All Submission Categories

A “cosmic Billiard” Paradox of Special Relativity

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 8 Pages.

We discovered an unexpected paradox of Special Relativity. If a relativistic impact is observed in both inertial frames it leads to a contradicting existing of two different event realities. When a feather and a glass vase do impact relativistically, then in one observation case the glass will be broken by a relativistically very heavy feather and in other observation it stays unbroken. It could not be explained neither in Special or General Relativity and we invite every one to find a solution of this problem. We refer to our solution too, which was in developing a new relativity theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Atom-Photon Energy Paradox and a de Broglie Wave Length Energy Paradox of Special Relativity

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 2 Pages.

We discovered a relativistic Photon-Atom-Energy paradox of Special Relativity and a de Broglie wavelengths energy paradox of Special Relativity, which are two different problems, but assumed to be of same reason. Any try to explain using Special or General Relativity failed till now. We invite every one to get involved in our discovery and to try to solve this problems, which seems to be of a very deeply principle. Also we cite our unite solution of both paradoxes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Enomoto's Problem in Wasan Geometry

Authors: Hiroshi Okumura
Comments: 3 Pages.

We consider Enomoto's problem involving a chain of circles touching two parallel lines and three circles with collinear centers. Generalizing the problem, we unexpectedly get a generalization of a property of the power of a point with respect to a circle.
Category: Geometry

Geometry and Division by Zero Calculus

Authors: Hiroshi Okumura
Comments: 34 Pages.

We demonstrate several results in plane geometry derived from division by zero and division by zero calculus. The results show that the two new concepts open an entirely new world of mathematics.
Category: Geometry

Introduction to Quantum Gravity

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this article, we had done a link between the gravitational field and the square of the speed of a corpuscle exactly as the intuition of Henri Poincare. This theory is the zone of the meeting of classical mechanics, restraint relativity, quantum mechanics, and the theory of gravitation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Some Equations Concerning Weak Gravity Conjecture and Swampland. Mathematical Connections with Some Ramanujan Formulas, Riemann Zeta Function and Some Sectors of String Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 142 Pages.

In this research thesis, we analyze some equations concerning Weak Gravity Conjecture and Swampland. Furthermore, we obtain various mathematical connections with some Ramanujan formulas, Riemann zeta function and several sectors of String Theory
Category: Mathematical Physics

Time Matters

Authors: Osvaldo Duilio Rossi
Comments: 14 Pages.

Time matters means "issues about time": philosophers (Bergson and Husserl among the most appreciated) delved into our relation with past and future, thus with memory and semantics. That is one of my concerns in this paper, framing time in epistemology, developing ideas I approached from different perspectives in the last ten years. That remark implies time matters means also "time is important" for life: our cognitive perceptions are central in analyzing our relation with time (neuroscientists like Eagleman reckon it) and perceptions play a key role (even) in analyzing our scientific understanding of time. The cognitive relevance of experience is another concern of this paper, suggesting how theories rely on experience, as Rovelli noted, bounding perception of one-way direction of time to entropy, and bounding entropy to cognitive perceptions (a vicious circle). Last, but not least, time matters means "substance or mass defines time": Bergson stated a seminal idea on that topic, and physicists (from Minkowski to Feynman to Rovelli) keep delving into chronotope paradoxes, but paradoxes keep rising in theoretical physics. That is the third concern of this paper, for I (re)frame the one-way direction of time (just like Fantappié suggested to do) on the basis of the seminal idea of Bohm, for events could be thought of as portions of a complex unified field-a lattice, in simplified geometric terms, for the sake of representation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Combined Theory of Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Farid Abrari
Comments: This article is written in English and has 18 pages. It introduces a new theory through combining the theories of Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. The combined SR-QM theory is used to quantize the mass, diameter and the temperature of black holes

Lorentz transformation plays a key role in Special Relativity by relating the space- time distance between events being observed in a pair of inertial frames of reference. Depending on the relative velocity of the inertial frames, the magnitude of Lorentz transformation varies between the limits 0 and 1. The upper limit 1 represents a case where the pair of inertial frames of reference are stationary relative to each other. The lower limit 0 represents the other extreme case where the relative velocity of the frames is at the speed of light c. Similar numerical limits, on the other hand, appear in Quantum Mechanics but in the context of the summation of the probability density distribution of a particle over a region of space. The upper limit 1 represents a case where the probability of finding a particle in a region of space is certain. The lower limit, represents the opposite case where the probability of finding a particle in a region of space is not likely. The range of the limits being between 0 and 1 in both theories is not a numerical coincidence. In this paper, a combined theory is introduced which relates the Lorentz transformation of Special Relativity to the wavefunction of Quan- tum Mechanics. The combined theory offers a new insight to the physical reality. For instance, it is found that the inherent quantum uncertainties in the spacetime coordinate of a quantum particle in vacuum constitute a timelike four-vector whose length A is invariant. It is also found that local acceleration, like velocity itself, has an upper limit; such that no physical object can undergo a local acceleration higher than c2/A. The latter, in turn, constrains the mass of the smallest possible black hole - called Unit Black Hole (UBH) - to Ac2/4G and its event horizon diameter to the invariant A. The diameter of the event horizon, the mass and the Hawking temperature of more massive black holes are subsequently quantized starting from those of the UBH.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Energy of the Static Gravitational Field

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 5 Pages.

By adopting the assumption of elastic space-time, we can derive the wave equation of gravitational waves. Inspired by this, this article attempts to discuss the bending of spacetime by static mass. Because mass is also a form of energy, mass can also have a bending effect on spacetime. This article assumes that space-time is an elastic substance, so the existence of mass will squeeze space-time and cause the phenomenon of space-time bending. This article believes that the existence of mass will result in a Schwarzschild radius hole in spacetime. The void will squeeze the surrounding spacetime. Considering that mass squeezing spacetime requires "force", therefore, to squeeze out a Schwarzschild radius cavity in spacetime, work is required. This article believes that the energy required to squeeze out this cavity is equal to the energy corresponding to the mass. This is the energy possessed by the static gravitational field. After analyzing this squeezing effect with the knowledge of elasticity, it can be found that the existence of space-time is related to mass. Only the location where mass or energy exists can form space-time, and the radius of this space-time is proportional to the third power of mass. However, the analysis in this article also has shortcomings, including whether the space-time radius exists or not. It is just a conjecture at present, which directly affects the calculation of the space-time elastic modulus and other constants involved.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the General no-Three-in-Line Problem

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 10 Pages. This paper has been technically and substantially improved.

In this paper we show that the number of points that can be placed in the grid $ntimes ntimes cdots times n~(d~times)=n^d$ for all $din mathbb{N}$ with $dgeq 2$ such that no three points are collinear satisfies the lower boundbegin{align}gg n^{d-1}sqrt[2d]{d}.onumberend{align}This pretty much extends the result of the no-three-in-line problem to all dimension $dgeq 3$.
Category: Geometry

The Sun's Corona Temperature

Authors: Jonathan Corriveau
Comments: 3 Pages.

This brief article explains how a 5000 degree surface of the sun is able to heat the sun’s corona to a temperature higher then 1 million degrees. The explanation is made for everyone to understand and an experiment is described on how to heat something in a similar way to a temperature higher then the source temperature here on earth.
Category: Astrophysics

Operation Sea Lion, the Luftwaffe, the Kanalkampf and the Battle of Britain - The Defence of Britain in 1940 and Air Power in World War 2

Authors: Rochelle Forrester
Comments: 18 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Historians usually consider that if the Germans had carried out Operation Sea Lion and invaded Britain in 1940, the invasion would have been defeated by the Royal Navy. This belief is supported by a wargame conducted by the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst in 1974. However, if the Germans had carried out the invasion correctly it could have been successful as bombing and landings on the south coast of England would have meant the British would lose the benefits of radar. RAF Fighter Command operating without radar would not be able to provide adequate air cover for Royal Navy ships in the English Channel. Without adequate air cover the Royal Navy will be forced out of the English Channel by attacks from the Luftwaffe as warships in World War 2 cannot survive under constant air attack.
Category: Social Science

A Rigorous Examination on Cantors Diagonal Argument

Authors: Hongyi Li
Comments: 5 Pages.

It was proved in this paper that diagonal argument actually only proves that the real numbers can not be listed as complete, which has nothing to do with if the real numbers are countable or not. The confusion of the two different concepts - Countable and “complete listing” - is the reason why the diagonal argument fails. It was proved that real numbers are countable.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Fog Covering Cantor's Paradise: Some Paradoxes on Infinity and Continuum

Authors: Ke Zhang
Comments: 19 pages English + 19 pages Chinese. Mail: alspa@163.com

We challenge Georg Cantor's theory about infinity. By attacking the concept of “countable/uncountable” and diagonal argument, we reveal the uncertainty, which is obscured by the lack of clarity. The problem arises from the basic understandings of infinity and continuum. We perform many thought experiments to refute current standard views. The results support the opinion that no potential infinity leads to an actual infinity, nor is there any continuum composed of indivisibles statically, nor is Cantor's theory consistent in itself.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

A Quantitative Version of the Erd\h{o}s-Anning Theorem

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 8 Pages. Minor tweak in the lower bound

Let $\mathcal{R}\subset \mathbb{R}^n$ be an infinite set of collinear points and $\mathcal{S}\subset \mathcal{R}$ be an arbitrary and finite set with $\mathcal{S}\subset \mathbb{N}^n$. Then the number of points with mutual integer distances on the shortest line containing points in $\mathcal{S}$ satisfies the lower bound \begin{align} \gg_n \sqrt{n}|\mathcal{S}\bigcap \mathcal{B}_{\frac{1}{2}\mathcal{G}\circ \mathbb{V}_1[\vec{x}]}[\vec{x}]|\sum \limits_{\substack{k\leq \mathrm{max}_{\vec{x}\in \mathcal{S}\cap \mathcal{B}_{\frac{1}{2}\mathcal{G}\circ \mathbb{V}_1[\vec{x}]}[\vec{x}]}\mathcal{G}\circ \mathbb{V}_1[\vec{x}]\\k\in \mathbb{N}\\k>1}}\frac{1}{k},\nonumber \end{align}where $\mathcal{G}\circ \mathbb{V}_1[\vec{x}]$ is the compression gap of the compression induced on $\vec{x}$. This proves that there are infinitely many collinear points with mutual integer distances on any line in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and generalizes the well-known Erd\H{o}s-Anning Theorem in the plane $\mathbb{R}^2$.
Category: Geometry

Aerodynamic Shape Optimization Studies of the Adodg Benchmark Problems

Authors: Shlomy Shitrit
Comments: 26 Pages.

The following study presents single and multipoint aerodynamic shape optimizations of two benchmark problems defined by the Aerodynamic Design Discussion Group (ADODG). Mesh warping and geometry parametrization is accomplished by fitting the multi-block structured grid to a B-spline volumes and performing the mesh movements by using surface control points embedded with free-form deformation (FFD) volumes. The aerodynamic model solves the RANS equations with Spallart-Almaras turbulence model. A gradient based optimization algorithm is used with an adjoint method in order to compute the objectives and constraints derivatives with respect to the design variables. The objective in this work is to minimize the drag of airfoil and wings for transonic regimes taking into account volume and thickness constraint, including aerodynamic coefficients constraint. The first problem solved is RAE2822 airfoil in viscous transonic flow, with a lift constraint. The shock in the upper surface is eliminated and the drag coefficient is reduced by 50%. Also in this problem we started the optimization solution from a circle in order to check the robustness of both the flow solver and the mesh warping algorithm, while reaching a "close" solution as obtained by starting from rae2822 airfoil. The second problem is single and multi-point lift and pitch moment constrained drag minimization of the Common Research Model (CRM) wing in transonic, viscous flow. The CRM design is very challenging due to the tight coupling between aerodynamic performance, trim and stability. Other design challenges include the number of design variables and its effect on the optimized configuration. The single-point optimization reduced the drag coefficient by 7.7% using 192 design variables. The single-point designs are relatively robust to the flight conditions. Further robustness is achieved through a multi-point optimization with nearly 5% drag reduction.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Discovered 2nd Triplet Paradox of Special Relativity

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 3 Pages.

We discovered a second triplet paradox of dynamic relativity such as Special Relativity after we discussed a first triplet paradox, which was known and solved as being just double of two twin paradoxes, who both after a relativistically trip will be just equally younger then the earths person. The second paradox is if one asks about the relation between the two antiparallel moved astronauts themselves as they do have even a bigger speed difference and a Lorentz factor between them, but nevertheless having same time dilation in relation to the earth. How to explain that switched of time dilation? What is about the other relativistic attributes length contraction and mass enlargement? And same would be to ask if the moving directions of two astronauts do have any another angle to each other. It was concluded that in SRT and no other known theory no solution is available to this new paradox. All are invited to find a solution and we offer by citation our solution too.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Metric Science

Authors: Gerhard Jan Smit, Jelle Ebel van der Schoot
Comments: 82 Pages.

In this article a particle is being presented that explains all known forces of nature. The particle has no dimensions, it is a dimensional basic particle. Hence it gets the following name: 'dimensional basic' (db) particle. The core of this discovery is that the separate fundamental forces of nature: - the strong interaction, the electromagnetic interaction, the weak interaction and the gravitational interaction - are calculatable with one formula out of one principle. The statistical math of the quantum theory is set aside in favor of a goniometric approach. Gravitation is the only force that matters and the strong force, the electromagnetic force and the weak force can be explained out of gravitation while gravity itself is only caused by the curvature of db's. The formula for the extent of curvature around a db is: sqrt(x^2+y^2+z^2) × Kr = 1. In the formula: x, y, z, are coordinates in spacetime [m], Kr = curvature [m^-1].
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Implication of Exchange Rate Volatility on Nigeria’s External Reserves: 1980-2020

Authors: Garbobiya Tuwe Soro, Osman Nuri Aras
Comments: 10 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Given the volatile nature of the exchange rate in Nigeria and the dynamics in the external reserves of the nation which are kept in foreign currency (dollar), this paper examined the impact of exchange rate shocks on the Nigerian external reserves using annual data from 1980 to 2019. Employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model, the results of the study indicates that exchange rate has an asymmetric impact on reserves, suggesting that the partial sum of exchange rate differ in magnitude and size relative to reserves in both positive and negative direction. The impact of a positive shock in exchange rate on reserves is statistically significant while the effect of a negative shock in exchange on reserve is statistically insignificant in the long-run. The same relationship holds for the short-run effect, although, both the positive and the negative short-run effects are statistically insignificant. The study therefore recommends that monetary authority should strengthens the exchange rate by adopting a flexible exchange floating and making it to thrives in order to boost reserves. Some of these policies could include allowing the market forces to determine the exchange rate and harmonizing the exchange rate position of the country.
Category: Economics and Finance

The Existence of a Universal Frame of Reference, in Which it Propagates Light, is Still an Unresolved Problem of Physics

Authors: Karol Szostek, Roman Szostek
Comments: 15 Pages. The new physical theory called the Special Theory of Ether.

