: 56 Pages. Axiomathes (2021), DOI:10.1007/s10516-021-09593-0

Physical dimensions like ``mass'', ``length'', ``charge'', represented by the symbols $[M], [L], [Q]$, are {\it not numbers}, but used as {\it numbers} to perform dimensional analysis in particular, and to write the equations of physics in general, by the physicist. The law of excluded middle falls short of explaining the contradictory meanings of the same symbols. The statements like ``$m\to 0$'', ``$r\to 0$'', ``$q\to 0$'', used by the physicist, are inconsistent on dimensional grounds because ``$ m$'', ``$r$'', ``$q$'' represent {\it quantities} with physical dimensions of $[M], [L], [Q]$ respectively and ``$0$'' represents just a number -- devoid of physical dimension. Consequently, the involvement of the statement ``$\lim_{q\to 0}$, where $q$ is the test charge'' in the definition of electric field, leads to either circular reasoning or a contradiction regarding the experimental verification of the smallest charge in the Millikan-Fletcher oil drop experiment. Considering such issues as problematic, by choice, I make an inquiry regarding the basic language in terms of which physics is written, with an aim of exploring how truthfully the verbal statements can be converted to the corresponding physico-mathematical expressions, where ``physico-mathematical'' signifies the involvement of physical dimensions. Such investigation necessitates an explanation by demonstration of ``self inquiry'', ``middle way'', ``dependent origination'', ``emptiness/relational existence'', which are certain terms that signify the basic tenets of Buddhism. In light of such demonstration I explain my view of ``definition''; the relations among quantity, physical dimension and number; meaninglessness of ``zero quantity'' and the associated logico-linguistic fallacy; difference between unit and unity. Considering the importance of the notion of electric field in physics, I present a critical analysis of the definitions of electric field due to Maxwell and Jackson, along with the physico-mathematical conversions of the verbal statements. The analysis of Jackson's definition points towards an expression of the electric field as an infinite series due to the associated ``limiting process'' of the test charge. However, it brings out the necessity of a postulate regarding the existence of charges, which nevertheless follows from the definition of quantity. Consequently, I explain the notion of {\it undecidable charges} that act as the middle way to resolve the contradiction regarding the Millikan-Fletcher oil drop experiment. In passing, I provide a logico-linguistic analysis, in physico-mathematical terms, of two verbal statements of Maxwell in relation to his definition of electric field, which suggests Maxwell's conception of dependent origination of distance and charge (i.e. $[L]\equiv[Q]$) and that of emptiness in the context of relative vacuum (in contrast to modern absolute vacuum). This work is an appeal for the dissociation of the categorical disciplines of logic and physics and on the large, a fruitful merger of Eastern philosophy and Western science. Nevertheless, it remains open to how the reader relates to this work, which is the essence of emptiness.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Logic, Philosophy and Physics: a Critical Commentary on the Dilemma of Categories

Authors: Abhishek Majhi
Comments: 21 Pages. Axiomathes (2021), DOI:10.1007/s10516-021-09588-x, Heisenberg uncertainty principle from Cauchy's definition of derivative - a missing piece from the scientific literature

I provide a critical commentary regarding the attitude of the logician and the philosopher towards the physicist and physics. The commentary is intended to showcase how a general change in attitude towards making scientific inquiries can be beneficial for science as a whole. However, such a change can come at the cost of looking beyond the categories of the disciplines of logic, philosophy and physics. It is through self-inquiry that such a change is possible, along with the realization of the essence of the middle that is otherwise excluded by choice. The logician, who generally holds a reverential attitude towards the physicist, can then actively contribute to the betterment of physics by improving the language through which the physicist expresses his experience. The philosopher, who otherwise chooses to follow the advancement of physics and gets stuck in the trap of sophistication of language, can then be of guidance to the physicist on intellectual grounds by having the physicist's experience himself. In course of this commentary, I provide a glimpse of how a truthful conversion of verbal statements to physico-mathematical expressions unravels the hitherto unrealized connection between Heisenberg uncertainty relation and Cauchy's definition of derivative that is used in physics. The commentary can be an essential reading if the reader is willing to look beyond the categories of logic, philosophy and physics by being `nobody'.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Serotonin as a Creativity Pump and an Explanation for Western Civilization Success

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 28 Pages. Final version

The location of Western Civilization defined nations in Europe and the United States within the largest global pollen environments on the planet is proposed as a key factor leading to their success. Environments with dense pollen concentrations will cause large up and down changes in serum histamine directly causing reductions and increases in brain serotonin i.e., a larger "serotonin slope," linked to higher levels of creativity nations. The pollen ecosystem in northern latitude is thus considered the hidden driver of the success of these populations as the biochemical interaction between histamine and serotonin leads to a "creativity pump" that is proposed as the fundamental driver of intelligence in micro and macro human populations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Two Names of Truth, What is Their Difference?

Authors: Alexander Ivanovich Somsikov
Comments: 11 Pages. -

The probable etymology of two Russian words meaning truth is considered
Category: Linguistics

Study Role of Hydroxyanthracen on Cellular Activity

Authors: Paolo Pelini
Comments: 2 Pages.

The purpose of this study was to determine the different action at cellular level in a biological model of Saccharomyces cervisiae yeast of single molecules of Hydroxyanthracene and the same action elicited by using the entire Aloe extract
Category: Biochemistry

Enhancing the Weakening of the Conflict Evidence Using Similarity Matrix and Dispersion of Similarities in Dempster-Shafer Evidence Theory

Authors: Yan Li, Chenchen Lin, Huizi Cui, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 46 Pages. [Corrections to title made by viXra Admin]

Classic Dempster combination rule may result in illogical results when combining highly conflict evidence. How to deal with highly conflict evidence and get a reasonable result is critical. Modifying the evidence is one of significant strategies according to the importance of each evidence (e.g. similarity matrix). However, the dispersion of evidence similarity is rarely taken into consideration, which is also an important feature to distinguish the conflict evidence and normal evidence. In this paper, a new method based on similarity matrix and dispersion of evidence similarity is proposed to evaluate the importance of evidence in Dempster-Shafer theory (DST). The proposed method enhances to weaken the influence of the conflict evidence. Robustness of the proposed method is verified through the sensitivity analysis the changes of degree of conflict and amount of credible evidence changes in DST. Some numerical examples are used to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Buying Behaviours of Millenials

Authors: Sanchit Narain
Comments: 13 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

This research aims to find out the factors, which affect the buying or purchasing behavior in millennials. This research is being done because a lot of previous research only creates a stereotype on GenY. The previous research contain so many gaps and this paper tries to fill those gaps and give an overview on the GenY or Millennials behavior on purchasing. Two major point-of-view camps based on exhaustive literature review are as follows. Firstly, while we have a better understanding of college students brand loyalty, it has been recognized that college students represent only a segment of Gen Y and also recognize the sample of college students used lacks racial and ethnic diversity, and has slightly skewed gender representation. There are limitations of self-reported purchase behavior. Asking subjects to recall past purchase behavior has the potential to induce bias. The use of actual point of sale data would be useful. Secondly, the research did not consider the buyer's perception of the ease or difficulty of performing a given behavior, which may vary across situations and actions. These are the few reasons we need to eliminate in our study, we aim to elaborate on factors affecting the buying behavior of millennials in this paper.
Category: Social Science

Relativistic Theory of Gravity with Variable Gravitational Constant (Translation of "Relativistische Gravitationstheorie Mit Variabler Gravitationskonstante" by Pascual Jordan)

Authors: Richard L. Amoroso
Comments: 3 Pages. Preprint: 2022 IOP JPCS - The Vigier Centenary Third Regime Natural Science Toward a Physics tf The Observer 12th International Symposium Honoring Noted Mathematical Physicist Jean-Pierre Vigier

Dirac’s idea, that the gravitational constant is in fact not constant, but subject to slow changes during cosmological evolution is explored. The task is to generalize Einstein's general theory of relativity in such a way that, K is no longer a constant, but is treated as an additional (scalar) field quantity. The 5D or projective theory of relativity, founded by Kaluza and others, is recognized as a suitable basis.

This is a translation of "Relativistische Gravitationstheorie mit variabler Gravitationskonstante" by Pascual Jordan)
Category: Mathematical Physics

About the Field Equations of Gravitation with Variable Gravitation Constant (Translation of "Über Die Feldgleichungen Der Gravitation Bei Variabler Gravitationskonstante" by Pascual Jordan and Claus Müller)

Authors: Richard L. Amoroso
Comments: 4 Pages. Preprint: 2022 IOP JPCS - The Vigier Centenary Third Regime Natural Science Toward a Physics tf The Observer 12th International Symposium Honoring Noted Mathematical Physicist Jean-Pierre Vigier

Dirac’s well-known proposal that the gravitational constant changes in the course of cosmological evolution is studied as it relates to requiring fundamental changes to Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity.

This is a translation of "Über die feldgleichungen der gravitation bei variabler gravitationskonstante" by Pascual Jordan and Claus Müller)
Category: Mathematical Physics

Reports on Myocarditis Caused by Current Mrna Vaccines Suggest Proactivity in Identifying Cases is Needed

Authors: Paz Azakarian, Mino Hazit
Comments: 6 Pages.

SARS-CoV-2 has led to a global pandemic that resulted in a mass vaccination program in many western countries to combat the spread and severity of the illness caused by the virus. Recent studies have shown that myocarditis and pericarditis are rarely occurring side effects caused by some of the vaccines. There have been various studies that have tried to analyze how often it occured. These estimates are driven by symptomatic cases [1], though myocarditis is known to be underreported due to lack of (severe) symptoms, while it may leave long-term damage even when asymptomatic [2]. It is also one of the most common causes of sudden death in young adults. [3]
Category: Biochemistry

A New Approximattion of Prime Counting Function based on Modified Logarithmic Integral

Authors: Marko V. Jankovic
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, a novel approximation of the prime counting function, based on modified Eulerian logarithmic integral, is going to be presented. Proposed approximation reduces the approximation error without increase of computational complexity when it is compared to approximation based on Eulerian logarithmic integral. Experimental results were used to support the claim. Combining proposed method with Riemannian approximation of prime counting function it is possible to design the new approximation function that outperforms Riemannian approximation for all values that were analyzed.
Category: Number Theory

New Gravity Field Equation is Derived by Einstein Field Equation in General Relativity Theory

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 3 Pages.

We found the 4-order curvature term satisfied the co variant derivative Einstein gravity field equation is consist of 2 order curvature term s Hence, the 4 order curvature term and 2-order curvature terms make new gravity field equation. In this point , Einstein's gravity field equation can be modified by new 4- order curvature term because gravity field equations term doesn't have to be 2-order term . Indeed , Einstein himself was like that, 0-order term the cosmological term . Therefore , our theory is based on legitimate facts.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Idea of Reducing the Carbon Content in the Air is to Collect Carbon Dioxide by Low-Temperature Liquefaction

Authors: Xueshi Ji
Comments: 3 Pages.

Carbon dioxide is liquefied at minus 58 degrees. Large refrigeration equipment is used to cool down in extreme cold areas such as the Arctic. In extreme cold areas, it can reach minus 60 degrees as long as it is reduced by a few degrees, so as to liquefy carbon dioxide. It can also be combined with pressurization to accelerate carbon dioxide liquefaction. It can be transported and stored for chemical synthesis polycarbonate, beverage processing, etc., and gas fertilizer for greenhouse planting,Can increase production by at least 50%.Carbon dioxide is collected only in extremely cold areas, but not in other areas. The gas partial pressure of carbon dioxide can make a large amount of carbon dioxide move to the collection area.
Category: Climate Research

A New Approach to the Big Bang Theory

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

The big bang theory of our universe is dealing with two fundamental questions that were confirmed by observations: the horizon problem of the Cosmic Micro wave Background (CMB) [1] and the flatness problem of space [2].In order to overcome these questions, the theory regarding a cosmological inflation was suggested by Alan Guth, Andrei Linde and Paul Steinhardt [3]. But this theory arises new problems since the inflation theory predicts an eternal inflation process [4] generating multiverse structure where anything can be expected and nothing can be predicted (the measure problem [5]). The concept of an expanding universe arises deep philosophical questions: what is the other space in which our universe is expanding into? Where did all this space and energy come from? What happened before the big bang? These challenging questions motivate us to suggest a new approach to the big bang theory.
Category: Astrophysics

Limit Theorems for Random Walks on Differential Manifolds and Lie Groups

Authors: Gregory M. Sobko
Comments: 13 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