The article shows that the existence of a universal frame of reference, in which light propagates, is still an unresolved problem of physics. The analyzed articles show that rejection of the idea of ether due to Michelson-Morley’s and Kennedy-Thorndike’s experiments was too hasty. These experiments can be explained by the theory with a universal frame of reference, in which light propagates.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Istnienie Uniwersalnego Układu Odniesienia, W Którym Propaguje światło Jest Ciągle Nierozstrzygniętym Problemem Fizyki (In Polish)
The Existence of a Universal Frame of Reference, in Which it Propagates Light, is Still an Unresolved Problem of Physics

Authors: Karol Szostek, Roman Szostek
Comments: 16 Pages. The new physical theory called the Special Theory of Ether (in Polish).

W artykule pokazane zostało, że istnienie uniwersalnego układu odniesienia, w którym propaguje światło jest ciągle nierozstrzygniętym problemem fizyki. Z przeanalizowanych artykułów wynika, że odrzucenie idei eteru z powodu eksperymentów Michelson’a-Morley’a oraz Kennedy’ego-Thorndike’a było pochopne. Eksperymenty te można bowiem wyjaśnić przy pomocy teorii z uniwersalnym układem odniesienia, w którym propaguje światło.

The article shows that the existence of a universal frame of reference, in which light propagates, is still an unresolved problem of physics. The analyzed articles show that rejection of the idea of ether due to Michelson-Morley’s and Kennedy-Thorndike’s experiments was too hasty. These experiments can be explained by the theory with a universal frame of reference, in which light propagates.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Formulas of the Fine-Structure Constant Based on the 92th Element Uranium and Prediction of the 126th Element

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 8 Pages. 3 figures.

In our previous papers, we gave many formulas of the fine-structure constant based on some critical nuclide numbers such as 112, 173, 137, 83, 29 and 103. In this paper, we give the general formulas of the fine-structure constant and some formulas of the fine-structure constant based on the 92th element Uranium. These formulas relate to 92U-235/238 and predict 126Ch188 (the most stable isotope of the 126th element).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Fluid Dynamics, Procedure to Simplify and Linearly Transform the Equations of Euler and Navier Stokes

Authors: Guillermo Ayala-Martinez
Comments: 3 Pages.

By changing the variable each equation, from a velocity component, becomes a linear equation in which only that component appears. The convective acceleration terms are transformed into an only term. The new variable will be an independent variable and can be any suitable function.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Etymology of the Russian Word BRAC

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 8 Pages.

The origin of the Russian word BRAC, used to denote MARRIAGE and poor quality, are considered. That is, OMONYMS are identical words denoting different objects. It is shown that this is a consequence of a misunderstanding of the origin of this word. In reality, not forming homonyms.
Category: Linguistics

E-Money

Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

A secure money transfer in a nation, using files, and without mining to reduce the energy consumption.
Category: Economics and Finance

The Curvature of Motion in a Gravitational Field

Authors: Morris G. Anderson
Comments: 154 Pages.

MatLab script, with example files, for numerically integrating: Orbital motion; Orbital Precession; Natural Frequency Shift; Light and Cosmic Ray Deflection; Shapiro Time Delay; Apparent Black Hole Emissivity and Shadow Diameter in a Gravitational Field. This is accomplished by applying a simple and efficient curvature of motion method (based on wave-particle duality) to calculate the influence of a static gravitational field on the path of motion and the natural frequency of matter. The associated math is easy to understand and is limited to basic geometry, vector algebra, and simple calculus. This enables advanced high school and undergraduate college students to understand and solve these examples on a mobile phone or tablet with an app capable of running MatLab script files. Comparisons with data illustrate excellent agreement for both week and strong gravitational fields.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Motion From a Particle's Point of View: an Interpretation of the Double Slit Experiment

Authors: Blazej Kot
Comments: 14 Pages.

Traditionally, motion has been defined extrinsically, as the change in the position of an object, such as a particle, over time. This definition presupposes the existence of an "observer" external to the particle who measures the position of the particle as a function of time. Yet, in the double slit experiment, we have experimental proof that a particle can travel unobserved between a source and a detector. It does so in such a way that we cannot, even in principle, describe its motion by a position changing in time. We propose that the correct interpretation of this experiment is that the traditional extrinsic definition of motion is incomplete. We propose a more general intrinsic definition of motion, in which the role of observer is played by the particle itself, and which presupposes no external observer. We discuss the double slit experiment including the nature of measurement and the particle-wave duality. We show that using the intrinsic point of view allows us to avoid the "weirdness" that tends to crop up when these topics are analysed from the extrinsic point of view.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Explosion Mechanism for Core-Collapse Supernovae

Authors: Mario Everaldo de Souza
Comments: 8 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

It is proposed that the explosion, or actually, the fast expansion of the envelope of a core-collapse supernova is caused by the action of a powerful electric field that is formed as a consequence of the action of the shock wave on the interface between the proto-neutron star and the plasma of the envelope during the first minutes of the collapse. The proposal explains also the shell-like shape of core-collapse supernovae remnants, the reason why there are different ejecta velocities and the origin of the radial magnetic field which has been observed in young supernovae and shows that a supernova is a very powerful particle accelerator. It is shown for the first time how the dynamics of the explosion is clearly connected to the light curve of the supernova. It is calculated that the radius of supernova KSN 2011d is about 411.4 solar radii.
Category: Astrophysics

Wave Packets of Relaxation Type in Boundary Problems of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Igor B. Krasnyuk
Comments: 23 Pages.

An initial value boundary problem for the linear Schr ˙odinger equation with nonlinear functional boundary conditions is considered. It is shown that attractor of problem contains periodic piecewise constant functions on the complex plane with finite points of discontinuities on a period. The method of reduction of the problem to a system of integro-difference equations has been applied. Applications to optical resonators with feedback has been considered. The elements of the attractor can be interpreted as white and black solitons in nonlinear optics.
Category: Statistics

On the Density of Ulam Sequences

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper we show under some special conditions that the natural density of Ulam numbers is zero.
Category: Number Theory

A Possible Proof that Negative Ageing Doesn't Occur in Special Relativity

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 2 Pages.

The CMIF (Co-Moving-Inertial-Frames) simultaneity method is the most commonly-used way in special relativity of determining the current age of a distant person, according to an accelerated observer. CMIF says that, when an observer accelerates in the direction AWAY from a distant person, the observer will conclude that the distant person gets YOUNGER. But the proof described herein shows that such negative aging, according to the observer, doesn’t occur.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Preliminary Investigation to Decipher an Enigma Using Time-of-Flight Sensor

Authors: Rohit Uppal
Comments: 10 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Refractive index (RI) was characterized from the angle formed at the axis and slope of the linear fit of the measured perimeter of the loop of a waveguide vs. computed perimeter of the loop of the waveguide by using time-of-flight (TOF) sensor. The RI of uncladded commercially available waveguide was found to be 1.247 and 1.319 at 940 nm using ToF sensor and ellipsometer, respectively. The novel, simple and cost-effective technique may hold potential to initiate new avenues of research.
Category: Classical Physics

A New Approach to Set Theory, Version 1.5

Authors: Thomas Limberg
Comments: 9 pages; language: German; for receiving the program "Demonstration of the Limberg calculus", version 1.2, email me!

We introduce a simple logical calculus called Limberg Calculus and two attached derivation sequences. The derivation sequences contain a proof, that empty and universal set exist (under the Limberg Calculus).
Category: Set Theory and Logic

On the Higher Spins and Strings Supersymmetry Breaking Revisited. Mathematical Connections with Various Parameters of Particle Physics and Some Sectors of Number Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 58 Pages.

In this revisited research thesis, we analyze some equations concerning the Higher Spins and Strings - Supersymmetry Breaking and obtain various mathematical connections with various parameters of Particle Physics and several sectors of Number Theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Standard Model of Elementary Fermions and the Hilbert Repository

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 94 Pages. This is part of the Hilbert Book Model Project

The word space is used in many ways and most of these applications give this word a different meaning. This makes the notion of space very obscure. Especially philosophers, mathematicians, and physicists have attributed a huge number of interpretations of the noun “space”. This has led to a huge number of different forms of space. Humans live in an environment that is characterized by space and time. This paper focuses on the most elemental meanings that mathematicians and physicists attribute to the word “space”. Next, the immediate extensions of this elementary space are investigated. Since physicists investigate our physical reality, the paper also investigates how physical reality treats the notion of space. This leads to a revolutionary new mathematical concept that is called the Hilbert repository. It exposes great similarity with part of the Standard Model of particle physics that concerns elementary fermions. This model exposes what experimenters have discovered about these elementary object types.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Simultaneity Method for Accelerated Observers in Special Relativity

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 16 Pages.

In this paper, I have defined and explained a new simultaneity method for accelerated observers in special relativity, which I call Fontenot's simultaneity method. And I have derived an equation I call Fontenot's equation, which makes it easy to determine current age at a distance. My method focuses on determining by how much a distant person (she) ages during the transit of images (which show her age) that she transmits to an observer who sometimes accelerates. Unlike in the well-known "co-moving inertial frames" (CMIF) simultaneity method, in my simultaneity method, the accelerating traveler (he) in the twin paradox does not conclude that the home twin (she) instantaneously gets older (or younger) during the traveler's instantaneous turnaround. Instead, he concludes that, after his instantaneous turnaround, she ages faster than he does, at a linear finite rate, for a well-defined number of years, and then she ages more slowly than he does for the last portion of the return trip.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Lower Bound for Arbitrarily Aligned Minimal Enclosing Rectangle

Authors: Boris Zavlin
Comments: 6 Pages.

We determine the lower bound for arbitrarily aligned perimeter and area Minimal Enclosing Rectangle (MER) problems to be Omega(n log n) by using a reduction technique for a problem with this known lower bound.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

The Holomorphic Quantum: A Systems Approach to Understanding the Nature of Reality

Authors: Theodore J. St. John
Comments: 36 Pages. This paper has been accepted for publication as a chapter in the book, "Newest Updates in Physical Science Research" [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Quantum Mechanics is appropriately named because it is mostly about the mechanics of working out probability problems as they apply to the mysterious effect of measurement that makes energy present as quantum particle-waves. It is easy to visualize a quantum particle but there seems to be no way to visualize a “probability wave” so there has never been a clear interpretation of what quantum physics tells us – or should tell us – about the underlying essence of reality. Fortunately, a new approach was discovered and proven to work in biology that threats the mystery of life like a locking system and provides not only the key, but also the keyhole and the direction in which to turn it. In this paper the systems approach is introduced, including some background information on the history of how the systems approach integrated elements of substance philosophy with process philosophy and has become a powerful tool for use in science. Here, it is applied to physics and used to represent the transformation of implicit energy into an explicit space-time quantum domain superimposed on a relativistic time-space background. These two “products” are then correlated with two of four blocks in a basic control-system diagram commonly used in control-systems engineering. Because they are explicit, they can be drawn explicitly on the space versus time plot as a map of motion. We emphasize that this is a map – an explicit projection of an implicit function represented as an implicit domain. We recognizing that a feedback function is equivalent to and therefore implies a back-projection or reflection back “up” into that “implicate order.” These two implicit functions are then correlated with the transfer function and feedback function in the control system.
Category: Quantum Physics

The MM Theory: The Theory of Everything Part (1)

Authors: Morteza Mahvelati
Comments: 26 Pages.

The nature of matter and the universe and their behaviors have been discussed for many years, and based on these discussions, many unanswered questions have been arisen. The current scientific theory holds that light has a dual wave-particle nature, and its speed is limited to a constant, c. There are two contradictory views of behavior of light - and separately, neither of these views thoroughly explains the phenomena of light. In this paper, a new particle called "M Particle" is presented. Based on this theory and an experiment conducted by the author, in this part, brief explanations for a number of phenomena, including motion, light, thermal wave, electricity, magnetism, radio wave, bending of light near massive objects, redshift and blueshift, photoelectric effect, and dark matter are presented. It is concluded that the laws of motion need to be defined based on the concept of the motion of momentum and not in reference to the motion of an object as Newton defined. In addition, it also concluded that light is a wave of motion of momenta which are conveyed by an ensemble of M particles that acts harmonically and propagates throughout space. Light waves are longitudinal waves similar to sound waves. Furthermore, the experimental results indicate that the speed of light, c, is not constant. Thus, the theories of Special and General relativity are denied.
Category: Classical Physics

Update on the Essential of Economics

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Understanding the money created from barter is essential in economics.In economics, the purchase price is made up of the exchange fee (intermediate fee) and the product price, but the price posted on the product in many stores is easily misunderstood because it includes the exchange fee to make it easier for consumers to understand the price of the product.
Category: Economics and Finance

Expandierende Und Kollabierende Räume (Expanding and Collapsing Spaces)

Authors: Zafer Sah
Comments: 120 Pages. Deutsch [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Diese Arbeit handelt von einer neuen Gravitationstheorie, die eine 5. Wechselwirkung voraussagt, und dabei die Einsteins Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie mit einschließt. Ferner Wird der Ufo-Antrieb vorausgesagt.

This work is about a new theory of gravity that predicts a 5th interaction, including Einstein's general theory of relativity. Furthermore, the UFO drive is predicted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Two-sidedness, Relativity and CPT Symmetry

Authors: Stephen P. Smith
Comments: 9 Pages.

The property of two-sidedness that also makes a unified whole is developed, and showed consistent with unified field theory, general relativity, thermodynamics and cosmological theories that describe a mirror universe. Two-sidedness is described as a principle of relativity that defines the visible universe by recognizing constraints that are carried by reflection. Two-sidedness is consistent with the process philosophy of A.N. Whitehead and the phenomenology of E.G.A. Husserl. Moreover, the property of two-sidedness is an observed fact of nature, coming with abundant evidential support. Speculation about a hypothetical aether that joins the sides of the two-sided is more theoretical, and open to debate. Otherwise, this paper makes a strong case for the reality of two-sidedness, if not Whiteheadian panpsychism.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Minkowski Diagram with Unit Hyperbola Contradicts the SRT and a Gravitational Level Relativity is Born

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 29 Pages. in English, last edition

A late discovery was made that the Minkowski theory and special relativity theory clearly contradict each other, namely in the treatment of the units of length. Minkowski stretches it indefinitely and SRT cuts it down to zero with a Lorentz factor. Thus, Minkowski's theory is not a description in 4D for the SRT as intended since 1908. It was further investigated which of the two theories should be the correct one and another discovery was made that the speed of light in SRT, if one considers the inversely proportional relativistic length and uses the time unit for this, no longer remains invariant and thus SRT violates its own 2nd postulate, whereby the decision is clear. Subsequently, a modification of the interpretation of the Minkowski theory was proposed to the extent that the relativity principle of the SRT has to be modified and the inertial frames no longer have to be completely rigorously “equal”. They form relativistic levels, which was already given in SRT through time dilation, but was never admitted. Now the length, together with time, is an asymmetrical relativistic property and is subject to a completely identical procedure as the time dilation. There is an equally effective length dilatation and a level relativity was designed and confirmed with other results, which satisfies both postulates. Further relativistic theories provide further arguments. A Gravitational-Doppler-Relativistic explains new discovered impulse and 2nd triplet paradoxes and also makes mass an asymmetrical relativistic attribute. A discovered length “Motirz calculation” reveals the same length measurement error in a direct, very simple and clear way. A new Gravitational Level Relativity GLR is born.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Magical and Scientific Thinking: Epistemology of Western Knowledge Through Physics, Economy and Anthropology

Authors: Osvaldo Duilio Rossi
Comments: Italian language. 4 Appendices on calculus. References in the last 16 pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

From Newtonian physics to Relativistic physics, from Quantum statistics to Holonomic theories, from Neoclassical economics to Post-Keynesian economics; Scientific thinking relies on the structure of ancient philosophy and, more generally, on the structure of Magical thinking: mathematics of physics and economics reflect the dual rules of subconscious.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Toroidal Model of Leptons

Authors: Jacob Biemond
Comments: 15 Pages. 1 figure and 1 table

Toroidal models for the electron are given by several authors. Essential ingredients in these models are: a radius r₁ of the torus, a radius r₂ of the tube of the torus and a toroidal factor N, defined as the angular frequency of the charge rotating around the centre of the tube divided by the angular frequency of the charge rotating around the centre of the torus. The proposed model is extended to the muon and the tau lepton, as well as to the three observed neutrinos. Furthermore, the total energy of all leptons is split into two parts: the first part depends on radius r₁ and the second part on radius r₂.

Agreement between predicted and observed magnetic dipole moments, first order anomalous correction included, is obtained for all charged leptons. In addition, for all these leptons the same ratio between the radii r₁ andr₂, depending on the fine-structure constant, is found. Moreover, the same value N = 1 is compatible with the observed magnetic dipole moment of all charged leptons.

Using recently proposed theoretical neutrino masses m_i (i = 1, 2, 3) and magnetic dipole moments μ(i), the toroidal model can also be applied to neutrinos. For neutrino 1 a value of N = 1 is obtained, whereas values of N = 5.7 and N = 33 are found for neutrinos 2 and 3, respectively. Finally, the toroidal moments of all leptons are calculated. The magnitude of the toroidal moment of the neutrinos increases with increasing values of N.

Using Spice to Simulate Gain Dynamics in Doped-fiber Amplifier Chains

Authors: Alberto Bononi, Lorenzo Barbieri, Leslie Ann Rusch
Comments: 2 Pages. This abstract was made public at the optical fiber conference 1998, workshop 204, monday Feb 23, 1998, but not included in the proceedings.

It has recently been shown that gain dynamics in doped-fiber amplifiers can be simulated by an equivalent electric circuit [1]. Here we include ASE-induced self- saturation in the model, and discuss its implementation using SPICE.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

The CADO Reference Frame for an Accelerating Observer

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 33 Pages.

The CADO reference frame is defined for an observer who accelerates in any manner whatsoever. Specifically, the observer's acceleration a(t), where t is any instant in the observer's life, can be whatever the accelerating observer wants it to be, without restriction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Morley Experiment Could Not Observe the Movement of Interference Fringe

Authors: Tony Yuan
Comments: 8 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

If the weakest gravitational wave could rise the fluctuation of the LIGO interference fringe of light, how should we neglect the gravity’s influences on light? We raise the possibility that the light is affected by the gravity of the Earth. In this way, the Morley Experiment would not find the movement of interference fringe either in the air or in the vacuum environment.
Category: Classical Physics

Notes on Critical Zeros of an L-function

Authors: Gorou Kaku
Comments: 43 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

This is the summary report of "Trace Formula in Noncommutative Geometry and the Zeros of the Riemman Zeta Function" by A.Connes.
Category: Number Theory

A Straightforward and Lagrangian Proof of the Einsteinian Equivalence Between the Mass and the Internal Energy (I.e. Rest Energy) V2 :Additional Analysis

Authors: Özgür Berké
Comments: 30 Pages. The model of electron is corrected (equations and interpretations), printing problems corrected and a little erratum is added

This article contains additional analysis to my article viXra: 2006.0022 “A straightforward and Lagrangian proof of the Einsteinian equivalence between the mass and the internal energy V2."
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Delphi 3

Authors: M. W. Roberts
Comments: 19 Pages.

An optical communication system is proposed. The system should provide a unique operational capability that allows information to be sent from the future back to the present.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravitational Fields and Gravitational Waves

Authors: Tony Yuan
Comments: 17 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

For any object with finite velocity, the relative velocity between them will affect the effect between them. This effect can be called the chasing effect (general Doppler effect). LIGO discovered gravitational waves and measured the speed of gravitational waves equal to the speed of light c. Gravitational waves are generated due to the disturbance of the gravitational field, and the gravitational waves will affect the gravitational force on the object. We know that light waves have the Doppler effect, and gravitational waves also have this characteristic. The article studies the following questions around gravitational waves: What is the spatial distribution of gravitational waves? Can the speed of the gravitational wave represent the speed of the gravitational field (the speed of the action of the gravitational field on the object)? What is the speed of the gravitational field? Will gravitational waves caused by the revolution of the sun affect planetary precession? Can we modify Newton’s gravitational equation through the influence of gravitational waves?
Category: Classical Physics

Energies of Stressed Matter Reveal the Plausible Cause of Pandemic, Melting Polar Ice and Threat to Global Security

Authors: V. G. Korniienko
Comments: 33 Pages. In English and Russian [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Science does not know the origin of geopathic radiation (GR) and their role in nature. But we found that stressed matter generates C-radiation. This causes the origin of GR and the fact that the technique generates technogenic C-radiation, which, like GR, causes diseases. In addition, in the spectrum of S-radiation, we observed how in the summer of 2003 the Earth and the Sun occupied the energy information field (EIF), which causes melting polar ice and a threat to the Sun, and together the effects of EIF and S-radiation can cause a pandemic. Proposed measures to stop these changes.
Category: Climate Research

Sticky Space Coverage

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 10 Pages. This is part of the Hilbert Book Model Project

Space can be covered with point-like objects. Space covered by a countable set of point-like objects behaves differently from space that is covered by an uncountable set of point-like objects. The document treats the consequences of the change in behavior.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Toy Gravity Universe and the Quantum Graviton

Authors: Thomas Neil Neubert
Comments: 58 Pages.

Beginning with a gravity gedanken experiment; this paper predicts a null result for CERN 31’s upcoming antimatter free-fall gravity experiment. That prediction that antihydrogen will neither fall up nor down in Earth’s gravitational field; builds out into a Toy Gravity Universe which has subtle repulsive gravitational force and leads to the definition of the quantum graviton. After 100 years, there is no agreed upon merger of gravity and the quanta. Something obvious has been missed. There is no such thing as an obvious gravity experiment. Yet views such Dragan Slavkov Hajdukovic32 are common, “An amusing (while non-scientific) question is why so many great experimentalists waste significant time on experiments whose outcomes are known in advance (according to the nearly unanimous prediction of theorists, antimatter must fall in the same way as matter).” That certainty needs to be loosened. A minority of theorists believe that antimatter falls up. Virtually none support my view that antimatter falls neither up nor down in Earth’s gravitational field. In my mind a null result holds the key to defining the quantum graviton as this Toy Gravity Universe will do. This Toy Gravity Universe is built without changing standard equations physics, the constants of nature, or disagreeing with the physical evidence. With these constraints, building a Toy Gravity Universe is achieved by reinterpreting concepts, theories and equations with reason applied to physical evidence and insight. This Toy Gravity Universe is composed of subUniverseR (i.e. our visible universe) and subUniverseI, which has imaginary number dimensions and is CPT symmetric to subUniverseR. These two subUniverses are large enough, finite, non-inflating 3-spheres related mathematically by T-duality and physically connected by gravity. Quantum mechanics and the gravity of Newton and Einstein give essential clues in the development of this Toy Gravity Universe. New CPT particles and CPT antiparticles will necessarily be added to the Standard Model of Elementary Particles; these are not supersymmetry particles. The Concordance Model of Cosmology’s interpretations of cosmic redshift evidence and CMB evidence will be replaced with Toy Gravity Universe interpretations that don’t require inflation. Finally, if CERN 31’s upcoming antimatter free fall gravity experiment shows that antihydrogen falls up or down in Earth’s gravitational field (rather than give a null result); then the predictions and interpretations of this Toy Gravity Universe collapse like a house of cards.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

About Traces of Astrogeophysics/Geoastrobiology and Prehistoric Catastrophism in Latvian Folk Poetry Dainas

Authors: Alksnis Edgars
Comments: 9 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Latvians belong to oldest indoeuropean cultures. Despite centuries of oppression, Latvian folk poetry contains surprising information, what can be used for guessing about history of solar system and topics of similar weight.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Division by Zero Calculus in Figures - Our New Space Since Euclid -

Authors: Hiroshi Okumura, Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 54 Pages.

We will show in this paper in a self contained way that our basic idea for our space is wrong since Euclid, simply and clearly by using many simple and interesting figures.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Helix-Antenne mit Winkelreflektor (Helical Antenna with Angle Reflector)

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 5 Pages.

Die Reflektorplatte einer Helixantenne kann den Antennengewinn nicht steigern, weil sie den Drehsinn einer zirkular polarisierten Welle invertiert. Eine zweimalige Reflexion vermeidet diesen Nachteil und erhöht den Antennengewinn. Durchgeführte Messungen bestätigen diese Überlegungen.

The reflector plate of a helical antenna cannot increase the antenna gain because it flips the sense of rotation of a circularly polarized wave. A double reflection avoids this disadvantage and increases the antenna gain. Performed measurements confirm these considerations.
Category: Classical Physics

Helical Antenna with Angle Reflector

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 5 Pages.

The reflector plate of a helical antenna cannot increase the antenna gain because it flips the sense of rotation of a circularly polarized wave. A double reflection avoids this disadvantage and increases the antenna gain. Performed measurements confirm these considerations.
Category: Classical Physics

Three Dimensional Space-Time Gravitational Metric, 3 Space + 3 Time Dimensions

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 16 Pages.

We have recently suggested a new quantum gravity theory that can be unified with quantum mechanics. We have coined this theory collision space-time. This new theory seems to be fully consistent with a 3-dimensional space-time, that is, three space dimensions and three time-dimensions, so some would call it six-dimensional. However, we have shown that collision-time and collision-length (space) are just two different sides of the same ”coin” (space-time), so it is more intuitive to think of them as 3-dimensional space-time. In previous papers, we have not laid out a geometric coordinate system for our theory that also considers gravity, but we will do that here. We are pointing out that Einstein’s negative attitude towards relativistic mass can perhaps cause a weakness in the foundation of general relativity theory. When a relativistic mass is incorporated in the theory, this mass also seems to indicate one needs to move to three-dimensional space-time. Then, for example, our new theory matches fully up with all the properties of the Planck scale in relation to the mathematical properties of micro black holes, not only mathematically but also logically, something we demonstrate clearly is not the case of general relativity theory. Our new metric has many benefits as an alternative to the Schwarzschild metric and general relativity theory. It seems to be more consistent with the Planck units than the Schwarzschild metric. Most importantly, it seems to be fully consistent with a new quantum gravity theory that seems to unify gravity with quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Study on Perception and Prevalence of Domestic Violence among LGBT in India

Authors: Dhruva Nandi, Karuna Nidhi Kaur, Mehak Segan, Aanchal Anant Awasthi, Rajiv Janardhanan
Comments: 24 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Introduction: Domestic violence in LGBT relationships largely remains in “stealth mode.” The situation of Indian LGBTQIA people is deplorable; even after the Section 377 period, domestic abuse cases in the form of gang [violence] and physical harassment persist. This evidence, however in no way represent the grim truth. To the best of our knowledge, this will be India's first study analyzing the perceptions and prevalence of domestic violence in the LGBTQIA population. Our research seeks to study LGBTQIA people's perceptions about different aspects of domestic violence, as well as the prevalence of domestic violence in the LGBTQIA community.
Category: Social Science

Sur Les Lois Renversées de Maxwell Comme Source de Monopôles Magnétiques Dans la Matière Noire
On Maxwell's Reverse Laws as a Source of Magnetic Monopoles in Dark Matter

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 66 Pages. « Sur les lois renversées de maxwell comme source de monopôles magnétiques dans la matière noire » is the French version of «On Maxwell’s Reversed Laws as Root of Magnetic Monopoles in Dark Matter» on viXra.org/abs/2106.0092v2

Nous proposons le neutrino stérile magnétique comme candidat possible pour la matière noire. Après un bref rappel sur le rôle de la matière noire en cosmologie et du neutrino dans la physique des particules, nous apportons l’idée que la matière noire serait constituée de substances provenant de trous noirs, notamment les neutrinos stériles associés à une charge magnétique. Ceux-ci ne seraient pas sensibles uniquement à la force gravitationnelle. Premièrement, nous avons conjecturé pour expliquer la matière noire qu’elle est composé de particules du type neutrinos et antineutrinos associés à une charge magnétique et que ces neutrinos proviennent des trous noirs primordiaux et classiques. Nous avons supposé que lorsque la matière baryonique franchit l’horizon des événements, les lois de Maxwell s’inversent, la charge électrique se transforme en une charge magnétique. Des neutrinos magnétiques stériles seraient créés et émis, véritable monopôles magnétiques. Deuxièmement, nous discutons de la matière noire constituée de neutrinos stériles associés à la charge magnétique, du fond diffus cosmologique qui atteste une matière noire non baryonique, des mini trous noirs primordiaux, et de la formation de trous noirs primordiaux de masse intermédiaire liés à la matière noire et à la formation des galaxies. Troisièmement, nous passons en revue différents mécanismes de la façon dont le neutrino magnétique stérile aurait pu s'échapper du trou noir pour devenir de la matière noire. Quatrièmement, nous étudions la possibilité que des neutrinos ordinaires puissent être produits par l’interaction faible si les neutrinos magnétiques stériles de la matière noire interagissent avec des neutrinos actifs de la matière ordinaires. Cinquièmement, après avoir examiné des interactions entre neutrinos magnétiques stériles et neutrinos standards, ainsi que des équations de production possible de rayons gamma à partir de l’annihilation des neutrinos-antineutrinos, nous proposons que les neutrinos magnétiques stériles puissent présenter une configuration de courant non rayonnant dans la matière noire, l’« anapole », qui serait faiblement sensibles aux forces électromagnétiques. Avant de conclure, nous déplorons la méconnaissance de la masse absolue du neutrino régulier, nous soulignons la relation entre la distribution des champs magnétiques provenant de la matière baryonique et celle de la matière noire. Et nous faisons ressortir les lueurs des rayons gamma dans le noir pouvant être attribué à l’annihilation de la matière noire avec elle-même.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Scientific Report on the Unidentified Aerial Objects

Authors: Deep Bhattacharjee
Comments: 4 Pages, 1 Figure, Extraterrestrial Origins

A detailed analysis on the engineering and phenomenology with respect to mechanisms of the unidentified aerial objects has been carried out extensively on the letter depicting why they are more advanced and on what mechanisms are they capable of the interstellar & intergalactic travel by virtue of electrohydrodynamics or semi-quantum kinetics.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Living Room Model

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 43 Pages.