This is a brief outline of results represented in the Ph.D. dissertation defended by the author in the Department of Mathematics at Moscow State University (MSU), Russia, in 1973. The complete manuscript of the dissertation is not published. Dissertation “Limit Theorems for Random Walks on Differential Manifolds” is dedicated to the generalization of classical limit theorems of Probability Theory, known as Central Limit Theorem, to the case when sequences of ‘random variables’ represent random walks on differentiable manifolds or generated by products of random elements of noncommutative locally compact groups Lie. Classical results of Probability Theory related to the summation of random variables provide a description of the family of limit laws for distribution of sums of uniformly distributed infinitesimal independent terms and establish conditions for convergence of the sums to the laws of the family. Problems related to probability distributions for sums of “small “ random variables were generalized in two major directions: first, it had been stated a more general problem to move from discrete random walks to Markov processes with continuous time (A.N. Kolmogorov [1], A. Y. Khintchin {2], A.V. Skorokhod [3]); second, the studies shifted to the situation in which the random variables are taking their values on sets of more general mathematical nature than n-dimensional Euclidean space, for example, differentiable manifolds and Lie groups (A. N. Kolmogorov [4], K. Ito [5], G.A. Hunt [6], D. When [7]. In our study, we consider sequences of random walks (i.e. random processes with discrete time) of both Markov and non-Markov character on locally-compact differentiable manifolds, and the limit transition from the walks to Markov random processes with continuous time so that the “steps” of walks are asymptotically uniformly small, and the number of “steps” goes to infinity. The mentioned Markov processes (diffusion and stochastically continuous without the second type of discontinuities) are introduced “constructively”, which provides the information about the properties of transition probabilities, necessary for proofs of the corresponding limit theorems. As a result, we formulate conditions of convergence, analogous to the classical theory. Limit theorems for probability distributions of products of asymptotically uniformly small random elements on Lie groups are proved as an application of the corresponding statements for manifolds. We assume no conditions related to the commutative property of measure convolutions. [Truncated to < 400 words by viXra Admin]
Category: General Mathematics

Violating the Second Law of Thermodynamics in a Dynamical System Through Equivalence Closure Via Mutual Information Carriers of a 5-Tuple Measure Space

Authors: Deep Bhattacharjee
Comments: 22 Pages, 5 Figures, TechRxiv (Computations), Ergodic Theory

Time and space average of an ergodic systems following the 5-tuple relations (A,~,J,Σ,μ) through the initial increment from a+bθ to a+c+bθ indicates the entropy to be reserved in the deterministic yet dynamical and conservative systems to hold for the set S_p= S_1 ∑_(i=2)^∞_S_i keeping S as the entropy ∃(S_∞=⋯S_3=S_2 )>S_1 obeying the Poincare ́ recurrence theorem throughout the constant attractor A. This in turn states the facts of the equivalence closure as the property of the induced systems to resemblance an entropy conserving scenarios.
Category: Statistics

Diffusion Gravity(9): Direct Evidence for MOND and Asymmetric Near-Field Gravity from Solar Flyby of 1I/2017 U1

Authors: Dale H. Fulton
Comments: 20 Pages.

The observed anomalous acceleration in the hyperbolic trajectory of asteroid 1I/2017 U1 "Oumaumau" corresponds precisely to MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) acceleration near the Sun. This direct evidence also supports the Diffusion Gravity (DG) premise that galaxies generate additional control over their population of stars via Asymmetric Near-Field (ASNF) gravity, generated by the enormous "leverage" of galactic masses and distances, expressed through a Galactic Scaling Ratio (GSR) and the Dirac Large Number Hypothesis (LNH), which together suggest a near-field radial acceleration for stars that orbit outside the MOND radius, r(mond)=√(GM/ao), where a 0 = 1.2 x 10^-10 m/sec^2. Asteroid 1I/2017 U1 as a "test particle" demonstrated the physical mechanism of MOND, with a putative corresponding conical geometric diffusion of virtual particles between the Sun and its L1 Lagrange point with the galaxy. NASA/JPL data from that orbit of the Sun by the asteroid Il/2017 U1, shows that the anomalous acceleration observed of ~4.92 x 10^-6 m/sec^2 corresponds to a constant MOND acceleration applied to the asteroid in its hyperbolic trajectory approach asymptote, resulting in a modified departure asymptote from the Sun. This evidence suggests that the additional "leverage" of ASNF gravity may be the common element in MOND constant velocity rotation curves of galaxies. The results also confirm a galactic L1 point location for our Sun is likely ~4 x 10^10 meters (40M km) from the Sun in the direction of the Milky Way galactic center, and inside the perihelion of planet Mercury (46M km).
Category: Astrophysics

Concerning Functions Zeta(s) and Zeta(s,w) and Ramanujan-type Series for 1/Pi

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 32 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

In this research thesis, we have described some mathematical equations concerning the functions zeta(s) and zeta(s,w) and some Ramanujan-type series for 1/Pi. We obtain several mathematical connections with some equations concerning the p-adic open string for the scalar tachyon field and the zeta strings.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Common Scientist's Response to the Nobel Climate Model

Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 1 Page.

It seems that the Nobel climate model is a new tool for managing the planetary activities of mankind.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Entropy Generation from Scale-Dependant Photon Absorption in an Isotropic Universe

Authors: C. A. Laforet
Comments: 14 Pages.

We consider a box of gas filled with different groups of matter that absorb photons primarily in different and mostly distinct frequency ranges. As a group that absorbs primarily high frequency photons emits blackbody radiation, some photons with frequencies too low to be reabsorbed efficiently by that group are readily absorbed by a group that favours such low frequency photons. This causes the high frequency group to cool and the low frequency group to heat up and the high frequency group to cool down as energy is transferred between the groups. If an infinite ladder of such groups exists in an infinite box, then this process would cycle eternally with each group periodically cooling and reheating as a given group sheds low frequency photons to lower groups while cooling and higher energy groups dump photons into it, causing it to reheat. A cosmology for this scenario is then explored and compared quantitatively to measured data.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Problem of Identity and Quadratic Equation

Authors: Abhishek Majhi, Ramkumar Radhakrishnan
Comments: 14 Pages.

Given “ab = 0”, considering the arithmetic truth “0.0 = 0” we conclude that one possibility is “both a = 0 and b = 0”. Consequently, the roots of a quadratic equation are mutually inclusive. Therefore, the concerned variable can acquire multiple identities in the same process of reasoning or, at the same time. The law of identity gets violated, which we call the problem of identity. In current practice such a step of reasoning is ignored by choice, resulting in the subsequent denial of “0.0 = 0”. Here, we deal with the problem of identity without making such a choice of ignorance. We demonstrate that the concept “identity of a variable” is meaningful only in a given context and does not have any significance in isolation other than the symbol, that symbolizes the variable, itself. We demonstrate visually how we actually realize multiple identities of a variable at the same time, in practice, in the context of a given quadratic equation. In this work we lay the foundations, based on which we intend to bring forth some hitherto unattended facets of reasoning that concern two basic differential equations which are pivotal to the literature of physics.
Category: General Mathematics

On Odd Perfect Numbers

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages. This is a completely revised version.

In this note, we introduce the notion of the disc induced by an arithmetic function and apply this notion to the odd perfect number problem. We show that under certain special local condition an odd perfect number exists by exploiting this concept.
Category: Number Theory

Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Gaurav Krishna
Comments: 10 Pages.

3n+1 & n/2 we have multiplicative operation and inverse multiplicative operation. But in the case of odd element we have an extra additive operation involved. This makes any sort of analysis very difficult as it is not know how to combine additive and multiplicative operations together in a series of transformation. If we had known how to solve additive and multiplicative operations together in a series of transformations, primes would have been much easier to deal with. In order to deal with this limitation; We create a function that gives same results that the transformations would yield without really applying them. The function shall be represented as [r_b]. We define the relationships between [r_b] & n and various forms of [r_b] We analyze the conditions for failure of the conjecture and test them using [r_b]
Category: Number Theory

Observational Data for Strong Quark Influence on the Radioactive Decay of Atomic Nuclei

Authors: George Baxter
Comments: 8 Pages.

Protons and neutrons are the constituents of the atomic nucleus, as demonstrated by experimental data. However, the radioactive half-life is poorly explained by the Z/A numbers. Replotting the existing half-life data with the Up and Down quark numbers transforms the plots, making them predictive, and reveals new, hidden structures. Those structures show an insight into the quarks in their natural, unperturbed states in the nucleus.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Exact Expressions of the Fine-Structure Constant

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 10 Pages. doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3975861 Published in Atomic & Molecular Physics eJournal Vol 1, Issue 4, May 04, 2022 Mathematical Physics eJournal Vol 1, Issue 10, May 17, 2022

The purpose of many sciences is to find the most accurate mathematical formula that can be found in the experimental value of fine-structure constant. Attempts to find a mathematical basis for this dimensionless constant have continued up to the present time. However,no numerological explanation has ever been accepted by the physics community. In this paper we will present the exact expressions for the fine-structure constant. A simple and absolutely accurate expression for the fine-structure constant in terms of the Archimedes constant.The equivalent expressions for the fine-structure constant from the madelung constant. Also a exact expression for the fine-structure constant in terms of the golden angle,the relativity factor and the fifth power of the golden mean. Also other expressions for the fine-structure constant. Finally we will present the continued fractions for the fine-structure constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Proof for 3X+1 Guess

Authors: Baoyuan Duan
Comments: 9 Pages.

Build a special odd tree model according with (*3+1)/2^k algorithm, to depart odd numbers in different groups.Carry out research into the tree,found that counts of elements in the tree reduce and converge downward one by one layer,values of elements converge downward to 1,and all odd numbers can appear in the tree only one time.Then prove the “3x+1”guess indirectly.At last,find a logic error of deduction of the tree,and prove 3x+1 guess in another ways.In the last section of last version of this paper,build a special identical equation,use its calculation characters prove and search for solution of any odd converge to 1 equation through (*3+1)/2^k operation,and give a solution for this equation,which is exactly same with calculating directly.And give a specific example to verify it,indicate that we can estimate the value of convergence steps n during some middle procedures.Thus prove 3x+1 guess--Collatz Conjecture strictly. Some supplements:The last section is not very detailed due to time,i think omitting part is not hard and critical.we can fully use characters of odd multifying 3,and no more +1 interference again.To build model for estimating steps n,we can use characters of formula (3) is bigger than corresponding part in formula (2),but should avoid trap:when converge to 1,steps can still increase forever.Add convergence condition:if highest bit of t(i) is 2^k,k should be odd,then all steps n>=1 can satisfy with the equation,i say n>=4 in paper is just want enough parts in formula (2) can appear. Some more supplements:watch t(i),its odd part add corresponding odd produced by odd x calculate directly in each step through (*3+1)/2^k should exactly be 2^k;watch 0 bits in odd part in t(i),because of characters of odd multifying 3,it should shift right or bit-count reduce in each step,and its weight in total t(i) should reduce step by step till to 0,when odd part converge to 1...1.Build weight model:value of all 0 bits in odd part/2^(2k),which 2^(2k) is corresponding part in each step,then model value should reduce step by step,could not exist loop!and model value can and must converge to 0,because obviously there is not possible to exist a convegence value,which its corresponding odd part in t(i) is not 1...1,and its model value can remain unchanged in next steps through multify 3 operation.Then odd part must converge to 1...1,could not diverge or converge to another odd.
Category: General Mathematics

Algorithm for Finding Q^k-th Root of a [q=prime A≡x^(q^k) (Mod p) ]

Authors: Takamasa Noguchi
Comments: 4 Pages.

We have created a handy tool that allows you to calculate the q^k power root of a easily and quickly. However, the calculation may require a primitive root, and if the calculation requires a primitive root and you do not know the primitive root, please use the Tonelli-Shanks algorithm.
Category: Number Theory

On R.T. Cahill’s Re-analysis of the Michelson-Morley Experiment

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 7 Pages.

R.T. Cahill has been advancing a new approach to the analysis of the Michelson-Morley experiment. He proposed that length contraction completely cancels the effect of absolute motion only in vacuum (n=1).He has proposed a re-analysis of the experiment by taking into account the refractive index of the medium (air), thereby explaining the origin of the small fringe shifts observed in the Michelson-Morley and the Miller experiments. In this paper we present two cases against Cahill’s theory. 1. He may have overestimated the velocity predicted by his own theory by a factor of about 1.4. 2. His theory cannot explain the ‘null’ result of the Kennedy-Thorndike experiment, even in vacuum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Etymology of the Russian word MONTH

Authors: Alexander Ivanovich Somsikov
Comments: 6 Pages.

The probable etymology of the Russian word MONTH is considered
Category: Linguistics

A Course of Mathematical Cartography For Engineers

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem, Jean Commiot
Comments: 216 Pages. In French. Comments welcome.

This monograph presents a course of mathematical cartography for engineers including essentially the following elements: - the definitions of characteristic terms, - the types of plane cartographic representations or "projections", - some known examples, - and a set of problems and exercises for the reader.
Category: Geophysics

Unfied Field Proposal

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this short paper i present a simple possible way to unified field theory. It uses scalar field as mathematical model that comes from use of five dimension rotation operators with five dimensions tensor field. Four dimensions are space and fifth is time. I did not present solutions to field equations only all mathematics need to make it work.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum and Relativistic Viewpoints on the Origin of the Universe and Its Evolution.

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 6 Pages.