By presenting the relevant, in relation to the climate problem, measured variables as exponential functions, truthfully representing the real values, surprising informative mutual relations show up. One of these relations led to the successful investigation of the possibility that the global temperature raise can not be caused by indirect heating, prescribed by the Green House model, but is caused by direct heating, prescribed by the here named Living Room Model. It is of fundamental importance to realize that sun, wind and earth energy that is transformed to energy, intended to be consumed by mankind, also directly heats the atmosphere. Besides that it has been proven that the Sea is heated by the geothermal heat flux. The final outcome therefore is that aiming for reduced CO2 emissions will not result in any improvement of the climate. Only a drastically reduction of the consumed energy, of whichever kind, will help.
Category: Climate Research

Minkowski-Diagramm Mit Einheitshyperbel Widerspricht Der SRT Und Eine Gravitations-Level-Relativistik Ist Geboren
Minkowski Diagram with Unitary Hyperbole Contradicts the SRT and a Gravitational Level Relativity is Born

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 24 Pages. In German language

Es wurde eine späte Entdeckung gemacht, dass die Minkowski Theorie und Spezielle Relativitätstheorie einander deutlich widersprechen, und zwar in der Behandlung der Längeneinheiten. Minkowski streckt sie unbegrenzt und SRT kürzt mit Lorentzfaktor bis zu null. Somit ist Minkowski's Theorie keine Beschreibung in 4D für die SRT wie gedacht seit 1908. Weiter wurde untersucht, welche der beiden Theorien die richtige sein soll und noch ein Fund gemacht, darüber, dass die Lichtgeschwindigkeit in SRT, wenn man die umgekehrt proportional relativistischen Längen- und Zeiteinheit dazu heranzieht, nicht mehr invariant bleibt und somit SRT das eigene 2-te Postulat verletzt, wodurch die Entscheidung deutlich ausfällt. Es wurde in der Folge eine Modifikation der Deutung der Minkowski Theorie vorgeschlagen, soweit, dass das Relativitätsprinzip der SRT zu modifizieren ist und die Inertialsysteme müssen nicht mehr völlig rigoros „gleichberechtigt“ sein. Sie bilden relativistische Level, was in SRT bereits durch Zeitdilatation gegeben, aber nie zugegeben war. Nun ist auch die Länge zusammen mit Zeit eine asymmetrische relativistische Eigenschaft und ist einem völlig gleichen Verfahren unterliegend, wie die Zeitdilatation. Eine gleich wirkende Längendilatation liegt vor und eine Level-Relativistik wurde entworfen und mit anderen Ergebnissen bekräftigt, die beiden Postulaten genügt. Weitere relativistische Theorien liefern weitere Argumente dazu. Eine Gravitations-Doppler-Relativistik erklärt entdeckte Impuls- und 2tes Drillings-Paradoxa und macht auch die Masse zu asymmetrischem relativistischen Attribut. Eine entdeckte Längenrechnung offenbart den selben Längenmessfehler auf einem direkten sehr einfachen und anschaulichen Wege. Es ist eine neue Gravitations-Level-Relativistik geboren.

A late discovery was made that the Minkowski theory and Special Theories of Relativity clearly contradict each other in the treatment of the Units of length. Minkowski stretches it indefinitely and SRT cuts it down to zero with a Lorentz factor. Thus Minkowski's theory is not a description in 4D for the SRT as intended since 1908. Next it was investigated which of the two theories should be the right one and another find was made, about that the speed of light in SRT if one considers the inversely proportional uses relativistic units of length and time, no longer remains invariant and thus SRT violates own 2nd postulate, making the decision clear. It was in the result a modification of the interpretation of the Minkowski theory proposed to the extent that the SRT's relativity principle needs to be modified and the inertial systems no longer have to be completely to be rigorously “equal”. They form relativistic levels, which is already done in SRT time dilation level was given, but was never admitted. Now length and time are also one asymmetrical relativistic property and is subject to a completely identical procedure as the time dilation. There is an equally effective length dilation and a level relativity was drafted and confirmed with other results, where the two postulates are sufficient. Further relativistic theories provide further arguments. A gravitational Doppler relativistic explains discovered impulse and 2nd triplet paradoxes and also is making the mass an asymmetrical relativistic attribute. A discovered length calculation reveals the same thing length measurement failure of SRT in a direct, very simple and clear vividly way. A new Gravitational Level Relativity was born.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Transición Cuántica Del Agua de Estado Líquido a Vapor Por Entrelazamiento Fisiológico

Authors: Alfredo Bennun
Comments: 11 Pages. Spanish Language, 2 figures

Una transición del estado del agua como líquido a vapor en parámetros fisiológicos se describe aquí por la función del adenilato ciclasa (AC) entre el exterior hidrofílico de la membranas neuronales y su interior hidrofóbico. La activación de AC por Mg^(2+) en exceso de ATP como sustrato reacciona con el agua polimerizada (H2O)n (n=3.4) para producir pirofosfato (Pi) y AMP. El cierre del anillo para formar cAMP libera H2O. Las moléculas individuales al formar pares entrelazados, no podrían encajar en el sitio activo, lo que evita el reingreso en una reacción inversa. Por lo tanto, conserva el turnover al liberar la enzima del producto (agua sin enlaces de hidrógenos), y así completar su ciclo cinético y al no acumular producto puede eludir la reversibilidad microscópica. Este último, el estado de vapor está presente a una concentración del 5% en el aire exhalado. Esta transición de estado fisiológico permite que el punto crítico para el cambio de estado, para 500 ml de agua dentro del líquido cefalorraquídeo (CSF, en inglés), se produzca a 36,6℃. Los pares entrelazados en su conjunto adoptan un estado de entrelazamiento. Obviamente, las moléculas individuales no pueden circular en estado de vapor dentro del sistema de astrocitos. Sin embargo, los pares lo hacen a una tasa de 1.6E16 pares por milisegundos (ms), mayor que el turnover operativo de AC. La estructura de conjunto de agua podría oscilar entre dos estados, uno entrelazado por dos átomos de oxígeno en el par, y el otro, por dos átomos de hidrógeno entrelazados en el par. El sistema permite la propagación de la direccionalidad a los pares entrelazados uniformemente que permite, una jerarquización del efecto inicial. A una tasa de formación disipativa de 1.6E16 pares por ms, permite que un estado líquido circule dentro de los astrocitos. Las moléculas individuales fueron operadas por entrelazamiento para permitir la función fisiológica de enfriar el cuerpo liberando calor, en forma de vapor, a la temperatura corporal. Procesos de consumo de energía en el cerebro por el péptido intestinal vasoactivo (VIP), la adrenalina en los tejidos AC y la noradrenalina (NA) activada por AC en el cerebro. Las acciones de glucogenólisis y la cascada de adenilato-ciclasa, junto con la liberación de vapor fuera del sistema termodinámico. Estos crean un sistema abierto que previene cualquier reversibilidad metabólica, incluso por poco tiempo, al cerebro funcional.
Category: Physics of Biology

Door and Wall, Their Likely Etymology

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 5 Pages.

The probable origin of two Russian words specified in the title is considered.
Category: Linguistics

On Maxwell’s Reversed Laws as Root of Magnetic Monopoles in Dark Matter

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 61 Pages.

We propose the magnetic sterile neutrino as a possible candidate for dark matter. After a short summary on the role of dark matter in cosmology and the neutrino in particle physics, we bring the idea that dark matter would be made up of substances originating from black holes, in particular sterile neutrinos associated with a magnetic charge. These would not be sensitive only to the gravitational force. First, we conjectured to explain dark matter that it is composed of particles of the neutrino and antineutrino type associated with a magnetic charge and that these neutrinos come from primordial and classical black holes. We assumed that when baryonic matter crosses the event horizon, Maxwell's laws are reversed, the electric charge turns into a magnetic charge. Sterile magnetic neutrinos would be created and emitted, true magnetic monopoles. Second, we discuss dark matter consisting of sterile neutrinos associated with magnetic charge, the cosmic microwave background that displays non-baryonic dark matter, mini primordial black holes, and the formation of intermediate mass primordial black holes linked to dark matter and the formation of galaxies. Third, we review different mechanisms of how sterile magnetic neutrino could have escaped from the black hole to become dark matter. Fourth, we investigate the possibility that ordinary neutrinos could be produced by the weak interaction if sterile magnetic neutrinos from dark matter interact with active neutrinos from ordinary matter. Fifth, after examining some interactions between sterile magnetic neutrinos and standard neutrinos, as well as equations of possible production of gamma rays from the annihilation of neutrinos-antineutrinos, we propose that sterile magnetic neutrinos may exhibit a nonradiating current configuration in dark matter called "anapole", which would be weakly sensitive to electromagnetic forces. Before concluding, we deplore the ignorance of the absolute mass of the regular neutrino, we underline the relation between the distribution of the magnetic fields coming from the baryonic matter and that from the dark matter, which could potentially make it possible to detect in the cosmos the trace of this dark matter beyond its mere gravitational presence. And we bring out the gamma ray glows in the dark that can be attributed to the annihilation of dark matter with itself.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Uniform Length Measurement Method Corrected a Failure Caused a Violation of 2-D Postulate in Special Relativity

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 20 Pages.

A logical reasoning problem in the Special Relativity interpretation of the Lorentz transformation was discovered and corrected by introducing an alternative interpretation of Lorentz transformations with a relativistic measuring process based on both, stretched time and length units, whereby the measurements as a consequence measure a shortened distance and time lines as variables due to used units. The space shuttles are getting longer instead of shorter and a barn-pole paradox does not occur. The failure is that by contracting both units and distance the Lorentz factor is eliminated and relativity was vanished. This leads to a discovered invariance of speed of light contradicting 2-d postulate. The elementary particles have their own measuring devices for time and length in the form of wavelengths and frequencies and they read distances and durations of different lengths from space using their own relativistically different units. This is an astonishing result too in view of all dramatic and romantic history as there is really a failure discovered. The new theory and the discovered problems of logical failures are explained vividly in the same manner as Special Relativity was using in easy be thought samples. Reader do not need a high level of mathematics to be fit for as it is a more qualitatively philosophical thematic for every one who is interested in relativity matters.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Universal Constructions of Heterotic Vacua in Complex and Hermitian Moduli Superspaces

Authors: Boris Stoyanov
Comments: 38 Pages.

In the present article we construct universal representations of a heterotic vacua in the conditions of the complex structure and hermitian moduli spaces. We show that it agrees with the results that have recently been obtained from a ten-dimensional perspective where supersymmetric Minkowski solutions including the Bianchi identity correspond to an integrable holomorphic structure, with infinitesimal moduli calculated by its first cohomology. As has recently been noted, interplay of complex structure and bundle deformations through holomorphic and anomaly constraints can lead to fewer moduli than may have been expected. We derive a relation between the number of complex structure and bundle moduli removed from the low energy theory in this way, and give conditions for there to be no complex structure moduli or bundle moduli remaining in the low energy theory. The link between Yukawa couplings and obstruction theory is also briefly discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The General Aspects of Heterotic Superstring/F-Theory Duality Correspondence of Moduli Superspaces

Authors: Boris Stoyanov
Comments: 58 Pages.

In the present article we aim to broaden the consideration of background geometry of manifolds/bundles arising in heterotic compactifications with an aim towards extending the validity and understanding of heterotic/F-theory duality. In particular, we will focus on elliptically fibered Calabi-Yau geometries arising in heterotic theories in the context of the so-called Fourier Mukai transforms of vector bundles on elliptically fibered manifolds. The duality between the Heterotic and F-theory is a powerful tool in gaining more insights into F-theory description of low-energy chiral multiplets. We propose a generalization of heterotic/F-theory duality and in order to complete the translation, the dictionary of the heterotic/F-theory duality has to be refined in some aspects. The precise map of spectral surface and complex structure moduli is obtained, and with the map, we find that divisors specifying the line bundles correspond precisely to codimension singularities in F-theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Extremal Higher Dimensional Constructions of Fundamental Brane–Antibrane Systems

Authors: Boris Stoyanov
Comments: 36 Pages.

We calculate the extremal higher dimensional effective actions of fundamental brane-antibrane systems elegantly presented in the theoretical framework of advanced membrane theory constructions. Detailed study of brane-antibrane systems reveals when brane separation is smaller than the superstring length scale, spectrum of this system has different tachyonic modes and interaction regimes in the moduli superspace. The higher dimensional effective actions should then include these modes because they are the most important ones which rule the extremal dynamics of the fundamental brane systems. In this regard, it has been shown that an effec- tive action of Born-Infeld type proposed in the current literature can capture many properties of the decay of non-BPS Dp-branes in superstring and membrane theory. The effective actions of brane-antibrane systems in Types IIA and IIB superstring theories should be given by some extension of the DBI action and the WZ terms which include the tachyon field configurations. The DBI part may be given by the projection of the effective action of two non-BPS Dp-branes in Type IIB theory. We are interested in this paper in the appearance of tachyon, gauge field and the RR field in these extremal higher dimensional actions. Using the consistency of the present constructions, we have also found the first higher derivative corrections to the exceptional part of the extremal effective actions with brane-antibrane systems.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Some Equations Concerning “Power-Law Inflation” (Lucchin-Matarrese Attractor Solution). Possible Mathematical Connections with Various Expressions of Number Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 129 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have analyzed some equations concerning “Power-law Inflation” (Lucchin-Matarrese attractor solution). We describe the possible mathematical connections with various expressions of Number Theory
Category: Mathematical Physics

On the State of Convergence of the Flint Hill Series

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper we study the convergence of the flint hill series of the form \begin{align} \sum \limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(\sin^2n) n^3}\nonumber \end{align}via a certain method. The method works essentially by erecting certain pillars sufficiently close to the terms in the series and evaluating the series at those spots. This allows us to relate the convergence and the divergence of the series to other series that are somewhat tractable. In particular we show that the convergence of the flint hill series relies very heavily on the condition that for any small $\epsilon>0$ \begin{align} \bigg|\sum \limits_{i=0}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}\sum \limits_{j=0}^{i}(-1)^{i-j}\binom{n}{2i+1} \binom{i}{j}\bigg|^{2s} \leq |(\sin^2n)|n^{2s+2-\epsilon}\nonumber \end{align}for some $s\in \mathbb{N}$.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Analysis of Covid-19 Cases in India Using Seir, Arima and LSTM Models

Authors: Souvik Sengupta
Comments: 6 Pages.