We examine a quantum point of view about the origin of the universe. We propose a simple approach to cosmology based on the Planck mass flow rate. We try to provide a perspective and simple model on the evolution of the universe from Planck time in accordance with the cosmological standard model.We trying to show that this approach is compatible with the multiverses.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Uniting Gravity, Electromagnetism, Weak and Strong Nuclear Forces at the Quantum Level by Straightforward Dynamics/Kinetics

Authors: Colin James
Comments: 33 Pages.

Gravity and electromagnetism at the sub-atomic level are reduced to straightforward dynamics/kinetics and use the same mechanism to derive both Newton's law of gravitation and Coulomb's law for electrostatics. Weak and strong interactions are also considered. Sub-atomic particles are all treated as speed of light particles which are either free, for example photons or confined, for example electrons (confined by boson vacuum pressure) and quarks (confined by boson pressure within their hadron). Confinement follows from an extension to Einstein's 1906 thought experiment on trapped radiation to deduce the mass/energy equation. Fixed angular momentum gives the relationship between mass/frequency and radius of orbit that control the outward centrifugal and containing centripetal forces that yield the gravitational and electrostatic force laws. Implications for gravity and cosmology include orbit orientation, boson blocking and expansion of the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Cost-effective Strategy for In-flight Trajectory Predictions of Multi-body Configurations

Authors: Shlomy Shitrit, Josef Elimelech
Comments: 20 Pages.

In the present work we study the dynamics of a supersonic missile canopy, separated in-flight. We distinguish between three separation phases: rotation about a fixed hinge, canopy-missile reciprocity, and free-canopy flight regime. The complementary numerical investigation conducted is two-fold. First, a segregated scheme is considered where an aerodynamic model, embodying the different flight phases, is constructed and introduced into a tailored three degrees-of-freedom (3DOF) rigid-body simulation. The aerodynamic model, obtained by quasi-steady RANS computations, consists of various canopy positions and orientations at specified flight conditions, to facilitate high fidelity trajectories based on a lean and efficient dataset. Then, a coupled unsteady-flow and multi-body dynamics framework is considered, and the realized canopy trajectories are compared with those obtained by the segregated approach to a satisfying agreement. The suggested scheme is shown to be beneficial to the robust design of canopy separated configurations.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Connections Between Hadronic Masses in the One Hand and Between Fundamental Particle Masses in the Other Hand

Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 9 Pages. Journal of Advances in Applied Mathematics 53, 104 (2020)

The oscillation symmetry is used to study the connections between masses and widths of a selection of the following states studied separately: mesons, baryons, nuclei, and hypernuclei. It is also applied to study the connection between leptonic, quark and boson masses and widths. With the exception of M$\approx$0 mass particles, all the fundamental particle masses are fitted by a single distribution inside the oscillation symmetry.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Moon, Lunatic, Tic and Signal

Authors: Alexander Ivanovich Somsikov
Comments: 4 Pages.

The probable etymology of several Russian words is considered
Category: Linguistics

Das Elementare Gesetz Der Induktion

Authors: Walter Orlov
Comments: 11 Pages. in German

Faraday experimentierte mit einem Wendeldraht und Maxwell kam später zur Vorstellung eines rotierenden elektrischen Feldes. Spiralförmiger Draht ist aber eine Hilfskonstruktion. Dass die Induktion auch bei geraden Drähten und ohne geschlossene Stromkreise auftritt, lässt sich zeigen.
Category: Classical Physics

Why a Stressed Universe is the Correct Model of Our Universe

Authors: Roger Favreau
Comments: 3 Pages. Contact: rogerfavreau@earthlink.net

Originally most people simply imagined that the universe was a steady state system. Then Hubble discovered experimentally that it is expanding. The Big Bang has become the favoured explanation for this expansion. Dark matter seems to augment gravity to hold galaxies together. More recently, dark energy has been suggested as the driving force for the acceleration of the expansion. However, dark matter and dark energy remain elusive. A better model of the universe is needed to explain all the large-scale characteristics of the universe. That model is a Stressed Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Stressed Universe Model Can Explain the Discrepancies in the Measured Values of Hubble`s H

Authors: Roger Favreau
Comments: 5 Pages. Contact: rogerfavreau@earthlink.net

Hubble demonstrated that the universe expands with velocity V= H D which increases with distance D between the Earth and a galaxy, where H has been known as the Hubble constant. Cosmological researchers measured the value of H via observations of light coming from phenomena at various distances, the accuracy of such measurements being limited. A recent reference reports accurate measurements from astronomical data close to the edge of the universe, and finds that H is not a constant. Indeed, its value varies with time in a manner that is compatible with the predictions of a proposed stressed universe model, according to which H is not a constant at all, but rather it varies with time/distance, and should be called Hubble`s parameter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Stressed Universe Can Make Our Universe Stop Expanding

Authors: Roger Favreau
Comments: 10 Pages. Contact: rogerfavreau@earthlink.net

The critical density ρc required by general relativity to stop the universe expansion is 1x10-26 kg/m3. But the average density of the universe due to the cosmic bodies was evaluated as 3x10-28 kg/m3, which is smaller than ρc. Many scientists had expected that sufficient cosmic body mass would eventually be found to exceed ρc, and thus stop the expansion of the universe. However, sufficient mass, even with dark matter, has not been found. The dominant opinion has become that the universe will expand forever, especially as recent measurements indicate that the expansion is accelerating. This article proposes a universe of compressed stressed dark matter that does not expand forever. Rather, the expansion will stop and contract, and the universe will oscillate forever. This conclusion is based on the universe being a large body of approximate radius Ru, mass Mu, which is comprised mostly of ambient uniform density ρdm of compressive stressed dark matter that has permanently existed since matter became dominant over radiation. This article demonstrates that this stressed dark matter oscillates because all its radial elements oscillate in unison with the same period TSHM = 6.47x10^10 years but variable amplitude R A which increases with R, where A = 0.14x10^26 m. This article shows that the mass associated with the stressed dark matter together with the kinetic energy of the oscillations is such that the bulk of the mass of this stressed universe is this very density ρdm of stressed dark matter itself, and ρdm far exceeds ρc. This article demonstrates that the Hubble formula V = H R is the natural behavior of such a stressed universe, and that the expansion of such a universe presently accelerates but will eventually stop expanding and will begin to oscillate with a period TSHM = 6.47x10^10 years. Thus, this article offers a very new approach to study the universe, an approach which challenges conventional understanding with a totally new stressed model of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Method for Design an Optical System from the Off-the-Shelf Optical Components

Authors: Lev Ryzhikov
Comments: 9 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

The numerous number off-the-shelf optical lenses and lens components are available for use in design of new optical systems. But there isn’t clear methodology how effective there can be in real optical device. It should be noted that the use of standard optical elements reduces the cost of the optical device, which is especially important for mass production. Ease and speed of replacement are also important parameters for the usability of standard optical elements. That is why the extensive use of purchased optical elements in optical devices will simplify their operation and improve the convenience of maintenance. Selecting purchased optical components of an optical circuit is not an easy task and requires certain skills. The main problem is that the optical design stage is divided into two parts. The first part is the creation of an optical circuit from non-standard (custom) optical components with optical characteristics close to catalogue lenses. The second part is to adjust the optical components position to satisfied specification requirements. This process sometimes required several iterations. In order for the process of fitting distances in an optical system to be successful, it is necessary to take into account the properties of optical glasses such as refractive index and dispersion when choosing lens components, in addition to their focus lengths and geometrical dimensions. It should be noted that in the catalogs of optical components there are optical parameters of lenses, and also glass parameters of the lens. This is essential information for lens designer for substitution the custom optical element on off-the-shelf lens. Problems that arise with such a replacement are based on a limited number of standard lenses and lenses components. To get comfortable for replacement, the custom lenses components must be modified (adjust) so that optical parameters will be close enough to the parameters of the catalog lenses another word during custom lenses optimization process the lens shapes and an optical power should be fully match (in ideal case) with catalog lenses data. Method how to effectively get this match will be discussed below.
Category: Classical Physics

Simple and Effective Algorithm for Constant State Detection in Time Series

Authors: Andrei Keino
Comments: 4 Pages. GPL v. 3.0 License

The article introduces very simple and quite effective algorithm for constant state detection in time series. The algorithm, based on sliding window of variable length, searches a sections of time series with some given minimal length, that have all the values in some given range. It is shown that the computational complexity of aforementioned algorithm is O(N log N); where N is the length of time series.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Antena Planetaria (Panetary Antenna)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 16 Pages.

Este documento describe una antena que opera en la banda de VHF para radioaficionados, comprendida entre 144 MHz y 148 MHz. Aunque la forma geométrica recuerda a la antena eggbeater, el modo de funcionamiento es distinto. El diseño de la antena planetaria es el resultado de tener muy en cuenta las leyes físicas referidas al campo D, denominado desplazamiento electrico. Eso permite lograr una antena pequeña que exhibe buen comportamiento. El protón comenzó como un experimento de costo muy bajo, destinado a poner a prueba en la práctica los resultados de un desarrollo teórico de las propiedades del campo D.

his document describes an antenna that operates in the VHF band for radio amateurs, comprised between 144 MHz and 148 MHz. Although the geometric shape is reminiscent of the eggbeater antenna, the mode of operation is different. The design of the planetary antenna is the result of taking into account the physical laws related to the D field, called the electric displacement. This makes it possible to achieve a small antenna that exhibits good performance. The proton began as a very low-cost experiment, intended to test in practice the results of a theoretical development of the properties of the D field.
Category: Classical Physics

New Representation Method of Three Physical Equations

Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 2 Pages.

The new explanation of electronic stationary quality and basic charges, then Schrödinger equation, Einstein equation, and black radiation formula will have a new representation method.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Chessboard

Authors: Volker W. Thürey
Comments: 5 Pages.

We introduce compact subsets in the plane and in R3, which we call Polyorthogonand Polycuboid, respectively. We ask whether we can represent these sets by equalbricks or mirrored bricks.
Category: Geometry

Fibonacci Type Series Using Prime Sequence

Authors: Ramesh Chandra Bagadi
Comments: 1 Page.

In this research investigation, the author proposes Fibonacci Type Series Using Prime Sequence.
Category: Number Theory

Application of the Oscillation Symmetry to the Electromagnetic Interactions of Some Particles and Nuclei

Authors: Boris Tatischeff
Comments: 9 Pages. Journal of Advances in Applied Mathematics, Vol.6, N° 2, April 2021

The oscillation symmetry is first applied to electromagnetic interactions of particles and nuclei. It is shown that the differences between successive masses plotted versus their mean values and the electromagnetic decay widths $\Gamma_{ee}$ of $0^{-}(1^{--})$ $b\bar b$ and $c\bar c$ mesons, plotted versus their masses, agree with such symmetry. Then it is shown that the variation of the energy differences between different levels of several nuclei from $^{8}$Be to $^{20}$Ne, corresponding to given electric or magnetic transitions, display also oscillating behaviours. The electromagnetic widths of the electric and magnetic transitions between excited levels of these nuclei, plotted versus the corresponding differences between energies agree also with this property. The oscillating periods describe also an oscillation, the same for E1, M1, and E2 transitions. It is also the case for the multiplicative factor used $\beta$, and for ratios between these parameters. It is shown that the oscillation symmetry is then applied to atomic energy levels of several neutral atoms from hydrogen up to phosphorus. The data exhibit nice oscillations when plotted in the same way as described before.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

AniVid: A Novel Anime Video Dataset with Applications in Animation

Authors: Kai Gangi
Comments: 5 Pages.

Automating steps of the animation production process using AI-based tools would ease the workload of Japanese animators. Although there have been recent advances in the automatic animation of still images, the majority of these models have been trained on human data and thus are tailored to images of humans. In this work, I propose a semi-automatic and scalable assembling pipeline to create a large-scale dataset containing clips of anime characters’ faces. Using this assembling strategy, I create AniVid, a novel anime video dataset consisting of 34,221 video clips. I then use a transfer learning approach to train a first order motion model (FOMM) on a portion of AniVid, which effectively animates still images of anime characters. Extensive experiments and quantitative results show that FOMM trained on AniVid outperforms other trained versions of FOMM when evaluated on my test set of anime videos.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Exact Mathematical Formula that Connect 6 Dimensionless Physical Constants

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 16 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3963427

In this paper we will present a new exact formula for the fine-structure constant in terms of the golden angle,the relativity factor and the fifth power of the golden mean. A new interpretation and a very accurate value of the fine-structure constant has been discovered in terms of the golden radio. We propose the exact equivalent mathematical expression for the proton to electron mass ratio using Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and two other exact mathematical expressions for the proton to electron mass ratio. We present the exact mathematical expressions that connect the proton to electron mass ratio and the fine-structure constant. Also we will find a new formula for the Planck length and a new formula for the Avogadro's number. First we will find the beautiful unity formula that connects the gravitational coupling constant and the fine-structure constant. This equation is the simple unification of the gravitational and the electromagnetic interactions. We will present the exact mathematical formulas that connect six dimensionless physical constants. The six dimensionless physical constants are the proton to electron mass ratio μ,the fine-structure constant α,the ratio Ν1 of the electric force to the gravitational force between electron and proton,the Avogadro's number NA,the gravitational coupling constant αG of the electron and the gravitational coupling constant αG(p) of the proton. Also we will find a new formula for the gravitational constant G. Finally we will be presented the formula for the cosmological constant Λ. This unity formula is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. All these equations are simple,elegant and symmetrical in a great physical meaning.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Quantum Gravitation and Inertia

Authors: Didier F Viel
Comments: 9 Pages.

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation provides the basis for calculating the attraction force between two bodies, which is called the "gravitational force" \cite{Newton gravitation}. This Law uses the "mass" of bodies. Einstein General Relativity Theory proposes to calculate this gravitational force by using the curvature of space-time. This space-time curvature is supposedly due to the same "mass" \cite{Einstein}. Stephan Hawkings in his book (A Brief History of Time)\cite{Hawkings} supposes that gravitons particles of quantum mechanics are the intermediaries that "give mass" to the bodies. However, there is no explanation about the nature of the gravitons or how their interaction with bodies could "give them mass". This paper presents a new way of explaining how the "mass" can be given to bodies. The starting point is an idea proposed in 1690 by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier and revisited here with new hypotheses, and then further developped with the use of the Bohmian quantum mechanics. It is shown, by means of reasoning and equations reflecting these reasoning, that the gravitational force between two bodies comes from the interaction between the revisited Nicolas Fatio's aether and matter atomic nuclei. It is also shown that the "mass" of a body is not a real entity, but is an emerging phenomenon. This idea has already been suggested by Erick Verlinde in another context \cite{Verlinde}. Here, the emergence of "mass" is given by the interaction of the aether particles with matter atomic nuclei. The interesting point of Nicolas Fatio’s theory is that it is able to solve not only the origin of gravitational force, but also the origin of inertial force. The origin of inertia comes from an induction phenomena between Nicolas Fatio's aether and matter atomic nuclei. This paper uses Nicolas Fatio's medium own word, aether, to describe gravitation and inertia. It has nothing to do with Lorentz or Maxwell luminiferous aether that has been disproved by the scientific community after the Michelson and Morley experiment.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Matter/Antimatter Issue

Authors: Rich Norman, Jeremy Dunning-Davies
Comments: 12 Pages.

From the moment it was first proposed, the Big Bang model has faced serious problems of one form and another. Amongst these was the fact that it proposed an initial balance between matter and antimatter but no collections of antimatter were observed. Here, this problem is addressed yet again, drawing on earlier work by several distinguished scientists but also advancing ideas based on recent analyses that have revealed a new seventh scalar part to the electromagnetic field with positive and negative energy.
Category: Astrophysics

The Reinterpretation of the "Maxwell Equations"

Authors: Andreas Martin
Comments: 25 Pages.

This publication contains a mathematical approach for a reinterpretation of the "Maxwellequations" under the assumption of a magnetic field density. The basis for this is Faraday'sunipolar induction, which has proven itself in practice, in combination with the calculationrules of vector analysis. The theoretical approach here is the assumption, according to PaulDirac, that there is a magnetic field density.In this publication, the "Maxwell equations" are recalculated in their entirety. It is shown thatboth the temporal change in the magnetic field and the temporal change in the electric fieldcan each be derived from a second-order tensor (matrix), which can be interpreted as a spatialfield distortion tensor. Likewise, both the magnetic field density and the electric field densityare derived from the unipolar induction, according to Faraday. The magnetic field density results from the fact that the div u20d7B is equal to the (Sp)grad Bu20d7 .In addition to the two field distortion tensors grad u20d7B and grad Du20d7 , the velocity gradientgrad u20d7v , which can also be derived from Faraday's unipolar induction, plays an importantrole in the interpretation of spatially distorted fields.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Teaching the AC-Method Using a TI-84

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 14 Pages.

Using programs written in TI-Basic increasingly challenging quadratics are factored.
Category: General Mathematics

Decimal Bases and Irrationality Proofs

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 8 Pages.

We develop an aspect of decimal representation of rational numbers and use it to prove a family of series converges to an irrational number.
Category: Number Theory

Evaluating the Alignment of the Polarized Radio Waves from 13 QSOs in Ursa Major

Authors: Richard Shurtleff
Comments: 9 pages, 25 figures, 17 references, 56 page Appendix

A sample of 13 quasi-stellar objects, QSOs, with polarized radio emissions and located in the Southern part of Ursa Major is shown by the Hub Test to have significantly aligned polarization directions. The QSOs are taken from the JVAS1450 subset of the JVAS/CLASS 8.4-GHz surveys. The Hub Test evaluates alignment indirectly by extending the sources' polarization directions around the Celestial Sphere and quantifying the degree of convergence of these geodesics, i.e. great circles, at points on the Celestial Sphere. The hub of best convergence is found to be close to the sources. About one in 50,000 randomly directed samples would be better aligned than the polarization directions of these 13 QSOs. Some underlying calculations are presented in a Mathematica-coded Appendix. Access to a ready-to-run version is provided.
Category: Astrophysics

Developed Lorentz-Einstein SRT-K-Factor of Fourth Order as an Amplitude Solution of Damped Planck-Scaled Oscillation Equation

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 3 Pages. This paper is a develpement of a prevoius paper [10.]

Shown is the derivation of Lorentz-Einstein k-factor in SRT as analogy of amplitude of an enforced oscillation-differential equation of second order.This case is shown for the developed theorem as a second solution for advanced SRT of fourth order with an equation for planck-scaled, damped oscillation-states.This advanced term allows a calculation for any velocities by real rest mass, which could be negative though.This term is a development of classical Lorentz-term, which derivation from an oscillation-equation was shown in [10.]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Logical Reasoning in Everyday Affairs

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 6 Pages.

Logical reasoning in any form is an important aspect of life; it is persuading or convincing others with logic through writing or speech, for example, scientists, politicians, businessmen, financiers, solicitors and many others do this. This paper points out the frequent inefficacy of logical presentations, arguments and debates per se in bringing about the correct and wonted outcomes. It describes the scenario of people frequently involved in fruitless arguments and debates, and shows why the application of logic, for example, in logical argument or debate, could not often achieve the desired outcomes, much of the time ending up with frustration, unhappiness, bad feelings and poor relationships. Scenarios from mathematics, which probably represents the most rigorous form of logical reasoning, and science are described as well. The paper also delves into the problems encountered in logical reasoning as well as some modes of reasoning. It would be difficult and might be impossible to reason with and convince someone with a closed mind-set, someone who has made up the mind not to be convinced, or even someone who is not intelligent enough to be convinced. The paper presents a resolution to this serious problem, which is important, as that would be conducive to peace and harmony.
Category: Social Science

Diffusion Gravity (6): Light Deflection by the Sun-Galaxy Gravity Equipotential Interface

Authors: D. H. Fulton
Comments: 14 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Star light deflection near the sun of 1.75 arcseconds during a solar eclipse has been attributed to post-Newtonian physics for over a century; however, this can alternatively be shown as a geometric resultant of the Sun-Galaxy interface very near the Sun, and specifically conforming exactly to the curvature of the Sun’s orbit in the galaxy. It is clearly demonstrable through basic geometry that the post-Newtonian light deflection is simply due to the Sun-Milky Way Galaxy EquiPotential (EP) interface, and that a simple ratio exists to explain the galactic origin of the deflection effect. This report examines data and reviews solar eclipse deflection tests for their geometry as evidence for this alternative explanation, which we now add as a component model to Diffusion Gravity(DG) theory; moreover, we present a corresponding mechanism for deflection of light near the Sun due to virtual particle behaviors for photons. This effect of gravitational equipotential surfaces on the propagation of light occurs at the interface between gravitational scale regimes, i.e., the Sun-Galaxy interface where virtual particle (VP) streams from the Sun and galaxy form a boundary interface depletion zone, where a proportional diffusion “pressure” causes the attraction of the masses toward the depleted zone, while also manifesting light deflection-refraction effects near the Sun.
Category: Astrophysics

Diffusion Gravity(8): Asymmetric Near-Field Gravity and MOND

Authors: D. H. Fulton
Comments: 22 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

This report presents a Diffusion Gravity model for the MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) “standard” interpolating function through geometry of the Poisson equation of gravity, wherein we hypothesize additional gravity due to near-field gravity effects proximate to a star, i.e., between the star and its Lagrange point L1. That is, at the very large mass ratios (~10 11 ) and distance ratios (~10 20 ) of galaxies to stars, the L1 is very near the orbiting star. And at very large mass ratio’s of ~10 11 , resultant extreme asymmetry of the gravitational field gradient around the L1 point generates a near-field gravity potential ф NF , analogous to the near-field of electromagnetism (EM), adding to the total gravitational acceleration between the star and its galaxy. This model uses the Dirac Large Numbers Hypothesis to suggest an asymmetric Newtonian force law F=GMm/r 1 r 2 and near-field methods of EM to present a causal explanation for the constant velocity of stars within galaxies.
Category: Astrophysics

Exact Mathematical Expressions of the Proton to Electron Mass Ratio

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 6 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3967998

We present 26 exact mathematical expressions of the proton to electron mass ratio with exact value. We propose an exact mathematical expression using Fibonacci and Lucas numbers. Also we present the exact mathematical expressions between the proton to electron mass ratio with the mathematical constants. Finally we propose the exact mathematical expressions between the proton to electron mass ratio with the fine-structure constant.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Complete Set of Evidence on the Invalidity of the Special Theory of Relativity

Authors: Gocho V. Sharlanov
Comments: 1 Page. related to the other 6 papers and https://physics.bg

The six manuscripts uploaded below actually represent a complete set of evidence on the invalidity of the special theory of relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

One-way Measurement of the Speed of Light – the Factual Analysis

Authors: Gocho V. Sharlanov
Comments: 15 Pages. related to the other 5 papers and https://physics.bg

The article starts with a general introduction to the problem in modern physics about the constancy of the speed of light for all frames of reference. In the “General Introduction”, besides presenting the used terms and definitions, the fundament of a real solution about all “unexpected” and “inexplicable” results of the experiments related to the measurement of the velocity of light in the time-spatial region “on the Earth surface” is given. The presented analysis of the experiments with “One-way measurement of the speed of light” is based on the classical mechanics and Galilean relativity, which are indisputably valid and legitimate in our local time-spatial domain “on the Earth’s surface”. The experiments undoubtedly show that in the frame of reference related to the Earth’s surface, the measured velocity of light in the “East-to-West” direction is higher, and in the direction “West-to-East” it is lower than the speed of the light in vacuum. The difference is equal to the linear velocity of the Earth’s surface at the latitude where the experiment is carried out. Despite the obvious fabricated explanation of the results of the experiments by the supporters of the special theory of relativity (using the inadmissible but convenient implausible clock synchronization convention) - the real conclusion is that these experiments are actually irrefutable proof that the measured speed of light in a local time-spatial region with a uniform intensity of the gravitational field is not the same for all inertial frames of reference. KEY WORDS: special theory of relativity; speed of light postulate; one-way measurement of the speed of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Michelson-Gale-Pearson Experiment – the Factual Analysis

Authors: Gocho V. Sharlanov
Comments: 18 Pages. related to the other 5 papers and https://physics.bg

The article starts with a general introduction to the problem in modern physics about the constancy of the speed of light for all frames of reference. In the “General Introduction”, besides presenting the used terms and definitions, the fundament of a real solution about all “unexpected” and “inexplicable” results of the experiments related to the measurement of the velocity of light in the time-spatial region “on the Earth surface” is given. The factual analysis of the “Michelson-Gale-Pearson” experiment shows that the equation that Michelson proves by means of this experiment (which, in the words of Michelson, is “deduced on the hypothesis of a fixed ether”), has actually been deduced on the basis of the classical mechanics and the Galilean relativity, which are indisputably valid and legitimate in our local time-spatial domain “on the Earth’s surface”. The speed of light in vacuum (in relation to the stationary space) depends on the intensity of the gravitational field. The speed of light in vacuum is constant in the time-spatial region “on the Earth’s surface” due to the uniform and constant intensity of the gravitational field in this region, which is determined (dominated) by the mass of the celestial body (the Earth). It is clear, however, that the experiment proves that the measured velocity of light in the frame of reference related to the Earth’s surface is different at different latitudes of the Earth surface and that in the “East-to-West” direction is higher, and in the direction “West-to-East” is lower than the speed of the light in vacuum. The difference is equal to the linear velocity of the Earth’s surface (the speed of motion of a point on the Earth’s surface in the stationary space for the respective latitude) where the northern and southern pipes are located. The question remains - why did not Michelson wish to make this conclusion... Probably because the experiment actually proves that the measured speed of light is not the same for all inertial frames of reference, which is the fundament of the special theory of relativity. That is why, probably, Michelson did not make this conclusion because at this time the special theory of relativity was already accepted as a true theory by contemporary physics and Michelson was awarded as Nobel laureate…. KEY WORDS: special theory of relativity; speed of light postulate; Michelson-Gale-Pearson experiment; speed of light invariance.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Sagnac Experiment – the Factual Analysis