After one year from the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in India, the country is now having a steady decay in the number of daily new cases and active cases. Although the vaccination process is about to start from mid of January 2021, it would not affect the number of daily cases at least for the next three to four months for obvious reasons like phase-wise implementation and six to eight weeks time span required from the first dosage to develop the immunity. Therefore, the prime question is now, where would we reach at the end of the first quarter of 2021, and what could be the number of new cases and active cases before the vaccination immunity starts working. This paper analyzes the growth and decay pattern of Indian COVID-19 cases with help of SEIR epidemical modeling, ARIMA statistical modeling, and time series analysis by LSTM. The models learn the parameter and hyper-parameter values that are best suited for describing the pattern for the COVID-19 pandemic in India. Then it tries to predict the numbers for India by the end of March, 2021. It is forecasted that the number of new cases would come down near 5000 per day, active cases near 40,000 and the total number of infected may reach 11.1 million if the current pattern is followed.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Granular: "Stochastic Space-Time and Quantum Theory"

Authors: Carlton Frederick
Comments: 17 Pages.

In an earlier paper, a stochastic model had been presented for the Planck-scale nature of space-time. From it, many features of quantum mechanics and relativity were derived. But as mathematical points have no extent, the stochastic manifold cannot be tessellated with points (if the points are independently mobile) and so a granular model is required. As grains have orientations as well as positions, spinors (or quaternians) are required to describe them, resulting in phenomena as described by the Dirac equation. We treat both space and time stochastically and thus require a new interpretation of time to prevent an object being in multiple places at the same time. As the grains do have a definite volume, a mechanism is required to create and annihilate grains (without leaving gaps in space-time) as the universe, or parts thereof, expands or contracts. Making the time coordinate complex provides a mechanism. From geometric considerations alone, both the General Relativity field equations (the master equations of Relativity) and the Schrödinger equation (the master equation of quantum mechanics) are produced. Finally, to preserve the constancy of the volume element even internal to a mass, we propose a rolled-up fifth-dimension which is non-zero only in the presence of mass or energy.
Category: Quantum Physics

Further Insights into Thermal Relativity Theory and Black Hole Thermodynamics

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 13 Pages.

We continue to explore the consequences of Thermal Relativity Theory to the physics of black holes. The thermal analog of Lorentz transformations in the $tangent$ space of the thermodynamic manifold are studied in connection to the Hawking evaporation of Schwarzschild black holes and one finds that there is $no$ bound to the thermal analog of proper accelerations despite the maximal bound on the thermal analog of velocity given by the Planck temperature. The proper entropic infinitesimal interval corresponding to the Kerr-Newman black hole involves a $ 3 \times 3 $ non-Hessian metric with diagonal and off-diagonal terms of the form $ ( d{\bf s} )^2 = g_{ ab } ( M, Q, J ) d Z^a dZ^b$, where $ Z^a = M, Q, J $ are the mass, charge and angular momentum, respectively. Black holes in asymptotically Anti de Sitter (de Sitter) spacetimes are more subtle to study since the mass turns out to be related to the $enthalpy$ rather that the internal energy. We finalize with some remarks about the thermal-relativistic analog of proper force, the need to extend our analysis of Gibbs-Boltzmann entropy to the case of Reny and Tsallis entropies, and to complexify spacetime.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Exclusive Higher Dimensional Reductions of Heterotic and IIB Supergravity Theories

Authors: Boris Stoyanov
Comments: 22 Pages.

Superstring theory is the most promising candidate for unified quantum theory of the fundamental interactions including gravity. The purpose of this investigation is to study toroidal compactification of the type IIB theory and implications of SL(2, R) symmetry for the reduced action. It has been shown recently that the toroidally compactified type IIB string effective action possesses an SL(2, R) invariance as a consequence of the corresponding symmetry in ten dimensions when the self-dual five-form field strength is set to zero. We will study the toroidal compactification of type IIB string theory and explore some of the consequences of SL(2, R) invariance of ten dimensional theory. The compactified theory on a d-dimensional torus respects the symmetry when specify the transformation properties of the resulting scalar and vector fields.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Bulk Branes in Supergravity Theories

Authors: Boris Stoyanov
Comments: 25 Pages.

We construct a consistent supersymmetric action for brane chiral and vector multiplets in a six-dimensional chiral gauged supergravity. A nonzero brane tension can be accommodated by allowing for a brane-localized Fayet-Iliopoulos term proportional to the brane tension. When the brane chiral multiplet is charged under the bulk U(1)R, we obtain a nontrivial coupling to the extra component of the U(1)R gauge field strength and a singular scalar self-interaction term. In the context of D = 5, N = 2, Yang-Mills Supergavity compactified on S 1/Z2 we consider the supersymmetric coupling of matter fields propagating on the brane. To solve the discrepancy between the bulk actions with limited field content and the wide range of brane actions that involve all the possible R-R forms, we have constructed a new formulation of IIA/IIB supergravity up to quartic order in fermions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Social Psychology of Revenge

Authors: Wen-Qi Chen
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Some time ago, a man in Anning City, Anhui Province wounded someone with a knife in a commercial pedestrian street. According to reports, as of 12:00 on June 6, 6 of the 20 injured were killed and the other 14 injured are under active treatment (1 is critically ill and 13 has stable vital signs). Later, with the cooperation of the masses, the public security personnel quickly identified the suspects and quickly captured the suspects. Although the perpetrators have been arrested, many people around them still can't help but ask: Why do people do such terrible things? Why hurt those innocent strangers? Recently, I read Fromm's books and related criminology theories, and wanted to put forward my views on the nature and reasons of the evil of human nature and the social psychology of revenge.
Category: Social Science

A Seasonal Behavioral Stock Buying Pattern in the United States Stock Exchange

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 16 Pages.

Humans, like all life, are sensitive to their environment. Human and animal individuals can be triggered into impulsive and even violent activities from spikes in serum serotonin. Serum histamine level is directly proportional to environmental allergen levels producing dreaded seasonal allergic symptoms. But serum serotonin level, or the control of the level, is inversely proportional to serum histamine levels. Examples are presented where analysis over time of stock buying, as measured in the daily closing level of the United States stock exchange, shows a seasonal “J” shaped pattern that correlates with serotonin falls and spikes (histamine spikes and crashes) induced by the rise and fall of environmental allergens. A logical predictive strategy is thus presented where, excluding very large shocks like wars, market players could “buy low” an exchange-traded fund (ETF) i.e., indexed “stock,” every fall season (between August 25 to October 5) and then subsequently “sell high” (between October 17 and November 10) as increased serotonin in the aggregate population leads to the increase in impulsive and speculative (over-confident) stock buying before “normalizing” around late November.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Riemann Hypothesis Proof Using Balazard, Saiasand Yor and Criterion

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 7 Pages. Please mail me your feedback [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

In this manuscript, we define a conformal map from the unit disc onto the semi plane. Later, we define a function f(z) = (s−1)ζ(s). We prove that f(z) belongs to the Hardy space,H1/3(D). We apply Jensen’s formula noting that the measure associated with the singularinterior factor of f is zero. Finally, we get∫∞−∞log|ζ(12+it)|14+t2dt=0.
Category: Number Theory

Is it Possible to Control Gravity on the Earth's Surface?

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 6 Pages.

It is shown that using changes in the planet's rotation speed, one can easily control gravity on the surface of any planet, including the Earth. The acceleration of rotation will lead to a decrease in gravity on the surface of the planet, up to a state of weightlessness; and slowing down the rotation leads to an increase in gravity. Moreover, the energy for such transformations will be available to humanity in the near future, which will make it possible to control gravity on Earth and make most of the planets suitable for human life.
Category: Astrophysics

Discrete Noether's Theorem

Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: 1 Page.

Conservation law for discrete symmetry: I try to write the Noether's theorem for discrete symmetry.
Category: Classical Physics

Onion, Heel, Nimble, Local

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 11 Pages. -

The probable etymology of the Russian bush of words is considered.
Category: Linguistics

CNN Based Backdrop Purging

Authors: Ashrith Appani
Comments: 11 Pages.

Backdrop Purging is a common pre-processing step in computer vision and video processing for object tracking, people recognition, and other tasks. Several successful background-subtraction algorithms have recently been proposed, however nearly all of the best-performing ones are supervised. The availability of some annotated frames of the test video during training is critical to their performance. As a result, there is no literature on their performance on completely "unseen" videos. We provide a new supervised background-subtraction technique for unseen films (BSUV-Net) based on a fully-convolutional neural network in this paper. The current frame and two background frames collected at various time scales, along with their semantic segmentation maps, are fed into our network. We also offer a new data-augmentation strategy that mitigates the influence of illumination differences between the background frames and the current frame in order to limit the risk of overfitting. In terms of F-measure, recall, and precision, BSUV-Net beats state-of-the-art algorithms assessed on unseen videos on the CDNet-2014 dataset.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Universe Can Be an Elementary Particle?

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 6 Pages.

The dimension of our space outside the boundaries of the atom - the Solar System, gradually decreases to unity. But, the Universe is an n-dimensional continuum filled with a specific form of matter. Consequently, the space-time continuum is closed at the micro and macro levels, since in both cases it is a one-dimensional world. Given the one-electron model of the Universe, we conclude that the Universe is an elementary particle: an electron.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Did Einstein Avoid The Definition of Covariant Tensor?

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 3 Pages.

The aim of this article is to draw the attention of readers in basic tensor algebra and its applications to a strange method used by Einstein to introduce one of the basic identities of tensor algebra in one of his most important written work. A general probable reason is given.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Method to Obtain the Gravitational Wave Equations

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 7 Pages.

According to general relativity, the cause of gravitational waves is that time and space can be bent. Because the curvature of space-time is closely related to the change of gravitational field energy. Therefore, this article attempts to explore the causes of gravitational waves from the change and propagation process of gravitational field energy. Such an analysis method can make the physical image of gravitational waves clearer, and it is believed that it can also solve more complicated gravitational problems in addition to the gravitational problem of symmetry. The analysis results of this article also show that apart from transverse waves, gravitational waves may also have longitudinal waves. This article gives a method to detect the presence or absence of longitudinal waves of gravitational waves.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Infinity and Numerical Magic

Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 7 Pages.

This chapter analyzes a supertask that makes it disappear numbers from a table that contains the list of natural numbers in their natural order of precedence.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Stability of Light Nuclei in a Geometric Model (Rus)

Authors: Ilya Boldov
Comments: 13 Pages.

The influence of the ratio of the number of inter-nucleon bonds per nucleon, as well as the number of even and odd bonds of nucleons in the nucleus on the stability of light nuclei is considered in the framework of the Geometric model. The presence of "magic" nuclei and the division of radioactive materials into unequal fragments by intercluster (He4) bonds are explained. It is concluded that the stability and binding energy of the nuclei can be affected by the centrifugal forces acting on the nucleons.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Stellar Distance and Velocity (Iii)

Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 11 Pages.

The use of parallax angles is one of the standard methods for determining stellar distance. The problem that arises in using this method is how to measure that angle. In order for the measurement to be correct, it is necessary for the object we are observing to be stationary in relation to the sun. This is generally not true. One way to overcome this problem is to observe the object from two different places at the same time. This would be technically possible but will probably never be realized. Another way to determine the distance is given in [1]. With certain assumptions, this is a mathematically completely correct method. After the publication of the third Gaia's catalog [2], we are now able to test the proposed method using real data. Unfortunately, for the majority of stars it is not possible to obtain the distance directly, but with the help of some additional measurements we would be able to indirectly determine the distance of such stars.
Category: Astrophysics

Expansion, Topology and Entropy

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 45 Pages.

Object of this work is, to determine, if objects observed more distantare moving away faster than less distant ones. The escape velocity Hr is defined by the HUBBLE-Parameter H, locally H0, which is proportional to the reciprocal of the age T. The calculations are based on the model primarily published in viXra:1310.0189. The idea stems from Cornelius LANCZOS, outlined at a lecture on the occasion of the Einstein-Symposium 1965 in Berlin. The model defines the expansion of the universe as a consequence of the existence of a metric wave field. That field also should be the reason for all relativistic effects, both SR and GR. In the context of this work the propagation function of that wave field is determined. Its phase rate is equal to the reciprocal of PLANCK's smallest increment r0. Even the other PLANCK-units set up the basis of the model being functions of space and time. With it, the model leads to a quantization of the universe into single line-elements with the size of r0. Thus, a kind of finite-element-method becomes possible, at which point the single elements are explicitly defined by the wave function. As per definition, objects in the free fall, aren't moving with respect to the metrics and are carried with during expansion. With the help of the propagation function it's possible to calculate the HUBBLE-Parameter H even for greater distances. Furthermore the entropy of the universe as a whole is determined considering the special topology of the universe. German version see viXra:2106.0062.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Expansion, Topologie und Entropie

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 45 Pages. German version

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, festzustellen, ob sich Objekte, die weiterentfernt beobachtet werden, schneller von uns fortbewegen, als naeher liegende. Die Fluchtgeschwindigkeit Hr ist durch den HUBBLE-Parameter H, lokal H0, definiert, der proportional zum Kehrwert des Weltalters T ist. Die Berechnungen basieren auf einem von mir ursprünglich in viXra:1906.0321 veroeffentlichten Modell. Die Idee dafuer stammt von Cornelius LANCZOS, die er auf einem Vortrag anlaesslich des Einstein-Symposiums 1965 in Berlin umrissen hatte. Das Modell definiert die Expansion des Universums als Folge der Existenz eines metrischen Wellenfelds, das gleichzeitig Ursache fuer alle relativistischen Effekte, sowohl SR, als auch GR, sein soll. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird die Ausbreitungsfunktion dieses Wellenfelds bestimmt. Das Phasenmass ist gleich dem Kehrwert derPLANCKschen Elementarlaenge r0. Auch die anderen PLANCKschen Einheiten bilden die Basis dieses Modells und sind Funktionen von Raum und Zeit.Das Modell fuehrt damit zu einer Quantisierung des Universums in einzelne Linienelemente mit der Abmessung r0. Damit ist eine ArtFinite-Elemente-Methode moeglich, wobei die einzelnen Elemente durch die Wellenfunktion eindeutig definiert sind. Objekte, die sich im Freien Fall befinden, bewegen sich laut Definition nicht gegenueber der Metrik und werden damit bei Expansion mitgefuehrt. Damit ist es moeglich, mit Hilfe der Ausbreitungsfunktion den HUBBLE-Parameter H auch fuer groessere Abstaende zu berechnen. Weiterhin wird noch die Entropie des Universums als ganzes bestimmt unter Beruecksichtigung der besonderen Topologie des Universums. English version see viXra:2106.0063.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Dark Forest Theory

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 6 Pages.