Authors: Gocho V. Sharlanov
Comments: 19 Pages. related to the other 5 papers and https://physics.bg

The article starts with a general introduction to the problem in modern physics about the constancy of the speed of light for all frames of reference. In the “General Introduction”, besides presenting the used terms and definitions, the fundament of a real solution about all “unexpected” and “inexplicable” results of the experiments related to the measurement of the velocity of light in the time-spatial region “on the Earth surface” is given. The “Sagnac experiment” was carried out by the French physicist Georges Sagnac in 1913. The presented analysis is based on the classical mechanics and Galilean relativity, which are indisputably valid and legitimate in our local time-spatial region “on the surface of the Earth”. The experiment demonstrates that in relation to a moving system in the stationary space, the speed of the light differs depending on the speed and on the direction of movement of the system in the stationary space. However, the Sagnac experiment is considered as a paradox, because it demonstrates that the speed of light is not the same for all frames of reference – what is not convenient for modern physics, because the special theory of relativity is created on the basis of the claim that “the speed of light is the same for all frames of reference”. As further evidence of the authenticity of the presented analysis, the derivation of the equation which is often used in the rotation analyses is shown. Finally, we can underline that as early as 1913, the Sagnac experiment actually proved that “the speed of light is not the same in relation to all inertial frames of reference”. This was even before the publishing of the general theory of relativity. Is it not surprising that Einstein never commented on this experiment, although certainly knew about its existence… KEY WORDS: special theory of relativity; speed of light postulate; Sagnac experiment; æther; speed of light invariance.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Michelson-Morley Experiment – the Factual Analysis

Authors: Gocho V. Sharlanov
Comments: 19 Pages. related to the other 5 papers and https://physics.bg

The article starts with a general introduction to the problem in modern physics about the constancy of the speed of light for all frames of reference. In the “General Introduction”, besides presenting the used terms and definitions, the fundament of a real solution about all “unexpected” and “inexplicable” results of the experiments related to the measurement of the velocity of light in the time-spatial region “on the Earth surface” is given. The famous “Michelson-Morley” experiment has been carried out in order to determine the change of the speed of light due to the motion of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun. On the base of the known speed of the Earth (approximately 30 km/s) the Michelson’s expectations had been that the displacement of the interference fringes will be different at night and during the day (when the directions of the “ether wind” caused by the movement of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun are opposite),… and will correspond to the calculations made. However, the result has been unexpected - no displacement was fixed. The problem has two reasons. The first is that the speed of light in vacuum depends on the intensity of the gravitational field. The intensity of the gravitational field near the Earth’s surface is dominated by the mass of the Earth and does not change during the revolution of the Earth around the Sun. Therefore, the speed of the electromagnetic radiation (of the light) in vacuum remains constant during the travel of the Earth through space. The second reason is the inappropriate conceptual design used in the construction of Michelson's interferometer. The difference in the speed of light between the two light beams, traveling in two opposite directions on the same arm, is completely compensated when the “two-way light beam interferometer” is used (see the arguments below). That is why, the existing difference of the speed of light due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis in the direction „East-West” and “West-East” (in the reference system related to the Earth's surface) cannot be established. However, that difference is observed at the experiments “One-way measurement of the speed of light” and the experiment “Michelson-Gale-Pearson”. The final conclusion is that the “Michelson-Morley experiment” is actually the primary root cause for the delusion that “the speed of light is the same for all inertial frames of reference”, which is the core of the special theory of relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

“On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” the Factual Analysis of the Article

Authors: Gocho V. Sharlanov
Comments: 33 Pages. related to the other 5 papers and https://physics.bg

This article reveals the essence of the special theory of relativity. There are no scientific arguments against the evidence presented in this article while it was uploaded for discussion as a preprint on the website of ResearchGate (the social networking site for scientists and researchers). The article starts with a general introduction to the problem in modern physics about the constancy of the speed of light for all frames of reference. In the “General Introduction” is presented the fundament of a real solution about all “unexpected” and “inexplicable” results of the experiments related to the measurement of the velocity of light in the time-spatial region “on the Earth surface”. The presented analysis of the article “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies”, where Einstein presents the special theory of relativity, is based on the classical mechanics and Galilean relativity which are indisputably valid and lawful in our local time-spatial domain “near the Earth's surface”. Before the analysis, the foundations of our perception of the absoluteness of space and time are shown. The presented analysis of the article “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” shows exactly where and how the erroneous claim that “the speed of light is the same in all inertial reference frames” is applied. Einstein’s conclusion that “We cannot give any absolute meaning to the concept of simultaneous” was revealed to be based solely on this erroneous claim. This claim, however, has been experimentally proven to be false. Only the experiments, that use Michelson’s idea of two-way interferometers cannot fix the difference in the measured speed of light in different directions, because the difference in the speed of the two light beams in the direct and opposite directions is completely and exactly compensated”. The undoubted conclusion is that the special theory of relativity is the biggest delusion in physics of the 20th century. KEY WORDS: special theory of relativity; speed of light postulate; Michelson-Morley experiment; æther; speed of light invariance, On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Fundamental Tests of the Special Theory of Relativity

Authors: Gocho V. Sharlanov
Comments: 15 Pages. related to the other 5 papers and https://physics.bg

The article starts with the existing definition of the “scientific method” as a logical and rational order of steps through which scientists reach conclusions about the world around us. The answer to the question “What is truth and evidence in science?” requires attention to be paid to several important key markings indicated in this regard. The purpose of this article is to reveal the essence of all the “tests of the special theory of relativity” presenting the most common objectionable techniques used in the “fundamental tests” of special relativity, which have been considered within three major types. The first one is based on “logical circular reference”, the second type is based on inadmissible analogy, and the third type are completely contrived (fabricated) tests - here is analyzed as a typical example of the Hafele-Keating experiment As a conclusion, the reader will uncover that the given explanations by the modern physics of the results of all these tests do not meet the requirement: the science to give a real factual explanation about the world. KEY WORDS: fundamental tests; special theory of relativity; speed of light postulate; Michelson-Morley experiment; speed of light invariance.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Refutation of the Illusions of General Relativity using Maxwell Gravity

Authors: YoungCheol Kim
Comments: 42 Pages. Major typo correction

By using the gravitatomagnetic effect and the special relativity theory, it is possible to accurately compute the gravitational redshift, the perihelion precession of Mercury, and the refraction of light by the sun, which are initial bases proofs of the general relativity theory. So, it shows that basis of the general relativity theory does not exist. And in addition, the above corrections to the Lorentz force are presented as the gravitatomagnetic and electromagnetic effect and the effect of special relativistic Thomas–Wigner rotation.
Category: Astrophysics

Subtle Energies, Conscious Intent, and our Expanding Universe

Authors: Jeffrey S. Keen
Comments: Pages 26, Figures 22, Tables 9, Appendices 2

Many publications demonstrate that some scientific experiments can be affected by the act of observation, as well as the mind being affected by local astronomical forces and factors, such as gravity, electromagnetism, spin, and orientation. Subtle Energies of an unknown nature are also associated with these phenomena, and hence are a subject of this research. This paper builds on the counter intuitive findings published in NeuroQuantology Dec 2011 40, which details the ability of the mind to filter out all of the above “local” factors and visualise experiments as if they were being undertaken in intergalactic space without these physical forces. In order to research this phenomenon further, it is necessary to produce quantitative experiments that isolate the above factors which cause significant superimposed perturbations in measurements. This has been achieved by adopting the techniques of scientific Noetics (or mind science), and measuring the actual physical dimensions of simple geometric shapes, and comparing them to the dimensions of the same geometric shapes perceived “mentally” by the body’s senses. The findings strongly suggest that Subtle Energies seem to be inextricably connected to consciousness and intent. This unexpected conclusion is supported by mathematical results obeying power laws that involve universal constants and no arbitrary constants: such as Phi ϕ (The Golden Ratio 1.61083..), and Feigenbaum’s Constant δ (delta 4.6692…) These formulae cannot be random results, especially as their correlation coefficients are > 0.9. The implications are (1) that phi and delta form part of the structure of space-time, and (2) the important quantified discovery that the mind can interface with the fundamentals of space-time, the laws of physics, and objects in the cosmos. In addition, these findings could address and help explain several topics of current academic research into fundamental areas of physics and cosmology that involve: - 1.The act of making a conscious observation may affect the results of quantum physics experiments. 2.Using Noetics for the experiments in this paper – i.e. specializing in the intersection of science and human experience. 3.The structure of the universe and the role of Geometry is a more recent topic of growing academic interest. 4.Further research into Entanglement – not only in the quantum world, but also in the everyday macro world. [Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Oscillation Symmetry Applied to Several Astrophysical Data. Attempt to Predict Some Properties of the Putative Ninth and Tenth New Solar Planets

Authors: B. Tatischeff
Comments: 10 Pages. This paper was first submitted (#12688129) but it was not considered due to a bad loading

The existence of opposite forces acting on astrophysical bodies, involve that their properties should obey to oscillation symmetry. The oscillation symmetry is applied to several astrophysical properties, like Nebulae radii and magnitudes, Local Group Galaxy masses, luminosities, and diameters, Comet radii, orbital periods, and eccentricities, Black hole masses, orbital periods, and distance from earth, Star masses, magnitudes, and distances from Sun. This symmetry is used to predict some still unknown astronomical properties, namely the properties of two additionnal possible solar planets. Using the predicted possible masses of these planets, the method allows to predict their possible densities, rotation durations, revolution periods, orbital speeds, and eccentricities.
Category: Astrophysics

Magic Squares with Centrally Embedded Squares of Even Order: A Construction Method

Authors: Clarence Gipbsin, Lamarr Widmer
Comments: 6 Pages.

We present a method which modifies a magic square of even order n and then adds two outer rows and two outer columns to produce a magic square of order n + 2 . The modification of the original square will change half of its numbers and will preserve the equality of sums of the rows, columns, and main diagonals. This modified square will be centrally embedded in the magic square of order n + 2 .
Category: General Mathematics

Motion of Particles at the Fundamental Level: NLHV Theory Predictions for a Spiral Gait Locus

Authors: Dirk J. Pons
Comments: 30 Pages. Preprint version. Published as Pons, D.J., Motion of particles at the fundamental level: NLHV theory predictions for a spiral gait locus. Journal of Modern Physics, 2021(12): p. 1931-1953, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2021.1214110

Context - The existing literature on particle motion at the fundamental level is sparse. Particles, whether classical or quantum, are assumed to move with a continuous (even if uncertain) velocity. Purpose - The work prospects for a descriptive theory of particle motion from a non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) perspective. This is worth attempting for the potential to better understand fundamental dynamics and kinematics. Method - The new physics provided by the cordus theory was used to infer the mathematical representation of the energisation behaviour of the inner structures, specifically the reactive ends. From this the motion function of the particle as a whole was determined. Findings - In three dimensional space the motion of each reactive end is an irregular spiral displacement locus. The motion comprises a movement phase and a brief immobile phase. This is called a ‘gait’ as it is reminiscent of biological locomotion. Originality - A novel theory of particle motion is offered. The theory predicts that motion comprises a complex spiral locus of the particle. This is unique among theories of physics. Further contributions are the provision of explanations for several physical phenomena: ponderomotive force, the nature of momentum, and bremsstrahlung radiation. Specifically, the theory explains why photon emission would be increasing concentrated in the forward direction with increased electron energy. The theory provides a means to bridge quantum mechanics and special relativity, because it accommodates both particle uncertainty and field transmissions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Benchmarking of Lightweight Deep Learning Architectures for Skin Cancer Classification using ISIC 2017 Dataset

Authors: Abdurrahim Yilmaz, Mucahit Kalebasi, Yegor Samoylenko, Mehmet Erhan Guvenilir, Huseyin Uvet
Comments: 4 page for manuscript with 3 page supplementary that includes ROC curves of models.

Skin cancer is one of the deadly types of cancer and is common in the world. Recently, there has been a huge jump in the rate of people getting skin cancer. For this reason, the number of studies on skin cancer classification with deep learning are increasing day by day. For the growth of work in this area, the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) organization was established and they created an open dataset archive. In this study, images were taken from ISIC 2017 Challenge. The skin cancer images taken were preprocessed and data augmented. Later, these images were trained with transfer learning and fine-tuning approach and deep learning models were created in this way. 3 different mobile deep learning models and 3 different batch size values were determined for each, and a total of 9 models were created. Among these models, the NASNetMobile model with 16 batch size got the best result. The accuracy value of this model is 82.00%, the precision value is 81.77% and the F1 score value is 0.8038. Our method is to benchmark mobile deep learning models which have few parameters and compare the results of the models.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Tangential Electrostatic Field at Metal Surfaces

Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 81 Pages.

As is well-known, when electrostatic equilibrium is reached, the electrostatic field outside a metal is always perpendicular to the metal surface and there is no component parallel to the metal surface. However, unexpectedly, in this work the electrostatic field parallel to metal surface, i.e., the tangential electrostatic field (TEF) at metal surface, may be discovered by means of mechanical-electric coupling which may originate from the strain-dependent Fermi surface energy (FSE). The TEF at metal surface and the related electrostatic field inside the metal may not only give birth to new knowledge on electrostatics of metals but also induce interesting physical effects. For the electrostatics of metals, new understandings of electrostatic equilibrium conditions and related boundary conditions, Uniqueness theorem, method of image charges, electrostatic shielding, Thompson’s theorem and Green’s reciprocation theorem were gained and thereby some more accurate modifications were made. For the related physical effects, some new interpretations on the photoelectron emission spectroscopy, redistribution of minority atoms at surface of nanoparticles and TEF-induced Reshba effect were proposed. Moreover, interestingly, it was revealed that an intrinsically intensive electrostatic field may accompany the nanoparticles, and this field may cause an electron double-dipole resonance (EDDR) mechanism in vicinity of nanoparticles. Using EDDR, a simply unified model might be constructed for the longstanding problem in physics and chemistry, i.e, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). And this unified model could provide satisfactory explanations for the main experimental phenomena on SERS. In a word, the unraveled TEF at metal surface and the related electrostatic field inside a metal may enable people to re-understand the electrostatics of metals and explore subsequently mechanical, physical and chemical effects in various areas.
Category: Classical Physics

Exact Formula for the Fine-Structure Constant α in Terms of the Golden Ratio φ

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 7 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4160769

The purpose of many sciences is to find the most accurate mathematical formula that can be found in the experimental value of fine-structure constant. Attempts to find a mathematical basis for this dimensionless constant have continued up to the present time. However,no numerological explanation has ever been accepted by the physics community. In this paper we will present the exact expression for the fine-structure constant. A exact expression for the fine-structure constant in terms of the golden angle,the relativity factor and the fifth power of the golden mean. Finally we will present the continued fractions for the fine-structure constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Consolidating Electromagnetic Waves Might Embed More Traceable Energy Than the Sum of the Traceable Energies Embedded in the Waves Before Consolidation.

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 4 Pages.

The common notion is that Electromagnetic (EM) waves cannot consolidate. Contrary to that, an article [2] published by the author of this article, presented a scenario which argues that EM waves can and do consolidate. Another article [1] published by the author of this article presented one such scenario, in which consolidating EM waves generate an EM Null wave without any electric and magnetic fields, which seems to violate the Energy Conservation Principle. That article [1] resolves this paradox by introducing the novel Energy Pairs Theory, which implies that this Null wave conserves the energy as untraceable energy. This article presents another paradox manifested by another scenario of consolidating EM waves, in which the resultant EM wave contains more traceable energy than the sum of the traceable energies embedded in the consolidating waves. This scenario also seems to violate the Energy Conservation Principle, because energy seems to be created out of nothing. The Energy Pairs Theory resolves this paradox, which also significantly enhances the hypothesis presented in article [1], that the energies embedded in photons and EM waves are composed of traceable and untraceable energies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Inner Price Theory

Authors: Chen Silin
Comments: 89 Pages.

Based on the calculation of the value of labor with reference to Morishima's linear equations, this article gives a calculation method for the value of complex labor and simple labor based on a more concise premise. This article follows the principle of axiomatization. After giving a set of underlying physical regulations close to common sense, based on the concepts of inner price and inner profit, it proves that the higher the total price of assets, the higher the internal profit rate of the entity, and according to the internal The level of profit rate classifies the subject into the proletariat, the micro-class, the bourgeoisie, and the big bourgeoisie. Based on the definition of production rights and regenerative property rights as derivative rights of ownership, this article demonstrates that the protection of the privatization of production rights and regenerative property rights will cause two positive feedback processes. As a result, the gap between the rich and the poor has widened.
Category: Economics and Finance

Stroop Theory - A Super Unified Theory of Gravity

Authors: Shahiduz Zaman
Comments: 10 Pages.

This research paper basically tries to combine string theory and Loop Quantum Gravity to solve all the problems regarding quantum gravity and forms an unified theory of gravity which explains gravity at every scale also, gravity in interior of a black hole.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Triple Serial Operators Theory

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper you will see the theoretical structure of triple serial operators. I will build on this work in two of my previous papers to do an easy and clean explanation of what happens when you combine three linked variables in five independent operations.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Additive Walks on Natural Numbers and Proof of Twin and D-Primes Conjectures

Authors: Gregory M. Sobko
Comments: 10 Pages.

An additive model of random walks on set of natural numbers is applied to analyze the probability distribution of gaps, that is differences d = p’- p, between consecutive prime numbers p and p'. The well-known fact is that gaps between consecutive primes can be as small as 2 (for twin primes) and arbitrary large. This work is concerns with sets DP(d) of primes with gaps d (called d-primes), where d is an even number. For DP(2) we have a set of twin primes, with the unproven conjecture that DP(2) is an infinite set. We provide some statistical analysis for the frequency distribution of d-primes. The main result of this work is the proof that DP(d) is infinite set for every even d. The proof is based on modified Cramér’s probabilistic model for the distribution of prime numbers. This method has been discussed in detail in the author’s previous preprint [1].
Category: Number Theory

Penta-Graphene and the Geometric Three-Dimensional Structure of Prime Numbers

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

Length √x , that the x is a prime number , form the center O to the another circle center can be set in equilateral triangle-square model composed of circles with diameter a. There are various possible values of x depending on a. Among them, x must have some special structure to be a prime number. One possibility is penta-graphene.
Category: General Mathematics

The Universe in the Form of a Vortex Thor Does Not Need Dark Energy Part I (in English)

Authors: Nikolay Lutsenko
Comments: 31 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

A new model of the structure of the Universe in the form of a vortex Thor has been proposed. Equations of the dependence of the change in the volume of space, the rate of change in the volume and the equation of acceleration / deceleration of the change in the volume of space of the vortex Torus, depending on the parametric angle of its generating circle, have been obtained. Verification of a number of observational cosmic facts, which have not been explained within the existing standard cosmological model, has been verified for their full compliance with the proposed New model of the Universe in the form of a vortex Torus. For the first time, an explanation of the majority of unsolved space problems was obtained within the framework of the proposed New Model, evidence of the correspondence between theory and practice "from one place" was obtained, without modernizing existing standard theories and without attracting additional new ad hoc hypotheses to replace the old hypotheses that do not work. A new concept of the accelerated expansion of the Universe has been presented and practically proven, the riddle of Dark Energy has been solved: the reason for the accelerated expansion of the space of the Universe in the form of a vortex Thor has been found, due solely to its topology, which does not need the presence of any physical forces, neither known nor hypothetical! It is shown why the currently observed accelerated expansion of space is not constant, but cyclical. The resolution of the “Dark Energy” phenomenon gives good grounds for both the reformation of the Big Bang hypothesis and for the emergence of cosmological science from a deep systemic crisis, as well as for the rapid development of cosmological science in the very near future. The reformation of cosmological science, caused by new knowledge about the true structure of the Universe on the basis of the proposed New model, will create hundreds and thousands of jobs for young scientists willing to devote their lives to the noblest of occupations - the search for the structure of Our Universe, since this is the mission of Homo sapiens and both a representative of the Human race and a universal Cosmic Observer, in full accordance with the words of cosmologist John Wheeler: “observers are necessary for the Universe to become being”, laid down in the basis of a strong anthropic principle (“The universe must have properties that allow intelligent life to develop”).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Complexity of Representations of Coefficients of Power Series in Classical Statistical Mechanics. Their Classification and Complexity Criteria

Authors: G.I. Kalmykov
Comments: English version 53 pages. Russian version 57 pages.

It is declared that the aim of simplifying representations of coefficients of power series of classical statistical mechanics is to simplify a process of obtaining estimates of the coefficients using their simplified representations. The aim of the article is: to formulate criteria for the complexity (from the above point of view) of these representations and to demonstrate their application by examples of comparing Ree-Hoover representations of virial coefficients (briefly --- Ree-Hoover representations) and such representations of power series coefficients that are based on the conception of the frame classification of labeled graphs. To solve these problems, mathematical notions were introduced (such as a base product, a base integral, a base linear combination of integrals, a base linear combination of integrals with coefficients of negligible complexity, a base set of base linear combinations of integrals with coefficients of negligible complexity); and a classification of representations of coefficients of power series of classical statistical mechanics is proposed. In this classification the class of base linear combinations of integrals with coefficients of negligible complexity is the most important class. It includes the most well-known representations of the coefficients of power series of classical statistical mechanics. Three criteria are formulated to estimate the comparative complexity of base linear combinations of integrals with coefficients of negligible complexity and their extensions to the totality of base sets of base linear combinations of integrals with coefficients of negligible complexity are constructed. The application of all the constructed criteria is demonstrated by examples of comparing with each other of Ree-Hoover representations and of such power series coefficients representations, which are constructed on the basis of the concept of frame classification of labeled graphs. The obtained results are presented in the tables and commented.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Unification Archimedes Constant π, Golden Ratio φ, Euler's Number e and Imaginary Number I

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 26 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3975869

In the first chapter we will present the definitions,history,relations and arithmetics approximations of Archimedes constant π,golden ratio φ,Euler's number e and imaginary number i. A total of 220 expressions. In the second chapter we will present exact expressions between Archimedes constant π,golden ratio φ,Euler's number e and imaginary number i. A total of 127 expressions. In the third chapter we will present approximations expressions between Archimedes' constant π,the golden ratio φ,the number Euler e and the imaginary number i. A total of 112 expressions.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The 1270x950 km Permian-Triassic Impact-Crater_summary of the Geophysical Evidence

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 27 pages, 132 images, 5 diagrams, 1 table

This is a summary of the geophysical evidence for the Ø1270x950 km Permian-Triassic (PT)-Impact-Crater which I have discovered and described in my hypothesis Part 1-6.A topographic map and a satellite image of the Arctic Ocean area, Alaska and Siberia provided the first indication for the PT-Impact Crater and —impact event. The similarities of structures visible on the topographic map to the structures calculated by a computer-simulation of a shallow (oblique) impact with an impact angle of 5°, provide strong evidence for the existence of the Ø1270x950 km PT-Impact-Crater on the Arctic-Ocean-floor. A probability-assessment indicates a Probability >99,99997% for the existence of the PT-Crater!!Especially the elliptical deep-sea-basin in the Arctic Ocean, the bow-shaped Brooks-Range in Alaska and the northern-edge of the Central-Siberian-Plateau (Siberian Traps), which has the same bow-wave-structure like the calculated structure, are strong indicators that the PT-Impact Crater was caused by a shallow impact of an asteroid or comet.Further strong indication for the PT-Impact-Crater comes from a gravity-anomaly map and from a magnetic-anomaly map of the Arctic Ocean area and Alaska. The gravity anomaly map clearly shows sections of the elliptical crater-wall of the PT-Impact Crater (positive anomalies). The Brooks-Range in Alaska, which originally was part of the elliptical crater-wall-structure, is also indicated by a positive anomaly on the map. This section drifted away from the PT-Crater, caused by forces of the massive amounts of ejecta-material that was ejected from the crater, which probably was in the range of 100.000.000 to 200.000.000 km^3 of ejecta-material !The magnetic anomaly map of the Arctic Ocean area shows a triangular-shaped positive anomaly (red), which originates from the crater center. This indicates ejecta that was coming from an iron-rich impactor.The big distance between the elliptical impact basin and the described bow-wave-shaped structure in Siberia, which originally was located directly at the front-end of the PT-Crater, is the result of a divergent tectonic motion and expansion tectonics process that was triggered by the shallow PT-Impact. The leading edges (front-edges) of the two gigantic ejecta wings which were caused by the PT-Impact, cut through Earth’s crust and large amounts of impactor material (e.g. iron) and ejecta material descended into Earth’s mantle and caused the Pacific-LLSVP and the African-LLSVP. All volcanos of the Pacific Fire Ring and volcanism on Earth can be explained solely by the PT-Impact !
Category: Geophysics

New Fractal Framework for Material Science and Engineering

Authors: A. D. Izotov, V. O. Izotova, F. I. Mavrikidi
Comments: 17 Pages.

In present paper we accept the dynamic nature of fractal geometry as the equipoise of two universal formative processes, which are generated by two classes of forces in nature - forces of attraction, convergence and repulsion, divergence. This allows to introduce the divisibility of matter as a new degree of freedom in creating materials with desired bulk properties. It is shown, that this step connects previously disparate mathematical branches, as counterparts of fractals, into synthetic theory of matter. In the last section, a hypothesis about continuation of model to mathematical extent of Periodic Law, restricted by interpretation of nature of quantum numbers, is described. All mathematical structures are considered in parallel to basic notions of materials science.
Category: Condensed Matter

Gravity as a Result of Quantum-Type Interactions

Authors: Santiago Lopez Ugarte
Comments: 39 Pages.