The Dark Forest Theory is a nightmare idea expressing what could happen in the sentient universe when all hunter civilizations are seeking to eliminate all competition, hopefully ensuring uniqueness and unchallenged survival. Dark evil is a logical possibility deserving analysis. This essay’s analysis yields some startling possibilities for our own survival at any rate.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Unidentified Aerial Phenomena

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 3 Pages.

Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) is military code for fairly frequent sightings of strange objects visually and by radar. They seem to be curious about military vessels, and likely have speed and maneuverability exceeding anything now in our arsenal. We are left with a puzzle that, to date, is tantalizing but unsolved. Data scraps alone do not eliminate our speculating logically about possible implications of real UAPs and UFOs. This essay links to five important essays on this general topic.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and Wave-Particle Dualism

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 5 Pages.

This work shows that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a consequence of the connection between the characteristics of space-time in the microworld with the energy-momentum of elementary particles. The manifestation of such a connection is the wave-particle properties of microparticles, the mathematically rigorous expression of which is the de Broglie interval wave. Moreover, the interval wave is, in fact, an analogue of Einstein's field equations for the microworld, as it expresses the connection between space-time and the energy-momentum of matter at the quantum level.
Category: Quantum Physics

Focusing Sun's Rays to a Point Using Spherical Mirror

Authors: Radhakrishnamurty Padyala
Comments: 2 Pages. 2

We show in this short communication, a proof without words, for the proposition that: If a parabolic-mirror focuses, by reflection, Sun’s rays parallel to its axis at a unique point, viz., its focus, then it necessarily follows that a spherical-mirror too, does so. That is, a spherical-mirror focuses, by reflection, Sun’s rays parallel to its axis at a unique point, viz., its center. The point is also known as the ‘Burning point of the mirror’.
Category: Classical Physics

On Post-Empiricism Doctrine and Neutrosophic Way of Doing Science: from Principle of Parsimony to Going Beyond Popper and Kuhn

Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 18 Pages. This paper has been submitted to PSTJ journal. Your comments are welcome.

Despite majority of theoretical physicists begin to accept the post-empiricism doctrine, still few physicists and mathematicians alike don’t agree with such a doctrine, partly because it is against Popper’s criterion of falsifiability for any theory in physics and other sciences. And partly because criteria like beauty or elegance seem rather subjective for a theory to be accepted as “physics’. Physicists like Peter Woit and Sabine Hossenfelder have written books on this topics [10-11]. In this article, we don’t repeat those arguments, instead we only argue in favor of principle of parsimony, or that Nature seems to prefer least action, or least energy either in modeling complexity, assumptions and free parameters involved, and minimizing computational entropy required before getting any meaningful results. Therefore, we arrive at conclusion that one shall find a balance among some criteria, of which we may call this point “Ockham optimality point..” We hope that this article points out to new hints to the problems of theoretical physics, as Woit and Hossenfelder lamented.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Alzofon-Ionescu Theory of Gravity

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 8 pages

Gravity is not a fundamental force. Alzofon’s Thermodynamic GravityTheory is derived from Qubit Model, an upgrade of the Quark Model within theStandard Model. Alzofon’s experiment is discussed: pros and cons. At the level of the Standard Model, Gravity is a result of the structure of the electric charges of quarks in nucleons, subject to Platonic symmetry and lack of parity invariance, related to CP-violation, due to the dihedral group as the QuantumMirror Symmetry group.The AGNUE experiment performed at Hathaway Research International is briefly explained. It is designed to test Alzofon’s Theory. A glimpse of Gravity Control and what inertial mass is are presented. FurtherR&D will be funded under the upcoming Kickstarter Gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Weak Metric Fields in the Galilean Space Слабые метрические поля в АСО галилеева пространства

Authors: Valery Timin
Comments: 25 Pages. 25 p on Russian

(Supplemented by the practical part). In addition to the force fields defined by the scalar and vector potential fields and their strengths, it is possible to have force fields defined by rank 2 tensors, in particular, through the metric tensor gij (r,t). The role of the metric tensor in the motion of a material point is that it determines the shortest trajectory between any two points of space-time along the geodesic "straight line" as a line of the shortest length. The length of the" straight line "corresponds to the length of the shortest "interval" between these points. The differential equation of this "shortest" condition is expressed in terms of the Christoffel symbols ijk. In this paper, we consider the case of weak "metric" fields and velocities of motion of a material point in the Galilean metric space. The Christoffel symbols themselves and the metric field are defined as corresponding fields in the Galilean space. In this paper, we consider the law of motion of material points in a weak metric field in the Galilean wave space. (Дополнен практической частью). Кроме силовых полей, задаваемых скалярным и векторным потенциальным полями и их напряженностями, возможно существование силовых полей, определяющихся тензорами ранга 2, в частности – через метрический тензор gij(r,t). Роль метрического тензора в движении материальной точки заключается в том, что через него определяется кратчайшая траектория между любыми двумя точками пространства–времени по геодезической "прямой" как линии наименьшей длины. Длина "прямой" при этом соответствует длине наикратчайшего "интервала" между этими точками. Дифференциальное уравнение этого "наикратчайшего" условия выражается через символы Кристоффеля ijk. В данной работе рассмотрен случай слабых "метрических" полей и скоростей движения материальной точки в галилеевом волновом пространстве. Сами символы Кристоффеля и метрическое поле определены как соответствующие поля в галилеевом пространстве. В данной работе рассматривается закон движения материальных точек в слабом метрическом поле в галилеевом волновом пространств.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Theory Towards the Truth About How the Universe Works

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: The file contains two versions of the paper: English, pages 1-48 and Italian, pages 49-96

In 1887 the Michelson-Morley experiment was performed, which was supposed to detect the so-called ether wind, which would be due to the motion of the Earth relative to the ether, i.e. to the medium in which light would manifest itself, and therefore the only relative to which its speed would be isotropic.But the experiment revealed that the speed of light result also isotropic relative to the Earth and, therefore, did not reveal any aether wind.In order to justify this negative result, Lorentz hypothesized that all objects that move in the aether, undergo a length contraction in the direction of motion, thus making the speed of light result isotropic, while in reality it is not.Instead Einstein stated that light propagates in a vacuum and that its speed is isotropic in all celestial objects, whatever the motion between them, considering it as a postulate of his theory of Special Relativity. Furthermore he stated that space integrates with time, to become a 4-dimensional space-time that is curved by matter. Which are all unreasonable and even impossible to imagine hypothesis.Towards the end of the 1900s, analyzing data relating to CMB obtained through space stations, it was found that the Earth is moving at a speed of about 400 km/s relative to a reference system, which could very well be the much sought after ether.So I, after having ascertained that this observation proves Lorenz right, thus in-validating the second postulate of Special Relativity and, consequently, also the theory itself, and after having also ascertained that, based on Einstein's theories, the scientific community had to accept that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, although in contrast with the law of conservation of energy, I de-veloped, always trying to provide explanations at least reasonable of the various physical phenomena, an alternative theory, which I have called the Space Quanta in Expansion which, among other things, hypothesizes a quantum gravity.On the basis of this theory, I carried out simulations of the journey of photons of a distant galaxy and of the CMBR, from which it results that the expansion of the Universe is decelerating, which is reasonably compatible with observations and with the laws of nature.Finally I made a comparison between it and Einstein's theories of relativity, demonstrating its greater compatibility with cosmological observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum State Transition from Liquid to Vapor Water by Physiological Entanglement

Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 10 Pages. 2 figures

A liquid water state transition to vapor at the physiological parameter is hereby described by adenylate cyclase (AC) function in neuronal membranes, across hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. The cerebral enzymatic reactions involves Mg exceeding ATP as a substrate reacting with polymeric liquid H2O (n=3.4) to produce Pyrophosphate (Pi) and AMP. The closing of the ring to form cAMP and release H2O. The individual molecules by forming entangled pairs, which could not fit into the active site, avoid reentering in a backward reaction. Thus, but still have turnover to free the enzyme from the product to interact with substrate polymeric liquid water, complete its cycle and eludes microscopic reversibility. The latter, vapor state is present at 5% concentration in exhaled air. This physiological state transition allows that the critical point for change of state, for 500ml water within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs at 36.6 oC. The entangled pairs as a whole adopt an entanglement state. Obviously, the individual molecules could not circulate in the vapor state within the astrocytes system. However, paired do at a rate of 1.6E16 pairs per milliseconds (ms), greater that AC operational turnover. The water paired structure could oscillate between two states, one entangled by two oxygen atoms in the pair, and the other, by two structures of two entangled hydrogen atoms in the pair. The system allows directionality propagation to the uniformly entangled pairs allows by the hierarchical of the initial effect. At a dissipative forming rate of 1.6E16 pairs per ms allow a liquid state to water within the astrocytes. Individual molecules were operated by entanglement to allow a physiological function of cooling the body by releasing heat as vapor, at body temperature. Energy-Consuming Processes in the Brain by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), adrenaline in tissues AC, and noradrenaline (NA) activated AC in brain. The glycogenolysis actions and the adenylate-cyclase cascade, coupled to the release of vapor out of the system. These create an open system preventing any metabolic reversibility even by a short time to the functional brain.
Category: Biochemistry

Particle Mass Ratios Nearly Equaling Geometric Ratios Additional Examples

Authors: Carl Littmann
Comments: 11 Pages.

There are many important Particle Mass Ratios in Physics, such as the 'Proton to electron' mass ratio, about 1836.15 to 1. And there are many major Volumetric ratios in 'Solid Geometry', some of which we may have seen in high school. And, remarkably, some of the major particle Mass ratios nearly equal some of those major geometric Volumetric ratios! This article gives many additional examples of these matches, which couldn't be included in my earlier article, but the earlier should be read first, preferably. Ref. http://viXra.org/abs/1901.0299 (But even both articles don't give all the important examples -- to avoid unwieldy length.)
Category: Number Theory

Three Identities , Number Pi , Appell Function

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 3 Pages.

We give three identities that involving number Pi and Appell function: F1(n+3/2,-n-1/2,2,n+5/2;x/2,x) .
Category: General Mathematics

Twin Primes and Other Related Prime Generalization

Authors: Isaac Mor
Comments: 6 Pages.

I developed a very special summation function by using the floor function, which provides a characterization of twin primes and other related prime generalization.
Category: Number Theory

Interactive STEM Curriculum: Technological Tools and Programming Interface

Authors: Manjukumar Patil, Christopher Stewart
Comments: 6 Pages.

The most important drawback of teaching mathematical equations to the middle school children is the lack of practical examples and interactive tools which can be provided to make concepts easier to grasp. Additionally, on a parallel note, computer programming has become increasingly important in the current era. The amalgamation of programming languages into the STEM curriculum in the early stages of the students’ education would expose them to learn and be acquainted with these concepts at a much earlier age. Teaching STEM concepts using interactive learning tools would benefit students to visualizing the concepts in a more intuitive way. Traditional ways of teaching for linear algebra concepts such as linear equations, quadratic equations, and their associated graphs are not sufficient to reach students deeply with these concepts. However, with the use of technology and right tools (Stepper motor and Drone), we can make the curriculum fun, interactive and link the real-world applications of these concepts, and make students engage deeply into the curriculum.
Category: Education and Didactics

On the Modulations of Chemical Resonance and Rehybridizations by Positive and Negative Nuclear Magnetic Moments

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 21 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

A reconsideration of the nature of matter and space is outlined for reconsiderations of phenomena of transportations, transformations, transmutations, thermodynamics, and transductions. The new effects of nonzero nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs) on delocalizations of electrons in hybrid orbitals and rehybridizations of orbitals are outlined. Reggie acids and bases are related to Lewis acids and bases and induction of Reggie acids and bases by nonzero NMMs are introduced and the stimulations of such by external radiowaves and electromagnetic fields are outlined. Novel energetic storages and accumulations of external fields by Reggie acids and bases are outlined. The nature and structure of quantum fields released from fissed leptonic and hadronic motions are reasoned and the composite natures of nuclear fields released with alterations by motions and superpositions of surrounding nuclei and the point natures of electrons releasing spherical fields with alterations due to motions and surrounding superpositions of other electrons and nuclear fields are outlined. The NMMs fractionally, reversibly(FR)fissing and fusing to create QFs that fiss electrons to twists electrons into different orbitals and delocalize electrons more by positive NMMs for fractional, strong force induced fields between electrons in QF about nuclei. The clumped all positive NMMs FR fiss and fuse to produce rational luminous fragments of e-and quantum fields for delocalizing the e-into various lobs of quantum fields about nuclei. Mathematically, particles are spheres that in motions transform to sinusoidal waves mathematically and sinusoidal waves in sinusoidal waves by accelerating and decelerating luminosity to superluminosity. Such motions inside motions are nature of quantum mechanics(QM);and classical mechanics(CM)couple to QM by such motions in motions as the clockwise (CW)and counterclockwise (CCW)motions in motions manifest composite slower motions of quanta for coupling to bigger classical as bigger radii move faster than these composite quanta having superluminous counter pieces. Motions of nuclei alter NMMs; so at higher temperatures nonzero NMMs more severely alter electrons. Flippings of interactions in a Frame are related to changes of interacting particles; flippings occur by v>c. So pieces transmute to move CW and other pieces move CCW (Br and Dk matter and fields). Br fields are dense enough to alter e-particles to mix in spaces.
Category: Chemistry

Design and Analysis of a Multiband Fractal Antenna for Applications in Cognitive Radio Technologies

Authors: Peshal Nayak
Comments: 6 Pages.

Rapid development in wireless communication systems and an increase in the number of users of wireless devices is bound to result in spectrum shortage in the near future. The concept of Cognitive radio is envisaged to be a paradigm of new methodologies for achieving performance enhanced radio communication system through an efficient utilization of available spectrum. Research on antenna design is very critical for the implementation of cognitive radio. A special antenna is required in cognitive radio for sensing and communication purposes. This papers investigates the use of multiband fractal antennas for spectrum sensing application in cognitive radio units. The performance of a new fractal antenna design which generates four bands of operation in the range of 900-4000 MHz has also been studied. Through a thorough discussion on its return loss and radiation plots as well as other parameters such as gain and radiation efficiency, it is proved that the it is a promising antenna for future cognitive radio systems
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Triple Band Antenna Design for Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMAX Applications

Authors: Peshal Nayak
Comments: 7 Pages.

A novel and compact tri-band planar antenna for 2.4/5.2/5.8-GHz wireless local area network (WLAN), 2.3/3.5/5.5- GHzWorldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Bluetooth applications is proposed and studied in this paper. The antenna comprises of a L-shaped element which is coupled with a ground shorted parasitic resonator to generate three resonant modes for tri-band operation. The L-shaped element which is placed on top of the substrate is fed by a 50 microstrip feed line and is responsible for the generation of a wide band at 5.5 GHz. The parasitic resonator is placed on the other side of the substrate and is directly connected to the ground plane. The presence of the parasitic resonator gives rise to two additional resonant bands at 2.3 GHz and 3.5 GHz. Thus, together the two elements generate three resonant bands to cover WLAN, WiMAX and Bluetooth bands of operation. A thorough parametric study has been performed on the antenna and it has been found that the three bands can be tuned by varying certain dimensions of the antenna. Hence, the same design can be used for frequencies in adjacent bands as well with minor changes in its dimensions. Important antenna parameters such as return loss, radiation pattern and peak gains in the operating bands have been studied in detail to prove that the proposed design is a promising candidate for the aforementioned wireless technologies.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Geometric Model of the Structure of the Atomic Nucleus (in Russian)

Authors: Ilya Boldov
Comments: 11 Pages.

The purpose of this work is to build a model of the structure of atomic nuclei, and to identify patterns that explain the" magic " of nuclei and the division into unequal fragments.
Category: Quantum Physics

Planck Constant Discovered Being Relativistic and SRT Violets Own Postulate

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 9 Pages.

A discovered relativistic Photon-Atom-Energy paradox led to a solution, according to which the Planck constant is to be treated relativistic, whereby a new relativistic effect and a fourth relativistic attribute was discovered. Nevertheless it stays invariant in Lorentz transformations. The same result was derived in another way and motivation using same new method. A second problem was discovered by analysing Planck mass, length and time relativistically. This does lead to a discovery of 4 more paradoxes of Special Relativity, which were solved by same relativistic Planck Constant. Testing new method on speed of light we discovered that in SRT it is not kept invariant but depends on Lorentz factor, so it contradicts own 2-d postulate. This is a logical failure in SRT due to inconsistent using length units and measurements and is irreparable. To solve that was necessary to assume that length too as time has to be stretched or dilated in its length unit. Longer length units as longer time units allow to measure contracted distances and time lines due to viewer number of longer units fitting between two space locations. At the end all now 4 relativistic attributes length, time, mass and Planck constant are asymmetrically between the Inertial Frames and do build an unified Level Relativity. All dispute is very vividly and easy for understanding without high mathematics. If we decline the square relativistic Planck constant then all 5 discovered paradoxes would stay irreparable in Special Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Critique of Self-Reference: What Gödel Theorem Really Proves

Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 9 Pages.

This article introduces a new perspective for the analysis of self-referential sentences, and proves the conditions under which they are inconsistent. The Liar Paradox, Grelling-Nelson Paradox, Russell's Predicate Paradox, Russell's Set Paradox and Richard Paradox are proved to meet such conditions. The same is proved of the ordinary language interpretation of Gödel's undecidable formula if the corresponding formal calculus is complete. In consequence, Gödel's Theorem VI only holds if that calculus is not complete, which makes the theorem unnecessary. All proofs and arguments in this article are developed within the framework of a simplified system of ordinary logic also defined in this paper.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Concise Formulas of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron/Muon/Tauon and the Fine-structure Constant

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 15 Pages. 2 figures.

This paper is a subsequent paper to our previous paper "Schrödinger Equation of Hydrogen Atom in Atomic Unites, Theory of Chirality and the Territory of Modern Physics" (viXra:2103.0088v3). In the end of it, we gave some preliminary formulas and values of the anomalous magnetic moment (a=(g-2)/2) of electron and muon. In this paper, we test the value of the anomalous magnetic moment of electron (ae) given in the previous paper by a new method which employs our formulas of the fine-structure constant and 2π-e formula, and hence we have verified the previous value and give a new concise formula of the anomalous magnetic momentum of electron (ae) and the fine-structure constant (α2). The same formulas for muon and tauon are also given.
Category: Quantum Physics

Vudoku - A Visual Sudoku Solver

Authors: Jovial Joe Jayarson
Comments: 3 Pages. Best paper award in NCGCE 21. Mr. Ebin PM is the author's guide.

It is no secret that AI is an upcoming titan. Even though people are stunned to hear that AI has been here for around a century, due to the advancement in computational methods and resources, today AI peaks like never before. As a tiny glimpse into the field of Digit Recognition, this project aims to understand the underlying cogs and wheels on which the neural networks spin. This paper tries to elucidate a project which solves the Sudoku puzzle drawn and written by hand. The paraphernalia for that project includes programming language: Python3; libraries: OpenCV, Numpy, Keras; datasets: MNIST handwritten digit database. Digit recognition is a classical problem which will introduce neurons, neural networks, connections hidden layers, weights, biases, activation functions like sigmoid, back-propagation and other related topics as well. Algorithm(s) in the project employed to solve Sudoku is also explored in this paper.

Analytic Expansions and an Application to Function Theory

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper we introduce and study the notion of singularity, the kernel and analytic expansions. We provide an application to the existence of singularities of solutions to certain polynomial equations.
Category: Algebra

The Neutron Enigma

Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

The lifetime of the neutron is still discussed very controversially, because two different measurement methods give two values, which differ from each other far beyond the standard deviations of the single measurements. In this work, two formulas with slightly modified initial parameters for calculating the lifetime of the neutron were established, each of which agrees with the measured values of the two measurement methods within the error limits. The bases of the calculations suggest that the discrepancy in the measured values is not due to systematic errors in the measurement procedures, but rather that the β-electrons are in an excited state during the beam experiment, which alters the energy balance of the decay process and thus the lifetime of the neutron
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Cohomology of an Endomorphism

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 1 page, written in french

We define a cohomology for an endomorphism of complex, not only a differential.
Category: Algebra

Introduction to the Gaussian Information Criterion

Authors: Russell Leidich
Comments: 9 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

There are many applications involving physical measurements which are expected to result in a probability density function (PDF) which is asymptotically Gaussian (normal) or lognormal. In the latter case, we can simply take the logs of the (positive) samples in order to obtain the former, so the math in this paper will focus exclusively on Gaussians.

For example, we would expect the distribution of radio power received at a dish to be lognormally distributed, given a sufficiently broad swath of sky to observe for a sufficiently long duration, and in the relative absence of terrestrial radio interference. However, if we were then to focus on a particular star system, the observed "experimental" PDF could substantially deviate from that "background" PDF. It might not even be lognormal if, for example, the star exhibits peaks in radio power at a few distinct frequencies.

It would therefore be useful to have a means to quantify the "surprise" factor of experimental PDFs relative to an established background PDF which is known to be, or be equivalent to, a Gaussian. If a given experimental PDF where also known to be Gaussian, then we could do this by employing the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence from one to the other, as Gupta appears to have done for the multidimensional case.

When the experimental PDF is not known to be Gaussian (or any PDF archetype, for that matter), the situation is more complicated, mainly because we are forced to deal with a real-valued set of samples ordered by increasing positivity -- a 1D point cloud, to be precise, although "vector" will suffice for brevity -- rather than an analytic function. Ranking the information cost of encoding such a vector, versus others arising from other experiments, under the prior assumption of the same background PDF, is the subject of this paper. We also investigate the question of ascertaining which background PDF is the most useful for the sake of discriminating anomalous from mundane experimental PDFs.

The Myths About White Hole
Мифы космологии Белая дыра

Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 24 Pages. In Russian [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Темы о параллельных и многомерных пространствах давно уже стали невероятно популярными не только в научной фантастике, но и в реальной науке, физике. Однако наука, в отличие от художественных вымыслов, неизбежно сталкивается с противоречиями таких пространств. Попытки втиснуть их свойства в рамки логики, физического и математического формализма всегда приводят к необходимости объяснить необъяснимое – петли времени, нарушение причинности, появление различных нефизичных и прямо алогичных свойств у этих пространств и порождаемых ими фантомов. Многие объяснения, как обнаруживается при детальном рассмотрении, сопровождаются "заметанием под ковер" неудобных выводов, следствий, неожиданных противоречивых, абсурдных предсказаний. Но теория, предсказывающая абсурд, не может считаться научной. В предлагаемой статье рассмотрены некоторые из таких выкладок, идей, гипотез, и показана их ошибочность.
Данная статья является фрагментом книги и рекомендуется ведущим специалистам и преподавателям в областях физики, космологии, математики. От чтения статьи и её осмысления следует воздержаться студентам и аспирантам при подготовке к экзаменам по соответствующим предметам, чтобы случайно не высказать изложенные в ней мысли, определённо противоречащие официальной науке.

Themes about parallel and multidimensional spaces have long been incredibly popular not only in science fiction, but also in real science and physics. However, science, in contrast to fiction, inevitably collides with the contradictions of such spaces. Attempts to squeeze their properties into the framework of logic, physical and mathematical formalism always lead to the need to explain the inexplicable - time loops, violation of causality, the appearance of various non-physical and directly illogical properties in these spaces and the phantoms they generate. Many explanations, as it turns out upon detailed examination, are accompanied by "sweeping under the rug" of inconvenient conclusions, consequences, unexpected contradictory, absurd predictions. But a theory that predicts absurdity cannot be considered scientific. This article discusses some of these calculations, ideas, hypotheses, and shows their fallacy.
This article is recommended for leading experts and teachers in the fields of physics, cosmology, mathematics. Students and graduate students should refrain from reading the article and interpreting it when preparing for exams in relevant subjects, so as not to accidentally express the thoughts expressed in it, which definitely contradict official science.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Idea Concerning Funerals in Ancient Egypt

Authors: Yulia Meshkova
Comments: 2 Pages.

The opus contains a speculative thought on funerals in ancient Egypt.
Category: Archaeology

Locally Accurate Matrix Product Approximation to Thermal States

Authors: Yichen Huang
Comments: 5 Pages. v2: abstract and introduction expanded. Science Bulletin 66 (24), 2456, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2021.08.011 open access link: https://engine.scichina.com/doi/pdf/B282729F14C64621A4B6C7C16E05C372

In one-dimensional quantum systems with short-range interactions, a set of leading numerical methods is based on matrix product states, whose bond dimension determines the amount of computational resources required by these methods. We prove that a thermal state at constant inverse temperature $\beta$ has a matrix product representation with bond dimension $e^{\tilde O(\sqrt{\beta\log(1/\epsilon)})}$ such that all local properties are approximated to accuracy $\epsilon$. This justifies the common practice of using a constant bond dimension in the numerical simulation of thermal properties.
Category: Quantum Physics

Formulas Related with the Integral from 0 to Infinity ( Cosh X / Cosh 5x ) dx

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

In this note we give some formulas related with the integral : integral from 0 to infinity ( cosh x / cosh 5x ) dx .
Category: General Mathematics

Planck Constant Discovered to be 4-th Relativistic Attribute

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 8 Pages.

A never before disclosed discovered relativistic Photon-Atom-Energy paradox led to a solution, according to which the Planck Constant is to be treated relativistic by h' = h γ2, whereby a new relativistic effect and a fourth relativistic attribute was discovered. Nevertheless it stays invariant in Lorentz transformations. The same result was derived in another way and motivation while the main was a discovering an energy problem in relativistic dynamics when a relativistically heavier atom is emitting due to time dilation a red shifted low energy photon. A second problem was discovered by analysing Planck mass, length and time relativistically. This does lead to a discovery of 4 more paradoxes of actual version of Special Relativity, which were solved by same relativistic Planck Constant. While the 4 of 5 paradoxes are solved so within the Special Relativity, the Planck length paradox cannot be repaired in SRT and therefore we cite our another work about a new interpretation of length contraction in Lorentz transformations, using stretched length units as it was done with time units to measure contracted distances with them. At the end all now 4 relativistic attributes length, time, mass and Planck constant are asymmetrically between the Inertial Frames then it was the time dilation in Special Relativity alone. All dispute is very vividly and easy for understanding without high mathematics. If we decline the square relativistic Planck constant h then all 4 discovered paradoxes would stay irreparable in Special Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Physics of Life

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 32 Pages. Sec. Q&A updated (p. iv).

The first off question in the physics of Life is the following: given the fact that the human brain is equipped with mind, consciousness, volition, and memory, what could be the physics of this chunk of wet warm matter? The two have nothing in common, yet they are perfectly correlated. The solution is based on the Platonic world and the global Heraclitean Time. It leads to a new pre-geometric theory of spacetime, called Platonic theory of spacetime. The latter is suggested as the only possible conceptual solution to the problems in quantum gravity and cosmology. As a corollary, the possibilities for physical theology and spacetime engineering are briefly explored.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Plakkerige Viskeuze Ruimteoverdekking (Sticky Viscous Space Coverage)

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 5 Pages. Dit is onderdeel van het Hilbert Book Model project

Ruimte kan worden bedekt met puntachtige objecten. Ruimte overdekt met een telbare verzameling puntachtige objecten gedraagt zich anders dan de ruimte die wordt bedekt door een ontelbare set puntachtige objecten.
Category: Number Theory

Sticky Viscous Space Coverage

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 5 Pages. This is part of the Hilbert Book Model Project

Space can be covered with point-like objects. Space covered by a countable set of point-like objects behaves differently from space that is covered by an uncountable set of point-like objects.
Category: Number Theory

Abstraction, Indexing Process, and Identification for Bibliographic Methods, and Reprint

Authors: Arjun Dahal
Comments: 3 Pages.

Abstraction, Indexing Process, and Identification are one of important topics, which if explained would be bluffy, but are essential for Bibliographical Methods, and the way we do handle any data, for conviniency in making archival records. Anything, when we do rely on past tense as per our grammer would be archived materials, beginning from our thoughts as well as works. Thus, In this paper, we shall attempt to discuss, how we can make our archives of published materials more systematic in online as well as offline medium.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Some Epistemological Remarks Concerning Modern Approaches to Treat Ulcer

Authors: A.B. Kutlumuratov, K.D. Amannepesov
Comments: 8 Pages.

In article the attention to a main role of the attending physician in explanation selection of etiological and pathogenetic mechanisms of a stomach ulcer (UD) in each separate clinical case is paid. Only the attending physician can justify all variety of recommendations, methods and schemes of treatment UD by taking into account the general views about nature UD and by concretising (individualization) these for a each individual clinical case. It is underlined, that the concept of neurological and endocrinological nature UD and the theory of stress Selye connected with it keep important epistemological value in modern clinical practice, along with other interpretations of the general representations about UD nature.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

New Measurement Method Corrected a Failure in Special Relativity

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 19 Pages.

A logical reasoning problem in the Special Relativity interpretation of the Lorentz transformation was discovered and corrected by introducing an alternative interpretation of Lorentz transformations with a relativistic measuring process based on both, stretched time and length units, whereby the measurements as a consequence measure a shortened distance and time lines as variables due to used units. The space shuttles are getting longer instead of shorter and a barn-pole paradox does not occur. The spatial locations remain in their locations and space is not contracted and not changed. The failure is that by contracting both units and distance the Lorentz factor is eliminated and relativity was vanished. This leads to a discovered invariance of speed of light contradicting 2-d postulate. The elementary particles have their own measuring devices for time and length in the form of wavelengths and frequencies and they read distances and durations of different lengths from space using their own relativistically different units. The new interpretation is covered by the two postulates of Einstein. This is a sensational result too in view of all dramatic and romantic history as there is really a failure discovered. The Lorentz transformations remain being in use with another method. The new theory and the discovered problems of logical failures are explained vividly in the same manner as Special Relativity was using easy be thought samples. Reader do not need a high level of mathematics to be fit for as it is a more qualitatively thematic for every one who is interested in relativity matters.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Cosmology Model Apart From Space Expansion And Dark Energy: A New Gravitational-Relativistic Effect Of A Primary Gravitational Flooding From A Distant Universe And A Linear Volume-Gravitational Effect

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 12 Pages.