A quantum-type process is proposed in a four dimensional space plus the time dimension (5d space-time dimensional framework), which would be responsible for gravitational phenomena, producing the curved space-time due to Gravity and the relativistics effects corresponding to any energy-momentum applied to the physical system. The proposal does not exhibit discrepancies with respect to the Theory of Relativity when considering Special Relativity scenarios, but do arise with respect to General Relativity when gravitational scenarios are included, being greater the stronger and negligible considering gravitational systems like Earth´s, requiring very strong ones to obtain significant discrepancies. It allows a physical interpretation of the Einstein Field Equations within Quantum Mechanics area of study. Taking into account the proposal, the EFE would be a mathematical model that partially collects the effects produced by the proposed process, this being the physical phenomenon responsible for producing the geometry that has been mathematically expressed by the EFE. However, if it actually occurs as defined here, additional restrictions are required. One such additional effect would be a quantum type one due to the extension of the uncertainty principle to frameworks with an extra spatial dimension.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Discussion Relating to the Feasibility of a Null Electromagnetic Wave

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 3 Pages.

This article presents the statement that a Null Electromagnetic (EM) Wave, which is a propagating EM wave which contains no Electric or Magnetic fields at all, can be feasible. The common existing notion held by physicists is that such a Null EM wave does not exist. The article reviews the existing acceptable notions that such a Null EM wave is a fiction which does not really exist and provides arguments to the contrary. The author of this paper published an article [1], which describes how such a Null EM wave can be implemented and analyses it. The discussion relating to the feasibility of such a Null EM wave is an important discussion, because if such a Null EM wave can be feasible, surprising, and significant conclusions are derived.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Errors For The Technicians - Notions of The Least Squares Method

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem, Chedly Fezzani
Comments: 93 Pages. In French.

In this booklet, we give elements of the theory of Errors and notions of the Least Squares method for technicians working in the field of topography, geodesy and geomatics.
Category: Geophysics

Quantum Gravity Waves

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 8 Pages.

Quantum Gravity Waves have emerged into the realm of possibly being detected. Modeled “quantum gravity waves” are the cousins of longer “geometric wave” frequencies from dual black-hole collisions, as detected by LIGO. Unlike modeled spacetime geometric waves, quantum waves are associated with the push/shadow gravity quanta (streaming yin/yang particles and their strings) that could reveal themselves even from slight irregularities in the nearly spherical shape of rapidly spinning young neutron stars.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Directed Dependency Graph Obtained from a Continuous Data Matrix by the Highest Successive Conditionings Method.

Authors: Ait-Taleb Nabil
Comments: 29 Pages.

In this paper, we propose a directed dependency graph learned from a continuous data matrix in order to extract the hidden oriented dependencies from this matrix. For each of the dependency graph's node, we will assign a random variable as well as a conditioning percentage linking parents and children nodes of the graph. Among all the dependency graphs learned from the continuous data matrix, we will choose the one using the highest successive conditionings method.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Index Type Hand Symbol(2)

Authors: Manaka Shunyuu
Comments: 12 Pages.

We apply the principle of index type keyboard to hand sign. Because the learning is very easy, not only a person without hearing but also a person with that can make full use of it.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Mathematical Pattern and City Landmark

Authors: Aaron Chau
Comments: 10 Pages.

This article introduces the use of a mathematical pattern, to make a design drawing of an eternal city landmark. This not only helps economic development, and can make the collective memory of urban residents , infinite continua
Category: Economics and Finance

Proof of Goldbach's Conjecture and Twin Prime Conjecture

Authors: Jaejin Lim
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, we prove Twin prime conjecture and Goldbach’s conjecture. We do this in three stages by turns; one is ‘Application Principle of Mathematical Induction’, another is ‘Proof of Twin prime conjecture’ and the other is ‘Proof of Goldbach’s conjecture’. These three proofs are interconnected, so they help prove it. Proofs of Twin prime conjecture and Goldbach’s conjecture are proved by Application Principle of Mathematical Induction. And Twin prime conjecture is based on Goldbach’s conjecture. So, we can get the result, Twin prime and Goldbach’s conjecture are true. The reason why we could get the result is that I use twin prime’s characteristic that difference is 2 and apply this with Application Principle of Mathematical Induction. If this is proved in this way, It implies that the problem can be proved in a new way of proof.
Category: Number Theory

On the Safe Use of Prior Densities for Bayesian Model Selection

Authors: F. Llorente, L. Martino, E. Curbelo, J. Lopez-Santiago, D. Delgado
Comments: 38 Pages.

The application of Bayesian inference for the purpose of model selection is very popular nowadays. In this framework, models are compared through their marginal likelihoods, or their quotients, called Bayes factors. However, marginal likelihoods depends on the prior choice. For model selection, even di use priors can be actually very informative, unlike for the parameter estimation problem. Furthermore, when the prior is improper, the marginal likelihood of the corresponding model is undetermined. In this work, we discuss the issue of prior sensitivity of the marginal likelihood and its role in model selection. We also comment on the use of uninformative priors, which are very common choices in practice. Several practical suggestions are discussed and many possible solutions, proposed in the literature, to design objective priors for model selection are described. Some of them also allow the use of improper priors. The connection between the marginal likelihood approach and the well-known information criteria is also presented. We describe the main issues and possible solutions by illustrative numerical examples, providing also some related code. One of them involving a real-world application on exoplanet detection.
Category: Statistics

On the EPR Paradox and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 22 Pages.

yet have definite shapes at any moment? Could it be that quanta have statistical definite properties, wave- and particle properties at the same time? These questions need an answer to reach some consensus in physics and to solve some of the most urgent problems in physics. These questions will be answered in this paper. Also the probabilities in Bell experiments, predicted by quantum mechanics, are made visible and their explanation is accounted for mathematically.
Category: Quantum Physics

Motion Detection and Tracking using Raspberry Pi

Authors: Saarang Srinivasan
Comments: 18 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

The aim of this project is to detect the motion in a video and accordingly follow the motion. This program uses background elimination and contour detection to find the moving objects in the video and determine which direction we must move in order to follow the motion. We move the camera in the direction of the motion in order to follow it.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Crystallography, New Classification and Descriptive Cards

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 47 Pages. In Italian.

I present a semi-empirical classification with descriptive cards for each crystal class. A notable feature is that each class is represented in a bidirectional and univocal way by a sequence of 5 characteristic properties. Only five. From these, assuming them as "generators", all the class symmetries get defined.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Bangalore House Price Prediction

Authors: Amey Thakur, Mega Satish
Comments: 4 pages, 4 figures, Volume 8, Issue 9, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 2021.

We propose to implement a house price prediction model of Bangalore, India. It’s a Machine Learning model which integrates Data Science and Web Development. We have deployed the app on the Heroku Cloud Application Platform. Housing prices fluctuate on a daily basis and are sometimes exaggerated rather than based on worth. The major focus of this project is on predicting home prices using genuine factors. Here, we intend to base an evaluation on every basic criterion that is taken into account when establishing the pricing. The goal of this project is to learn Python and get experience in Data Analytics, Machine Learning, and AI.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

What’s Wrong with the Standard Model?

Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 4 pages

The Standard Model of Elementary Particles is based on elementary excitations classified by a single spin variable (non-negative half-integer) attributed to the irreducible representations of the rotation group in three dimensions. This feature originates from a theorem of Wigner [1,2], the derivation of which utilizes a homology between the symmetry group SL(2,C) and the Lorentz group, the homogeneous symmetry of Minkowski space. In recent work [3] it has been shown that the representations of SL(2,C) and the Lorentz group differ fundamentally, and that Wigner’s theorem does not apply to the latter. Consequently, elementary fields have to be classified by two indices (j, k), each a non-negative half-integer. Correspondingly, there is also no need to introduce so-called internal symmetries, because the corresponding degrees of freedom follow directly from the second index. Furthermore, owing to the the product-nature of the representations, a mechanism can be suggested that interprets interaction as simple propagation between field factors of identical sub-index j or k [4]. This would remove the embarrassingly high number of free interaction parameters in the Standard Model.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

New Derivation of Redshift Distance Without Using Power Expansions

Authors: Steffen Haase
Comments: 34 Pages.

Here we use the flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric describing a spatially homogeneous and isotropic universe to derive the cosmological redshift distance in a way which differs from that which can be found in the astrophysical literature. We use the co-moving coordinate r_e (the subscript e indicates emission) for the place of a galaxy which is emitting photons and r_a (the subscript a indicates absorption) for the place of an observer within a different galaxy on which the photons - which were traveling thru the universe - are absorbed. Therefore the real physical distance - the way of light - is calculated by D = a(t_0) r_a - a(t_e) r_e. Here means a(t_0) the today’s (t_0) scale parameter and a(t_e) the scale parameter at the time of emission (t_e) of the photons. Nobody can doubt this real travel way of light: The photons are emitted on the co-moving coordinate place r_e and are than traveling to the co-moving coordinate place r_a. During this traveling the time is moving from t_e to t_0 (t_e ≤ t_0) and therefore the scale parameter is changing in the meantime from a(t_e) to a(t_0). Using this right way of light we calculate some relevant classical cosmological equations (effects) and compare these theoretical results with some measurements of astrophysics. As one result we get e.g. the today’s Hubble parameter H_0a ≈ 62.34 km/(s Mpc). This value is smaller than the Hubble parameter H_0,Planck ≈ 67.66 km/(s Mpc) resulting from Planck 2018 data [12] which is discussed in the literature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Everything and Logarithmic Elliptic Equation

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 67 Pages.

In this book, the masses of various particles in physics were calculated and the processes of universal changes were de-scribed. Given nine variables (Electron 510.999 keV, Muon 105.658 MeV, Tau 1.77686 GeV, Muon neutrino 170.00 keV, Gravitational coupling constant 5.906E-39, Electromagnetic force coupling constant 1/137.036, Strong force coupling constant for steady state 0.999?, Proton 938.272 MeV, and Z boson 91.1876 GeV), everything can be calculated. The core is to understand the characteristics of quantum space. Particles do not have proper mass. Logarithmically compressed three generation quantum spaces impart the mass to particle. The calculated values are such as follows: Electron neutrino 0.15331 eV, Tau neutrino 15.494 MeV, Graviton 2.492E-10 eV, Photon 0.1600 eV, Gluon 114.7 eV, Strong force 42.15 keV, Electromagnetic force 828.1 eV, Weak force 1.583E-2 eV and 1.0109E-6, Up quark 2.251 MeV, Charm quark 1275.5 MeV, Down quark 4.760 MeV, Strange quark 93.51 MeV, Bottom quark 4.195 GeV, W boson 80.3754 GeV, H boson 125.059 GeV, Proton radius 0.8751 fm, Quark radius 0.4401 am, Gravity radius 12.70E9 year, Cosmological constant 1.1150E-52 /m2, Hubble constant 71.225 km/s/Mpc (13.728 billion years), Cycle period of overall universe 1.875E111 years, and Dark energy : Dark matter : Ordinary matter = 69.38% : 25.77% : 4.84%. From the cosmological constant, the radius of Planck star is calculated as 10.010 billion years. The 72.92% (=10.010/13.728) is dark energy, and the 27.08% (=3.718/13.728) is dark matter. Therefore, it proves that dark energy is wrong. Not dark energy, but dark time or dark forces exist in our universe. Our universe is absolutely a 4D sphere. Therefore, ordinary matter has no effect on the time or expansion of our universe. The standard for calculating the universe is not 5.391E-44 seconds of big bang, but 10.010 billion years of cosmological constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Probabilistic Approach to some Additive and Multiplicative Problems of Number Theory

Authors: Gregory M. Sobko
Comments: 53 Pages.

This work is concerned with probabilistic concepts of ’randomness’ and ‘independence’ relevant to classical number-theoretic problems. Basic properties of divisibility for natural numbers are interpreted in terms of probability spaces and appropriate probability distributions on classes of congruence. We analyze and demonstrate the importance of Zeta probability distribution, proving that probabilistic independence of coprime factors for randomly chosen natural numbers is equivalent to the fact that a random variable representing these numbers must follow Zeta probability distribution. We show that the probabilistic Cramér’s model for the asymptotic distribution of primes is validated by the proven here its asymptotic equivalence to Zeta probability distribution, in agreement with the Prime Number Theorem. We prove the exact formula for a Zeta distributed random variable to represent a prime number. It is used to generate and analyze the corresponding multiplicative and additive random walks on semigroups generated by primes and natural numbers, respectively. We prove that Cramér’s model for the distribution of primes, modified as a generalized predictable non-stationary Bernoulli process with dependent terms is asymptotically a process with pairwise independent Bernoulli variables. Finally, we provide probabilistic proof of the Strong Goldbach Conjecture, by using the results described above.
Category: Number Theory

The Relativistic Uniform Model: the Metric of the Covariant Theory of Gravitation Inside a Body

Authors: Sergey G. Fedosin
Comments: 21 Pages. St. Petersburg Polytechnical State University Journal. Physics and Mathematics, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp.168-184 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.18721/JPM.14313

It is shown that the sum of stress-energy tensors of the electromagnetic and gravitational fields, the acceleration field and the pressure field inside a stationary uniform spherical body within the framework of relativistic uniform model vanishes. This fact significantly simplifies solution of equation for the metric in covariant theory of gravitation (CTG). The metric tensor components are calculated inside the body, and on its surface they are combined with the components of external metric tensor. This also allows us to exactly determine one of the two unknown coefficients in the metric outside the body. Comparing the CTG metric and the Reissner-Nordström metric in general theory of relativity shows their difference, which is a consequence of difference between equations for the metric and different understanding of essence of cosmological constant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Shape and Motion of Planets

Authors: Ashok Saxena
Comments: 23 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Newton noted that all bodies produce gravitational attraction, but he did not answered that HOW and WHY this force is generated. Einstein explained gravitation is deformation of omnipresent fabrics of Space-Time by any body and the bodies move towards each other due to the difference of slope they produce (according to their different individual masses), but WHY still remained unanswered. According to geometrical ‘Treo model of structure and working of universe’ [Ref. 1to 6 & page 100 to 150 9a] ‘Gravitation is produced by three dimensional (around gravitational centre of all terrestrial body) and four dimensional (gravitational sphere of all cosmic bodies) load dependent contraction, of our multilayered ten dimensional omnipresent space-matrix’, by action –reaction mechanism, to neutralize the load of this body on space matrix. One dimensional contraction of this Space–matrix produced by load of photon (packet of EM energy) generates, rotating transverse kinetic coloumns which exhibit EM force; while it’s two dimensional deformation produces multiple orbitums (@ one orbitum for one quanta mass energy) to support all loads from unit Electron to unit mass; and this deformed geometry produces nuclear and weak forces. The Space matrix is vibrating at ‘Planck Frequency’ (which is 1.854 x 1043 times per second). This number 1.854 x 1043 is denoted as S by me; and is the ‘cosmic code’.[9b] This S decides the value of all universal constants,[9c] [9d] Unit energy (S number of strings or Treos or kinetons, is one Quantum energy)[9e], Unit mass (S2 free treos)[9f], Unit time (S vibrations or one second)[9g], unit speed (speed of light or S treos distance per second)[9c], Unit Space (S treos on one side of cube)[9h] Unit expansion [9i] and unit contraction in universe. √S Quantum levels [9j] are present in gravitational coloumn (field) of Sun, at which in a particular orbit rotating matter wave revolves the ‘symbolic point mass of a planet’ at bound treo distance per second (equal to frequency of this matter wave). Number of bound treo layers in Anti- clockwise Rotating Gravitational sphere of any cosmic body, primarily decides its speed of its rotation. (Where number of layers = number of unit masses in this body); but resultant speed of rotation of body is influenced by many other factors. Locally deformed space matrix around Sun, decides shape & inclination in gravitational (field) coloumn of Sun will determine the angle of inclined orbit and rotational axis of any planet.
Category: Astrophysics

Comment on: An Explanation of Dayton Miller’s Anomalous “Ether Drift” Result (English Version)

Authors: Sebastian Pliet
Comments: 4 Pages.

Thomas J. Roberts published an article in 2006 in which he claims, that Dayton C. Miller did not measure a real signal in his experiments. In this paper, the methods used are examined and it is shown that all claims are false.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Magnetic Monopole Charges and Gravitational Field Hypothesis

Authors: Robert S Miller
Comments: 3 Pages.

Magnetic Mono Poles though not yet found in nature have been created as quasi particles and isolated sections of magnetic fields at quantum scales in laboratory environments. This paper suggests a number of unique hypothesis points that magnetic mono poles may exchange gravitons as their force carrying particle. It is the intention these topic points provide motivation for further development.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Stochastic Cosmology and the Hubble Constant

Authors: E. Goldfain
Comments: 3 Pages.

We recently pointed out that the numerical value of the vacuum energy parameter derived via the Friedmann model may be reasonably approximated within the framework of Stochastic Cosmology. This brief note shows that the Hubble constant prediction of Stochastic Cosmology also falls in line with observational data.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Likely Feasible Solution to World Energy & Carbon Crises

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 27 Pages. Unable to publish on arXiv March 2021, due to no "endorsements."

We examine the following as a sustainable world-energy Plan. Distribute floating wind turbines mainly within the "roaring forties" and "furious fifties" regions of the southern oceans. Anchor them by cables to the sea floor. Running along that floor is a hydrogen pipeline. The turbines generate electricity which is transmitted down to the sea floor by cable. There it electrolyses water to input H₂ into the pipeline. The pipeline outputs are on (or near) land somewhere. Turbine maintenance is mostly by robot. We find it appears entirely technically and economically feasible to satisfy approximately all (or at least a large fraction of) year-2020 human energy demands in this way, but show with a new analysis of wind-energy limitations that much more is impossible. Indeed, we'll show this energy actually will be cheaper than current prices and also cheaper (sometimes greatly) than schemes based on water-currents, other-located wind turbines, or solar power – albeit the prices of the lattermost have been rapidly changing. However, this project, as well as any attempt to generate a large fraction of human energy from winds, will cause noticeable alterations in weather and climate. I provide initial guesses about what those alterations will be and discussion of how to modify "global climate model" codes to investigate that. (Basically this would be a 1-line code change, but we demonstrate that many climate modeling codes are incredibly screwed up and lied about.) We conclude with some deprecation of the "hydrogen economy" and instead suggest the "aluminum economy."
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Statistics: The Science of Awareness

Authors: Andrea Berdondini
Comments: 2 Pages.

The uncertainty of the statistical data is determined by the value of the probability of obtaining an equal or better result randomly. Since this probability depends on all the actions performed, two fundamental results can be deduced. Each of our random and therefore unnecessary actions always involves an increase in the uncertainty of the phenomenon to which the statistical data refers. Each of our non-random actions always involves a decrease in the uncertainty of the phenomenon to which the statistical data refers.
Category: Number Theory

Complex Numbers

Authors: Viola Maria Grazia
Comments: 1 Page.

In this paper we see the complexes in other point of view
Category: General Mathematics

Reinterpretation of Length Contraction Derivation from Lorentz Transformation and Derivation of Logical Relativistic Length

Authors: KyeongDo Kwak
Comments: 7 Pages.

Roy Weinstein’s length contraction derivation process has been acknowledged by several re- searchers, from Gamov to Einstein. However, there are several problems in his derivation, and this study looked into them in detail. I have confirmed that if the problems found in the Weinstein derivation process are removed, the length contraction equation is not derived, but rather the length expansion equation is derived. I also looked at the fact that some experimental facts support length expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Kommentar zu: An Explanation of Dayton Miller’s Anomalous “Ether Drift” Result
Comment on: An Explanation of Dayton Miller’s Anomalous “Ether Drift” Result

Authors: Sebastian Pliet
Comments: 4 Pages. in German

Thomas J. Roberts veröffentlichte 2006 einen Artikel, in dem er behauptet,daß Dayton C. Miller in seinen Experimenten kein echtes Signal gemessen hat. In dieser Arbeit werden die verwendeten Methoden untersucht und es wird gezeigt, daß alle Behauptungen falsch sind.

Thomas J. Roberts published an article in 2006 in which he claims, that Dayton C. Miller did not measure a real signal in his experiments. In this paper, the methods used are examined and it is shown that all claims are false.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Measurement of Picoforces from Light

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 3 Pages.

A cheap electret microphone together with a lock-in amplifier can measure the pressure effect of light in a simple and sensitive way.
Category: Classical Physics

Some Relatively High Inconsistencies in the Official Apollo Missions Data and an Alternative Scenario in Historical Context

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 11 Pages. Linked to some delicate historical events.

The aim of the following article is not to doubt about some successful American manned lunar landings since the $12$ Saturn V rockets involved in the official Apollo missions have more than enough Delta-v to achieve that goal whatever the small precise mission details. The aim of the following article is to propose some alternative scenario to the official Apollo missions data since the cold war, the deterrence strategy, the secret military, the propaganda war, the ideological war, the pressure and the stress from a space race competition could affect greatly the released official Apollo missions data. For example, only decades later we knew Yuri Gagarin have not landed inside his atmospheric re-entry capsule but with some individual parachute. To achieve that aim, we simulate or calculate the most we can and look what was the easier practical solutions at that time and check the consistency of the official Apollo missions data.
Category: Classical Physics

Structures and Dynamics of Lamed Schur Flows with Vorticity but no Swirls

Authors: Jian-Zhou ZHu
Comments: 5 Pages.

We consider the nontrivial existence, dynamics and indications of the flows when all eigenvalues of the velocity gradients are real, thus `lone', \textit{i.e.}, without forming the complex conjugate pairs which are associated to the swirls. A generic prototype is the `lone Schur flow (LSF)' whose velocity gradient tensor is uniformly of Schur form but free of complex eigenvalues. A (partial) integral-differential equation governing such LSF is established, and a semi-analytical algorithm is accordingly designed for computation. Simulated evolutions of example LSFs in 2- and 3-spaces show rich dynamics and vortical structures, but no obvious swirls (nor even the homoclinic loops in whatever distorted forms) could be found. We discovered the flux loop scenario and the anisotropic analogy of the incompressible turbulence at or close to the critical dimension $D_c =4/3$ decimated from 2-space.
Category: Classical Physics

A Static Universe Explanation for the Redshift-Distance Relation as an Effect of Gravitational Time Dilation

Authors: George Park
Comments: 29 Pages. relativity theory, cosmology

The redshift-distance relation is explained in the concordance model by the metric expansion of space, which is described by the Friedmann solution to Einstein’s field equations. Cosmological redshift is proportional to the cosmic scale factor, the relation between redshift and distance is non-linear, and the Hubble constant determines the proper velocity of space expansion. Edward A. Milne developed a competing Newtonian expanding model in static Euclidean space that is consistent with the Friedmann equation. It describes the universe as a conservative gravitational system which includes special relativity. In this model cosmic redshifts are explained as relativistic Doppler redshifts, the Hubble constant determines the peculiar velocity of matter expansion, and the relation between redshift and distance is non-linear. This paper describes a static model of the universe as a conservative gravitational system. This static model explains cosmic redshifts by time dilation in a universal gravitational field, which results in a linear redshift-distance relation that matches Hubble’s 1929 discovery. The uniformity of the cosmic microwave background temperature is also explained by relativity effects in a universal gravitational field. In this model the square of the Hubble constant is the gravitational constant of cosmic gravity. The results of several different tests designed to determine whether or not space expansion is real are all consistent with the static gravitational model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Informational Physical Model: Cosmology

Authors: Sergey V. Shevchenko, Vladimir V. Tokarevsky
Comments: The paper is presented in two versions: English one, pages 1-10, and Russian one, pages 10-23

This paper is a little upgrade of the sections 5 “Cosmology|” and 6 “Conclusion” in the paper “The informational physical model: some fundamental problems in physics”, vixra.org/pdf/2007.0001v3, whilst the whole replacement of this paper seems would not be rational, in one, though rather probably essential, point – in this case rather possibly useful cosmological experiment is proposed. The experiment follows from the fact that “escape velocity” for a concrete body doesn’t limit some borders for moving in the “body’s atmosphere” other bodies. For example, the Erath escape velocity is 11.19 km/s, however bodies with different velocities can move apart Earth on any distance, if a velocity is →11.19 km/s – up to infinity, before stopping and return back to Earth. Correspondingly, though SMBH have two borders, i.e. real one, i.e. the size of the compact extremely dense central object, and “virtual” one, i.e. the GR “event horizon”, the real SMBH “atmosphere”, which feeds on accretion of external matter, spreads outside both borders, including, rather probably, it take part in composing of the SMBH jets. In this paper the sections numbers, and the references that are in the host paper, are mostly conserved.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Method of Dynamical Balls

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper we introduce and develop the notion of dynamical systems induced by a fixed $a\in \mathbb{N}$ and their associated induced dynamical balls. We develop tools to study problems requiring to determine the convergence of certain sequences generated by iterating on a fixed integer.
Category: Functions and Analysis

PT Sort: a Non-Comparison Sort Using the Sum of the Power of Two

Authors: Yu-Cheng Liu
Comments: 11 Pages.

Sorting algorithm is one of the most important fields in computer science. People learn sort algorithms before learning other advanced algorithms. Since sorting is important, computer scientists study and try to create new sorting algorithms. The paper is composed of five themed sections: Introduction, Method, Analyzis, Experiment Result, and Conclusion. The first section of this paper will give a brief overview of the algorithm and introduce a new way to sort a list called PT sort, a non-comparison integer sorting algorithm that is based on subtracting the largest exponent with radix two, then using recursion and traverse on every separated list. Section two and three begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, proposes the methodology, and analyzes the time complexity of PT sort. The forth section presents the findings of the research, focusing on the result of the experiment. The time complexity and space complexity of PT sort is approximatly ��(�� ∙ log2 ��) where n is the number of the numbers being sorted and r is the largest number in the list.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

On the Mathematical Connections Between the Analytical Solutions of the Thomas-Fermi Equation, the Golden Section and the Modes Corresponding to the Physical Vibrations of the Strings.

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 34 Pages. in Italian

In this paper, we have described the possible mathematical connections between the analytical solutions of the Thomas-Fermi Equation, the Golden Number and the modes corresponding to the physical vibrations of the strings.
Category: Mathematical Physics