An alternative model explanation for the “faster than light” redshift of the spectrum of distant cosmic objects is presented. It says that from even more distant masses for the first time after their formation, particles of gravitational force mediator arrived quickly and gradually for the first time and formed an increasing gravitational background field in contemporary history. As a result, a background gravitational field of different strength over time is superimposed and consequently, relativistically comparative redshift measurements on old spectra compared to locally newly generated spectra are explained gravitative relativistically. The result is that no space expansion hypothesis and no dark energy are required. A super-light hypothesis due to an expansion of space is omitted. Furthermore, the hyperdistant masses cause a volumetric-gravitational attraction effect that increases linearly with distance, which conforms to the classical law of gravitation, whereby space expansion through dark energy is also not required to explain the diverging cosmic mass objects.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Cinematic Association Interaction Of Particles As A Model Of Double-Slit Interference And All Optical Phenomena

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 12 Pages.

Double-slit interference has made physics think for 215 years and there is no end in sight. Quantum mechanics always explains it by an interference of 2 waves. A new model of a volatile temporary Association Interaction has now been proposed, in which the particle wave interacts with the electromagnetic wave fields of the surface atoms and their shell electrons. It can be understood as interference between these two wave functions involved or as a deflection of the moving particle from its momentum direction by a quantized angular amount. The quantization of the angle results from the assumption that there are only standing EM waves, so that wave peaks only have certain locations that are periodically spaced. As a result, they are the points of separation for the volatile associated particles. This means that previous interpretations of 'pilot waves' and the like are no longer exclusive. The same Cinematic Association Interaction is generalized to all optical effects, such as transparency, dispersion, diffraction, reflection, opacity and colour formation, but also impacts of particles and absorption. Waves as particles must no longer be thought capable of deleting each others masses and energy, which was a paradox phenomenon of wave interference theories. Compton effect and impacts of particles are identified as a reflection due to same electromagnetic Association Interaction.
Category: Quantum Physics

Schrodinger Equation in Cosmological Inertial Frame

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 4 Pages. Thank you for reading

Schrodinger equation is a wave equation. Wave function uses as a probability amplitude in quantum mechanics. We make Schrodinger from Klein-Gordon free particle’s wave function in cosmological special theory of relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Magnetic Symmetry, Curvature and Gauss-Bonnet-Chern Theorem

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: Written in English, 1 page, no figure.

We reformulate Gauss-Bonnet-Chern theorem in relation with magnetic symmetry of geometrical optics. If Euler-Poincare characteristic is a topological invariant, should unrestricted electric potential of $U(1)$ gauge potential be a topological invariant?
Category: Mathematical Physics

On Standardrization of Addresses

Authors: Arjun Dahal
Comments: 3 Pages.

On progressing world, where pigeons are no longer used to carry messages like as in fairy tales, and historical tales, need of standarization of address was felt, for physical and internet means. In this paper, author has attempted to describe address in standard form, allowing to be cited, as per available databases, uniqueness, and accuracy.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Gravitational Doppler and Level Relativity Solved a Discovered Momentum Paradox and Identified the Cause of Relativity

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 19 Pages.

We discovered how an inertial frame can be identified to be preferred over the other of being higher relativistic with respective to time dilation. Gravitons were identified as underlying a postulated Gravitational Doppler effect. It was found that a gravitational field of Gravitons is dynamically Doppler shifted. This enabled a generalization to identify static and dynamic gravitational fields to be equally responsible for all relativistic effects and therefore to be added by Gravitons in a proposed Gravitational Level model, a G-level, where every Inertial Frame does have its own summarized Gravitation Level and all relativistic effects are described by comparing them in the height of this level. This explains why it was true in Special Relativity the “moved clocks are slower” as a moved inertial frame has always a higher G-level by additionally Doppler shifting the resting one. A new discovered Momentum Paradox of Special Relativity, which contradicts irreparably the symmetric mass transformation, explained vividly in a be thought cosmic billiard game, was discovered and solved under Gravitational Level Model and a method to calculate the relativistic momentum using Lorentz transformations correctly only in a relativistically limited asymmetric way was introduced. Models of gravitative nature of the acceleration of solar wind particles and of the hot suns corona could be based on present hypothesis and an experiment was introduced to prove it. The dispute is guided in a vividly manner under using relativistic classic thought experiments and can be understood by anyone with an interest in relativistic physic science.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Study on the Fundamental Principle of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Chenggang Zhang
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper investigates Born’s statistical interpretation and the processes in which the Schrodinger equation are constructed, and delves into the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. In addition, several examples and the foundation of quantum mechanics are discussed from a new perspective.
Category: Quantum Physics

Pythagorean Common Prime Factor Conjecture

Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 6 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong

In this paper, the author proposes and proves a conjecture to be called the Pythagorean common prime factor conjecture, This conjecture states that if A^2 + B^2 = C^2, where A, B and C are positive integers, then A, B and C may have a common prime factor. The approach used in this paper is exactly the same as the approach used in proving the Beal conjecture (viXra:2012.0120 & viXra:2104.0098). To prove the Pythagorean common prime factor conjecture, one will let r, s and t be prime factors of A, B and C, respectively, such that A = Dr, B = Es, and C = Ft, where A, B and are positive integers. Then, the equation A^2 + B^2 = C^2, becomes (D^2)(r^2) + (E^2)(s^2) = (F^2)(t^2). The proof would be complete after proving that r^2 = t^2 and s^2 = t^2, which would imply that r = s = t. The proofs of the above equalities would also involve showing that the ratio, (r^2)/(t^2) =1 and the ratio (s^2)/(t^2) =1. Of the two numerical examples, 3^2 + 4^2 = 5^2 and 6^2 + 8^2 = 10^2, of the Pythagorean equation, the three terms of the first equation have no common prime factor; but the terms of the second equation have the common prime factor, 2. Perhaps, if there had been a Pythagorean common prime factor conjecture and its proof 24 years ago, Beal conjecture would have been proved 23 years ago. The main principle for obtaining relationships between the prime factors on the left side of the equation and the prime factor on the right side of the equation is that the power of each prime factor on the left side of the equation equals the same power of the prime factor on the right side of the equation. High school students can learn and prove this conjecture for a bonus question on a final class exam.
Category: Number Theory

Chamomile, Prince, Trans, Cerber, Their Probable Etymology

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 6 Pages.

Considered the probable origin of the words specified in the title.
Category: Linguistics

New Notation in Series of Functions II

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper we will see the next part of my theory of notation in series. Focusing on summation and productory we will do a defined explanation of an iterated serial operators.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Psychophysical Non-duality Is a Basic Principle of Epistemology of Clinical Medicine

Authors: Atabek B. Kutlumuratov
Comments: 22 Pages. The treatise №3 from series ―About ontological and epistemological grounds of modern medicine and physiology‖

Psychophysical nature of the epistemology of the Clinical Medicine (ECM) actually used spontaneously in daily practice by each doctor is discussed in this treatise. ECM spontaneously functions nowadays as a basis of each doctor's clinical thinking (intellection). The modern official science distinguishes scientific and practical parts of Medicine considering Clinical Medicine as area of practical application of scientific Medicine or Biomedicine. Thus, modern official medicine ignores ECM, which works within physician's practice, and thereby official medicine replaces ECM with the natural-science epistemology used in Biology and Physics. However Medicine is an independent self-contained practical science. This definition Avicenna justified about 1000 years ago and asserted that we cannot be considering Medicine as practical branch of natural sciences. The tradition to distinguish practical and scientific parts of Medicine has arisen during the European Renaissance, and it became stronger during Modern history, in process of Biomedicine formation. Now this tradition meets many difficulties. As well as in Ancient time, the modern doctors' clinical thinking is based on a principle of the psychophysical non-duality of human nature. Basic scheme of application of this principle in clinical thinking within the course of the doctoring process of any patient is described briefly here.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Neutrino Mass

Authors: Chandra Raju
Comments: 7 Pages. experiment confirms and like all other particles,neutrinos obtain their mass through HIggs.

The neutrino mass eigen states are assumed to obtain their effective mass through their interaction with the Higgs field like their charged partners and the coupling constants are found as functions of the gauge constants of the electroweak model and the electron,muon and the tau neutrino masses are estimated to be respectively,2.12098 eV,2.1254 eV, and 12.825 MeV.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Orbital Frequency of Coalescing Stars

Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 2 pages

Simple estimates, utilizing Newton’s theory of gravitation, for the limiting orbital frequencies of merging high-density stars reveal, that a interpretation in terms of constant average density of the stars yields much more satisfactory agreement with experimental results than does a interpretation in terms of black holes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proofs of Three Conjectures in Number Theory : Beal's Conjecture, Riemann Hypothesis and The $ABC$ Conjecture

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 106 Pages. The three proofs are under review. Comments welcome!

This monograph presents the proofs of 3 important conjectures in the field of Number theory: - The Beal's conjecture. - The Riemann Hypothesis. - The $abc$ conjecture. We give in detail all the proofs.
Category: Number Theory

Quantum Gravity by Elimination of Spacetime

Authors: René Friedrich
Comments: 6 Pages. Essay written for the Gravity Research Foundation 2021 Awards for Essays on Gravitation.

A new approach is presented here for quantum gravity, and for the question why curved spacetime is not compatible with quantum mechanics. The answer: Curved spacetime is not fundamental because it is not Lorentz-invariant. We show that Lorentz-covariant spacetime is only the way how the universe of general relativity is perceived and measured by observers, it is a sort of projection. The underlying unobservable universe of quantum gravity is Lorentz-invariant, it is easy to retrieve, and it provides Lorentz-invariant concepts for 1. time, 2. worldlines, 3. space, 4. velocity, 5. fields and 6. gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Study on the Conversion of File Names in the Use of Computers

Authors: UnChol Ri, ChungHyok Kim, BomIl Kim, GilWun Mun, GumChol Ri
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, a study on the mass conversion of file names under various conditions that has been raised as a difficult problem in the use of computers is described. This method can deal with the problem of converting filenames that cannot be solved with conventional methods in the fastest time possible. This method consists of three main steps. That is, it consists of the process of obtaining the file name, the process of converting the file name according to the required request using the file name conversion formula in EXCEL, and the process of finally converting the file using the converted file name according to the conversion formula. This method is much easier than the previously described conversion method and has the advantage that it can be operated without error on any computer, providing a new premise in future research for data processing in computers.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Development of a Quadruple Security System Combining Keypad, Rfid, Fingerprint, and Bluetooth Modules

Authors: GyongBong Ju, CholHyon Sim，CholJin Kim, JongChol Chu
Comments: 19 Pages.

Today, the security problem is emerging as a crucial problem for people, and research into solving this problem is now on its way worldwide. Everyone is aware of the urgency and seriousness of the security problem, and at this time, this problem has a giant impact on the overall social life. As science and technology develop, researches for solving security problems are advancing to a new stage, and their reliability is increasing day by day.In this study, a powerful quadruple security system was designed and realized by combining Keypad, RFID, Fingerprint, and Bluetooth (HC06) modules to thoroughly secure the security of medicines, jewelry, documents, and other valuables and doors.This system is based on the Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller and is an intelligent system with a display function, voice function, SMS transmission function by GSM module, and alarm function. The system is an excellent system that can thoroughly guarantee the safety of security with low cost and low power consumption.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Two Extreme Cases of Polarization Direction Alignment, One of Starlight and the Other of Radio Qsos

Authors: Richard Shurtleff
Comments: 14 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables

Starlight and radio waves from QSOs share the ability to be polarized. For many regions of the Milky Way the alignment of the polarization directions of starlight is evident. However, it is useful to have a numerical alignment function that can be used to judge the significance of the correlations. The Hub Test provides such a function. Surveying the Galaxy with data from two catalogs of polarized starlight, Heiles 2000 and Berdyugin 2014, reveals an unusually well-aligned region which is then studied in more detail. Applied to a catalog of polarized radio QSOs, Pelgrims 2014 which is in part derived from Jackson 2007, a survey reveals the most significantly aligned region, which is studied further. Stars and QSOs have contrasting characteristics in terms of distance, degree of polarization, and strength of the alignment. The two most significantly aligned samples of starlight and radio QSOs are analyzed here. The alignment of the starlight sample outperforms all other portions of the Galaxy at the scale of the survey, about ten degrees, while the QSO sample has its polarization directions focusing down on a point extremely close to the QSOs themselves on the sky.
Category: Astrophysics

The Uniformly Accelerated String and the Bell Paradox

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 6 Pages. The original ideas

We consider the string with the length l, the left end and the right end of which is non-relativistically and then relativistically accelerated by the constant acceleration a. We calculate the motion of the string with no intercalation of the Fitzgerald contraction of the string. We consider also the Bell spaceship paradox. The Bell paradox and our problem is in the relation with the Lorentz contraction in the Cherenkov effect (Pardy, 1997) realized by the carbon dumbbell moving in the LHC or ILC (Pardy, 2008). The Lorentz contraction and Langevin twin paradox (Pardy, 1969) is interpreted as the Fock measurement procedure (Fock, 1964;).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hyperlinks to Google Street View as a New Tool to Prevent Wrong-Way Driving on Highways

Authors: Janko Kokosar
Comments: 9 Pages.

The article provides a proposal for a database of all 123+ pairs of highways entrances in Slovenia. This database can be composed of hyperlinks to Google Street View. This would help prevent wrong-way driving on highways. Next, it is an example of hyperlinks for 15 such pairs, they are at the intersection of the A2 and E61 highways. This database can then be made even more transparent, and even more quickly accessible. This principle can be extended to all world highways. The usefulness of such a database is also argued. I hope for help from volunteers, Google, Via Michelin, DARS, and others.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

A Thermodynamic Negentropy Mirror Image Second Law

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this article, we provide a comment on how negative entropy can be viewed as an essential part of thermodynamics and our everyday life. We do this with a simple Negentropy Mirror Image Second Law proof. Although simple, the results may help clear up such confusion as the Schrödinger Paradox. This is because the proof shows that Negentropy Second Law is essentially a mirror image of the Second Law and already an inherent part of thermodynamics. Although there are many interpretations of the Second Law of thermodynamics, we often think of it as a statement of matter having a spontaneous tendency to become disordered. However, we cannot have disorder with first having order. Most of the literature focuses on negative entropy almost as a separate science related to living systems and in many cases as a paradox to the Second Law. To merge order and disorder in thermodynamics, we illustrate a simple view to illustrate a Negentropy Mirror Image Second Law simply by thinking of disorder as the removal of order. We then extend it to living systems.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy